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https://www.newdelhinews.net/news/273498799/mauka-museebat-mein-decade-before-2014-will-be-known-as-the-lost-decade-pm-modi-attacks-congress-in-lok-sabha

"PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha"

["PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"Mauka museebat mein.... decade before 2014 will be known as the lost decade\": PM Modi attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\nNew Delhi [India], February 8 (ANI): Attacking Congress over scams and controversies during the party-led United Progressive Alliance government, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday said that the decade before 2014 will be remembered as lost decade while the decade of 2030 will be India's decade.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\nReplying to the debate in Lok Sabha on the motion of thanks to the President's Address, the Prime Minister said opportunities were frittered away during 10 years of UPA rule and these were converted into troubles.\n\"Mauka museebat mein,\" he said .\nPM Modi said the Indian economy was suffering between 2004 to 2014 and inflation was in double-digit for a large period. He said the country also suffered terror attacks.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"When something good happens, their sadness increases. In the history of the country's independence, 2004-2014 was full of scams. Terror attacks took place across the country in those 10 years,\" he said.\nPrime Minister narrated a story to take a jibe at Congress and said they made laws but these were not properly implemented.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"Two youths went hunting in the forest. They started walking for some time keeping guns in the vehicle and a tiger appeared. What did they do? They showed the licence that I have the license of a gun. They (The opposition) also showed laws in the name of ending unemployment,\" he said.\nPM Modi also referred electricity shortage and other paucities during the UPA rule.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"When the technology period was progressing, they were stuck in 2G. Mauka Musibat Mein. In 2010, there were the Commonwealth games which was an opportunity to present Indian youth capability but again it was Mauka Musibat Mein. Coal scam came to fore. Nobody can forget the 2008 Mumbai attack. But they did not have the courage to attack terrorism because of which the terrorists' morale was boosted,\" the Prime Minister said.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"The decade before 2014 will be remembered as the lost decade. The decade of 2030 is India's decade,\" he added.\nPM Modi said that Congress lost the opportunity to unleash the country's capabilities during its 10-year rule.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"There were terror attacks in every part of India from Kanyakumari to Kashmir. India's capability is being recognised and people's capabilities are coming to the fore. The country was capable earlier also but between 2004-2014, they lost that opportunity. This became the UPA's identity, it converted every opportunity into trouble,\" he said.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\nReferring to the COVID pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the PM said that the manner in which the country steadied itself has filled people with hope and confidence.\n\"The pandemic divided the world and destruction due to war has caused instability in several countries. There is acute inflation, unemployment, and food crisis in several countries. Which Indian would not be proud that even in such times, the nation is the world's fith largest economy,\" the Prime Minister said.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"There are new possibilities in India. Supply chain issue has shaken the entire world, India is proceeding to fulfil the dearth. India is emerging as a manufacturing hub. The world is looking at India's prosperity as its own,\" he added.\nPM Modi said there is positivity, hope, and trust for India across the world and referred to India's G20 Presidency.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"It is a matter of pride for the country for the 140 crore Indians. But I think this too is hurting some people. None among the 140 crore citizens can be sad about it and there should be self-introspection as to who are the people who are sad about this too,\" he said.", "PM Modi calls decade before 2014 as 'lost decade' attacks Congress in Lok Sabha\n\"Today all credible institutions of the world, all experts who deeply study the global effects and can also make predictions for the future, are very hopeful and excited for India. Why is this happening? Why is the entire world looking at India hopefully? The answer lies hidden in India's stability, its global reputation, its rising capability and new possibilities arising here,\" he added. (ANI)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.readhowyouwant.com/nz/Books/details/Boy,-Lost/30944

Boy, Lost: A Family Memoir

["Boy, Lost: A Family Memoir\nA powerful family memoir from the award - winning author of The China Garden. Kristina Olsson's mother lost her infant son, Peter, when he was snatched from her arms as she boarded a train in the hot summer of 1950. She was young and frightened, trying to escape a brutal marriage, but despite the violence and cruelty she'd endured, she was not prepared for this final blow, this breathtaking punishment. Yvonne would not see her son again for nearly 40 years", "Boy, Lost: A Family Memoir\nKristina was the first child of her mother's subsequent, much gentler marriage and, like her siblings, grew up unaware of the reasons behind her mother's sorrow, though Peter's absence resounded through the family, marking each one. Yvonne dreamt of her son by day and by night, while Peter grew up a thousand miles and a lifetime away, dreaming of his missing mother", "Boy, Lost: A Family Memoir\nBoy, Lost tells how their lives proceeded from that shattering moment, the grief and shame that stalked them, what they lost and what they salvaged. But it is also the story of a family, the cascade of grief and guilt through generations, and the endurance of memory and faith."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://news.diocesetucson.org/news/pace-of-preparations-is-quickening-as-synod-on-synodality-approaches

Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches

["Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nPace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nBy Mark Pattison, Catholic News Service\nBALTIMORE (CNS) -- Work is proceeding -- and quickly -- on next October's synod on synodality, according to Bishop Daniel E. Flores of Brownsville, Texas, in Nov. 15 a report to his fellow bishops.", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nDiocesan listening sessions concluded this fall. Bishop Flores, chairman of the bishops' Committee on Doctrine, said dioceses \"managed to host over 30,000 listening sessions and other means of coming together.\"\nHe added, \"While admitting the process was not perfect, we have learned much and can do better in the future.\"", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nComing right on the heels of the diocesan phase is \"the continental stage\" of consultations, Bishop Flores said. It will consist of a series of 10 Zoom meetings for delegates chosen by each diocese in the United States and Canada, he said. \"It's an additional level of discernment,\" the bishop added.\nBut dioceses have to act quickly, he noted. The names of their delegates need to be submitted by Nov. 28.", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nBishop Jaime Soto of Sacramento, California, expressed disappointment that the \"continent\" did not include both North and South America.\nBishop Flores replied it was due to the \"logistical diversity and difficulty of gathering so large and diverse a supercontinent, as it were. I think there was a sense on both the North American side and the CELAM side it would be good if it were otherwise, but practically speaking it was not feasible.\" CELAM is the Spanish acronym for the Latin American bishops' council.", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nCardinal Joseph W. Tobin of Newark, New Jersey, expressed his disappointment that none of the continental state's meetings were going to be conducted in person. \"I think the real work is going to be done in person,\" he said.", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\n\"My disappointment is not theoretical, it's existential,\" Cardinal Tobin added. \"If you remember what 2018 looked like on the ecclesia landscape in our country, it was a difficult moment,\" a reference to the clerical sex abuse revelations about former Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrick and the Pennsylvania grand jury report.", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nBut that year V Encuentro, or Fifth National Encuentro, also took place. He attended the gathering, which he said \"was a tremendously hope-filled experience\" for the 3,000\" there -- \"who represented the hundreds of thousands\" of faithful. It also, he added, \"gave us a pastoral experience going forward.\"\nBishop Flores said the virtual meeting setup \"allows people to participate\" given the \"time crunch\" with continental reports due March 31, while also enabling \"those least able to travel\" to take part.", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nHe asked his fellow bishops to \"assure that the representatives that you choose reflect the wideness of your local church, especially the marginalized. Please keep in mind those who are never heard from, those who are never asked.\"\nThe document's theme for the continental stage is taken from Isaiah 54:2 -- \"Enlarge the space of your tent.\" The process, Bishop Flores said, is intended to be \"more welcoming, less divisive, and be witnesses true to Christ Jesus himself.\"", "Pace of preparations is quickening as synod on synodality approaches\nThe synod is \"a process of recollection,\" Bishops Flores said, \"listening attentively to one another, understanding the present pastoral reality. It is also a striving to discern how to grow into better servants of the Lord.\"\nIts purpose is to \"try to integrate a more synodal style in our local churches. We have made a good start with the help of God's grace,\" he said. \"Our work is not an opinion poll. It is an ecclesial work in the headship of Christ.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://dev.catholiclane.com/st-robert-of-newminster/

St. Robert of Newminster

["St. Robert of Newminster\nYou are at:Home\u00bbChurch Street\u00bbSaint of the Day - Ex Form\u00bbSt. Robert of Newminster\nSt. Robert of Newminster\nBy Catholic Lane Administrator on June 7, 2014 Saint of the Day - Ex Form", "St. Robert of Newminster\nIN 1132 Robert was a monk at Whitby, England, when news arrived that thirteen religious had been violently expelled from the Abbey of St. Mary, in York, for having proposed to restore the strict Benedictine rule. He at once set out to join them, and found them on the banks of the Skeld, near Ripon, living in the midst of winter in a hut made of hurdles and roofed with turf.", "St. Robert of Newminster\nIn the spring they affiliated themselves to St. Bernard\u2019s reform at Clairvaux, and for two years struggled on in extreme poverty. At length the fame of their sanctity brought another novice, Hugh, Dean of York, who endowed the community with all his wealth, and thus laid the foundation of Fountains Abbey.", "St. Robert of Newminster\nIn 1137 Raynulph, Baron of Morpeth, was so edified by the example of the monks at Fountains that he built them a monastery in Northumberland, called Newminster, of which St. Robert became abbot. The holiness of Robert\u2019s life, even more than his words, guided his brethren to perfection, and within the next ten years three new communities went forth from this one house to become centers of holiness in other parts.", "St. Robert of Newminster\nThe abstinence of St. Robert in refectory alone sufficed to maintain the mortified spirit of the community. One Easter Day, his stomach, weakened by the fast of Lent, could take no food, and he at last consented to try to eat some bread sweetened with honey. Before it was brought, he felt this relaxation would be a dangerous example for his subjects, and sent the food untouched to the poor at the gate. The plate was received by a young man of shining countenance, who straightway disappeared", "St. Robert of Newminster\nAt the next meal the plate descended empty, and by itself, to the abbot\u2019s place in the refectory, proving that what the Saint sacrificed for his brethren had been accepted by Christ.", "St. Robert of Newminster\nAt the moment of Robert\u2019s death, in 1159, St. Godric, the hermit of Finchale, saw his soul, like a globe of fire, borne up by the angels in a pathway of light; and as the gates of heaven opened before them, a voice repeated twice, \u201cEnter now, my friends.\u201d\nReflection.\u2014Reason and authority establish that virtue ought to be practiced. But examples in practice have more power to move souls. That is why our individual actions are of such fearful importance for others as well as for ourselves."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-07-04-0007040009-story.html

Man injured when struck by Baltimore police car

["Man injured when struck by Baltimore police car\nMan injured when struck by Baltimore police car\nBy Peter Hermann\nA 24-year-old man was injured early yesterday in Bolton Hill when he was hit by a police car driven by an officer trying to reach colleagues who were chasing an auto-theft suspect.\nThe impact of the 9:30 a.m. crash on Mount Royal Avenue, just south of West North Avenue, caved in the windshield and the front of the cruiser's roof. The two officers inside were not hurt.", "Man injured when struck by Baltimore police car\nThe pedestrian, identified as Bobby Trent of the 1200 block of Cleveland St. in Pigtown, was treated and released from Maryland Shock Trauma Center. He apparently stepped into the street while looking in the other direction and did not see the police car, which had its emergency lights and siren activated.\n\"The officer wasn't going that fast,\" said Renee Reed, 43, who witnessed the accident. \"He actually was slowing down. The man was looking the other way and just stepped into the street.\"", "Man injured when struck by Baltimore police car\nThe officer was identified as Thomas W. Wohkittel, 38, a 15-year veteran assigned to the Central District.\nPolice were responding to Mount Royal Terrace, north of West North Avenue, after a car-theft suspect ran from officers who were trying to arrest him. Wohkittel was approaching the scene from the south.", "Man injured when struck by Baltimore police car\nThe accident occurred a moment after officers apprehended the suspect. \"We got him,\" one radioed to dispatch. A second later, Wohkittel reported a \"10-33,\" shorthand for emergency, and then said over the air, \"Please give me an ambulance right away.\"\nLt. Donald E. Healy said the officer braked when he saw the man in the road and that the man saw the cruiser and jumped straight up. He was hit by the windshield of the cruiser."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.recanati-winery.com/2016/10/

A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country

["A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n15/10/2016 Wine spectator No Comment 3\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\nKim Marcus\nA new generation is reshaping the country's vineyards and winemaking, and quality is on the rise", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nBrothers Golan and Gilad Flam are bumping along a dirt track in their pickup truck as it climbs a grade in the Judean Hills of central Israel. The limestone that dominates one of the country's most promising and beautiful winegrowing regions rises in a dun-colored striated formation around them. Above it, the hills, rich with pines, oaks and scrub, lead almost to the gates of Jerusalem.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nIn this draw at about 2,000 feet above sea level, the hustle and bustle of modern Israel seems distant. The country's largest and most vibrant city, Tel Aviv, lies 30 miles to the northwest, but these hills are indisputably at the country's winemaking frontier. If the truck were to keep going, it would very soon enter the Palestinian territories of the West Bank. It's a quiet and serene landscape that belies the region's violent and storied past.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"This vineyard is a great combination of the terra rossa soil and limestone bedrock,\" Golan says of the site, which is west of the village of Mata. He's the winemaker at his family's namesake winery nearby; he studied winemaking at Piacenza University near Milan and did an internship at Tuscany's Carpineto winery", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nTerra rossa (Italian for \"red soil\") is an ochre-colored clay-based mix that is rich with iron oxide and provides the drainage necessary for healthy vineyards; limestone is the geological constituent of some of the world's greatest terroirs, Burgundy among them.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nOne of Flam's top reds is called Classico, and its fruit comes from the Judean Hills, including the vineyard near Mata. A Cabernet Sauvignon-based blend that includes Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot and Merlot, the 2013 ($35) rated 90 points on Wine Spectator's 100-point scale. Minerally, savory and rich, with plenty of dark fruit flavors, it deftly transmits the soil and climate of the region, as well as the human capital that went into its creation\u2014all the hallmarks of aterroir-driven wine.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nFollowing a boom beginning in the early 2000s, driven by Israelis' search for quality from their native land and by a dawning appreciation for its wines in both Europe and America, the wine industry in the Jewish state is transforming at a rapid rate. Where overoaked reds and candied whites once dominated, fresher wines are now appearing amid a young and expanding wine culture that is striving to secure its identity", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nBut with only 13,500 acres of vineyards\u2014a little less than one-quarter that of California's Sonoma County\u2014its place on the world stage will remain small for the foreseeable future.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nThe Judean Hills is one of the epicenters of emerging quality. It lies in the middle of the country, which is about the size of New Jersey. To the north, two regions share the spotlight: the Golan Heights, a volcanic plateau that rises east from the Jordan River to the Syrian border; and the rugged Galilee, west of the Jordan, where the best sites are in highlands that abut Lebanon", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nIsraeli vintners are also tapping sources in the Negev desert in the south, which many consider a contender for quality in the future.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nToday, Israel produces about 10 million cases annually, and though historically relegated to the kosher aisle, the country's wines can increasingly stand on their own. \"I took a tour of Israel's vineyards in March, and I was really impressed by the quality,\" says Sandy Block, vice president of beverage for the Boston-based Legal Sea Foods restaurant chain. As a result, he recently placed three Israeli wines on the lists of 15 of the 34 restaurants he oversees", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"We tried about 10 years ago with an Israeli wine, but it really fell flat,\" Block explains. \"But the wines have gotten better. People today are interested in trying new things, especially the millennials.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nCustomers seeking kosher options remain the principal buyers of Israeli wines, but retailers say there's growing interest among nonkosher buyers. \"We see a mix of customers-people who are interested in kosher wines, those familiar with Israel from a tourism standpoint, and those who have read press on the region,\" says Melissa Devore, vice president of wine buying for Maryland-based Total Wine & More.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nI sampled more than 100 wines during a visit to Israel this spring and followed up with blind tastings in our New York office. Overall, among the 120 wines I reviewed in official blind tastings, more than 30 scored an outstanding 90 points or higher on Wine Spectator's 100-point scale, the best performance yet from this small nation. For a complete discussion of the most recently released wines from Israel, see my tasting report.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nToday, and likely for the near term, the preferences of Israelis and the most accessible terroirs will remain firmly rooted in red grapes. But there is a growing consensus among Israel's best winemakers that a new generation of white wines will be an important part of the mix. And based on my tastings\u2014especially of well-structured Rh\u00f4ne-style white blends, minerally Chardonnays and fruity Sauvignon Blancs\u2014the evidence is strong.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"The whites stick out more than the reds. We shouldn't make reds,\" declares winemaker Paul Dubb of Tzuba winery, located within sight of Jerusalem on high-altitude, limestone-rich terrain. His statement is part challenge, part attention-getter. \"We do make elegant reds,\" acknowledges Dubb, who is originally from South Africa, where he grew up in a winemaking family. \"But if we are going to make great wines, they will be white.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nAs Israeli vintners have honed their skills in the vineyards and cellars over the past two decades, quality has risen appreciably; wineries are also much better equipped. It's a significant accomplishment for a nation of only 8.5 million people for whom survival, rather than the conviviality of wine, was paramount until recently.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nStill, per-capita consumption remains low, about half that of the United States, with many Israelis forgoing wine for religious reasons. As a result, vintners must search for markets abroad. Shipments out of the country were up 10 percent in value in 2014 from 2013 and amounted to $40 million, or about 20 percent of Israel's total production, according to the Israel Export and International Cooperation Institute; about half of that went to the U.S", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nIt's difficult, but not impossible, to make a living from wine in the Holy Land. Today, about 250 wineries call Israel home, the vast majority of them mom-and-pop operations encouraged by a nascent interest in wine among the locals and visitors to the country.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"Israelis are going more and more to wineries, and so are the tourists, not only to Jerusalem for the history but for a taste of Israel,\" says Israel Flam, the founding patriarch of his family winery, which opened in 1998.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nFlam gets its fruit from local vineyards (such as the one at Mata) and also from sources in the northern part of the country, including the Galilee. Other producers draw from the Golan Heights. But almost none own vines; the state of Israel holds title to most rural land. Even today, many agricultural operations are overseen by the collectives known as kibbutzes, which date to the earliest days of the Jewish settlement of Palestine in the 19th century.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"In Israel, you cannot own land. You lease it long-term. It's a big problem,\" says Eran Pick of Tzora winery, also in the Judean Hills. With ownership comes responsibility and ultimate oversight. A former military helicopter pilot, Pick makes some of the best wines Israel has to offer, and he is currently the only Israeli to hold the coveted Master of Wine degree. His Judean Hills 2014 white (92, $30), a luscious mix of Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc, is a revelation", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nTzora's impressive whites are a seeming paradox in a land dominated by the deserts that surround it, from the Negev in the south to the Judean to the east. The prevailing wisdom is that hot climates and white wines don't mix. But in higher elevations, the air cools, and pockets of exemplary quality can thrive if carefully nurtured. The higher altitudes favored by top producers such as Tzora help slow maturation, as do cooling breezes from the Mediterranean, offsetting the strong summer sun at this latitude", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nPick epitomizes the new generation of Israeli winemakers. He is a graduate of the University of California, Davis, and has done stages at Ch\u00e2teau Lafite Rothschild in Bordeaux, Torbreck in Australia and J in California\u2014experiences he shares with many of his peers. \"The young winemakers are very knowledgeable and have traveled the world. There's a lot of sharing,\" Pick says. He's also open to outside advice. Consulting for Tzora is Jean-Claude Berrouet, formerly of Ch\u00e2teau P\u00e9trus", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nPick's wines are kosher, as are most made by Israeli wineries, a trend that has strengthened over the past few years. However, also like most Israeli winemakers, Pick is not certified to make kosher wines without the assistance of an Orthodox observant Jew. This means he cannot touch any of the fermenting wine, barrels or winemaking equipment.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nAlthough being kosher provides ready access to an ethnic market in the U.S., home to almost as many Jews as Israel, it doesn't do much to sway most other wine drinkers and has little apparent bearing on wine quality, except for the burdens it imposes on winemakers such as Pick in finding good help. In Israel, the kosher designation is almost mandatory, given rising demand among the religious and nonreligious alike. More important for Pick, however, is the burgeoning reputation of Israeli wines in general", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nJust a few hundred yards downhill from Tzora, on a chalky slope in the Sorek Valley, sits one of Israel's most unique vineyards. It covers about 7.5 acres and is home to bush-trained Carignan vines, a rarity in Israel, where modern wire-and-trellis setups are standard. Planted in 1991 by an Arab Christian grower, it today supplies grapes for one of Israel's best reds, from Recanati winery. The 2014 Carignan Wild Reserve rated 91 points ($50).", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nRecanati winemaker Ido Lewinsohn stumbled across the vineyard by chance. \"I was driving here, and I was working in the Languedoc [in southern France] at the time with bush vines. I said, \u2018There are no bush vines in Israel,' but here they were,\" Lewinsohn recalls.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nToday, the Recanati team, under the ownership of successful financier Lenny Recanati, is carefully nurturing and replanting the vineyard vine by vine. There's no supplemental irrigation for the vines; a paltry 16 inches of rain falls annually at the site.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"We are going to make much taller gobelet,\" says Recanati CEO Noam Jacoby, using the French term for bush vines. \"We are one of the few wineries with dry-farmed surface in Israel. We think this is a good way to stress the vines and make the roots go deeper. The vines are hardier as a result.\" Production is naturally controlled as well. \"The growth rate of Israeli vines is very, very high,\" given the warm and generally beneficent climate, he explains.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nRecanati made news last year with a white wine made from the Marawi grape, native to the West Bank, where it is grown by Palestinian villagers for eating, not winemaking. Its lineage dates to the Roman era; when the new wine was released, it was billed as offering a taste of what may have been drunk in biblical times. Israel was a major source of wine production for the Byzantine Empire, and wine has deep roots in Jewish culture.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"We are the first to make Marawi as a mono-variety. It's a small Jurassic Park type of research project to try and find lost varieties,\" Lewinsohn says. \"The Arabs who were here from the 12th to 18th centuries banned alcohol and winemaking, so the hundreds of native varieties were reduced almost to none.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nEnologist Eliyashiv Drori of Ariel University, also located on the West Bank, discovered Marawi's ancient origins. He and others have tentatively identified dozens of ancient varieties in the region, sometimes from seeds discovered at archaeological sites.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"We are 100 percent certain [Marawi] is a local variety and it is an ancient variety. The grower is a Palestinian Muslim whom we don't have much contact with,\" says Lewinsohn, who worked for a time at the Italian icon Sassicaia. The grapes are grown near Bethlehem, in the Occupied Territories of the West Bank. Lewinsohn says the grower was found through Drori.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nThe wine's label is printed in Hebrew, Arabic and English in a bid for cultural harmony and accommodation. The 2014 vintage (90, $35) is labeled Judean Hills. \"It was important to put the three languages on the label. It doesn't belong to anybody. It's from the land of Israel,\" says Recanati's head winemaker, Gil Schatsberg, a graduate of the viticultural and enology program at U.C., Davis.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nStill, wines made by Israelis from West Bank grapes will probably remain part of a broader political battle, as pressure grows externally and domestically to boycott products made by Israelis from sources within the Occupied Territories.\n\"It's stupid to boycott when it's hurting the growers more than us [through lack of sales],\" Schatsberg says. \"We are looking for identity. We are a new Israeli wine. We want to offer something new to the world.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nThe West Bank provides fertile ground for discovery. With its high altitudes, limestone-rich soils and wealth of long-overlooked grapes grown by local farmers, many of them Palestinians and Israeli Arabs, the region may prove to be the proverbial Garden of Eden for indigenous varieties.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"This is just the beginning,\" Lenny Recanati says. \"When I travel abroad, I try the local varieties. I'm tired of Cabernet, Merlot and Chardonnay. To get noticed, you have to do something different. We make decent wines, but so do many other wineries.\"\nAdds Lewinsohn: \"The environment now is ready for locality and identity. I think we are living in exciting times in Israel.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nThe wine industry was integral to the founding of the modern state of Israel. This springs mostly from the efforts of Edmond de Rothschild, son of James de Rothschild, who purchased Ch\u00e2teau Lafite in 1868. Edmond was a strong supporter of the movement for the return of Jews to Israel, known as Zionism.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nIn 1882, he helped establish Carmel winery, which until the 1980s accounted for 60 percent of Israel's total output and today is the nation's second-largest producer after Barkan, near Tel Aviv. Carmel makes just under a million bottles a year, and its growers farm 3,500 acres, 25 percent of Israel's vineyard total.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nRothschild financing helped plant vineyards and build Carmel's historic winery near the village of Zikhron Ya'akov, south of the city of Haifa, which operates to this day and serves as the firm's headquarters. Carmel was set up as a cooperative venture to turn the grapes into wine for collective economic benefit. Carmel had the first electrical system and telephone in Palestine. Three men who would later become Israeli prime ministers worked in its vineyards, including the nation's first, David Ben-Gurion.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nBut as with most wine cooperatives, quality largely took a backseat to quantity so that the firm could make and sell as much wine for its members as possible. \"Carmel kept the wine industry going for 100 years, even if there wasn't quality,\" says Adam Montefiore, who was Carmel's president of marketing until recently.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nAmid foundering finances, Carmel was sold in 2013 to a group of investors that included American Eagle clothing magnate Jay Schottenstein. The producer is no longer run as a co-op. The head winemaker is Lior Laxer, and since joining Carmel in 2005, he has been overseeing near-constant renovations. His vision is to make fresher wines, partly by reducing the influence of oak aging and fermentation, which mute the vibrancy in many Israeli bottlings", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"We are moving away from barrels, to vats [both stainless steel and cement],\" says Laxer, who trained in Burgundy, staging there and in Bordeaux and Australia. He oversees a team of eight winemakers. \"We do struggle to make fresh, fruity wines, but the vats will help. We love the cement tanks because the wine ages much better [in them] than in stainless,\" he explains. Several cement tanks, up to 5,000 liters in size and some dating to the mid-20th century, have been retooled to that end.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"We try to pick really on time,\" Laxer adds, before the grapes become overripe in the strong Middle Eastern sun. \"There's no spring frost or harvest rain here. The main problem Israel faces is the hot winds that come in from the Sahara.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nAlthough white wines are creating excitement, reds still dominate vineyard plantings. Many of the original red-grape varieties that were grown at Carmel, most notably Alicante Bouschet and Carignan, were of Mediterranean or southern French origins. They fell out of favor in the 1970s and '80s in the rush to plant more popular grapes, such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. \"What's happening in Israel lately is that it's going back to Rh\u00f4ne-style blends,\" Laxer says", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nJudean Hills vintner Shuki Yashuv of Agur winery cautiously echoes that sentiment. He has made a Syrah-Mourv\u00e8dre blend called Layam since 2010; the 2013 scored 89 points ($37). \"It remains a niche wine. The Israelis like [Bordeaux] blends, though they are starting to drink Syrah.\" He may be open to other southern grapes as well. \"I have a prot\u00e9g\u00e9e who is studying varieties from Rhodes and Crete,\" he says, referring to the Greek islands.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nItay Lahat is another talented and knowledgeable enologist with his finger on the pulse of the Israeli wine industry. \"We really want to go to more elegance, and since we are in a warm climate, that's a challenge,\" he observes. \"Obviously, we have to go uphill for this.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nAt Ortal winery in the Golan Heights, Lahat both consults and makes his own wines from Ortal's grapes. The land here is within sight of the Syrian border and lies at about 3,000 feet above sea level; the soils are based on volcanic basalts. The Lahat red from 2014 is a blend of 85 percent Syrah and 15 percent Cabernet Sauvignon. It is medium-bodied and very elegant, like a Northern Rh\u00f4ne red. \"It's a consensus among winemakers that Syrah is the red for Israel. Stop. Period,\" Lahat declares", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nSouth from Ortal is the Golan Heights winery, which was the first breakout venture to establish a quality reputation for Israel with its Yarden reds and whites in the 1980s. Early on, it received subsidies from the Israeli government as a means to establish claim over the region, which was captured from Syria in the Six-Day War in 1967. Given the current political upheaval in Syria, the dispute over the status of the Golan, which Israel annexed in 1981, seems moot.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nPolitical struggles in the Golan and West Bank aside, the status of many Israeli vineyards remains an open question. In a damaging blow, many of the grapevines imported into Israel in the 2000s and then planted were found to be infected with the leafroll virus, which can slowly strangle grapevine productivity and affect wine quality by disrupting ripening. The only known cure is replanting", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nWith that in mind, Golan Heights has established a certified virus-free nursery, complete with hazmat-suit protocols, that will supply growers throughout the nation; in the years ahead, it may become the font for revamping almost half of Israel's vineyards.", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\n\"I think the style of the wines will be changing because of the new vineyard plantings,\" says Victor Schoenfeld, the U.C., Davis-trained winemaker and California native who has overseen Golan Heights since 1992. \"It's painful, but at least it's an opportunity to upgrade all the vineyards.\"", "A New Generation Is Reshaping Israel's Wine Country\nThe Israeli wine industry has faced many gauntlets in its young life. Its vintners have persevered and many have prospered, though the path has not always been straightforward. Challenges remain as the country continues to grow and mature in the 21st century, but the determination of its winemakers and grapegrowers is not in doubt."]

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http://www.tc.columbia.edu/organization-and-leadership/executive-education/xma/about-us/

About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University

["About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nAbout Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership\nmyTC\nExecutive Masters Program in Change Leadership\nExecutive Education Programs in Change and Consultation\nHow You See It Will Set You Apart", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\n\u200cDeveloped specifically for experienced working professionals from a diverse range of industries, sectors and geographic locations, the year-long, intensive Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership is designed to help individuals and organizations increase their capacity for initiating, managing and sustaining workplace change efforts in increasingly complex and global environments.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\n\u200cFocusing on the application of both psychological and business principles to relevant real-world organizational challenges, the program emphasizes individual, team and organizational learning and transformation through rigorous training in and experience with applied research, reflective practice and the use of theoretical models.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nExecutives enter the program each summer in small cohorts of 16-24 students and are trained by faculty experts in organization change and consultation using a range of innovative adult learning technologies and various cultural immersion and residential experiences in and around the New York City metropolitan area.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nThe program is delivered in four 1-week modules extending over one year and includes pre-work, post-work and guided independent study/action research as part of the formal program requirements. Executives will learn about change-related topics at the societal, organizational, group and individual levels and will be asked to integrate their own learning and professional development through various opportunities for practice and reflection.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nThe program culminates in a 45-credit Masters of Arts Degree in Organizational Psychology, with a specialization in Change Leadership.\nMid-career professionals and aspiring organizational leaders who wish to lead and manage future change efforts are especially encouraged to apply.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\n\"It\u2019s been a phenomenal insight into why some things have happened historically in our organization. I\u2019m starting to see things that I think other people might be missing because I\u2019m looking at them through a systemic point of view.\" - Amanda Dunn Kelly, Bank of America", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\n\"Given the ever changing complexity of our business environments and the different places where we do business in the world, it is important to expand my knowledge and be able to access different theoretical frameworks to address the non-conventional diversity challenges I may face.\" - Jose Vicuna, Shell Exploration and Production", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nAs part of the Program in Social-Organizational Psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, the Executive Masters Degree Program in Change Leadership retains and builds upon a long tradition of using psychological research and theory to address real world practical problems through action research and evidence-based intervention.\u200c", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nThe program leverages the scholar-practitioner identity of the program in Social-Organizational Psychology and holds fast to the notion that individual and collective behavior in organizations is best understood by examining the broader context in which that behavior occurs", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nAdditionally, consistent with the scholar-practitioner model that infuses learning at Teachers College, we believe that there can be no action without research and no research without action, particularly in seemingly ungrounded times of economic uncertainty and rapid organization transformation.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nThe program aspires to not simply offer a series of courses that result in a change leadership degree, but also seeks to:\n1) foster the professional development of those interested in leading and managing organization change\n2) enhance the knowledge, skills and abilities required to do so\n3) become a center of excellence that reinvigorates and redefines professional standards of practice for change practitioners and", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\n4) assist organizations as they address challenges of the contemporary workplace with new research, theory and evidence-based practice.\nOur Perspective on Change", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nThe field of organization development and change originated and grew in response to relevant social and business issues, and we believe it needs to do so again today in response to the global economic crisis and the various challenges facing contemporary for-profit, non-profit and governmental organizations", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nThe pressure to reduce workforces, to do more with less and to work \u2018smarter\u2019 present an opportunity for committed individuals to exercise leadership and ensure that organizations function efficiently and effectively in rapidly changing and increasingly interconnected global contexts.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nThe Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership helps executives develop the point of view and the requisite skills and abilities needed to intervene and actively to manage any number of organizational transformation efforts. More specifically, with respect to organization change, we believe that:\n1) Organizations are best understood as open systems that are dependent on and continually interacting with the environment in which they reside.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\n2) Within any open system, all parts of that system exist in a series of interdependent, embedded relations with each other that are multi-level, multi-causal and increasingly complex.\n3) Given this complexity, it is impossible to understand individual and collective behavior in organizations without understanding the context in which that behavior occurs.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\n4) Part of understanding the contextual nature of behavior in organizations is recognizing that it consists of both overt actions as well as covert processes that are under the surface.\n5) The overt and covert aspects of organizational life must be fully understood in order to intervene successfully in any client system.\n6) Successful intervention requires that individual change leaders learn how to use both theory and experience in reflective, systematic and adaptive ways.", "About Us | Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Executive Education Programs in Change and Consultation | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\nOur goal then is not simply to advise you about what to do with respect to leading change in your organizations, but instead to offer a theory and research-based way to think about doing so. In short, we believe that how you see change will set you apart even more than what you do when faced with it.\nGive to TC\nTC Employment\nEthics Reporting Site\nRevised University Policy: Gender-Based Misconduct\nTeachers College, Columbia University 525 West 120th St. * New York, NY 10027 * 212-678-3000"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://newsroom.unl.edu/announce/nextatnebraska/3599/19867

UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln

["UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nUNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall\nThis fall, the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln\u2019s Glenn Korff School of Music will begin regular webcasting of selected concerts in Kimball Recital Hall to help reach a worldwide audience for its world-class performances.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cWe\u2019ve consulted with people who are doing this as well as anybody in the world, and we think we\u2019re benefitting a lot to get a successful launch to this initiative,\u201d said John W. Richmond, Director of the Glenn Korff School of Music.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nRichmond has been involved with the fine and performing arts group of Internet2 since before he came to UNL in 2003. Internet2 (http://www.internet2.edu) is a community of leaders in research, academia, industry and government who create and collaborate via innovative technologies.\n\u201cThey\u2019ve been involved in a range of kinds of initiatives that involve internet applications in the fine arts, webcasting being one of them,\u201d Richmond said.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nRichmond was interested in pursuing webcasting at UNL and brought David Bagby, the Hixson-Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts\u2019 Information Technology Services Manager, into the process. They looked at what other schools were doing and attended several conferences. Jeff O\u2019Brien, the Glenn Korff School of Music\u2019s Information Technology Associate, has also been key in coordinating the technology for the project.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cPart of the problem, in addition to the technology piece because we didn\u2019t have the bandwidth when I got here to think about doing this with any reliability and quality, was the intellectual property question,\u201d Richmond said. \u201cCopyright law changes almost daily.\u201d\nFurthermore, the university\u2019s ambitious recruiting goals to grow UNL to 30,000 students also presented an opportunity.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cWe need to reach new audiences and new prospective students,\u201d Richmond said. \u201cBut we also needed to be prepared to respond to the disappointment that parents of students from vast distances would have that they would send their son or daughter off to school to a place and then never be able to hear them in recital or in performance of some kind.\u201d", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nFollowing the university\u2019s investment recently in bandwidth and infrastructure and the copyright issues being resolved, there was still a big, initial investment hurdle and finding a willing partner to overcome. Richmond reached out to NET.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cWe told them we were not sure if it will work, but we\u2019d like to try it, and they said we\u2019d like that, too, because it allows all of us to push UNL content out to our stakeholders across the state using a resource in addition to our television and radio network resources,\u201d Richmond said.\nThen, Glenn Korff made an investment last fall in the School of Music resulting in naming the school in his honor.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cSuddenly we were in a position to use some resources from that to get over the big hump of the initial investment in camera, controllers and other things,\u201d Richmond said.\nThe Glenn Korff School of Music and NET did a series of test webcasts last spring that went well.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cThe experiments went better than we possibly could have hoped,\u201d Richmond said. \u201cWe now have the ability to format the webcast so it would appear on a computer, a tablet, a smartphone; it would reformat itself automatically for whatever device is receiving it. All of that is now in place and automated, so really the stage was set.\u201d", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nLast spring, one of the webcasting tests was done for a Wind Ensemble concert, and Richmond heard feedback from one student who comes from the West Coast and whose parents have never been able to attend a concert in person. The student\u2019s father traveled a lot for business.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cWhen we webcast the concert, he was in Beijing, China. There\u2019s a 13-hour time difference. We had our concert at 7:30 p.m. local time, and he said he had the Wind Ensemble concert for breakfast. He watched it in his hotel room and said it was perfect,\u201d Richmond said. \u201cYou can\u2019t get much farther away on the planet than Beijing, China, or cross more hurdles, in terms of distance and technology. And yet it performed to this standard.\u201d", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nThree cameras will be installed initially in Kimball Hall, with plans to eventually expand to seven there. An additional two cameras are being installed in the Westbrook Recital Hall. NET is able to run the cameras and do the behind-the-scenes work remotely from their studio on East Campus.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cConspicuously absent from our webcast offerings this fall is dance because our dance events take place in venues where there are no cameras,\u201d Richmond said. \u201cBut we will figure that out. That\u2019s on our list of things to do.\u201d", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nA mix of performances have been selected to be webcast that will be advertised in the Glenn Korff School of Music\u2019s semester calendar of events, representing approximately one performance a week that will be webcast. Additional events, including student recitals, will be added later and advertised on the Glenn Korff School of Music website.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cWe set up a stratification matrix,\u201d Richmond said. \u201cWe wanted some vocal performances and some instrumental performances; large groups; small groups; solos; student and faculty performances. So that\u2019s the matrix we had to juggle.\u201d", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nThe first concert to be webcast this fall will be Hixson-Lied Professor of Piano Mark Clinton\u2019s faculty recital on Sept. 18 at 7:30 p.m. His recital is titled \u201cThe Poetry and Passion of the Piano\u201d and includes works by Robert Schumann, Ludwig van Beethoven, Frederic Chopin, Johannes Brahms and Jean Sibelius.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cI\u2019m very excited to be part of this new venture as the Glenn Korff School of Music reaches out to audiences around the world,\u201d Clinton said. \u201cMy preparations will not be any different because of the webcast\u2014I simply have the honor and privilege of playing for a larger, more extended audience.\u201d", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nOther performances scheduled to be webcast this fall include the University of Nebraska Brass Quintet on Sept. 29; the Wind Ensemble on Oct. 8; University Singers on Oct. 16; The Moran Woodwind Quintet on Nov. 13; Cocoa and Carols on Dec. 7; and the Symphony Orchestra on Dec. 11.\nAudiences shouldn\u2019t notice much of a difference when attending a webcast performance.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cWe\u2019re trying to make the technologies completely unobtrusive, either to the performer or to the audience who comes to our live events,\u201d Richmond said. \u201cIf our experience is like other higher education institutions that have begun to webcast, local audiences of live attendees don\u2019t go down, they go up because people who were unaware of what we were doing or the standard to which we were doing it become aware of it and want to be a part of it.\u201d", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nWebcasting isn\u2019t the only change that live audiences will notice. Kimball Hall\u2019s original 1960s seats have also been reupholstered and repaired and have had new padding and lumbar support installed, along with new lighting installed in the house and fresh paint in the lobby, thanks to an investment by UNL Senior Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs Ellen Weissinger.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nKimball Hall will be used this year to teach some large Introduction to Psychology courses that were previously taught at the Grand Theatre downtown.\nRichmond said Kimball Hall remains an \u201cawesome place to hear a concert,\u201d whether you attend in person or stay home to watch a webcast.", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\n\u201cFor our Lincoln friends, we hope they continue to come to our concerts. Our students don\u2019t want to perform in a broadcast studio. They want to be in a concert hall with an appreciative audience,\u201d he said. \u201cBut for our families and friends who are at vast distances or have to be away, there\u2019s no excuse now for missing a concert.\u201d\nFor a schedule of which concerts will be webcast or to get the link for the live broadcast, visit music.unl.edu.\nMore details at: http://go.unl.edu/oqhz", "UNL's Glenn Korff School of Music begins webcasting concerts this fall | Announce | University of Nebraska-Lincoln\nNext@Nebraska Sun. Sept. 07, 2014\nBack to School Pinterest Party\nBig Red Welcome 2014 Week 3\nExploring Integrity in the Classroom with Targeted Assignments\nFall Check-in, Sept. 15-18\nMaking use of the Wide Open Space of Love North First Floor\nUNL Christian Grads to Start Weekly Bible Study\nStudy Stop Kick Off Event\nThird Annual Academic Integrity Week is September 8 - 12\nIntramural Sports: Flag Football, Softball, & Golf Scramble\nChiara String Quartet prepares for first performance of the season"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://gse.buffalo.edu/elp/resources/orgs

Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo

["Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nA primary aim of the department is to foster creative leadership among students. It is essential that students take advantage of the many opportunities which exist to work with peers in the area and with colleagues in the field of educational administration. Such associations provide for the exchange of ideas, the enhancement of professional growth, and in many instances offer the opportunity to gain experience in administrative leadership", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nStudents whose only contacts with the Department consist of classroom experiences deny themselves of an essential and rewarding link in their professional education. Foreign students are encouraged to take part in the variety of activities aimed at helping one \"feel at home\" in addition to the development of professional friendships among faculty and peers.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nThe ELP Graduate Student Association (ELP-GSA, as it is popularly known), consists of all students accepted into the Department on a full or part-time basis and is funded by student fees. It is part of the University Graduate Student Association enabling students to participate in University-GSA sponsored special interest clubs and events. The ELP-GSA student body is represented and served by an elected executive committee consisting of a president, vice president, treasurer and secretary.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nThe primary mission of ELP-GSA is to develop a sense of unity among the Department's students. Its primary objectives are to provide for:\noccasions for the exchange of knowledge and mutual assistance involving common educational endeavors;\nthe promotion of diversity and understanding of new knowledge in the field of education;\nthe dissemination of information to students from the University GSA, ELP Dept., and the Graduate School of Education;", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nopportunities for student involvement in ELP-GSA activities and related committees;\na communication link between the Graduate School of Education, ELP Dept. faculty and staff and students;\nthe general welfare and support of the Department and its pursuit of excellence in education;\nstudent need and concern advocacy; and\nsocial activities.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nThis group also meets regularly and acts as a liaison with the Department representing student concerns and problems. The president of ELP-GSA and four student representatives (two from EDA and two from SPF), elected annually, represent the student body at departmental meetings as fully participating members. They are involved in agenda development, discussion, debate, and vote on all except personnel matters. Eligibility to serve as a student representative and as a GSA officer is open to all students", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nTwo-way communication between the student body and the department is maintained by the representatives through the departmental newsletter, memos, posted items and meetings. Notifications of meetings and other important information is posted on the ELP-GSA bulletin board in the purple conversation area near 468 Baldy.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nGraduate School of Education Alumni Association was established during the 1990-91 school year under the direction of a Steering Committee comprised of local alumni from all graduate programs in Education. The Alumni Association aims for a blend of social and professional growth activities to meet the expressed wishes of its diverse membership. Membership in the GSE Alumni Association provides automatic membership in the UB Alumni Association with its benefits and services. Contact person is Dr", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nThe Society of Educational Administrators (SEA), is an organization of EDA alumni. Its purpose is:\nto promote and encourage further growth of members in the field of educational administration;\nto establish a permanent relationship among the alumni and students of the Program in Educational Administration;\nto provide an opportunity for educational administrators to stimulate and encourage each other in areas of research and advanced education.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nA directory of alumni is published periodically. Activities and meetings are held on a regular basis. Contact person is Stephen Jacobson.\nStudents are encouraged to become acquainted with their professional associations and to participate in these as part of their own professional development.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAmerican Association of Higher Education (AAHE) is a national association for the dissemination of information to higher education practitioners. The Association publishes the Journal of Higher Education. National and regional meetings are held regularly.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAmerican Association of School Administrators (AASA) is a national association that has been in existence under different names for over a century. There is an annual meeting. Full-time student may join at a special rate. This is the primary reference group of school superintendents.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAmerican Association of University Administrators (AAUA) started at UB, is aimed at university administrators in this country. Dr. Ronald Stein, Vice President for University Relations is the editor of the Association's journal,Journal of Higher Education Management. A national conference and regional meetings are held on a regular basis.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAmerican Education Finance Association (AEFA) is a national association whose objective is the study of school finance and fiscal policy. The Association publishes the Journal of Educational Financeand sponsors an outstanding dissertation award. The annual conference is held in March each year.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAmerican Educational Research Association (AERA), is a national association that promotes research. There is an annual meeting at which professors and students may present accepted papers. Full-time graduate students may join at a special rate. The AERA publishes a number of highly regarded scholarly journals including the Educational Researcher, The Journal of Educational Research, and The Review of Educational Research. Membership includes subscription to three journals", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nThe Association has a number of special interest divisions. Contact is William J. Russell, Exec. Officer, 1230 17th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, 202-223-9485 or any ELP faculty member.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAmerican Educational Studies Association (AESA) was constituted to promote the academic study of education processes, and the improvement of teaching and research in areas related to educational studies. The journal Educational Studiesis published by this association. A meeting of general members is held annually. Membership details and other information may be obtained from Lois Weis.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAssociation of School Business Officials (ASBO) promotes the study of policy and practice for school business officials. There are three levels of membership--international, state and local. The Association publishes the journal School Business Officials. Apart from local monthly meetings, an annual international conference is held in late October. An annual state conference and an annual summer workshop are also held.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAssociation for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD), focuses on the supervisory or administrative roles of educators as well as curriculum development and the evaluation of learning materials. It holds a national conference in the spring. Contact Katherine Koenig, Research Asst., 125 North West St., Alexandria, VA, 22314, 703-549-9110.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAssociation for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE) is an association that is intended for faculty members and students of higher education. It holds several public meetings, and there is also a journal. A national conference is held yearly. Contact any of the Higher Education faculty.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nAmerican Vocational Association (AVA) is a professional organization for vocational educators. The Association publishes Vocational Education as well as a number of other publications. It holds some lobbying conferences, a national conference and State Association meetings are held regularly.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nThe Collegiate Association for the Development of Educational Administration in New York State (CADEA) consists of colleges and universities in New York State offering administrator preparation programs. UB is one of the charter member institutions. Its major purposes are: to improve the backing of school administrators and programs of development of school administrators in New York State; and to encourage research on problems of school administration.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nComparative and International Education Society (CIES) through its national and international meetings, serves as a forum for the scholarly and professional interests of educators, social and behavioral scientists, administrators and policymakers. CIES publishes a quarterly newsletter in addition to the journal, Comparative Education Review.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nHistory of Education Society (HES) encourages research in the history of education through an annual meeting at which new scholarship is presented and through its quarterly journal, The History of Education Quarterly. The Society offers annual awards to the best books, published articles, and student dissertations in the field.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nImmigration History Society provides a forum for research in the history of European, African, Asian, and Hispanic immigration and ethnic life in the United States through annual scholarly meetings (held in conjunction with the Organization of American Historians), its newsletter, and its quarterly journal, The Journal of American Ethnic History. This Society will be helpful to students interested in the education of minorities and in multicultural education.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nNational Association of Elementary Principals (NAEP)\nNational Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP)\nNational School Boards Association (NSBA)\nNational Society for the Study of Education (NSSE)\nNew York State Council of School Superintendents (NYSCSS)\nNew York State School Boards Association (NYSSBA)", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nNortheast Educational Research Association (NERA), is a regional organization that promotes research. It holds an annual meeting, usually in late October in New York State or New England. Professors and/or students may present accepted papers; there is a special provision for student membership. Thomas Shuell of the Counseling and Educational Psychology Department can provide membership details.", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nPhi Delta Kappa is an international honorary society dedicated to promoting leadership, research and service in public education. The UB chapter holds monthly meetings during which topics of professional interest are discussed. Membership includes subscription to the Phi Delta Kappan magazine and newsletters. Membership is open to UB graduate students.\nPhilosophy of Education Society\nSchool Administrator Association of New York State (SAANYS)", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nUniversity Council for Educational Administration (UCEA) consists of programs in educational administration of major universities in the United States and Canada. UB was one of the thirty-four charter members. It is governed by an executive Committee and a Plenary Session made up of a representative from each member institution. The program consists of a number of activities in which students may participate, including assistance with placement. UCEA publishes the Educational Administration Quarterly", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nimproving knowledge utilization in school systems served by member universities;\ndeveloping and implementing new approaches to knowledge utilization within an especially created university-school system partnership;\nachieving a more complete understanding of the discrepancies between what is expected and what is delivered by educational programs;", "Graduate School of Education - University at Buffalo\nachieving in UCEA universities the innovations and leadership needed to implement program redesign, given the marked changes in the demands for trained personnel; and\nattaining greater knowledge integration in the field of Educational Administration.\nContact is Patrick B. Forsyth, Exec. Dir., Pennsylvania State University, 212 Rackley Building, University Park, PA 16802-3200.\nWestern New York Women in Administration (WNYWA)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/21507/7-barons-behind-famous-beers

7 Barons Behind Famous Beers

["7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\n7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nBy Ethan Trex\nDinero Club\nA number of the American brewing industry's pioneers led fairly colorful lives before and after getting their surnames emblazoned on cans and tap handles. Here's the scoop on a few of the wisest men to ever ferment a little barley. Remember: when in doubt, always marry your former boss' widow.\n1. Eberhard Anheuser", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nAnheuser wasn't actually a brewer. Instead, he was a successful soap factory owner in St. Louis just before the Civil War. Anheuser provided a good deal of cash to the owners of the struggling Bavarian Brewery, which opened in 1852, and he eventually ended up acquiring the brewery in 1860 as repayment for these debts. The soap baron promptly renamed his new beer concern E Anheuser & Co.\n2. Adolphus Busch", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nThe other name in the Anheuser-Busch empire didn't set out with huge dreams of being a brewer, either. Busch arrived in St. Louis in 1857 as an industrious 18-year-old German immigrant who was the second youngest of 22 siblings. Busch found work as a commission salesman, and within two years, he and a partner moved on to a more lucrative field when they opened their own brewing supply wholesaler", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nBusch was able to brush up on brewing practices through his new business, and he also became quite partial to Lily Anheuser, the aforementioned Eberhard's daughter. When Busch married Lily in 1861, he became a part of the brewer's family, and in 1879 the company's name officially became Anheuser-Busch.", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nBusch wasn't just a guy who married well, though. He was the first American brewer to pasteurize his brews in the 1870s, and his ingenious development of a network of icehouses next to railroad tracks enabled Busch to ship his beer nationally while keeping it cold and fresh.\n3. Adolph Coors\nBeer History", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nIn 1868, Coors came to America as an industrious young brewer's apprentice. By 1873, his search for suitable water for brewing had led Coors to Golden, Colorado, where he opened the Golden Brewery in a partnership with Jacob Schueler. Schueler put up most of the cash; he invested $18,000 to just $2,000 from Coors. Why aren't we all going out for an extra case of Schueler's, then? Because the partnership didn't last too long. Coors bought out Schueler in 1880. Coors wasn't just a brewer, though.", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nWhen Prohibition came to Colorado in 1916, three years before the rest of the country went dry, he kept the business afloat by making malted milk and focusing on the family's ceramics business, which is now known as CoorsTek, one of the world's largest industrial ceramics companies.\n4. Frederick Pabst", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nThe man behind PBR was also a German immigrant who came to the United States as a young boy. The Pabst family lived in Chicago, where Frederick worked as a waiter, cabin boy, and eventually a captain on steamships that cruised through Lake Michigan. Unfortunately for Pabst, he didn't win any blue ribbons as a sailor; an 1863 storm caused him to rack up $20,000 worth of damage when he beached his ship. Pabst was so frustrated and scared by the wreck that he gave up sailing altogether.", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nLuckily, though, Pabst's father-in-law was a Milwaukee brewer who helped the former sailor find a new calling. Although Pabst didn't know anything about brewing, he took at job at the family's Best Brewery, and within a few years had bought out his father-in-law with some help from his brother-in-law.", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nOnce they took over, the two started expanding the brand nationally with a little help from some clever marketing. Armed with the prestige of awards that his beer won at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876 and the 1878 Paris World's Fair, Pabst started putting little blue ribbons around the neck of each bottle. When the brew grabbed another award at the 1893 Columbian Exhibition in Chicago, the name changed for good, and Pabst Blue Ribbon was born.\n5. Joseph Schlitz", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nSchlitz knew how to make a quick rise through a company. In 1856, he was the manager and bookkeeper of August Krug's brewery in Milwaukee. When Krug died, Schlitz married his former boss' widow and renamed the brewery the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company.\nWhen the Great Chicago Fire ravaged the city in 1871, Schlitz made a unique donation to the recovery effort: hundreds of barrels of beer for thirsty Chicagoans.", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nThis move helped spike the brand's popularity in one of the country's major markets and made Schlitz even wealthier. Sadly, he met a tragic end while traveling to a sharpshooting contest in his native Germany; Schlitz was aboard the steamship Schiller when it sank off the coast of England.\n6. Valentin Blatz", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nSchlitz wasn't the only brewer who learned the value of marrying a widow. The brewery modern drinkers know as Blatz was originally called the City Brewery and was owned by a brewer named John Braun. Braun's fledgling business took a bit of a dip in 1851 when a former employee named Valentin Blatz opened up a brewery of his own\u2014right next door. Braun died within a year, and Blatz soon married the widow and united the two breweries, which quickly grew from a pair of tiny concerns into a single brewing giant.", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nUnlike some of his beer-slinging counterparts, Miller didn't have to come to the States to get his start as a brewer. Miller was already pretty successful as a brewer back home in Germany when he came to Milwaukee in 1854. A year later, he leased the Plank Road Brewery in Milwaukee and started brewing with yeast he'd brought with him all the way from Germany", "7 Barons Behind Famous Beers\nBy 1883, Miller was doing his own bottling, too, and the man whose company brought you Miller Lite and taught you how to live the High Life was established as a brewing titan on this side of the pond, too."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://manyhandsgallery.net/collections/albrijes/products/alebrije-penguin-2

Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art

["Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nAlebrijes are vivid and whimsical wooden figures handmade by artisans in Oaxaca, are one of the most prized of all the Mexican crafts. Alebrijes are typically the most colorful, the most outlandish, imaginary and fantastical of the Oaxacan carvings - the ones painted with the most detailed patterns of stripes, dots, geometric shapes, flowers and flames. Sometimes the creature will have two heads. Sometimes it could have the face of a lion and the feet of a flamingo or some other whimsy", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nWhile the Mexican traditions of carving and painting unique figures dates back many hundreds of years with its roots in the indigenous arts of the Zapotec. The art of the alebrijes is far more recent. Alebrijes sprung from the vivid imagination of Pedro Linares in 1936. During an illness, Linares had fever dreams featuring strange creatures which would chant at him with a word he later recalled as \"alebrije\u201d. Once recovered from his illness, the artist started crafting strange creatures in papier-mach\u00e9", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nIt wasn't long before these wild figures were acclaimed by the likes of Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Eventually, Linares' work was celebrated throughout Mexico. Before his death in 1992, he was Mexico's National Arts and Sciences Award in Popular Arts and Traditions.", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nDown in Southern Mexico, in the village of Arrazola, which sits at the foot of the famed Monte Alban archaeological site, a peasant named Manuel Jim\u00e9nez had been carving wood figures since his boyhood in the 1920s. His early figures were masks and small farm animals in the Zapotec style, which he would often sell outside the gates to Monte Alban", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nIn the 1970s, after having an opportunity to meet Linares, Jimenez started to add the fantastical elements of the alebrijes to his carvings, which he was making out of softwood from a scrub tree called copal. The effect revolutionized the carving craft. Jimenez quickly found a ready market for his figures in the street markets of Oaxaca City. Eventually the carving caught on with farmers and campesinos in other towns", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nSoon, the wooden creatures became sought-after by collectors throughout North America and beyond. After Smithsonian Magazine did a cover story on alebrijes in 1987, they became widely recognized as traditional Oaxacan folk art creations. Oaxacan wood carvings are the most celebrated and collected of all Mexican Folk Art.", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nThe raw material, copal wood, has uses that date back to ancient times. The sap is used for an array of medical purposes, such as treating scorpion bites, relieving acne and treating cold symptoms. The hardened resin is also burned in churches and cemeteries during religious services with the smoke producing a distinctive fruity fragrance. Burning copal resin is an essential part of both ancient and modern Day of the Dead celebrations.", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nThere is an interesting division of labor within the families making Oaxacan carvings. The gathering, chopping and carving of the wood is done by males, both men and boys. After the initial rough carving, the wood is left to dry, often for several months. Then the sanding, a low-skill and boring part of the job, is done by children. The most creative and painstaking part, the elaborate and delicate painting of the figures, is done by women", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nIn decades past, the carvings were signed only by the male head of the family, in recent years more and more of the carvings bear the names of both the husband and wife.", "Alebrije Penguin by Manuel Jimenez - Oaxacan Wood Carving Folk Art\nThe purchase of an Alebrije directly benefits the Fairtrade artist cooperatives in the Oaxaca valley. Handmade. Fairtrade. Mexico.\nTags: Alebrije Oaxaca Penguin"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://carewellunanihospital.blogspot.com/2011/09/bu-bakr-mohammad-ibn-zakariya-razi-864.html

Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi

["Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nAbu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran. Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects. He also studied under Ali Ibn Rabban. The practical experience gained at the well-known Muqtadari Hospital helped him in his chosen profession of medicine", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nAt an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, so that patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia.", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nHe was first placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital for along time. He moved from time to time to various cities, especially between Ray and Baghdad, but finally returned to Ray, where he died around 930 A.D. His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran.", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nRazi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. In medicine, his contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in medicine e.g. Kitab al- Mansoori, Al-Hawi, Kitab al-Mulooki and Kitab al-Judari wa al-Hasabah earned everlasting fame. Kitab al-Mansoori, which was translated into Latin in the 15th century A.D., comprised ten volumes and dealt exhaustively with Greco-Arab medicine. Some of its volumes were published separately in Europe", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nHis al-Judari wal Hasabah was the first treatise on smallpox and chicken pox, and is largely based on Razi's original contribution: It was translated into various European languages. Through this treatise he became the first to draw clear comparisons between smallpox and chicken pox. Al-Hawi was the largest medical encyclopaedia composed by then", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nIt contained on each medical subject all-important information that was available from Greek and Arab sources, and this was concluded by him by giving his own remarks based on his experience and views. A special feature of his medical system was that he greatly favoured cure through correct and regulated food. This was combined with his emphasis on the influence of psychological factors on health. He also tried proposed remedies first on animals in order to evaluate in their effects and side effects", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nIn addition to being a physician, he compounded medicines and, in his later years, gave himself over to experimental and theoretical sciences. It seems possible that he developed his chemistry independently of Jabir Ibn Hayyan. He has portrayed in great detail several chemical reactions and also given full descriptions of and designs for about twenty instruments used in chemical investigations. His description of chemical knowledge is in plain and plausible language", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nOne of his books calledKitab-al-Asrar deals with the preparation of chemical materials and their utilization. Another one was translated into Latin under the name Liber Experimentorum, He went beyond his predecessors in dividing substances into plants, animals and minerals, thus in a way opening the way for inorganic and organic chemistry. By and large, this classification of the three kingdoms still holds", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nAs a chemist, he was the first to produce sulphuric acid together with some other acids, and he also prepared alcohol by fermenting sweet products.", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nHis contribution as a philosopher is also well known. The basic elements in his philosophical system are the creator, spirit, matter, space and time. He discusses their characteristics in detail and his concepts of space and time as constituting a continuum are outstanding. His philosophical views were, however, criticised by a number of other Muslim scholars of the era.", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nHe was a prolific author, who has left monumental treatises on numerous subjects. He has more than 200 outstanding scientific contributions to his credit, out of which about half deal with medicine and 21-concern alchemy. He also wrote on physics, mathematics, astronomy and optics, but these writings could not be preserved", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi\nA number of his books, includingJami-fi-al-Tib, Mansoori, al-Hawi, Kitab al-Jadari wa al-Hasabah, al-Malooki, Maqalah fi al- Hasat fi Kuli wa al-Mathana, Kitab al-Qalb, Kitab al-Mafasil, Kitab-al- 'Ilaj al-Ghoraba, Bar al-Sa'ah and al-Taqseem wa al-Takhsir have been published in various European languages. About 40 of his manuscripts are still extant in the museums and libraries of Iran, Paris, Britain, Rampur, and Bankipur"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://klasslooch.com.www77.jnb2.host-h.net/Section-32-Bill/

Draft OHS Amendment Bill 2015

["Draft OHS Amendment Bill 2015\nDraft OHS Amendment Bill 2015\nSection 32. Formal inquiry.\n(1) The chief inspector may, and shall when so requested, by a person producing prima facie evidence of an offence, appoint a presiding inspector to conduct a formal inquiry into any incident which has occurred at or originated from a workplace or in connection with the use of plant or machinery which has resulted, or in the opinion of the chief inspector could have resulted, in the injury, illness or death of any person;", "Draft OHS Amendment Bill 2015\n(2) For the purposes of an inquiry referred to in subsection (1), a presiding inspector may subpoena any person to appear at a predetermined place on a day specified in the subpoena and to give evidence or to produce any book, document or thing which in the opinion of the inspector has a bearing on the subject of the inquiry;", "Draft OHS Amendment Bill 2015\n(4) Any inquiry under this section shall be held in public: Provided that the presiding inspector may exclude from the place where the inquiry is held, a person whose presence is, in the opinion of the presiding inspector, undesirable or not in the public interest;", "Draft OHS Amendment Bill 2015\n(10) The evidence given at any inquiry under this section shall be recorded and a copy thereof shall be submitted by the presiding inspector together with his or her report to the chief inspector, and in the case of an incident in which or as a result of which any person died or was seriously injured or became ill, the presiding inspector shall submit a copy of the said evidence and the report to the chief inspector;", "Draft OHS Amendment Bill 2015\n(10A) The chief inspector shall submit the report to the National Prosecuting Authority within whose area of jurisdiction such incident occurred, within 90 days of the conclusion of the inquiry;"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://messianictorah.org/en/manna_en/38-1en.htm

Korach 38-1

["Korach 38-1\nKorach 38-1\nNow Korach, the son of Yitzhar, the son of Kehat, the son of Levi, with Datan and Aviram, the sons of Eli'av, and On, the son of Pelet, sons of Re'uven, took men\nNum. 16:1 HNV\nCan jealousy lead to rebellion?", "Korach 38-1\nKorach was not the appointed leader of the Kehatites, but Elitzafan, his younger cousin was. How do the older brothers, sisters, and cousins feel when the youngest is chosen to be their leader? Could it have been this family situation that caused Korach to become envious and later rebellious?", "Korach 38-1\nHow did Yishmael react when his younger brother was chosen as the carrier of the promise? How did Esav react when his younger brother was given the birthright and the blessing in his place? They became jealous and bitter. This bitter jealousy was then carried over to their children and grandchildren, generation after generation, and has become the main reason for the antagonism between Arabs and Jews, Islam and Judaism, Romans and Jews, Christianity and Judaism.", "Korach 38-1\nThe descendants of Yishmael embraced a religion that breeds Jew-hatred. The same thing has happened with Christianity, which was founded on an unwillingness to be like the Jews. The descendants of Esav founded the Roman Empire, and that is why this Jew-hatred can be found throughout the Roman system. The Roman religion has a deep rooted a Jew-hatred. The root of this hatred can be traced to a family situation.", "Korach 38-1\nThe breeding ground for Korach\u2019s rebellion was the situation in his family, in which his younger cousin was appointed leader over him while he was not given any position beyond the normal Levite ministry. How important it is to make sure that jealousy is rooted out of our hearts!", "Korach 38-1\nSome might feel that HaShem ought to have given Korach an important position so that he would not have become so angry and rebellious, but it does not work that way in the Kingdom. HaShem is not the problem. Jealousy and a lack of humility in the flesh is the problem. Giving the power-hungry person a position of responsibility is not the solution, but rather that he humbles himself and learns to submit to the leaders that HaShem has placed over him", "Korach 38-1\nThis was the medicine that HaShem gave Korach, but he did not want to take it and deal with the sin in his soul. Instead he let the rebellion develop to such an extent.", "Korach 38-1\nThere are several examples in the Torah where the older brothers did not become jealous of their younger brothers when they received more important positions than themselves, such as for instance Moshe and Aharon, Efrayim and Menashe.", "Korach 38-1\nWhat greatness there was in Yosef, who managed to instill the Torah in his two oldest sons so that they did not live according to the same jealousy and discord that he had experienced among his own brothers! Yosef was able to break the generational curse and to battle and do away with all forms of jealousy in his own family.", "Korach 38-1\nIn the same way, Korach\u2019s descendants managed to break the generational curse so that they could become authors of several of the Psalms in the Scriptures. They were Levites and were given important positions. The prophet Shmuel was a descendant of Korach, (1 Chron. 6:33-38). One who is content and faithful in the position and calling that the Eternal has given him will receive a great reward", "Korach 38-1\nIf we humble ourselves under the mighty hand of HaShem, He will raise us up in His time, as it is written in 1 Peter 5:5-6: \"Likewise, you younger ones, be subject to the elder. Yes, all of you gird yourselves with humility, to subject yourselves to one another; for \u2018God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble.\u2019 Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time\" (HNV)", "Korach 38-1\nKorach rebelled and lost everything. He was swallowed up by the earth along with all who followed him in his rebellious spirit. A few of his descendants, however, were able to save their lives through teshuvah, repentance.\nMay HaShem, who is good, deliver us from all kinds of jealousy and rebellion."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=TdflAHpC8XkC&pg=RA5-PA1265&vq=aspect&dq=editions:STANFORD24501703216&hl=fr&output=html_text

Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia

["Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nlateral side of the quadratus lumborum muscle. The lateral border is narrowest above, and widest just below its middle point, corresponding to the greater thickness of the kidney at this level.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nIn many ways it would be more satisfactory to apply the term facies muscularis or muscular surface collectively to the areas above described as \"posterior surface\" and \"lateral border\"; in like manner the term facies visceralis, or visceral surface, might be suitably applied to the so-called anterior surface of the organ. The edge separating the visceral from the muscular surface is the actual lateral edge or border of the kidney.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nAnterior Relations and the Anterior Surface of the Kidney. The anterior relations of the kidneys not only differ on the two sides of the body, but also many\nHypogastric artery\nCommon iliac artery\nInternal spermatic artery\nInferior mesenteric artery ty\nFIG. 983.-DISSECTION TO SHOW THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE KIDNEYS AND OF THE URETERS\nTO THE MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nof the structures related to the anterior surface of each kidney undergo frequent changes in position during life. Hence it is not possible to give more than a general account of the anterior relationships of the kidneys.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nRight Kidney.-A small area on the superior part of the anterior surface of the right kidney is in relation to the corresponding suprarenal gland (Fig. 983). The rest of the superior part of the anterior surface is in contact with the visceral surface of the liver, which is often hollowed out to form a fossa for the kidney", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe suprarenal gland is bound to the kidney by connective tissue, while the part of the kidney in relation to the liver is, like the liver itself, covered by peritoneum, and thus the two organs, although closely applied, are really separated by a part of the general peritoneal cavity. Immediately anterior to the inferior end of the right kidney are usually found two parts of the alimentary canal-namely, the descending part of the duodenum and the right flexure of the colon, or the", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nmenceme\nodenum li Count of\nzah in diff peritoneu cibey by co the ileum kidney In some contact w ey is, li 1e to the\nCair area.\nLeft Kidne\nal plant, a\nacney by co with the stor in appo which the Laner aspe ya portion 2 kidney inferior x2 an e of the Des against terior sur", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\ncommencement of the transverse colon. The part of the kidney related to the duodenum lies to the medial side of the area which touches the colon, but the exact amount of the kidney in contact with each of these two parts of intestine varies much in different subjects. Frequently the colon and the kidney are both covered by peritoneum where they are in contact, but the duodenum is bound down to the kidney by connective tissue", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nIn addition to the structures mentioned, some portion of the ileum, or of the jejunum, is often found in contact with a small part of the right kidney near its inferior end.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nIn some cases the peritoneal membrane does not cover the whole of the surface in contact with the liver, and then the superior part of the hepatic area of the kidney is, like the anterior aspect of the suprarenal gland, bound by connective tissue to the \"uncovered\" area on the posterior aspect of the liver.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nFIG. 984.-ANTERIOR ASPECT OF THE KIDNEYS AND GREAT VESSELS. The drawing was made, before removal of the organs, from a specimen in which the viscera had been hardened in situ. The dotted lines mark out the areas which were in contact with the various other abdominal viscera.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nLeft Kidney. The extreme superior and medial part of the anterior aspect of the left kidney is united by connective tissue to the lower part of the left suprarenal gland, and the area immediately below this is in contact with the stomach and the pancreas. The pancreas, like the suprarenal gland, is bound down to the kidney by connective tissue, but the stomach is separated from the area with which it is in apposition by a portion of the omental bursa", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe area in actual contact with the stomach is a small somewhat triangular district situated above the level at which the pancreas is related to the kidney. The superior and lateral part of the anterior aspect of the kidney is related to the spleen, the two organs being separated by a portion of the general peritoneal cavity, except along the area where spleen and kidney are connected by the lieno-renal ligament", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe anterior surface of the inferior end of the left kidney is related, towards the medial side, to a part of the jejunum, and, towards the lateral side, to the left flexure of the colon or to a part of the descending portion of the colon. In most cases, however, the colon lies against the posterior abdominal wall to the lateral side rather than on the anterior surface of the left kidney.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe right and left colic arteries, or their branches, as they pass laterally to reach the colon, are often related to the anterior aspects of the corresponding kidneys. The splenic vessels pass laterally in front of the left kidney (Fig. 979).\nCortical substance of kidney", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe anterior surface of a kidney which has been hardened in situ is, like the posterior surface, not uniformly rounded, but marked by a series of impressions corresponding to the different structures which lie in contact with it. In the case of each kidney, the most prominent region on the anterior surface lies below the level of the middle of the kidney, and corresponds to the thickest part of the organ", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nFrom this prominence on the anterior surface a series of more or less flattened planes slope away towards the borders of the kidney. These flattened areas are the impressions formed by the viscera which lie on the anterior surface of the", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nkidney.\nIn the case of the\nright kidney, three\nimpressions can usu-\nally be distinguished\non the anterior sur-\nface. One occupies\nthe whole of the\nupper part of the\norgan, and is known\nas the impressio he-\npatica; another\nstretches from the\nmost prominent point\nto the inferior end of\nthe kidney, and is\nrelated to the colon;\nwhile the third ex-\ntends along the\nmedial margin, below\nthe hilum, and is in\ncontact with the\nsecond part of the\nduodenum (Fig. 979).", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe relative sizes of these three areas or impressions vary much in different specimens.\nOn the left kidney, also, three more or less defined, flattened impressions slope\ntowards the borders of the organ from the most prominent part of the anterior\nsurface. One of these, on the superior and lateral part of the kidney, is the splenic\nimpression; another, extending downwards to the lower end of the kidney, is for\nthe jejunum, or for the jejunum and colon; the third, above and in the region of the", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nhilum, is called the impressio gastrica, and corresponds to the position of the over-\nlying stomach. Only a small portion of this impression is in direct contact with\nthe stomach, since the pancreas and a part of the suprarenal gland intervene\nbetween the stomach and the kidney (Fig. 979).\nBasal part of pyramid\nBranch of renal... artery\nRadiate part [\"medullary rays \"] of cortex\nFIG. 985.-LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH THE KIDNEY.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe vessels and fat have been removed to give a view of the wall of the kidney sinus. The points where the vessels enter the kidney substance are seen as holes in the sinus wall.\nIt is common to find the left kidney thicker and less flattened antero-posteriorly than the right, the impressions, or \"facets,\" upon its surface being at the same time better marked. With this probably is to be associated the fact that floating kidney is more rarely met with on the left than on the right side of the body.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nmore point sde to sid\nend of the separates it Sinus\na narrow ck walls Ta part o m. TE acal ele diating hey sube si leave t le depre ced by\ninal ap\nd. Th mbrosa up\nStapes thr Leter or ki Kidney composed renales or P. the kidne\nher apices ready mer\nree usuall\nes as ma\nthe organ are sepa substantia e bases of trenal col\nthe kidne -re granula\ned the b Ars and ligh and more uni In sectio ered the\nA brant\ne surface\nnally com\nrical suber\nAn exar\nLows that\nRex.\nrie becom As prolong the cort\n-Sp", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nare called \" Drvene be The appear woording es thro\nExtremities of the Kidney.\u2014The kidney, fixed and hardened in situ, is usually more pointed at its inferior than at its superior end. The latter is wider from side to side, and often somewhat flattened from before backwards. The superior end of the kidney is bent somewhat forwards and rests upon the diaphragm, which separates it from the inferior part of the pleural cavity.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nSinus Renalis.-The sinus of the kidney (Fig. 985), into which the hilum opens, is a narrow space, having its long axis corresponding to that of the kidney. The thick walls of the sinus cavity are formed by the substance of the kidney, and are lined by a part of the fibrous kidney capsule which enters the sinus over the lips of the hilum. The floor of the sinus is not even, but presents a series of small projecting conical elevations called papill\u00e6 renales, which vary from six to fifteen in number", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nRadiating from each papilla are a number of somewhat raised bars, or ridges, of kidney substance, separated by depressed areas. The blood-vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney by piercing the wall of the sinus where it is formed by these little depressed areas (Fig. 985). The rounded summit of each renal papilla is pierced by a number of minute openings called foramina papillaria, which are the terminal apertures of the secreting tubules of which the kidney is mainly composed", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThese openings all lie close together, and give rise to the so-called area I cribrosa upon the apex of the renal papilla. The urine secreted by the kidney escapes through the foramina papillaria into the subdivisions (or calyces) of the ureter or kidney duct.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nKidney in Section.-Sections through the kidney (Fig. 985) show that it is composed to a large extent of a number of conical masses, known as pyramides renales or pyramids. These together constitute the substantia medullaris or medulla of the kidney, and are arranged with their bases directed towards the surface, and their apices projecting into the renal sinus, where they form the papill\u00e6 renales already mentioned", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe pyramids are more numerous than the papill\u00e6, two or three usually ending in each papilla in the middle part of the kidney, and sometimes as many as six or more in each papilla near the superior and inferior ends of the organ. The bases of the pyramids do not reach the surface of the kidney, but are separated from it by a thin layer of kidney substance called the cortex, or substantia corticalis of the kidney", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe cortical substance not only covers over the bases of the pyramids, but also sends in prolongations, called column\u00e6 renales or renal columns, between the pyramids, towards the sinus. The medullary part of the kidney exhibits in section a striated appearance, while the cortical part is more granular and usually different in colour", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe outer part of each pyramid is called the basis pyramidis, and appears in section to be composed of alternate dark and light streaks, while the inner, or papillary part, is often of a lighter colour, and more uniformly and faintly striated.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nIn sections of the kidney the larger blood-vessels are seen, after they have entered the kidney substance, to lie between the pyramids; and some of their main branches are visible passing across the bases of the pyramids.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nIn the f\u0153tus and young child, and sometimes, though much less distinctly, in the adult, the surface of the kidney is marked by a number of grooves dividing it into polygonal areas. These represent the lobes, lobi renales or reniculi, of which the kidney is originally composed, and each corresponds to one papilla with its pyramids and surrounding cortical substance.\ncortex.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nAn examination, with an ordinary pocket lens, of a section through the kidney shows that the lighter stri\u00e6 of the bases of the pyramids are continued into the As they pass through the cortex towards the surface of the kidney the stri\u00e6 become less distinct, and appear, when cut longitudinally, as separate raylike prolongations carried outward from the bases of the pyramids", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThese parts of the cortex, which seem, in this way, to be continuations of the medulla, are called \"medullary rays\" and constitute the pars radiata; the portions which intervene between them form what is known as the pars convoluta or \"labyrinth.\" The appearance presented by the cortex of the kidney in section varies much according to the plane in which the section has been taken. If the section passes through and lies parallel to the axis of a pyramid, the radiate part met", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nwith will appear as isolated streaks directed from the base of the pyramid towards the surface of the kidney, and separated from one another by narrow strips, or intervals, of the convoluted part", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nOn the other hand, in sections made at right angles to the axis of a pyramid, or cutting this axis obliquely, the convoluted portion of the cortex presents the appearance of a continuous net, the meshes of which are occupied Corpuscle of by the radiate parts, and these latter now exhibit a circular or oval outline. In a similar manner Interlobular sections through the bases of the pyramids differ much in the appearances they afford according to the plane in which they are cut.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nKidney Tubules.-The glandular substance of the kidney is composed of a vast number of minute tubules, called tubuli renales or uriniferous tubules, all of which have an exceedingly complicated course. The wall of each tubule consists throughout of a basement membrane and of an epithelial lining, but the lumen of the tubule and the character of the epithelium vary much in its different parts. Every tubule begins in a thinwalled spherical dilatation, known as capsula glomeruli (O.T", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nBowman's capsule), in which a complicated loop of capillary blood-vessels is contained. The tuft of capillaries is covered by a reflection of the delicate wall of the capsule, and is, as it were, invaginated into the capsule (Fig. 986). The capsules with their enclosed capillaries are called the corpuscula renis or kidney corpuscles, and are all placed", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nin the convoluted portion of the kidney cortex, where they may be recognised as minute red points just visible to the unaided eye and best marked when the renal vessels are congested. The part of the tubule leading from the capsule-first convoluted tubule-is very tortuous, and lies within the convoluted part of the cortex. Passing from the convoluted part, the tubule enters a radiate part, in which its course becomes less complicated, and here it receives the name of spiral tubule", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nFrom the radiate part the tubule enters the basal portion of the pyramid, and, diminishing in diameter, it pursues a straight course towards the apex of the pyramid, forming the so-called descending limb of Henle's loop. Within the apical portion of the pyramid the tubule suddenly bends upon itself, forming the loop of Henle, and reversing its direction, it passes back again through the base of the pyramid into the radiate part of the cortex as the ascending limb of Henle's loop", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThis ascending limb exhibits a slight spiral twisting. Leaving the radiate part, the tubule once more enters the convoluted part of the cortex, where its outline becomes so uneven that the name irregular tubule is applied to it", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nWhile still within the convoluted part, its contour having acquired a more uniform appearance, the tubule receives the name of second convoluted tubule; this latter finally ends in a short junctional tubule, which passes back into a radiate part of the cortex and joins a collecting tube. Each collecting tube receives numerous kidney tubules, and pursues a straight course through the radiate part of the cortex and the pyramid", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nFinally, several collecting tubes, uniting together, form an excretory tube, which opens on the summit of a renal papilla into a calyx of the ureter by one of the foramina papillaria already described. In microscopic sections the various portions of the kidney tubule may be distinguished by the position which they occupy and by the character of the lining epithelium.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nConnective Tissue of the Kidney. The tubules and the blood-vessels forming the substance of the kidney are all united together by a very small amount of connective\nCorpuscu-\nlum renis\n(glomerulus)\nFIG. 986.-DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURES FORMING A KIDNEY LOBE.\nIn the middle part of the figure the course of one of the kidney\ntubules is indicated, and in the lateral parts the disposition\nof the larger arteries. A, Cortex; B, Basal portion;\nand C, Papillary portion of pyramid.", "Anatomy of the kidney - Wikipedia\nThe diagram at the right-hand side of the lower part of the\nfigure illustrates the connexions of the structures com-\nposing a renal corpuscle."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.commondreams.org/views/2018/04/19/syria-and-beyond-what-would-it-even-look-if-us-truly-wanted-peace-world

Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?

["Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nIran>\nPeople hold signs during a \"Don't bomb Syria\" demonstration in central London in 2015. (Photo: Alisdare Hickson/flickr/cc)\nIn Syria and Beyond, What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nOn playing war in Syria.\nRobert C. Koehler\nDonald Trump got \"presidential\" again and fired about $150 million worth of cruise missiles at Syria, accomplishing God knows what.", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nMeanwhile, the United States, in its humanitarian largesse, has so far allowed 11 Syrian refugees into the country this year, of the more than 5 million external refugees the country's civil war has produced.", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nThe insanity of these priorities is too much to fathom, so the mainstream media -- the nation's surface consciousness -- makes no attempt to do so. The necessity of military action, for one justification or another (\"we don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud\"), is only questioned after the fact, that is to say, long after the consequences of the action have pushed Planet Earth a tad more deeply into hell.", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nThe government of Bashar al-Assad was accused of bombing the city of Douma with poison gas in early April, killing more than 40 people. Assad denied this was the case. International inspectors were to come in and make a determination, but before they could do so, the Trump administration, along with France and Britain, \"punished\" Assad and his Russian allies by striking Syria with 105 cruise missiles, after which Trump quoted George W. Bush, declaring \"mission accomplished.\"", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nI have seen no serious journalistic effort to assess the number of deaths inflicted by the cruise missiles, just reiterations of Defense Department PR briefings: \"No American pilots were killed, according to the Pentagon, and as of now, the U.S. does not know if there were any civilian casualties.\"\nAnd it never will, because it doesn't matter! Not when we do it.", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\n\"We've settled into being a nation of spectators. We watch our wars on TV, or at least selected segments of those wars, and listen to the explanatory abstractions of the experts. Assad needed to be punished: mission accomplished.\"\nA cold indifference sets in around U.S. military actions. When we do it, the subsequent focus is on strategy, not humanity. What's never questioned is the necessity for military action.", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\n\"But this is America in the 21st century,\" writes Will Bunch, \"led by a president with an autocrat's unchallenged power to launch military attacks in the name of a nation that shuns diplomacy and patient strategies in favor of the instant gratification of firing Tomahawks.\"", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nAnd here's a stunningly unnerving sentence from an article in The Guardian: \"The latest raids have underlined how, despite the huge humanitarian cost of the war in Syria, the country has become a proving ground for some of the world's most advanced weapons systems, deployed both by the US and Russia.\"", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nThe military experts (and corporatists) rule. They always have -- at least since the end of the Good War. They have pressured every U.S. president to lead with the military option and have usually gotten their way. It hardly matters that they have pushed over the years for the use of nuclear weapons, or that they have lost every war they've fought since 1945, inflicting or at least expanding global chaos and suffering in the process.", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nOne president who was apparently able to resist the generals was John F. Kennedy. Presidential historian Robert Dallek, contributing to a 2013 issue of The Atlantic about Kennedy, described the situation in the White House after the Bay of Pigs fiasco in 1961:", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\n\"Afterward, Kennedy accused himself of naivete for trusting the military's judgment that the Cuban operation was well thought-out and capable of success. 'Those sons of bitches with all the fruit salad just sat there nodding, saying it would work,' Kennedy said of the chiefs", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nHe repeatedly told his wife, 'Oh my God, the bunch of advisers that we inherited!' Kennedy concluded that he was too little schooled in the Pentagon's covert ways and that he had been overly deferential to the CIA and the military chiefs. He later told (Arthur) Schlesinger he had made the mistake of thinking that 'the military and intelligence people have some secret skill not available to ordinary mortals.' His lesson: never rely on the experts", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nOr at least: be skeptical of the inside experts' advice, and consult with outsiders who may hold a more detached view of the policy in question.\"", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nA year and a half later, he was able to disregard the military's insistence on bombing Cuba during the Cuban missile crisis. Was he the last president to resist the pressure to play war?", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nMost of the time, diplomacy is such a slow, frustrating slog. Creating peace has no drama, but high-tech weapons produce instant smoke and flame. Maybe they also produce corpses, but those are easy to ignore from a distance. We've settled into being a nation of spectators. We watch our wars on TV, or at least selected segments of those wars, and listen to the explanatory abstractions of the experts. Assad needed to be punished: mission accomplished.", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nMeanwhile, the reality of the Syrian civil war continues. As many as half a million have died in it. What are U.S. interests here? Are they to end the carnage and assist the millions who have been pushed out of their homes and lives? Are they to wield influence over U.S.-supported rebel factions to begin negotiating peace with Assad?", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nSteven Kinzer, writing in the Boston Globe, believes otherwise: \"From Washington's perspective, peace in Syria is the horror scenario. Peace would mean what the United States sees as a 'win' for our enemies: Russia, Iran, and the Assad government. We are determined to prevent that, regardless of the human cost.\"", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nFifty-plus years ago, when JFK stood up to the generals, there was no unified \"Washington perspective.\" Kennedy, who, as Dallek wrote, \"distrusted America's military establishment almost as much as (the Soviets) did,\" had managed to shatter the military-industrial consensus and give peace political traction.\nWhat if it had lasted?", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nRobert Koehler is an award-winning, Chicago-based journalist and nationally syndicated writer. Koehler has been the recipient of multiple awards for writing and journalism from organizations including the National Newspaper Association, Suburban Newspapers of America, and the Chicago Headline Club. He's a regular contributor to such high-profile websites as Common Dreams and the Huffington Post. Eschewing political labels, Koehler considers himself a \"peace journalist", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nHe has been an editor at Tribune Media Services and a reporter, columnist and copy desk chief at Lerner Newspapers, a chain of neighborhood and suburban newspapers in the Chicago area. Koehler launched his column in 1999. Born in Detroit and raised in suburban Dearborn, Koehler has lived in Chicago since 1976. He earned a master's degree in creative writing from Columbia College and has taught writing at both the college and high school levels. Koehler is a widower and single parent", "Syria and Beyond: What Would It Even Look Like If the U.S. Truly Wanted Peace in the World?\nHe explores both conditions at great depth in his writing. His book, \"Courage Grows Strong at the Wound\" (2016). Contact him or visit his website at commonwonders.com."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.roman-catholic-saints.com/saint-louis-IX.html

Saint Louis IX, King of France

["Saint Louis IX, King of France\nSaint Louis IX\nKing Saint Louis IX\nFeast Day \u2013 August 25\nKing Saint Louis IX was born in the castle at Poissy near Paris on April 25, 1215. His devout mother, Blanche, was determined that he should be educated not only for the earthly kingdom he was to govern, but still more for the kingdom of heaven. She accustomed him to look upon all things in the light of faith, and thus laid the foundation for that humility in good fortune and endurance in misfortune which characterized the holy king.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nLouis was crowned king when he was only 12 years old. His mother, however, was entrusted with the actual government of the kingdom during his minority. Meanwhile, Louis was being educated in all the duties of a Christian prince. Among his instructors there were several Franciscan friars, and later on the young king himself joined the Third Order of St Francis.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nSaint Louis IX had governed his kingdom for several years in his own name, when he vowed, in the course of a serious illness, that if he would recover, he would make a crusade to the Holy Land, to wrest the holy places from the hands of the infidels. Upon regaining his health he at once carried out his vow. He took the fortress of Damietta from the Saracens, but he was nowhere near as successful in his crusade as was his first cousin King Saint Fernando III of Castile and Leon", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nApparently it was not God's will that Saint Louis IX was successful, for he was taken captive after his army had been weakened by an epidemic.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nAfter he had borne the sufferings of a prisoner of the infidels for several months with holy serenity, the terms for his release were submitted to him; but there was attached to these terms an oath, that if he did not fulfill them, he would deny Christ and the Christian religion.\nThe holy king replied: \"Such blasphemous words shall never cross my lips.\" They threatened him with death. \"Very well,\" he said, \"you may kill my body, but you will never kill my soul.\"", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nFilled with admiration at his steadfast courage, the finally released him without objectionable condition. After securing many other terms favorable to the Christians, he was obliged to return to France, since his mother had died in the meantime.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nIn the government of his kingdom, Saint Louis IX proved how profitable piety is in every respect. He promoted the welfare of the country and his people in a remarkable manner. His life as a Christian and as a Christian father was so exemplary that he has been found worthy to be chosen as the patron and model of Tertiaries.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nThe most important principal of his life was the observance of the laws of God under all circumstances. His biographer assures us that he never lost his baptismal innocence by mortal sin. He himself set such store by the grace of baptism that, in confidential letters, he took pleasure in signing himself \"Louis of Poissy,\" because it was in the parish church there that he had been baptized.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nSaint Louis IX never tolerated cursing or sinful conversation either among the servants or among the courtiers; and never was he heard to utter an unkind or impatient word. he wished to avoid all unnecessary pomp and luxury at court, so that more help could be rendered to the poor, of whom he personally fed and served several hundred. His wardrobe was as simple as it could fittingly be, and at all times he wore the insignia of the Third Order under his outer garments", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nIn order to curb sensuality he not only observed all the fasts of the Church with unusual severity, but denied himself certain food for which he had a special craving. He was a most solicitous father to the 11 children with which God blessed his marriage. He himself prayed with them daily, examined them in the lessons they had learned, guided them in the performance of the works of Christian charity, and in his will bequeathed to them the most beautiful instructions.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nHe fostered special devotion to the sufferings of Christ; and it was a great consolation for him when he gained possession of the Crown of Thorns, for the preservation of which he had the magnificent Holy Chapel built in Paris. When serious complaints concerning the oppression of the Christians in the Holy Land reached his ears, he undertook a second crusade in 1270, but on the way he died of the plague, contracted while visiting his sick soldiers.", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nAmid exclamations of holy joy because he was going into the house of the Lord, Saint Louis IX surrendered his soul to God on August 25. St. Louis was canonized by Pope Boniface VIII in 1297.\nfrom: The Franciscan Book Of Saints, ed. by Marion Habig, OFM\nReturn to Franciscan Calendar Page\nReturn to Saints Page\nReturn to Roman Catholic Saints Homepage\nPelayo, King of Asturias --\nBattles - Honor - Miracles!\nThis book is filled with\namazing stories of little-known\nCatholic heroes presenting", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nspectacles of bravery and\nvalor never exceeded in all the annals of history.\nDemonstrating his\ngallantry through daring feats\nof arms, the knight's faith,\ncoupled with his marvelous\ncourage, made him nearly\ninvincible on the field\nof battle. read more . . .\nLearning to Love God\nEspecially for young children -\nNow available as an e-book!\nAvailable for only $2.99 US\nas an ebook download.\nAlso available in Spanish!\nThe exciting life story of\nthe holy Catholic knight\nknown as El Cid!", "Saint Louis IX, King of France\nThe amazing life story of the\nlittle known incorrupt saint\n- King Fernando III!\nThis highly acclaimed book is\ninspirational to young men\nand a guide to building a strong\nmasculine, Catholic character!\nAlso available as softback!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://mysticbooks.org/author/kahlil-gibran

Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist

["Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nWriter, Poet, Visual Artist\nCountry:Lebanon, United Status\nGibran Khalil Gibran usually referred to in English as Kahlil Gibran was a Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artist, also considered a philosopher although he himself rejected the title. He is best known as the author of The Prophet, which was first published in the United States in 1923 and has since become one of the best-selling books of all time, having been translated into more than 100 languages.", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nBorn in a village of the Ottoman-ruled Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate to a Maronite family, the young Gibran immigrated with his mother and siblings to the United States in 1895. As his mother worked as a seamstress, he was enrolled at a school in Boston, where his creative abilities were quickly noticed by a teacher who presented him to photographer and publisher F. Holland Day. Gibran was sent back to his native land by his family at the age of fifteen to enroll at the Coll\u00e8ge de la Sagesse in Beirut", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nReturning to Boston upon his youngest sister's death in 1902, he lost his older half-brother and his mother the following year, seemingly relying afterwards on his remaining sister's income from her work at a dressmaker's shop for some time.", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nIn 1904, Gibran's drawings were displayed for the first time at Day's studio in Boston, and his first book in Arabic was published in 1905 in New York City. With the financial help of a newly met benefactress, Mary Haskell, Gibran studied art in Paris from 1908 to 1910", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nWhile there, he came in contact with Syrian political thinkers promoting rebellion in the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turk Revolution; some of Gibran's writings, voicing the same ideas as well as anti-clericalism, would eventually be banned by the Ottoman authorities. In 1911, Gibran settled in New York, where his first book in English, The Madman, would be published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1918, with writing of The Prophet or The Earth Gods also underway", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nHis visual artwork was shown at Montross Gallery in 1914, and at the galleries of M. Knoedler & Co. in 1917. He had also been corresponding remarkably with May Ziadeh since 1912. In 1920, Gibran re-founded the Pen League with fellow Mahjari poets. By the time of his death at the age of 48 from cirrhosis and incipient tuberculosis in one lung, he had achieved literary fame on \"both sides of the Atlantic Ocean,\" and The Prophet had already been translated into German and French", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nHis body was transferred to his birth village of Bsharri (in present-day Lebanon), to which he had bequeathed all future royalties on his books, and where a museum dedicated to his works now stands.", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nAs worded by Suheil Bushrui and Joe Jenkins, Gibran's life has been described as one \"often caught between Nietzschean rebellion, Blakean pantheism and Sufi mysticism.\" Gibran discussed different themes in his writings, and explored diverse literary forms. Salma Khadra Jayyusi has called him \"the single most important influence on Arabic poetry and literature during the first half of [the twentieth] century,\" and he is still celebrated as a literary hero in Lebanon", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nAt the same time, \"most of Gibran's paintings expressed his personal vision, incorporating spiritual and mythological symbolism,\" with art critic Alice Raphael recognizing in the painter a classicist, whose work owed \"more to the findings of Da Vinci than it [did] to any modern insurgent.\" His \"prodigious body of work\" has been described as \"an artistic legacy to people of all nations.\"", "Kahlil Gibran - Writer, Poet, Visual Artist\nWikipedia link Wikipedia More info about author\nBooks by Kahlil Gibran\nThe Prophet is a book of 26 prose poetry fables written in English by the Lebanese-American poet and writer Kahlil Gibran. It was originally published...\nThe Madman\n\"You ask me how I became a madman. It happened thus: One day, long before many gods were born, I woke from a deep sleep and found all my masks were st..."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://law.justia.com/cases/oregon/supreme-court/1963/233-or-601-3.html

Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)

["Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nJustia \u203a US Law \u203a Case Law \u203a Oregon Case Law \u203a Oregon Supreme Court Decisions \u203a 1963 \u203a Bay v. State Board of Education\nReceive free daily summaries of new opinions from the Oregon Supreme Court. Subscribe\nBay v. State Board of Education\n233 Or. 601 (1963)\nSupreme Court of Oregon.\nArgued October 29, 1962.\nReversed with instructions January 30, 1963.\nPetition for rehearing denied March 19, 1963.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n*602 Cecil H. Quesseth, Special Assistant Attorney General for Oregon, Salem, argued the cause for appellant. On the brief was Robert Y. Thornton, Attorney General for Oregon, Salem.\nWillard K. Carey and S.H. Burleigh, La Grande, argued the cause for respondent. On the brief were Burleigh, Carey & Gooding, La Grande.\nBefore McALLISTER, Chief Justice, and PERRY, SLOAN, O'CONNELL, GOODWIN, LUSK and DENECKE, Justices.\nREVERSED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.\nPERRY, J.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nDean Norman Bay petitioned the circuit court of Union County for judicial review of the decision of appellant State Board of Education denying him issuance of a five-year elementary teacher's certificate. From the decree of the circuit court reversing the Board's decision for lack of competent evidence, appeal is made to this court.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nIn December of 1953 petitioner was tried and convicted *603 in the state of Washington for his acts of breaking, entering, and grand larceny of several stores, the American Legion Club, and the local high school, committed while employed as a night policeman. At the time these acts were perpetrated, petitioner was 24 years old. After serving 18 months of a two-year sentence, he was paroled. He moved to La Grande, Oregon, where, in the fall of 1956 he enrolled at the Eastern Oregon College of Education", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nIn 1960 petitioner was granted a one-year elementary teacher's emergency certificate by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and taught elementary school while completing his fourth year at the college. Following graduation he applied for a five-year elementary teacher's certificate, but his application was denied on June 14, 1961.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nOn September 13, 1961 a hearing was conducted before the Board, the primary purpose of which was to determine whether petitioner had furnished the evidence of good moral character which ORS 342.060(2) authorizes the superintendent to require of an applicant. Whereas numerous witnesses appeared at the hearing to testify of petitioner's good character and over-all reputation in the community, the sole evidence of bad character introduced was the record of the prior conviction", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe Board concluded that petitioner had not met his burden of furnishing satisfactory evidence of good moral character and he thereupon petitioned the circuit court of Union County for review of the administrative order pursuant to ORS 183.480", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe court held that evidence as to a prior conviction was irrelevant and immaterial in determining present character where not accompanied by other evidence *604 which related the prior act to the present, and therefore adjudged there was no competent evidence to support the Board's findings. The Board was ordered to issue petitioner the certificate, from which order this appeal is taken.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe appeal from the ruling of the Board of Education to the trial court was taken under the provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act, which reads, in part, as follows:", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n\"(6) The review shall be conducted by the court without a jury as a suit in equity and shall be confined to the record, except that, in cases of alleged irregularities in procedure before the agency, not shown in the record, testimony thereon may be taken in the court. The court shall, upon request, hear oral argument and receive written briefs", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n\"(7) The court may adopt the agency findings of fact and affirm the decision of the agency; or it may reverse and set aside the agency decision, or reverse and remand for further proceedings, after review of all the facts disclosed by the record, and any additional facts established under the provisions of subsection (6) of this section. The court shall thereupon enter its decree", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nIn the case of reversal the court shall make special findings of fact based upon evidence in the record and conclusions of law indicating clearly all respects in which the agency's decision is erroneous.\" ORS 183.480.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nIn order to properly discuss the issues presented it is first necessary to discuss the powers of the trial court in reviewing the Board's determination.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n1, 2. While the statute uses the language \"as a suit in equity,\" it is quite clear that this language refers only to the fact that the review shall be made by the court, not a jury, and does not grant to a trial court the *605 right on appeal to try the cause de novo. That is, the reviewing court is not granted the power to weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment as to the preponderance thereof for that of the agency", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe extent to which a reviewing court should review the action of an administrative agency has been expressed by this court, as follows:", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n\"* * * Generally, they go no further than to determine whether the agency (1) acted impartially; (2) performed faithfully the duties delineated in the legislative acts which conferred jurisdiction upon it; (3) stayed within its jurisdiction; (4) committed no error of law; (5) exercised discretion judiciously and not capriciously; and (6) arrived at no conclusion which was clearly wrong.\" Richardson v. Neuner, 183 Or 558, 564, 194 P2d 989.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe learned trial court recognized these guide posts and reached the conclusion that the finding of the Board as to lack of good moral character could not be sustained by the record. This conclusion of the court is based upon a finding that there was no evidence of bad moral character at the time of application and therefore the Board's conclusion was clearly wrong.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n3, 4. Whether or not the Board arrived at a conclusion which was clearly wrong depends upon whether a review of the entire record discloses any facts from which the conclusion drawn by the Board could be reached by reasonable minds. NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co., 306 US 292, 83 L Ed 660. There must be evidence that is \"more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.\" Consolidated Edison Co. v", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nNLRB, 305 US *606 197, 83 L Ed 126. These thoughts are contained in and usually expressed as the \"substantial evidence rule.\" Cf Davis Administrative Law Treatise, Vol 4, \u00a7 29.02.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n\"1. That the applicant on December 9, 1953, was convicted of grand larceny on four counts in the Superior Court for Klickitat County, State of Washington and received a one to fifteen-year sentence by the said Court. That thereafter this sentence was fixed at a term of two years by the State Board of Terms and Parole of the State of Washington, and the applicant served an eighteen-month term at the Monroe Reformatory in the State of Washington. \"2", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThereafter upon his release he was placed on parole for approximately a year and moved to the City of La Grande, Oregon, and in the fall of 1956 entered the Eastern Oregon College of Education and enrolled in a teacher education course. \"3. That by act of the Governor of the State of Washington full civil rights were restored to him on July 3, 1958. \"* * * * * \"8. The Board further finds the offenses committed by Mr", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nBay consisted of breaking and entering various stores in Goldendale, Washington and grand larceny, and included safe burglaries at the American Legion Club, the Goldendale High School. That at the time he committed the offenses for which he was imprisoned he had reached the age of 24 years; that his offenses numbered not one but several; that he was a man of superior intelligence as evidenced by his scores on intelligence tests in his subsequent college record. \"9", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe Board further finds that at the time of the thefts he occupied a position of trust as a night policeman in the community and that while so engaged he committed the acts resulting in his conviction. *607 \"10", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThat a teacher in a public school is the key factor in teaching by precept and example the subjects of honesty, morality, courtesy, obedience to law, and other lessons of a steadying influence which tend to promote and develop an upright and desirable citizenry, as required by ORS 336.240 and related statutes. \"11", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThat there has been no evidence submitted to the Board of any violations of law or deviations from normally considered moral conduct from the time of his release from the Monroe Reformatory to the present time.\"", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe Board then made the following conclusions of law:\n\"1. That the applicant has not furnished evidence of good moral character deemed satisfactory and necessary by the Board to establish the applicant's fitness to serve as a teacher.\"", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nIn resolving the question of moral character there must be kept in mind the distinction between character and reputation. \"Character is what a man or woman is morally, while reputation is what he or she is reputed to be.\" Leverich v. Frank, 6 Or 212; State v. Sing, 114 Or 267, 229 P 921.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n\"A person's `character' is usually thought to embrace all his qualities and deficiencies regarding traits of personality, behavior, integrity, temperament, consideration, sportsmanship, altruism, etc. which distinguish him as a human being from his fellow men. His disposition toward criminal acts is only one of the qualities which constitute his character", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe statute subjects an applicant's `character' to scrutiny by the Commission; in the absence of a legislative directive to the narrow interpretation advanced by plaintiffs, courts must give to words their commonly understood definitions and in this case `character' certainly embraces involvement in the litigation proved against the plaintiffs and their disposition not to be ingenuous and truthful *608 concerning it.\" Mester v", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nUnited States, 70 F Supp 118, 122; Aff 332 US 749, 68 S Ct 70, 92 L Ed 336; Rehearing denied 332 US 820, 68 S Ct 150, 92 L Ed 397.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nSince the crux of the question before the Board was good moral character, the fact that he had been guilty of burglarizing properties while he held a position of trust was most pertinent. These actions of petitioner clearly evidenced a lack of the moral fiber to resist temptation. The trial court therefore erred in holding there was no evidence of lack of good moral character.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe petitioner offered numerous witnesses from which a conclusion might properly be reached that this lack of moral fiber no longer exists. However, this condition, having been shown to have existed, it became a matter of judgment as to whether it had been overcome.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe power to decide such an issue was delegated by the legislature to the Board of Education, therefore, as previously pointed out, the courts are not permitted to substitute their judgment for that of the Board where there is substantial evidence to support the agency.\nThe judgment of the trial court is reversed with instructions to enter findings of fact and conclusions of law sustaining the action of the Board of Education.\nGOODWIN, J., specially concurring.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nI concur in the majority's statement of applicable law. The opinion, however, should not be understood as a tacit approval of the administrative proceedings which resulted in the appeal to the circuit court. I do not believe the State Board of Education followed either the statutes or its own rules (III-C-5-a-(3) and *609 III E)[1] which have to do with the conduct of hearings. As I read the applicable statutes, the original decision was for the Superintendent of Public Instruction to make. ORS 342.060 (2)", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nAny hearing under ORS 183.410 should have been before the superintendent and not before the State Board of Education. The state board has certain hearing functions under ORS 342.180, but this section has no application to the case at bar. Another section, ORS 342.170, provides for a review committee, which may have an advisory function in the granting of certificates upon original application. However, the function of this committee does not appear to have been invoked", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nThe only statutory provision I have found under which a hearing would have been appropriate is that of the declaratory-ruling section of the administrative procedures act, ORS 183.410. Under that section, the superintendent is the \"agency\" required to hold the hearing. See ORS 342.015; 342.060.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nIf the correct procedure had been followed at the administrative level, the trial court probably would not have been led into the error of treating the view of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction as *610 the mere opinion of a witness in the case. The views of the superintendent were, indeed, the final decision of the only agency having any authority in the matter, and should have been considered accordingly", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nIf that officer acted arbitrarily, and without cause, there would be a case for judicial review. We have held there was no such abuse of power. While the net result might have been the same, correct administrative procedure no doubt could have saved the state and the private litigant both time and money.", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\nOn the merits, I concur fully in the views expressed in the majority opinion.\n[1] Rule III-C: \"5. Institution of declaratory ruling. (ORS 183.410).\n\"a. A hearing may be instituted by:\n\"* * * * *\n\"(3) Petition for review by any person who has had a license summarily revoked, denied or renewal thereof refused by the Board or Superintendent.\n\"* * * * *.\"\nRule III-E: \"Conduct of hearing", "Bay v. State Board of Education - 233 Or. 601 (1963)\n\"Hearings before the Superintendent shall be conducted by him personally, and hearings required to be heard before the Board shall be conducted by the Chairman of the Board, or in his absence, the Vice-chairman, or a member of the Board elected by the majority of the members present at the meeting to serve as temporary chairman.\"\nof Oregon Supreme Court opinions."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://au.news.yahoo.com/pakistan-local-taliban-ok-one-185729663.html

Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce

["Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\nPakistan, local Taliban OK one-month truce\nPakistan and local Taliban militants have agreed a one-month ceasefire which may be extended if both sides agree, spokesmen say, opening the possibility of a fuller peace accord to help end years of bloodshed.\nThe Pakistani Taliban, or Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), are a separate movement from the Afghan Taliban and have fought for years to overthrow the government in Islamabad and rule the country of 220 million with their own brand of Islamic Sharia law.", "Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\nThere have been numerous failed attempts to reach peace agreements in the past.\nThe latest talks were opened following the victory of the Afghan Taliban in August and the two sides have been meeting across the border in Afghanistan, with the aid of Afghan Taliban leaders.", "Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\n\"The government of Pakistan and banned Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan have agreed on a complete ceasefire,\" Pakistan's Information Minister Fawad Chaudhry said in a statement, adding that the ceasefire would be extended as the talks progressed.\nBest known overseas for attempting to kill Malala Yousafzai, the schoolgirl who went on to win the Nobel Prize for her work promoting girls' education, the TTP has killed thousands of military personnel and civilians over the years in bombings and suicide attacks.", "Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\nAmong its attacks was a 2014 assault on a military-run school in Peshawar, near the border with Afghanistan, which killed 149 people including 132 children.\nAs recently as Saturday, it claimed a bomb blast that killed four soldiers and wounded another in North Waziristan tribal district.\nIt said the attack was in revenge for the killing of four of its fighters two days earlier.", "Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\nChaudhry said the ceasefire agreement would be under the Constitution of Pakistan and would ensure state sovereignty and national integrity.\nThe TTP, which sources said had been demanding the release of a number of prisoners as a condition for full ceasefire negotiations, said it was \"ready for a dialogue that will lead to lasting peace in the country\".\nIt said the ceasefire would come into force from Tuesday and last until December 9 and could be extended if both sides agreed.", "Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\nSpecial committees had been set up to try to map out the negotiation process.\nThe agreement comes days after the government in Islamabad reached an accord with another militant group Tehrik-e-Labaik Pakistan or TLP after weeks of violent clashes.\nWhy human rights complaints rose in Qld\nChevron to face court over car wash death", "Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\nAn international oil company has been charged by Victoria's workplace safety watchdog following the death of a man who was crushed in a Melbourne car wash.WorkSafe Victoria said two years ago a Mulgrave man drove into an automatic car wash in Springvale, before getting out of his car to re-enter an access code.\nMissing backpacker Theo Hayez 'not drunk'", "Pakistan local Taliban OK one-month truce\nBelgian backpacker Theo Hayez was not overly affected by alcohol the night he vanished in Byron Bay, an inquest into his disappearance has heard.European backpackers who met Theo on the evening of May 31, 2019 have given evidence of an otherwise ordinary night that started at a youth hostel and moved onto a popular bar in the coastal town."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://mobile.ghanaguardian.com/video-andre-ayew-scores-in-al-sadds-win-over-qatar-sc

Andre Ayew scores as Al-Sadd beat Qatar SC to top QSL table

["Andre Ayew scores as Al-Sadd beat Qatar SC to top QSL table\nVIDEO: Andre Ayew scores in Al-Sadd's win over Qatar SC\nBlack Stars captain Andre Ayew was on target for his Qatari side Al-Sadd in as they came from behind to beat Qatar SC in the Qatar Super League on Thursday afternoon.\nIt was the first competitive goal scored by the former Marseille man since completing his free transfer move to the Gulf region after departing Swansea City.", "Andre Ayew scores as Al-Sadd beat Qatar SC to top QSL table\nThe home side Qatar SC took the lead in the game in the 39th minute after dominating for long spells in the first half with Sebastian Soria the gaolscorer.\nQatar SC held on firmly to their 1-0 lead as they went into the break with a slender lead but that soon changed after the restart.\nThree minutes after the hour mark, the Ghana captain cut in from the the edge of the penalty box and drilled home a fierce low shot into the right bottom corner the level the scores.", "Andre Ayew scores as Al-Sadd beat Qatar SC to top QSL table\nBrazilian defender handed Al-Sadd the lead for the first time in the game in the 78th minute after which Algerian striker Baghdad Bounedjah put the game beyond the home side with the clincher in the 83rd minute.\nThe win put Al-Sadd on top of the league with 6 points from two games and will face Al Rayyan on Wednesday, September 22, 2021."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/17330

St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia

["St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nThe virgin Nino of Cappadocia was a relative of Great-martyr George and the only daughter of a widely respected and honorable couple. Her father was a Roman army chief by the name of Zabulon, and her mother, Sosana, was the sister of Patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem. When Nino reached the age of twelve, her parents sold all their possessions and moved to Jerusalem. Soon after, Nino\u2019s father was tonsured a monk. He bid farewell to his family and went to labor in the wilderness of the Jordan.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nAfter Sosana had been separated from her husband, Patriarch Juvenal ordained her a deaconess. She left Nino in the care of an old woman, Sara Niaphor, who raised her in the Christian Faith and related to her the stories of Christ\u2019s life and His suffering on earth. It was from Sara that Nino learned how Christ\u2019s Robe had arrived in Georgia, a country of pagans.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nSoon Nino began to pray fervently to the Theotokos, asking for her blessing to travel to Georgia and be made worthy to venerate the Sacred Robe that she had woven for her beloved Son. The Most Holy Virgin heard her prayers and appeared to Nino in a dream, saying, \u201cGo to the country that was assigned to me by lot and preach the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. He will send down His grace upon you, and I will be your protector.\u201d", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nBut the blessed Nino was overwhelmed at the thought of such a great responsibility and answered, \u201cHow can I, a fragile woman, perform such a momentous task, and how can I believe that this vision is real?\u201d In response, the Most Holy Theotokos presented her with a cross of grapevines and proclaimed, \u201cReceive this cross as a shield against visible and invisible enemies!\u201d", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nWhen she awoke, Nino was holding the cross in her hands. She dampened it with tears of rejoicing and tied it securely with strands of her own hair. (According to another source, the Theotokos bound the grapevine cross with strands of her own hair.)", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nNino related the vision to her uncle, Patriarch Juvenal, and revealed to him her desire to preach the Gospel in Georgia. Juvenal led her in front of the Royal Doors, laid his hands on her, and prayed, \u201cO Lord, God of Eternity, I beseech Thee on behalf of my orphaned niece. Grant that, according to Thy will, she may go to preach and proclaim Thy Holy Resurrection. O Christ God, be Thou to her a guide, a refuge, and a spiritual father", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nAnd as Thou didst enlighten the Apostles and all those who feared Thy name, do Thou also enlighten her with the wisdom to proclaim Thy glad tidings.\u201d", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nWhen Nino arrived in Rome, she met and baptized the princess Rhipsimia and her nurse, Gaiana. At that time the Roman emperor was Diocletian, a ruler infamous for persecuting Christians. Diocletian fell in love with Rhipsimia and resolved to marry her, but St. Nino, Rhipsimia, Gaiana, and fifty other virgins escaped to Armenia. The furious Diocletian ordered his soldiers to follow them and sent a messenger to Tiridates, the Armenian king, to put him on guard.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nKing Tiridates located the women and, following Diocletian\u2019s example, was charmed by Rhipsimia\u2019s beauty and resolved to marry her. But St. Rhipsimia would not consent to marry, and in his rage the king had her tortured to death with Gaiana and the fifty other virgins. St. Nino, however, was being prepared for a different, greater task, and she succeeded in escaping King Tiridates\u2019 persecutions by hiding among some rose bushes.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nWhen she finally arrived in Georgia, St. Nino was greeted by a group of Mtskhetan shepherds near Lake Paravani, and she received a blessing from God to preach to the pagans of this region.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nWith the help of her acquaintances, St. Nino soon reached the city of Urbnisi. She remained there a month, then traveled to Mtskheta with a group of Georgians who were making a pilgrimage to venerate the pagan idol Armazi. There she watched with great sadness as the Georgian people trembled before the idols. She was exceedingly sorrowful and prayed to the Lord, \u201cO Lord, send down Thy mercy upon this nation \u2026that all nations may glorify Thee alone, the One True God, through Thy Son, Jesus Christ.\u201d", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nSuddenly a violent wind began to blow and hail fell from the sky, shattering the pagan statues. The terrified worshipers fled, scattering across the city.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nSt. Nino made her home beneath a bramble bush in the garden of the king, with the family of the royal gardener. The gardener and his wife were childless, but through St. Nino\u2019s prayers, God granted them a child. The couple rejoiced, declared Christ to be the True God, and became disciples of St. Nino. Wherever St. Nino went, those who heard her preach converted to the Christian Faith in great numbers. St. Nino even healed the terminally ill Queen Nana after she declared Christ to be the True God.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nKing Mirian, a pagan, was not at all pleased with the great impression St. Nino\u2019s preaching had made on the Georgian nation. One day while he was out hunting, he resolved to kill all those who followed Christ. According to his scheme, even his wife, Queen Nana, would face death for failing to renounce the Christian Faith. But in the midst of the hunt, it suddenly became very dark. All alone, King Mirian became afraid and prayed in vain for the help of the pagan gods", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nWhen his prayers went unanswered, he finally lost hope and, miraculously, turned to Christ: \u201cGod of Nino, illumine this night for me and guide my footsteps, and I will declare Thy Holy Name. I will erect a cross and venerate it, and I will construct for Thee a temple. I vow to be obedient to Nino and to the Faith of the Roman people!\u201d", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nSuddenly the night was transfigured, the sun shone radiantly, and King Mirian gave great thanks to the Creator. When he returned to the city, he immediately informed St. Nino of his decision. As a result of the unceasing labors of Equal-to-the-Apostles Nino, Georgia was established as a nation solidly rooted in the Christian Faith.", "St. Nino, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia\nSt. Nino reposed in the village of Bodbe in eastern Georgia and, according to her will, she was buried in the place where she took her last breath. King Mirian later erected a church in honor of St. George over her grave.\nTroparion (Tone 4) \u2013\nO handmaid of the Word of God,\nWho in preaching hast equaled the first-called Apostle Andrew,\nAnd hast emulated the other Apostles;\nO enlightener of Iberia and reed-pipe of the Holy Spirit,\nHoly Nino, equal to the Apostles:\nPray to Christ God to save our souls"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.londonancestor.com/iln/city-london-school.htm

The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales

["The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe large and stately new building, which displays its highly decorated front near the Blackfriars Bridge end of the Thames Embankment, was opened last Tuesday by the Prince and Princess of Wales, for the accommodation of the City of London School. The school, which has been hitherto situated in Milk-street, Cheapside, is under the government of the Corporation of London, since its original endowment was derived from estates left in 1442 by John Carpenter, Town Clerk of the City", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe Milk-street building occupies the site of old Honey-lane Market, and Lord Brougham laid its foundation-stone in 1835. Mr. Pearse Morrison and his brother committee-men of the Court of Common Council have been working hard this year to complete the new building, which is now ready for occupation", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe benefits of this school are not confined within the narrow limits of freemen and householders of the City, but the Corporation have wisely extended them to all who can secure the necessary nominations, countersigned by an Alderman or Common Councilman. It is a day-school only, for 680 boys. The Rev. Dr. Edwin A. Abbott, D.D., of St. John's College, Cambridge, author of several esteemed works of theology and English scholarship, is the present Head Master, having succeeded the Rev. Dr", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe new building has cost not less than \u00a3100,000, besides the site, which is of equal value. Messrs. Mowlem and Co. are the builders. Their contract for the building was \u00a376,000, and there are some other minor contracts amounting to another \u00a325,000. The architects are Messrs. Davis and Emmanuel, who have designed this edifice in the Italian Renaissance style. It is built of Portland stone, and the facade is effectively ornamented with sculpture and rich carved work", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe statues are those of Shakspeare, Milton, Bacon, Newton, and Sir Thomas More. The remainder of the sculpture consists of allegorical groups representing the arts and sciences, and carvings of the coats of arms of the City Companies. The general appearance of the front is shown in our Illustration. At the front entrance a broad flight of steps leads through a handsome walnut doorway to the entrance-hall, which is about 33 ft. square", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nIt is paved with marble mosaics, and marble pillars support the ceiling. On the first landing of the staircase, built of three kinds of marble, is the statue of the founder of the school, John Carpenter, which formerly stood in a similar place in the old school. A spacious corridor runs right and left from the top of the staircase. In the centre is the entrance to the great hall, which runs east and west along the whole front of the building", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe interior is of Portland stone, beautifully carved, the dado and fittings are of walnut wood, and the floor of oak. At the east end is a dais, over which are two fine stained-glass windows worth \u00a3700, the gift of Miss Alston. At the opposite end is a music gallery, and adjoining it an organ-chamber, for which an appropriate instrument is being built. The open-timbered roof is particularly effective. The size of the hall is 100 ft. by 45 ft., and 38 ft", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nhigh to the springing of the ceiling, which rises another 22 ft., making the total height 60 ft. It will hold on the floor 800 people. Gilded tablets are filled in with the names of the most distinguished scholars, and the interior of this hall is very handsome. The rooms for the head master, the committee, the secretaries, assistant masters, and library are conveniently situated and beautifully fitted up", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe scholars' entrances are on the western side of the building, where a new street is now being made to connect the Thames Embankment with Tudor-street, Blackfriars. Two flights of steps lead to the hat and cloak room, a spacious apartment 48ft. by 36ft. The hot air pipes are, arranged so as to enable the attendant to dry the boys' clothes when necessary. Opposite to the side of entry are doors opening onto the covered playground, which occupies the greater part of the space between the main building", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThe supporting pillars are faced with cream-coloured glazed bricks, and there is an asphalte flooring. The open-air playground runs back as far as Tudor-street, and comprises nearly an acre of ground, which is entirely laid with tar paving. On the eastern side are the Five Courts, two under cover, and three open; near them is a spacious gymnasium, where two trained instructors will teach the boys", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nAt the north-west corner of the playground are the latrines, connected with the school by a covered way, and beyond the latrines is another entrance sloping down from the new street for the use of boys coming from the north of London. In the basement of the front part of the building is the dining-room, 50 ft. by 32 ft. and 16ft. high. The adjoining buttery will be supplied with wholesome refreshments at cheap rates, so that the boys will not have to leave the premises at lunch time", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nThere will be no smell of cooking, as the kitchen is at the top of the building, and is connected with the basement by a commodious lift. In the basement also are the numerous lavatories, the \"servery,\" the boiler-room, scullery, and larder. The class-rooms, twenty in number, are arranged on three floors on the western side of the building. They are reached by three wide staircases skilfully built, so that there can be no sliding down the balusters. In each room will be desks for forty boys", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nIn the present school the classes average sixty boys each, so that the new arrangement will necessitate the employment of five extra masters. There will be open fire-places in these rooms, so as to make them as cheerful as possible. There is a wainscoat of pitch pine all round the rooms, and the lighting and ventilation seem to be perfect. All the desks and fittings throughout the school will be new. The lecture-hall is on the third floor", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nIt will hold four hundred pupils, and is so arranged that everyone can see and hear well. The size is 58 ft. by 48 ft. Close by is a large well-lit drawing-class room, and adjoining is the practical elementary room and laboratory, both fitted with all the latest improvements.", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nA little book containing a description of the new building, and an official statement of the condition and arrangements of the school, has been printed by order of the school committee, of which Mr. Pearse Morrisson, Common Council Deputy for Aldgate Ward, is the chairman. His predecessor was the late Alderman Warren Stormes Hale, who served one year as Lord Mayor of London, and whose personal efforts contributed mainly to the establishment of the school in 1835. Mr. E. W", "The City of London School: Its New Building and Opening by the Prince and Princess of Wales\nLinging has written a brief historical sketch of the City of London School, which is published by E. J. Stoneham, 79, Cheapside, and which may just now be read with some interest."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.vietnamnews.net/news/271800877/china-disrupts-media-after-tennis-star-peng-shuai-disappearance

China disrupts media after tennis star Peng Shuai's disappearance

["China disrupts media after tennis star Peng Shuai's disappearance\nChina disrupts media after tennis star Peng Shuai's disappearance\nBEIJING, China: China is blocking CNN's coverage of the disappearance of tennis star Peng Shuai, according to network officials.\nPeng Shuai accused China's former vice premier, Zhang Gaoli, of sexual assault in a now-deleted Weibo post from 2nd November.", "China disrupts media after tennis star Peng Shuai's disappearance\nOn Thursday, CNN anchor Anderson Cooper said on air, \"China is once again blocking CNN's signal to prevent further reporting on the disappearance of tennis star Peng Shuai. Every time CNN covers this story, the Chinese government blocks CNN's signal there.\"\nCNN anchor Erin Burnett said on her show, \"Out Front,\" on Thursday, a Chinese government spokesperson said Peng's case was \"not a diplomatic issue.\"", "China disrupts media after tennis star Peng Shuai's disappearance\n\"Although we understand that as I speak about this, CNN goes to black in China because they don't want it broadcast,\" she said.\nAlso, all mention of Peng's name and related topics have been removed from Chinese websites and social media platforms, since her accusations.\nA letter allegedly from Peng was published by Chinese state media, which stated, \"The news in that release, including the allegation of sexual assault, is not true. I am not missing, nor I am unsafe.\"", "China disrupts media after tennis star Peng Shuai's disappearance\nHowever, Insider's Barnaby Lane reported that the letter has met with skepticism and has increased fears for her safety.\nAdditionally, the head of the Women's Tennis Association has called for an investigation into Peng's allegations, stressing that no one had been able to contact Peng since her social media post.\nThe incident is not China's first attempt at blocking CNN. In December 2019, CNN's broadcast was blocked when it covered events in Hong Kong and Xinjiang."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/emotional-farewell-to-lindsay-3114210

Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old

["Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old\nEmotional farewell to Lindsay\nMORE than 800 hundred mourners from across the world came to say their final goodbyes to murdered Lindsay Hawker.\nFamily, friends and dignitaries poured into Coventry Cathedral for a poignant and moving service to commemorate the \"amazing\" life of the tragic 22-year-old.\nThey had come to pay tribute to Lindsay, who was found dead in a bath of sand on the balcony of an apartment near Tokyo, where she had been working as an English teacher.", "Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old\nThe Japanese ambassador in London, Yoshiji Nogami, his wife Geraldine and the first secretary, Kohei Chiyonobu, also attended the emotional service, and the world's media gathered outside.\nLeading the funeral party from the cathedral, behind the coffin decked with white roses and lilies, Lindsay's older sister, Lisa, aged 25, broke down and was supported by her sister Louise, 21, and Lindsay's boyfriend, Ryan Garside.", "Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old\nBehind them, Lindsay's mother Julia walked with her husband Bill and broke down as she turned back to look at a graduation photograph of Lindsay - taken less then a year ago.\nBill Hawker told the congregation: \"There are no words to justify how we feel.\n\"She was beautiful, caring, thoughtful, principled and, above all, she was non-judgmental.\nFighting back the tears, he continued: \"Her life was cut short but she lived it to the full.\n\"We are so proud of her, she fulfilled all our hopes and dreams.\"", "Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old\nMr Garside, aged 21, who met Lindsay while studying at Leeds University, said he and Lindsay had planned to marry and eventually have children.\nHe said: \"Falling in love with her was the best time of my life.\"\nHe said she had wanted to travel to \"gain perspective on the world\" and loved being in Japan.\nLindsay grew up in the Binley Road area of Coventry and went to Ernsford Grange junior school and Henry VIII School.\nThe family home is now in Brandon.", "Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old\nIn the order of service, Lindsay's sister Lisa wrote a poem.\nBest friend Laura Thomson spoke on behalf of all those who had been touched by Lindsay's passion and vitality.\nShe said: \"She was fascinated by the world around her, how it works - she had a thirst for knowledge.\n\"Lindsay is my inspiration now in everything I do.\n\"I am pleased and proud that she was a part of my life and she always will be.\"", "Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old\nKing Henry teacher Peter Huxford said Lindsay often used to say: \"there are not enough words to go around, so we have to share them.\n\"On this occasion, there are simply not enough words to do justice to Lindsay and what she gave in her five years at King Henry VIII School.\"\nMemorial fund to aid favourite charities\nA MEMORIAL fund has been set up in Lindsay Hawker's honour after donations poured in from people touched by the tragedy.", "Emotional farewell to Lindsay: Mourners from across the world come to say goodbye to murdered 22-year-old\nIt is not yet known which charities will benefit, but Lindsay was known to have a love of animals.\nShe also taught disabled youngsters from Exhall Grange special school to swim during her holidays from school and Leeds University.\nThe Hawker family has asked for donations to be made payable to Wilf Smith & Son Funeral Director, 18 Main Street, Bilton, Rugby, CV22 7ND."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.think-israel.org/glick.kulturkampf.html

SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF

["SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nHOME Jul-Aug.2005 Featured Stories Background Information News On The Web\nSCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nby Caroline Glick\nA district attorney in a Middle Eastern country last week indicted a citizen for writing a letter to a public servant accusing him of being a quisling. The remarkable thing about the episode is that it did not take place in Syria or in Egypt. It took place in the only democracy in the Middle East.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nLast Thursday, the Jerusalem District Attorney's office indicted Nadia Matar, head of the right-wing, largely religious women's movement Women in Green for the crime of \"insulting a public servant.\" The \"insult\" came in the form of a faxed letter to Yonatan Bassi, the head of the government's withdrawal authority, last September, in which she referred to him as \"a modern version of the Judenrat.\" The Judenrat, of course, were the Jewish officials in the Nazi ghettos who were forced by the Gestapo to carry out eviction orders of their fellow Jews to death camps.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nIt was certainly not nice, and indeed not historically truthful for Matar to have used this analogy. The Jews of Gaza and northern Samaria are indeed set to be expelled from their homes and communities for no reason other than the fact that they are Jews. But they are not being sent to death camps. So to use the analogy of the Judenrat is both nasty and wrong.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nAs the analogy does not stand up to even the slightest scrutiny, it would have been easy enough for government spokesmen to refute her charge or ignore it as unworthy of a response. No one would have thought any worse of the government if it had taken either of these reasonable courses of action. But rather than do this, the police opened a criminal investigation against Matar and now the District Attorney has decided to indict her for the specious criminal charge of \"insulting a public official.\"", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nThe weekend papers provided an explanation of the reasoning behind the move. In Haaretz's Friday editorial the rationale for the Left's support of Sharon's plan was laid bare: \"The disengagement of Israeli policy from its religious fuel is the real disengagement currently on the agenda . On the day after the disengagement, religious Zionism's status will be different,\" the paper explained", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nIt then concluded: \"The real question is not how many mortar shells will fall, or who will guard the Philadelphi route, or whether the Palestinians will dance on the roofs of Ganei Tal. The real question is who sets the national agenda.\"", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nDoron Rosenblum, one of the paper's chief columnists, spelled the message out even more bluntly on Sunday, fulminating, \"There is an enemy on the Right. Anyone who behaves like an enemy, walks like an enemy and makes the sounds of an enemy - at least let him not complain about being treated like an enemy. And don't forget: Let the IDF win.\"", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nTo Rosenblum and Haaretz's editorialists must be added Dan Margalit, the senior commentator at Ma'ariv. In his Friday column, Margalit argued in favor of placing quotas on the number of religious Jews allowed to serve as officers in the IDF. Referring to religious Jews serving in the IDF as \"the dear brothers,\" Margalit invoked the Latin expression for quotas for Jews restricting their right to study in European and American universities in the early 20th century - the infamous numerus clausus", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nHe warned religious Israelis that if they refuse to carry out the expulsion of Jews from Gaza and northern Samaria, \"the reaction to their action is liable to be a \"numerus clausus,\" this time in Hebrew, Jews against Jews. Hair-raising, but there is no choice.\"", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nWHAT WE see here unfolding is a situation where the anti-religious Left, the primary supporters of Ariel Sharon's policy to forcibly expel 10,000 Jews from their homes and communities, has given the policy their support - through its members' legal authority and public platforms - not because they see any security benefit arising from the move. In fact, they support the plan despite its security dangers because they see it as a culminating battle in their cultural war against religious Zionism.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nSaying so much in an op-ed in The Jerusalem Post this past March, former Haaretz and Globes editor Mati Golan wrote, \"Religion and democracy simply do not go together. Democracy requires an open mind, freedom of choice, the ability to criticize. Religion on the other hand is based on virtually blind obedience to its priests. What some in the religious settler population want is to eat their democratic cake and, as believers, have their anti-democratic one too.\"", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nThe inanity of this view is matched only by its basic misunderstanding of both Jewish tradition and democracy. Anyone vaguely familiar with the former would know that blind obedience is the last thing Jewish faith endorses. As well, the basic values of democracy demand respect for all views in a society, even those that Golan and his colleagues reject.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nThere are multiple and weighty arguments against the withdrawal and expulsion plan. Some of them relate to the moral issue of expelling Jews from their homes and making areas of the Land of Israel - or any land for that matter - off-limits to all Jews. The main group of opponents to the withdrawal and expulsion plan who base their arguments against it on the plan's moral dimension are religious Jews, in Israel and abroad.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nAside from the moral questions, all Israelis who don't have a death wish are concerned with the security implications of handing land and strategic positions over to a junta of terrorists who have repeatedly stated their intention to use that land and those positions to advance their terror war against the State of Israel", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nYet, to date, due to the negligence of the media and the courts, no government official - from the prime minister on down - has been called on to answer how Israel will be militarily better off without Gaza and northern Samaria. Indeed, no government spokesman from Sharon on down has been able to coherently explain how Israel will defend itself when Gaza and northern Samaria are under Hamas and Fatah control.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nThe security consequences of the plan have been systematically ignored while the full brunt of media scrutiny has been placed on its religious opponents. They are reviled as zealots, criminals and extremists. Rabbis are threatened with firings and the closing of their yeshivot if they do not toe the government line. Gaza residents are accused of being money-grubbing and wasteful of government resources for forcing the IDF to expel them rather than leaving their homes quietly and meekly", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nReligious Jews are being intimidated with threats to keep them out of the army or prevent their promotion in the ranks, simply because it will be necessary to prevent what Margalit refers to as \"difficulties with future operations.\"", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nThere are ample reasons to be concerned about and, indeed, oppose a plan that involves no security opportunities - only expanding threats - for Israel. But at the end of the day what is even more debilitating are the plan's implications for the future of Israel as a democracy.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nWhen the loudest voices favoring it are those espousing hatred and exclusion of religious Zionists, or what Haaretz refers to as \"a Trojan horse that has infiltrated Zionism in order to destroy it from within,\" it becomes absolutely clear that for the plan's strongest advocates, capitulation to terror is a means of carrying out their culture war against religious Jews.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nAnd just as security can be readily sacrificed, democracy and the rule of law become mere Pascal lambs on the altar of cultural supremacy - ignored, reviled and happily trounced on the path to victory in the culture war these priests of enlightenment instigated against their brethren years and years ago.", "SCORCHED-EARTH KULTURKAMPF\nCaroline Glick is assistant managing editor of the Jerusalem Post (www.jpost.com). This article appeared in the Jerusalem Post July 11, 2005. It is stored at www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/ JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1121048976890&apage=1\nHOME Jul-Aug.2005 Featured Stories Background Information News On The Web Archives"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.ksmu.org/2016-10-04/pope-francis-surprises-survivors-in-italian-earthquake-sites

Pope Francis Surprises Survivors In Italian Earthquake Sites

["Pope Francis Surprises Survivors In Italian Earthquake Sites\nPope Francis Surprises Survivors In Italian Earthquake Sites\nBy Richard Gonzales\nPope Francis prays in front of rubble of the quake-struck town of Amatrice, Italy. Francis made a surprise visit Tuesday to the quake zone in central Italy, saying that he wanted \"to be close to the people.\"", "Pope Francis Surprises Survivors In Italian Earthquake Sites\nPope Francis has made good on a promise to go to the central Italian region hardest hit by the devastating earthquake that struck in August. He arrived Tuesday without warning to console survivors and urge them to press forward.\nAccording to the Associated Press, the pontiff hoped to keep his visit low-key, so it wasn't announced until after he had already arrived in Amatrice, the town devastated by the magnitude 6.2 earthquake that killed almost 300 people and left an additional 4,000 homeless.", "Pope Francis Surprises Survivors In Italian Earthquake Sites\n\"I didn't come earlier so as not to cause problems, given your condition,\" the pope told survivors, reported the AP, which cited Vatican Radio. \"I didn't want to be a bother.\"\nPope Francis visited with schoolchildren who are still occupying makeshift classrooms, as well as firefighters and police. He also visited the red zone, an area of Amatrice that is still sealed off owing to safety concerns.\nThe pope urged residents to keep their spirits up. \"There is always a future,\" he told them.", "Pope Francis Surprises Survivors In Italian Earthquake Sites\nAccording to the New York Times, the pontiff's visit even caught local officials by surprise.\nAfter visiting Amatrice, the pope traveled to the nearby towns of Accumoli and Arquata del Tronto.\nRichard Gonzales", "Pope Francis Surprises Survivors In Italian Earthquake Sites\nRichard Gonzales is NPR's National Desk Correspondent based in San Francisco. Along with covering the daily news of region, Gonzales' reporting has included medical marijuana, gay marriage, drive-by shootings, Jerry Brown, Willie Brown, the U.S. Ninth Circuit, the California State Supreme Court and any other legal, political, or social development occurring in Northern California relevant to the rest of the country.\nSee stories by Richard Gonzales"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://chrisbatsonmusic.com/record-of-gas-shell-bombardment-on-the-western-front-in-1918-gramophone-archives/

"The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918"

["The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nRecord of gas shell bombardment on the Western Front in 1918 | Gramophone Archives\nBy Donald Weeks\t Last updated Nov 15, 2021\nThe courageous attempt to capture the rumors of war on the Western Front in the fall of 1918 ended in tragedy for WC Gaisberg, as this excerpt from the Gramophone archives reveals.", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nAt least three other attempts to make \u201clive\u201d recordings were made during the acoustic era. The first \u2013 although it later came to be released in the usual way \u2013 was found to be the cause of death. It was the fall of 1918. The Great War was drawing to a close and the Armistice was in sight", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nIn the final days of the fighting, the Gramophone Company sent its chief recorder, WC Gaisberg (later brother of the more famous Fred) to the front lines, with instructions to capture the sounds of one of the last shell bombardments. gas. Thus, the terrible sound of \u201cwar to end the war\u201d would be preserved for the horror and fear of posterity. Gaisberg arrived with his equipment and a military pass, and moved closer and closer to the front lines", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nHis opportunity presented itself as the battle almost seemed to be breaking over him, and he got his recording. But he was severely gassed in the process and returned home very ill. His weakened condition made him a quick victim of the great flu epidemic of November 1918, and within a month of recording he died.", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nThe war years had seen important developments in telephone communication, and at one point it seemed to promise a contribution to \u201clive\u201d recording. On Armistice Day 1920, Westminster Abbey was the scene of an impressive ceremony. It was the burial of the unknown soldier. As the dense crowds of the abbey sang the designated hymns, there was an attempt to make a recording over the telephone lines", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nIt was sort of the first electric recording, and it was actually issued by Columbia for a brief time as a charity appeal. But the sound of the phone was never of good fidelity, and the musical results were dismal beyond belief. If this disc had any influence on the advent of electric recording, it is undoubtedly to delay it.", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nWireless has also made its own contribution. On April 23, 1924, the BBC broadcast the opening ceremony of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley. Speeches by the King and Prince of Wales were included, and there was new music specially written for the occasion and conducted by Sir Edward Elgar. The Gramophone Company recorded much of this directly from wireless receivers into their acoustic recording machines, but the results were considered so hopeless that the recordings were sadly destroyed.", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nJerrold Moore, Gramophone, April 1972\nWe\u2019ve been writing classical music for our dedicated and discerning readers since 1923 and would love to have you join them.", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nTo subscribe to Gramophone is easy, you can choose how you would like to enjoy each new issue (our beautifully produced print magazine or the digital edition, or both) and also whether you would like to access our comprehensive digital archive (which dates back to our very first issue in April 1923) and an unrivaled review database, spanning 50,000 albums and written by leading experts in their fields.\nTo find the perfect plan for you, simply visit: gramophone.co.uk/subscribe", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nIn a documentary about cancer patients, despair, courage, grace \u2013 and angels\nA silent revolution: regaining the best of locking silence\nSai Shravanam, Sound Engineer \u201c Enjoy Enjaami \u201d: \u201c Views don\u2019t define music, it\u2019s intention \u201d\nFrances McDormand howl at the Oscars was a tribute to Nomadland sound engineer Michael Wolf Snyder\nWorld Championship marathon route highlights history and natural beauty\nTwitch announces new program to support musicians\nFilm teacher wins special mention award at Dreamanila", "The Tragic Tale of WC Gaisberg: Capturing the Sounds of War on the Western Front in 1918\nSennheiser proves to be an essential component for recording extreme locations\nHypnotic Irish film reclaims the moon from the imperialists\nTouching moment, 60-minute kidnapping scandal mom finds her two children on FaceTime"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://wwrn.org/articles/10441/

Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression

["Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nLiberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies repression\n\"This Day,\" January 12, 2003\nOnly two days after they were charged with treason, two Liberian religious leaders have been released from detention by the government of President Charles Taylor. The authorities said they lacked the evidence to try them.", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nDavid Kiazolu, a Muslim, and Rev. Christopher Toe, a Christian, are members of an inter-religious council working for reconciliation. They were arrested on December 28 and charged on Wednesday January 8 of conspiring to overthrow the government and being in contact with the rebel Liberian United for Reconciliation and Democracy (Lurd).", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nFriday's unexpected release cannot be seen, however, as a sign that the government intends to reverse the policy of repression and harassment of perceived enemies of the state that intensified in 2002.", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nTo many observers and analysts, Toe's and Kiazolu's experience has become the typical pattern in Liberia: intimidation, detention and the use of violent state power against any organized opposition. Says one opponent of the government in the region who asked not to be named: \"This [Taylor] administration has a way of thriving on chaos and generating chaos to survive.\"", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nLast year, Sheikh Sackor, president of Humanist Watch Liberia, and several others were held incommunicado for varying periods for their alleged complicity with the rebel Liberian United for Reconciliation and Democracy (Lurd). Early last year, the Chairman of the New Deal Movement, Nigba Wiapla, and members of the staff of the Human Rights Center were arrested for speaking out on the political and human rights situation.", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nPoliticians, journalists and activists with civil society organizations are routinely picked up, jailed, and frequently beaten and tortured. Last April, human rights lawyer Tiawan Saye Gongloe sustained severe injuries after being badly and repeatedly beaten by state security officers while in jail. He told allAfrica.com that he had been left only with \"my voice and my spirit\".", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nAt a press conference shortly afterward, Charles Taylor said that Gongloe's fellow inmates were responsible for the beatings. In any case, said the Liberian president, under the state of emergency imposed in February, the authority of the police could not be challenged.", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nAfter his arrest last June, journalist Hassan Bility was held incommunicado and tortured for almost six months as \"a prisoner of war\", in the words of the government. He was finally released last month on condition that he leave the country.", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nLiberia's former Interim President, Dr. Amos Sawyer, who is now in the United States, described to allAfrica the ransacking of his office by security forces in November 28, 2000. \"They beat me up,\" Sawyer said. He continues to be baffled by President Taylor's statement after the November incident: \"A week after we were severely beaten, Mr. Taylor himself confirmed that he supported the attack. Taylor further said he will not stop until he gets at people like me.\"", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nThere is bafflement, as well as chagrin, among many Liberians as what they perceive as the low key almost tolerant attitude of the United States government toward an extremely repressive regime. \"Not much has been done and it is strange given the litany of abuses that have occurred in the country,\" said one activist. \"For such indifference to be demonstrated by the U.S", "Liberia Releases Religious Leaders, Intensifies Repression\nadministration is quite strange.\" Others point to the strident diplomatic effort against the Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe and contrast it with the approach to Liberia"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://earthfamilycrystals.com/products/dainty-aquamarine-pendant-in-sterling-silver-includes-silver-chain

Dainty Aquamarine Pendant in Sterling Silver (Includes Silver Chain)

["Dainty Aquamarine Pendant in Sterling Silver (Includes Silver Chain)\nAquamarine evokes the purity of crystalline waters, and the exhilaration and relaxation of the sea. It is calming, soothing, and cleansing, and inspires truth, trust and letting go. In ancient lore, Aquamarine was believed to be the treasure of mermaids, and was used by sailors as a talisman of good luck, fearlessness and protection. It was also considered a stone of eternal youth and happiness", "Dainty Aquamarine Pendant in Sterling Silver (Includes Silver Chain)\nAquamarine embodies all things connected to the sea, as well as those things relating to Heaven reflected on the surface of the water. It becomes a mirror, reflecting itself indefinitely, making it possible to discover hidden meanings of reality. As a stone of symmetries, it is conducive for meditation and revelation, a stone of prophets, shamans, healers, and mystics. It also allows us to explore the darkest depths of our souls, face to face with ourselves, and with others", "Dainty Aquamarine Pendant in Sterling Silver (Includes Silver Chain)\nAssociated with the Throat chakra, Aquamarine helps overcome the fear of speaking, and is an excellent stone for teachers and presenters of all types. It relaxes speakers to a stage of consciousness in which they are fully aware of their own truths, wisdom and feelings, and able to articulate them with clarity and conviction. It also allows one to speak clearly and without anger in difficult situations."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.mdbeekeepers.org/george-imirie-education-fund/

George Imirie Education Award Fund

["George Imirie Education Award Fund\nHome \u00bbGeorge Imirie Education Award Fund\nGeorge Imirie Education Award Fund\nThe George Imirie Education Fund was founded by Maryland beekeepers in honor of his lifetime of beekeeping education excellence. MSBA manages this fund, and presents a monetary award each year to a member beekeeper who follows in his footsteps. For your TAX purposes, MSBA's non-profit tax ID is 52-1887350\nCLICK the 'Donate' button below to donate with credit card\nArchives of George's newsletter, the Pink Pages, can be accesses HERE", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nGeorge W. Imirie Jr., Beekeeper Extraordinaire\nBy Patricia Sullivan\nGeorge Imirie Jr. with one of his bee colonies. He also helped run his family's auto parts business. (By Tom Allen -- The Washington Post)\nExcerpt from the Washington Post, Saturday, October 6, 2007. Full article HERE\nGeorge Wady Imirie Jr., 84, a master beekeeper who tirelessly promoted the value of bees and beehives, died of congestive heart failure Sept. 6 at the Casey House in Rockville.", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nAs a beekeeper since 1933, Mr. Imirie knew enough about the stinging insects to brave the swarms at his Rockville home without the usual head-to-toe beekeeping garb.\n\"Bees don't like socks, especially woolly ones,\" he told a reporter in 1997. \"A hat is a good idea, because if a bee gets tangled up in your hair, it'll sting you. I don't wear a shirt, because that way, if a bee is on me, I can feel it and brush it away.\"", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nFar more than stings, Mr. Imirie worried about the decline in bee colonies over the past several decades, infestation of the wild bee population by mites, and the level of knowledge and skill of those who keep apiaries.", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\n\"He definitely was someone who didn't feel it necessary to tolerate any ignorance around him,\" said Marc Hoffman, a member of the Montgomery County Beekeepers Association, which Mr. Imirie founded. \"He would interrupt someone to ask, 'How many hours is it before the larva emerges from the egg?' and you'd better know the answer.\"", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nBut he also shared his knowledge, writing an opinionated and blunt newsletter called the \"Pink Pages,\" which addressed how to prevent swarming, how to prepare in fall so bees would overwinter well and how to deal with pests. The newsletter was read by beekeepers around the world. He coined a phrase now popular in bee circles, \"Be a bee-keeper, not a bee-haver.\"\nIn addition, Mr. Imirie and his sons thrilled Montgomery County Fair visitors and schoolchildren with demonstrations with a live hive of honeybees.", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nA Bethesda native born to a family that has been in the area for 298 years, Mr. Imirie started tending hives at age 9, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather. He dropped the hobby when he went to the University of Michigan for his undergraduate degree.", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nHe was studying for a graduate degree in atomic engineering when World War II broke out. He was briefly in the Army, then joined the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Los Alamos, N.M., working on the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nAfter the war, he studied engineering at Washington University in St. Louis and American University, one of his sons said. Mr. Imirie returned to Bethesda and helped run the family auto parts business for most of his working life until it was sold 18 years ago.", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nMr. Imirie resumed beekeeping on his six-acre property in Rockville. He set up the hives in a square around a gnarly old apple tree. A hedge trimmed to a height just taller than Mr. Imirie surrounded the yard so that when bees emerged from the hives in search of nectar they would fly high enough to clear the bushes and avoid bystanders.", "George Imirie Education Award Fund\nHe founded the beekeepers association in the 1980s and for many years ran it almost single-handedly. After five strokes in 1990, Mr. Imirie began using a scooter. Throat cancer further slowed him in the late 1990s.\nWhen Maryland agreed to produce auto license plates with a beekeeping insignia, Mr. Imirie was given the prototype, BEE 001, which he affixed to his scooter.\nThe association named its annual award for education after him."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.poemhunter.com/anne-stevenson/biography/

Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works

["Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nAnne Stevenson\nCambridge,\nDashboard Activity Biography Poems Comments Following Followers Statistics My Profile Add New Poem Add New Quote\nAnne Stevenson Biography\nAnne Stevenson (born January 3, 1933) is an American-British poet and writer.", "Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nStevenson's parents Louise Destler Stevenson and C.L. Stevenson met at a Cincinnati High School. They were living in Cambridge, England, where Charles was studying philosophy under I. A. Richards and Wittgenstein, when their first daughter, Anne was born. The family returned to America when Anne was six months old, moving to New Haven, her father going on to teach at universities including Harvard and Yale", "Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nShe was raised in New England, the eldest of three daughters and was educated in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where her father was a professor of philosophy. Her father was a devoted pianist and lover of poetry and her mother wrote fiction and was a talented storyteller. Stevenson learnt piano and cello and she assumed until she was 19 that she would be a professional musician. She studied music and languages, at the University of Michigan, where she began to lose her hearing; she prepared to be a writer instead", "Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nStevenson married a childhood friend but her romantic ideals dissolved and the marriage was not a success. She notes that \"it took me two unhappy marriages and three children to make me reconsider my assumptions.\" In the 1960s she lived and wrote in Cambridge, Glasgow, Dundee and Oxford. She was writer in residence at the University of Dundee and co-founded Other Poetry (magazine) with Evangeline Patterson", "Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nIn 1979, with Michael Farley, she started The Poetry Bookshop in Hay-on-Wye and in 1982 she moved to Sunderland, then Durham, where she now lives with her husband Peter Lucas. As of 2011 she had six grandchildren.", "Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nStevenson is the author of over a dozen volumes of poetry, of some books of essays and literary criticism, of a controversial biography of the American poet Sylvia Plath, Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath (1989), and two critical studies of Elizabeth Bishop. Stevenson uses a hearing aid; several of her poems (including \"Hearing with my Fingers\" and \"On Going Deaf\") refer to her experience of deafness.\n1. Carol Of The Birds\nFeet that could be clawed but are not ...", "Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nArms that might have flown but did not ...\nNo one said 'Let there be angels!' but the birds\n2. Poem For A Daughter\n'I think I'm going to have it,'\nI said, joking between pains.\nThe midwife rolled competent\n3. A Surprise On The First Day Of School\nThey give you a desk with a lid, mother.\nThey let you keep your book.\nMy desk is next to the window.\n4. False Flowers\nThey were to have been a love gift,\nbut when she slit the paper funnel,\nthey both saw they were fake; false flowers", "Anne Stevenson - Poet, Essayist, Literary Critic, Translator - Biography and Works\nhe'd picked in haste from the store's display,\n5. Sonnets For Five Seasons\nThis House\nWhich represents you, as my bones do, waits,\nall pores open, for the stun of snow. Which will come,\nas it always does, between breaths, between nights"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://enewspf.com/latest-news/killer-of-us-soldiers-becomes-a-hero/

Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero

["Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nKiller of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nJanuary 9, 2008 by Ali al-Fadhily and Dahr Jamail\nBy Ali al-Fadhily and Dahr Jamail*\nBAGHDAD, Jan 7 (IPS) \u2013 The recent killing of two U.S. soldiers by their Iraqi colleague has raised disturbing questions about U.S. military relations with the Iraqis they work with.", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nOn Dec. 26, an Iraqi soldier opened fire on U.S. soldiers accompanying him during a joint military patrol in the northern Iraqi city Mosul. He killed the U.S. captain and another sergeant, and wounded three others, including an Iraqi interpreter.\nConflicting versions of the killing have arisen. Col. Hazim al-Juboory, uncle of the attacker Kaissar Saady al-Juboory, told IPS that his nephew at first watched the U.S. soldiers beat up an Iraqi woman. When he asked them to stop, they refused, so he opened fire.", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\n\"Kaissar is a professional soldier who revolted against the Americans when they dragged a woman by her hair in a brutal way,\" Col. Juboory said. \"He is a tribal man, and an Arab with honour who would not accept such behaviour. He killed his captain and sergeant knowing that he would be executed.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nOthers gave IPS a similar account. \"I was there when the American captain and his soldiers raided a neighbourhood and started shouting at women to tell them where some men they wanted were,\" a resident of Mosul, speaking on condition of anonymity, told IPS on phone. \"The women told them they did not know, and their men did not do anything wrong, and started crying in fear.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nThe witness said the U.S. captain began to shout at his soldiers and the women, and his men then started to grab the women and pull them by their hair.\n\"The soldier we knew later to be Kaissar shouted at the Americans, \u2018No, No,\u2019 but the captain shouted back at the Iraqi soldier,\" the witness told IPS. \"Then the Iraqi soldier shouted, \u2018Let go of the women you sons of bitches,\u2019 and started shooting at them.\" The soldier, he said, then ran off.", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nThe Association of Muslim Scholars, a Sunni organisation, issued a statement saying the Iraqi soldier had shot the U.S. soldiers after he saw them beat up a pregnant woman.\n\"His blood rose and he asked the occupying soldiers to stop beating the woman,\" they said in the statement. \"Their answer through the translator was: \u2018We will do what we want. So he opened fire on them.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nThe story was first reported on al-Rafidain satellite channel. That started Iraqis from all over the country talking about \"the hero\" who sacrificed his life for Iraqi honour.\nThe U.S. and Iraqi military told a different version of the story.\nAn Iraqi general told reporters that Kaissar carried out the attack because he had links to \"Sunni Arab insurgent groups.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\n\"Soldier Kaissar Saady worked for insurgent groups who pushed him to learn army movements and warn his comrades about them,\" a captain of the second Iraqi army division told IPS. \"There are so many like him in the army and now within the so-called Awakening forces (militias funded by the U.S. military).\"\nOne army officer speaking on condition of anonymity described Kaissar\u2019s act as heroic. \"Those Americans learned their lesson once more.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nSheikh Juma\u2019 al-Dawar, chief of the major al-Baggara tribe in Iraq, told IPS in Baghdad that \"Kaissar is from the al-Juboor tribes in Gayara \u2014 tribes with morals that Americans do not understand.\"\nThe tribal chief added, \"Juboor tribes and all other tribes are proud of Kaissar and what he did by killing the American soldiers. Now he is a hero, with a name that will never be forgotten.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nMany Iraqis speak in similar vein. \"It is another example of Iraqi people\u2019s unity despite political conspiracies by the Americans and their tails (collaborators),\" Mohammad Nassir, an independent politician in Baghdad told IPS. \"Kaissar is loved by all Iraqis who pray for his safety and who are ready to donate anything for his welfare.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nCol. Juboory said Kaissar who had at first accepted collaboration with the U.S. forces \"found the truth too bitter to put up with.\" The colonel said: \"I worked with the Americans because being an army officer is my job and also because I was convinced they would help Iraqis. But 11 months was enough for me to realise that starving to death is more honourable than serving the occupiers. They were mean in every way.\"", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\nIndependent sources have since told IPS that Kaissar was captured by a special joint Iraqi-U.S. force, and he is now being held and tortured at the al-Ghizlany military camp in Mosul.\nDespite a recent decline in the number of occupation forces being killed, 2007 was the deadliest year of the occupation for U.S. troops, with 901 killed, according to the U.S. Department of Defence.", "Killer of U.S. Soldiers Becomes a Hero\n(*Ali, our correspondent in Baghdad, works in close collaboration with Dahr Jamail, our U.S.-based specialist writer on Iraq who has reported extensively from Iraq and the Middle East)\n\u00a9 2008 Dahr Jamai\nhttp://DahrJamailIraq.com\nNorman Rockwell\u2019s \u201cNew Kids on the Block\u201d\nBBB Warns of Weight-Loss Schemes"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://worldfamouspeoples.com/category/sportsman/diego-maradona

Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements

["Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\n\" /> World Famous Peoples - Diego Maradona Biography\nBirthday: 30th October 1960\nFather\u2019s Name: Diego Maradona Chitoro\nMother\u2019s Name: DalmaSalvadora\nSpouse(s): Claudia Villafane\nBorn In: Lanus, Buenos aires, Argentina\nNationality: Brazilian", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nDiego Maradona is considered to be one of the most finest footballer the entire world could ever have. According to the people of Argentina he was not just a sports hero for them but a divine figure. Maradona became a symbol of hope and pride for lots of people, he ignited new hopes in millions heart through his work and motivation. Maradona was an exceptionally skilled individual since his childhood itself", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nHe is a renowned person for his abilities in controlling the ball in such a way which confuses his opponent and helps him to score well in the match. His presence of mind and the leadership qualities provides a benefit to his entire team, so in his presence all his team members remains motivated throughout the match. His constant motivation and way of playing fascinates the viewers and his fans. He has been given the nick name of \u201c The golden Boy\u201d which remained with him throughout his journey.", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nDiego Armando Maradona was born in the year 1960, 30th October at the Policlinic Evita Hospital in Lanus, Buenos Aires Province but was raised in Villa Fiorito, which is a shanty town on the southern outskirts of Buenos Aires, Argentina. He belonged to a poor family. He is having four siblings and he was the first son of his parents after two daughters and he also had two younger brothers. Two of his younger brothers were also football players by profession", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nHis parents were both born and brought up in Esquina in the north east province of Corrientes province. In the year 1950 he left Esquina along with his entire family and settles in Buenos aires. At the age of eight when he was playing in his neighbor, Maradona was spotted by a talent scout Estrella Roja. At the age of 12 years old he astonished the spectators with his amazing skills in playing football. His parents were Diego Maradona and DalmaSalvadora", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nAt a very early age he got married to Claudia Villafane in the year 1984, 7th November at Buenos Aires and both of them had two daughters, DalmaNerea who was born in 2nd April 1987 and Gianinna Dinorah born in 16th May 1989 by whom he became a grandfather in 2009. But due to some issues Maradona divorced Villafane but afterwards both had a friendly terms with each other. He lost his mother in the year 2011 at the age of 81 years old and his father died on 25th June 2015 at the age of 87.", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nIn the year 1976, 20th October, Maradona introduced himself as a professional debut for Argentina\u2019s junior team member in the football team. He started his journey with having jersey number sixteen over himself, which gave him a new identification. He started his journey with a legendary shot in the first day of his career itself. Maradona scored his very first goal in the Primera Division against the team Marplatense, San Lorenzo in the year 1976, 14th November at the age of sixteen year old", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nHe served the junior team for five years from 1976 to 1981, during this time period he scored around 115 goals. He had a dream to be a part of Boca juniors team and he signed the contract with them in the year1981, 20th February. Maradona proved himself to be a precious gem for his team by achieving lots of victory to the team", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nIn the year 1983, Maradona being a part of the Barcelona team defeated Real Madrid in one of the world\u2019s biggest club games, where Maradona scored well and was the very first player to be praised by the Real Madrid fans also.", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nBut Maradona had also faced some troubles in his life just like any successful person. He had to take a break from his busy schedule of playing due to major illness. But with tremendous effort and eagerness to help his country to get victory he tried to motivate himself to get recovered from his serious illness as early as possible", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nAs a person he was very much competitive in nature who has a spirit of winning, so due to this quality he has been found to be involved in many fights during the match and as a result of which he injured himself also during the fight.", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nAt Napoli, Maradona reached new heights of his career, he became the star face for his fans. During this time he was the footstep for getting success for the team. Nepoli won their first ever championship title in the year 1986 to 1987. After being caught up in the drug test for cocaine he had to leave Nepoli in disgrace in the year 1992. This was the most shameful occurrence in his life but being a sports person he managed himself to work harder for getting back his respect for once again.", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nIn Spain he played his first world cup tournament in the year 1982, but during that time his performance was not up to the expectations of his fans. But success was not too far to him, in the year 1986, under his captaincy his team Argentina got victory in Mexico against the team West Germany. Throughout the tournament he was recognized as the most versatile and dynamic player and he maintained his constant dominance over opponent team members", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nIn the year 1990 he again made his team to go to the finals under his captaincy but this time his luck was not favoring him, due to a severe ankle injury he could not perform well. But in spite of having an injury also, he kept supporting his team throughout the match, this shows the true spirit of a sportsmanship. In the year 2008 Maradona joined Argentine national team as a head coach", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nIn the year 2011 Maradona was requested to join United Arab Emirates club but he could not continue there for more than a year, before joining as a coach for the Mexici\u2019s Dorados de Sinaloa in 2018 he did coaching in several other clubs.", "Diego Maradona - The Golden Boy Biography, Early Life, Career, and Achievements\nArgentinos Juniors from the year 1976 to 1981\nBoca Juniors from the year 1976 to 1981\nBarcelona from the year 1982 to 1984\nNapoli from the year 1984 to 1991\nSevilla from the year 1992 to 1993 Newell\u2019s Old Boys from the year !993 to 1994\nAchievements and Awards:\nKonex Foundation from Argentina granted Diamond Konex award in the year 1990.\nFIFA World Cup winner : Mexico 1986\nFIFA World Cup runner up: Italy 1990\nFIFA Under 20- World Cup: Japan 1979"]

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https://www.looper.com/656816/jason-sudeikis-best-tv-and-movie-roles-to-date/

Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date

["Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nJason Sudeikis has been on our screens for some time now, making his debut with a small role in a Roger Corman movie called \"Alien Avengers II\" in 1997. His big breakthrough came with a writing job on \"Saturday Night Live,\" where he eventually became a recurring cast member, cracking up audiences with a wide range of characters and impersonations \u2014 and of course, his \"What's Up With That?\" dance.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nSudeikis has since navigated career twists and turns via lead and supporting roles on screens both big and small. Born in Fairfax, Virginia, the nephew of George Wendt is imbued with natural charm and charisma, and never seems to take himself too seriously. For over two decades, he was a familiar face in living rooms, albeit rarely one that would be considered an A-lister.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nThat is, until recently. With 2020's \"Ted Lasso\" on Apple TV+ giving him a considerable image boost and his first Emmys, it seems like he has entered a new phase of his career. With that in mind, let's take a look at all the TV and film work that turned him into an overnight sensation.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nOlivia Wilde's directorial debut \"Booksmart\" may have underperformed at the box office, but it's one of those films that everyone who sees seemingly can't stop recommending. Starring Beanie Feldstein and Kaitlyn Dever as two teens looking to unwind as their high school years come to a close, the cast also featured Jessica Williams, Lisa Kudrow, and Sudeikis \u2014 who, at the time of filming had been dating Wilde for some time", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nIn fact, she joked in an interview at the time that their entire relationship had been his audition for the role, and he nailed it.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nThe bearded Sudeikis made a solid showcase in the film of how he can make the most out of mere few minutes on screen. Cast as the girls' principal in what appears to be a brief cameo, it turned into something more when the lead characters got into a Lyft, only to discover that Principal Brown was their driver. Or, as he would rather be called ... Jordan.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nThe ensuing scene turned out to be one of the funniest scenes in the film, anchored by the formidable charm and warmth of Sudeikis that \"Lasso\" would soon come to harness. Principal Brown's wide-eyed innocence, and a slowly-turned head to deliver the line \"Was that Cardi B?,\" resulted in what Entertainment Weekly called \"Sudeikis' funniest work in years.\"\nColossal (2016)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\n? In fairness, this is likely something you've never encountered \u2014 but it's apparently something writer-director Nacho Vigalondo has mulled over, as it became the subject of his beguiling, bizarre \"Colossal.\" Starring Anne Hathaway as a recently unemployed alcoholic and Sudeikis as her childhood best friend, the flick gave the actor an opportunity to show a new side, as a character far more sinister than what he is typically offered.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nWhile \"Colossal\" might not be for all tastes, it's worth watching for Sudeikis fans, who have never seen a side of him like this anywhere else. The role starts as friendly and charming \u2014 qualities many would associate with Sudeikis \u2014 but then the character starts to unravel, transforming himself into something far nastier", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nOutlets like Bloody Disgusting appreciated the performance, writing that Sudeikis nailed \"Oscar's evolution from nice guy to a\u2013hole.\" What was especially impressive was how Sudeikis portrayed Oscar's character changes with impressive subtleties, as highlighted by Collider.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\n\"As these new parts of Oscar become apparent, Sudeikis makes several exceptionally thoughtful acting choices that unleash a whole new side of him as a performer,\" reads the article. \"For one, Oscar doesn't change drastically in his demeanor once it's made thoroughly apparent that he's an abuser", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nHe's a little more short-tempered now but Sudeikis keeps everything from Oscar's voice to his body language to his relaxed style all consistent with his earlier scenes in 'Colossal.' Personality traits that once suggested Oscar could be a potentially calm presence in Gloria's life now capture just how nonchalant he is about treating her like an object.\"", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nFor fans of Sudeikis, \"Colossal\" is not only a thrilling and singular film \u2014 it's an impressive showcase for the actor to hone in on some rarely-viewed, menacing qualities that other filmmakers should encourage him to further develop.\nSaturday Night Live (2003 - 2013)\nNBC Universal Television", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nAfter starting at \"SNL\" as a writer, Sudeikis began gracing TV screens on this weekend staple, making a name for himself. Sudeikis became a fan favorite with memorable recurring roles as George W. Bush, Mitt Romney, and Joe Biden (for which he returned to play in 2019-2020), as well as original characters like Ocean Billy, Gil, one of the Two A-Holes (alongside Kristen Wiig), and Ed Mahoney.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nAs one of the more popular alumni over the last couple decades, Sudeikis has regularly returned since departing the show, standing out in sketches like \"New Girlfriend,\" which showcased his chemistry with Fred Armisen. He returned to host again in October 2021, starring in memorable sketches that included \"Mellen,\" a masculine version of Ellen Degeneres", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nOverall, his time occupying the \"Saturday Night Live\" airwaves provided Sudeikis a tremendous opportunity to grow and showcase his unique comedic persona and nice-guy-with-an-edge charm, across various characters allowing him to play a range of both fictional and real-life personalities.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\n\"I didn't want to work on SNL,\" told GQ (which described him as having \"a specialty in playing jocular blowhards and loud, self-impressed white men\") in 2021. \"[Not wanting to be on the show] was like having a crush on the prettiest girl at school and being like, 'She seems like a jerk.' And it's like, 'Oh, really? 'Cause she said she liked you.' 'She what?!'\"\nSleeping with Other People (2015)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nIn the excellent, underseen \"Sleeping with Other People,\" we meet Sudeikis at a sex addicts meeting, which he attends out of a deeply entrenched fear of commitment. It's there that his character Jake finds Lainey (Alison Brie), with whom he had a one-night stand years earlier. The two have an undeniable attraction, but both are unable to stop sleeping with other people. Jake and Lainey decide to stay friends without sex which, perhaps unsurprisingly, makes their relationship rather complicated", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nA refreshing take on modern romantic comedies, the flick features great comedic supporting performers doing memorable work, including Jason Montzoukas, Adam Scott, and Natasha Lyonne.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nBut it is the performance of Sudeikis that really stands out, as the film examines the notion of what a leading man can be.\n\"[The film shows off] a new kind of leading man, one that Sudeikis fits neatly into with his motormouth charm,\" wrote Nick Allen in his review for RogerEbert.com. \"He's quick with flirty repartee, but doesn't have an overbearing or slimy nature. And when the story needs it, he can be the hero, becoming a stereotypical macho man that will fight on behalf of a girl.\"", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nIn this film from writer/director Leslye Headland, Sudeikis harnesses his persona to challenge the masculine ideal, resulting in an engaging, humorous, unique performance worth tracking down.\nEastbound and Down (2012 - 2013)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nNow considered something of a classic, believe it or not the abrasive sports comedy \"Eastbound and Down\" was not all that well-received in its first season. Beginning with Season 2, however, the show began getting better reviews and more attention, finding its footing \u2014 and as a result, the second, third, and fourth seasons of \"Eastbound\" all have a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nSudeikis joined Danny McBride for Season 3 as Shane Gerald, Kenny Powers' catcher on the Myrtle Beach Mermen. A deeply inappropriate, offensive, and bullish drunk, Shane hit it off with Powers, becoming something of an enabler. Attempting to steer his pitcher off the right track at every opportunity, Shane was bad news \u2014 and a one way ticket to continued minor league mediocrity.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nSudeikis was so memorable in the part that he eventually earned a second role on \"Eastbound,\" appearing as Shane's brother Cole in later episodes. If you had to describe Shane in a single word, that word might be \"gross\" \u2014 the fact that Sudeikis could make the character so reprehensible shows that if given the right material, he can be so much more than another former \"SNL\" funnyman.\nWe're the Millers (2013)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nArguably the most notable non-\"SNL\" role for Sudeikis prior to \"Ted Lasso,\" this edgy family comedy took in $270 million worldwide at the box office, ranking as the most successful live-action film of the actor's career so far. It also introduced the phrase \"no ragrets\" into the pop culture hall of fame.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nAt the beginning of the film, the Sudeikis character is anything but lovable. Playing a low-level drug dealer whose overwhelming debt forces him to participate in a scheme to smuggle marijuana across the border from Mexico, his character enlists a group of ne'er-do-wells (including Jennifer Aniston and Emma Roberts) to travel with him so they can pose as a charming, sweet family and avoid suspicion.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\n\"Sudeikis and Aniston are likable in such similar ways \u2014 their self-deprecating charm, understated comic delivery, girl- and guy-next-door good looks, fundamental decency,\" wrote the LA Times, praising the actors but panning the film's poor casting decisions. \"It's as if the actors actually came from the same, stable, sweet, heartland family. But they are definitely not the Millers.\"", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nAlthough \"Millers\" still retains just a 49% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, the film seems to be remembered fondly by many; in 2021, Slash Film named it one of the best ten comedies of the last ten years.\nHorrible Bosses (2011)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nWho out there hasn't had difficulties at work? \"Horrible Bosses\" told the relatable tale of three employees (Sudeikis, joined by Jason Bateman and Charlie Day) whose problems with their supervisors ran much deeper than typical frustrations over late TPS reports; when they banded together to hire a hitman to kill their bosses, however, they may have been taking things a bit too far. The end resulting was a surprising hit, one that even warranted a completely-unnecessary sequel.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nRegardless, the \"Bosses\" films showcased Sudeikis alongside two other peers who had similarly made their names as comedy-stars-with-an-edge. The trio formed a winning team.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\n\"The best reason by far to watch 'Horrible Bosses' is the main cast,\" wrote Slash Film in its review. \"As a trio of best buds, Bateman, Day, and Sudeikis have an irresistible, lived-in chemistry that's more than the sum of its parts. You get the sense that these guys actually have known each other for ages, whether they're finishing each other's sentences or slapping each other silly. It's their camaraderie that makes the movie when it's excellent, and carries it when it's not.\"\n30 Rock (2007 - 2010)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nFew comedies in the 21st century have earned as much critical acclaim as \"30 Rock,\" as evidenced by more than 100 Emmy nominations over seven years (it won 16). The Tina Fey-driven series cast Sudeikis as a potential love interest for her Liz Lemon, starting with the show's second season \u2014 and if you've witnessed any of the scenes they shared together on the show, it's obvious Fey was a big fan of Sudeikis from the start.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nCrafting a charming, quick-witted character, it was easy to see why Lemon fell hard for his Floyd. Unfortunately for Lemon, Floyd's endless love of Cleveland (and also, maybe his problems with alcohol) proved too much for them to be together. It did, however, give viewers a brand new look (and song) about the oft-maligned Ohio city", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nAs one of the funnyman's first major roles, at a time when he was still finding his footing on \"SNL,\" Floyd provided a great opportunity for Sudeikis to build his persona in front of a massive audience, providing an unforgettable character with an endless array of memorable moments.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nYou've likely seen plenty of sitcoms before, but none like \"Son of Zorn.\" Sure, the show was your classic fish-out-of-water story, but with a twist: Zorn (Jason Sudeikis) was animated, but everyone and everything around him was live-action", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nThere was a reason for this, of course: Zorn hails from the kingdom of Zephyria, and he decided to leave his warrior lifestyle behind for a phone sales job in Orange County, all in the aid of reconnecting with his ex-wife Edie (Cheryl Hines) and son Alangulon (or Alan, played by Johnny Pemberton). However, upon his return, Zorn was stunned to discover that Edie had a new fianc\u00e9 named Craig (Tim Meadows) and, perhaps most egregious of all, Alan was now a vegetarian.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nAs Zorn, Sudeikis \"provides the ultimate action figure voice,\" according to critic Amber Dowling of The Wrap in her 2016 review. His persona was undeniably masculine, as Zorn himself was heavily inspired by He-Man. Sudeikis was wise to inject Zorn with plenty of humanity, offering surprising moments of vulnerability", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nAs observed by Maureen Ryan in her Variety review, Sudeikis \"injects the right amounts of gravity, heedlessness, and befuddlement into the character, whose inability to remember or respect social norms \u2014 like, say, wearing pants \u2014 inspires many of the show's jokes.\" Exemplifying some of his best instincts as an actor, Sudeikis added a serious dimension to Zorn, providing a key leadership role in a creative, clever sitcom that didn't get nearly enough episodes to fully develop what was an intriguing concept.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nThe Angry Birds Movie (2016)\nIt's difficult to find something that the majority of the entire world has experienced, but when it comes to the mobile game \"Angry Birds,\" that might be as close to a multi-cultural touchstone as one can get. The original bird-flipping phone game boasts over 500 million downloads, has spawned endless merchandise, a tv show, game sequels and \"The Angry Birds Movie,\" which took in over $350 million worldwide.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nJason Sudeikis starred in the film (which would get a sequel in 2019) as Red, a bird marked by his bushy black eyebrows and remarkably short temper. After getting into trouble, he would be forced to go to anger management, meeting Chuck (Josh Gad) and Bomb (Danny McBride) and beginning an adventure that would see them facing off against the mysterious green pigs who start arriving on Bird Island.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nWith its 43% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, \"Angry Birds\" isn't exactly considered a landmark achievement in the cinema. Nevertheless, Sudeikis turned in a winning performance as Red; in a weird way, it's the opposite of \"Colossal,\" where the Sudeikis character goes from unlikable to a character whose motivations and responses seem somewhat reasonable.\nThe Last Man on Earth (2015 - 2018)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nWill Forte's refreshingly goofy post-apocalyptic comedy cast the star as a man who believed himself to be the only human survivor of a global apocalyptic event. In almost every ensuing episode, however, he seemed to stumble upon someone else who would change everything he thought he knew about the end of the world \u2014 and more often than not, he wouldn't be thrilled about it.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nSudeikis offered a great twist at the end of Season 1, as viewers got a brief peek at the main character's much-despised brother, an astronaut in orbit wondering why everybody on Earth had suddenly stopped talking to him. In Season 2, the Sudeikis character returned to Earth (hilariously employing a 3-wheel paddle boat to survive), ruining his brother's vision of re-building humanity with himself as the lead.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nFinding the humanity in his character, Sudeikis could frequently be seen talking to his pet worms out of sheer, unrelenting loneliness in the void of space \u2014 and when he rejoined his brother on Earth, their relationship felt not only hilarious, but genuine. Cancelled after four seasons, leaving audiences with plenty of questions, there was nevertheless plenty to enjoy in \"Last Man,\" and that certainly included a warm, memorable performance from Sudeikis.\nTed Lasso (2020 - 2022)", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nCapping things off with what many would consider the role he was born to play, Sudeikis and \"Ted Lasso\" became a winning combination as soon as the show debuted on Apple TV+, becoming a sensation whose first season would receive 20 Emmy Nominations, winning 7, including Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Lead Actor for Sudeikis.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nThe series has a remarkably bizarre origin story, as the character Ted Lasso actually came from a commercial featuring Sudeikis where he played the titular character to promote their broadcasts of English Premier League soccer. Who could have predicted that it would have led to an international sensation?", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nSudeikis plays the titular Lasso, a college football coach recruited by Rebecca Welton (Hannah Waddingham), the owner of English soccer team AFC Richmond, to coach the team. While Lasso's earnest, unyielding optimism allows him to believe he'll be able to succeed, he's actually hired by Welton in the hopes he'll destroy her ex-husband's beloved team. Sudeikis is a revelation in the show \u2014 or, at least for those who haven't been paying closer attention to his career.", "Jason Sudeikis' Best TV And Movie Roles To Date\nEmploying a lot of the charm and charisma fans have been watching him hone over the last two decades, he gives Lasso a tremendously rich, deep sense of humanity and unbridled optimism. This is certainly the' meatiest role to date for Sudeikis, and while the entire cast of the beloved show is pitch-perfect, it's the former \"SNL\" funnyman who provides its heart and soul."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://humanrightspaintingproject.com/detail.php?id=229

Akbar Mohammadi: Tortured for Peacefully Protesting in Iran

["Akbar Mohammadi: Tortured for Peacefully Protesting in Iran\nAkbar Muhammadi\nThe letter came from Tehran's Evin jail, cell 93 of block 209: \"I was hit with an electric cable, hung up by a rope and violently beaten.\"", "Akbar Mohammadi: Tortured for Peacefully Protesting in Iran\nIn January, 1999, Akbar Mohammadi was arrested during pro-democracy student demonstrations at Tehran University that led to the deaths of five students at the hands of Iranian police forces. One of four students convicted in a secret trial and slated for execution for his participation in the protest, reports of his torture emanated from the Evin jail", "Akbar Mohammadi: Tortured for Peacefully Protesting in Iran\nWhipping and mutilation were carried out by prisons guards attempting to coerce confessions, and the resultant hearing loss and kidney failure suffered by Akbar Mohammadi was endured without the provision of medical treatment. While his case is believed to be amongst the most severe, Akbar Mohammadi's situation is not unique", "Akbar Mohammadi: Tortured for Peacefully Protesting in Iran\nIn all, approximately 1500 students were arrested during this and subsequent protests, the majority held in isolation, neither their names nor their locations released by the Iranian authorities. While all of the death sentences were later commuted, political prisoners remain incarcerated in Iran for the peaceful statement of their beliefs, often serving long sentences based on false charges, and carrying fear for their own safety and diminishing hope of release."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.kz/books?id=Sb6hAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA98&vq=Antwerp&dq=editions:HARVARD32044108411158&lr=&output=html_text

The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.

["The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nwork representing Judith with the head of Holophernes. There is also in the Picture-Gallery at Cassel a remarkable life-size portrait, painted about the year 1624. It is of a stout man, with common features and rough hands, arrayed in rich oriental attire (Fig. 87). The original of this portrait was probably however not a Turk, but one of those Christian Levantine merchants who had it painted to send to his relations in his native land", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nThe picture itself gives us a clue to the place from whence this man caine, for we may see on the handle of a big palm-leaf in the background the arms of the Christian City of Constantinople, which date back to Latin times. These are unfortunately not visible in the small illustration.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nRubens again made use of this same bizarre personality for the figure of the Moorish King in an Adoration of the Magi, painted as an altarpiece for the Abbey-Church of St. Michael. This painting, now in the Museum at Antwerp is 6 ft. high by 3 ft. 20 wide and was painted by the master himself in 1624 in the short space of 13 days. It may be inferior in some respects to his other representations of the same subject : but it is unsurpassed in its fascinating charm of glowing colour.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nThe most productive and brilliant period of the artist's career was perhaps, between the years 1620 and 1625; for, notwithstanding the pressure of work, which those two vast undertakings: the frescoes for the Jesuit Church at Antwerp and the completion of the Medici Gallery in Paris : must have involved not to mention other commissions of greater or lesser importance undertaken by him,Rubens seems yet to have found time to paint pictures for his own personal pleasure", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nThus most of the artist's Mythological subjects: \u2013 Judgments of Paris, Rapes of Helen, or of Nymphs, representations of the Three Graces, of Venus, of Diana, and of Satyrs, &c. - appear to belong to this period.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nFig. 79. PORTRAIT OF A MAN.\nAfter a photograph from the original by Franz Hanfst\u00e4ng!, Munich. . Since the master always\n(To page 94.) KNACKFUSS, Rubens.\ncourted the chance of painting from the nude, it is easy to understand why, when he worked for his own pleasure, he usually chose subjects from Classical Legends.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nBut History also often afforded him stimulating subjects. Thus in the Louvre we find a representation of the Scythian Queen, Tomyris, ordering the head of Cyrus to be dipped in blood: a painting, the rich colours of which\nFig. 80. PORTRAIT OF A Man. In the Dresden Gallery.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nbear no unfavourable comparison with Paolo Veronese's Marriage in Cana of Galilee. In Munich there is a Death of Seneca, a gloomy composition in accordance with the spirit of the subject, and at Buckingham Palace a Pythagoras lecturing to his pupils. Besides these scenes taken from profane History, there are also some drawn from the Old Testament, such as, for example, the impressive painting, at Munich, of the Reconciliation of Jacob and Esau (Fig. 88)", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nhowever as a whole, but in the separate groups. Among the women placed by Jacob at the head of his train to inspire the pity of his brother's approaching host, in the foreground we may notice a graceful woman on her knees beside her two children. This group similarly arranged but with a different expression appears again, as Latona with her twins Apollo and Diana fleeing from the jealous wrath of Juno, by magic art transforming into frogs, the\nFig. 81. PORTRAIT OF A LADY. In the Dresden Gallery.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nLycian peasants who had maliciously defiled the water, wherewith she desired to quench her thirst (Fig. 89). The fine landscape in this picture is not by Rubens himself, but is probably by Lucas van Uden, a young landscapepainter, who placed his talents at the service of the great master; as Snyders did in the case of animals and Breughel of flowers", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nIt was again though only as a saving of time that he thus sought the help of other artists : for it is well known that he himself was a first rate painter of landscapes. It was apparently also during these years that he began to paint pictures", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nwhere the landscape was the chief object and the figures only accessories. We find such works mentioned for the first time in a list dated 1625, two of which are now in the Royal Galleries at Windsor. One of these represents a Winter scene. In a wide plain covered with snow, beggars have assembled around a fire lighted beneath a pent-house", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nThe dark wooden cottage, the white snow and the red glow of the fire, combined with the cold light of the wintry day, form effective contrasts, from which the master has succeeded in creating a particularly attractive picture. The other displays a day in bright Summer. A landscape spreading out behind into the far-off distance is in the foreground enlivened by numerous figures of peasants going to market with horses and carts", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nThese two master-pieces belong to a series of The Four Seasons, of which Autumn, a grandly conceived scene at early morn, is in the National Gallery, whilst Spring is in a private collection in London.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nAn exquisite picture, representing the Departure of Lot from Sodom, and bearing the date 1625, is in the Louvre. Against a background of dark grey and brilliant yellow clouds, from which demons hurl down fire upon the town, the fugitives are setting out; upon whom a flood of light pours from the city gates. Foremost goes the Patriarch himself, led by an angel who appears to be urging him on", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nBehind him, his weeping wife is pushed forward by another angel with curly brown hair, whose youthful features form a curious contrast to the wrinkled face of the old woman. Last come his daughters, one of whom leads a donkey by its bridle; while the other, a very fine figure, carries on her head a basket of fruit", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nThe Expulsion of Hagar by Abraham at the Hermitage, executed with the same care, is considered to be a companion picture to the painting just described; whilst the beautiful and effective Resurrection of Lazarus in the Berlin Museum, seems also to owe its origin to about the same period.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nThe altar-piece in one of the chapels of the Cathedral of St. Bavon at Ghent also dates either before or soon after the completion of the Medici Gallery. It consists of two pictures placed one above the other. In the upper portion we see St. Bavon in full armour, kneeling before a priest at a church door and renouncing the world to become a monk: below in the chief group we observe the Saint dividing his property among the poor, whilst some beautiful women, looking on, prepare to follow his example", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nIt has been said of this picture that it rather encourages its admirers in love of luxury than in a desire to become disciples of St. Bavon: which is scarcely to be wondered at, in a work by Rubens. But we must nor forget that the entire tendency emanating from the Jesuit order was in the direction of display and external show.", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nWith the year 1625 a period of rich activity throughout which the master was able to live for his art alone comes to a close; and a time in his life commences, during which, according to his own expression, he had to keep one foot continually in the stirrup in the service of sovereigns", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\nIt would seem that in 1623 he for the first time entered into the domain of politics: at least he discusses with a relation, who held a distinguished appointment in Holland, the possibility of inducing the Northern Netherlands to consent to a renewal of the armistice with Spain. There is a passage in a letter dated Oct", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\n13, 1624 from the English Ambassador at Brussels, William Trumball, which shows that influential persons seemed to give great weight to the efforts exercised in that direction by so distinguished and talented a man. It says:", "The Rubens Gallery at Antwerp.\n\"First of all I would wish to mention a secret armistice and peace transaction, directed by Peter Paul Rubens, the celebrated painter, between the United Provinces and those which still belong to the dominions of the King of Spain. A proof which, according to my modest opinion, shows that they (the Spaniards), in spite of their trying to get Breda (a fort most obstinately defended by the Dutch), are thoroughly tired of the war, and would be content to lay down their arms ."]

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https://boxtoboxfootball.uk/yordan-letchkov-the-unfulfilled-career-of-a-world-cup-legend/

Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend

["Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nYordan Letchkov - The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nSteve Webb\nStars, stripes and Stetsons, stellar stadiums soaked in sunshine and soccer played in searing heat. Welcome to the USA and the 1994 World Cup.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nIt was the tournament of Diego Maradona\u2019s wild eyed jubilation and Diego Maradona\u2019s drugs ban humiliation. It was the tournament of Brazilian swinging cradle goal celebrations, of Roberto Baggio\u2019s divine ponytail, and of the tragedy of Andr\u00e9s Escobar. It was also a tournament marked by those absent as much as those taking part. England, so unfortunate to lose their semi-final in 1990, had failed to qualify. Wales missed a penalty to miss out", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nAlthough the Republic qualified, Northern Ireland did not, and Scotland ended a long run of appearances by failing too. Denmark, the champions of Europe, and previous World Cup Winners Uruguay both fell short, and France, set to host the \u201998 World Cup, were denied a place at the expense of the unheralded Bulgaria.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nBulgaria, veterans of 16 World Cup Finals matches and 16 defeats, were rewarded with a place in group D, alongside Greece, African Cup of Nations winners, Nigeria, and 1986 winners, 1990 runners up, Argentina.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nTheir first game didn\u2019t bring sweat to the brow of a single bookmaker, as Nigeria yawned to a 3 \u2013 0 victory. But, in their second game, Greece were wafted aside on a scalding afternoon in Chicago\u2019s Soldier Field. At long last, the goal shy Bulgars broke their World Cup duck and hammered four past the Greeks, with the pick of the bunch coming from a midfielder with a medieval monk\u2019s haircut and an island of follicles clinging on for dear life above his forehead. His name was Yordan Letchkov.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nThe Bulgarians had arrived at the 1994 World Cup as rank outsiders with a single golden nugget in their dirt pile. Hristo Stoichkov was dark haired, handsome and brooding, like a Black Sea James Bond. A glittering star among the glittering stars of Johan Cruyff\u2019s Barcelona. At the Nou Camp, Stoichkov was El Pistolero \u2013 the gunslinger \u2013 romanticised and deadly. If he was the quick draw marksman then Letchkov was the steam boat card sharp, a flawless technician of the now you see it, now you don\u2019t.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nThe defeat of Greece was seismic news back in the homeland, but the rest of the world reacted with patronising indifference. Jolly well done you, but it\u2019s Argentina next and an early flight to Sofia, I\u2019m afraid. But Bulgaria weren\u2019t listening and instead recorded their second ever win by defeating the Diego deprived Argentinians.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nInto the knockout stages for the very first time, Letchkov and the boys had exceeded all expectations, perhaps even their own. Next up, the Mexicans were sent home via a penalty shootout, with Letchkov wheeling away after tucking the decisive kick high to the keepers left. Suddenly, characters like Letchkov, Borislav Mikhailov, the wig wearing goalkeeper, and the sadly departed \u201cwolfman\u201d Trifon Ivanov, were becoming world famous names.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nThe quarter finals paired Bulgaria with a unified Germany. Although this was their first World Cup as a single nation, the West Germans had reached four of the last five finals, winning two of them, including 1990. A little statistic that made them reigning world champions. V\u00f6ller, Matth\u00e4us, Klinsmann and Brehme versus Letchkov, Stoichkov, Ivanov, the minnows didn\u2019t have a prayer", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nAnd so it seemed as under the peerless blue midday skies of the Giants Stadium, Lothar Matth\u00e4us crashed home a penalty kick, conceded by Letchkov, just minutes into the second half.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nBut half an hour later Hristo Stoichkov stood hands on hips, his chest heaving rhythmically beneath his fire engine red shirt, eyes on the German defensive wall, ears alert for a whistle from the referee. When it came he curled a 25 yard freekick with his left foot, up and over the Germans and into their net. Amid a loud surge of renewed belief, it was just 180 seconds later that the gods of football bestowed immortality on the shining head of Yordan Letchkov.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nEnthusiastic Bulgarian drums beat in the crowd, a dark shadow was beginning to creep onto the edge of the sunbaked playing surface. A cross was swung in from the right and with an immaculately timed run, Letchkov stole in front of wee Thomas H\u00e4ssler to power a brilliant, unstoppable diving header, high into the top corner. Germanic dreams lay slaughtered at the feet of a man who plied his trade in the Bundesliga.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nThe semi finals were a step too far for the world\u2019s newly adopted second team, banging into a stubborn Italian defence and finished off by a sublime virtuoso performance from Roberto Baggio. But Sofia was coiled, ready to erupt in a cheering, flag waving, horn honking homecoming like no other.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nIt was an experience none of the players could ever forget, but there comes a time when silence reclaims the city streets, cats slink between paper cups and confetti, and tired streamers occasionally try to dance once more, encouraged by a breeze in a lonely doorway", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nAnd so it came to pass that at opposite ends of a continent, Hristo Stoichkov breathed on his new Balon d\u2019Or and gave it a polish with a tanned forearm, and way to the north Yordan Letchkov continued to battle through hard-nosed winters with SV Hamburg.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nGiven the talents of the man they called the Magician, the question is why? Where were the European elite in the pursuit of the bald Bulgarian?", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nAfter the 1994 World Cup, Inter Milan did come calling, but, as Letchkov and his agent were negotiating with I Nerazzurri, a waiter brought the wrong starter to their table and Letchkov responded angrily by pelting the man with breadsticks. The Italian giants were horrified and that is a perfect demonstration as to why he remained in mid table Bundesliga nothingness, because Yordan Letchkov was not an easy man to deal with.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nIt was 1996 before he was finally able to call time on what was, in retrospect, the most stable period of his club career. Bulgaria had qualified for the finals of the European Championships for the first time, and before the squad travelled to England, Letchkov put pen to paper with Olympique Marseille.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nCompletely shorn of any element of surprise, Bulgaria survived for 3 matches at Euro 96 before France exacted their revenge and kicked them out of Angleterre. It may have been brief, but once again, when wearing the colours of his country, Letchkov\u2019s quick feet mesmerised the world; his performance against France alone caused many a Marseille fan to salivate. But it was an entirely different Yordan Letchkov who arrived at the Stade V\u00e9lodrome later that summer", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nBe\u015fikta\u015f were led by the famously no-nonsense John Toshack, so why he thought Letchkov would be a good fit for his style, or why the Magician thought he could work with the Welshman is something of a mystery. Of course, they immediately began to squabble until just six-months into their love-hate affair, Letchkov returned late from a sanctioned break in Bulgaria. The club fined the player and so the player stamped his foot, folded his arms and refused to play for the club", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nAnd he had, right through that time he trained with a professional side, and he stayed retired when he turned out for Bulgaria in a friendly with Argentina. \u2018Gotcha\u2019 screamed half of Istanbul. Aha! said Letchkov, but it was just a friendly. Actually, said FIFA, you\u2019re nicked, and ruled that the Bulgarian couldn\u2019t play for anyone without a kiss and make up with Be\u015fikta\u015f. As Toshack refused to ever lay eyes on Letchkov again, it was an effective ban that put him out of the 1998 World Cup.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nThat may have been the end of our little tale if it were about any less a figure than Yordan Letchkov. After a final (and legitimate) fling with CSKA Sofia and then as player-manager with his home town club, he embarked upon a career as a luxury hotel owning businessman before deciding that his prickly personality was perfect for politics. In 2003 he was elected Mayor of Sliven, that old home town of his, and successfully reelected in 2007.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nIn Sliven, Letchkov was the local boy done good. A demi-god, a hero held in such lofty esteem that it was only those with a real talent for implosion who could possibly fail, and so, in April 2010 he was stripped of the mayorship and charged with official misconduct, reinstated in June and finally stuffed out of sight in the elections of 2011.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nYordan Letchkov had successfully turned undiluted love and affection into spit in the street derision. As well as fiddling his taxes, Letchkov managed to get himself wanted by his own police force when he was pulled over for a traffic violation. Choosing the \u2018don\u2019t you know who I am?\u2019 defence, he chucked his documents in the officer\u2019s face and sped off. But the act that finally had his townsfolk voting against him in their droves, was one of pure corruption.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nThe good people of Sliven had to live with broken, dug up boulevards, pockmarked with huge, suspension busting pot-holes, for nearly two whole years. The reason was a lawsuit shrouded in complexity and controversy, between the water supply company and Letchkov\u2019s city council. So what", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\n? you\u2019re thinking, these things happen. But what if the mayor owns luxury hotels in the same town, with expansive, blemish free roads leading to each, complete with lush gardens, wide pavements and street lamps. It was that kind of blatant misconduct that ultimately saw the ex-mayor served with a three year suspended prison sentence.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nDespite his very best efforts to destroy any sort of legacy, today Yordan Letchkov is still revered in Bulgaria as the scorer of \u201cthe historic goal,\u201d and as recently as 2019 he was wrapping himself in warm, familiar controversy, when, as vice president of the Bulgarian Football Union, he happily plunged straight into the argument about racist chanting during a Euro qualifier with England", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nThe man is a magnet for a good dispute, but with a shrug of his thin face, controversy seems to slip from his shiny, bald head, as if he just couldn\u2019t care. After all, it\u2019s the same shiny, bald head that once destroyed the German nation.", "Yordan Letchkov: The unfulfilled career of a World Cup legend\nTags: 1994 World Cup, Bulgaria, USA 94, Yordan Letchkov\nSteve Webb\tWriter\nA lifelong sufferer of Peterborough United who was once knocked backwards off a wall by Dennis Tueart's arse.\nDevoted to Saprissa\nThe Saint \u2013 Liverpool\u2019s hero of 1965\nBadge of the Week: Hibernian F.C.\nBadge of the Week: Dunedin Technical AFC\nBadge of the Week: Banbury United FC by Oliver Marsh\nUnsung Heroes: Matt Crocker by Charlie Carmichael"]

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[6695, 7284, 0.0], [7284, 7776, 0.0], [7776, 8221, 0.0], [8221, 8567, 0.0], [8567, 9030, 0.0], [9030, 9650, 0.0], [9650, 10280, 0.0], [10280, 10336, 0.0], [10336, 10354, 0.0], [10354, 10464, 0.0], [10464, 10484, 0.0], [10484, 10521, 0.0], [10521, 10555, 0.0], [10555, 10596, 0.0], [10596, 10649, 0.0], [10649, 10698, 0.0]], \"rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction\": [[0, 63, 0.07936508], [63, 74, 0.18181818], [74, 217, 0.05594406], [217, 980, 0.03800786], [980, 1190, 0.05238095], [1190, 1686, 0.03024194], [1686, 2188, 0.0438247], [2188, 2520, 0.03012048], [2520, 2960, 0.025], [2960, 3526, 0.03886926], [3526, 3991, 0.01935484], [3991, 4408, 0.01918465], [4408, 4703, 0.02033898], [4703, 5225, 0.0210728], [5225, 5369, 0.03472222], [5369, 5797, 0.03271028], [5797, 6103, 0.02614379], [6103, 6695, 0.02702703], [6695, 7284, 0.02207131], [7284, 7776, 0.03861789], [7776, 8221, 0.02696629], [8221, 8567, 0.01734104], [8567, 9030, 0.01511879], [9030, 9650, 0.01129032], [9650, 10280, 0.01904762], 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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/01/holy-martyrs-eugenios-valerian-candidus.html

Holy Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond

["Holy Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond\nHoly Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond\nSts. Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila\nEugenios and his three fellow athletes with him,\nDue to their nobility of soul are beheaded by the sword.", "Holy Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond\nThese Saints suffered martyrdom during the reign of Diocletian (284-305) and Maximian (286-305), when Lysias was military commander (doukas). Due to the bloody and cruel persecution launched against the Christians, many of the faithful fled to the mountains of Trebizond in Pontus, among whom were these four Saints", "Holy Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond\nThree of them - Valerian, Candidus and Aquila - were captured by soldiers of Lysias, and having confessed Christ as the true God, they were banished to a narrow fortress named Pityous, which was in Lazika. From there they were brought to Trebizond and stood before Lysias. It was ordered by him that they be flogged with the sinews of oxen. After this they were suspended and torn at with iron claws, then their wounds were burned with lit torches", "Holy Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond\nAs the executioners were inflicting these torments, they became exhausted and fell to the ground prostrate, which agitated Lysias, and he ordered the Saints be thrown into prison.", "Holy Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond\nA few days later Saint Eugenios was captured, and having confessed Christ, he was thrashed without mercy. After this he went with Lysias to the temple of the idols, and after uttering a prayer, the idols of the temple fell to the ground, and they shattered to dust. They then stretched him out and bound him with ropes, and he was beaten with thick rods. After this he was suspended and cruelly torn at with iron claws, and burned with lit torches", "Holy Martyrs Eugenios, Valerian, Candidus and Aquila of Trebizond\nFollowing this they rubbed his wounds with salt and pungent vinegar. After all these things the four Saints were cast into a lit furnace, and having emerged unharmed, they were beheaded, and the blessed ones received the crown of martyrdom."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://abc7chicago.com/faramarz-bakhshi-michelle-manalansan-pilsen-murder-air-mattress-body/471611/

California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress

["California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress\nMan arrested nearly 2 years after woman's body found in air mattress\nFaramarz Bakhshi (Chicago Police Dept.)\nCHICAGO (WLS) -- A California man who police say killed a woman in Pilsen and stuffed her body in an air mattress is in jail.\nProsecutors say in February of 2013 Faramarz Bakhshi, now 23, hit Michelle Manalansan, 29, in the head at Bakhshi's former apartment near Cullerton and Loomis.\nShortly after, Bakhshi moved to California.", "California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress\nHis ex-roommate later found Manalansan's decomposing body stuffed inside an air mattress on March 17, 2013.\nOn Saturday, Cook County Judge Adam Bourgeois ordered him held without bond.\nManalansan, a Harold Washington College student who was last seen wearing a pink jogging suit, had been missing since Feb. 9, 2013, police said.", "California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress\nDuring the couple's struggle, a downstairs neighbor complained of hearing \"the sounds of running, and then a slamming on the ground, running and then a slamming on the ground,\" Assistant State's Attorney Robert Mack said at the bond hearing.\nMack referred to Bakhshi's behavior as \"exceptionally brutal and heinous.\"", "California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress\nTwo days after the homicide, a cleaning company went to Manalansan's apartment in the 300 block of East South Water Street about 8 a.m., but Bakhshi would only crack the door open and would not let them inside, authorities said.\nAbout 8:30 p.m. that same day, someone saw Bakhshi leave Manalansan's building with her dog, prosecutors said. He eventually dropped the dog off with his sister.", "California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress\nBakhshi's sister then purchased a train ticket for her brother, so he could travel from Chicago to California on Feb. 15, 2013, to live with his mother, prosecutors said. Bakhshi had told his mother that Manalansan had died of an overdose.\nBut before he left for the west coast, prosecutors allege that Bakhshi's roommate saw him sleeping on an air mattress in the living room with a patterned blanket.", "California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress\nBy March 17, 2013, Bakhshi's roommate started to clean Bakhshi's room, \"because he couldn't stand the smell any longer\" and that's when he discovered Manalansan's decomposed body stuffed into the air mattress and wrapped in the patterned blanket, Mack said.\nProsecutors said an autopsy found Manalansan died of blunt head trauma and that her death was ruled a homicide. Her toxicology report was negative.", "California man arrested in Pilsen murder from 2013; victim's body found in air mattress\nMonths after her death, Bakhshi shared a post on Facebook that said, \"It's only murder if they find the body; otherwise it's a missing person. Just a thought...\"\nBakhshi, a graduate Loyola Academy who attended more than two years at the University of Chicago, was previously convicted for two separate burglaries in California in 2014 and 2011, Mack said. He was also convicted of possession of a controlled substance in California.\npilsenmurder"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.by/books?id=26ADAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:HARVARD32044025025545&output=html_text&lr=&vq=%22will+%3B+Whose+armour+is+his+honest+thought,+And+simple+truth+his+utmost+skill.%22&source=gbs_quotes

Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart

["Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nLessons for writing from dictation\nBy William Ewart\nWRITING FROM DICTATION,\nADAPTED TO THE USE OF CHILDREN IN\nVILLAGE SCHOOLS.\nWILLIAM EWART, M.A.\nCURATE OF PIMPERNE, DORSET.\nW. W. ROBINSON, 69, FLEET STREET.\nM.DCCC.XLIX.", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nThe practice of teaching children to write upon slates from dictation, is one which will be found advantageous in many respects. It is one of which they become themselves, generally speaking, extremely fond; and forms a pleasant relief from the reading an\u0111 spelling lessons in which the greater part of the hours spent in school are usually employed.", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nThe lessons contained in this book were originally compiled for a village school of seventy or eighty children; and, having been found to answer the purpose for which they were intended, are now published, in the hope that they may be of use to persons engaged in the work of education. The First Part is adapted to children from five to seven or eight years", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nage, so soon as they have learned to form the letters, and copy single words and short sentences from the black board. The Second and Third Part will be found useful for those who have made some progress in reading, and can spell words of two or three syllables with ease. The Lessons contained in the Fourth and Fifth Parts may be used for those of ten or eleven years old, who may", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nsupposed to be gaining an elementary knowledge of Geography, English History, and Grammar. The Lessons in the two first parts may be also used as easy exercises in parsing, by\nthe elder children. Those in the Fifth Part", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nbe committed to memory, after having been written out. The great object in view has been, to make the Lessons as simple as possible; and to take care that the information given, without being too far removed from the comprehension of the children, might supply them with something to think of and talk about afterwards at home.", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nThe great difficulty in a school of more than forty or fifty children is, no doubt, the employment of the younger ones while the teacher is engaged with the elder class. The practice of writing from dictation is one in which a large number of the scholars may be quietly and industriously employed, while a lesson is being gone through with one class alone", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nFor this purpose, those in the first class, who may read best, should be employed to dictate in turn to the lower classes, so that they themselves may lose as little as possible of the instruction given in their own part of the school. (1.) The children being seated, the passage they are about to write should be read out to them slowly and distinctly. It should then be read a second time, word by word, very slowly, as it is being written; words of more than one syllable being properly divided", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nIt should then be read over a third time, and a fourth, or fifth if necessary; but no child should be allowed to ask another, \u201cHow is that spelled ?\" or,", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\n\" What word comes next to that?\" as this only leads to endless disorder and inattention. (2.) The whole lesson having been thus read and written down, the class should stand, and receive instruction in the punctuation of it. (3.) They should then read the whole lesson, sentence by sentence. (4.) The class should then sit in perfect silence, and the teacher, calling the children to him one by one, should examine and point out the mistakes in each slate, separately", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nThe class should then (5.) stand, and, the slates being put down, be examined in the subjectmatter and spelling of the lesson. To this may be added, in the higher classes, a grammar lesson; and, after a time, the children should be accustomed to insert the stops themselves. It will also be found a useful exercise to have the slates cleaned, and let the children write afresh, from memory, what they retain of the lesson.", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nIt is believed that this exercise will be found of great service in teaching children to spell correctly. It requires closer attention, on their part, than a simple reading lesson does, in which one child reads and the rest listen until their turn arrives. Thus it produces a habit of quiet and close application, as well, or better than can be gained in any other way", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nThe formation of habits of this sort is, in fact, the real object and true gain of education, and not the amount of information given to the learner. The practice here recommended teaches children to pay attention to every letter, syllable, and stop in the lesson; and a child may be shewn what nonsense it has made of a sentence by a trifling omission, when such an omission is pointed out on the slate", "Writing From Dictation, Adapted to the Use of Children in Village Schools by William Ewart\nEven in good schools, one occasionally hears the Church Catechism said through with the omission of many of the monosyllable words; by which careless habit the children come at last to go through all their lessons in a slovenly and negligent manner. It is in attention to these and other particulars, that real benefit is derived at school; and the care of the teacher shews itself more in this, perhaps, than in any other way."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://ksfa860.com/world-renowned-physicist-author-stephen-hawking-dead-at-76/

World Renowned Physicist, Author Stephen Hawking Dead at 76

["World Renowned Physicist, Author Stephen Hawking Dead at 76\nWorld Renowned Physicist, Author Stephen Hawking Dead at 76\nRob Carroll Published: March 14, 2018\nPhysicist and best-selling author Stephen Hawking, 76, died earlier today at his home in Cambridge, England according to the New York Times.\nThe University of Cambridge, where Hawking was a physicist, confirmed his death on its website.", "World Renowned Physicist, Author Stephen Hawking Dead at 76\n\"Professor Hawking was a unique individual who will be remembered with warmth and affection not only in Cambridge but all over the world,\" Stephen Toope, vice -chancellor of the University of Cambridge, said in a statement.\nHawking grew up in London and attended Cambridge as a teenager. He was later diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS, that left him almost completely paralyzed.\nAccording to the BBC, Hawking doctors gave Hawking \"no more than two or three years\" to live in 1964.", "World Renowned Physicist, Author Stephen Hawking Dead at 76\nHawking went on to publish best-selling books including A Brief History Of Time in 1988, which sold more than 10 million copies. The BBC described it as \"a layman's guide to cosmology.\"\nA retrospective of the book's publishing recently shared by The Guardian described it as \"the quest for the holy grail of science - one theory that could unite two separate fields that worked individually but wholly independent of each other.\"", "World Renowned Physicist, Author Stephen Hawking Dead at 76\nHawking's marriage to his first wife, Jane Hawking, was detailed in the 2014 movie The Theory of Everything. Eddie Redmayne won best actor honors at the Oscars for his portrayal of Hawking in the movie.\n\"We have lost a truly beautiful mind,\" Redmayne said in a statement to Mashable following news of Hawking's death.\nThe cause of Hawking's death has not been released."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.cadenacollective.com/products/colibri-mexican-leather-passport-holder

Colibrí Mexican Leather Passport Holder

["Colibr\u00ed Mexican Leather Passport Holder\nHummingbirds are the smallest birds in the world and are unique to the American continent. They constitute the second largest family of birds due to all the species that exist. Mayan legend has it that when they created the Earth, the gods gave each animal a purpose and mission, but realized that they had not assigned the important task of carrying wishes and thoughts from one place to another. So they took a jade stone and carved a tiny arrow, blew it and it flew out, thus the hummingbird was born", "Colibr\u00ed Mexican Leather Passport Holder\nThe result of the divine breath was light and fragile animal, but fast, with wings that reflected all colors when bathed in the rays of the sun. The men, in love with the bird, tried to catch it to adorn themselves with its beautiful feathers, but the gods were angry and ordered that they would be punished. That is why no one has ever seen a hummingbird in a cage or in the hand of a man.", "Colibr\u00ed Mexican Leather Passport Holder\nHummingbird-inspired print card holder. With a single compartment for several cards with interior in bougainvillea suede. A design that will fill your days with life and color.\nCare: Clean with a damp white cloth and dermatological quality soap. It is important to keep the bag in its dust container and keep it in a dry place."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.holybible.or.kr/B_NASB/cgi/bibleftxt.php?VR=NASB&VL=26&CN=1&CV=99

Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord

["Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nEzekiel 1\uc7a5 [NASB]\nNow it came about in the thirtieth year, on the fifth day of the fourth month, while I was by the river Chebar among the exiles, the heavens were opened and I saw visions of God.\n(On the fifth of the month in the fifth year of King Jehoiachin's exile,\nthe word of the LORD came expressly to Ezekiel the priest, son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and there the hand of the LORD came upon him.)", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nAs I looked, behold, a storm wind was coming from the north, a great cloud with fire flashing forth continually and a bright light around it, and in its midst something like glowing metal in the midst of the fire.\nWithin it there were figures resembling four living beings And this was their appearance: they had human form.\nEach of them had four faces and four wings.\nTheir legs were straight and their feet were like a calf's hoof, and they gleamed like burnished bronze.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nUnder their wings on their four sides were human hands. As for the faces and wings of the four of them,\ntheir wings touched one another; their faces did not turn when they moved, each went straight forward.\nAs for the form of their faces, each had the face of a man; all four had the face of a lion on the right and the face of a bull on the left, and all four had the face of an eagle.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nSuch were their faces. Their wings were spread out above; each had two touching another being, and two covering their bodies.\nAnd each went straight forward; wherever the spirit was about to go, they would go, without turning as they went.\nIn the midst of the living beings there was something that looked like burning coals of fire, like torches darting back and forth among the living beings. The fire was bright, and lightning was flashing from the fire.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nAnd the living beings ran to and fro like bolts of lightning.\nNow as I looked at the living beings, behold, there was one wheel on the earth beside the living beings, for each of the four of them.\nThe appearance of the wheels and their workmanship was like sparkling beryl, and all four of them had the same form, their appearance and workmanship being as if one wheel were within another.\nWhenever they moved, they moved in any of their four directions without turning as they moved.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nAs for their rims they were lofty and awesome, and the rims of all four of them were full of eyes round about.\nWhenever the living beings moved, the wheels moved with them And whenever the living beings rose from the earth, the wheels rose also.\nWherever the spirit was about to go, they would go in that direction. And the wheels rose close beside them; for the spirit of the living beings was in the wheels.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nWhenever those went, these went; and whenever those stood still, these stood still. And whenever those rose from the earth, the wheels rose close beside them; for the spirit of the living beings was in the wheels.\nNow over the heads of the living beings there was something like an expanse, like the awesome gleam of crystal, spread out over their heads.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nUnder the expanse their wings were stretched out straight, one toward the other; each one also had two wings covering its body on the one side and on the other.\nI also heard the sound of their wings like the sound of abundant waters as they went, like the voice of the Almighty, a sound of tumult like the sound of an army camp; whenever they stood still, they dropped their wings.\nAnd there came a voice from above the expanse that was over their heads; whenever they stood still, they dropped their wings.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nNow above the expanse that was over their heads there was something resembling a throne, like lapis lazuli in appearance; and on that which resembled a throne, high up, was a figure with the appearance of a man.\nThen I noticed from the appearance of His loins and upward something like glowing metal that looked like fire all around within it, and from the appearance of His loins and downward I saw something like fire; and there was a radiance around Him.", "Ezekiel 1: The Vision of the Glory of the Lord\nAs the appearance of the rainbow in the clouds on a rainy day, so was the appearance of the surrounding radiance Such was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD And when I saw it, I fell on my face and heard a voice speaking."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.covnews.com/news/vacation-in-covington/

Vacation in Covington

["Vacation in Covington\nVacation in Covington\nFlorida man fondly recalls 2010 trip\nFor at least one resident of Orlando, Fla., and his family, there is someplace even more magical than Magic Kingdom itself: Covington, Georgia. Move over, Disney World. Covington has a lot to offer as well\u2026at least if one is a fan of any of the TV shows and movies that have filmed in this area.", "Vacation in Covington\nIn 2010, Henry Esposito, along with his sister Dorothy and two nieces (then 17 and 19) packed up the car and headed to Covington. Their mission was to explore filming sites from the top-rated TV show \"In the Heat of the Night,\" which filmed here from the late 1980s until the mid \u201990s.", "Vacation in Covington\nWith the family dog in tow, the group had a list of destinations including the Sparta Police Station, the Magnolia Caf\u00e9, the home that belonged to Detective Virgil Tibbs, Sparta High School and the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Conyers (which served as a location filming site in various episodes).", "Vacation in Covington\nThe family also planned to drive down backroads, hoping to stumble upon other locations that had been used in the series. It was a happy adventure for the family whose only disappointment was that Esposito\u2019s wife could not join them due to her having given birth to a baby boy before the trip.\n\"I was already familiar with Conyers,\" said Esposito. \"I am Catholic and had been there several years before to see the apparitions of The Virgin Mary (which made national news) at the home of Kathy Fowler.\"", "Vacation in Covington\nHe said he had no idea Covington was the location for \"Heat\" filming when he visited Conyers on several trips between 1993 and 1994.\nHad he known, he said, he would have been able to visit Covington as well and witness some of the filming.\nInstead, he found out in 2010 while doing an Internet search for the filming locations of \"Heat.\"\nWhen he saw it was Covington, just a few exits from Conyers, he nearly jumped out of his chair.\n\"I thought, \u2018Oh, my gosh, we were right there,\u2019 and I had no idea,\" he said.", "Vacation in Covington\nIt was at that point that he decided to visit Covington even though the filming had ended years ago.\nHe said he chose to stay at the Best Western Motel because it, too, had served as a filming location on the TV show.\n\"It was called White Columns Inn on the show,\" he said. \"I\u2019ll never forget pulling into town that first night because I could see the courthouse illuminated from the road.\"", "Vacation in Covington\nEsposito said the sight was almost intoxicating, because the courthouse looked exactly like it had on the TV series. The family arrived on a Friday night and stayed through the following Wednesday, walking around the downtown area and driving the backroads.\nThey also made a few visits to Conyers for meals and shopping.\n\"Covington is beautiful,\" he said. \"I couldn\u2019t believe how pretty it was.\"", "Vacation in Covington\nHe referred to Covington as a \"piece of history\" and said it was apparent why filming companies would choose it for location shooting. He said what struck him as a bit odd was the fact \"In the Heat of the Night\" portrayed Covington as simply \"Sparta, Mississippi,\" showing only the places needed for the storylines of specific episodes.\nHe said it struck his funnybone that there were actually fast food restaurants, strip malls and a Walmart. He had been expecting a much smaller atmosphere.", "Vacation in Covington\n\"I thought it was going to be a little town with mom and pop stores,\" he said. \"But it turned out to have all that plus more.\"\nEsposito said Covington was a modern and nice community mixed with lots of history.\nHe chuckled, saying that he had not even expected to see a big grocery store.\nFor at least three days of the visit, the Espositos walked around Covington and stopped to visit the more popular filming sites from the show.", "Vacation in Covington\nHe said the man who owned the building used as \"The Magnolia Caf\u00e9\" was in real estate and spent a great deal of time talking to the family about how crew members would cover the signs of local businesses and add new signs while filming.\nThe \"home\" (actually an older home renovated into business offices) located across the street from the First Methodist Church, owned by the TV show\u2019s Detective Tibbs, was for sale at the time.", "Vacation in Covington\nEsposito was able to sit on the front porch and have his photograph taken with his Pomeranian. The Espositos also liked the statue on the square and were photographed in front of that as well.\n\"I had no idea any of the stores on the square sold any \u2018Heat\u2019 memorabilia,\" he said. \"But I do have Carroll O\u2019Connor\u2019s badges from the show.\"", "Vacation in Covington\nEsposito said he bought those from one of the men who worked in the props department on the show, whom he had contacted via the Internet after seeing his name in an online article. The two exchanged a few emails, and then Esposito asked if he could purchase any of the badges. The props guy happily obliged.\nEsposito was always a huge fan of \"In the Heat of the Night\" and is now a huge fan of Covington itself. After he returned to Orlando, he started a Facebook page called \"In the Heat of the Night Fans.\"", "Vacation in Covington\nIt currently has about 350 members, and it is open to anyone who would like to join. The page contains tons of pictures of Covington, the filming, along with stories and tidbits of information members want to share with other fans.\n\"I wish more people knew about Covington,\" said Esposito. \"They ought to advertise it more, because it is a wonderful place.\""]

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\"rps_doc_openwebtext_importance\": [[0, 5299, 201.09573134]], \"rps_doc_wikipedia_importance\": [[0, 5299, 18.87410926]], \"rps_doc_num_sentences\": [[0, 5299, 49.0]]}"}

RedPajama-Data-V2

https://chem.au.dk/en/the-department/news-and-events/single/artikel/commemorative-words-professor-emeritus-henning-lund/

Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund

["Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nDepartment of Chemistry The department News and events Single\nStaff Department of Chemistry Public / media\nCommemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nCommemorative words by Head of Department Birgit Schi\u00f8tt.\n[Translate to English:] Professor emeritus Henning Lund p\u00e5 sit kontor\n17 September 2021 by Jakob Laust Hviid\nProfessor Emeritus Henning Lund passed away on 14 September 2021 at the age of 91.", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nHenning represented the DNA of Aarhus University like no other. He literally grew up at the University, as his father, Hakon Lund, was among the university's founders and had a professor's residence in the University Park. Henning was born on 15 September 1929 in Copenhagen, and he graduated from the Polytechnic School (now DTU) in Copenhagen in 1952", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nImmediately afterwards, he was employed at L\u00f8vens Kemiske Fabrik in Copenhagen, where he was fascinated by the possibilities of electrochemical redox chemistry of organic compounds. The interest led to a study visit at Harvard University (1954-1955), where Henning's very international orientation was founded. Back at L\u00f8vens Kemiske Fabrik, the electrochemical method was further developed as described in his doctoral dissertation from 1961", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nIn 1960, Henning was employed at the Department of Chemistry in the section of organic chemistry, and he was one of the founders of the chemistry education programme at Aarhus University. In 1999, Henning retired, but he visited the department regularly as an emeritus until his death.", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nHenning was a pioneer in organic electrochemistry, and his many books are classics that have been, and still are, used by chemists around the world. In Northern Europe, he was the professional and personal meeting point for all organic electrochemists, as he arranged countless meetings at Sandbjerg Estate, where young people as well as more experienced in the field were bound together across national borders", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nIn a lifetime, he defined nationally and internationally a field which, at the moment, sees a great flourishing and rediscovery, in connection with, among other things, the green transition. Henning possessed a unique chemical knowledge, which many colleagues diligently used, and no one could make substances crystallize in an almost magical way like him. Of awards, Henning received both the Bjerrum Gold Medal in 1969 and the M.M Baizer Award in 1996.", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nFor more than 60 years, Henning has worked at the department, and his international pioneering spirit has benefited many students, as he as manager of the Hakon Lund Foundation has provided financial support for chemistry students' study trips abroad. Henning was so passionate about chemistry, and the Lund family represents a monumental cornerstone in Danish research today", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nHenning's son, Torben, keeps the family tradition alive at Roskilde University, and at the Department of Chemistry we have named one of our teaching laboratories after Henning and Hakon Lund; Lund Laboratory. Henning was not a man of many words, but he was warm as few, and he was an incredibly loyal person. He possessed a human indomitability that inspired everyone around him - no snowstorm was strong enough to stop his daily bike ride to the University from his home in Risskov.", "Commemorative words: Professor Emeritus Henning Lund\nHenning will be buried from Risskov Church on Saturday 18/9 at 13.30. Here, the family will be happy to see former colleagues and friends from the department.\nAll honour to his memory.\nHead of Department Birgit Schi\u00f8tt"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-foundation/the-foundation/xxv-aniversary.html

The Prince of Asturias Foundation | XXV Anniversary

["The Prince of Asturias Foundation | XXV Anniversary\n2005 marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Prince of Asturias Awards. To mark the event, UNESCO made a groundbreaking declaration acknowledging \"the outstanding contribution of the Prince of Asturias Awards to Mankind's cultural heritage.\" It also lent its support to Award anniversary events intended to make Asturias the \"World Cultural Capital\" over the anniversary period", "The Prince of Asturias Foundation | XXV Anniversary\nThese celebrations, which also received the official backing of the governments of both Spain and the Principality of Asturias, have been organised by the Foundation throughout 2006, when some of the Prince of Asturias Laureates in the different categories - people who constitute what has been called \"Mankind's Roll of Honour\" - have paid return visits to Asturias.", "The Prince of Asturias Foundation | XXV Anniversary\nEvents organised by the Foundation extended till the end of 2006, during which time some of the outstanding Prince of Asturias Award Laureates in its different categories - people and organisations that constitute what has been dubbed \"Mankind's Roll of Honour\" - paid return visits to Asturias.\nAwards regulations\nSpeeches by His Majesty\nAudiovisual gallery"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.carsandracingstuff.com/library/articles/10239.php

Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors

["Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nDuring the road racing season of 1910 no lass than 106 different drivers took part in twenty-one contests, and of these only eighteen were winners. This roll of honor includes Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel, with two each, and Dawson, Aitken, Bruce-Brown, Dave Buck, Bill Endicott, Grant, Fancher, Geinaw, Gellard, Herrick, Hearne, Knipper, Livingstone, McKeague, and Pdula, with one each", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nBesides Chevrolet, de Palma, Hanshue, and Robertson, the list of also-rans includes Fleming, Harroun, Nazzaro, Oldfield and Wagner, men you usually look upon as winners when they come to the tape.", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nMulford did not win his title as champion driver of the year without competition. Indeed it was possible that Joe Dawson ought to be given a higher ranking than the one with which he is credited. Dawson's work was gilt-edged throughout the season, and had he been in a bigger car, Mulford would have had to look to his laurels", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nIn most of the events in which Dawson participated he was forced to go out of his class, and yet he managed to run second to Grant in the Vanderbilt in his little Marmon, beaten only by a matter of 25 seconds. The difference between Mulford and Dawson is best explained by the fact that where Mulford in most cases was able to run well within the powers of his car, Dawson had to open his throttle to its limit and travel all out in order to hold his own in the fast company in which he was traveling", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nThe Indianapolis lad, who was one of the speedway stars of the season, undoubtedly is one of the greatest of American drivers and one whose work should be closely watched in the future.", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nTetzlaff, who is entitled to a high ranking, is an unknown quantity. While he won two races in California in record time, still it must be admitted that the competition he had on the Pacific Coast was not of the class against which Dawson and Mulford competed. Outside of Bert Dingley there wasn't a driver at Los Angeles who ever before had been heard of in other sections of the country", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nWhile due credit should be given Tetzlaff for his grand work, it is the opinion of the critics that he hardly is entitled to very high ranking among the other drivers as yet. David Bruce-Brown, winner of the Grand Prix, is a youngster of great promise. He drove only twice in 1910, but his work at Savannah, when he followed out a carefully planned schedule, shows that he is to be reckoned with hereafter.", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nHarry Grant should well be satisfied with his one victory, for the Vanderbilt win represents the ambition of Grant's life-to capture the American classic twice, and to do it twice in succession and in the same car. Therefore Grant probably does not feel at all humiliated because of his defeat at Elgin and Savannah, where on both occasions he met with mishaps which put him out of the running early in the fray.", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nTaking the drivers who achieved fame in the small-car races, the past season developed Bill Endicott and Eddie Hearne as pilots of ability. Bill Knipper already had won his spurs, and therefore it is not surprising that he should have won the Tiedeman Cup as easily as he did. Undoubtedly he would have added to his laurels and would have won the Massapequa Cup at the Vanderbilt meet had it not been for an accident which occurred when he had the race well in hand.", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nAl Livingstone should not be forgotten in reviewing the work of the pilots of 1910, for the death of this rising star at Atlanta undoubtedly robbed the racing world of a driver who was rapidly climbing to the top. Indeed, it is a question if Livingstone should not be ranked third to Mulford and Dawson for the season. He won the Illinois Cup at Elgin, and performed brilliantly the following day, when he was second to Mulford in the Lozier in the Elgin National race itself", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nHe had hard luck in the Vanderbilt, and planned to go to California and participated in the Santa Monica events, where undoubtedly he would have been a big factor becuase of his skill and daring. Also, he probably would have driven at Savannah, where he would have had another chance to add to his fame.", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nRacing in 1910 resulted in the death of more celebrities than in the previous season. Livingstone was not the only one to pay the penalty for his daring, for the mortuary list also contains the names of several other well-known drivers. Tobin De Hymel, a lad of great promise, met death in a track race at San Antonio after he had shown he was in line for great honors in the driving world. De Hymel had driven in the Vanderbilt and in the Fairmont Park races", "Road Racing Season of 1910: Mulford, Tetzlaff and Zengel Share Honors\nIn the latter he had performed most consistently, getting third place, and great things were expected of him in the future. Another to cross the great divide was W. H. Sharp, manufacturer of the Sharp-Arrow, who died as a result of injuries sustained in training for the Grand Prix at Savannah. Tom Kincade of the National team met death on the Indianapolis Speedway."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.politics-prose.com/event/book/pp-live-claire-tomalin-young-hg-wells-benjamin-moser

P&P Live! Claire Tomalin—THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser

["P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nP&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nSaturday, November 6, 2021 - 3:00pm\nClick here to register for the virtual event!\nFrom acclaimed literary biographer Claire Tomalin, a complex and fascinating exploration of the early life of the influential writer and public figure H.G. Wells", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nWells, in 1946, George Orwell remarked, \u201cIf he had stopped writing in 1920 his reputation would stand quite as high as it does: if we knew him only by the books he wrote after that date, we should have rather a low opinion of him.\u201d For though Wells is remembered as the author of such influential books of science fiction as The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, and The War of the Worlds, and as a man whose visions of the future remain unsurpassed, his success as a writer of fiction stopped short in his forties", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nHe remained famous, with an established reputation across England, America, and France, but, remarkably, never again equaled his early writing achievements.", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nIn The Young H.G. Wells, Claire Tomalin brings to life the early years of H.G. Wells, and traces his formation as a writer of extraordinary originality and ambition. Born in 1866, the son of a gardener and a housekeeper, Wells faced poverty and ill health from a young age. At 12, he was taken out of school, torment for a child with intellectual aspirations. Determined, Wells won scholarships and worked towards science degrees", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nThough he failed his final exams, he was soon writing text books, involving himself in politics, and contributing to newspapers. Still suffering from serious illness, as well as multiple physical breakdowns, Wells understood early on the impulse to escape\u2014through books, art, and his imagination\u2014and he began to make his name by writing short stories. But it wasn\u2019t until the publication of his first novel, The Time Machine, in 1895, that Wells attained the great success he had so longed for", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nUntil the period leading up to the first world war, Wells wrote books at an almost unprecedented speed\u2014about science, mysteries, and prophecies; aliens, planets, and space travel; mermaids, the bottom of the sea, and distant islands. He chronicled social change, and forecasted the future of technology and politics; formed friendships with Winston Churchill, Henry James, and Bernard Shaw, and shaped the minds of the young and old", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nHis most famous works have never been out of print, and his influence is still felt today. In this unforgettable portrait of this complicated man, Tomalin makes clear his early period was crucial in making him into the great writer he became, and that by concentrating on the young Wells, we get the best of his life, and of his work.", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nClaire Tomalin is the author of eight highly acclaimed biographies, including Charles Dickens: A Life and Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self, which won the 2002 Whitbread Book of the Year Award, and a memoir A Life of My Own. She has previously won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Biography, the Hawthornden Prize, the NCR Book Award for Non-Fiction, and the Whitbread First Book Prize. Educated at Cambridge University, she served as literary editor of the New Statesman and The Sunday Times", "P&P Live! Claire Tomalin\u2014THE YOUNG H.G. WELLS - with Benjamin Moser\nBenjamin Moser was born in Houston. He is the author of Why This World: A Biography of Clarice Lispector, a finalist for the National Book Critics\u2019 Circle Award and a New York Times Notable Book of 2009. For his work bringing Clarice Lispector to international prominence, he received Brazil\u2019s first State Prize for Cultural Diplomacy. He won a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2017, and his latest book, Sontag: Her Life and Work, won the Pulitzer Prize.\nPolitics & Prose LIVE!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://books.google.bs/books?id=8WU8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA231&focus=viewport&vq=shot&dq=editions:ISBN0608419478&output=html_text

"The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War"

["The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nsent out a detachment, which burned a bridge and captured a telegraph operator, while with the main column he kept on to Pierceville, burning all the bridges on the road. Near Wiseburgh, he had a skirmish with the home-guards, and at New-Ulsas, a German settlement, his soldiers captured a wagon-load of lager beer, which they carried along to drink by the way", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nThe same night in which the pursuing force encamped at Harrison, with their horses thoroughly jaded out, Morgan's bugles were sounding north of Cincinnati. On his way, he at Miamiville turned over a railroad train, and burned fifty Government wagons", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nOn the afternoon of the 15th, he entered Winchester, and robbed the mail and stole thirty-five thousand dollars' worth of property and fifty horses, while the soldiers tore up all the flags they could find, and tied the fragments to the tails of mules, which they urove, with shcuts and laughter, through the streets.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nMorgan now struck south-east, for the purpose of reaching the Ohio, and crossing into Virginia. The country, was thoroughly aroused, and troops were concentrating from various quarters to head him off and intercept his retreat. Burning the bridge at Jacktown, be kept on to Wheat Ridge, where his force separated-a part going through Mount Olive. Six miles from Jackson, the citizens blockaded the road, which detained him two hours", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nHere and there shooting down a man who showed hostile intentions, and pillaging and destroying like a band of savages, the force pressed forward towards the Ohio. Arriving at Jackson, Morgan sent part of his forces up to Berlin, where three thousand militia were posted, who were quickly scattered by a single shell thrown into their midst", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nAt the little town of Linesville, the home-guards tore up a bridge and blockaded the road, by which Morgan was detained another two hours\u2014\u00e0 great gain to the pursuers, who were straining every nerve to overtake him.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nMORGAN AT BAY.\nIn the meantime, General Judah, with a strong force, was moving up the Ohio from Portsmouth, a town a hundred and fifteen miles above Cincinnati, while gunboats patrolled the stream. It was evident that Morgan would strike for the first fordable place on the river, and try to cross into Virginia, as he was becoming sorely pressed-for, although he could supply fresh horses on the way, his men were getting worn out by their long and rapid march.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nBuffington Island lies about twenty miles below Blennerbassett Island ; between them are a great many shoals, that make crossing comparatively easy. For this point, Morgan now struck, hoping to get across before his pursuers were up, or he was headed off by the force pressing up the river. On Friday night, the 17th, he was at Pomeroy, thirty-five miles below the island, and the next night encamped in Home corn-fields nearly opposite it", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nAt this point, a road, coming over a range of hills two miles distant, strikes the river road nearly at right angles. Three hundred yards above the former road, was a private one, leading into the cora-fields where Morgan lay. Judah came down the pike, and, there being a dense fog, almost run upon the rebels before he was aware of their position", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nMorgan immediately fired on the advance column, throwing it into confusion, and was about to follow up his success with a charge, when the gunboat Moose, in the river, opened on him, and at the same time Hobson's force came up in the rear.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nOur artillery was soon got in position, and the battle commenced. Finding himself between three fires, Morgan moved up-stream, to escape the shells of the gunboat; but she advanced, alsoclinging to him with a tenacity that soon convinced him that in reaching the river, instead of finding safety he had actually run into the lion's mouth. Seeing that it was hopeless to make a stand here, he divided his force into two columns, and a rush was made by one for the river, at a point about\n\u00c0 CURIOUS BATTLE-FIELD.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\na mile and a half above the island. But the gunboat, coming up, sent shot and shell into the mass floundering in the water-killing some, and turning others back, so that only about twenty succeeded in getting over.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nIn the meantime, Basil Duke, back from the shore, was so hard pressed that the men broke in despair-some surrendering themselves prisoners-among them Duke himself\u2014and others taking refuge in flight. A running fight now ensued; the main body of the enemy, aiming for a point up the river, opposite Belleville, Virginia, on reaching it, plunged into the water, and began to push for the other chore", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nBut the Moose soon came looming through the fog, and, pouring her shrapnel into the advance party, killed some, and stopped the remainder from attempting to cross. About twenty more, however, got over here. The remaining rebels now pushed on up the river fourteen miles further, to Hawkinsport, and again made an effort to cross; but the omnipresent gunboat was there, and they had to keep on in their headlong flight.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nScattering in detached bodies, the rebels now wandered hither and thither, striving in vain to break through the toils with which they were surrounded. Some two hundred succeeded in crossing at Readsville, while Morgan, with one portion, struck into Columbiana County, where his force surrendered to Colonel Shacklefora.\nOver two thousand were captured or killed, and all their guns, accouterments and plunder seized.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nThe battle-field, and line of retreat, presented one of the most curious spectacles ever seen in war.\nThe ground was strewed, not only with guns, cartridge-boxes, &c., but with all sorts of hardware and dry-goods, and household articles, such as forks, spoons, calicoes, ribbons, and women's apparel, together with buggies, carriages, market-wagons, circus. wagons, and even quite a quantity of stationery. Such", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nextraordinary spoils never before fell into the hands of warriors. It seemed as if a den of thieves, where their plunder was stored, had been broken up, and not that a reputed band of heroes were retreating, under the leadership of a noted captain. Altogether, this was one of the most remarkable raids of the war, though distinguished for nothing but foolhardiness.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nMorgan crossed the Ohio a hundred and seventy miles below Cincinnati, and, passing clear around that city, attempted to recross the river about a hundred and seventy miles above it. For ten days, he marched through the heart of Ohio, plundering and destroying, with apparently no other object in view than simple retaliation. He must have moved, during this time, at the rate of at least fifty miles a day, and yet did not destroy property to the amount of more than fifty thousand dollars.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nWar, from its very nature, is cruel, but in later days, among civilized nations, it has seldom been disgraced by such atrocities as the massacres at Lawrence and Fort Pillow. Men, fitted by nature to be leaders of banditti, took advantage of the war to follow the vocation for which they seemed designed, and, gathering around them a band of men, lawless and desperate as themselves, plundered and murdered, under the pretext of carrying on a war for independence", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nThere were degrees of crime among even this abandoned class\u2014some leaders having more control over their followers, and being more humane than others. Over all, however, Quantrell stands pre-eminent for his barbarities and depravity. His whole career during the war, was marked by crime and violence; but in the massacre at Lawrence, Kansas, he acquired a reputation that will make his name infamous to the end of time.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\ntowns, constantly agitated the frontiers of Missouri and Kansas; but General Ewing, who commanded there, garrisoned the threatened places, and Quantrell's force, numbering some three hundred, was kept at bay. If disappointed in their intended attack on a particular place, they would break up into small predatory bands, and wreak their vengeance on'isolated families or parties. Ewing scattered his force, which, in separate detachments, dogged these marauders from one haunt and locality to another", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nMissouri finally getting too hot for him, Quantrell determined, in August, to make a dash into Kansas. Selecting Blackwater, some fifty miles from the Kansas line, as the place of rendezvous, he, on the 19th, moved off with his mounted force, and passing through Chapel Hill, where he was joined by fifty more outlaws, pressed straight for Kansas.", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nCaptain Pike, commanding two companies at Aubrey, forty-five miles from Lawrence, heard, on the evening of the 20th, that Quantrell had just passed five miles to the south of him; but instead of pushing on after him, he forwarded the information up and down the line, and to Ewing's headquarters. The latter at once sent forward a hundred men to Aubrey, thirty-five miles distant, with orders for the combined force to start at once in pursuit. At midnight, they mounted, and pressed rapidly forward", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nBut Quantrell had struck across the open prairie, making it difficult to keep his track, so that they gained but little on him all night. With the start of several hours, he, by riding rapidly, reached Lawrence a little after daylight, and the tramp of his horses through the streets, and shouts of his men, aroused the terrified inhabitants to the sudden disaster that had overtaken them", "The exploits of Morgan's Raiders in the American Civil War\nThe news spread like lightning through the town, and a few seized their guns and rushed forth to fight, but were shot down by the desperadoes, who had complete control of the place. Then commenced a scene of pillage"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.aaaconcreting.com/the-history-of-mesa-az/

The History of Mesa, AZ

["The History of Mesa, AZ\nThe History of Mesa, AZ\nMesa is one of the cities in the United States that has a rich and interesting history. The city you know today dates back to about two thousand years ago when it was inhabited by the Hohokam Indians, a name that when translated to English means The Departed Ones. This community built the first ever canal system that was 125 miles long, and the astonishing fact is that this fascinating element is used until today.", "The History of Mesa, AZ\nDuring the late 1500s and in the early 1600s, missionaries such as Marcos de Niza, Coronado, and Father Kino came to Arizona. Explorers were also not left behind as they transverse this area in search of what they termed as the city of gold.\nIn the 1700\u2019s, the Apache Indians drove the Spanish Missionaries away, and they took charge of the land and the structures they had set up. However, the American Army fought these Apache Indians in the mid-1800, and this opened doors for white settlement.", "The History of Mesa, AZ\nMany settlers came to the area through the Salt River, and the population started increasing. In September 1877, 85 Mesa Company members left Idaho and Utah and settled in this vast land. The company leaders namely Sirrine, Robson, Pomeroy, and Crismon arrived in the area first, and the rest of the members arrived later on.", "The History of Mesa, AZ\nWhen they were settled, they started marking the land and clearing the original canals established by the Hohokam Indians, and the work was complete by July 1878. In the same year, one of the company leaders; Theodore Sirrine travelled to Florence in a quest to register Section 22, which is today known the Town Center.", "The History of Mesa, AZ\nThe postal authorities named the town that had rapidly developed Mesa, despite the fact that this name was not acceptable at first. In 1885, DR. A.J. Chandler, who later established the city named after him in the southern side of Mesa expanded the canals utilizing heavy machinery. He also built the first post office complex, and began an electric power plant that provided electricity to the town", "The History of Mesa, AZ\nIn the early 20th century, African-Americans started arriving in the area, and the population was boosted. Chinese and Japanese immigrants also came, and they began farming and trading. Eventually, the city started expanding.\nIn the period of the World War II, the city saw another major advancement. The Williams Air Force Base and the Falcon Field Airport were established in the area, and they offered training for the US and British pilots respectively.", "The History of Mesa, AZ\nIn the late 1940s, air conditioning technology was introduced, and tourism started taking shape. By the end of 1950, aerospace companies and other industries started business in the area and created employment for the locals. The period between 1960s and 1990 saw major technological advancements in the city. Well-equipped health facilities came up in an effort to service the ever-growing population. Employment rates increased over the years, and the GDP grew more than ever.", "The History of Mesa, AZ\nToday, the city of Mesa is still booming. Of course, this place has its share of its challenges, but the spirit of its forefathers is still visible in today\u2019s generations. The city is home to various attractions, educational institutions, not forgetting that it is home to thousands of people thanks to its amazing nature of livability."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://flicksium.com/genre/Adventure

The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online

["The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nCrocodile Dundee\nWhen a New York reporter plucks crocodile hunter Dundee from the Australian Outback for a visit to the Big Apple, it's a clash of cultures and a recipe for good-natured comedy as na\\u00efve Dundee negotiates the concrete jungle. Dundee proves that his instincts are quite useful in the city and adeptly handles everything from wily muggers to high-society snoots without breaking a sweat.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe tyrant Gedren seeks the total power in a world of barbarism. She raids the city Hablac and kills the keeper of a talisman that gives her great power. Red Sonja, sister of the keeper, sets out with her magic sword to overthrow Gedren.\nThe Emerald Forest", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nFor ten years, engineer Bill Markham has searched tirelessly for his son Tommy who disappeared from the edge of the Brazilian rainforest. Miraculously, he finds the boy living among the reclusive Amazon tribe who adopted him. And that's when Bill's adventure truly begins. For his son is now a grown tribesman who moves skillfully through this beautiful-but-dangerous terrain, fearful only of those who would exploit it", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAnd as Bill attempts to \\\"rescue\\\" him from the savagery of the untamed jungle, Tommy challenges Bill's idea of true civilization and his notions about who needs rescuing.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSearching for the lost world of Atlantis, Prof. Aitken, his son Charles and Greg Collinson are betrayed by the crew of their expedition's ship, attracted by the fabulous treasures of Atlantis. The diving bell disabled, a deep sea monster attacks the boat. They are all dragged to the bottom of the sea where they meet the inhabitants of the lost continent, an advanced alien race that makes sailors their slaves.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nRoar follows a family who are attacked by various African animals at the secluded home of their keeper.\nThough she can spin wild tales of passionate romance, novelist Joan Wilder has no life of her own. Then one day adventure comes her way in the form of a mysterious package. It turns out that the parcel is the ransom she'll need to free her abducted sister, so Joan flies to South America to hand it over. But she gets on the wrong bus and winds up hopelessly stranded in the jungle.\nThe Thousand Plane Raid", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIn 1943, Colonel Greg Brandon, stationed at an United States Army Air Forces 8th Air Force, 103rd Bomb Group base in England, repeatedly attempts to persuade superiors that massive daylight bombing will hasten the end of World War II. In spite of the mission's extreme difficulty, his plan is finally put into effect against a German aircraft factory. During preparation for the raid, Brandon alienates his men by insisting that normal bombing operations continue", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nHis disdain for cautious Lieutenant Archer and brash RAF Wing Commander Trafton Howard further antagonizes his associates, including his girl friend, WAC Lieutenant Gabrielle Ames. When his bomber crashes the morning of the mission, Brandon boards a bomber manned by Archer and Howard. During the effective air raid, he is impressed by Archer's courage and Howard's judgment.\\", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe Blood of Heroes\nSet in a futuristic world where the only sport that has survived in a wasted society is the brutal game known as jugging. Sallow, the leader of a rag-tag team, has played in the main Leagues before, but was cast out because of indiscretions with a lady. However now joined by a talented newcomer, Kidda, an ambitious young peasant girl he and his team find they have one last chance for glory", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nCaptain Red runs a hardy pirate ship with the able assistance of Frog, a dashing young French sailor. One day Capt. Red is captured and taken aboard a Spanish galleon, but thanks to his inventiveness, he raises the crew to mutiny, takes over the ship, and kidnaps the niece of the governor of Maracaibo. The question is, can he keep this pace up?\\", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nCombat has taken its toll on Rambo, but he's finally begun to find inner peace in a monastery. When Rambo's friend and mentor Col. Trautman asks for his help on a top secret mission to Afghanistan, Rambo declines but must reconsider when Trautman is captured.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhile hiding from bullies in his school's attic, a young boy discovers the extraordinary land of Fantasia, through a magical book called The Neverending Story. The book tells the tale of Atreyu, a young warrior who, with the help of a luck dragon named Falkor, must save Fantasia from the destruction of The Nothing.\nAmerican housewife Cathy Palmer loses her memory on a trip to Paris after being hit by a car. She wakes up in the hospital believing she's the fictional international spy, Rebecca Ryan.\\", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBilly Wong is a New York City cop whose partner is gunned down during a robbery. Billy and his new partner, Danny Garoni, are working security at a fashion show when a wealthy man's daughter, Laura Shapiro, is kidnapped. The Federal authorities suspect that Laura's father is involved with Mr. Ko, a Hong Kong drug kingpin, so the NYC police commissioner sends the two cops to Hong Kong to investigate.\nGeorge's Island", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThis is a tale about two children who are put in a foster home, and then on Halloween they breakout and are rescued by their eccentric grandfather who is in a Halloween costume of an eyeball. They then go to George's island to try and find the treasure of Captain Kidd. Written by Andrew Hazeden\\\nZorro in the Court of Spain", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe perfidious brother of the deceased Duke of Lusitania usurps the throne from its legitimate heir, the Grand Duchess; however, an enigmatic man in black known only as the Zorro is out for justice. But, who is this valiant vindicator?\\", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nPenn & Teller enjoy playing jokes on each other. When Penn says on an interview show that he wishes he has someone threatening his life so that he \\\"wouldn't sweat the small stuff,\\\" each of them begins a series of pranks on the other to suggest a real threat. Then they find that a real psychopath is interested in them.\nLionman", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen the king is murdered, his baby son and heir is hidden in the forest where he is abducted and raised by a pride of lions. As an adult he uses his beastly strength and claw-like hands to take revenge against the new king and his armies.\\", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTalented but unproven stock car driver Cole Trickle gets a break and with the guidance of veteran Harry Hogge turns heads on the track. The young hotshot develops a rivalry with a fellow racer that threatens his career when the two smash their cars. But with the help of his doctor, Cole just might overcome his injuries-- and his fear.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen a Spanish Jesuit goes into the South American wilderness to build a mission in the hope of converting the Indians of the region, a slave hunter is converted and joins his mission. When Spain sells the colony to Portugal, they are forced to defend all they have built against the Portugese aggressors.\\\nReturn from Witch Mountain", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTony (Ike Eisenmann) and Tia (Kim Richards) are other-worldly twins endowed with telekinesis. When their Uncle Bene drops them off in Los Angeles for an earthbound vacation, a display of their supernatural skill catches the eye of the nefarious Dr. Gannon (Christopher Lee) and his partner in crime, Letha (Bette Davis), who see rich possibilities in harnessing the children's gifts. They kidnap Tony, and Tia gives chase only to find Gannon is using her brother's powers against her.\nHercules in New York", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nHercules has grown tired of his life on Mount Olympus, and wishes to visit Earth. His father Zeus forbids such a voyage, but a misdirected thunderbolt sends Hercules tumbling down the mountain and into New York City, where he's befriended by Pretzie, who runs a pretzel cart in the park", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAs Hercules tries to make his way in the big city with Pretzie's help, he runs afoul of a crooked wresling promoter, gets mixed up with gangsters, rides his chariot through Times Square, descends into Hell, and dines at the Automat. Just as Hercules is getting used to life on Earth, his angry father decides it's time the boy came home, and Zeus sends Nemesis and a handful of other gods to retrieve him.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nHands of a Murderer\nSherlock Holme must track down his nemesis Professor Moriarty after the villain kidnaps Holme's brother Mycroft. The evil doctor is forcing his captive to decode highly classified military documents.\\\nRide a Wild Pony", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nScott, a poor farm boy, is given a wild pony from a wealthy ranch owner's herd to ride to and from school. Scott and his pony soon become an inseparable team, until one day the pony suddenly disappears. Soon after, the ranch owner's handicapped daughter Josie has a wild pony especially trained to pull her cart. But Scott is convinced that Josie's pony is actually his, which leads to a court battle that divides their small Australian town", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter a successful deployment of the Robocop Law Enforcement unit, OCP sees its goal of urban pacification come closer and closer, but as this develops, a new narcotic known as \\\"Nuke\\\" invades the streets led by God-delirious leader Cane. As this menace grows, it may prove to be too much for Murphy to handle. OCP tries to replicate the success of the first unit, but ends up with failed prototypes with suicidal issues... until Dr", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe Abominable Snowman\nA kindly English botanist and a gruff American promoter lead an expedition to the Himalayas in search of the legendary Yeti.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAdventure is afoot in the small coastal town of Emerald Cove. Dave Shipper (John Weisbarth) is all set to enjoy a quiet summer, but the arrival of his cousin Jon (Frank Jimison) throws a wrench in his plans. Rather by chance, they happen upon an old map that sets them on a quest, along with Dave's friend Freddy (Freddy Rible), to seek out a legendary treasure said to be buried deep inside the ocean cliffs", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWith the help of an old local fisherman (\\\"Smokey\\\" Tom Hodgins), the boys compile clues that unravel a 30-year-old murder mystery and lead them closer to their prize. They quickly draw the attention of a bumbling crew of malicious treasure-hunters and a mysterious pickaxe-wielding \\\"digger\\\", all intent on capturing the gold for themselves.\\", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nDance of the Dwarfs\nAn anthropologist and an alcoholic helicopter pilot discover a race of predatory reptile men in the jungles of South America.\\\nJungle Warriors\nA group of models fly into the jungle of some South American country to look for a photo location. Their plane is shot down and they are captured by a drug baron's private army. At the same time, the Mafia's representative arrive to negotiate future collaboration.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA fur trapper takes a mute girl as his unwilling wife to live with him in his remote cabin in the woods.\nThe Ten Gladiators\nRoccia and a band of fellow gladiators join forces with a patrician named Glaucus Valerius to replace Nero, (and his evil henchman, Tigelinus), with a new emperor: Servius Galba. During the course of this bloody struggle, the gladiators lose their mentor and trainer - Resius - and then must rescue Lidia, Resius' beautiful niece, from death on the cross.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe Golden Claws of the Cat Girl\nFrançoise looks like a sexy kitten by day, but is a silent she-wolf by night, making very clever robberies of gold jewels. Despite the interest, and competition, from Bruno, she ends a lonely she-wolf.\nEgyptologist Erica Baron finds more than she bargained for during her long-planned trip to The Land of the Pharoahs - murder, theft, betrayal, love, and a mummy's curse!\nEvery Which Way But Loose", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nPhilo Beddoe is your regular, easygoing, truck-driving guy. He's also the best bar-room brawler west of the Rockies. And he lives with a 165-pound orangutan named Clyde. Like other guys, Philo finally falls in love - with a flighty singer who leads him on a screwball chase across the American Southwest. Nothing's in the way except a motorcycle gang, and legendary brawler Tank Murdock.\nSpartacus and the Ten Gladiators", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe story of Spartacus and 10 other gladiators who rebelled against the bloody coliseum sports. They escape and are faced at every turn by Roman soldiers bent on taking them back to the Coliseum - dead or alive!", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAt the beginning of the 20th century, a newspaper organizes an endurance horse race : 700 miles to run in a few days. 9 adventurers are competing, among them a woman, Miss Jones, a Mexican, an Englishman, a young cow-boy, an old one and two friends, Sam Clayton and Luke Matthews. All those individualists will learn to respect each other.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA mountain man who wishes to live the life of a hermit becomes the unwilling object of a long vendetta by Indians when he proves to be the match of their warriors in one-to-one combat on the early frontier.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen his cattlemen abandon him for the gold fields, rancher Wil Andersen is forced to take on a collection of young boys as his cowboys in order to get his herd to market in time to avoid financial disaster. The boys learn to do a man's job under Andersen's tutelage; however, neither Andersen nor the boys know that a gang of cattle thieves is stalking them.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe Professionals is a 1966 American Western film directed by Richard Brooks. A kidnap-rescue adventure set in about 1917, it features a small group of experts heading into Mexico to free the Mexican-born wife of a wealthy Texan from several hundred bandits. The film is based on the novel A Mule for the Marquesa by Frank O'Rourke.\nThe Shootist", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfflicted with a terminal illness John Bernard Brooks, the last of the legendary gunfighters, quietly returns to Carson City for medical attention from his old friend Dr. Hostetler. Aware that his days are numbered, the troubled man seeks solace and peace in a boarding house run by a widow and her son. However, it is not Brooks' fate to die in peace, as he becomes embroiled in one last valiant battle.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe murder of her father sends a teenage tomboy on a mission of 'justice', which involves avenging her father's death. She recruits a tough old marshal, 'Rooster' Cogburn because he has 'true grit', and a reputation of getting the job done.\nCole Thornton, a gunfighter for hire, joins forces with an old friend, Sheriff J.P. Hara. Together with an old indian fighter and a gambler, they help a rancher and his family fight a rival rancher that is trying to steal their water.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\n01 Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark\nWhen Dr. Indiana Jones - the tweed-suited professor who just happens to be a celebrated archaeologist - is hired by the government to locate the legendary Ark of the Covenant, he finds himself up against the entire Nazi regime.\n02 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter arriving in India, Indiana Jones is asked by a desperate village to find a mystical stone. He agrees - and stumbles upon a secret cult plotting a terrible plan in the catacombs of an ancient palace.\n03 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\nWhen Dr. Henry Jones Sr. suddenly goes missing while pursuing the Holy Grail, eminent archaeologist Indiana must team up with Marcus Brody, Sallah and Elsa Schneider to follow in his father's footsteps and stop the Nazis from recovering the power of eternal life.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\n01 Back to the Future\nEighties teenager Marty McFly is accidentally sent back in time to 1955, inadvertently disrupting his parents' first meeting and attracting his mother's romantic interest. Marty must repair the damage to history by rekindling his parents' romance and - with the help of his eccentric inventor friend Doc Brown - return to 1985.\n02 Back to the Future Part II: Paradox", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nMarty and Doc are at it again in this wacky sequel to the 1985 blockbuster as the time-traveling duo head to 2015 to nip some McFly family woes in the bud. But things go awry thanks to bully Biff Tannen and a pesky sports almanac. In a last-ditch attempt to set things straight, Marty finds himself bound for 1955 and face to face with his teenage parents - again.\n03 Back to the Future Part III", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe final installment of the Back to the Future trilogy finds Marty digging the trusty DeLorean out of a mineshaft and looking for Doc in the Wild West of 1885. But when their time machine breaks down, the travelers are stranded in a land of spurs. More problems arise when Doc falls for pretty schoolteacher Clara Clayton, and Marty tangles with Buford Tannen.\n04 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSet during the Cold War, the Soviets - led by sword-wielding Irina Spalko - are in search of a crystal skull which has supernatural powers related to a mystical Lost City of Gold. After being captured and then escaping from them, Indy is coerced to head to Peru at the behest of a young man whose friend - and Indy's colleague - Professor Oxley has been captured for his knowledge of the skull's whereabouts.\nHomeward Bound: The Incredible Journey", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nRemake of the popular Disney classic, this time featuring some well known voices as two dogs and a cat trek across America encountering all sorts of adventures in the quest to be reunited with their owners.\nHomeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen the pets accidentally get separated from their vacationing owners, Chance, Shadow, and Sassy navigate the mean streets of San Francisco, trying to find their home across the Golden Gate Bridge. But the road is blocked by a series of hazards, both man and beast.\nBill & Ted's Bogus Journey / Bill and Ted Go to Hell", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAmiable slackers Bill and Ted are once again roped into a fantastical adventure when De Nomolos, a villain from the future, sends evil robot duplicates of the two lads to terminate and replace them. The robot doubles actually succeed in killing Bill and Ted, but the two are determined to escape the afterlife, challenging the Grim Reaper to a series of games in order to return to the land of the living.\nBill & Ted's Excellent Adventure", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBill and Ted are high school buddies starting a band. They are also about to fail their history class - which means Ted would be sent to military school - but receive help from Rufus, a traveller from a future where their band is the foundation for a perfect society. With the use of Rufus' time machine, Bill and Ted travel to various points in history, returning with important figures to help them complete their final history presentation.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen former Green Beret John Rambo is harassed by local law enforcement and arrested for vagrancy, the Vietnam vet snaps, runs for the hills and rat-a-tat-tats his way into the action-movie hall of fame. Hounded by a relentless sheriff, Rambo employs heavy-handed guerilla tactics to shake the cops off his tail.\nJohn Rambo is released from prison by the government for a top-secret covert mission to the last place on Earth he'd want to return - the jungles of Vietnam.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe year is 2029. John Connor, leader of the resistance continues the war against the machines. At the Los Angeles offensive, John's fears of the unknown future begin to emerge when TECOM spies reveal a new plot by SkyNet that will attack him from both fronts; past and future, and will ultimately change warfare forever.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nDecades after Sarah Connor prevented Judgment Day, a lethal new Terminator is sent to eliminate the future leader of the resistance. In a fight to save mankind, battle-hardened Sarah Connor teams up with an unexpected ally and an enhanced super soldier to stop the deadliest Terminator yet.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTaking place in a dystopian Australia in the near future, Mad Max tells the story of a highway patrolman cruising the squalid back roads that have become the breeding ground of criminals foraging for gasoline and scraps. After some grisly events at the hands of a motorcycle gang, Max sets out across the barren wastelands in search of revenge.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nMax Rockatansky returns as the heroic loner who drives the dusty roads of a postapocalyptic Australian Outback in an unending search for gasoline. Arrayed against him and the other scraggly defendants of a fuel-depot encampment are the bizarre warriors commanded by the charismatic Lord Humungus, a violent leader whose scruples are as barren as the surrounding landscape.\nMad Max Beyond Thunderdome", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nMad Max becomes a pawn in a decadent oasis of a technological society, and when exiled, becomes the deliverer of a colony of children.\nInstead of flying to Florida with his folks, Kevin ends up alone in New York, where he gets a hotel room with his dad's credit card-despite problems from a clerk and meddling bellboy. But when Kevin runs into his old nemeses, the Wet Bandits, he's determined to foil their plans to rob a toy store on Christmas eve.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nCol. Guile and various other martial arts heroes fight against the tyranny of Dictator M. Bison and his cohorts.\nThe Treasure of the Silver Lake\nFred Engel's father is murdered by Colonel Brinkley in order to acquire a treasure map, however the Colonel only acquires half of it, the other half as held by Mrs. Butler. Discovering the scene of the crime, Old Shatterhand and Winnetou help Fred bring his father's murderer to justice and locate the treasure of Silver Lake.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTwo years after the Westworld tragedy in the Delos amusement park, the corporate owners have reopened the park following over $1 billion in safety and other improvements. For publicity purposes, reporters Chuck Browning and Tracy Ballard are invited to review the park. Just prior to arriving at the park, however, Browning is given a clue by a dying man that something is amiss.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA quartet of humanoid turtles, trained by their mentor in ninjitsu, must learn to work together to face the menace of Shredder and the Foot Clan.\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze\nThe Turtles and the Shredder battle once again, this time for the last cannister of the ooze that created the Turtles, which Shredder wants to create an army of new mutants.\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe four turtles travel back in time to the days of the legendary and deadly samurai in ancient Japan, where they train to perfect the art of becoming one. The turtles also assist a small village in an uprising.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIn the film that launched the James Bond saga, Agent 007 battles mysterious Dr. No, a scientific genius bent on destroying the U.S. space program. As the countdown to disaster begins, Bond must go to Jamaica, where he encounters beautiful Honey Ryder, to confront a megalomaniacal villain in his massive island headquarters.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAgent 007 is back in the second installment of the James Bond series, this time battling a secret crime organization known as SPECTRE. Russians Rosa Klebb and Kronsteen are out to snatch a decoding device known as the Lektor, using the ravishing Tatiana to lure Bond into helping them. Bond willingly travels to meet Tatiana in Istanbul, where he must rely on his wits to escape with his life in a series of deadly encounters with the enemy", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSpecial agent 007 comes face to face with one of the most notorious villains of all time, and now he must outwit and outgun the powerful tycoon to prevent him from cashing in on a devious scheme to raid Fort Knox -- and obliterate the world's economy.\nA criminal organization has obtained two nuclear bombs and are asking for a 100 million pound ransom in the form of diamonds in seven days or they will use the weapons. The secret service sends James Bond to the Bahamas to once again save the world.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA mysterious spacecraft captures Russian and American space capsules and brings the two superpowers to the brink of war. James Bond investigates the case in Japan and comes face to face with his archenemy Blofeld.\nJames Bond tracks his archnemesis, Ernst Blofeld, to a mountaintop retreat where he is training an army of beautiful, lethal women. Along the way, Bond falls for Italian contessa Tracy Draco, and marries her in order to get closer to Blofeld.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nDiamonds are stolen only to be sold again in the international market. James Bond infiltrates a smuggling mission to find out who's guilty. The mission takes him to Las Vegas where Bond meets his archenemy Blofeld.\nJames Bond must investigate a mysterious murder case of a British agent in New Orleans. Soon he finds himself up against a gangster boss named Mr. Big.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nCool government operative James Bond searches for a stolen invention that can turn the sun's heat into a destructive weapon. He soon crosses paths with the menacing Francisco Scaramanga, a hit man so skilled he has a seven-figure working fee. Bond then joins forces with the swimsuit-clad Mary Goodnight, and together they track Scaramanga to a tropical isle hideout where the killer-for-hire lures the slick spy into a deadly maze for a final duel.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nRussian and British submarines with nuclear missiles on board both vanish from sight without a trace. England and Russia both blame each other as James Bond tries to solve the riddle of the disappearing ships. But the KGB also has an agent on the case.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter Drax Industries' Moonraker space shuttle is hijacked, secret agent James Bond is assigned to investigate, traveling to California to meet the company's owner, the mysterious Hugo Drax. With the help of scientist Dr. Holly Goodhead, Bond soon uncovers Drax's nefarious plans for humanity, all the while fending off an old nemesis, Jaws, and venturing to Venice, Rio, the Amazon...and outer space.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA British spy ship has sunk and on board was a hi-tech encryption device. James Bond is sent to find the device that holds British launching instructions before the enemy Soviets get to it first.\nJames Bond is sent to investigate after a fellow \u201c00\u201d agent is found dead with a priceless Faberg\u00e9 egg. Bond follows the mystery and uncovers a smuggling scandal and a Russian General who wants to provoke a new World War.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA newly-developed microchip designed by Zorin Industries for the British Government that can survive the electromagnetic radiation caused by a nuclear explosion has landed in the hands of the KGB. James Bond must find out how and why. His suspicions soon lead him to big industry leader Max Zorin.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nJames Bond helps a Russian General escape into the west. He soon finds out that the KGB wants to kill him for helping the General. A little while later the General is kidnapped from the Secret Service leading 007 to be suspicious.\nLicence to Kill", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter capturing the notorious drug lord Franz Sanchez, Bond's close friend and former CIA agent Felix Leiter is left for dead and his wife is murdered. Bond goes rogue and seeks vengeance on those responsible, as he infiltrates Sanchez's organization from the inside.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen a powerful satellite system falls into the hands of Alec Trevelyan, AKA Agent 006, a former ally-turned-enemy, only James Bond can save the world from an awesome space weapon that -- in one short pulse -- could destroy the earth! As Bond squares off against his former compatriot, he also battles Trevelyan's stunning ally, Xenia Onatopp, an assassin who uses pleasure as her ultimate weapon.\nTomorrow Never Dies", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA deranged media mogul is staging international incidents to pit the world's superpowers against each other. Now James Bond must take on this evil mastermind in an adrenaline-charged battle to end his reign of terror and prevent global pandemonium.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nGreed, revenge, world dominance and high-tech terrorism \u2013 it's all in a day's work for Bond, who's on a mission to protect a beautiful oil heiress from a notorious terrorist. In a race against time that culminates in a dramatic submarine showdown, Bond works to defuse the international power struggle that has the world's oil supply hanging in the balance.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBond takes on a North Korean leader who undergoes DNA replacement procedures that allow him to assume different identities. American agent, Jinx Johnson assists Bond in his attempt to thwart the villain's plans to exploit a satellite that is powered by solar energy.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nLe Chiffre, a banker to the world's terrorists, is scheduled to participate in a high-stakes poker game in Montenegro, where he intends to use his winnings to establish his financial grip on the terrorist market. M sends Bond\u2014on his maiden mission as a 00 Agent\u2014to attend this game and prevent Le Chiffre from winning. With the help of Vesper Lynd and Felix Leiter, Bond enters the most important poker game in his already dangerous career.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nQuantum of Solace continues the adventures of James Bond after Casino Royale. Betrayed by Vesper, the woman he loved, 007 fights the urge to make his latest mission personal. Pursuing his determination to uncover the truth, Bond and M interrogate Mr. White, who reveals that the organization that blackmailed Vesper is far more complex and dangerous than anyone had imagined.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen Bond's latest assignment goes gravely wrong and agents around the world are exposed, MI6 is attacked forcing M to relocate the agency. These events cause her authority and position to be challenged by Gareth Mallory, the new Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee. With MI6 now compromised from both inside and out, M is left with one ally she can trust: Bond", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\n007 takes to the shadows - aided only by field agent, Eve - following a trail to the mysterious Silva, whose lethal and hidden motives have yet to reveal themselves.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA cryptic message from Bond\u2019s past sends him on a trail to uncover a sinister organization. While M battles political forces to keep the secret service alive, Bond peels back the layers of deceit to reveal the terrible truth behind SPECTRE.\nThe Barbarians", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nOrphaned brothers Kutchek and Gore are adopted by a tribe led by Canary the owner of a powerful jewel. The evil Kadar wants both Canary and the jewel. Attacking the tribe he kidnaps Canary but the stone eludes him. The brothers are taken to be trained as gladiators and years later have grown to be VERY big. They escape and set off on a quest to find the jewel and rescue Canary.\nMystery on Monster Island", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA young European boy living in San Francisco is reluctant to marry his long-term girlfriend because he wants to travel around the world first. His wealthy uncle agrees to send him on a global expedition aboard his ship, but en route the boy and his travelling companion are shipwrecked on a remote island, populated by countless prehistoric creatures as well as gold-hunting bandits.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAs the Earth wrestles with its agonising birth, the peoples of this barren and desolate world struggle to survive. Driven by animal instinct they compete against the harsh conditions, their giant predators, and warring tribes. When two people from opposing clans fall in love, existing conventions are shattered forever as each tribe struggles for supremacy and Man embarks on his tortuous voyage of civilisation.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nVeteran buttoned-down LAPD detective Roger Murtaugh is partnered with unhinged cop Martin Riggs, who -- distraught after his wife's death -- has a death wish and takes unnecessary risks with criminals at every turn. The odd couple embark on their first homicide investigation as partners, involving a young woman known to Murtaugh with ties to a drug and prostitution ring.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nConstruction worker Douglas Quaid discovers a memory chip in his brain during a virtual-reality trip. He also finds that his past has been invented to conceal a plot of planetary domination. Soon, he's off to Mars to find out who he is and who planted the chip.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\n12-year-old David is accidentally knocked out in the forest near his home, but when he awakens eight years have passed. His family is overjoyed to have him back, but is just as perplexed as he is that he hasn't aged. When a NASA scientist discovers a UFO nearby, David gets the chance to unravel the mystery and recover the life he lost.\nWarlords of the 21st Century", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIt's the 21st century, the Oil Wars have made a mess of the planet and the land outside major cities is lawless. After Hunter comes to the aid of Corlie, who has run away from the villainous Straker, he takes her to the peaceful community of Clearwater. Unfortunately for the citizens of Clearwater, Straker fully intends to get Corlie back.\nConan the Destroyer", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nConan is commissioned by the evil queen Taramis to safely escort a teen princess and her powerful bodyguard to a far away castle to retrieve the magic Horn of Dagon. Unknown to Conan, the queen plans to sacrifice the princess when she returns and inherit her kingdom after the bodyguard kills Conan. The queen's plans fail to take into consideration Conan's strength and cunning and the abilities of his sidekicks: the eccentric wizard Akiro, the wild woman Zula, and the inept Malak", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSlave Girls\nLeader of a tribe of amazon women, Queen Kari, has vanquished a rival tribe and rules them with savage ruthlessness and cruel arrogance. A hunter stumbles onto the enclave and falls for one of the slaves, so unleashing the anger and envy of the possessive, sadistic Queen.\nThe NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nOnce again, Bastian is transported to the world of Fantasia which he recently managed to save from destruction. However, the land is now being destroyed by an evil sorceress, Xayide, so he must join up with Atreyu and face the Emptiness once more.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThree escaped criminals from the planet Krypton test the Man of Steel's mettle. Led by General Zod, the Kryptonians take control of the White House and partner with Lex Luthor to destroy Superman and rule the world. But Superman, who attempts to make himself human in order to get closer to Lois, realizes he has a responsibility to save the planet.\nThe Mountain Men", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe story concerns two grizzled mountain men -- Bill Tyler and Henry Frapp -- during the dying days of the fur-trapping era. The plot begins when Running Moon runs away from her abusive husband Heavy Eagle and comes across the two seedy fur trappers. The mountain men take her in, unaware that Heavy Eagle has dispatched an army of Indian braves to reclaim her.\nThe Star Wars Holiday Special", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nLuke Skywalker and Han Solo battle evil Imperial forces to help Chewbacca reach his imperiled family on the Wookiee planet - in time for Life Day, their most important day of the year!\nMiracles Still Happen\nA seventeen-year-old girl is the sole survivor of a plane crash in the Amazon.\nThe Treasure of Jamaica Reef\nAn adventure film about the search for a more than 200-year-old treasure on the ocean floor.\nThe Blue Lagoon", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTwo small children and a ship's cook survive a shipwreck and find safety on an idyllic tropical island. Soon, however, the cook dies and the young boy and girl are left on their own. Days become years and Emmeline and Richard make a home for themselves surrounded by exotic creatures and nature's beauty. But will they ever see civilization again?\nWhen Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAn ancient tribe attempts to sacrifice Sanna as an offering to the Sun god to save their tribe from dinosaurs. Tara, a young man from another tribe, saves Sanna and takes her along with him.\nMidnight Run\nAn accountant embezzles $15 million of mob money, jumps bail and is chased by bounty hunters, the FBI, and the Mafia.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nYoung Jim Hawkins, while running the Benbow Inn with his mother, meets Captain Billy Bones, who dies at the inn while it is beseiged by buccaneers led by Blind Pew. Jim and his mother fight off the attackers and discover Billy Bones' treasure map for which the buccaneers had come. Jim agrees to sail on the S.S. Espaniola with Squire Trelawney and Dr. Livesey to find the treasure on a mysterious isiand", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nUpon arriving at the island, ship's cook and scaliwag Long John Silver leads a mutiny of crew members who want the treasure for themselves. Jim helps the Squire and Espaniola officers to survive the mutiny and fight back against Silver's men, who have taken over the Espaniola.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA young boy named Luke and his grandmother go on vacation only to discover their hotel is hosting an international witch convention, where the Grand High Witch is unveiling her master plan to turn all children into mice. Will Luke fall victim to the witches' plot before he can stop them?", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBurglary. Drugs. Assault. Rape. The students at Brandel High are more than new Principal Rick Latimer bargained for. Gangs fight to control the school using knives - even guns - when they have to. When Latimer and the head of security try to clean up the school and stop the narcotics trade, they run up against a teenage mafia. A violent confrontation on the campus leads to a deadly showdown with the drug dealer's gang, and one last chance for Latimer to save his career... and his life.\nQueen of Outer Space", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA mission to Venus discovers the planet inhabited only by women led by their evil Queen Yllana. Yllana had all the men of Venus killed, now that's she met Earth men, she wants them dead, too.\nRiver of Death", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAn adventurer (Hamilton) decides to go in search of the lost city in the Amazon jungle. A motley crew of other people with reasons of their own decide to join him for the wealth of the lost city. But to their horror they find out that they have bit off more than they can chew. What with a nazi doctor still doing his experiments on people in the same place.\nStranded on an island, a group of schoolboys degenerate into savagery.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAn eclectic group of characters set sail on Captain Lansen\u2019s leaky cargo ship in an attempt to escape their various troubles. When a violent storm strikes, the ship is swept into the Sargasso Sea and the passengers find themselves trapped on an island populated by man-eating seaweed, giant crabs and Spanish conquistadors who believe it\u2019s still the 16th century.\nThree unemployed actors accept an invitation to a Mexican village to replay their bandit fighter roles, unaware that it is the real thing.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThis is a remake of Walter Scott's Ivanhoe. Ivanhoe, a worthy and noble knight, the champion of justice returns to England after the holy wars. He find England under the reign of Prince John and his henchmen and finds himself being involved in the power-struggle for the throne of England. Will justice prevail and will all fair ladies in distress be rescued?\nA 1920s mail pilot and a rich man's daughter crash-land on a mountain full of hungry wolves.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nJack Casey used to be a hot-shot stock market whiz kid. After a disastrous professional decision, his life in the fast lane is over. He loses his nerve and joins a speed delivery firm which relies on bicycles to avoid traffic jams of San Francisco, is attracted to a fellow bicycler, Terri, and befriends Hector, a budding entrepreneur. Can Jack regain his nerve and his self-respect, and rebuild his life on a more sound basis?", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA band of medieval mercenaries take revenge on a noble lord who decides not to pay them by kidnapping the betrothed of the noble's son. As the plague and warfare cut a swathe of destruction throughout the land, the mercenaries hole up in a castle and await their fate.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nCaptain Etienne Navarre is a man on whose shoulders lies a cruel curse. Punished for loving each other, Navarre must become a wolf by night whilst his lover, Lady Isabeau, takes the form of a hawk by day. Together, with the thief Philippe Gaston, they must try to overthrow the corrupt Bishop and in doing so break the spell.\nAfter her father dies, young Dale takes his place in a trans-African auto race, but ends up being abducted by a desert sheik.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBased on an \"actual event\" that took place in 1943. About a US Navy Destroyer Escort that disappeared from the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, and sent two men 40 years into the future to 1984.\nHoney, I Shrunk the Kids\nThe scientist father of a teenage girl and boy accidentally shrinks his and two other neighborhood teens to the size of insects. Now the teens must fight diminutive dangers as the father searches for them.\nSpacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThree women makes an emergency landing on a planet plagued with a fatal disease, but are captured by dictator Overdog. Adventurer Wolff goes there to rescue them and meets Niki, the only Earthling left from a medical expedition. Combining their talents, they try to rescue the women.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nJohn Matrix, the former leader of a special commando strike force that always got the toughest jobs done, is forced back into action when his young daughter is kidnapped. To find her, Matrix has to fight his way through an array of punks, killers, one of his former commandos, and a fully equipped private army. With the help of a feisty stewardess and an old friend, Matrix has only a few hours to overcome his greatest challenge: finding his daughter before she's killed.\nTroop Beverly Hills", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA Beverly Hills housewife in the middle of a divorce tries to find focus in her life by taking over her daughter's Wilderness Girls troop.\nAfter Mason picks up hitchhiking Rosco with his truck, they are mistaken for two bank robbers by the traffic police. They manage to escape only to be confused for two secret agents while trying to take a flight at the airport.\nThe Golden Arrow\nGenies help an Arabian bandit (Tab Hunter) locate a magic arrow he needs to claim heirship to the sultan's kingdom.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSet during the period of growing influence of the Indian independence movement in the British Raj, the story begins with the arrival in India of a British woman, Miss Adela Quested, who is joining her fianc\u00e9, a city magistrate named Ronny Heaslop. She and Ronny's mother, Mrs. Moore, befriend an Indian doctor, Aziz H. Ahmed.\nThe comic strip detective finds his life vastly complicated when Breathless Mahoney makes advances towards him while he is trying to battle Big Boy Caprice's united mob.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe Clan of the Cave Bear\nNatural changes have the clans moving. Iza, medicine woman of the \"Clan of the Cave Bear\" finds little Ayla from the \"others\"' clan - tradition would have the clan kill Ayla immediately, but Iza insists on keeping her. When the little one finds a most needed new cave, she's allowed to stay - and thrive.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSet in a timeless mythical forest inhabited by fairies, goblins, unicorns and mortals, this fantastic story follows a mystical forest dweller, chosen by fate, to undertake a heroic quest. He must save the beautiful Princess Lili and defeat the demonic Lord of Darkness, or the world will be plunged into a never-ending ice age.\nA pair of young vacationers are involved in a dangerous conflict with treasure hunters when they discover a way into a deadly wreck in Bermuda waters.\nHangmen", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nRob Greene has information about an undercover terror team inside the CIA led by Joe Connelly. To stay alive with the knowledge, he is advised to stay undercover by his supervisor Andrews. Connelly's men try to kill Greene, but he can escape and warns his son Danny that he also may be in danger and that he should look for Dog Thompson.\nBMX Bandits", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTeens P.J. and Goose get their thrills on BMX bikes, performing hair-raising tricks all across Sydney, Australia. Along with their new friend Judy, they discover a box of walkie-talkies -- and find out that a gang of criminals intends to use them to monitor police signals during a bank robbery. When the young trio snatches the devices, it propels them on a hair-raising adventure in which their pedaling skills might just save their necks.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA surreal adaptation of Sir Thomas Malory's \"Le Morte d'Arthur\", chronicling Arthur Pendragon's conception, his rise to the throne, the search by his Knights of the Round Table for the Holy Grail, and ultimately his death.\nHe fought his first battle on the Scottish Highlands in 1536. He will fight his greatest battle on the streets of New York City in 1986. His name is Connor MacLeod. He is immortal.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA young teenager named Mikey Walsh finds an old treasure map in his father's attic. Hoping to save their homes from demolition, Mikey and his friends Data Wang, Chunk Cohen, and Mouth Devereaux run off on a big quest to find the secret stash of Pirate One-Eyed Willie.\nNight Ambush\nLed by British officers, partisans on Crete plan to kidnap the island's German commander and smuggle him to Cairo to embarrass the occupiers.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nScott James, a veteran martial arts expert, is recruited as the protector of the wealthy and beautiful Justine after she becomes the target of a ninja clan. When Scott finds out that his ruthless arch-nemesis, McCarn , is involved with the stealthy and dangerous criminals, he is eager to settle old scores. Soon Scott is facing off against McCarn and the entire ninja horde in an effort to take them all down.\nThe Deceivers", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIndia, 1825: the country lives in mortal fear of cult members known as the \u201cDeceivers.\" They commit robbery and ritualistic murder. Appalled by their activities, an English military man, Captain William Savage, conceives a hazardous plot to stop them. In disguise, he plans to himself become a \u201cDeceiver\u201d and infiltrate their numbers", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nEver present in Savage\u2019s adventures is a sense of dread; he is in constant fear of betrayal and vengeance and also undergoes a disturbing psychological transformation as he experiences the cult\u2019s blood lust firsthand.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nGold of the Amazon Women\nAn adventurer searches for the fabled Golden Cities of El Dorado and allies himself with a tribe of Amazon women against a murderous villain who is also after the treasure.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIt's the 23rd century, and a mysterious alien power is threatening Earth by evaporating the oceans and destroying the atmosphere. In a frantic attempt to save mankind, Kirk and his crew must time travel back to 1986 San Francisco where they find a world of punk, pizza and exact-change buses that are as alien as anything they've ever encountered in the far reaches of the galaxy. A thrilling, action-packed Star Trek adventure!", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nShe was a beautiful fugitive. Fleeing from corruption. From power. He was a professional athlete past his prime. Hired to find her, he grew to love her. Love turned to obsession. Obsession turned to murder. And now the price of freedom might be nothing less than their lives.\nA mercenary is hired by the FBI to track down a powerful recluse criminal, a woman is also trying to track him down for her own personal vendetta.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA football player and his friends travel to the planet Mongo and find themselves fighting the tyrant\u2014Ming the Merciless\u2014to save Earth.\nThe evil Queen Bavmorda hunts the newborn princess Elora Danan, a child prophesied to bring about her downfall. When the royal infant is found by Willow, a timid farmer and aspiring sorcerer, he's entrusted with delivering her from evil.\nA Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nHigh School student David Lightman has a talent for hacking. But while trying to hack into a computer system to play unreleased video games, he unwittingly taps into the Defense Department's war computer and initiates a confrontation of global proportions. Together with his girlfriend and a wizardly computer genius, David must race against time to outwit his opponent and prevent a nuclear Armageddon.\nThe Magic Sword", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe son of a sorceress, armed with weapons, armour and six magically summoned knights, goes on a quest to save a princess from a vengeful wizard.\nThe Sword and the Sorcerer\nA mercenary with a three-bladed sword rediscovers his royal heritage when he is recruited to help a princess foil a brutal tyrant and a powerful sorcerer's plans to conquer the land.\nSilver Needle in the Sky\nRocky Jones tries to free the hostages and thwart the plans of the evil Queen Cleolantha.\nHearts and Armour", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBradamante, a woman wearing an invincible suit of armor, is travelling the countryside at the time of the Crusades. After ending up in the middle of a web of romantic and cultural tangles, she finds herself in love with a Moor prince, while one of the Christian knights has fallen in love with a Moor princess. Others, however, are against the cross-cultural romance, and Bradamante's love is soon forced into a duel to the death. Will she ever be with her true love? Written by Jean-Marc Rocher", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAir America was the CIA's private airline operating in Laos during the Vietnam War, running anything and everything from soldiers to foodstuffs for local villagers. After losing his pilot's license, Billy Covington is recruited into it, and ends up in the middle of a bunch of lunatic pilots, gun-running by his friend Gene Ryack, and opium smuggling by his own superiors.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAn FBI informant has kept his new identity secret for 15 years. Now an old flame has recognised him, and the bad guys are back for revenge.\nThe Karate Kid Part III\nDespondent over the closing of his karate school, Cobra Kai teacher John Kreese joins a ruthless businessman and martial artist to get revenge on Daniel and Mr. Miyagi.\nAn expedition into the interior of Papua New Guinea comes across a tribe of ape-like people who may or may not be ancestors of early man.\nBreaker! Breaker!", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\n11-year-old Lisa has no time for toys; she's too busy taking care of her siblings and cooking for her mother. During the Christmas Eve blizzard, Lisa travels to Toyland in Wizard of Oz-like fashion and arrives just in time for a wedding. Young Mary Contrary is about to marry mean, old Barnaby Barnacle, despite the fact that she loves Jack Be Nimble. Lisa tries to stop this terrible wedding and, together with her new friends, discovers that Barnaby wants to take over Toyland", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nLisa, Mary, Jack, and Georgie Porgie ask the Toymaster for help, but he can't help them as long as Lisa doesn't truly believe in toys.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter losing a powerful orb, Kara, Superman's cousin, comes to Earth to retrieve it and instead finds herself up against a wicked witch.\nA bounty hunter helps out the wife of a bail-jumper after her child is kidnapped by neo-Nazi types.\nTarzan and the She-Devil\nThe king of the jungle fights off ivory poachers.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA romantic comedy with action and suspense. Two sophisticated jewel thieves join forces to steal $30 million in uncut jewels. Despite a continuous exchange of quips they eventually become romantically involved.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSheena's white parents are killed while on Safari. She is raised by the mystical witch woman of an African tribe. When her foster mother is framed for the murder of a political leader, Sheena and a newsman, Vic Casey are forced to flee while pursued by the mercenaries hired by the real killer, who hopes to assume power. Sheena's ability to talk to the animals and knowledge of jungle lore give them a chance against the high tech weapons of the mercenaries.\nTemple of a Thousand Lights", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nRichard Harrison stars as Alan Foster, a notorious bank robber from NYC hiding out in India. He get the bright idea to steal the \"Mountain of Light,\" a large diamond encased in the forehead of a 20 foot religious Buddha. This is an adequate adventure that is notable for Harrison's extremely harsh words he throws at his Indian helper and the scenes where Harrison dons make up to blend it flawlessly with the Indians.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA warlock flees from the 17th to the 20th century, with a witch-hunter in hot pursuit. A Warlock is taken captive in Boston, Massachusetts in 1691 by a witch-hunter Giles Redferne. He is sentenced to death for his activities, including the bewitching of Redferne's bride-to-be, but before the execution a demon appears and propels the Warlock forward in time to 20th century Los Angeles, California.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA prince and a fellowship of companions set out to rescue his bride from a fortress of alien invaders who have arrived on their home planet.\nA casino security guard is forced into violence from when the Hong Kong mob threatens his friends.\nWhite Water Summer", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWhen the experienced guide Vic accompanies the city boy Alan and his three friends on their first wilderness experience, he not only hope to teach the four boys lessons about the wilderness, but about themselves. Vic pushes them to the limit. Soon after alienating the boys, Vic finds himself in desperate need of help and must rely on his students in order to survive.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSlipstream is a 1989 post-apocalyptic science fiction adventure film. The plot has an emphasis on aviation and contains many common science-fiction themes, such as taking place in a dystopian future in which the landscape of the Earth itself has been changed and is windswept by storms of great power. There are also numerous sub-plots, such as free will and humanity amongst artificial intelligence.\nLaser Mission", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA CIA agent is sent to get Professor Braun before the KGB can seize him as the Prof's knowledge, together with a recently stolen diamond, could be used to make a laser cannon.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter his rich father refuses to pay his debt, compulsive gambler Lawrence Bourne III joins the Peace Corps to evade angry creditors. In Thailand, he is assigned to build a bridge for the local villagers with the help of American-As-Apple-Pie WSU Grad Tom Tuttle and the beautiful and down-to earth Beth Wexler. What they don't realize is that the bridge is coveted by the U.S. Army, a local Communist force, and a powerful drug lord", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTogether with the help of At Toon, the only English speaking native, they must fight off the three opposing forces and find out what is right for the villagers, as well as themselves.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTime Bandits\nYoung history buff Kevin can scarcely believe it when six dwarfs emerge from his closet one night. Former employees of the Supreme Being, they've purloined a map charting all of the holes in the fabric of time and are using it to steal treasures from different historical eras. Taking Kevin with them, they variously drop in on Napoleon, Robin Hood and King Agamemnon before the Supreme Being catches up with them.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe Soviets have developed a revolutionary new jet fighter, called 'Firefox'. Worried that the jet will be used as a first-strike weapon\u2014as there are rumours that it is undetectable by radar\u2014the British send ex-Vietnam War pilot, Mitchell Gant on a covert mission into the Soviet Union to steal the Firefox.\nTango & Cash", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nRay Tango and Gabriel Cash are narcotics detectives who, while both being extremely successful, can't stand each other. Crime Lord Yves Perret, furious at the loss of income that Tango and Cash have caused him, frames the two for murder. Caught with the murder weapon on the scene of the crime, the two have no alibi. Thrown into prison with most of the criminals they helped convict, it appears that they are going to have to trust each other if they are to clear their names and catch the evil Perret.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe eccentric and childish Pee-wee Herman embarks on a big adventure when his beloved bicycle is stolen. Armed with information from a fortune-teller and a relentless obsession with his prized possession, Pee-wee encounters a host of odd characters and bizarre situations as he treks across the country to recover his bike.\nTorn by personal guilt Italian General Umberto Nobile reminisces about his 1928 failed Arctic expedition aboard the airship Italia.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nFitzcarraldo is a dreamer who plans to build an opera house in Iquitos, in the Peruvian Amazon, so, in order to finance his project, he embarks on an epic adventure to collect rubber, a very profitable product, in a remote and unexplored region of the rainforest.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nDer exzentrische Brian Sweeney Fitzcarraldo ist von der Idee besessen, mitten im unber\u00fchrten Amazonas-Dschungel ein gro\u00dfes Opernhaus zu bauen. Von den Ersparnissen seiner Freundin, der Bordell-Besitzerin Molly, kauft Fitzcarraldo einen alten Flussdampfer. Um die gef\u00e4hrlichen Stromschnellen einer Flussm\u00fcndung zu umgehen, entwickelt Fitzcarraldo einen atemberaubenden Plan: Hunderte von Indios sollen das riesige Schiff \u00fcber eine unpassierbare Urwaldh\u00f6he transportieren.\nSupersonic Man", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA masked superhero (Michael Coby) with a private-eye disguise thwarts a madman's (Cameron Mitchell) death-ray plot.\nTarzan the Magnificent", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter the Banton family rob a store is a small village and kill the local police constable, Tarzan captures one of them, Coy Banton. He decides to return him to the authorities so that the dead policeman's family will benefit from the $5000 reward. The head of the clan, Abel Banton and his two sons have no intention of letting Tarzan deliver Coy and burn the river boat they were to use. Several of the passengers are now stranded forcing Tarzan to take them along on a trek through the jungle", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTarzan and the Jungle Boy\nTarzan is joined by a reporter and her fiance on a journey to find a boy who was abandoned in the jungle six years earlier. The search party must also battle an evil native, who is out to kill the boy and take over as chief of his brother's tribe.\nThe Man from Snowy River", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nJim Craig has lived his first 18 years in the mountains of Australia on his father's farm. The death of his father forces him to go to the low lands to earn enough money to get the farm back on its feet. Kirk Douglas plays two roles as twin brothers who haven't spoken for years, one of whom was Jim's father's best friend and the other of whom is the father of the girl he wants to marry.\nBeethoven's Treasure Tail", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter everyone's favorite St. Bernard gets fired from a movie, Beethoven begins the long journey home with his trainer, Eddie. On their way, they become stranded in a small coastal town where the beloved canine befriends a young boy who is searching for buried treasure.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nPrincess Leia is captured and held hostage by the evil Imperial forces in their effort to take over the galactic Empire. Venturesome Luke Skywalker and dashing captain Han Solo team together with the loveable robot duo R2-D2 and C-3PO to rescue the beautiful princess and restore peace and justice in the Empire.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe epic saga continues as Luke Skywalker, in hopes of defeating the evil Galactic Empire, learns the ways of the Jedi from aging master Yoda. But Darth Vader is more determined than ever to capture Luke. Meanwhile, rebel leader Princess Leia, cocky Han Solo, Chewbacca, and droids C-3PO and R2-D2 are thrown into various stages of capture, betrayal and despair.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nLuke Skywalker leads a mission to rescue his friend Han Solo from the clutches of Jabba the Hutt, while the Emperor seeks to destroy the Rebellion once and for all with a second dreaded Death Star.\nStar Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace\nAnakin Skywalker, a young slave strong with the Force, is discovered on Tatooine. Meanwhile, the evil Sith have returned, enacting their plot for revenge against the Jedi.\nStar Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nFollowing an assassination attempt on Senator Padm\u00e9 Amidala, Jedi Knights Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi investigate a mysterious plot that could change the galaxy forever.\nStar Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith\nThe evil Darth Sidious enacts his final plan for unlimited power -- and the heroic Jedi Anakin Skywalker must choose a side.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nRey develops her newly discovered abilities with the guidance of Luke Skywalker, who is unsettled by the strength of her powers. Meanwhile, the Resistance prepares to do battle with the First Order.\nThe surviving Resistance faces the First Order once again as the journey of Rey, Finn and Poe Dameron continues. With the power and knowledge of generations behind them, the final battle begins.\nThe Last Dragon", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA young man searches for the \"master\" to obtain the final level of martial arts mastery known as the glow. Along the way he must fight an evil martial arts expert and rescue a beautiful singer from an obsessed music promoter.\nThe Black Knight", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nJohn (Alan Ladd), a blacksmith and swordsmith, is tutored at Camelot. As a commoner, he can't hope to win the hand of Lady Linet (Patricia Medina), daughter of the Earl of Yeoniland (Harry Andrews), so he creates a secret alternate identity as the Black Knight. In this new role, he is now able to help King Arthur when Saracens and Cornish men\u2014disguised as Vikings -- plot to take over the country.\nThe Castilian", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAlso released as Valley of the Swords, this lugubrious US/Spanish co-production features the usual mid-1960s \"tax shelter\" international cast. Broderick Crawford plays a despotic 10th century Spanish king who, in cahoots with the invading Moors, has banished handsome Castilian nobleman Spartaco Santoni. With the surreptitious aid of Crawford's daughter Teresa Velasquez, Santoni assembles an army to march against the Moors", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIn keeping with the 13th century epic poem from which this film was derived (\"El Poema de Fernan Gonzales\") Santoni's path is smoothed by the celestial intervention of patron saints Milan and Santiago. Among the big names picking up a few tax-free dollars in The Castilian are Cesar Romero, Linda Darnell, Alida Valli and Fernando Rey.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe Future is now. There are no rules and no place to hide from the deadly Highway Warriors who ravage the roads in machines of destruction.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA government funded project looks into using psychics to enter people's dreams, with some mechanical help. When a subject dies in their sleep from a heart attack, Alex Gardner becomes suspicious that another of the psychics is killing people in the dreams somehow and that is causing them to die in real life. He must find a way to stop the abuse of the power to enter dreams.\nThe Vengeance of She", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBeautiful young European girl, Carol, is possessed by the spirit of Ayesha \u2013 \u201cShe, who must be obeyed\u201d \u2013 and led to the lost city of Kuma, where she is destined to become queen.\nAs Kevin Flynn searches for proof that he invented a hit video game, he is 'digitalized' by a laser and finds himself inside 'The Grid', where programs suffer under the tyrannical rule of the Master Control Program (MCP). With the help of a security program called 'TRON', Flynn seeks to free The Grid from the MCP.\nKing Kong Lives", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAfter falling from the Twin Towers, Kong lies in a coma for ten years. When his heart begins to fail, scientists engineer an artificial heart, and a giant female ape is captured to serve as a source for a blood transfusion. When Kong awakens following his heart transplant, he senses the nearby presence of the female ape and the two escape to wreak havoc together.\nA Force of One", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nKarate champion Matt Logan is enlisted by the police to train officers in self-defense after narcotics agents are killed by an assailant using the martial arts.\nWhen Time Ran Out...\nAn active volcano threatens a south Pacific island resort and its guests as a power struggle ensues between the property's developer and a drilling foreman.\nAn Eye for an Eye", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nSean Kane is forced to resign from the San Francisco Police Department's Narcotics Division when he goes berserk after his partner is murdered. He decides to fight alone and follows a trail of drug traffickers into unexpected high places.\nStar Trek V: The Final Frontier", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThe crew of the Federation starship Enterprise is called to Nimbus III, the Planet of Intergalactic Peace. They are to negotiate in a case of kidnapping only to find out that the kidnapper is a relative of Spock. This man is possessed by his life long search for the planet Shaka-Ri which is supposed to be the source of all life. Together they begin to search for this mysterious planet.\nFire, Ice & Dynamite", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nAction-comedy about a wealthy man who fakes suicide for the amusement of watching his family and creditors compete for his wealth. Many cameo appearances!\nUnderwater deep-sea miners encounter a Soviet wreck and bring back a dangerous cargo to their base on the ocean floor with horrifying results. The crew of the mining base must fight to survive against a genetic mutation that hunts them down one by one.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA group of young gunmen, led by Billy the Kid, become deputies to avenge the murder of the rancher who became their benefactor. But when Billy takes their authority too far, they become the hunted.\nYoung Guns II", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThree of the original five \"young guns\" \u2014 Billy the Kid (Emilio Estevez), Jose Chavez y Chavez (Lou Diamond Phillips), and Doc Scurlock (Kiefer Sutherland) \u2014 return in Young Guns, Part 2, which is the story of Billy the Kid and his race to safety in Old Mexico while being trailed by a group of government agents led by Pat Garrett.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA civilian oil rig crew is recruited to conduct a search and rescue effort when a nuclear submarine mysteriously sinks. One diver soon finds himself on a spectacular odyssey 25,000 feet below the ocean's surface where he confronts a mysterious force that has the power to change the world or destroy it.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBased on Tom Clancy's bestseller, directed by John McTiernan (Die Hard) and starring Sean Connery and Alec Baldwin, The Hunt For Red October seethes with high-tech excitement and sweats with the tension of men who hold Doomsday in their hands. A new technologically-superior Soviet nuclear sub, the Red October, is heading for the U.S. coast under the command of Captain Marko Ramius (Connery). The American government thinks Ramius is planning to attack", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nA lone CIA analyst (Baldwin) has a different idea: he thinks Ramius is planning to defect, but he has only a few hours to find him and prove it - because the entire Russian naval and air commands are trying to find him, too. The hunt is on!", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTremors 5: Bloodlines\nThe giant, man-eating Graboids are back and even deadlier than before, terrorizing the inhabitants of a South African wildlife reserve as they attack from below-and above.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nBurt Gummer (Michael Gross) and his son Travis Welker (Jamie Kennedy) find themselves up to their ears in Graboids and Ass-Blasters when they head to Canada to investigate a series of deadly giant-worm attacks. Arriving at a remote research facility in the artic tundra, Burt begins to suspect that Graboids are secretly being weaponized, but before he can prove his theory, he is sidelined by Graboid venom", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nWith just 48 hours to live, the only hope is to create an antidote from fresh venom \u2014 but to do that, someone will have to figure out how to milk a Graboid!", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nJaws: The Revenge\nAfter another deadly shark attack, Ellen Brody decides she has had enough of New England's Amity Island and moves to the Caribbean to join her son, Michael, and his family. But a great white shark has followed her there, hungry for more lives.\nDersu Uzala\nA military explorer meets and befriends a Goldi man in Russia\u2019s unmapped forests. A deep and abiding bond evolves between the two men, one civilized in the usual sense, the other at home in the glacial Siberian woods.\nAction Jackson", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nVengeance drives a tough Detroit cop to stay on the trail of a power hungry auto magnate who's systematically eliminating his competition.\nNate and Hayes\nNathaniel Williamsen is taken to an island mission with his fiancee Sophie. Their ship, the Rona, is captained by the roguish Bully Hayes, who also takes a liking to Sophie. When Sophie is kidnapped by slave trader Ben Pease \"Nate\" teams with Hayes in order to find her.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nTwo terrible lounge singers get booked to play a gig in a Moroccan hotel but somehow become pawns in an international power play between the CIA, the Emir of Ishtar, and the rebels trying to overthrow his regime.\nThe Adventures of Hajji Baba", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIn Ispahan, Persia, Hajji Baba is leaving his father's shop to seek a greater fortune, while the Princess Fawzia is trying to talk her father, the Caliph into giving her in marriage to Nur-El-Din, a rival prince known far and wide as mean and fickle. Her father intends Fawzia for Fawzia to marry a friend and ally, and makes plans to send her to him.", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nFearing the actions of a god-like Super Hero left unchecked, Gotham City\u2019s own formidable, forceful vigilante takes on Metropolis\u2019s most revered, modern-day savior, while the world wrestles with what sort of hero it really needs. And with Batman and Superman at war with one another, a new threat quickly arises, putting mankind in greater danger than it\u2019s ever known before.\nCyborg 2", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nIn the year 2074, the cybernetics market is dominated by two rival companies: USA's Pinwheel Robotics and Japan's Kobayashi Electronics. Cyborgs are commonplace, used for anything from soldiers to prostitutes. Casella Reese is a prototype cyborg developed for corporate espionage and assassination. She is filled with a liquid explosive called Glass Shadow. Pinwheel plans to eliminate the entire Kobayashi board of directors by using Casella\nAbraham (Part One)", "The 226 Best Adventure Movies Online\nThis engrossing dramatization of the life of Abraham, the most tested servant of God and the father of Judaism, spans from the patriarch's quest for the Promised Land to the sacrifice of his son, Isaac.\nAbraham (Part Two)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.universalis.com/L/europe.england.portsmouth.jersey/20210924/today.htm

Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie

["Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nFriday 24 September 2021 (other days)\nOur Lady of Walsingham\non Friday of week 25 in Ordinary Time\nChrist is the son of Mary: come, let us adore him.", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nThe lady of the manor of Walsingham in Norfolk, Richeldis de Faverches, was instructed by a vision of the Virgin Mary to build in her village an exact replica of the house in Nazareth in which the Annunciation had taken place. The vision occurred, according to tradition, in 1061, though a more likely date for the construction of the shrine is a hundred years later. This feast celebrates the shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Walsingham, one of the great pilgrimage centres of medieval times", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nThe original house was destroyed at the Reformation, but the Shrine was re-established at King\u2019s Lynn in 1897 and the Slipper Chapel became the National Shrine in 1943. The Shrine was raised to the rank of Minor Basilica by Pope Francis in 2015.", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nEast Anglian Ordo\nOther saints: St Stephanie\nVery little is known about St Stephanie who was martyred at Denderah in Egypt in the fourth century. Stephanie, who was only 18 years old, suffered death together with about 500 Christians who were accused of preferring Christ to the local gods. Their faith and courage are a great challenge for us today.\nOther saints: Blessed \u00c9milie Tavernier-Gamelin (1800 - 1851)", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nShe was born at Montr\u00e9al on 19 February 1800. She married in 1823 but was widowed four years later and devoted her life, and her fortune, to charitable works.", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nInspired by her, Bishop Ignace Bourget founded a new religious congregation, which he named the Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Poor, and \u00c9milie Tavernier-Gamelin became its first Superior. The congregation grew and grew, serving the poor, the sick, the old and the insane. The congregation is generally known as the Sisters of Providence and it now serves in nine countries: Canada, the United States, Chile, Philippines, Argentina, El Salvador, Cameroon, Haiti and Egypt.", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nMother \u00c9milie Gamelin was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 18 December 2000.\nSecond Reading: St Aelred of Rievaulx (1110 - 1167)", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nAelred was born in Hexham in around 1109. His family was well connected and at an early age he was sent into the service of King David of Scotland. There he rose to the position of Master of the Royal Household. In time he became attracted to the religious life, but he was also much attached to the life he lived at court and to King David himself", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nIt took a considerable personal struggle for him at the age of 24 to give up his secular pursuits and to enter the newly founded Cistercian monastery of Rievaulx in Yorkshire in 1133. At 34 he moved from there and took charge of a new foundation in Lincolnshire. But within four years he had returned to Rievaulx as Abbot where he remained for the rest of his life. He died in 1167.", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nAelred is remembered both for his energy and for his gentleness. His writings and his sermons were characterised by a deep love of the Scriptures and by a very personal love of Christ \u2018as friend and Saviour\u2019. He was sensitive and understanding in his dealings with his fellow monks and under his direction the monastery at Rievaulx grew to an extraordinary size. He did not enjoy robust health and the last ten years of his life were marked by a long and painful illness", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nHis position as Abbot required him to travel on visitation to monasteries not only in England and Scotland but even in France, and the physical suffering and exhaustion which this incurred seems to have been considerable. A contemporary account of the last year of his life describes him as being left helpless on his bed unable to speak or move for an hour after celebrating his morning Mass.", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nAelred was a singularly attractive figure, a man of great spiritual power but also of warm friendliness and humanity. He has been called the St Bernard of the North.\nMiddlesbrough Ordo\nPhilippians 2:2-4 \u00a9", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nBe united in your convictions and united in your love, with a common purpose and a common mind. There must be no competition among you, no conceit; but everybody is to be self-effacing. Always consider the other person to be better than yourself, so that nobody thinks of his own interests first but everybody thinks of other people\u2019s interests instead.\n2 Corinthians 13:4 \u00a9", "Our Lady of Walsingham: The Feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Stephanie\nHe was crucified through weakness, but still he lives now through the power of God. So then, we are weak, as he was, but we shall live with him, through the power of God, for your benefit.\nColossians 3:12-13 \u00a9\nYou are God\u2019s chosen race, his saints; he loves you, and you should be clothed in sincere compassion, in kindness and humility, gentleness and patience. Bear with one another; forgive each other as soon as a quarrel begins. The Lord has forgiven you; now you must do the same."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://bc.ctvnews.ca/langley-teacher-suspended-transferred-after-physically-intimidating-student-1.5221264?cache=yes%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue%3FclipId%3D89926%3FclipId%3D104062%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue%3FclipId%3D375756%3FclipId%3D89619%3FclipId%3D89619%3FautoPlay%3Dtr

Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student

["Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nLangley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nAndrew Weichel CTVNewsVancouver.ca Reporter and Senior Producer\n@ctvandrew Contact\nPublished Monday, December 7, 2020 6:49PM PST\nAn empty classroom is seen in this file photo. (The Canadian Press)", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nVANCOUVER -- A gym teacher from Langley, B.C. was suspended for weeks and forced to transfer schools after physically intimidating a Grade 7 student at a basketball game, according to a disciplinary decision that was recently published online.\nDonald Matthew Tupper was also charged with assault for the February 2016 incident, but the count was eventually stayed after he entered a peace bond promising to stay on good behaviour.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nDetails of what happened and Tupper's punishment were made public last week in a consent resolution agreement from B.C.'s Commissioner for Teacher Regulation.\nAt the time of the incident, Tupper was teaching physical education and social studies at a Langley high school, but had visited another school to watch basketball as a spectator.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nDuring the game, a Grade 7 student started yelling \"touchdown!\" and other football terms as a joke. This happened about four times before Tupper decided to confront the boy, whom he had never met or taught before, in the hallway outside the gym.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nTupper, who was much larger than the student, was \"visibly angry\" during the confrontation, according to the agreement, and raised his voice while calling the boy rude and disrespectful. He also backed the student against a wall and placed his hand in front of the boy's chest.\n\"Tupper failed to control his anger and involved himself in a matter which was not his responsibility, and while doing so, physically intimidated a student,\" the document reads.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nWhen another teacher appeared, Tupper told the boy, \"I'm not going to hurt you.\" He then told the other teacher everything was \"OK\" and that the Grade 7 student had learned a \"life lesson,\" according to the agreement.\nHe was charged with assault two months later, in April 2016, but the charge was stayed in August 2017. Tupper had to agree not to contact the student he intimidated or another student witness for six months.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nHe was suspended without pay for three weeks in 2019 following an investigation by the Langley school district, which also transferred him to a different school and barred him from teaching at his previous school or the school attended by the student he intimidated.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nThe agreement also outlines a number of other concerning interactions Tupper previously had with students, including one in December 2012 in which he \"yelled at a special needs student in front of students and a staff member,\" telling the student to \"stop being stupid\" and \"stop being a baby.\"\nHe was also suspended in February 2014 after leaving a class unattended, and making \"inappropriate and sexist comments\" toward female students, according to the document.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\nThe B.C. Commissioner for Teacher Regulations reviewed the circumstances of the February 2016 incident and decided to also suspend Tupper's licence for one day, which happened on Nov. 27. The agreement notes that the teacher has since completed an anger management course.\nOn Monday, the Langley School District confirmed Tupper is still an employee, but said it could not provide further details about how the incident was handled.", "Langley teacher suspended, transferred after physically intimidating student\n\"The district follows its policies and procedures with respect to human resources,\" the district said in an email statement. \"Due to privacy, the district is not able to share or publish any information regarding staff personnel matters. As always, student and staff health, safety, and protection of privacy is a top priority.\"\nB.C. teacher suspended for 'cuffing' 2 students during class\nCatholic school teacher fired after showing 'graphic' Crusades video to Grade 5 students"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nothingwavering.org/2010/03/22/19081-18th-century-enlightenment-and-the-rise-of-deism-part-i.html

18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I

["18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nHome > Latter-day Saint Blog Posts > 18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\n18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\n(03/22/2010 4:12 pm)", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nFollowing the 16th century scientific revolution, Western Europe entered into a period known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, which lasted for most of the 18th century, gets its name from the fact that people who lived during that era believed that they were living in enlightened times. They believed that they were living in an age that was far more civilized and advanced than previous generations", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nWith respect to science, they were correct; theirs\u2019 was a prosperous time unmatched by the previous millennium. Unfortunately, however, the Enlightenment was un-enlightening in a spiritual sense. It produced a spiritual malaise in science that continues to this day.", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nBelief in an active and purposive creator began to wane as Enlightenment scholars downplayed the role of God in the universe. Efforts to minimize the role of deity were largely spearheaded by French thinkers known as philosophes, such as Diderot (1713-1784), Voltaire (1694-1778), and Montesquieu (1689-1755). The philosophes were writers and publicists who read abstruse scientific treatises and books by theistic scientists like Newton and Galileo, and re-wrote them in the vernacular", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nIn these re-writings the philosophes downplayed the role of deity and eliminated references to a higher power while elevating human reason and scientific experimentation as the great arbiters of truth. As a result, Western European science became prideful of its scientific accomplishments as few scholars were willing to recognize the influence and handiwork of the Almighty.", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nOne can imagine how the theist pioneers of the scientific revolution might have felt about the secularization of the science they helped build. Science historian Brian Silver gives us some idea. He wrote, \"Newton neither foresaw nor intended any of this. He was not the John the Baptist of [i.e., the one who prepared the way for] the Enlightenment, and he would not have been at home with its ideals.\" I am certain that the same could be said for Boyle, Descartes, and Galileo.", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nAs the influence of deity was being removed from science, many scholars began championing a watered down belief system about God known as deism. Bruce R. McConkie described deism as \"the partial acceptance of God, that is, deists profess to believe in him as the Creator of the world . .", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nbut they reject the idea that he rules over or guides men during the interval between the creation and the judgment.\" In other words, deists believe that the Lord is a disinterested creator whose only involvement with humanity occurred during the creation. They assert that after the creation, He left the world to run on its own according to natural laws that He had established", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\nHe is like a watchmaker who, after building a watch and setting it to work on its own, has no continual involvement with its function. Most importantly, as McConkie also pointed out, deism rejects Christianity because the Savior's divine mission of redemption and His earthly miracles violate the deist concept of divine uninvolvement.", "18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\n(Source: Truth and Science: An LDS Perspective)\nContinue reading at the original source \u2192\nContent Origin\nmormonsandscience : 18th Century Enlightenment and the Rise of Deism - Part I\n18th\u2002century\u2002deism\u2002enlightenment\u2002general\u2002part\u2002rise"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=2340

HMS Fairy (1826)

["HMS Fairy (1826)\nHMS Fairy (1826)\nName Fairy (1826) Explanation\nType Brig-sloop\nLaunched 25 April 1826\nNote 1832 survey vessel.\n1840.11.13 wrecked on Sussex coast with loss of all hands\n- 13 November 1840 Commanded by Captain William Hewett, Woolwich (until lost with the ship and all hands in a storm)\nExtracts from the Times newspaper\nDate Extract\nMa 30 November 1840 The Salamander steamer, Commander Henry, is ordered to the North Sea and oast of Norway, to look after the Fairy, surveying vessel, Captain Hewett.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nWe are sorry to state that there is every reason to fear that the Fairy, surveying vessel, Captain Hewett, has been lost, with the whole of her officers and ship's company. It appears that she left Harwich on the 15th ult. for the purpose of surveying some neighbouring sands, and must have encountered the late tremendous storm", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nIt was ascertained before she left Harwich, that she had no design whatever of proceeding above a few hours' sail, having only on board at the time two days' provisions; but she has not since been heard of. A son of Sir C. Adam, a midshipman, was on board the Fairy. The Salamander steam vessel sailed on Monday, from Sheerness, for Norway, in search of her. She will visit the Shetland Isles, and call at Leith if necessary.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nTu 22 December 1840 All hopes of the safety of the Fairy surveying-vessel, Captain Hewett, are at length abandoned. Part of a topmast belonging to her was picked up off Lowestoft Ness Point on the 15th last, near to the spot were some fishermen averted to have seem a vessel founder a month ago during the heavy gales. The whole of the crew, with the able commander, who had two sons on board, have perished", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nA fine spirited boy, the second son of Sir Charles Adam, was serving as volunteer of the first class on board, having lately commenced his noviciate in the naval service.\u2014 Naval and Military Gazette.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nMa 4 January 1841 (From the Hampshire Telegraph of Saturday)\nThe Salamander, steam-frigate, arrived at Sheerness on Wednesday, after an unsuccessful search for the Fairy, and may be hourly expected at this port to refit, previous to proceeding to the Mediterranean.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nMa 4 January 1841 LOSS of HER MAJESTY'S SHIP FAIRY.\u2014 It being ascertained beyond a doubt that Her Majesty's ship Fairy was lost off the coast of Suffolk on the morning of the 13th of November last, and that every person on board perished, this MEMORIAL is presented to a generous public to draw their attention to the unfortunate circumstances in which this awful calamity has placed the poor widows and orphans of the seamen and marines composing her crew.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nIt appears from the ship's books that out of a crew of 45 then on board 18 have left wives and children, who being now deprived of their natural support this appeal is made in their behalf.\nAny contribution, however small, will be of importance where there are so many who need relief, and will be received by Mr. Breaks, at the Senior Officers' Office, in the Dockyard. Woolwich, who has kindly consented to take the office of Treasurer on this occasion.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nSubscriptions will likewise be received by Captain Hornby. C.B., and family at Woolwich; and by the following navy agents, vis. \u2014 Messrs. Stilwell and Sons, 22, Arundel-street; H. Cooke, Esq., 41, Norfolk-street, Strand; Messrs. Chard, 3, Clifford's-inn, Fleet-street; and Messrs. Loudensack and Case, 1, James-street, Adelphi.\u2014 Woolwich-yard, Dec. 30, 1840.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nFr 8 January 1841 LOSS of Her MAJESTY\u2019S SHIP FAIRY.\u2014 As not a vestige of hope now remains respecting this unfortunate ship, which was commanded by Captain Wm", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nHewett, R.N., and for many years employed in surveying the coasts of England and Holland, and the North Sea, some friends of that distinguished officer beg respectfully to APPEAL to the benevolence of the public In behalf of his afflicted widow and eight children, (the eldest only 16,) whose circumstances are of such a limited nature as to justify a measure of the kind.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nFor about 25 years Captain Hewett was actively engaged in this highly responsible and scientific branch of the naval service. Every step in his profession was given to him as the reward of unquestionable merit", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe importance of his labours to the maritime world at large can only be duly appreciated by such as are acquainted with the nature of these arduous and frequently perilous duties which he had to perform \u2014 with his skill and experience \u2014 and with his faithful delineation of the position of the various shoals and quicksands with which those coasts abound", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe execution of his charts was only equalled by their accuracy; the knowledge of which always gives confidence to the mariner when surrounded by invisible dangers. While in the execution of his duty on the 13th of November last, in the early part of that terrific gale of wind, a bark, believed to be the Fairy, was observed to go down stem foremost by a fishing smack off the coast of Norfolk, when all on board perished", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe supplications of her crew (42 in number) for help, as she was sinking, were of the most heart-rending description; but none could be given, in such a storm, by the vessel in question. What renders the situation of the afflicted widow the more touching is, that her eldest son was on board as a midshipman with his father, and her brother as the master of the ship; so that by this mysterious dispensation of Providence she was, at the same moment, bereft of her husband, her son, and her brother.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nCan the merchant, whose property may (under God) have been preserved by the invaluable services of this talented officer \u2014 can any one connected with the shipping interest \u2014 above all, can the Christian philanthropist refuse to contribute to the fund which it is proposed to raise for the benefit of this bereaved lady", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n? May God, in whose hands are the hearts of all men, so dispose them that such a substantial public manifestation of sympathy may be awakened in her favour as shall remove an undue anxiety from her mind respecting the temporal well-being of her eight fatherless children.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nSubscriptions will be thankfully received at the banking-house of Messrs. Drummond, Charing-cross; Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Labouchere, Birchin-lane; Messrs. Martin, Stone, and Stone, 68, Lombard-street; also by Robert Miller, Esq., Blackheath-park; Thomas Lawrence, Esq., General Post-office; Capt. Drew, Trinity House; John Walker, Esq., hydrographer, India House; Major Robe. R.E., Tower; Thomas Chapman, Esq., Lloyd's; George Babb, Esq., Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire; Capt", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nBasil Hall, R.N., Portsmouth; and Lieut. Cook. R.N., of Addiscombe College, or at 35, Sackville-street; from whom any further information may be obtained.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe Earl of Galloway, Colonel Conolly, Commandant R.M. Woolwich, and Charles Broderick, Esq., have kindly consented to their names being given as Trustees for payment into the Bank of England, on account of Mrs. Hewett, of such sums as shall be reported to them by the abovenamed bankers, on or before the 1st of May next, to be payable on her account. Remittances, before the 1st of May, to the said bankers, should be made \"To the Trustees acting in behalf of the Widow of the late Captain Hewett, R.N.\"", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nSa 9 January 1841 A meeting of the committee for raising subscriptions in aid of the widows and children of the persons who perished in the Fairy was held on Thursday, at Woolwich, Lieutenant Colonel Burton, of the Royal Marines, in the chair, when it was unanimously resolved that the sum of 70l. should be immediately divided amongst the most necessitous. It was never intended, as has been erroneously stated, that the subscription should be exclusively for the benefit of Mrs", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe gentlemen who originated this praiseworthy object only contemplated that she should share with the others; but when this intention became known to this amiable lady, she stated that she felt grateful for the assistance offered, but declined being put on the list, as there were so many persons who had suffered a similar loss who had no other resource to depend upon, and she had made up her mind to be content with the allowance to which she was justly entitled according to her husband\u2019s services.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nMa 11 January 1841 A very feeling and kind-hearted appeal to the public has been written by Captain Basil Hall in behalf of Mrs. Hewett, the widow of an officer who recently lost his life in the execution of a perilous duty, in which not only the mariner was interested, but all who in the remotest degree have property on the high seas are deeply concerned", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nLieutenant Pritchard, the officers and crew, of Her Majesty's steam-vessel Avon have set a generous example, by subscribing a day's pay to the widows and children now destitute by the loss of the Fairy; Lieutenant Tryon, officers and ship's company of the Rapid, tender to the Royal Yacht have very kindly subscribed a day's pay likewise; and the brigantine Viper, just returned from the coast, not to be thought \"backward in coming forward,\" most liberally offered three days' pay, but only one will be accepted", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nIt is a great pity that the widows of our hardy and gallant defenders were ever deprived, by the scratch of a pen, in 1824, of what had been conferred upon them by the acts of Parliament of this country", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nBy the 14th of George II, in 1741, entitled, \"An Act for the encouragement and increase of Seamen, and for the better and speedier manning His Majesty's Fleet,\" it is therein provided, that the real widow of any seaman below the rank of a commission or warrant officer, killed or drowned in the service, receive, by way of bounty, as much as would amount to a year's pay or wages of such seaman. This act stands in the Admiralty Statutes at page 190", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nSir,\u2014 In an article in your paper of the 9th inst., dated from Woolwich, Jan 8, an account is given of the proceedings of the \"Committee for raising Subscriptions in aid of the Widows and Children of the persons who perished in the Fairy,\" in which, after stating that a sum of 70l. had been awarded to the most necessitous, it goes, on to say that \"it was never intended (as had been erroneously stated) that the subscriptions should be exclusively for the benefit of Mrs", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe gentlemen who originated this praiseworthy object only contemplated that she should share, with the others; but that when this intention became known to this amiable lady she stated that she felt grateful for the assistance offered, but declined being put on the list, as there were so many persons who had suffered a similar loss who had no other resource to depend upon; and she had made up her mind to be content with the allowance to which she was justly entitled, according to her husband\u2019s services.\"", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nMy attention, Sir, has been called to this article by some friends, who, in conjunction with myself, have undertaken to support the appeal made to the public by the advertisement in The Times and other, newspapers of last week, in behalf of the widow and children of the scientific and indefatigable officer, whose loss the nautical world will have to deplore.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe above article appearing in your paper so immediately succeeding the one containing our advertisements, though written, I have no doubt, without any such intention, is obviously calculated to raise an erroneous impression that Mrs. Hewett and her eight children are already amply provided for, and therefore, that the benevolent sympathy of the public is no longer required to be exerted in their favour; thus defeating the object we have in view.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nIn obedience to the request of my friends, I yesterday made it my business to wait upon Lieutenant-Colonel Buxton, Royal Marines, the chairman of the committee, whom your correspondent alludes to, and also upon Captain Hornby, Royal Navy, the Superintendent of the Dockyard, with whom the subscription originated, and am authorised by them to state, that its object, which was distinctly set forth in their advertisements, is intended solely for the relief of the 14 widows and numerous orphans of the 45 seamen and marines composing the, crew of the Fairy, and was never intended to apply to Mrs", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nHewett; thus rendering it quite impossible that they could have contemplated, as stated by your informant, that she should \"share with the others.\" I am further authorized to state, that no communications of the nature your correspondent alludes to have passed between the committee and Mrs. Hewett, and consequently the latter part of the article is entirely without foundation.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nSince your paper, has thus been the medium of circulating the paragraph of which we complain, l trust, Sir, that you will, in justice to the bereaved family whose cause we advocate, be kind enough to insert the foregoing explanation in to-morrow's publication.\nI have the honour to be, Sir, your very obedient servant,\nA.W. Robe, Major of the Royal Engineers.\nTower, London, Jan. 11.\nTHE LATE CAPTAIN HEWETT, OF HER MAJESTY'S SHIP FAIRY.\nThe following is the letter referred to in yesterday's paper:\u2014", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"TO THE EDITOR OP THE HAMPSHIRE TELEGRAPH.\n\"Portsmouth Jan. 8,1841\n\"Sir,\u2014 I have been requested to solicit the advantage of your columns, to circulate a knowledge of the distressing case of the widow of the late Captain Hewett, who was lost in the Fairy, surveying vessel, in the great gale of the 13th of November last; and I feel confident that the friendly feeling you bear to the service will prompt you to render your powerful aid in so good a cause.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"Were the case an ordinary one, I might have hesitated to intrude it upon the public attention, however deeply I might have been interested in the parties; for I hold that appeals of this nature should never be made on light grounds. Unhappily there is nothing uncommon in the widow of a gallant and highly meritorious naval officer being left with eight children, almost entirely unprovided for; but it is seldom that an instance occurs which has such strong claims on the public favour as the present.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"That an officer who has devoted his whole life to the execution of his professional duties, and has at last perished in their actual performance, is well entitled to our respect, no one will deny, nor that his destitute widow and orphans are objects of our compassion", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nStill unless he shall have performed either some brilliant or some useful public service, his family can claim little more than our sympathy, and must be left to the care of those who are nearest and dearest, aided by the casual assistance of others whose generous natures judge of such matters by their own intrinsic distress.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"The case of Mrs. Hewett, however, and her eight delicate children (three of whom are at this trying moment very ill), stands on such very different grounds, that I cannot doubt, when the services of her late husband become generally known, she will be promptly and effectually relieved by the public.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"When an officer distinguishes himself in battle, the Country is never slow to acknowledge their sense of obligation to him and to reward him for augmenting the national renown; or, if he should fall in action, sound policy inclines them to provide for his family. But there are other services fully as beneficial to the country, and as essential to the advancement of its true glory, as those which figure in the Gazette, and which, therefore, are no less justly entitled to public favour", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nOf these the silent, unseen, protracted, often perilous, and always arduous labours, of the maritime surveyor, are entitled, on many grounds, to a high place in our esteem", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThere are perhaps no exertions of any of Her Majesty's servants, which produce more decidedly practical benefits to the community \u2014 none of which the good is more substantial at the moment, or more permanently useful in its character \u2014 none of which the results are more readily available in practice \u2014 nor any labours which require, at every stage of their progress, more skill, knowledge, patience, perseverance, and, above all, good faith and genuine public spirit, than the works of the hydrographer", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThis will be understood when it is recollected, that in the course of almost every other branch of the public service, occasional inaccuracies or neglects may occur without essentially vitiating the result. 'Success' said Lord Nelson, speaking of war, 'hides a multitude of blunders.' But this will not apply to surveying, for no eventual gloss or pretension, no elegance of execution of the maps, will make up for the smallest antecedent blunder in the details", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nAccordingly, a conscientious surveyor, like Hewett, makes it a sacred duty to superintend every cast of the lead, to verify every compass bearing by his own eye, to regulate and employ his chronometers with his own hands, and to observe the celestial bodies with instruments the merits of which he has himself proved", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nFinally, out of an immense mass of carefully accumulated materials scientifically reduced, he has to lay down his charts, that is, to adapt his work to the common use, not only of his own trading countrymen, but of the maritime world at large.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"It will scarcely be asked, what is the use of all this minute care? or in what way are the public concerned in it? or why should they owe so large a measure of gratitude to this particular officer, as to be called upon to widow and orphans", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n? I shall, however, now show what have been the extent and the nature of his public services, of which their very great utility depends entirely upon the zeal and fidelity with which they were carried on. The character of the surveyor, indeed, is the only guarantee we can have for the correctness of such a work, and it established reputation that any claims of his family can rest.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"I pass over Captain Hewett's surreys of Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, and other distant places, because, though admirable in their way and very useful to those who trade with those nations, they are less calculated to make an impression on your readers, and, in point of fact, are less extensively useful than his labours nearer home", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nIn all the wide circuit of waters navigated by British ships there is, I believe, no region more sailed over than what is called the North Sea, lying between the east coast of Great Britain and the continent, nor any with which it is more important to the mariner to be well acquainted", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nIt is thickly strewn over with dangerous sholas, many of then out of sight of land; some lying directly in the fair way of navigation, and others far to the right and left of it, but not the less dangerous on that account to vessels driven out of their course by stress of weather.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"In 1818 Captain Hewett commenced the gigantic task of surveying this immense network of shoals, and he followed it up with a minuteness and an exactness heretofore unequalled in this or any other country. In the process of this most useful undertaking, numerous dangerous banks were for the first time examined, and their places correctly ascertained; others, which had no existence but in the fears of fishermen and traders, were swept off our charts", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nAll the passages among the shoals were carefully sounded and rendered available by means of intelligible sailing directions \u2014 innumerable buoys were laid down, and lighthouses erected along the coast, to guide the mariner by day and by night; and I have just learned that the Trinity-house have borne honourable and substantial testimony to the value of Captain Hewett's suggestions on these points, and to the singular clearness and seaman like precision of all his operations, by awarding 200l. to his widow.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"In the midst of this career of public usefulness Captain Hewett was suddenly cut off, and the great work which he had almost completed most unfortunately interrupted. And here it may be interesting to pause a moment to consider how different the positions are in which an officer in command of a ship may be placed", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThere is not in the world a more glorious situation, or one upon which the country at large looks with greater admiration, than that of a captain leading his ship into action, it may be to death, it must be to honour. On the other hand, what stretch of imagination can reach or sympathy embrace the anguish and horror of a commanding officer in the situation of Captain Hewett in the gale when the poor Fairy foundered", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n? All the skill and fortitude which had availed him so often in rescuing hie crew from perils he now sees to be utterly useless; wave after wave beats over the devoted ship, tearing the masts away, and washing all his gallant companions overboard; finally, the swamped vessel, completely overwhelmed, sinks under his feet.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"May we not well suppose that along with his last mortal agonies, and the deep sorrow at being thus wrenched away from the world, in the prime of life, he might yet feel supported by the reflection \u2014 that, as he had always done his duty by his country, and contributed materially, by his individual exertion, to its interests, his country would not now desert those whom he could no longer assist \u2014 and that, though no human hand could dry his widows tears, it might still make 'her heart to sing for joy,' by rendering the office of 'a father to the fatherless?'", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"As, however, it forms, comparatively, an inconsiderable part of my present object to work on the feelings of your readers, I shall not pursue this subject further, nor intrude unnecessarily on the sacred privacy of the desolate widow's grief, except to state, that her eldest son, a midshipman, and brother, the master of the ship, perished along with her husband in the Fairy.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"It is enough, I hope, for me to state in conclusion, which I do upon the best authority, that her means, even with the highest pension which the rules of the state allow, must prove totally inadequate to maintain her in the position which, as an officer's wife, she has hitherto been accustomed to enjoy. Neither can Mrs. Hewett, unless assisted by the public, hope to bring up her children as they would have been brought up had their father's life been preserved to them and to his country", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nLet it be recollected also, that although this appeal is made in part to the generous sympathies of the public, it is not less directed to their sense of justice. For, if it be true, as I pledge myself it is, that Captain Hewett has rendered very important and permanently useful professional services to the nation without his ever having had either time or the means of laying up any provision for his family, they are certainly well entitled to protection, and to the heartiest assistance we can render them", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nIt is gratifying to he able to communicate, that two gentlemen have already come forward to assist Mrs. Hewett, one with the offer of a cadetship, the other with a presentation to Christ's Hospital, for her sons.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\n\"Subscriptions for Mrs. Hewett will be received by Captain Beaufort, Hydrographer's office; by captain Drew, of the Trinity-house; Mr. Thomas Lawrence, Post office; and by the London and Westminster Bank, Waterloo-place, and Lothbury, London; also, by Lieutenant Cook R.N. Addiscombe; and I shall be happy to receive and transmit to the committee of gentlemen acting on behalf of the widow, any subscriptions which may be forwarded to me at Portsmouth, I have the honour to be, your obedient servant", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nWe 13 January 1841\n(From our Correspondent.)\nThe subscription originated by Captain Hornby, C. B., superintendent of the Woolwich dock-yard, for the relief of the widows and children of the seamen and marines who were lost in the Fairy, now amounts to about 300l., and further sums continue to be forwarded for that praiseworthy object.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nI regret exceedingly that I should have made a mistake in my last communication by stating that any share of this subscription was intended for Mrs. Hewitt, the widow of the gallant captain of the Fairy, and it would give me great pain were it to prove prejudicial to her interest, as nothing could he further from my intention, and I hope the publicity thus given to the circumstances of the case will ultimately prove for her benefit and the benefit of her family", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nThe error arose from an impression is some quarters that the subscription originated by Captain Hornby was exclusively intended for Mrs. Hewitt and her family, which prevented several persons from coming forward who otherwise would have subscribed, had they considered the sums would be applied for the benefit of all the sufferers", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nAs it is now generally known that there are two distinct subscriptions, every philanthropic person will have an opportunity of rendering assistance where all are worthy of commiseration.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nSa 16 January 1841 LOSS of H.M.S. FAIRY.\u2014 The Public is earnestly appealed to on behalf of the widows and orphans of the seamen who perished in this unfortunate vessel. Subscriptions are received by Capt. Phipps Hornby, C.B., Woolwich; also at Messrs. Coutts and Co.'s Strand; and at Sir John Lubbock and Co.'s, Mansion-house-street.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nTu 19 January 1841 The Late Captain Hewett.\u2014 Captain Basil Hall has published an appeal to the grateful feelings of the nation in behalf of the widow and eight children (three of whom are at this moment very ill) of the late Captain Hewett, of the lost vessel, the Fairy. The eldest son, a midshipman, and Mrs. Hewett's brother, the master of the ship, perished, it may be remembered, with him", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nSome humane persons have made interest in favour of two of the unfortunate lady's sons; but the pay to which she is entitled is wholly inadequate to the necessities of a numerous family, in delicate health and of tender years. The above are, after all, but a small portion of the services of Captain Hewett. The subscription originated by Captain Hornby, C.B., Superintendent of the Woolwich", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nDockyard, for the relief of the widows and children of the seamen and marines who were lost in the Fairy, now amounts to about 300l., and further sums continue to be forwarded for that praiseworthy object. Mrs. Hewett does not participate in this.\u2014 Examiner.", "HMS Fairy (1826)\nTh 11 February 1841 Her Majesty's Ship Fairy.\u2014 The wreck of this ill-fated vessel has been discovered four miles past Lowestoft, and it is reported that a fishing smack has brought up one of the yards."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://vineyardgazette.com/news/2008/06/06/gazette-chronicle-fire

Gazette Chronicle: Fire!

["Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nAn Oak Bluffs landmark for generations, Darling\u2019s candy store was virtually gutted at about noon on Wednesday and quite probably damaged beyond repair, although there was a rumor current the next day it was to be rebuilt. The proprietor, Harris A. Carr, died of a heart attack as he strove to assist firemen in fighting the blaze. Although several versions of the start and progress of the fire were heard, it appeared that Mr", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nCarr had been working in the place according to his seasonal habit, and that he was using a coal-burning candy kettle, apparently cooking something in it. He is said to have left the building to get a newspaper, and the fire started during the few minutes of his absence.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nAlthough nothing could be certain, the appearance of the charred interior indicated a sugar fire, and there was further evidence of some sort of explosion. Mr. Carr attempted to help, and although urged to leave the place, persisted until he collapsed in the arms of one of the firemen. Dr. David Rappaport was called and the respirator employed, but without avail. The candy store has been a landmark of the town for generations.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nA Siberian husky puppy from the kennel of the late Admiral Richard S. Byrd is due here tomorrow with his owner, Mme. Magda Polivanov, to pass some of the months of his youth at her Oak Bluffs cottage. Colonel Bowditch, a cousin of Admiral Byrd, had asked her if she would like a puppy from the Byrd kennels, and naturally she responded with great enthusiasm. The newcomer has been named Nicky for Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, who was Mme. Polivanov\u2019s godfather.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nThe Tashmoo Inn, a landmark of Vineyard Haven for close to three-quarters of a century, burned to the ground early Sunday morning with the further loss of virtually all of its contents. The hotel, on which considerable money had been spent for improvements during the past winter was ready for the summer opening. The replacement value as estimated by the proprietor, Thomas J. Rabbitt, might well be placed at a figure in excess of one hundred thousand dollars.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nThe fire was highly spectacular in appearance. To say that the structure was literally wrapped in flames is no exaggeration, as the fire poured out of every opening. Mounting high in the air, the leaping fire did not project itself in tongues of flame, but rather in a huge boiling cloud, visible for a long distance because of its height. The fire department made its customary prompt response, but there was little to be done save to restrict the fire to the hotel, which was a serious problem.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nThe Tashmoo Inn was originally built on Main street, and fifty-seven years ago moved to its present site on West Chop road, just north of Tashmoo avenue. In 1924, Mr. Rabbitt purchased the hotel from Capt. Ralph M. Packer.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nRuthven Todd is seen about West Tisbury these days wearing a western-style shirt and bolo tie, mementoes of his recent travels on the west coast. Readings of his own poetry took place in Seattle, San Francisco, Oakland and Santa Barbara, and were well received. Admirers of Ruthven\u2019s earlier books of wild flower drawings will rejoice that on the trip he started a new book, this one filled with some of the flowers of the west.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nAnother in the Island\u2019s epidemic of major fires, the third within a week, occurred Saturday at the Reinforced Plastics Corporation at the Martha\u2019s Vineyard Airport. The fire, a particularly stubborn one to fight, was confined to the material of the roof and ceiling. All traces of the fire had evidently been confined by the heavy insulation in the roof until after the shop was closed down for the day. The smoke and flames that finally burst through the roof were first noticed by Mrs", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nPaul Kidder and two friends, as they were driving along the West Tisbury-Edgartown road. They reported the fire at the nearby Northeast Airlines terminal, and Emerson MacLeod, manager of the terminal, turned in the alarm in both the Edgartown and West Tisbury fire stations.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nThe rough grading of the incompleted portion of Moshup Trail, the Gay Head scenic drive, has now been extended to within a thousand feet of the end, where it will join the state highway near the town\u2019s eastern boundary. It is passable to cars, if care is exercised in driving, and an idea of what this fascinating highway will be like can already be obtained.", "Gazette Chronicle: Fire!\nReopening the ancient trail, which was once followed by Island pioneers, and for countless generations before them by Island Indians, Moshup Trail passes through the site of the ancient Indian village. The little burial ground holds the dust of generations of Indians who lived in this sheltered valley.\nCompiled by Cynthia Meisner\[email protected]"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://afriqtalkdiaspora.com/2012/09/15/

King Jaja of Opobo – England’s Affair With Him And The End Of It

["King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nAfriQtalk Diaspora\nMedia. PR. Branding. Event Management. Trade & investment Promotions\nKing Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nBorn in Umuduruoha, Amaigbo in Igboland and sold as a slave to a Bonny trader at the age of twelve, he was named Jubo Jubogha by his first master. He was later sold to Chief Alali, the head of the Opubo Annie Pepple Royal House. Called Jaja by the British, this gifted and enterprising individual eventually became one of the most powerful men in the eastern Niger Delta.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nIn the nineteenth century\u2014after the abolition of the slave trade in 1807\u2014the trade in slaves was supplanted by the trade in palm oil, which was so vibrant that the region was named the Oil Rivers area.\nThe Houses in Bonny and other city-states controlled both the internal and external palm oil trade because the producers in the hinterland were forbidden to trade directly with the Europeans on the coast; the Europeans never left the coast for fear of malaria.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nAstute in business and politics, Jaja became the head of the Anna Pepple House, extending its activities and influence by absorbing other houses, increasing operations in the hinterland and augmenting the number of European contacts. A power struggle ensued among rival factions in the houses at Bonny leading to the breakaway of the faction led by Jaja. He established a new settlement, which he named Opobo. He became King Jaja of Opobo and declared himself independent of Bonny.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nStrategically located between Bonny and the production areas of the hinterland, King Jaja controlled trade and politics in the delta. In so doing, he curtailed trade at Bonny and fourteen of the eighteen Bonny houses moved to Opobo.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nIn a few years, he had become so wealthy that he was shipping palm oil directly to Liverpool. The British consul could not tolerate this situation. Jaja was offered a treaty of \u201cprotection\u201d, in return for which the chiefs usually surrendered their sovereignty. After Jaja\u2019s initial opposition, he was reassured, in vague terms, that neither his authority nor the sovereignty of Opobo would be threatened.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nJaja continued to regulate trade and levy duties on British traders, to the point where he ordered a cessation of trade on the river until one British firm agreed to pay duties. Jaja refused to comply with the consul\u2019s order to terminate these activities, despite British threats to bombard Opobo. Unknown to Jaja, the Scramble for Africa had taken place and Opobo was part of the territories allocated to Great Britain", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nThis was the era of gunboat diplomacy, where Great Britain used her naval power to negotiate conditions favorable to the British.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nLured into a meeting with the British consul aboard a warship, Jaja was arrested and sent to Accra, where he was summarily tried and found guilty of \u201ctreaty breaking\u201d and \u201cblocking the highways of trade\u201d.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nJaja was forced into exile at St. Vincent, as a political prisoner, and placed on annual income of 800 pounds which was far below estimated at 50,000 pounds income per annum in Opobo, and where he enjoyed a lavish life style, in his three storey pre-fabricated house imported from Liverpool. He was to remain is St. Vincent, against his will, for three years, and for four additional month in Barbados, from where it was decided he should return home to Opobo from exile.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nMeanwhile, Jaja\u2019s health in exile began to deteriorate to the extent that his doctor in St. Vincent reported in 1899 that, the more Jaja was retained in St. Vincent the nearer he would approach his grave\u009d. Jaja report was threatening to commit suicide unless he was allowed to return.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nIt took another two years for Jaja to be evacuated from St. Vincent , from where in February, 1891, he was transferred to Barbados. He was to remain in Barbados for another three months before he was conveyed to Spanish colony of Teneriffe, instead of Sierra Lone, on May 11, 1891. The plan was for him to remain there until the arrival of the British consul, Macdonald who was to take him back to Opobo, but, due to an outbreak of epidemic in the island, Macdonald did not arrive in June as expected.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nConsequently Jaja waited hopelessly and in abject misery, soon contracted dysentery from which he died on July 7, 1891, after nearly four years in exile. His body was buried at Teneriffe. But in October, 1892, his body was exhumed and taken to Opobo where on October 12, it was received by a fleet at 60 war canoes each carrying each of the old warriors of King Jaja.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nYears after his exile in St. Vincent Jaja, is still remembered in anecdotes, today in the West Indies, as he stays there made the land favourable impact on the people of St. Vincent and Barbados. To them Jaja remained a legendary figure. He is remembered for upholding the diginity and self respect of the African even in the most difficult conditions in which he found himself while on exile in Caribbean.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nBased on the illegal exile of King Jaja of Opobo in the Caribbean, the situation in the Delta today is not different. The same vicious struggle for the control of the oil resources in the Delta has continued in a post colonial and independent federal Nigeria", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nThe British Buccaneers have been replaced by non-indigenous local predators, that in collusion with the big foreign-owned oil companies have seized control of vast oil resources in the Delta area in a manner that can not be said to serve the economic interest of the people of the Delta. Like Jaja, the people of the Delta want to control their own resources.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nThis is what is responsible for the rebellion of the people of Niger Delta and the continuing violence in the area. What the situation call for is some restitution with the people of the Delta through real fiscal federalism.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nKing Jaja was exiled for many years in Barbados, the West Indies. Then due to immense civil unrest caused by the presence of King Jaja by the enslaved people of Barbados and after years of campaigning for his freedom. Jaja was moved to the island of San Vicente, Cape Verde, West Africa. To prevent the possibility of a slave revolt.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nWhen Jaja eventually won his liberty after years of fighting against his wrongful abduction and consequent exile by the British. It was agreed by Parliament that he could be reunite to his Kingdom State of Opobo. Jaja now an old man and after years in exile in San Vicente, his health had deteriorated but this did not deter him from embarking on a British vessel bound for Opobo.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nHis health had failed and on his way back to his beloved Opobo Jaja died due to ill health. He was then shipped instead to Tenerife where he was buried. Due to the anger and fury felt by his people on the chain of events that had preceded, Opobians made the demand for the body of their King which was promptly exhumed and transported back to Opobo where Jaja was buried.", "King Jaja of Opobo \u2013 England\u2019s Affair With Him And The End Of It\nAs a loved King his people never forgot about him nor gave up hope that one day he would return. When his body was returned they proceeded to honour him in a manor befitting a much loved & Powerful King (Amayanabo) with 2 years of mourning and with a ceremony immortalising Jaja as a deity.\nThis entry was posted in Everyone and tagged Amaigbo, Barbados, Bonny, Caribbean, Niger Delta, Nigeria, Opobo, Opobo Jaja on September 15, 2012 by Contributor.\nAfriQtalk"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19101494

Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'

["Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nMinister testifies in reputed Klansman\u2019s trial\nA reputed Klansman on trial in the deadly attacks on two black teenagers went to his minister's home in 1963, sawed off a shotgun and grinned while saying it was to protect his own family, the retired minister testified Thursday.\nJune 8, 2007, 12:23 AM UTC / Source: The Associated Press", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nThe Rev. Robert W. Middleton testified that defendant James Ford Seale also asked him that day: \"'What do you think would happen if I just walked into a nigger juke joint and started shooting?'\"\nMiddleton said he replied that Seale would probably end up in prison.\nSeale, 71, is being tried on federal kidnapping and conspiracy charges tied to the attacks on the two 19-year-olds in May 1964 in southwest Mississippi.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nAnother witness testified this week that Seale pointed a sawed-off shotgun at Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore during the attacks in the Homochitto National Forest.\nThe decomposing partial corpses of Dee and Moore were pulled from a Mississippi River backwater more than two months later and more than 70 miles away.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nMiddleton testified Thursday that in April 1963 he was a financially struggling young man and that Seale was a close friend who helped him get a job as minister of the church Seale attended in rural Franklin County.\nChurch 'going crazy' over racial integration\nMiddleton, now 77, said that in 1963, people in the 60- to 70-member all-white congregation of Bunkley Baptist Church were upset because the federal government was talking about racially integrating the schools.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\n\"Everybody was going crazy,\" he said as Seale stared, stone-faced, from across the courtroom.\nMiddleton testified that during an adult Sunday school class one weekend in 1963, white women talked about being followed by black people. One man, Archie Prather, volunteered to shoot at any blacks who caused trouble, Middleton said. At the time, Middleton said, he was living rent-free in a home owned by Prather, who has since died.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nMiddleton said that during the class and during his sermon that day, he spoke against what Prather had told the women.\n\"I said a church is no place to talk about killing people,\" testified Middleton, adding that he didn't support integration at the time but thought it was inevitable.\nPrather quit the church, Middleton said, and sometime after that Sunday, Seale brought a letter from him saying the preacher would have to start paying $25 for monthly rent.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nSeale had helped compose the letter because Prather couldn't read or write well, Middleton said.\nMiddleton said that he also was told to turn off floodlights he had installed so young people could play volleyball on the Prather land, and that he was told to ignore vehicles that would come and go for meetings of a \"gun and rod club\" that Seale and Prather were in.\n\"They didn't want me minding their business,\" Middleton said.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nAs he testified, jurors and spectators were shown a color photo of a man in a red Klan robe. Middleton identified the man as Seale's brother, Jack Seale.\nMiddleton \u2014 who moved to Arkansas about a decade ago after retiring from a 17-year career in Louisiana law enforcement \u2014 testified that he stayed at Bunkley Baptist until November 1963. Because of threats, he filed a restraining order against James Ford Seale in 1963 in nearby Adams County, he said.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nThough Seale has denied involvement with the Klan, confessed Klansman Charles Marcus Edwards testified Monday that he and Seale belonged to the same chapter, or \"klavern.\" Edwards \u2014 who was granted immunity from prosecution \u2014 testified that Prather also was in the klavern, led by Seale's father.", "Minister testifies reputed Klansman sought gun to 'protect his family'\nEdwards testified this week that Klansmen were chasing rumors about black people stockpiling guns for an uprising in May 1964. He said Seale abducted Dee and Moore and pointed the gun at them while other Klan members beat them."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php%3Fdate=2010%252F04%252F16.html

"The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday"

["The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nby Dennis O'Driscoll\nLife is too short to sleep through.\nStay up late, wait until the sea of traffic ebbs,\nuntil noise has drained from the world\nlike blood from the cheeks of the full moon.\nEveryone else around you has succumbed:\nthey lie like tranquillised pets on a vet's table;\nthey languish on hospital trolleys and friends' couches,\non iron beds in hostels for the homeless,\nunder feather duvets at tourist B&Bs.\nThe radio, devoid of listeners to confide in,\nturns repetitious. You are your own voice-over.", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nYou are alone in the bone-weary tower\nof your bleary-eyed, blinking lighthouse,\nwatching the spillage of tide on the shingle inlet.\nYou are the single-minded one who hears\ntime shaking from the clock's fingertips\nlike drops, who watches its hands\nchop years into diced seconds,\nwho knows that when the church bell\ntolls at 2 or 3 it tolls unmistakably for you.\nYou are the sole hand on deck when\ntemperatures plummet and the hull\nof an iceberg is jostling for prominence.", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nYour confidential number is the life-line\nwhere the sedated long-distance voices\nof despair hold out muzzily for an answer.\nYou are the emergency services' driver\nready to dive into action at the first\nwarning signs of birth or death.\nYou spot the crack in night's fa\u00e7ade\neven before the red-eyed businessman\non look-out from his transatlantic seat.\nYou are the only reliable witness to when\nthe light is separated from the darkness,\nwho has learned to see the dark in its true", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\ncolours, who has not squandered your life.\n\"Vigil\" by Dennis O'Driscoll, from \"New and Selected Poems, 2004\". \u00a9 Anvil Press Poetry. Reprinted with permission. (buy now)", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nIt's the birthday of the comic novelist Kingsley Amis, (books by this author) born in London (1922). He was a student at Oxford when he met Philip Larkin who would become his closest friend for the rest of his life. At first, it was Philip Larkin who wanted to be a novelist and Amis wanted to be a poet. But after Amis moved to Wales and got a job as a professor, he began sending comic descriptions of his campus life to Larkin, and Larkin helped him turn those sketches his first novel, Lucky Jim (1954)", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nIt's the birthday of the filmmaker and actor Charlie Chaplin, born in London (1889). He started out as a vaudeville actor in a comedy troupe. When Chaplin arrived in Hollywood, he was shocked to see how little rehearsal went into each movie. Hollywood directors at the time filmed each scene in a single take, refusing to waste money on extra film. Chaplin tried to get used to the Hollywood style, and he took all the jobs he could get, saving almost all the money he made", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nBut he was disgusted at the quality of the movies. The camera often wasn't pointed in the right direction to capture his movements, and many of his favorite moments ended up on the cutting room floor. At the end of five months, he asked the producer if he could direct his own movie, and he put up $1,500 of his own savings as a guarantee against losses.", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nThat year, 1914, Chaplin directed, wrote, and starred in 16 films in six months. It was that year that he debuted his most famous character: the \"little tramp,\" who's always beaten down by life, always the butt of the jokes, but who never gives up his optimism. The character made Chaplin a star, recognized around the world.", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nIt was on this day in 1787 that \"the first American play\" opened, at the John Street Theater in New York City. It was written by 29-year-old Royall Tyler. Tyler went to Harvard, studied law, and joined the Continental Army. He was appointed the aide to General Benjamin Lincoln to help suppress Shay's Rebellion. After Shay left Massachusetts for New York, Tyler was sent to New York City to negotiate for Shay's capture. And there Tyler did something that he had never done: went to see a play.", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nTheater was slow to take off in America. There are known performances of Shakespeare in Williamsburg in the early 1700s, and in general the Southern colonies \u2014 more open to all British customs \u2014 were happier to embrace the theater. In the North, it was looked on as a sinful form of entertainment", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nMassachusetts passed a law in 1750 that outlawed theater performances, and by 1760 there were similar laws in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, although performances occasionally snuck through the laws with the special permission of authorities.", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nIn any case, Royall Tyler from Massachusetts had never been to the theater before. So on March 12, 1787, he saw a production of Richard Sheridan's School for Scandal (1777),and he was so inspired that in just three weeks he wrote his own play, The Contrast. On this day in 1787, just barely a month later, The Contrast became the first play by an American writer to be professionally produced.", "The Poet and the Professor: A Tribute to Kingsley Amis on His Birthday\nThe Contrast was a success. It was performed four times that month in New York, which was very unusual. Then it moved on to Baltimore and Philadelphia, where George Washington went to see it. The Contrast was a comedy of manners, poking fun at Americans with European pretensions, and the main character, Jonathan, was the first \"Yankee\" stock character, a backwoods man who spoke in a distinctive American voice and mannerisms."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.macclesfield-live.co.uk/news/local-news/united-star-wrong-footed-driving-ban-2531154

Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal

["Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal\nUnited star wrong-footed by driving ban\nMANCHESTER United star Wes Brown has been banned from driving \u2013 by magistrates who had been wrongly told he was in Italy with the club.\nThe footballer\u2019s lawyer told Manchester magistrates Brown, who lives in Prestbury, was preparing with his team-mates to face Inter Milan last night, when he was in fact at home with a broken foot.\nLisa Judge told the court that was why he couldn\u2019t attend the hearing, where he was accused of going through a red light.", "Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal\nMs Judge later contacted the court clerk to admit she had been wrong. Chairman of the bench, David Ganderton, said he was \u2018disappointed\u2019 by the error.\nBut neither Brown nor his lawyers will face further action because defendants who receive summons are not obliged to be present as long as they plead guilty.\nHis sentence would have been the same whether he was present or not, said a court official.", "Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal\nBrown\u2019s solicitors \u2013 Brabners Chaffe Street \u2013 said the mistake had been based on information given by Manchester United on Friday.\nAt that stage, they said, the team had not been chosen and Brown \"was expected to travel with the team\".\nBrown already had nine points on his licence when he went through the red light in Manchester in his silver Bentley Continental GT. The incident took place on Kingsway at the junction with Parrswood Lane.", "Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal\nExplaining Brown\u2019s absence, Ms Judge said: \"He\u2019s currently abroad awaiting the game.\"\nMr Ganderton handed Brown three penalty points on his licence and banned him from driving for six months.\nHe ordered the player \u2013 believed to earn more than \u00a31million a year \u2013 to pay \u00a3100 towards prosecution costs.", "Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal\nHe handed him the maximum \u00a31,000 fine because of his \"high income\". A statement by Brabners Chaffe Street and Manchester United said: \"Mr Brown was expected to travel with the team. Over the weekend a final decision was made that Mr Brown would not be required.", "Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal\n\"This fact was unfortunately not conveyed to his solicitors or barrister in time for the hearing. The fact of his absence or indeed reason for it had no bearing on the outcome of the hearing. Therefore the submissions made to the magistrates were a truthful reflection of the information known to the barrister at the time. Having been made aware of the inaccuracy of the submission made, the clerk to the court was immediately contacted and appraised of the situation.\"", "Manchester United star Wes Brown wrong-footed by driving ban he will appeal\nMacclesfield Town match stopped for fowl play\nMacclesfield Town FCGround staff were in a flap as they chased the large bird around the pitch during the Silkmen's defeat to Grimsby Town"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://mainerec.com/wchunt.asp?Category=134&PageNum=134

Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl

["Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nSport Hunting\nThe Creator must surely have been partial to this \"Down East\" land that's ours, for in the dream He fashioned a playground of such magnitude and diversity as to intrigue the most critical of its visitors.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nThe face of this land is a succession of valleys with ridges between, stretching from the Narraguagus to the St. Croix and beyond. The rivers that drain the valleys are born of spring-fed lakes and ponds that lie embossed in the highlands to the north, hidden away in the forests of pine and spruce, of balsam fir and hemlock. These are the haunts of the whitetail deer, the black bear and the moose, and this is the land where they are sought by the hundreds of hunters who venture forth come fall.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nAlthough the big game animals of eastern Maine and bordering New Brunswick are perhaps of prime interest, they are not the only attraction to hunters. Thousands of acres of upland second growth hardwoods, fringes of blueberry barrens and abandoned farm lands afford a paradise for those who would seek the king of upland game birds, the ruffed grouse.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nIn the lower lands, close to the waterways, and down the alder swales of the same farm pastures, a man and his dog will find the finest woodcock hunting in the whole United States. Flight birds from Quebec and Nova Scotia supplement the native population to make for good shooting and memorable days in the open. Fresh and salt water meadows are the native haunts of the jack snipe and rail.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nThis \"Down East\" area with its many small ponds and lakes offers good hunting of waterfowl. Native and migrating \"puddle ducks\"-the black duck, mallard, blue-wing and green wing teal may be found almost anywhere prior to the freeze-up.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nThereafter, hunting the salt water areas can be a thrilling experience with or without benefit of decoys or dogs. Black ducks, golden eyes, buffle heads, mergansers, eider ducks and scoters may all be found in good numbers. Washington County Maine - Washington County - A Look At Downeast Maine", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nA Little Washington County History - At Machias the first naval battle of the Revolutionary War was fought - a land and sea action which resulted in the British schooner \"Margaretta\" being captured by the American residents with the loss of only one man on the American side. The captain of the British craft died that night in the Burnham Tavern, a well-preserved example of a colonial inn now open to visitors. The oldest building east of Bangor, it's maintained by the local D.A.R.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nEveryone Loves Blueberries - Washington County, responsible for more than 90 percent of the nation's blueberry crop, is the world's largest producer. The glacially formed \"barrens\", vast rolling plains of sandy soil, are perfect for raising wild, lowbush blueberries. Thus, the growing, harvesting and processing of the blueberry is a major industry in Washington County", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nNearly a quarter million acres of barrens yield an average of 30 million pounds of blueberries annually, all of which are canned within the county.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nSport Hunting in Washington County - The face of this land is a succession of valleys with ridges between, stretching from the Narraguagus to the St. Croix and beyond. The rivers that drain the valleys are born of spring-fed lakes and ponds that lie embossed in the highlands to the north, hidden away in the forests of pine and spruce, of balsam fir and hemlock", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nThese are the haunts of the whitetail deer, the black bear and the moose, and this is the land where they are sought by the hundreds of hunters who venture forth come fall.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nNative American Indian History - Although the earliest European settlers found Indians of the great Algonquin stock throughout Maine, evidence unearthed and correlated in the last fifty years has firmly established the belief that these Algonquin tribes had been preceded by an earlier, different group of men who are called Pre-Algonquin or Red Paint People", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nRed Paint People have been so named because each of their ancient graves contains from less than two quarts to a bushel of brilliant ocher, usually red but occasionally yellow or brown. The burial with the bodies of ocher (a mineral from which paint may be made) and stone implements, which are unlike Indian implements, distinguishes these people.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nNatural Wonders - TIDES: The greatest rise and fall of tides on the shores of the continental United States occur along the Washington County coast. The tall pilings at Jonesport, Lubec and Eastport attest to the gigantic fluctuations of the ocean's level where 18-foot variations are average. Actually, the greatest tides occur way up the St. Croix River at Calais where the average is 20 feet", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nBeaches And Tidal Pools - No visit to Washington County would be complete without the thrill of discovering the beauty of the beaches and rocky cliffs that form the boundary between the pounding sea and the land. This narrow band between the low and high water mark is a world of its own populated with plant and animal life peculiarly adapted to living part of each day submerged by the ocean water and the rest of the time exposed to the drying sun and wind", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nThe scene is an ever changing one as each tide slowly rearranges the pattern of the rocks, the sand and the residue from the sea.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nCampobello Island - Campobello Island, N.B. is nine miles long and about three miles wide. It has two fishing villages, Welshpool and Wilson's Beach, both of them home port to many colorful vessels which go out many miles to catch fish. After you go through customs and get a friendly nod you'll climb a hill. When you get to the top, stop and turn around so you can take in the view of Lubec, Maine across the \"Narrows\", where, according to the U.S", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nTen Exciting Places To Enjoy Yourself Absolutely Free - There are several excellent facilities in Washington County which are open to the public at no charge. All that is asked is that visitors leave the areas clean and unspoiled. Depending on the location of the site, provisions have been made so that people of all ages may enjoy picnicking, tenting, boat launching ramps, fishing, hiking and swimming.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nMoosehorn Wildlife Refuge - The Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, an area comprising 28,686 acres, was established in 1937 for the protection, study, perpetuation and management of certain species of wildlife, particularly waterfowl and other migratory birds, in the area. Moosehorn is the only one of more than 540 national wildlife refuges that is devoted to the study and management of the American woodcock.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nFive Great Places To Hike - If you're looking for some interesting hiking trails, you've come to the right place. Here are five locations you might want to try some of these.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nWashington County Wildflowers - From the time the first Mayflower blooms between the patches of melting snow on the sunny hillsides until late in the fall the great natural lands of Washington County are filled with hundreds of varieties of wild flowers and greens. Plants have structures and abilities which suit them for living in particular environments and therefore each distinct area of seashore, woods, fields and roadsides brings forth its own individual bouquet.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nPoints Of Interest - When the phrase Down East came into common usage is unknown but some historians feel the description goes into the early 1600's. It is rather a puzzling phrase but as you can see from examining a map, the coast of Maine does go east but, at the same time, it runs northward too, or up. However, what early explorers quickly found out was that the prevailing winds blew from the southwest, as they do today", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nThe Glaciers Did It - A million or more years ago the world grew very cold. Great sheets of ice formed over the northern lands, retreated, grew again, drew back and for the third time advanced far south of what is now Maine. As recently as 15,000 years ago there were tongues of the huge glaciers extending into Washington County.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nThe Communities Of Washington County - St. Croix Island, set about midway between the United States and Canada in the beautiful St. Croix River, was the scene of the first white settlement in the New World north of St. Augustine, Fla. It was here, in 1604, that Samuel Champlain and his fellow French explorer, Sieur de Monts, led a band of about 100 soldiers and traders and spent the winter. It was from this island that Champlain explored the coast of New England as far south as Cape Cod.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nBoat Launch Sites - Washington County has some pretty good boat launching ramps on lakes and the salt water. Here is a fairly complete list of the fresh water launching sites.", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nSalt Water Fishing - A salt water sports fisherman, to borrow author Kenneth Roberts' words; \"has always with him the clean, salt tang of the sea, the roar of waves on the ledges, the fatalistic scrutiny of clownish seagulls and is never annoyed by mosquitoes, black flies, midges or horseflies.\" A description which should knock fresh water fishing into a cocked hat, but won't", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nNevertheless, salt water fishing in the county can offer every member of the family some wonderful thrills whether you cast from a ledge or wharf or dangle a line from one of the charter boats that ply from Red Beach, Jonesport, Cutler or Eastport. The fish to be caught include flounder, sculpin, cod, pollock, smelt, mackerel, halibut, sea bass or \"stripers\" and tuna, although tuna are very rare", "Down East Maine Hunting - Whitetail Deer, Black Bear, Moose, Ruffed Grouse, Woodcock, Waterfowl\nIn fishing for flounders, we notice that the most successful fishermen use worms, either the garden or sand variety; this keeps the bait from being eaten by the sculpins."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://92newshd.tv/about/jihadi-john-killer-from-islamic-state-unmasked-as-londoner

"Jihadi John" killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner

["Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nLONDON/WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The masked \"Jihadi John\" killer who fronted Islamic State beheading videos has been identified as Mohammed Emwazi, a British computer programming graduate from a well-to-do London family who was known to the security services. The black-clad militant brandishing a knife and speaking with an English accent was shown in videos released by Islamic State (IS) apparently decapitating hostages including Americans, Britons and Syrians", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nThe 26-year-old militant used the videos to threaten the West, admonish its Arab allies and taunt President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron before petrified hostages cowering in orange jump suits. Emwazi's name was first disclosed by the Washington Post. Two US government sources who spoke on condition of anonymity confirmed to Reuters that investigators believed Jihadi John was Emwazi", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nDressed entirely in black, a balaclava covering all but his eyes and the bridge of his nose and a holster under his left arm, Jihadi John became a menacing symbol of Islamic State brutality and one of the world's most wanted men. Hostages called him John as he and other Britons in Islamic State had been nicknamed the Beatles. He was unmasked publicly for the first time on Friday by British media which published a photograph showing Emwazi as a schoolboy", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nThe Daily Mail newspaper published a picture showing Emwazi smiling and sitting cross-legged on the grass at the front of the photograph from the St Mary Magdalene Church of England primary school in Maida Vale, West London", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nEmwazi was born in Kuwait but came to Britain aged 6 and graduated with a computer programming degree from the University of Westminster before coming to the attention of Britain's main domestic intelligence service, MI5, according to an account given by Asim Qureshi, the research director of the Cage charity that campaigns for those detained on terrorism charges", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nEmwazi, a fluent Arabic speaker, said MI5 had tried to recruit him and then prevented him from travelling abroad, forcing him to flee abroad without telling his family, Qureshi told a news conference in London. Emwazi travelled to Syria around 2012, Qureshi said. MI5 does not publicly comment on the identity of militants or their backgrounds while an investigation is still ongoing. The British government and police declined to confirm or deny Emwazi's identity, citing an ongoing security investigation", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nAGENCIES HUNTING JIHAD JOHN \"We don't confirm or deny matters relating to intelligence,\" said a spokeswoman for Cameron, who has ordered spy agencies and soldiers to track down the killer. \"Jihadi John\" rose to notoriety in August 2014 when a video appeared showing a masked man raging against the United States before apparently beheading US citizen James Foley off camera", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nIntelligence services in the United States and Britain used a variety of investigative techniques including voice and facial recognition as well as interviews with former hostages to identify the man, intelligence sources said. But security officials made great efforts to avoid publicly naming Emwazi, fearing that would make him more difficult to catch. Two intelligence sources who spoke on condition of anonymity said they were uneasy that the name had been revealed", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nThere was no answer at two addresses in west London where Emwazi was listed to have lived. Neighbours described the family as \"normal people\" and \"friendly\". \"This is the first time anything like this happens in this neighbourhood,\" said Fatima Al-Baqali. \"We have to be careful now", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nI didn't know this family and I usually know everyone here.\" Qureshi, of the Cage charity which describes itself as having campaigned against the 'War on Terror' for more than a decade, said that although he could not be certain Emwazi was John, there were some \"striking similarities\". He declined to elaborate", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nIn a meeting with reporters in London, Qureshi painted a picture of a kind and thoughtful young man who faced harassment from MI5, which apparently suspected he wanted to join the Somali Islamist militant group al Shabaab. British authorities have linked Emwazi to another British militant killed in Somalia in a US drone attack. BRITISH SPIES Qureshi said British spies had tried to recruit Emwazi as a source but declined to provide specifics", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\n\"There's one character that I remember, one kind person that I remember and then I see that image and there doesn't seem to be a correlation between the two,\" Qureshi told reporters. \"I feel like a prisoner, only not in a cage, in London..,\" Emwazi wrote in an email to Cage. He felt like \"a person imprisoned and controlled by security service men, (who) stopping me from living my new life in my birthplace and my country, Kuwait\"", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nCage said Emwazi was detained in Tanzania, where he went for a safari holiday with two friends in August 2009. He was deported to Amsterdam and interrogated by MI5 and a Dutch intelligence officer and then sent back to Britain, according to Qureshi. Reuters was unable to immediately verify the version of events given by the charity, which provoked criticism for shifting the responsibility for Emwazi's crimes", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\n\"I think this is an attempt to deflect attention from Jihadi John,\" said Shiraz Maher, Senior Fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, King's College London. \"They're trying to lay the blame for this at the feet of the British government,\" he told Sky news", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nThe Cage charity, which also worked with the family of Michael Adebolajo, the Muslim covert who with an accomplice killed a British soldier in London in May 2013, said both men had been victims of undue pressure from the security services. Britain's MI5 security service was not immediately available for comment on those allegations. MI5 has argued to British lawmakers that it would be damaging to national security to comment on allegations that is sought to recruit Adebolajo", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nThe British Parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee said last year that MI5 had investigated Adebolajo five times, twice as a high priority, but had found no evidence that any attack was being planned. The Committee said it had found no evidence that Adebolajo was harassed by MI5. After becoming frustrated following three failed attempts to return to Kuwait, and changing his name to Mohammed al-Ayan, Emwazi left his parents' home and slipped out of Britain, according to Qureshi", "Jihadi John killer from Islamic State unmasked as Londoner\nFour months later, police visited the family home to say they had information he had entered Syria. His family thought he was in Turkey doing aid work. \"Jihadi John\" fronted gruesome Islamic State videos that showed either the killing or bodies of victims including US citizens James Foley, Steven Sotloff and Peter Kassig, Britons David Haines and Alan Henning, Japanese Kenji Goto and over 20 Syrian soldiers."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://champaign.illinoisgenweb.org/biographies/bio0323.html

Biography of U. D. Hecox

["Biography of U. D. Hecox\nU. D. HECOX was born in Lockport, N. Y., January 21, 1849, the son of Carlos Y. and Clara Shaw (DICKSON) HECOX, the former being a native of New York and the latter of Indiana. They were married in the Hoosier State and later moved to Lockport, where they remained for two years and then moved to Mahomet, Champaign County, Ill., in 1856. The father was a Methodist preacher, and an active member of the ministry until his death in April, 1894. His wife's death occurred in 1871.", "Biography of U. D. Hecox\nThe subject of this sketch obtained his early education in the public schools of Champaign County, which was supplemented by a course in a commercial college, where he received a diploma, certifying his qualifications as a bookkeeper. In this occupation he was engaged for several years. Afterwards, for eight years, he was engaged in railroading, and then conducted a lumber yard in Sidney for nineteen years. Disposing of this business in 1904, he took charge of the Farmer's Elevator, as manager", "Biography of U. D. Hecox\nMr. Hecox was married in 1883, to Lucretia WATHEN, and they have two children: Elizabeth B. and Cedric D.\nIn politics he is a Republican; has served as Village Tax Collector and Treasurer, and was President of the Village for two terms. Socially Mr. Hecox is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in religion affiliated with the Presbyterian Church, in which he is an elder."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.wcsufm.org/2021-06-29/2-americans-have-apologized-to-a-tokyo-court-for-their-role-in-carlos-ghosns-escape

Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape

["Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\n2 Americans Have Apologized To A Tokyo Court For Their Role In Carlos Ghosn's Escape\nThis Dec. 30, 2019 image from security camera video shows Michael L. Taylor, center, and George-Antoine Zayek at passport control at Istanbul Airport in Turkey. Taylor and his son Peter, are charged in Japan with helping Nissan's former chairman, Carlos Ghosn, jump bail and escape Japan for Lebanon.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\nTOKYO \u2014 Two Americans charged in Japan with helping Nissan's former chairman, Carlos Ghosn, jump bail and escape Japan for Lebanon apologized Tuesday in a Tokyo court.\n\"I deeply regret my actions and sincerely apologize for causing difficulties for the judicial process and for the Japanese people. I'm sorry,\" Michael Taylor, a former Green Beret said, bowing and holding back sobs.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\nTaylor, on trial in Tokyo District Court with his son Peter, said in response to questioning by his lawyer and by prosecutors that he had been misinformed by Ghosn and his wife, Carole Ghosn.\nCarole Ghosn told Taylor her husband was \"tortured\" and grilled in solitary confinement, he said. Ghosn also said he was being mistreated, Taylor said.\nTaylor said he has been well treated in Japan.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\n\"I didn't know much about Japan. All I know is that the Japanese are the friendliest people I've ever bumped into,\" he said.\nAt the outset of their trial earlier this month, the Taylors indicated they weren't fighting the allegations, in Japan's equivalent of pleading guilty. They were arrested in Massachusetts last year and extradited to Japan in March.\nPeter Taylor, who allegedly met with Ghosn to plan the escape, also apologized to the court for the \"trouble\" he had caused.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\n\"I must apologize to the people of Japan,\" Peter Taylor said, bowing to a panel of three judges.\n\"After more than 400 days in jail, I have had a lot of time to reflect. I take full responsibility and deeply apologize. I am sorry,\" he said.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\nIf convicted of helping a criminal, the Taylors face up to three years in prison. Japanese trials often drag on for months, and their defense team has indicated they want the trial to finish as soon as possible. Showing remorse for wrongdoing is considered crucial for defendants hoping for judicial leniency.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\nGhosn, who led Nissan for two decades, was arrested in November 2018, and charged with financial misconduct, including falsifying securities reports to under-report his future compensation, and with breach of trust in using Nissan money for personal gain.\nHe says he is innocent, arguing that the compensation was never decided on or paid and the expenses were legitimate for his job.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\nGhosn hid in a box for musical equipment and left Japan in a private jet in December 2019. He is now in Lebanon, which has no extradition treaty with Japan.\nThe Taylors, who have not been granted bail, are accused of playing leading roles in that escape. Prosecutors have described details of bank transfers and bitcoin payments, alleging Ghosn paid the Taylors the equivalent of more than $1 million.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\nWhile in detention, prosecutors questioned Ghosn without a lawyer present, although he was allowed lawyers' visits. That's standard in Japan, where more than 99% of criminal cases end with guilty verdicts. Critics often point to human rights abuses in the judicial system.\nAnother American and former top Nissan executive, Greg Kelly, is on trial in Tokyo on charges of under-reporting Ghosn's compensation. Kelly says he is innocent and was only trying to pay Ghosn legally.", "Two Americans Apologize in Tokyo Court for Role in Ghosn's Escape\nLeftist claims victory in Honduran vote, setting up a showdown with National Party\nCarrie Meek, pioneering Black former congresswoman, has died\nThe Netherlands and Australia find the omicron variant as curbs spread"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.marxist.com/the-russian-civil-war-an-international-struggle.htm

The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle

["The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nThe October Revolution was an earthquake that sent shockwaves throughout the world. The idea that workers could take power into their own hands and run society without the need for kings, queens and capitalists had a big impact amongst the working masses throughout the world. For this reason, the ruling classes of all countries united in an effort to crush the new workers state in its infancy.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nIn Russia, after the revolution, the former Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Committee, Alexander Kerensky, and his generals made attempts to overthrow the newborn Soviet regime. But faced by the mobilization of the Petrograd workers, their offensive was a total failure.\nAlexander Kerensky / Image: Alternate History", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nInitially, Lenin seemed to be right when he declared that the civil war phase of the revolution was over and that the Bolsheviks could now concentrate on the peaceful construction of the new regime. But this idea was soon to be shattered by events.\nThe imperialists intervenes", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nWhereas the anti-communist counter-revolution \u2013 also known as the White movement, as opposed to the Reds \u2013 was militarily and politically defeated, its leaders who were living on the country's borders received enormous military assistance from the great imperialist powers of the time. This started already in the early days of 1918. White units were equipped with high-tech weaponry, such as tanks and planes: all things that were lacking to the young Soviet republic.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nEvery imperialist power found itself a stooge fighting in the civil war: Ataman Skoropadsky in Ukraine and General Krasnov on the Don river were supported by the Germans; general Denikin in the south was helped by the French; admiral Kolchak in Siberia received full support from the Japanese and the British, who also helped general Yudenich on the Baltic front. Beside this material help, imperialists troops landed directly in Russia as early as 1918", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nWhile the Germans were invading Ukraine and the Baltic countries, British forces occupied Baku in the Caucasus, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk in the North. After a while, French soldiers took over from the Germans in Ukraine and Crimea, while Japanese and US troops were attacking Vladivostok and the Russian Far-East.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nThis intervention had an enormous impact on the revolution. Confronted with such a threat, the Soviet regime was forced to devote all its strength to sheer survival. Cheered on by the allies, White generals took their revenge on the people that had dared to overthrow them. Everywhere in White-controlled territories, a bloody orgy of pogroms and terror was unleashed, before the very eyes of the distinguished representatives of the western \u2018democracies\u2019.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nThe capitalist powers' intervention was justified by the will to crush the global threat posed by the Russian Revolution. In Russia, the workers had taken power in their hands and set an unbearable example for the world bourgeoisie. The Russian Revolution had to be \u201cstrangled at birth\u201d as Winston Churchill said. The Russian Civil War very early on acquired an international nature, embodied by the French warships anchored in the Black Sea harbours.\nInternationalist propaganda", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nThis feature of the Civil war was not limited to the side of the counter-revolution, but also found an expression on the Bolshevik side. Numerous foreign activists were present in Russia at the time and were used for internationalist propaganda by the new regime. A special attention was devoted to the foreign troops stationed in Russia. Many agitators and propagandists were sent to explain to these men why their governments sent them to fight in Russia while the world war had been over for months", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nMany of these activists paid for their internationalism with their lives. For instance, the French teacher Jeanne Labourbe, won over to socialism as soon as 1905, was murdered by French army officers in Odessa in 1919.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nThis propaganda had a big impact: almost every foreign corps stationed in Russia was subject to mutinies, during which soldiers refused to fight and even sometimes tried to go over to the Red Army. The French navy was particularly plagued by this movement. During the spring of 1919, two successive waves of mutinies rocked the warships sent in the Black Sea. The first, organized by socialist activists drafted in the navy, tried to go over to the Red side with some warships after mutiny", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nIt failed, but sparkled a second wave, aimed at delivering the jailed mutineers, improved living conditions, and putting an end to the French military intervention. The mutiny forced the French government to repatriate the fleet in France, without putting an end to the revolt, which arose soon after in French military harbors such as Lorient, Brest or Toulon. This episode is not an isolated one as British army was also forced to repatriate its forces after a wave of mutinies.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nMany mutineers and deserters succeeded in joining the side of the Red Army. French army captain Jacques Sadoul, who was in post in Moscow during the war, deserted to the Red army in 1918 and joined the Bolshevik party. He also served in the propaganda services of the Red Army. He met there tens of thousands of foreign volunteers. Some of them were foreign workers (notably Chinese) who had been treated as a second-rate workforce under the Tsarist regime", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nNumerous war prisoners from the central powers were also in Russia at the time of the October Revolution and thousands of them joined the revolutionary forces. Austrians, Germans, Hungarians, Czechs and so forth fought in the ranks of the Red Army.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nThis situation is not a peculiarity of the Russian civil war. Way before the 1917 revolution, during the Paris Commune of 1871, while Bismarck was helping the counter-revolutionary armies of Versailles \u2013 his recent enemy \u2013 Italian volunteers fought in the Commune's army, which was led by a 34-year-old Pole, Jaroslaw Dombrowsky.\nSoviet-Polish War propaganda / Image: public domain", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nAt the end of the Russian Civil War, the bourgeoisie was forced to renounce to its direct aggressions toward the Russian Revolution, fearing it would spark revolutions in the West. When the British government tried to support White Poland in its war against Russia, it was the threat of a general strike that made it pull back. British premier Lloyd George said at the time that a new war against Russian Soviets would bring Soviets to Britain. This fear was justified", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nFrom 1918 to 1923, capitalist Europe was the theater of many revolutionary upsurges. In Germany, Italy, Austria and elsewhere, the power of the bourgeoisie, who had just showed its true colours with the bloody slaughter of the world war, was assaulted by the working-class. The workers were defeated only by the inexperience of their revolutionary parties and the betrayal of reformist leaders", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nIn Hungary, the bourgeoisie even needed an armed intervention by France and Romania to crush the Workers\u2019 Republic and impose a military dictatorship on the Hungarian people.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nAll these events show that the 1917 revolution was not a purely Russian affair, but a global event, in fact the first step of the world socialist revolution. For millions of workers and peasants around the globe, the programme of the Bolsheviks connected to their own problems: war, poverty and exploitation", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nThis unity of interests is a perfect demonstration of what Marx wrote in the Communist Manifesto: \u201cThe working men have no country\u201d, as their interests are not defended by existing nation-states: these are tools in the hands of their exploiters. Proletarian liberation will need a common struggle above national borders.", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nIf international solidarity is often a spontaneous reaction during revolutionary times, it needs to be organized if it wants to be victorious. The Bolsheviks understood this very well. That is why, since the day after the revolution, they devoted themselves to the construction of a new revolutionary workers\u2019 international. This task is still as relevant as it was then", "The Russian Civil War: An International Struggle\nIf you want future revolutions to be successful and the dawn of a new and better world, you have to build an international revolutionary communist movement in preparation. Join us in the building of the International Marxist Tendency!"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/10/c_138379244.htm

Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect "anchor" of China-UK Golden Era ties

["Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\nMutual respect \"anchor\" of China-UK Golden Era ties: Chinese ambassador\nChinese ambassador to the UK Liu Xiaoming makes a speech at a reception in celebration of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in London, Britain on Sept. 9, 2019. Liu Xiaoming said Monday that mutual respect is the \"anchor\" of the China-UK \"Golden Era\" relationship and a key principle to ensure the steady and sustained development of the bilateral relations. (Xinhua/Han Yan)", "Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\nLONDON, Sept. 9 (Xinhua) -- Chinese ambassador to the UK Liu Xiaoming said Monday that mutual respect is the \"anchor\" of the China-UK \"Golden Era\" relationship and a key principle to ensure the steady and sustained development of the bilateral relations.\nLiu made the remarks at a reception in celebration of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.", "Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\nThis year also marks the 65th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationship between PRC and UK at the level of charge d'affaires.\n\"Our experience in the past 65 years tells us that when our two countries respect each other's core interests and major concerns, treat each other as equals, and seek common ground despite differences, China-UK relationship will move forward and even achieve leaps and bounds,\" Liu said.", "Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\nThe ambassador said open cooperation is the basis for common development as both China and the UK are supporters, practitioners and beneficiaries of free trade and open economy.\nLiu called on the two countries to focus on development, leverage comparative strengths, dovetail strategies, and foster a fair, transparent and non-discriminatory business environment for the companies of the two countries.", "Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\n\"We should enhance cooperation on the Belt and Road Initiative and in the areas of infrastructure, financial services, big data, clean energy, science and technology, and innovation,\" he said.\nMeanwhile, Liu urged inclusiveness and mutual learning between the two countries, as China and the UK differ in social system, history, culture and development stage.", "Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\nIn his speech, the ambassador recalled China's development over the past 70 years, from a secluded and backward nation to become the world's second largest economy, with the GDP increasing by more than 450 times, from 30 billion U.S. dollars in the early years of New China to more than 13.6 trillion dollars in 2018,\nChina has led the world in the number of R&D professionals and invention patent applications for many years in a row. It also ranks second in the world in terms of R&D spending, he noted.", "Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\nIn China's relations with the world, the past 70 years also witnessed a tremendous change, said the ambassador.\n\"China is approaching the center stage in world affairs, it is becoming more closely integrated with the world, and it is participating and taking the lead in building a better world,\" he said.", "Chinese ambassador: Mutual respect anchor of China-UK Golden Era ties\nMeanwhile, amid the tremendous changes over the past 70 years, China has been unwavering in its values -- the pursuit of harmonious coexistence, between individuals, between man and nature, and between different countries, said the ambassador.\n\"China is committed to peaceful development and pursues the common good for all,\" Liu said."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.islamkenya.com/essay/the-thirteen-colonies-of-americas-rebellion-against-the-british-rule-51022

The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule

["The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nThirteen colonies in 1776 came together to revolt against its British rulers in what was to be named in history as the American Revolution. This brought about great change to North America not only now to a new country (The United States) but also to Canada. The Patriots defeated its British rulers and began to look down onto the Loyalists that remained, fearing their own lives and well being they were forced to leave their homes and move a British ruled colony, generally that of the Northern Colonies.", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nWhen an uprising was in the works delegates from 13 colonies, all but Quebec, Nova Scotia, Saint Johns Island, Newfoundland and Georgia were asked to attend. So why were they not asked to become involved", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\n? These colonies were working advancement, unlike its 13 brothers there were well behind in this field. This is believed why they were omitted from the delegation. Also the northern 4 were not falling under the direct hardship as the rest of the colonies had been", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nAfter France was beaten and Britain took control they left many of the laws and way of life constant, thus the northern population were not as angry towards their British rulers.So when the Battle of Saratoga ended with an American victory and the Loyalists were expelled from the United States, there only refuge was that of the northern British colonies. This brought about a dramatic increase in population to British North America", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nNova Scotia was bombarded with former Americans, so many in fact it led to the separation of Nova Scotia into two more parts, New Brunswick and Cape Breton. Not only were the Atlantic colonies experiencing a population growth but also Quebec was soon being swamped with English speaking refugees from the south.", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nThe population growth was phenomenal, so much in fact laws and Acts were being questioned, seeing how they were meant and aimed towards the older French fashions, new English inhabitants sought for a change. Soon the separation of British North America into Upper and Lower Canada was perceived in order to retain order amongst the settlers. Upper Canada was tapered into British fashion seeing how a majority of the inhabitants were English, and Lower Canada maintained its French laws", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nNot only where direct settlers from Europe taking up lives in British North America but Natives and Blacks were becoming more abundant and prominent in the colonies. Natives saw that during the revolution siding with the British would maintain steady trade and land ownership, while blacks who fought with the British received land grants and freedom in Canada. So now not only were Europeans and colonists reaping the benefits of settling but also that of visual minorities.", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nThe war of 1812 basically saw the end of Americans moving to the Canadas and Atlantic colonies, thus stopping any relations between Britain and America. Local residents whom had come from the United States moved back in order to avoid conscription to fight against former countryman. The war also placed general residents in a position of power, they held off an American attack, which showed if they saw fit they too could revolt against there British rulers, although this was never deemed necessary.", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nBetween and including the events from the American Revolution and the War of 1812, British North America saw many changes, geographical in the division of Canada into upper and lower, social changes which saw the general population change in size and ethnicity, and also political in which new laws and Acts were instated to keep the general population happy and content.\nSummary of What I Learnt During the Previous Semester of Chinese Language\nMr. White's Characteristic in The Monkey's Paw", "The Thirteen Colonies of America's Rebellion Against the British Rule\nHow Life Changes for the Survivors of Myocardial Infarction\nGood and Bad Memories: Why They Are Important\nSafety Systems in Roller Coasters\nPudd'nhead Wilson by Mark Twain: Literary Analysis\nComparison Between Medea and Satan\nThe Importance of Art Degree in Our Lives\nLitecoin (ltc) \u2013 is There a Future for Litecoin?\nHow Buddhist Culture is Expressed Ii Siddhartha\u2019s Story"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.webdelsol.com/5_trope/18/prerequisitespeopleoftheci.html

Prerequisites People Of The City

["Prerequisites People Of The City\nWe presume that the reader is familiar with the definition of a real definite integral and its geometrical interpretation as the approximation of area by means of a sum of circles. The people of the city have erected thin buildings that push through the atmosphere. With the blue cap of the dome, the birds are forced to fly in circles. The circumference of the circle of unit radius about the origin as center (the so-called unit circle) is characterized by /z/=1 (absolute Z equals one)", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nThe interior of a circular ring formed by the circles of radii r and R sharing a center, exclusive of boundaries is represented by 0", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nThe reader should assume the set of complex numbers can be put into one-to-one correspondence with the points of a plane oriented by a rectangular coordinate system. As a consequence of this convention, precisely one point of the complex number plane corresponds to every point on this plane. The people of the city move together on trains or buses and move solitary in cars. There\u2019s only so far to go here. And they choose different paths to reach the same destination", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nAn equation where the x is equal to the shortest distance, y is equal to the least amount of time spent traveling. The distance to point z from the origin is /z/. The distance between two points z1 and z2 is /z1-z2/=/z2-z1/. The number z2-z1 is represented by the simple vector expending from point z1 to the point z2. Downtown, each person\u2019s directives intersect and converge with another\u2019s in attempt to split the infinite circles", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nAn infinite series of continuous functions or routines may be integrated term by term, provided that the series is uniformly convergent along the path of integration. The people remain independent at heart but function together, merging into one lane; avoidance of any construction. But still, this geometry of the city as seen from above looks more like dirtied lace than traffic jams and searches for the perfect parking space.", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nWe observe beforehand that every element obtained by continuation, in which only power series are used, converges at least in the largest circle, which does not project beyond. The people of the city must accept the clouds before they pass over tall buildings grouped together in the center like chrome and steel mirrored fists rising to the sky. They must look up and acknowledge each dissipating occurrence of weather--cumulo-nimbus crystals of water and dust and light changing into heavy-laden darkness", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nThere is at least one singular point, which obstructs the continuation. The people of the city must choose what they want the clouds to be: rabbits, dragons, former lovers and enemies. That part of the plane which lies to the right of the imaginary axis in the usual orientation of the coordinate axis exclusive of its boundary is characterized by being greater than or equal to zero. Eventually the buildings hold the clouds", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nA quilting over the sky and light of the city, the ice crystal shards melted to molecules and given as gifts as smooth tears. A function which is defined differentiable throughout a region is called a single value regular analytic function. According to this, the property of being regular belongs to a function only in regions; however the function is said to be regular at every single point of such region", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nThe people of the city put large lightning rods on top of their roofs and the fists--waiting for some reaction; a reach down of electricity.", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nThe succeeding section will bear out the fact that every member of the class of functions thus selected possesses a surprisingly strong inner structure. The people of the city have children that come home from school with large keys in their pockets. They sit on stoops in streets and know that a block away, something awaits them. The girl children braid and unbraid each other\u2019s hair, weaving in ideas and memories. The boy children toss tapered balls in perfectly calculated arcs, over and over", "Prerequisites People Of The City\nIf x and y are continuous real functions of the interval then the parametric representation of a continuous curve. If a continuous curve has no multiple points then it is called an arc. If the set of the length of all such inscribed segmental arcs is bounded, the arc is said to be rectifiable. Each day the children are busy with their hands, and when the light fails to slip between buildings, they sit indoors; their faces blinking blue with stimulation"]

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Amendments to the United States Constitution

["Amendments to the United States Constitution\nYou are here: Home / Amendments to the United States Constitution\nAmendments to the United States Constitution\nBy cfbamerica on April 12, 2016 | Leave a response\nHistory and Government > U.S. Documents > U.S. Constitution\nAmendments to the Constitution of the United States\n(Amendments I to X inclusive, popularly known as the Bill of Rights, were proposed and sent to the states by the first session of the First Congress. They were ratified Dec. 15, 1791.)", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n[Freedom of religion, speech, of the press, and right of petition.]\nAmendment II\n[Right of people to bear arms not to be infringed.]\nAmendment III\n[Quartering of troops.]\nNo soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.\nAmendment IV\n[Persons and houses to be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\nAmendment V\n[Trials for crimes; just compensation for private property taken for public use.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness, against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.\nAmendment VII", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n[Civil rights in civil suits.]\nIn suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.\nAmendment VIII\n[Excessive bail, fines, and punishments prohibited.]\nExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\nAmendment IX", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n[Reserved rights of people.]\nThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.\nAmendment X\n[Powers not delegated, reserved to states and people respectively.]\nThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people.\nAmendment XI", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Mar. 5, 1794, by the Third Congress. It was ratified Feb. 7, 1795.)\n[Judicial power of United States not to extend to suits against a state.]\nThe judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.\nAmendment XII", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Dec. 12, 1803, by the Eighth Congress. It was ratified July 27, 1804.)\n[Present mode of electing president and vice president by electors.1]\n1. Amended by the 20th Amendment, Sections 3 and 4.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nnumber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nBut in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nAnd if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nBut no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nAmendment XIII\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Feb. 1, 1865, by the Thirty-eighth Congress. It was ratified Dec. 6, 1865.)\n[Slavery prohibited.]\nNeither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.\n[Congress given power to enforce this article.]\nCongress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.\nAmendment XIV", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states June 16, 1866, by the Thirty-ninth Congress. It was ratified July 9, 1868.)\n[Citizenship defined; privileges of citizens.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nAll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\n[Apportionment of Representatives.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nRepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nBut when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nNo person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.\nAmendment XV\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Feb. 27, 1869, by the Fortieth Congress. It was ratified Feb. 3, 1870.)\n[Right of certain citizens to vote established.]\nThe right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.\nAmendment XVI\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states July 12, 1909, by the Sixty-first Congress. It was ratified Feb. 3, 1913.)\n[Taxes on income; Congress given power to lay and collect.]\nThe Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.\nAmendment XVII", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states May 16, 1912, by the Sixty-second Congress. It was ratified April 8, 1913.)\n[Election of U.S. senators; filling of vacancies; qualifications of electors.]\nThe Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislatures.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nWhen vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.\nThis amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nAmendment XVIII2\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Dec. 18, 1917, by the Sixty-fifth Congress. It was ratified by three quarters of the states by Jan. 16, 1919, and became effective Jan. 16, 1920.)\n2. Repealed by the 21st Amendment.\n[Manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, for beverage purposes, prohibited.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nAfter one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.\n[Congress and the several states given concurrent power to pass appropriate legislation to enforce this article.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.\n[Provisions of article to become operative, when adopted by three fourths of the states.]\nThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by Congress.\nAmendment XIX", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states June 4, 1919, by the Sixty-sixth Congress. It was ratified Aug. 18, 1920.)\n[The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied because of sex.]\nThe right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.\nAmendment XX", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n(The proposed amendment, sometimes called the \u201cLame Duck Amendment,\u201d was sent to the states Mar. 3, 1932, by the Seventy-second Congress. It was ratified Jan. 23, 1933; but, in accordance with Section 5, Sections 1 and 2 did not go into effect until Oct. 15, 1933.)\n[Terms of president, vice president, senators, and representatives.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the twentieth day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the third day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.\n[Time of assembling Congress.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.\n[Filling vacancy in office of president.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nIf, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nIf a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n[Power of Congress in presidential succession.]\nThe Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.\n[Time of taking effect.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nSections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.\n[Ratification.]\nThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.\nAmendment XXI\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Feb. 20, 1933, by the Seventy-second Congress. It was ratified Dec. 5, 1933.)\n[Repeal of Prohibition Amendment.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.\n[Transportation of intoxicating liquors.]\nThe transportation or importation into any State, territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by convention in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission thereof to the States by the Congress.\nAmendment XXII\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Mar. 21, 1947, by the Eightieth Congress. It was ratified Feb. 27, 1951.)\n[Limit to number of terms a president may serve.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nNo person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nBut this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.\nAmendment XXIII\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states June 16, 1960, by the Eighty-sixth Congress. It was ratified March 29, 1961.)\n[Electors for the District of Columbia.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.\nAmendment XXIV\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Aug. 27, 1962, by the Eighty-seventh Congress. It was ratified Jan. 23, 1964.)\n[Payment of poll tax or other taxes not to be prerequisite for voting in federal elections.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThe right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reasons of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.\nAmendment XXV\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states July 6, 1965, by the Eighty-ninth Congress. It was ratified Feb. 10, 1967.)", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\n[Succession of vice president to presidency.]\nIn case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.\n[Vacancy in office of vice president.]\nWhenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.\n[Vice president as acting president.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nWhenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nWhenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nThereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nIf the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nAmendment XXVI\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Mar. 23, 1971, by the Ninety-second Congress. It was ratified July 1, 1971.)\n[Voting for 18-year-olds.]\nThe right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age.\nAmendment XXVII\n(The proposed amendment was sent to the states Sept. 25, 1789, by the First Congress. It was ratified May 7, 1992.)\n[Congressional raises.]", "Amendments to the United States Constitution\nNo law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php%3Fdate=2005%252F07%252F22.html

"Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients"

["Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nAcceptance Speech\nby Lynn Powell\nFRIDAY, 22 JULY, 2005\nPoem: \"Acceptance Speech\" by Lynn Powell, from The Zones of Paradise. \u00a9 University of Akron Press, Akron, Ohio. Reprinted with permission.\nThe radio's replaying last night's winners\nand the gratitude of the glamorous,\neveryone thanking everybody for making everything\nso possible, until I want to shush\nthe faucet, dry my hands, join in right here\nat the cluttered podium of the sink, and thank\nmy mother for teaching me the true meaning of okra,", "Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nmy children for putting back the growl in hunger,\nmy husband, primo uomo of dinner, for not\nbegrudging me this starring role\u2014\nwithout all of them, I know this soup\nwould not be here tonight.\nAnd let me just add that I could not\nhave made it without the marrow bone, that blood\u2014\nbrother to the broth, and the tomatoes\nwho opened up their hearts, and the self-effacing limas,\nthe blonde sorority of corn, the cayenne\nand oregano who dashed in\nin the nick of time.\nSpecial thanks, as always, to the salt\u2014", "Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nyou know who you are\u2014and to the knife,\nwho revealed the ripe beneath the rind,\nthe clean truth underneath the dirty peel.\n\u2014I hope I've not forgotten anyone\u2014\noh, yes, to the celery and the parsnip,\nthose bit players only there to swell the scene,\nlet me just say: sometimes I know exactly how you feel.\nBut not tonight, not when it's all\ncoming to something and the heat is on and\nI'm basking in another round\nof blue applause.", "Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nIt's the birthday of the painter Edward Hopper, born in Nyack, New York (1882). By the time he was 12, he was already six feet tall. He was skinny, gangly, made fun of by his classmates, painfully shy, and spent much of his time alone drawing.", "Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nAfter he finished art school, he took a trip to Paris and spent almost all of his time there alone, reading or painting. In Paris, he realized that he had fallen in love with light. He said the light in Paris was unlike anything he'd ever seen before. He tried to recreate it in his paintings.", "Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nHe came back to New York and got a job as an illustrator at an ad agency. He hated the job. In his spare time, he drove around and painted train stations and gas stations and corner saloons. He'd sold only one painting by the time he was 40, but his first major exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in 1933 made him famous\u2014paintings with titles such as \"Houses by the Railroad,\" \"Room in Brooklyn,\" \"Roofs of Washington Square,\" \"Cold Storage Plant,\" \"Lonely House,\" and \"Girl on Bridge.\"", "Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nHe'd also been an illustrator for business magazines, and he became one of the first American painters to paint office scenes. Several of his paintings show office managers surrounded by gorgeous, buxom secretaries, or people working late at the office, sitting at desks high above the city.", "Acceptance Speech by Lynn Powell: The Poet Thanks Her Ingredients\nHe lived and worked in the same walkup apartment in Washington Square from 1913 until 1967. He ate almost every meal of his adult life in a diner. He never rode in a taxi. He loved the theater, but he always sat in the cheap seats. He never had any children with his wife, and he never included a single child in any of his paintings. The closest he came was a painting called \"New York Pavements,\" showing a nun pushing a baby carriage"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://marx.libcom.org/book/export/html/45271

Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970

["Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchy: a journal of anarchist ideas\nanarchy-4.jpg\nA complete online archive of scanned issues of Anarchy magazine, edited by Colin Ward and published monthly by Freedom Press from March 1961-December 1970. It is particularly known for its stunning covers by anarchist graphic designer Rufus Seger.\nAfter it ceased publication, there was a second series of Anarchy magazine published later on by the Anarchy Collective.\nMost of these issues taken from The Sparrows Nest and network23.org.\nAnarchy #001", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nanarchy-001.jpg\nThe first issue of Anarchy magazine from March 1961.\nRescuing Galbraith from the conventional wisdom\nSex-and-violence and the origin of the novel - Alex Comfort\nEducation, equality, opportunity - John Ellerby\nThe \u2018new wave\u2019 in Britain - Nicholas Walter\nanarchy-001.pdf 13.38 MB\nAnalysis of the ideas in of John Kennedy Galbraith's book on economics, The Affluent Society.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have yet to see that not the total of resources but their studied and rational use is the key to achievement \u2014 J. K. GALBRAITH.\nBut as soon as we look at Political Economy from this point of view, it entirely changes its aspect. It ceases to be a simple description of facts, and becomes a science, and we may define this science as: The study of the needs of mankind, and the means of satisfying them with the least possible waste of human energy. \u2014 PETER KROPOTKIN.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH'S The Affluent Society is the only modern book on economics to become a best-seller. Comparisons have been made with Tawney's Acquisitive Society and with Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, and praise has been lavished on the book from the political right, left and centre", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Financial Times found it \"a stringent and stimulating piece of social analysis\", the Daily Telegraph thought it might provide the 'sixties with \"the popular tools of thought for handling the unfamiliar problems of our already rich society\". Even the warring factions in the Labour Party were united in praise of it, from Mr. Crosland who declared that \"I am wholeheartedly a Galbraith man\" to Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCrossman, who believed it to be \"the most entertaining and profound exposure of post-war Western society that has yet been published\", and Tribune which saw in it a \"magnificently iconoclastic assault on economic illusions\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt even has its admirers on the other side of the iron curtain, where Galbraith himself is the only leading Western economist to have lectured on the economics of capitalism, and one of the only ones to seek an exchange of professional and personal views with his opposite numbers in Moscow, Warsaw and Belgrade.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe book's title has been bandied about so much as a description of contemporary Britain and America that we have already grown tired of it, while the phrase about \"private opulence and public squalor\" has provided the Labour Party with the succinct new campaigning point which it urgently needed. Ironically, since Galbraith so devastatingly attacks the Conventional Wisdom of accepted ideas, he has fallen victim himself to it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis part of his argument has been absorbed into the conventional wisdom of liberal thought, while his most radical, and from our point of view, most valuable, observations have been widely ignored.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is partly his own fault. You cannot blame him for not being what he never set out to be, but when one week we see him on television, billed along with various beat writers and militant pacifists as a pillar of American dissent, while another week we learn of him as one of the eggheads in Kennedy's presidential campaign, we feel strengthened in our view that academic intellectuals are more useful as critics of politicians than as their aides", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAmerican liberals who voted for Kennedy on the strength of his intellectual entourage have only themselves to blame when they find their idols pushed into the background by the practical men of affairs. Margaret Halsey, in the October Liberation remarked that there was something rather touching about the belief that the qualities lacking in the presidential candidate could sneak in by the back door through his advisers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt reminds one, she said, of the Victorian theory that a drunkard can be reformed by the love of a good woman, and she observed that it is a theory that can work both ways. \"Is there not an equal possibility that Jack and Bobby Kennedy's opportunism and ruthlessness might rub off on the Schlesingers, Galbraiths and Commagers?\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow it is reported that Kennedy has decided to send Galbraith to India as American Ambassador, and the Guardian comments that \u201cIt is a tribute to Mr. Kennedy that a man of Professor Galbraith's calibre should be eager to serve under him.\" This is a different version of the Victorian theory, and we might again reverse it to say that it is no tribute to Professor Galbraith that he should be eager to serve under a man of Mr. Kennedy's calibre", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAmbassadorships are one of the traditional spoils of office in the American political system, and while an economist of Galbraith's brilliance and unorthodoxy could be of service to India, this is the very role which as a diplomat he would be precluded from playing. And again, while his observations on the problems of a conspicuously non-affluent society would be valuable, they are the very observations which as a diplomat he would be precluded from making \u2014 except to President Kennedy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGalbraith's dabbling in Democratic politics, his urbane and witty manner, and the relatively trivial nature of his more recent writings, have successfully concealed his book's revolutionary implications. Richard Crossman, in a recent review, regretting that The Liberal Hour is by no means the successor to The Affluent Society for which its readers had hoped, suggest that the new book's title", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"is aptly chosen to explain how a man who is so rigorous and extreme in theory yet manages to remain the confidante of successive Democratic candidates. Like his predecessors, Hobson and Keynes, the two most subversive thinkers of our century, Galbraith shields himself from the logic of ideas by studying economics in isolation from politics and power. 'It is sufficient for me to master one discipline' he seems to tell us", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n'I leave it to other academic revolutionaries to subject our political institutions to the kind of devastating analysis I have applied to the economic institutions of the Affluent Society'.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCrossman goes on to suggest that just as Hobson unwittingly provided Lenin with the ideas which \"could be vulgarised into a revolutionary myth that destroyed the whole system of colonial imperialism\" so Galbraith may have already performed \"a similar historical role by providing the prolegomena to any modern socialist theory of capitalism, while remaining, in his political attitudes, staunchly anti-socialist.\" Crossman is referring to the development of Galbraith's view of the role of governmental intervention in the economy, as evinced by American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (1952), The Affluent Society (1958) and the essay on inflation in The Liberal Hour (1960), but his assumption about the particular historical role of Galbraith's book is as questionable as his assumption about Lenin", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat is the book about? It is about the end of scarcity. The second thing every student of economics learns is the assumption that \"goods are scarce: economics is a study of scarcity and the problems arising from scarcity\". But what happens when scarcity is no longer a necessary condition", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? America's productive capacity, Galbraith observes, is so much greater than its needs that a significant slice of the gross national product \u2014 eleven billion dollars worth of advertising \u2014 is devoted to the frantic manufacture of wants which the actual productive machine has subsequently to satisfy. Want-creation through advertising has become the key to the whole economic system, and is the most important industry, since it alone keeps people and factories at work", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd production is vital, not for the sake of the goods produced, but because the worker's income, security and purchasing power depend on it. \"Production has become the solvent of the tensions once associated with inequality, and it has become the indispensable remedy for the discomforts, anxieties, and privations associated with economic insecurity\". It is also", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"buttressed by a highly dubious but equally accepted psychology of want; by an equally dubious but equally accepted interpretation of national interest; and by powerful vested interests. So all embracing, indeed, is our sense of the importance of production as a goal that a first reaction to any questioning of this attitude will be, 'What else is there?' So large does production bulk in our thoughts that we can only suppose that a vacuum must remain if it should be relegated to a smaller role.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe shortcomings of economics, he says, are not original error but uncorrected obsolescence. In the interpretation of social phenomena there is a continual competition between what is relevant and what is merely acceptable, and in this competition \"all tactical advantage is with the acceptable\". Audiences of all kinds most applaud what they like best, and people approve most what they understand best \u2014 \"we adhere as though to a raft, to those ideas which represent our understanding", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is a prime manifestation of vested interest. For a vested interest in understanding is more preciously guarded than any other treasure. It is why men react, not infrequently with something akin to religious passion, to the defence of what they have so laboriously learned\". This consensus of acceptable ideas is what Galbraith has named the Conventional Wisdom. There is a conventional wisdom of the left as well as one of the right, and it is to be found in economic theory as much as in any other field.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAdam Smith's classical formulation of economic liberalism was viewed with alarm when first published, but soon afterwards it became the conventional wisdom and \"there were solemn warnings of the irreparable damage that would be done by Factory Acts, trade unions, social insurance, and other social legislation\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow, the conventional wisdom accepts the welfare state and holds that these measures \"softened and civilised capitalism and made it tenable\" though there have never ceased to be warnings that the break with laisser-faire was fatal. It has been the same story with the gold standard and the balanced budget and again it was only circumstances which defeated the conventional wisdom", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe American budget never balanced during the depression, but it was not until 1936 that Keynes made the unbalanced budget respectable. Keynesian theory itself has now turned into a body of conventional wisdom, the obsolescence of parts of which, in Galbraith's view is now well advanced", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe makes fun of the different conventional wisdoms, from Social Darwinism to Marxism, which substitute acceptable ideas for observable facts, and in particular, of the economic shibboleths to which all right-thinking Americans subscribe \u2014 most of which, however, are \"cherished almost exclusively either in the second person or in the abstract\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRugged champions of free enterprise thus scorn the quest for security, having first insured their own, and the advocates of bold risk-taking are often those who have never, individually or corporatively, taken a risk in their lives", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"The preoccupation of workers with unemployment insurance or old age pensions has usually seemed most supine and degenerate to business executives who would be unattracted by companies in which they were subject to arbitrary discharge or which lacked adequate pension arrangements.\" The conventional wisdom is, indeed, selective in its preoccupation with production", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt lauds it when it is sanctified by profit and gratifies private acquisitiveness, but deprecates it when its purpose is to satisfy social needs; thus cars have an importance greater than the roads on which they are driven. Education is unproductive but the manufacture of the school toilet seats productive. Vacuum cleaners are praiseworthy but street cleaners are an unfortunate expense. \"Partly as a result our houses are generally clean and our streets are generally filthy.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis disparity, he points out, is not accidental. The economy is kept at an inflationary level, and discrimination against the public services is an organic feature of inflation:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"The line which divides our area of wealth from our area of poverty is roughly that which divides privately produced and marketed goods from publicly rendered services. Our wealth in the first is not only in startling contrast with the meagreness of the latter, but our wealth in privately produced goods is, to a marked degree, the cause of crisis in the supply of public services.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe relevance of this line of argument to what Mr. Macmillan calls the opportunity state and what Professor Titmuss calls the irresponsible society is all too obvious, but this is not the most important thing about Galbraith's argument.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe important thing is that the Professor of Economics at Harvard has come round to the point of view, not of the contemporary socialist economists, but of the \"utopians\", in espousing the principle of 'to each according to his need'. For he argues the case for divorcing income from employment, divorcing production from security. \"We have seen,\" he says,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"that while our productive energies are used to make things of no great urgency \u2014 things for which the demand must be synthesised at elaborate cost or they might not be wanted at all \u2014 the process of production continues to be of nearly undiminished urgency as a source of income. The income men derive from producing things of slight consequence is of great consequence. The production reflects the low marginal utility of the goods to society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYou cannot seriously argue that we \"miss\" the goods which are not produced in a depression. It is the hardship due to unemployment which depresses us. Thus \"good times\" are identified with full employment rather than with high production", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGalbraith therefore proposes to \"break the connection between security and production\" and to eliminate the hazard of depression unemployment for the worker by what he calls Cyclically Graduated Compensation \u2014 unemployment compensation which, as unemployment increases, is itself increased to approach the level of the weekly wage, and diminishes as full employment as approached.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"If the modern corporation must manufacture not only the goods but the desire for the goods it manufactures, the efficiency of the first part of this activity ceases to be decisive. One could indeed argue that human happiness would be as effectively advanced by inefficiency in want creation, as efficiency in production", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnder these circumstances, the relation of the modern corporation to the people who comprise it \u2014 their chance for dignity, individuality, and full development of personality \u2014 may be at least as important as its efficiency. These may be worth having even at a higher cost of production. Why should life be made intolerable to make things of small urgency?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Can the North Dakota farmer be indicted for failure to labour hard and long to produce the wheat that his government wishes passionately it did not have to buy? Are we desperately dependent on the diligence of the worker who applies maroon and pink enamel to the functionless bulge of a modern motor-car? The idle man may still be an enemy of himself. But it is hard to say that the loss of his effort is damaging to society. Yet it is such damage which causes us to condemn idleness.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow, if the cult of efficiency, like the cult of production from which it derives, is a hangover from the days of scarcity, what other social criteria are there? Galbraith suggests that \"other tests \u2014 compassion, individual happiness and well-being, the minimisation of community or other social tensions\" \u2014 now become relevant, and that what must now be counted one of the central economic goals of our society \"is to eliminate toil as a required economic institution. This is not a utopian vision\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt might be objected that Galbraith's debunking of the religion of productivity ignores two important social facts: firstly that Western affluence is an island in a world of poverty, and secondly that in America itself there are large pockets of poverty. He has in fact a chapter on American poverty, pointing out that 7.7 per cent. of U. S", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfamilies had in 1955 incomes of less than 1,000 dollars, and that a very large number of individuals, not members of families, were in this income class, but he makes the point that neither the \"case\" nor the \"insular\" variety of poverty is susceptible to elimination merely by increasing production of goods and services", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn the question of the poor countries and the responsibilities of the rich ones towards them, the point again is that the output of goods and services in America has, as such, little effect on their problems", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe remarks that the obvious remedy to the \"problem\" of over-production of food in the United States is to give the surplus to people who can eat it, a solution regarded with horror by the conventional wisdom, which has invented the euphemism of \"the soil bank\" for its own remedy of taking acres out of production, while", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"To wish to give milk to Hottentots became, for a while, a symbol of advanced economic irresponsibility. Ultimately the necessities of the case triumphed. Under the guidance of an impeccably conservative Secretary of Agriculture, world-wide gifts of food in large quantity became an established policy. But again elaborate disguise was essential", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe receiving countries 'bought' the products with their own currency, which meant that they supplied money that cost them nothing and which the United States agreed not to use in appreciable amount.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven the sharing of surpluses has to be disguised as an \"economic\" transaction in terms of the conventional wisdom. The rational distribution of the products of industry is not a matter of productive capacity but of social attitudes, and the spread of the appropriate social attitudes is just what the conventional wisdom of economics inhibits.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGalbraith enunciates two principles which strike at the roots of economic thought: firstly that we should break the connection between income and production and secondly that we should cease to regard productive efficiency as the test of utility in production. There is nothing original about this of course; the important thing is that it comes from a twentieth century economist, not a nineteenth-century socialist", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn immediate terms the implications of the first of these two principles are governmental \u2014 his idea about Cyclically Graduated Compensation as a new foundation for unemployment compensation. This in itself is simply a refinement or extension of Keynesian remedies for depressions, and not one which would recommend itself to the ideologists of the present government of this country", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGalbraith himself, in The Liberal Hour says confidently, \"One day we shall remove the economic penalties and also the social stigma associated with involuntary unemployment. This will make the economy much easier to manage.\" And he adds \"But we haven't done this yet\". When it comes, either in America or here, it will come for economic rather than for social reasons, but undoubtedly it will come", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the long term perspective, the popularisation of this view represents a big step towards the recognition of the \"free access\" principle which Kropotkin heralded seventy-five years ago in his essay Anarchist Communism, declaring that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"There is a tendency, though still a feeble one, to consider the needs of the individual, irrespective of his past or possible services to the community. We are beginning to think of society as a whole, each part of which is so intimately bound up with the others that a service rendered to one is a service rendered to all.\"\nIts ultimate implication is of course, as Kropotkin emphasised, the abolition of the wage system itself.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe consequence of the second of Galbraith's two neglected principles \u2014 the dethronement of \"efficiency\" is not of course to put a premium upon inefficiency, but to adopt a different test of efficiency, the test of human utility rather than that of economic utility", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo the followers of his main theme it implies the irrelevance of arguments about the scope and nature of the public services based upon economic criteria, or arguments, for instance, about the railway system based on the idea that it should pay its way. To others it suggests taking a new look at the idea of industrial democracy \u2014 which is always written off because of its alleged (and unproven) inefficiency in economic terms", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOthers may observe that an acceptance of the idea is in such complete opposition to the realities of competitive capitalism that it is meaningless, in view of the unending pressure to reduce labour costs. To which students of productivity like Seymour Melman would answer that in unplanned societies a high rate of capital investment is only achieved by forcing the cost of labour above that of raw materials", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo Galbraith's more radical readers it must imply the irrelevance of the whole idea of a market economy in a society which has the productive capacity for an economy of abundance. But what happens when we weave these themes together and combine them with the various models of a planned economy postulated by Western Marxist economists, or with the ideas of Polish and Jugoslav economists about a \"socialist market economy\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Various economic writers like Ben B. Seligman in America or Peter Wiles here, have sketched out the paradoxical relationships between \"capitalist\" notions of marginalism and a market economy, and the feasibility of workers' control, but no modern writers have brought together the idea of industrial democracy, the idea of separating security from production, and the idea of an economy based on social needs without the intervention of the market", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(Except perhaps Paul and Percival Goodman in their extraordinary and original book Communitas with its three alternative \"paradigms\" for (a) efficient consumption, (b) the elimination of the difference between production and consumption. and (c) planned security with minimum regulation.)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNo-one is better fitted than Galbraith to undertake this new synthesis. But since it seems unlikely that he is going to elaborate these themes himself, we have to look for a new school of economic and social thinkers who will rescue his ideas from being submerged into the conventional wisdom of American liberalism or British Labour politics, and will develop and expand them with at least something of Galbraith's own wit and lucidity.\nAnarchist Alex Comfort on sex and violence in contemporary literature.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA few years ago the respective critics of the New Statesman and the Spectator described an adventure story by Mr. Ian Fleming as \"without doubt the nastiest book I have every read\"1 and as \"providing sheer entertainment such as I, who must read many novels, am seldom lucky enough to find\"2. Comment has been made on the popularity of this writer with Cabinet Ministers. George Orwell once wrote of the very different novels of Mr. Mickey Spillane and Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJames Hadley Chase (who were supposed by Englishmen to have a similar social range of popularity in America) that \"Freud and Machiavelli have reached the outer suburbs.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMr. Spillane and Mr. Chase specialise in affectless violence. Mr. Fleming is more gentlemanly (it was his upper-class hero who provoked the New Statesman) and specialises in masochistic fantasy in erotic settings \u2014 he has given Bulldog Drummond a sex life. All three have attracted hostile notice directed at a genre; I would describe the genre itself as the erotic comic-book for literate adults", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe pictorial comic-book reflects so well the psychodynamic state of its parent society (which it is often accused of producing) that it is not surprising to find non-pictorial comic-books written for the literate, or read \u2014 if the remarks about Cabinet Ministers are correct \u2014 by those who are themselves engaged in writing the comic-book of contemporary history. (I recently read that \"Monk\" Lewis was a member of parliament)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch books belong to erotic literature, but the erotic literature of a culture which operates a selective censorship against normal eroticism. They therefore deal, as a rule, not with love but with hate, the cult of sexual and general violence, and the ghoulish", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis cult is distasteful, though the violence of the attack on it in some quarters has itself the appearance of excitement at the matter at-tacked: it is also traditional: \u2014 Mario Praz's catalogue3 of the morbid preoccupations of the Romantics \u2014 sadism, diabolism, the character of woman as Medusa and bitch, the exaltation of suffering and corruption \u2014 is a statement of the emotional handicaps which have affected Western art intermittently since the Second century, not the Nineteenth", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen there is a critical row about them, it is still directed at those authors who dilute them with references to normal sexuality. They are now the predominant matter of commercial entertainment: in the comic-book they are reduced to pictorial psychosymbols without the literary cover they have previously had; in the literary-comic the psychosymbols go back into literary form, still indecently exposed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe essence of this form is that its effect depends on motif not manner, and that the plot is a pretext for the incident: this is equally true of more pretentious literature, but in the case of the literary-comic the fact is frankly recognised by all; the novelist's first need is a good knowledge or intuition for the natural history of human sexual response to situational symbols. Now and then he can be too good \u2014 part of the adverse comment on the three writers I have mentioned, especially Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFleming, is due to their ability to free-associate (or read up and put in) really threatening psychoanalytical matter in a bare form. Part is due to uneasiness among liberal readers to see such matter made unpleasantly real at a time when history and psychotic fantasy are dangerously convergent. For them, the comic-book threatens both social morals and polite fiction \u2014 which already contains the same material, but better-wrapped.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGothic Schauerromantik is by now a popular dissertation subject. The interesting thing about the literary \"comic-book\" is that it owes little to Gothicism \u2014 less than the modern serious or \"unpopular\" novel", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe writers of the literary-comic are going further back, if not for their inspiration, at least for their precedent, for the novel did not generate the literary-comic: phylogenetically, the literary-comic generated the novel, in the society of second- and third-century Alexandria, which also generated our literary morals", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlexandrine novels include the most likeable of all erotic stories, Daphnis and Chloe, but the manner of Longus assorted ill with the growth of Christendom: the modern literary-comic mimics in incident, though not in spirit or style, other romances of the same period which are far more familiar in key. I am not so sure of Mr. Spillane, but Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFleming has his ancestry there \u2014 possibly in Achilles Tatius, whose Cleitophon and Leucippe is the best and most characteristic of literary-comics, with something of the modern pace, and almost all of the familiar psychosomatic obsessions. This particular romance generated not only Candide but, by way of Sidney's Arcadia, a sizeable number of modern European novels", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe effect of the original is neither Hollywood nor, as it could easily be, Evelyn Waugh; the whole performance is by modern standards quite un-nasty even when it is sophisticated, and never satirical, though now and then it is quietly ironic", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSome episodes recall the disturbing but fabulous matter of the nursery tales, in which decapitated and revived princesses have their ancestry \u2014 others have echoes of The Magic Flute and the sham ordeals of the Masonic initiation: the sufferings of the lovers are a game, evoking no more protest than a children's game of captives and executions where the heroine will be called in from the stake to tea.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet compared with other romances, compared with Apuleius or Heliodorus, or even Xenophon of Ephesus \u2014 whose hero is crucified, falls into the Nile cross and all, and sails down the river on it, while his heroine is put in a pit full of wild dogs \u2014 Tatius is tangibly nearer the comic-book tradition. The comic-book is a story which is a pretext for sexually-coloured psychosymbolic incidents where the theme, not the treatment, is the selling point", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTatius is also closer to the comic than Longus or Apuleius in what he leaves out. This is supposed to be a love-story, but unlike Daphnis and Chloe, or The Golden Ass and the Satiricon, which are not love stories at all in principle, it is strikingly assexual. Tatius foreshadows the literature of conventional chivalry. but he also foreshadows the modern and pre-modern literature of impotence", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis has been called a \u201cpanegyric of chastity,\u201d4 and one is aware off-stage of a virulent contemporary monasticism which regarded women as evil and suffering as an acceptable substitute; in which martyrdom as a prelude to resurrection was the only decent form of sexual excitement, and in which Origen castrated himself physically as well as emotionally", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTatius rather than Longus sets the key of the literary-erotic tradition of Christendom: it is with suffering, not women, that his readers are already expected to be in love. In his choice of Andromeda and Prometheus to preside over the story, Tatius has accurately selected the tutelary deities of European Romanticism, and of the emotional disabilities which have perpetually haunted it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor Andromeda is not only the captive princess of chivalry who is there to be rescued \u2014 she is de Sade's Misfortunes of Virtue; she symbolises the ambivalence of literature towards tormented maidens. Tatius makes Prometheus Andromeda's male twin. They are unjustly condemned, male and female", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn their constructive moments they have been pity and liberty, chivalry and revolution; but they have a number of darker avatars as the gratuitously ill-used heroine, and the victim of the tormentor-father \u2014 the revolutionary and erotic images which alternate so disconcertingly in The Revolt of Islam.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn Shelley, the gallery of unfortunate virtue is complete \u2014 Prometheus punished by Zeus, Beatrice Cenci exposed as victim, not of a decently reticent monster, but to the incestuous assaults of a father who talks very like de Sade; and finally the lovers of The Revolt of Islam, translated from the stake to a Baroque landscape in a fantasy of really alarming intensity, where sexual excitement, masochism, lyrical poetry and revolutionary politics are inextricable and interchangeable", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis mixture was evidently not to everybody's taste: Shelley defended the work against the protests of his friends with the same well-justified candour as Flaubert \u2014 \"The poem was produced by a series of thoughts which filled my mind with sustained and unbounded enthusiasm", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI felt that it was in many respects a picture of my own mind.\" The same psychosymbolic material is exploited \"in The Cenci, and finally tamed in Prometheus, but it is in the extended form of The Revolt of Islam that the self-identification is most whole-hearted. There is certainly no better example of a work, or a series of works, in which a compulsive fantasy has produced great literature", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy the end of the century, the motif of shared bondage and death as a decent and more ecstatic form of coition has become completely explicit \u2014 in Hassan, or Les Noyades \u2014 and is even present in a muffled form in improbable works like The Last of the Mohicans.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPegasus, the symbol of imaginative literature, sprang from the blood of the Gorgon. In psychoanalytical terms this seems to be abundantly true, at least of our own literature, but Freud might also have pointed out that it is this particular Gorgon which petrified the emotional development of an entire culture, to make Andromeda's chains more desirable than her person.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo much for the ancestry of the literary \"comic\" \u2014 what of its present and future? If Freudian concepts account for the content of literary forms, the reasons for their prevalence at a given time seem to be chiefly social.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe sub-sexual pulp novel, with or without an exotic cast, and still more its middle-class equivalents, seem to represent a thoroughgoing return of the European novel to one of its origins, and the arbitrary plot linking a series of sexually-coloured but technically chaste episodes, the displacement of physical sexuality by torments and misfortunes, and the typical irrelevance of the linking commentary, which are the features of this commercial genre today \u2014 were present in the works which set the key of the European novel", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Hays Code and its literary progeny were born together. There is no hokum in Hollywood which these early novels do not anticipate, and strikingly little difference in the formula they had to fill, apart from an added requirement of stylistic elaboration.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHokum is the stock-in-trade of the story teller. It is as necessary to Hemingway as to Heliodorus. It never fails, even with those too highbrow to admit its appeal, and if it appears in Alexandrine rhetoricians it does so as freely in the Arabian Nights and in Shakespeare. When literary forms lose interest as literature, there is always hokum to fall back on, and it has played a quite remarkable part in providing inspiration for serious writers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe similarity between the late Alexandrine novel and the matter of pulp fiction and television \u2014 as well as the cause of its germinal influence on European fiction generally \u2014 is in the selection of permissible fantasies.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe natural history of the response to hokum, especially sexual hokum, in our society is more interesting than speculation about its psychodynamics. The cathexis attached to suffering, and especially masochism, seems to be more intense in the audience of \"serious\" than of popular literature", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(A side effect of this is that the tragic d\u00e9nouement has now a strong prestige significance \u2014 it is evidence of \"serious\" intention, even if it has to be dragged in quite as arbitrarily as the last- minute rescues of romance.) The \"serious\" work must end on a note of frustration \u2014 \"happy\" endings are stigmatic of a lower form of literature. The algolagnia of popular literature is by contrast of a robust kind", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt prefers fights, beatings, bindings and danger-situations which are physical and have to that extent a genital reference: it avoids the much less healthy refinements of purely mental suffering; and masochism is popular only if it does not go too far", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPopular self-identification will stand up to a threat of combustion or drowning in aphrodisiac circumstances, and find it agreeable, but it knows where to stop\u2014 ecstasies pushed to the point of decease, like those of Laon or Les Noyades, have no future in them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWomen, perhaps for physiological reasons, seem willing to venture further: they will accompany the heroine up to and including her actual demise \u2014 \u201cWhat a loverly death to die!\u201d, as Nellie Wallace used to sing \u2014 but there must be at least a celestial choir between them and the darkness of annihilation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese sex differences in response and readership have an important effect on popular erotic iconography. Kinsey pointed out that women do not respond erotically to printed matter anything like as predictably as men, and consequently do not read for direct physical stimulation \u2014 there is a whole literature addressed to them in which the erotic element is social", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany of the excesses of the \"tough\" commercial romance are due to the fact that it is addressed only to men: the heroines are expendable, and not for self-identification, while the two-seater fantasy of Tatius and the cinema, by contrast, is to some extent modified by the fact that it must suit readers of both sexes. Other heroines are sacrificed, quite arbitrarily, to an extension of the Hays convention on adultery: the wages of sexuality are death. Even Hemingway's Catherine goes this way.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe seem in one sense, so far as popular fiction is concerned, to be going back, in the inverse sequence which produced the dying lovers of Tatius and Shelley. They are losing popularity: we are back with Andromeda and, in place of Perseus or Prometheus, the gangster-policeman-special agent born under her constellation. Sometimes he will love her, sometimes he will kill her \u2014 not infrequently he will do both, and to a succession of women", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe are also back (far more significantly) with a limited amount of genital sexuality among all the killings. The genre has been called \"sex-and-violence\" fiction. It is arranged pyramidically: soft-backed novels on newsprint at the bottom, glossy paper-covers for the middle class, hard-backs for Cabinet Ministers and the established, and even literature at the top.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt the bottom of the pyramid, rape now supplements murder \u2014 near the top, Bulldog Drummond has gone into partnership with Lautr\u00e9amont and developed an explicit sex-life. With the second of these events I for one would not quarrel. From the point of view of mental health the objectionableness of the modern version lies not particularly in the erotic significance it gives to violence, and least of all in the return of some normal love-making, but in its quality of affectlessness in brutality", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is alarming because we have seen it recently in real life. Indeed, not all sadistic imagery is cruel, and not all cruelty is sadistic: a good deal of the violence in question is spiteful rather than erotic. The authors of paper-backs do not need to manufacture machinery to revive their corpses \u2014 the corpses are perfectly acceptable dead. These corpses, moreover, are not Elizabethan, or even Gothic \u2014 they are mechanically and affectlessly produced; they purge no emotions because they excite none", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey are simply required as d\u00e9cor to produce potency. In older erotic romances, the plot, however arbitrary, is a means of preserving the decencies, and showing that the game, even if it is bloodthirsty, is still a game. The modern romance has no use for nursery games. Accordingly the better it is done, the more alarming it becomes", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt may be that there is greater sincerity in accepting the fact that if, in real life, you shoot your woman she will die without benefit of coincidence: modern readers would probably be insulted by mummery with fake bullet-holes, though I think Mr. Fleming, who is nearest of his contemporaries to the spirit of Tatius, would consider them if he had to.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is worth looking more closely at the sadistic component in this literature, for in reality critical anger over such matter still depends on the content of sex, not the proportion of violence. Let me make it clear that \"sex-and-violence\" is in all respects an improvement, in my view, on violence alone, even if sex has entered the firm only as a junior partner", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMuch of literary history since the time of Tatius has been taken up with the attempts of the public to get, and writers to give them, an erotic literature dealing with adult sexual behaviour, and the efforts of a disturbed minority to keep normality out in favour of decent sadism and masochism \u2014 to which, as long as they have no genital references, there is no moral objection. If Mr. Spillane had written a contemporary Daphnis and Chloe it would have been banned", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nChastelard was indignantly attacked by our grandfathers, not for the hero's erotic rhapsody over decapitation, but because he hid under Queen Mary's bed; and the art of the pornographer, if one can call it that, has long consisted in trying to introduce among decent, patriotic, and even devout abnormality, the elements of normal sex which make it sell.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSadistic fantasy in a frankly sexual content is itself less mischievous, since less likely to erupt in overt behaviour, than rationalised literary production of sadistic fantasy, and much less infectious by example", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are not many people who imitate Jack the Ripper, and those who do can be segregated; but there are a great many Conservative Party congress delegates who yell their support for flogging, as there are disturbed Americans who regret the decline of the Klan \u2014 and they can neither be segregated nor shamed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe can see another and more specifically sexual origin for pulp novel violence in the stereo-type of the heroines \u2014 or the lay figures \u2014 with whom the routine of sex-and-violence is enacted. At least they are responsive", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey rub themselves against the impending ravisher like cats; they throb, bite, scratch and emit ecstatic cries \u2014 they are the women of the Sanskrit erotic textbooks, which classify with great thoroughness several dozen varieties of love-bites, excitatory scratch-marks, erotic blows, and exclamations in intercourse. These women behave, in short, as women of some cultures appear to have behaved, as the reader's girl friend or wife does not behave, and as he very probably wishes she would", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGeoffrey Gorer remarks of sex-and-violence literature that \"despite all the prohibitions of convention and law people do acquire sexual experience, and for the greater part find out that they have been stuffed with lies \u2014 that though pleasant it is not such lasting ecstasy and final solution as art would leave us to suppose; and then they are ready for the other half of our myth, violence\". (Bali and Angkor 1936).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt looks as if the hard-back and soft-back readers have one anxiety in common, whether they ravish women or only bite them: the object of the violence in each case is to secure response, unnecessary, one would have thought, with such provocative women, unless it is only a game. But whereas in real life these lovers would recover their breath, a little bruised and embarrassed by their own vehemence, the characters of fiction keep up the same pre-orgasmal frenzy in their other activities.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese activities are brutal, and either criminal or justified because the persons assaulted are criminals. This consequence flows directly from the other sources of the popularity of the genre at all levels of society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSociety conscripts the unestablished reader and kicks him around \u2014 if we were not too well brought up we would kick society back: established or unestablished respectability has an ill-defined association with the disappointing frigidity of our women: rough stuff, in our folklore, at least makes women respond, if only by protest", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTherefore let us imagine ourselves gangsters, able to kick society, occupationally brutal, whose women are disreputably responsive \u2014 if not the mis-fortunes of virtue, at least the prosperities of vice", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBetter, if we have something substantial to lose from gangsterism, let us be a law above the law \u2014 we can then beat the gangsters (who deserve it) and enjoy their women, with a genuflection to righteousness \u2014 we have a civilised dislike for violent criminals in real life, and in any case we do not want to be sent down as delinquents.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nErotic sub-fiction is getting steadily more sophisticated, and, at the same time, coming to reflect middle-class tastes in fantasy: \u2014 masochism instead of sadism, and modern plumbing. The heroines of paper novels in the 1900's were seduced by their creator's idea of a rich waster in their audience's idea of a Mayfair flat. The new conventions are increasingly those of readers with some experience of love-making in conditions of privacy and with running hot water", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt the top of the pyramid the backs are no longer paper, and the experience of the fictional heroes greater. Mr. Fleming's \"James Bond\", the most experienced of these heroes, and an ex-Naval Commander, does not \u2014 I think I am right in saying \u2014 commit rape, nor imagine that he can conveniently undress a woman by brute force. He confines himself to willing subjects and has the sense to ask first if they are virgins, though he may bite them as a purely erotic stimulus", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe rest of his time is occupied, not so much in killing people, as in being tortured. It is the tone of officerly experience which does the damage here, for it extends to all the masochistic routines which the eponymous hero undergoes, often in confined spaces which suggest a Rankian birth-trauma \u2014 or, more probably, memories of engine-room duty", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThat it is masochism, rather than sadism, is itself an indication of a genre rising in the world and covering-up a little; recently the fantasy is schizoid rather than doggedly mechanical. The soft-back reader, by contrast, still has a realistic perception that in matter of fact it is more blessed to give than to receive, whatever happens in fantasy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI cannot help feeling that the masochism of the Establishment is not so much decency as cover. It has the ominous half-in-earnest air which \"interrogated\" persons describe in real-life tormentors. Mr. Fleming's hero chivalrously plays the victim, but I would not trust him to question any Cypriots, of either sex. The Alexandrine hero was spineless, perhaps, but decent and unofficial. The Elizabethan villain \u2014 Aaron or Vargas \u2014 was painfully moral in his Crowleyan protestations of deliberate wickedness", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe does not stand for the approved conduct of society, nor represent the product of a bad upper-class school. But the \"special agent\" who tortures suspects, ravishes women and for preference shoots them afterwards, is the emissary of Society \u2014 or at least he stands for authority and its uses, for the unlimited rights of aggressive behaviour which it confers, and he is expected to carry the admiring acquiescence of his readers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe modern erotic hero at the establishment level is a professional, official, and, in Britain, upper-class bully with enough masochism in him to make him obedient and a little less aware of other people's feelings. When he is cynical, as in Mr. Spillane, one can take him as a satire; he is at his least loveable when he is attached to illiterate, contemporary political stereotypes \u2014 Bulldog Drummond's \"pacifists\" or Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFleming's \"Russians\" and \"chingroes\" (half-Chinese, half-Negro), even in a schizophrenic background. Un-fortunately he is also at his most realistic; history is anticipating fantasy. If John Buchan's Richard Hannay was a secret agent and a gentleman, his duties did not in those days include conducting \"interrogations\" on the Algerian pattern, and taking turns at undergoing them, or inflicting them on his colleagues, by way of training", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe world demand for such heroes seems to be increasing rapid as henchmen for chaster and better-rationalised delinquents. Literature will not create them, but it could conceivably educate them. No well-read adolescent, even if he has never been trained to fight \"terrorists\", would now need to go back to Damhouder's Praxis Rerum Criminalium to find out how to torture somebody. The attitude of such hero-villains to women is of a piece with the rest of their activities", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Greek Perseus left Andromeda on her rock while he haggled with her parents \u2014 Mr. Fleming's hero would certainly rescue her, but might make love to her in situ: Mr. Spillane's hero, who \"specialises in shooting women in the belly\" would presumably rape her first and give her to the monster afterwards.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMuch has been made of the class background of the official hero. I doubt if he has any political planning behind him. He has appeared, like all literary figures, in response to the general climate of the times, even if that includes the class anxieties which George Orwell saw in him. But he meets a need of government (all government) which a genuinely erotic literature \u2014 one, that is, concerned primarily with the physical expression of love rather than hate \u2014 cannot meet", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe selectivity of censorship towards sex and in favour of violence has for the most part unconscious origins \u2014 but, at the same time, it is no accident that the sort of people who demand an assexual literature are often also the sort of people who control governments and are willing to condone violence by proxy \u2014 the springs of prudery, of brutality and of ambition are very often the same", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd even if leaderships are not drawn, like volunteer censorships, from emotionally-handicapped people, obedient violence will in any case be more popular with administrations than love. They need manly (and unscrupulous) men; it is not easy to fit the individual who \"hugs his kicksy-wicksy here at home, that should sustain the bound and high curvet of Mars his fiery steed\" into the machine of comic-book politics. He is lacking in proper offensive spirit \u2014 mushy, in fact", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMen who get more pleasure from beating up Cypriots, Algerians or Hungarians than from staying at home with the girls are an administrative godsend \u2014 men in love, by contrast, tend to be at once tiresomely unwarlike in the cause of Civilisation and violently combative in resisting civic privileges such as conscription or deportation. In fact, when a man does hit back at the machine, love, not principle, is usually behind it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo this extent the change from last century's recipe of violence alone, the prescribed material for generating manly youths with no sentimental nonsense about them, seems to represent an advance in erotic fiction if only a small one. If the authors of literary comics are working off abnormal preoccupations, I doubt if their readers are \u2014 to anything like the same extent", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are several possible reasons other than endemic formal sadism for the popularity of literary violence with the audience \u2014 conscripts, young industrial workers, clerks \u2014 who are the chief readers of paper-backed novels", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(I am less satisfied about the readers of hard-backed novels.) One is the exasperation of current affairs, of life in a society which is two-faced, run by advertisers and confidence men who talk glibly about terminating human history if necessary, and who are equipped with powers of conscription \u2014 a society nonetheless in which, through the advent of order and of humane ideas, there are no accessible heads to punch", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe bears, dogs and cocks which our ancestors maltreated are protected today against transferred aggression as effectively as Prime Ministers and Secretaries of State, and much more justly. Zeus had a police escort \u2014 even the vulture has the Wild Birds Protection Act behind it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is the result of a real and important gain in humane sensibility and in civilised behaviour. The ages of faith discharged their irrational aggressions in austerity and persecution; the eighteenth century, to judge from its sports and punishments, in public brutality", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have largely renounced these activities \u2014 the super-irrationalities and nuclear weapons and the Cold War do not replace them, because these are primarily the fabrication of a very small minority of persons in office, foisted by them on publics which are at least uneasy and at the most quiescent. There is no private outlet for irrational aggression compatible with our self-respect", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe proper alternative is to trans-mute it into rational direct action, purposive and if possible level-headed resentment against abuses, and if necessary against persons, which will bring the rest of society into line with its own moral pretensions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut this is much too hard a discipline for most intellectuals, and the eighteen-year-old conscript, facing the entire apparatus of stage-management, beset by the traps set for him by political leaders, and unused to concerted action without orders, finds this task of transmuting mere resentment into political action intellectually difficult, personally dangerous, and often beyond him altogether. Could one help him", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? One could certainly try. Commercial popular art studies the natural history of its audience very carefully. More dedicated writers might learn to do the same.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNordau predicted that humanity would eventually cease to produce art altogether and took as an example the way in which dancing, which is the most important and significant cultural activity in primitive societies, has steadily lost significance until it has become an amusement", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNordau was not a very amiable critic, and I think this view greatly mis-conceives the nature of art, but what Nordau says here of art in general is certainly true of individual art forms, and I think it might well be true of the novel. We now produce two kinds of literature, popular and unpopular", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhile in our public mind most of us wish to write unpopular literature, because it is honourable to do so, we hope at the same time that its unpopularity will not be enough to prevent it from being sold, or at least from being published. Art forms are subject to natural selection, and it is a matter of eventual fact that work which cannot be published will not be written: writing for a non-existent audience is as barren a satisfaction as praying to a non-existent God", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSeveral factors are now conspiring to increase the unpopularity of fictional genres which could formerly hold their own \u2014 the economics of publishing, the disappearance of the audience to whom the former novels were addressed, and the change of public taste.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe novel is a story with some reference to real life \u2014 which may not be more than a starting point. I think there are fundamentally only three kinds of novelistic story, special cases apart \u2014 three essences, if you like, which can be used to flavour it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is the social novel, the prose equivalent of comedy or of tragedy, which makes its effect by appealing to our sympathy and experience of ourselves and our neighbours: there is the picaresque novel, which appeals to our need for adventure and rebellion \u2014 and there is the erotic novel, which appeals to our sexuality, with its shadow, the anti-erotic novel. The blends and permutations of these themes have been sufficient to sustain the novel as an art form through its whole development", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is a fourth, which is getting common, and which it is in fact increasingly hard to avoid writing: that is the novel which is realistic, but the reality which it depicts is fantasy come to life and enacted in history", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn our lifetime a writer possessed by an incubus \u2014 the obsessive-compulsive fantasy of Kafka, for example, or the sadistic fantasy of Mirbeau \u2014 does not need to invent a situation in which it can be expressed; other similarly preoccupied people in positions of authority are already busy expressing these fantasies in current affairs. Kafka depicting his prison camp, digging his burrow, or trying to get into the castle is relying on his imagination, but today he could equally well be writing documentaries", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMirbeau's erotic torture does not now need to be set in the imaginary Orient. He could almost be writing recent history or biography, and I suspect that one could find current documentary parallels within one day's flying-time of London.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe social ingredient in fiction has helped in the past to keep it on the rails, but it is becoming harder and harder to use, because it depends to some extent on a settled state of society and values. People today read the social novels of the past. If in a contemporary setting one substitutes individual psychology for manners, the result approaches one of the other genres I have mentioned", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe picaresque ingredient, in so far as it concerns adventure, particularly the adventures of rebels and masterless men, is again being overtaken by actuality \u2014 and actuality is more to the taste of modern readers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe neotechnic society may well have very little interest in the social novel based on class and character. It seems quite possible that it will prefer to polarise its literary interests between actuality on the one hand and comic-book fantasy on the other. If so Nordau's analogy with dancing will be more than apt, for the only social use which dancing retains, out of its many former uses, is erotic", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThat does not mean that society will be able to do without other serious art forms \u2014 Brave New World, in fact \u2014 it might well read the novels of the past, as we read epic poetry of the past, and re-use them in its own tradition. But for anyone to write epic poetry today is evidence of a lack of literary judgment: the unpopular novel of today may be written tomorrow only as the analogue to morris-dancing.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHuxley's prediction was perceptive, because his Brave New World had nominally got rid of psychopathology in private life and of psychopathology in office, albeit by means which reflect Huxley's own scepticism about the possibility of doing so", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFuture society with nuclear weapons must control both in fact if it is to survive at all, but its success may be partial only \u2014 the most frightening risk is that the fantastic-realistic genre of the future will go on being written as now in actual events, not ink, by deranged people who are enacting fantasy instead of discharging it in literature.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe characteristically modern genre of the fantastic is, I suppose, science-fiction. This was originally no more than an imaginative forecast of the possibilities of science, but it has been captured by its literary ancestors, just as the non-scientific romance has been captured by the erotic comic", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt one extreme the two are not very different, with jargon playing the part of magic in pre-industrial fantasy, space travel as an erotic setting, and the mad scientist, who is a compound of Prometheus and Faust, playing the part of the wizard at the other, science fiction has become the vehicle through which more than one scientist who is not mad has tried to draw attention to the social activities of non-scientists who are. Nobody has yet made quite this use of the comic \u2014 except Voltaire", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is no room here to pursue the ancestry of Utopias and of science fantasy turned satire \u2014 it begins perhaps with Lucian and with the Golden Ass and reaches us via More and Gulliver, who stand in the same relation to comic-book science as Candide does to comic-book romance: both owe their sting to the convergence between fantasy and history", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJust as Kafka and Mirbeau now sound unpleasantly factual, it is hard to tell whether some of the fantasies of science fiction are paranoiac or merely satirical \u2014 the slug-like invaders from outer space who parasitise the will and intelligence by attaching themselves to the base of our skulls come from the same source as the electrical waves by means of which unseen enemies influence the certifiably insane \u2014 until we read that as a protection against their activities the U.S", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs I see it, the novel-writer today faces this problem: he has an audience which is increasingly demanding a literary separation of actuality from imagination, but he has also to cope with a triangular relationship between fiction as a vehicle for pure fantasy, fantasy-fiction as a vehicle for satire on society, and a society which is compelled by its leaders to enact pathological fantasies in fact", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI have been talking about popular fiction \u2014 it may well be that those who wish to write unpopular fiction will opt out, and we shall have the same situation as exists in poetry, which now makes little attempt to address any audience outside the lecture room. There is a certain amount of self-satisfaction to be had from accepting the Third Programme as a ghetto, but the tenure of a literary form which lives on these terms is, to say the least, shaky.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe alternative is to write popular fiction. I think it is safe to say that there is no functioning art form, however poor its execution, which cannot be exploited if one has enough ingenuity. And in any case the process is already in train. If the erotically comic-book genre is growing up from below, the unpopular novel is coming down from above to meet it. Ever since Freud, motif has been steadily gaining at the expense of manner", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe notion of writing \"popular\" fiction as edification suggests the cleaned-up comic-book, in which, instead of secular bloodshed, David slaughters Goliath and Joan of Arc is burned at the stake", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy intention here, though less specific than that, is more promising: if only the romance will be read, if motifs are to matter more than treatment, if literature is to be got in edgeways between them, at least the requirements are not more stringent than those stylisations which myth and ceremony imposed on Greek, or Elizabethan taste and politics on Tudor, drama", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe need to study the natural history of literature today, not to acquire riches, or not only to acquire riches, but to accept the challenge which social changes always impose on writers; when the philistine says \"You must,\" to reply \"I have \u2014 see how you like that!\" If I knew how to write the type of fiction which would fulfil these requirements today, I would write it \u2014 making the assumptions which I have made here, that neurotic anxieties and immaturity are common property, but that my audience is saner than its censors and its leaders, and that the destructive emphasis in literature, as well as in history, are to some extent imposed upon it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGodwin tried to do precisely this in Caleb Williams and St. Leon. If he did not make anarchism popular, at least he inspired Shelley. Graham Greene has attempted the same thing, but without using the crudely fetishistic techniques which the medium really demands. I would rather write like Longus than like Mr. Fleming, but if editors, readers or censors compel me to write like Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFleming in order to be heard \u2014 or for that matter like the conformist colleagues of Pasternak \u2014 I would make a fair offer to turn any imposed restrictions into horrid arms against their originators.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNot all writers will share my assumptions. But most of them will recognise the symptoms I have described, the depletion, as it were, of the novel and the tendency for it to break up into its component literary genres, and to become a habit-forming drug. The novel has been the literary form par excellence of the period which gave us liberalism and science, but also industrialism and totalitarianism. How much it contributed as a social influence to these gains and losses I would not like to say", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAny social influence it had might now be transferred elsewhere. At the same time, as long as stories are read, regardless of what is in them, fiction is still a possible medium.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf, moreover, like so many good people, we are depressed by popular fiction today, or by some alarming things in it, we should remember that Prometheus is not the only signal of cruelty, and Faustian competition to enact the fantasies of deranged people is not the only function of science. Shelley's answer is the right one. Science has made it possible for us to understand some of the relations between psychosymbolism in literature and behaviour in society, or at least to look for them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt has also, by the same token, made it possible to envisage turning psycho-pathology out of history, whether or not we can or should turn it out of literature. What we require is the will", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd if indeed the audiences for whom we write are saner than their leaders, and saner than their literature, the writer today, like the doctor and the psychiatrist, has a duty of incitement as well as consolation \u2014 for, in Tatius' terms, if Herakles can unbind Prometheus we will not have to worry about the misfortunes of virtue.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1 New Statesman, 5 April, 1958.\n2 Spectator, 4 April, 1958.\n3 Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony (O.U.P. 1951).\n4 F. A Todd, Some Ancient Novels (O.U.P. 1940).\n5 R. Heinlein, The Puppet-Masters (New York: Doubleday, 1951).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nALEX COMFORT, born in London, 1920, is a former lecturer in Physiology at the London Hospital. He is now Honorary Research Associate in Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at University College. He was the author of a notable Freedom Press pamphlet Barbarism and Sexual Freedom, and of Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State (Routledge), several novels, of which the best known is The Power House, and several books of verse and criticism. He is a member of the Committee of 100.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe news that a television adaptation of ARISTOPHANES'S Lysistrata has been banned by four West German broadcasting stations on grounds varying from pacifism and political bias to artistic failure and dubious morality will give satisfaction all round. In the first place it will please all who like to see things banned on principle, all haters of literature, and all for whom the faintest suggestion of immorality suffices, without further investigation, for an instant proof of guilt", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen it will please connoisseurs of the ridiculous. It will also please the anti-Germans, and it will please patriots, who will have an occasion for comfortable reflections on the superiority of our own brand of freedom to that enjoyed anywhere else in the \"free world\". It will please lovers of ancient Greece by its demonstration of the continued potency of Aristophanic satire; the great man was feared then, and he is still feared today", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI would make little distinction in value between talking about middle-class youths being groomed for $10,000 \"slots\" in business and Madison Avenue, or underprivileged hoodlums fatalistically hurrying to a reformatory; or between hard-working young fathers and idle Beats with beards. For the salient thing is the sameness among them, the waste of humanity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn our society, bright lively children, with the potentiality for knowledge, noble ideals, honest effort, and some kind of worthwhile achievement, are transformed into useless and cynical bipeds, or decent young men trapped or early-resigned, whether in or out of the organized system. My purpose is a simple one: to show how it is desperately hard these days for an average child to grow up to be a man, for our present organized system of society does not want men. They are not safe. They do not suit.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2014PAUL GOODMAN: Growing Up Absurd.\nUltimately the social function of education is to perpetuate society: it is the socialising function. Society guarantees its future by rearing its children in its own image. In traditional society the peasant rears his sons to cultivate the soil, the man of power rears his to wield power, and the priest instructs them all in the necessity of maintaining a priesthood. In modern governmental society, as Frank MacKinnon put it in The Politics of Education:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"The educational system is the largest instrument in the modern state for telling people what to do. It enrols five-year-olds and tries to direct their mental, and much of their physical, social and moral development for twelve or more of the most formative years of their lives.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo find a historical parallel to this situation you would have to go back to ancient Sparta, the principal difference being that the only education we hear of in the ancient world is that of ruling classes. Spartan education was simply training for infantry warfare and for instructing the citizens in the techniques of subduing the slave class, the helots, who did the daily work of the state and greatly outnumbered the citizens", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the modern world the helots have to be educated too, and the equivalent of Spartan warfare is the industrial and technical competition between nations which is sometimes the product of war and sometimes its prelude", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe year in which Britain's initial advantage in the world's industrial markets began to wane, was the year in which, after generations of bickering about its religious content, universal compulsory education was introduced, and every significant development since the Act of 1870, had a close relation to the experience, not merely of commercial rivalry, but of war itself", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Acts of 1902, 1918 and 1944 were all born of war, and every new international conflict, whether in rivalry for markets or in military techniques, has been the signal for a new burst of concern in different countries over the scale and scope of technical education among the rival powers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus the explosion by America of the first atomic bombs was a signal to Russia to hasten the pace of technical and scientific education, and Russia's success in putting the first sputnik into space, led to an outburst of self-criticism in America about the shortcomings of the American educational system, and to a concern about the quality and availability of technical education in both Britain and America which is still in full swing.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is no evidence that the distribution of intelligence either between nations, or among the social classes within nations is anything but random. We cannot really speak of the inhabitants of one country or one social class as being more or less intelligent than those of another. But the intelligence of an individual at birth exists not as a fact but as a potential which has yet to be developed (as the histories of so-called feral children show)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe conditions for the greater or lesser development of this potential depend however, on social, economic or political factors. Access to education is unevenly distributed. If a society aimed at the maximum development of the latent talent of every member of its population for some supposed national or social end, it would have to reveal and foster it as early as possible in the individual's life", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe principal obstacle to this is the existence of the family, which is one reason why the educational systems of elitist and totalitarian societies are hostile to the family as an institution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe family is the basic social group, and within it members share the same social status and standard of living, which are determined by the position of the breadwinner in the social and occupational hierarchy. The children thus enjoy or endure a position in this hierarchy which they \"inherit\". But social and economic status derive in modern society from occupation which in turn derives from education and thus when the children cease to be children their status derives from their access to education", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut those with high status have a parental vested interest in preserving the education considered appropriate to their status for their children. We see this very clearly in our own society, and it is equally obvious in theoretically more equalitarian societies. We cannot assume, in any case, that every individual child will put education, or the social fruits of education, high on its list of priorities in life", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt has therefore to be presented to the child as a means to economic, or status rewards, or as a rewarding end in itself. The family which has these values will use them to motivate its children. The family which has other values \u2014 early earning and independence, working-class solidarity, non-postponement of satisfactions \u2014 will not", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe may thus say that absolute equality of opportunity and the utmost exploitation of the nation's brain-power \u2014 the \"pool of ability\" as it is called, are not compatible with the continuance of the family system.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis explains why J. M. Pringle's article on the English \"public\" school system in the February issue of Encounter is called \"The British Commune\". Mr. Pringle notes that \"in every age and in every country, those who have wanted to create loyal and disciplined servants for some cause or party or organisation have recognised that families \u2014 and especially the women in the family \u2014 are the great obstacle which must be circumvented\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe obvious starting point for this argument is Sparta and those ideas in Plato's Republic which derived from Sparta. He sees the most successful of such attempts to be the Roman Catholic Church with its celibate priesthood and its monasteries. And he suggests that the English \"in their own typical, unthinking, half-hearted, but efficient way\" have evolved their own version of the Platonic idea.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"In the 19th century, when they began to realise the need for a loyal, disciplined class of public servants to rule their rapidly growing empire, they did not insist that the members of this class should remain celibate or should hold their wives in common. More gently \u2014 but quite as effectively \u2014 they simply took them away from their homes and families from the age of 9 or 10 to 18", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey were rightly confident that, after four years in a preparatory school and five years in a public school, these boys would not only be reliable public servants: but would be immune to the persuasion of mothers, sisters and wives who might tempt them to put the interests of their families above the interests of their country. The English version of Plato's republic and the Chinese Commune was the Public School.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe describes the system as \"one of the most striking and successful political devices ever conceived by a ruling class.\" Now you might suppose that, with the decline of empire, the widening of the franchise, and the gradual development of a state system of secondary education, the public schools would be in a state of decline. But this is very far from the case. With new endowments \u2014 and the 3\u00bd million pound industrial fund for providing them with science laboratories \u2014 they are flourishing as never before", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPeople do not pay three or four hundred pounds a year to place their children in the diminishing ranks of the empire-builders, they pay for the provision of a place in the \u00e9lite for their children.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEducation must always have been one means of upward social mobility for some individuals: the slave scribe in ancient society who became a free man, the young man in ancient China who was selected as qualified to study for the examinations leading to a place in the bureaucracy, the poor boy in mediaeval society who became a priest and the poor boy in the nineteenth century who became a pupil teacher", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is a commonplace that the more the barriers to mobility are removed, the greater the striving for mobility, and now that we have a theoretically complete educational mobility, people are very sensitive to the limits placed upon it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHence the various investigations during the last ten years demonstrating that the middle-class child has more chance of attending a grammar school than the working class child, that the public school boy has a very much greater chance of attending one of the older universities than a grammar school boy, and that he has an infinitely greater chance of becoming a top civil servant, a captain of industry, an MP, a cabinet minister or a bishop", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHere three of the functions which education plays in our society are in conflict: the notion of the maximum use for the state's purpose of the pool of ability, the use by one social class of education as a means of upward social mobility, and the determination of another social class to maintain its hold on the citadels of occupational privilege.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut let us suppose that the privileged private sector of the education system were abolished or transformed or absorbed in some way. Those whose passion was for equality of opportunity would then have to fall back on the \"home background\" argument which is already used to explain why the middle class draws so much more from the grammar schools than the working class", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe next step, both in the interest of equal opportunity and of maximum use of the pool of ability, would be to withdraw children from home backgrounds which did not show the required level of aspiration, presumably by extending the already flexible notion of children being \"in need of care and protection\" to include being in need of an appropriate educational background, i.e. a middle-class home.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn January 9th the television programme Panorama described a private school which exists to cram children for the 11-plus examination, claiming 75% success in obtaining grammar school places for its products. \"The earlier they start to live in a competitive spirit the better\" said one parent. \"It's too early for art and all that\" said another. Art and all that \u2014 the basis of primary education in the progressive school has in fact become a consolation for the non-starter", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus in a \"streamed\" primary school, the A-stream children bring home in the evening books of tests in arithmetic, English and \"intelligence\", while the B-streamers bring home models, puppets, baskets \u2014 art and all that, for it isn't only private schools which are affected by the parental urge for cramming", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA whole series of reports on secondary education, from the Taunton Commission of 1868, the Hadow Report of 1926, the Spens Report of 1938 and the Norwood Report of 1943 have laid down what secondary education should be like, and the primary schools have developed accordingly", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Norwood Report divided the children of the country into three sorts, with three types of mind and three kinds of ability, which conveniently fitted the three types of secondary education available in this country, which were in essence the three grades of school recommended by the original Taunton Commissioners of 1868, who in turn declared that the distinctions between their three grades correspond \"roughly but by no means exactly, to the gradations of society.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEnglish education, quite apart from its built-in class bias, is as Michael Young put it, an obstacle race from start to finish, an endless process of selection and rejection with the implied question all the while: Will this horse run well enough to justify his place in the stable? In his radio investigation of \"Pressure at Eighteen-Plus\", Dr. Young concluded:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"If a child is put at the top table when he is five, he still may not get into the A stream at seven. If he is in the A stream at seven he still may be weeded out later. Many compete but most are rejected, and the sense of failure that results is sometimes psychologically crippling. The way things are going, the schools are in danger of making the Britain of 1960 a nation of failures with only a thin elite of super-trained people at the top.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn his Rise of the Meritocracy, a satire, the point of which consists in projecting into the future the pursuit of the doctrine of equality of opportunity, he looks back on our own day as one where \"two contradictory principles for legitimising power were struggling for mastery \u2014 the principle of kinship and the principle of merit.\" Merit wins in the end, and with the perfection of intelligence testing, and consequently with earlier and earlier selection, a new non-self-perpetuating elite is formed of \"the five per cent of the population who know what five per cent means.\" The top jobs go to the top brains, and Payment bybottom people", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe people at the bottom are not only treated as inferior: they know they are inferior. But to select the few is to reject the many, and in the meritocratic society new social tensions arise. Although the new working class no longer has men of outstanding intellectual ability, since these have been creamed off by selection, a Populist movement arises, consisting of dissident intellectuals, mainly women, who declare in the Chelsea Manifesto of the year 2009:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"The classless society would be one which both possessed and acted upon plural values. Were we to evaluate people, not according to their intelligence and their education, their occupation and their power, but according to their kindliness and their courage, their imagination and sensibility, their sympathy and generosity, there could be no classes", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWho would be able to say that the scientist was superior to the porter with admirable qualities as a father, and civil servant with unusual skill at gaining prizes superior to the lorry-driver with unusual skill at growing roses", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The classless society would also be the tolerant society, in which individual differences were actively encouraged as well as passively tolerated, in which full meaning was at last given to the dignity of man. Every human being would then have equal opportunity, not to rise up in the world in the light of any mathematical measure, but to develop his own special capacities for leading a rich life.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is regarded as merely sentimental by the meritocrats of the future. Today it sounds platitudinous to the mind nourished by the classical socialist and anarchist thinkers, but the immense distance that we are from such a society illustrates how the fertile aspirations of educational reformers have been perverted by social and governmental pressures in the opportunity state, and how disastrously we have lost sight of the individual functions of education.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHow far the notion of the \"pool of ability\" is from the idea of enabling the individual \"to develop his own special capabilities for leading a rich life\". Who is to go fishing in the pool of ability? The state. For whose purposes is the pool to be dredged? The state's. Are we really worried about pursuing equality of opportunity if it simply means the opportunity to become Top people", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? How can we possibly talk of parity of esteem, when a grammar school child receives 70% more per year in expenditure than a child in a secondary modern school and nearly double per school life? Especially when we remember that four-fifths of the population attend secondary modern schools and not grammar schools.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe need to affirm today the values implied in the imaginary Chelsea Manifesto. It is not a matter of whether or not a classless society is possible or whether status can be divorced from occupation, but simply one of affirming that \"the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live as much as the greatest he\". It means questioning the social functions that education plays in our society, and stressing the individual functions that it could play", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt means affirming the autonomy of the pupil as a person, and not as a tiddler in the pool of ability, the autonomy of the teacher for what he can give his pupil, not for what he can produce to the specification of the government or Imperial Chemical Industries. It means focussing our attention on the classroom at the bottom of the educational hierarchy and not on the room at the top.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe 'new wave' in Britain - Nicolas Walter\nA libertarian critique of the \"new wave\" of British literature, typified by the work of Kingsley Amis and John Braine.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA new wave is breaking on the shores of English literature \u2014 or, to be more precise, a new tide has been coming in during the last decade, and its waves are rushing up the beach one after the other. This is not to say that the traditional writers have in any way been superseded \u2014 in fact many pre-war writers are still producing work that shows no perceptible falling off at all", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are also many new writers who work in traditional or entirely personal patterns and have produced some of the best work to appear since the War. In the same way, the current vogue for the verse of John Betjeman shows the stamina of poetic tradition despite all the work of Eliot and Pound, Lawrence and Auden, the \"Apocalyptics\" and the \"Movement\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNevertheless, it is possible to observe certain new literary methods and preoccupations coming into use, especially in fiction and drama, and it may be illuminating to see what \u2014 if anything \u2014 they have in common.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe two key novels in the New Wave are generally thought to be Kingsley Amis's Lucky Jim (1954) and John Braine's Room at the Top (1957), but it would be highly misleading to suppose that they are the only significant ones. They are actually both very good novels, with strong plots and straightforward characters and situations, but their significance lies chiefly in the very wide publicity they attracted", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was in a review of Lucky Jim that Walter Allen first pointed out that \"A new hero has risen among us\" \u2014 the intellectual tough or tough intellectual, who has retreated from aestheticism into philistinism, from political commitment into non-committal dissent, from exquisite sensibility into simply decency, and who is sensitive not to what is cruel or wicked, but to what is bogus or phoney. This New Hero rides on the crest of the New Wave.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was odd that Mr. Allen, who is himself a provincial writer of some distinction \u2014 his All in a Lifetime (1959) is an excellent novel \u2014 and who rightly compared Lucky Jim with John Wain's Hurry On Down (1953), did not also point out that the New Hero almost always comes from the Provinces and is often obsessed by the idea of London", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(It should be noted that most of the writers in the New Wave themselves come from the Provinces, especially the Midlands and the industrial north.) And it was odd that he did not compare Lucky Jim with another earlier novel, Scenes from Provincial Life (1950) by William Cooper (the pseudonym of Harry Hoff, who is five years younger than C. P. Snow but is in every other way very much like him in his career and literary ideas)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe sad thing is that none of these three writers has ever done anything as good as his first novel, though Amis and Wain have also written some good poetry and criticism.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet another novel with a New Hero before Lucky Jim was Under the Net (1953) by Iris Murdoch, who differs from the other writers in the New Wave not only by being a woman but also by subsequently writing more conventional novels of a very high standard. Even Under the Net was different, its hero being rather like Gulley Jimson in Joyce Cary's The Horse's Mouth (1944) and more like Murphy in Samuel Beckett's Murphy (1938)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(This takes us back to the years immediately before the War, which is also the period in which the Scenes from Provincial Life take place \u2014 for the New Wave, the War exists only as an empty gap). It is possible at this point to make out two sides to the New Hero \u2014 the provincial ing\u00e9nu who drifts, and the metropolitan p\u00edcaro who explores", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe former appears as the hero of Scenes from Clerical Life and Lucky Jim, and then in Thomas Hinde's Happy as Larry1 (1957), Keith Waterhouse's Billy Liar (1959) and Stan Barstow's A Kind of Loving (1960); the hero of Hurry on Down is an ing\u00e9nu who turns into a p\u00edcaro; and it is the p\u00edcaro who appears in Under the Net and then in J. P. Donleavy's The Ginger Man (1955) and Colin MacInnes's City of Spades (1957) and Absolute Beginners (1959).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe picaresque tradition is of course an old one in English literature, going back to the pioneers of the novel in the 18th Century and even further to the Elizabethans; so when the New Hero appears as a p\u00edcaro he is simply an old hero in modern dress. His importance in the New Wave is that in this guise he can represent an Outsider more thoroughly and convincingly than either the rather negative provincial ing\u00e9nu or Colin Wilson's unoriginal invention", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe may be an American in Dublin, or an Irishman, African or teenager in London; he may be a real person, like Brendan Behan or Frank Norman; and it is no coincidence that Angus Wilson and Simon Raven write, as it were, mental picaresque. With a little more courage Lucky Jim would become a p\u00edcaro himself. In every New Hero there is a rogue struggling to get out; and it is when he does so that some of the best post-war fiction has been written.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs well as going out, the New Hero may go up. Give him a dose not of courage but of ambition, and you get John Braine's Room at the Top (1957). This remarkable New Wave novel harks back to great work like Le Rouge et le Noir and has been very successful. What makes it even more interesting is that the right-wing journalist George Scott has already described his own life in Time and Place (1956), revealing himself as a person not at all unlike Joe Lampton", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBraine, alas, is yet another author who has never produced anything as good as his first novel. There is no doubt that the \"mechanics of success\", described by such different people as Colin Wilson and John Osborne, have a damaging effect on the later work of a successful young writer.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is here that journalists have played their part in the New Wave. At first it looked as if the theatre was unaffected by changes in fiction. Up to 1955 the biggest sensation on the British stage since the War was Waiting for Godot, and semi-nonsensical fantasy has been booming ever since. As well as the work of Ionesco and Beckett himself, there have been many plays by new writers \u2014 Nigel Dennis's Cards of Identity (1956) and The Making of Moo (1957), N. F", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimpson's A Resounding Tinkle (1958) and One-Way Pendulum (1959), John Mortimer's The Dock Brief (1958) and I Spy (1958), Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party (1958) and The Caretaker (1960). But in 1956 John Osborne's Look Back in Anger brought the New Wave roaring into the theatre, and it was at this point that the idiotic Fleet Street tag \u2014 Angry Young Man\"2 \u2014 was adopted and used freely when any writer under the age of 40 wrote anything at all unconventional", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nExactly the same thing has happened more recently with the word \"Beatnik\", and very much the same fate overtook the young writers in the Thirties. The really irritating thing is that while Osborne is an angry young man, very few of the other people who have been given the title deserve it at all; Kingsley Amis and John Braine, for example, could be called impatient or conceited, but hardly angry in the way Lawrence and Orwell were angry", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne genuinely angry young man is Dennis Potter, whose revealing book The Glittering Coffin (1960) showed a real New Hero coming from the provinces to Oxford and also showed how bad anger is for coherent writing (though Osborne can do it, as in his contribution to Declaration). In general the New Wave is not really an angry movement at all.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is another angry young man, though, who has written good stuff. This is Alan Sillitoe, whose Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958) and The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner (1959) are two of the best things in the New Wave. His heroes have the courage to be p\u00edcaros, but they prefer the bloody-minded life of semi-delinquents (sometimes not so \"semi\" either)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis attitude is revolutionary anarchism verging on sheer nihilism, more extreme than any other New Wave writer except Osborne; but, significantly, they both remain individualists, giving full allegiance to no party or ideology", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIndeed one of the most interesting things about the New Wave is that, while most of its members are left-wing and some give qualified support to the Labour Party or the nuclear disarmament campaign, there is no organised political philosophy to be found among them \u2014 they are what Amis called \"political romantics\", instinctive nonconformists. Dissent is far more characteristic of the New Wave than anger.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLook Back in Anger was the first play in the New Wave, and one of the worst. Osborne followed up his success with The Entertainer (1957), which was even worse and was saved only by its nostalgic topicality and Olivier's acting. Since then his work \u2014 represented by a musical and a television play \u2014 has been more interesting than impressive", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nProbably his best work is to be found in his journalism (which resembles that of Kenneth Tynan) and in an earlier play written in collaboration with Anthony Creighton, Epitaph for George Dillon", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIncidentally, it is worth noting that, had The Ginger Man been published in London rather than Paris, Donleavy might have received much of the publicity that went to Osborne, for he described a situation much like that of Look Back in Anger much more convincingly; the dramatised version of his novel didn't have nearly as much impact in 1959 as it would have had in 1956.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOsborne had been forestalled in another way too, for Brendan Behan's The Quare Fellow (1956), which opened in the same month as Look Back in Anger, was a better play and subsequently had more influence. The London theatres which produced these two plays \u2014 the Royal Court in Sloane Square and the Theatre Royal in Stratford \u2014 have been the double cradle of the theatrical New Wave (though the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry has also done valuable work)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is ironical that the predominantly provincial novelists and dramatists of the New Wave owe their success to publishing and theatrical companies in London.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDespite Osborne's example, things only began moving in 1958 \u2014 the year of Behan's The Hostage, Shelagh Delaney's A Taste of Honey, Arnold Wesker's Chicken Soup with Barley, John Arden's Live Like Pigs and Willis Hall's The Long and the Short and the Tall (as well as plays of other kinds by Doris Lessing, Bernard Kops and Peter Shaffer, who are on the fringe of the New Wave). In 1959 came Frank Norman's musical Fings Ain't Wot They Used t'Be, John Arden's Sergeant Musgrave's Dance and Arnold Wesker's Roots", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn 1960 the tide fell a little, but there were still Arnold Wesker's I'm Talking About Jerusalem, Alun Owen's Progress to the Park and Shelagh Delaney's The Lion in Love. No doubt many of these plays will never be produced again, since they often depend more on being lively than on being well-written, but at least the deathly cosy hush of the ten years following the War has been shattered.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany of these plays have been foolishly criticised for dealing with low life \u2014 middle-class adultery is still thought to be more elevating than working-class fornication. The simple reply to attacks on \"kitchen sink drama\" is that there is still plenty of drawing-room french-window nonsense in the West End to satisfy all the people who are offended by Brendan Behan or Shelagh Delaney. It might also be worth inquiring why murder and sudden death are preferable to crime and prostitution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt has been far more difficult for the New Wave to invade the cinema than the theatre, partly for commercial and partly for social reasons \u2014 films involve large sums of money and large audiences. In general the British cinema is deplorably deficient in good creative work. There have been some recent films like Woman in a Dressing Gown and The Man Upstairs, but farce and melodrama usually win \u2014 as in I'm All Right Jack and The Angry Silence", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNevertheless, there have been the Free Cinema productions, linked in particular with the names of Lindsay Anderson and Karel Reisz, and there have been films of some of the novels and plays of the New Wave. On the whole these have been disappointing; the Osborne plays sound dreadfully artificial on the screen, and Lucky Jim is best forgotten; but Room at the Top was good, and many others are on the way", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy far the best to date is Karel Reisz's production of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, which is certainly one of the best British films ever made. What one hopes for in the future is not so much a series of screen versions of books and plays as some creative film work along the lines of Free Cinema and the American film Shadows", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe same is true of television, which could make up for the fact that serious fiction and drama are tabu for most of the population of the country, but shows few signs of doing so.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe first thing to say about what I have called the New Wave is that it is not in any way an organised movement \u2014 even less so than the Bloomsbury group or the left-wing poets in the Thirties. More than any comparable literary movement, perhaps, its members are highly individualistic writers and people; though there are of course some cliques, notably that surrounding Colin Wilson (but then he scarcely belongs to the New Wave anyway)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the names I have mentioned do have more in common than being born mostly between 1922 and 1932 and becoming successful between 1950 and 1960. To begin with, they write mostly novels and plays (though Christopher Logue is a poet), and \u2014 as we have seen \u2014 they tend to come from the provinces and to write about provincial people. Geoffrey Gorer has noted that their heroes tend to marry above themselves", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany people have pointed out that they like to cock a snook at the Establishment but appreciate the approval of the Establishment if they can get it; Somerset Maugham called them \"scum\" but they are glad to get his prize if they can.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey are constantly preoccupied with certain problems, such as nuclear and colonial war, the tension between generations and that between classes", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt will be objected that these are old problems, but the point is the way they are handled \u2014 the generation-struggle is not the open war of Ann Veronica, but more a matter of bewildered incomprehension; the class-struggle is not between capitalists and workers (or prefects and fags), but between the cultured and the uncultured; the accentless and the accented, the whites and the coloured \u2014 the haves and the have-nots defined in a subtler sense than Marx ever knew; and the attack on war is made not in the direct terms of Sassoon or Aldington, but in indirect and often allegorical terms.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe plays are, as might be expected, more poetic and rhetorical than the novels, and they tend to be more urgent and disturbing. Even so their messages are usually oblique \u2014 The Hostage and Sergeant Musgrave's Dance are quite different from Death of a Hero and All Quiet on the Western Front. (When, however, we are given realism, it is frighteningly realistic \u2014 compare The Long and the Tall and the Short with Journey's End). It is true to say that nearly all comment in the New Wave is oblique", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe only thing that is always condemned outright is the bogus; the worst thing a New Hero can say about someone is, after Holden Caulfield, that he is \"strictly phoney\". And even this condemnation must be spontaneous, for sophistication is nearly as bad as phoneyness \u2014 the New Wave owes more than it knows to Lawrence and Orwell", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIts tone is personal rather than general, emotional rather than intellectual, insular rather than cosmopolitan (remember Amis's I Like It Here), wary rather than bold, ironical rather than idealistic.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut although the New Wave is not orthodox litt\u00e9rature engag\u00e9e, it is \"committed\" all the same. It has already been noted that the authors are mostly left-wing, tending towards pacifism and individualism. Their commitment is essentially autonomous and antinomian, adhering to no ideology and demanding no shibboleths \u2014 it is commitment in the age of the Cold War, the Welfare State and the Affluent Society. The New Wave is above all an unorganised and muddled phenomenon", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven when it produces something more specific, the message is still highly personal \u2014 I'm Talking about Jerusalem is an odd socialist play, The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner is an odd revolutionary story, Mankowitz's My Old Man's a Dustman (1956) is an odd anarchist fable and required reading for anyone interested in modern anarchism. Everything is likely to be stood on its head: failure is interpreted as a form of unexpected success; laughter is better than tears; irony is better than anger.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI think the New Wave may turn out to be important. It represents an attempt to bring literature back into contact with life as it is lived (this is a particular concern of Arnold Wesker), and in effect to free English literature from wholly aesthetic preoccupations and \u2014 as John Holloway has pointed out \u2014 from continental influences", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy rejecting recent tradition, its members have unwittingly returned to a tradition older in this country than either artistic elegance or thorough-going commitment \u2014 the tradition of Dekker and Defoe and Dickens, a narrow but deep tradition, red-blooded and rich, obstreperous and soft-centred, noisy and affectionate. Teenagers and the New Left and the Aldermaston Marches are more human and humane than Bright Young Things and the Popular Front and the Hunger Marches", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPerhaps the rather confused and careless writers of the New Wave have helped to make Britain itself more human and humane. The p\u00edcaro with the heart of gold may for all we know be one of the unacknowledged legislators of the world.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNICOLAS WALTER, born in London, 1934, is the third generation of an anarchist family. He learned Russian at the expense of the RAF, and Modern History at Oxford. After teaching for a year and working for several publishers for two more, he is now engaged on political research. He is a member of the National Council for Civil Liberties and the Committee of 100.\n1. where he is a Londoner, for a change.\n2. which did not apparently come from Leslie Paul's book of that name.\nAnarchy 02.png", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIssue of Anarchy from April 1961 with articles about workers' control, the building industry, syndicalism and more.\nanarchy-002-OCR.compressed.pdf 4.15 MB\nWorkers' control: looking for a movement\nAnarchy magazine on the contemporary movement for workers' control.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe split between life and work is probably the greatest contemporary social problem. You cannot expect men to take a responsible attitude and to display initiative in daily life when their whole working experience deprives them of the chance of initiative and responsibility", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe personality cannot be successfully divided into watertight compartments, and even the attempt to do so is dangerous: if a man is taught to rely upon a paternal authority within the factory, he will be ready to rely upon one outside. If he is rendered irresponsible at work by lack of opportunity for responsibility, he will be irresponsible when away from work too", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe contemporary social trend toward a centralised, paternalistic, authoritarian society only reflects conditions which already exist within the factory. And it is chiefly by reversing the trend within the factory that the larger trend outside can be reversed. \u2014 GORDON RATTRAY TAYLOR: \"Are Workers Human?\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNearly everyone agrees with Rattray Taylor's view in theory: the differences emerge when we talk of the steps needed in practice. On one side there are those who talk of profit-sharing, co-partnership (not the co-operative kind), and 'participation' which may mean anything from co-opting ex-trade union officials to the boards of nationalised industries, to a suggestion box for ideas on improving the works lavatories", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the middle there are those equally vague slogans for making public ownership of industries more attractive, which come from Labour politicians or Marxist ideologists, when they realise that nationalisation either on the Soviet or the western pattern is hardly likely to harness the aspirations of those whose socialism means something more than state-controlled capitalism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFinally there are those who denounce as reformist illusion everything short of a revolutionary general strike, and regard the \"day-to-day industrial struggle\" purely in terms of its tactical value in preparation for a day which seemed imminent fifty years ago, distant thirty years ago, and infinitely remote today.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll these approaches have their counterpart in social thought. At one end there are what the Americans call \"cow sociologists\" \u2014 working on the theory that contented cows produce more milk, and that workers must be similarly tranquillized", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the middle there are those sociological and psychological thinkers who see the authoritarian structure of industry and the \"subhuman condition of intellectual irresponsibility\" to which the organisation of work in contemporary society is said to reduce the worker, as enemies of individual and social health", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFinally there are those who, like Sorel (who welcomed syndicalist militancy in France not for the sake of the ends it sought, but because he thought that a revolutionary \"myth\" kept the workers from decadence), see industrial militancy as a healthy symptom in society, without regard to its aims. Thus in the recent television series Challenge to Prosperity, Dr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTom Lupton of Birmingham College of Technology declared that the so-called restrictive practices were probably socially desirable since the perpetual battle of wits with authority fosters working-class cohesion and sense of community, and Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJohn Mack of Glasgow University remarked in January that the unofficial shop steward organisations were creating small centres of resistance to large-scale control both in industry and in the trade unions themselves, and went on, \"They are sometimes mischievous, They are often a nuisance. They are also and mainly centres of social health\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchists are interested in the idea of workers' control, not as a revolutionary myth nor as an indicator of the \"health\" of society, but as a manifestation of the struggle for personal and social autonomy which is the aim of every school of anarchist thought", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut agitation for workers' control, as Peter Sedgwick remarks in a recent article,1 \"can be rather like boxing with a statue of blancmange: the opponent yields so readily to the blow that one's fist may be trapped inside the mess of gooey assent.\" Nothing, he notes, is left from the torrential demand of the second decade of this century (chronicled in Branko Pribicevic's study The Shop Stewards' Movement and Workers' Control 1910-1922) except for", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"some bottled samples of the dead flow, analysed painstakingly and labelled with care, the Guild Socialist library, the Independent Labour Party pamphlet, the article in FREEDOM. We have the brave resolution and the detailed blue-print; but the movement where is it?\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The first attempt, since the collapse of Guild Socialism in the twenties, to institute such a movement, was the formation at the end of 1948of the London League for Workers' Control. A new attempt is being made today following the Rank and File Industrial Conference sponsored by delegates from five small left-wing groups including the London Anarchist Group and the Syndicalist Workers' Federation, which was held on January 29th. The Conference was largely procedural", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt voted itself into existence as the National Rank and File Movement, it voted in a long list of functions for its Liaison Committee and elected the committee members, and it voted its approval of an initial statement declaring, among other things that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Workers must come together and lay the basis of an organisation which will fight to defend their present interests and, in doing so, organise to enable working people to run industry' themselves.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhether or not this new movement is to have more than a nominal existence depends upon the Success with which it is able to link short. term and long-term aims. No justification need be made for rank-and. file movements in industry as such. The remoteness and bureaucratisation of the trade union structure is a matter of common observation. The \"built-in\" obstacles to reforming them from below emerge from such studies as Goldstein's The Government of British Trade Unions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe futility of setting up rival \"militant\" unions is shown by the history of the dockers' \"blue\" union. The failure of the unions to meet the challenge of the Government's carefully manoeuvred wages policy was illustrated in Richard Clements' Glory Without Power. The success within its own terms, of unofficial rank-and-file action is demonstrated in John Hughes' study \"The Rise of the Militants\" in Trade Union Affairs, where, discussing the Yorkshire coalfield strikes, he concludes that:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"The machinery of conciliation and arbitration had not safeguarded the earnings of the lower-paid men; the NUM is already moving to restore the official strike to its armoury. It is not entirely irrelevant, therefore that in the 1950's local and unofficial strike action wrested improved earnings that the machinery of conciliation and arbitration was unlikely to have conceded without such pressure.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe long-term aim, workers' control, was scarcely discussed at all at the Rank-and-File conference, except by a few speakers who remarked that the increasing responsibilities and technical \"know-how\" of the new kind of worker in advanced industries made the whole idea more. and not less feasible", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe \"movement\" in fact does not yet exist, and if the vague aspiration is to be clothed with something more than lip- service, we have to re-examine the history of the idea and its applications, not as a museum of bottled samples, but in order to fill out the slogan with meaning and direction.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe point of view of most of our contributors can be summed up in Ken Alexander's declaration in his essay \"Power at the Base\" in the symposium Out of Apathy:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"it is from workers' desire to change the character of their lives \u2014 working and leisure \u2014 that the motive pawer for social change must come. The Guild Socialist policy of 'encroaching control' indicates how industrial action, economic power exercised by workers, can be used to set in motion basic changes in industrial organisation and indeed in society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA few simple aims \u2014 for example, control over hire and fire, over the 'manning of the machines' and over the working of overtime \u2014 pressed in the mast hopeful industries with the aim of establishing bridgeheads from which workers' control could be extended, could make a beginning. The factors determining whether such demands could be pressed successfully are market, industrial organisation and, more important, the extent to which the nature of their work compels the workers to exercise same control.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis kind of conclusion is reached by Geoffrey Ostergaard in his authoritative historical survey, since, like James Lynch, he recommends a wider exploration of the collective contract, and by Reg Wright in his account, from the inside, of the gang system. But even Allan Flanders, who is an eminent and not very radical thinker on industrial relations has observed that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Whatever the virtues of the collective contract it is not an idea that is likely to rally a new crusade among those far whom industrial democracy is an ideal, vague perhaps but reaching beyond strong unions and collective bargaining. One can hear them asking: has a mountain laboured to bring forth this mouse and one with grey hairs at that?\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the \"pure\" syndicalist approach has its pitfalls too, as Philip Holgate's study of syndicalist mass movements in three countries shows", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(Hugh Clegg remarks that the revolutionary syndicalists were so concerned to preserve the virginal purity of their independence that they advocated no agreements with employers' and that if this advice had been accepted the unions would have remained impotent.) The attractiveness of the approach of \"encroaching control\" is that it could combine effective day to day means with radical ends.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1. P. Sedgwick: Workers' Control (International Socialism 3, Winter 1960-61).\nApproaches to industrial democracy - Geoffrey Ostergaard\nCritique of various approaches to industrial democracy and workers' control by Geoffrey Ostergaard.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe ideal of industrial democracy is as old as the Labour Movement and has its roots in the conditions which gave rise to an organised socialist movement in the early 19th century. Of these conditions the most important was the destruction of the hitherto generally prevailing 'domestic system' of production, under which the worker owned his own tools, and its replacement by the factory system, under which the means of production were owned by others", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA concomitant of this change was the widespread adoption of the wage system, The independent craftsman or peasant was transformed into the industrial proletarian who, in order to live, found himself compelled to sell his labour power to the owners of the new factories", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnder this wage-system, capital employed labour, labour was treated as a commodity and, as part of his bargain with the capitalist, the wage worker surrendered all control over the organisation of production and all claim to the product of his labour.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe patent injustice of this system suggested to the first generation of socialists an obvious alternative. Instead of working for capitalists, the workers should work for themselves \u2014 not individually, as under the pre-industrial system, but collectively or, to use the then current phrase, 'in association'. They should pool their limited savings, invest them in the means of production, and institute a system of mutual self-employment", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this way, the workers would escape the wage system, together they would retain control of the product. Capital would be put in its proper place as the servant of labour; labour would employ capital, not capital, labour; and the worker would once more regain the dignity of being his own master instead of being treated as a marketable commodity.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis, in essence, was the first approach to industrial democracy \u2014 the co-operative approach. It is the approach favoured by none other than that doyen of mid-19th century bourgeois economists, John Stuart Mill", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn a chapter of his famous Principles of Political Economy concerned with 'The Probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes', Mill predicted: \"The form of association \u2026 which if mankind continue to improve, must be expected in the end to predominate, is not that which can exist between a capitalist as chief, a workpeople without a voice in management, but the association of the labourers themselves on terms of equality, collectively owning the capital with which they carry on their operations, and working under managers elected and removable by themselves\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe history of the 19th century is studded with attempts by groups of workers to apply this approach to industrial democracy. Most of these attempts were unsuccessful, but not all. At the present time there exist in this country some forty or so worker co-operatives, mainly in the footwear, clothing and printing trades, which exemplify this original approach", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese cooperative co-partnerships are of course, to be sharply distinguished from the more numerous retail and wholesale co-operatives which substitute democratic consumer for capitalist control but introduce no modifications in the wage system. Taken together the co-operative co-partnerships constitute an insignificant part of the national economy but they remain nevertheless the clearest examples of a form of socialised production which goes beyond the wage system.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe limitations of the co-operative approach are obvious. One of the major obstacles to the extension of the co-operative system of production was the workers' lack of capital and it is no accident that the industries in which co-partnerships have become established are those requiring comparatively little capital and where labour costs constitute a large proportion of aggregate costs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMore important, the whole approach was grounded on the assumption that co-operatives could peacefully compete the capitalists out of existence. The workers were to build up the new system inside the capitalist framework with the object of eventually superseding capitalism: they were to build up their own capital, not to take over anybody else's.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe questioning of this social pacifist assumption led to\u00b7 the development of a new approach to industrial democracy-that of the syndicalists. In essence, the syndicalist idea was simple. The workers had already developed protective organisations in the shape of trade unions to defend their interests vis-a-vis the capitalist employers: why should not these same organisations be used to supplant capitalism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Instead of merely fighting for better wages and conditions, the trade unions should, in addition, aim at winning control of industry. On this theory, the unions had a dual role to perform: first, to defend the interests of workers in existing society, and secondly, to constitute themselves the units of industrial administration in the coming socialist society.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was this approach to industrial democracy which was adopted by the classical syndicalist movement in the decade before the First World War and by its successor, the guild socialist movement. There were some important differences between the two movements", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSyndicalism was essentially a proletarian movement which pinned its faith on direct revolutionary industrial reaction culminating in the social general strike: guild socialism, in contrast, was largely a movement of bourgeois intellectuals which, while supporting direct action, hoped to see workers' control introduced as a constitutional reform through the State. There was a further difference in their attitude to management", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBroadly, the syndicalists regarded the managers as mere lackeys of the capitalist class and saw no problem in the workers, through their unions, taking over the functions of management", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe guildsmen, on the other hand, were more conscious of the complexities of industrial administration; they saw the need for managers and insisted that the democratically organised industrial union, to be transformed into a guild when it became a unit of industrial organisation, should include technical and administrative workers \u2014 'the salariat' \u2014 as well as the rank-and-file manual workers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBoth movements, however, shared the same central idea \u2014 industrial democracy through trade union control of industry \u2014 and both may be seen in part as a reaction against State Socialist doctrines whether adumbrated by the reformist Fabians and Labourites or by the revolutionary Marxists. Nationalisation by itself, both the syndicalists and guildsmen declared would make no essential difference to the status of the worker", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnder bureaucratic State ownership the worker would remain alienated from the means of production. He would be working for the State and not a private capitalist, but he would still be a wage-worker and, as such, treated essentially as a commodity, a factor of production, rather than as a human being with inalienable rights. In short, State Socialism was only another name for State Capitalism.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDuring the period 1912-1925 guild socialism exerted a considerable influence on the Labour Party's nationalisation policy. Bureaucratic nationalisation on the model of the Post Office was discredited and industrial democracy as the necessary complement of political democracy became an axiom of Labour ideology. But instead of guild socialism being swallowed outright, a compromise was effected between the old and the new", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe form this compromise first took is best seen in the Miners' Nationalisation proposals laid before the Sankey Commission of 1919. A quasi-independent form of administration was to be set up, under which the State and the Miners' Federation would exercise 'joint control', the State appointing half and the Federation the other half, of members of management boards at all levels", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis compromise was rejected by the syndicalists as a snare and a delusion but was accepted by the guildsmen and the miners as a step towards the establishment of a fully self-governing Mining Guild which would have complete control of the industry.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn retrospect it is now clear that the acceptance of this compromise was a fateful step for the protagonists of industrial democracy to take. It marked the beginning of a process of watering-down the concept of industrial democracy as hitherto understood and the development of a new approach \u2014 that of participation in management. In an effort to counteract the movement for workers' control, 'enlightened' employers, spurred on by the Government, put forward the idea of joint consultation", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe right of workers to be consulted on matters outside the scope of the traditional areas of collective bargaining \u2014 wages and conditions \u2014 was admitted, while at the same time management was clearly to remain in effective control. Joint consultation represents in effect a spurious concession by management in the name of democracy to ward off challenges to its prerogatives.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was not to be expected that industrial democrats brought up in the guild socialist movement would accept this concession at its face value. But, having promoted the idea of 'joint control', they found it difficult to combat joint consultation except in terms of workers' representation on management boards. Inevitably, the notion of workers control began to be associated with the idea of workers' representation and, perhaps equally inevitably, once the guild movement had collapsed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe industrial democrats found themselves committed to the view that any representation of the workers was better than none. For the last generation, in fact, the main debate on industrial democracy within the British Labour Movement has been conducted in terms of joint consultation versus workers' representation. And in this debate the 'radicals' have steadily lost ground.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen in the early '30s the Labour Party adopted the Public Corporation as its chosen instrument for the nationalisation of basic industries, it was round the question of the composition of the governing boards that controversy centred", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe unofficial leadership, with Morrison as its chief spokesman, came out for the non-representative board \u2014 the so-called corporate board of ability \u2014 appointed wholly by the Government; the right of the workers to participate in management was acknowledged but it was to take the form of joint consultation with the trade unions having no more than advisory powers. The critics opposed this and claimed 50% direct representation by the trade unions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe claim was rejected, so the critics reduced their claim and have been steadily reducing it ever since. Over the past 25 years the idea of workers' representation has been successively whittled away. If not half the seats on management boards, then less than half; if such members are not to be appointed by the trade unions, then at least nominated by the trade unions; if not nominated by the trade unions, then at least one trade union leader to be appointed by the Government", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUntil we reach the feeble demand. expressed frequently in the post-war years at Labour Party and Trade Union conferences. for 'more trade unionists', meaning by that, of course, 'more ex-trade unionists', on the boards.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe reason why the idea of workers' representation has met this fate is not wholly explained by the superior forces of managerial socialism ranged behind the Morrisonian concept of the public corporation. There are many within the Labour Movement who are deeply conscious of the inadequacies of the present set-up in nationalised industries and who feel that no amount of joint consultation will suffice to give the workers a genuine sense of democratic participation in the control of their working lives", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the industrial democrats in choosing to fight over the issue of workers' representation \u2014 or, more strictly, trade union representation \u2014 have chosen badly. Intellectually, they have a weak case whose defects it has been only too easy to expose.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe case against trade union representation was most persuasively stated by Hugh Clegg in his Industrial Democracy and Nationalisation, 1951. To argue that the trade unions should appoint representatives to serve on management boards is to assert in effect, that the unions should be both in the government of industry and, at the same time, outside it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf the unions are to remain partly outside, as the system of joint control envisages, it must be because they have a function to perform: to defend their members' interests vis-a-vis those of management. But how can they perform this latter role effectively if, at the same time, they are partly responsible, through their representatives, for managerial decisions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The two roles \u2014 defending the workers' interests and participating in managerial decisions \u2014 inevitably conflict. The trade union representatives on boards would be faced with an insoluble conflict of loyalties. The trade unions, therefore, Clegg concluded, must firmly avoid accepting any responsibility for managerial decisions; the role cast for them is that of being the permanent opposition in industry", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIndustrial democracy, as well as political democracy, depends for its existence on an active opposition which is able to prevent the arbitrary exercise of power by the government \u2014 in this case, the management. At the same time joint consultation is to be encouraged by a means of improving relations between the government and the governed, but it must remain consultation: any attempt to go beyond it, to give the workers a share in executive responsibility", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe plausibility of Clegg's arguments was undeniable. Both the Labour Party and the TUC have accepted them and repeated them in recent declarations of policy such as Public Enterprise, 1957. We may, apparently, hope and work for improved forms of joint consultation but the two side of industry \u2014 employer and employed, management and labour \u2014 are to remain as a permanent and inescapable feature of industrial organisation", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUntil eternity, it seems, the destined role of the trade unions is to oppose management in the interests of the employees, while at the same time supporting, wherever possible, co-operation between management and labour in the shape of joint consultation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is, it must be admitted, something ironic in the situation the industrial democrats find themselves in. It was the syndicalists and guildsmen who raised aloft the banner of industrial freedom and denounced the slavery inherent in the wage system. But it is their opponents who have stolen this particular piece of thunder. It is now the critics of workers' representation who present themselves as the defenders of industrial freedom", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn stressing the opposition role of the unions, they can claim that they are preserving the rights of the workers vis-a-vis management, which the advocates of representation are in danger of conceding in return for a dubious share in control.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this unhappy situation the appearance of another book by Hugh Clegg with the promising title, A New Approach to Industrial Democracy,1 encourages expectations. Perhaps here we might find a review of the earlier approaches, a systematic analysis of their deficiencies, and an attempt to explore a new path towards the realisation of the old ideal. Alas, these expectations are largely unfulfilled. With one significant exception, this 'new approach' leaves us very much where we are", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe bulk of the book may be put alongside other socialist revisionist literature of recent years, all tending to demonstrate that what we have now is almost.(but not quite) the best of all possible worlds.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nClegg's essay had its origin in a conference organised in 1958 by the Congress for Cultural Freedom on the subject of Workers' Participation in Management. Clegg draws upon the material presented in papers by representatives from fifteen countries and part of his book, consequently, provides a useful introduction to post-war developments in this field in places like Germany, Jugoslavia and Israel", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe rest consists of a not very satisfactory historical review of the idea of industrial democracy, in which the co-operative approach is wholly ignored, and the elaboration of a theory of industrial democracy, the principles of which, he asserts, have been gradually revealed in the behaviour of trade unions in Western democracies over the last thirty years.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe originality of Clegg's contribution to discussions of industrial democracy consists largely in this application to industry of recent developments in the theory of democracy. As formulated by 18th and 19th century radicals, democracy was seen as essentially a system of self-government, a mechanism by which the people themselves, either directly or indirectly, through representatives, made the decisions they had to obey", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis classical theory, in its representative form, placed emphasis on the importance of elections and on majority decisions which were to be taken as the practical expression of 'the will of the people'. The theory rested on individualistic and rationalistic assumptions and made no provision for groups in the political process.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPartly as a consequence of the questioning of its individualistic and rationalistic assumptions in the light of increased psychological and sociological knowledge and, more especially, as a result of the rise of mass dictatorships in the 20th century using representative elections as plebiscites to justify their claims to express the will of the people, theorists in recent decades have rejected as inadequate the notion of democracy as self-government", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn any large-scale organisation, they have pointed out, self-government is no more than a myth: the important decisions are inevitably taken by the few, not by the many. Wanting above all to distinguish Western political systems from the bastard 'true democracies' of Fascism or the 'people's democracies' of the Soviet bloc, some of them have seized upon the existence of legitimate opposition as the key concept of democracy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMore recently, to this has been added the notion of a free play of independent pressure groups all seeking to influence government decisions and taken as a whole, providing a neat balance of social forces in which individual rights and liberty are maintained. Organised party opposition and pressure groups ensure, it is claimed that the few who do, and must, take decisions will not act arbitrarily: hence the system can justly be called responsible democracy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUsing this kind of intellectual apparatus, Clegg argues, in effect, that the older industrial democrats were pursuing an impossible ideal: industrial self-government. However, if we abandon the notion that democracy means self-government and realise that 'the essence of democracy is opposition', then industrial democracy becomes a live possibility", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd, what is more, when we look at industrial organisation in Western countries, we find that we have already achieved industrial democracy! \"In all the stable democracies there is a system of industrial relations which can fairly be called the industrial parallel of political democracy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt promotes the interests and protects the rights of workers and industry by means of collective bargaining between employers and managers on the one hand and, on the other, trade unions independent of government and management. This could be called a system of industrial democracy by consent, or pressure group industrial democracy, or democracy through collective bargaining.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nStarting from this new conception of democracy it is not surprising to find that the three main elements in Clegg's theory of industrial democracy are: (i) that trade unions must be independent both of the state and of management, (ii) that only the unions can represent the industrial interests of workers, and (iii) that the ownership of industry is irrelevant to industrial democracy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe German system of 'Co-determination' in which the workers elect one-third of the members of the Supervisory (not Management) Boards of firms and in which Works Councils have the right to exercise 'co-determination' over a wide range of matters, such as times of starting and finishing, training schemes, payment by results and hiring and firing, has not, apparently, undermined the position and influence of the trade unions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNor, it seems, does the Histradut, the Israeli trade union federation which is that country's largest industrial concern, find itself in an impossible position because it is both a management and a trade union body. This suggests. that British trade unions could adopt a much less narrowly restricted view about their need for independence from management than they have done in the past. Independence from government is another matter.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nClegg is clearly sceptical about the large claims made for the Jugoslav system of 'workers' control'. The Workers' Councils there may be less dominated by the Communists than is sometimes supposed but the, latter's influence is pervasive. In Clegg's judgment, the Jugoslav trade unions lack sufficient independence to be considered adequate instruments for defending the interests of the workers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDespite their break with Moscow, the Jugoslavs have not abandoned the Marxist assumption that in a 'workers' state' there can never be any difference of interests between the workers and the government.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlthough German and Israeli experience suggest that the trade unions generally could, without danger, adopt a more positive role towards participation in management Clegg doubts whether in practice German and Israeli workers have more influence in industrial decision-making than British or U. S. A. workers. Co-determination is more appropriately seen as a way of extending the pressure group influence of the workers when they lack a strong trade union movement", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe whole tenor of Clegg's argument, in fact, is against the idea of 'participation in management'. In this respect, he has shifted away from the position he took up in 1951. He is no longer an enthusiast for joint consultation as a method of achieving industrial democracy. Joint consultation has not fulfilled the hopes of its protagonists: it is no more than 'an occasionally useful adjunct to existing practices'.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe weakness of Clegg's whole position is most clearly seen in his discussion of the third element of his theory \u2014 the irrelevance of public ownership to industrial democracy. Its irrelevance is, of course, a simple consequence of the theory of democracy he adopts. If all that industrial democracy means is a system of collective bargaining in which the trade unions act as influential pressure groups, opposing management in the interests of their members, then clearly ownership is irrelevant", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne is as likely to get it in private as in public enterprise. This principle of Clegg's, which ties in so neatly with current revisionism, is a curious perversion of the argument of the older industrial democrats. The latter argued, correctly, that public ownership in itself would make no essential difference to the workers' status. At the best", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nit would simply involve a change of masters; at the worst, it would result in a more tyrannical master, since the State would be a more powerful boss than any private capitalist. From this, they concluded that the workers must become their own masters. They did not conclude that ownership was irrelevant but only that it was not a sufficient conditions of industrial democracy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe abrogation of the rights of private capitalists still remained a necessary condition, in so far as ownership carried with it the right to control.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe validity of Clegg's theory depends upon his conception of democracy. Even if we accept that Western political systems are properly to be described as democratic, it is doubtful whether the 'essence' of these systems lies in the existence of opposition. Their essence, if anything, lies in their maintenance of a system whereby, through elections, the mass of citizens can turn out of office one set of political leaders and put in another", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOpposition only comes into the picture as a consequence of free competition among the political elite who are out to win sufficient votes to put their 'team' into office. And even then the system would not be described as democratic unless the mass of citizens had equal political rights, symbolised by the right to vote. Modem industry, with its machinery of collective bargaining", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nprovides no parallel to this, The political system we find in industry is, on the contrary, one in which the government (the management) is permanently in office, is self-recruiting, and is not accountable to anyone, except formally to the shareholders (or the State). At the same time, the vast majority of those who are required to obey this permanent government have not citizenship status at all, no right to vote for the leaders who form the government", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe only rights that the masses have in this system are the right to form pressure groups (trade unions) seeking to influence the government and the right to withhold their co-operation (the right to strike). Such a political system might be called pluralistic; it is not totalitarian; and, if the pressure groups are effective, the powers of the government will be limited", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut it no more deserves to be called democracy, old style or new style, than does the oligarchical political system of 18th century Britain.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne is forced to conclude that Clegg has obscured not illumined the concept of industrial democracy. The one big redeeming feature of the book, however, is his somewhat grudging espousal of the idea of the collective contract. This idea, put forward by the syndicalists and guildsmen as part of a policy of encroaching control, championed for decades by the French writer Hyacinthe Dubreuil2, was recently revived by the late G. D. H. Cole in his The Case for Industrial Partnership. 1957", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn essence, the collective contract system involves the division of the large work group into a number of smaller groups each of which can undertake a definite identifiable task. Then, instead of each worker being paid individually, each group enters into a collective contract with the management", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn return for a lump sum sufficient to cover at least the minimum trade union rate for each individual, the group would undertake to perform a specified amount of work, with the group itself allocating the various tasks among its members and arranging conditions to suit its own convenience", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch an arrangement as Cole correctly argued, would have the effect of \"linking the members of the working group together in a common enterprise under their join' auspices and control, and emancipating them from an externally impose discipline in respect of their method of getting the work done\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nClegg's support for the collective contract idea is, perhaps, surprising in the light of his general position. He sees it, however, not as par of a strategy for winning complete control but rather as a way of satisfying in some measure the aspiration for industrial self-government without challenging management. Management. he asserts, is indispensable in modern industry but there may be areas of industry in which management is unnecessary", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is in such areas that the collective contract system becomes a possibility. This is a curious approach to the subject, since clearly a self-governing group working under a collective contract system does take upon itself some functions usually regarded as managerial, albeit those of 'lower' rather than of 'higher' management. Clegg's inability to see this is a consequence of his failure to analyse the functions of management", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHad he done so, his assertion that 'management is necessarily separate from the workers' would have been revealed as either a tautology or simply an obscure way of stating that (higher) management in modern industry is a specialised and indispensable function \u2014 propositions from which nothing can be deduced about the impossibility of industrial democracy in the traditional sense", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor the question is not whether management is necessary but who shall appoint the managers and to whom shall they be responsible. If there must be a hierarchy of authority in a complex industrial organisation, there is nothing in the nature of management which precludes it from being a democratically based hierarchy \u2014 as are the hierarchies in co- operative factories.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor the anarchist who objects to all hierarchies of authority, including democratic ones, the attraction of the collective contract idea lies in the possibility that it could lead to a breaking down of the hierarchical organisation of industry and its replacement by a system of mutually co-operating functional groups knit together by contracts", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the long run, if the idea were fully developed, management might be reduced to the position of being just one other co-operative group within the larger enterprise, enjoying the same status as the others, but specialising in the functions involving control of the product, investment, control of raw materials (buying) and control of the finished produce (selling).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWith this perspective, it is encouraging to learn that the collective contract is not merely an idea: it is already, in a small way, being practised in the Durham coalfield. A full report of this experiment is to be published in the forthcoming book by E. L. Trist and H. Murray, Work Organisation at the Coal Face. Meanwhile, Clegg's quotation from a paper by Trist must suffice as an outline description:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"In one coal-face unit recently studied by my colleagues and myself \u2026 a team of 41 miners undertook the responsibility of providing for the manning of the works groups on each of three shifts of just under eight hours. As a group, they accepted complete responsibility for this in such a way that there would be sharing between group members of jobs with different degrees of satisfaction and difficulty", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSince the group were on a single collection payment agreement no questions arose over differential rates of pay. In developing their systems\u00b7 of rotating members from shift to shift the initial interest of the group was to avoid the unfairness of a man being tied for a prolonged period \u2014 or even permanently \u2014 to an unpopular night or afternoon shift; they especially wished each to have an equal share of the 'good' day shift", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEach man could also, when his turn came, have some choice with respect to which of the two unpopular shifts he would prefer on a particular occasion.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLater on, within each sub-group of 20, there developed a further system not of shift but of job rotation. Flexibility was provided within a basic pattern, and certain crucial jobs were shared amongst those best suited to them. This acceptance of responsibility for self-regulation of shift and job rotation has persisted throughout the life of this particular coal face \u2014 over two years at the present time.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn discussing the implications of this experiment, Clegg raises the question whether the collective contract could be generally applied as a means to industrial democracy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe suggests that there may be limitations on its general applicability but his main conclusion is: \"It is impossible to be certain how far the transfer of managerial functions to self-governing groups of workers could be taken in modern industrial societies, because that can only be discovered by empirical investigation, and no-one has yet tried to find out. There are considerable technical and social obstacles. In many areas of industry they will probably be prohibitive", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe conclusion is cautious as becomes a Fabian. My own guess is that it is too cautious. Seymour Melman's recent study of worker decision-making at Standards3 suggests that the system could be readily applied even in the most technologically advanced industries, The real obstacles are social not technical. Of these perhaps one of the most important is the conservatism of trade unions. This conservatism can be and must be overcome", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this connection, one great advantage of the collective contract approach to genuine industrial democracy over earlier approaches is that it does not involve a radical change in existing trade union organisation and practices, but only a willingness to extend the range of collective bargaining", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor as Clegg points out, \"A collective contract is clearly a form of collective bargaining, so that areas of self-government can exist within a system of democracy by consent.\" The moral is obvious: all those who wish to go beyond the prevailing forms of 'democracy' in industry would do well to concentrate their attentions and activities in furthering the idea and practice of the collective contract.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1 Blackwell, Oxford, 1960, 18s. 6d.\n2 See his A Chance for Everybody, 1939.\n3 Decision-Making and Productivity, Blackwell, 1958. See also Colin Ward's and Reg Wright's discussions of this book in FREEDOM, June 18, 25, July 2, 23, 30, 1960, and the articles on the subject in this issue of ANARCHY.\nThe gang system in Coventry - Reg Wright\nAnalysis of the workplace \"gang system\" as it functions in Coventry, and its collectivist nature.\nMEANING IN WORK", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf one accepts again the heritage of the old socialist and humanist tradition of worker protest, then the work place itself and not the market should be the centre of determination of pace and tempo of work. The \"flow of demand\" must come from the worker himself rather than from the constraints imposed from above", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven if costs were to rise, surely there is an important social gain in that the place where a man spends such a large part of his day becomes a place of meaning and satisfaction rather than of drudgery. Fifty years ago, few enterprises carried safely devices to protect workers' limbs and lives. Some protested that adoption of such devices would increase costs. Yet few firms today plead that they cannot \"afford\" to introduce safety devices. Is meaningfulness in work less important?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2014DANIEL BELL: The End of Ideology.\nThe gang system is operated in Coventry is modern and yet traditional. Its roots lie among the bloody-minded craftsmen who, centuries ago, sent the King to hell \u2014 and paid for it afterwards.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey worked in groups \u2014 guilds. Later on in Coventry there was a prosperous ribbon-weaving industry. Semi-domestic groups by the thousand sent beautiful silk ribbons, flags and banners all over the world. My grandmother started work at 6 years of age, winding silk for the weavers. She told me: \"We didn't look upon it as 'work' \u2014 we enjoyed it.\" She also carried tea (an expensive luxury) to the weavers. Ribbons were followed by watch manufacture", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAgain highly specialised family and neighbour groups made the various parts of the watches which were assembled by the master-watchmakers \u2014 who also worked in groups. It was all very informal and satisfying. The watchmakers always had a 'Saint Monday' \u2014 boozing all day, taking Tuesday to get over it, and working Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. Saturday morning they \"cleaned up the shop\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey grew most of their own food, kept pigs and fowl, grazed horses and cows on the commons (which were never enclosed \u2014 only built on in recent years), and nearly always married young \u2014 not because they had to, but because they liked it. Watchmaking died out from lack of standardisation \u2014 undersold by machine-made watches. The making of parts was highly specialised, but to make a cheap product an elaborate system of standards and gauging was necessary, as in engineering today", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(Peter Kropotkin described a similar set-up among the Swiss watch-case makers of Jura \u2014 how they sat around and worked and talked and were natural anarchists).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNext came the manufacture of sewing machines, and then bicycles. Inventions by the thousands, mostly by unknown men, made bicycle-making into a precision manufacture, one of the bases of production engineering as we now know it. Again men formed groups around the job. Mechanics came from all over England and they learned that group work paid. As employers became capitalistic, groups were broken up, but they always re-formed, and re-demonstrated their virtues.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd so it has continued to the present day: right through the making of cycles, motor-cycles, cars, aeroplanes and machine tools, there has been a continuous warfare between the group idea and the individualistic-minded employer and his officials. Those firms today which have the knack of the gang system have a huge advantage over the others. Wages are higher (which attracts better workers), they turn out a good product, make larger profits and are very adaptable", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTechnical methods and tools used are the same in the American type' mass-production plant, but the human aspect is vastly different. Each worker contributes an effort, and idea, a pooling of knowledge and experience that is not readily forthcoming in the autocratically managed plant. Work is easier and people are happier. This is not a eulogy of capitalism \u2014 there are rows \u2014 fierce disputes that break the monotony of regular work", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDisputes are often due to the clash of opposite mentalities \u2014 middle-class individualism in management versus working-class collectivism. Domestic disputes between gang members are settled on the spot \u2014 purely private scraps! Idle people are very severely dealt with by their mates \u2014 never from above. There is no 'idealistic' talk about these things, but the benefits are obvious. Rough talk and aggressive attitudes are usually poses \u2014 the real man underneath is usually quite reasonable", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPeople rarely leave and the labour turnover is very small indeed. There are no secrets about earnings or wage rates \u2014 everybody knows all about everyone else. The facts of output required and achieved are common knowledge A car model will be in production for five years or more, a tractor for ten. Regular work, year in year out is thus essential \u2014 which can be horribly motononous for certain temperaments.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne of the compensations can be the company of other people. In addition to the firm's own social club activities, most gangs organise their own, some of them surprising. The firm's official sick-club reduces the amount of benefit paid to members as an illness is extended. To counter this each gang pays an increasing amount to the person as the period grows longer, on the basis that \"the longer he is away from work the more his need grows\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn another firm a man has been away in a mental hospital for over five years \u2014 he is still a gang member, recognised by the management and the trade union. The latter grants his wife periodic sums from surplus funds \u2014 the firm can provide for his rehabilitation should he be cured. He still belongs.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn another works, sheet metal workers were making car wings by hand (for high-class sports cars) and one man spoiled fifty \u2014 a week's work \u2014 through misreading a drawing. The gang had a meeting, took the foreman out to a pub, fifty men made one wing apiece, the scrap ones were 'lost' and no-one was any the wiser. The middle-class works manager would have had a baby had he known, but the gang saved him the inconvenience. There are thousands of such stories that could be told daily", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is the natural cohesion of workers when they are not stampeded by clever and cunning people. They don't profess to be good \u2014 just ordinary. Girls and boys enjoy ganging-up and so do men and women. And in Coventry the gang system has been forced upon employers who, at first reluctant, now concede it. But each new generation of clever young managers has to relearn the same old lessons", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey start off determined to \"put the men in their place\" and end by accepting the gang system \u2014 even boasting about it as though it were their own creation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGangs are self-recruiting, nearly all new members being \"recommended' to a trade union for the formalities. 'Green' labour (i.e. people with no special skill) is put on simple repetitive jobs and when the stage of boredom is reached are moved to increasingly complex operations. In effect the man or woman serves an apprenticeship of sorts while earning full pay as a gang member. No distinction is made between them as people. They are all paid the same regardless of skill", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe clever man will do the clever job \u2014 because he can, and because he likes it. The not-so-clever (or even stupid) man will do the job that is within his powers, It has been proved long ago, that distinctions cause much more trouble than they are worth. Both management and men are agreed on this. Such agreement is tacit. These things I describe are not even mentioned \u2014 they have become social custom, commonplaces. Melman in his work continually refers to the excellence of the gang", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe whole method has evolved directly from the work, from the human and technical need for co-operation. The tough men who have given their whole lives to it have seized on every significant thing or event and turned it to their purpose, our purpose. Bit by bit a new form of industrial society is being built. However bad it may still be, it is far better than most autocratic systems and it teaches people better ways by practice and not by exhortation", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen the gang system has worked out and stabilised a new step forward, then the local trade union officials come in and register the facts in an official agreement with the firm, One such man (known to me personally as a very clever negotiator) stepped in and formalised the entire scheme at the Standard works. It was a major achievement, and would have been, at the highest professional level. This man was self-taught, in workshop and trade union", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are some trade union leaders who try to claim credit for themselves for all that is done \u2014 they don't deceive us but the newspapers lap it up. They think and write of trade unions as the leaders, whereas in reality the achievements are those of the members and their ideas.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTechnically the gang system is a method of payment for piecework - a form of collective contract. In practice it follows the natural tendency of men to group up around the job. Gangs can be of any size from three to three thousand \u2014 the latter being the approximate size of the Ferguson tractor team", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHalf-a-million tractors were turned out in ten years with practically no supervision \u2014 one gang for the entire works and yet there was still the piecework urge \u2014 still the initiative from below, in addition to the technical progress from above. This is the essential difference between the Midlands attitude to the job and the uniform and fixed wage system elsewhere, especially in the south of England", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the Midlands the men have the initiative and are the driving force \u2014 the rest of the staff have to keep pace, to provide for and assist the production team. Everything is done to make the job easier, every hint and suggestion from whatever source is heeded and used if possible \u2014 especially if it takes the strain from the job.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus men's energies are conserved for other things than work. But it is still work! Automation is a misnomer-there is just continuous production, some automatic, some semi-automatic, and much of it by hand. Greed is abolished because any increase in wages or betterment of conditions is due, and is known to be due, to the men's own effort and creative ideas. The result of continuous struggle and creative effort is seen in the finished product and enjoyed via the pay packet", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPeople of lethargic temperament may loathe and dread the very idea of all this, but the workers concerned \"don't die on the job\". Neither do they worry or conjure up images of destruction. They are vigorous and healthy and are busy home-making and rearing families.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn other factories small gangs may be grouped around a machine that is being built, or an aeroplane component. In a car factory it will be a production line, or a group of machines, When the product is very complex and costly and is produced in small numbers the gangs will be very clever in adapting their skills to a variety of jobs. Individual skill of a very high order will be applied to a prototype and to the first few production jobs'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe individual will be guaranteed his money by the gang while he undertakes exploratory work-others will follow him, each taking a portion of the work and becoming specialists in it, while others will improvise special tools and gadgets to make it into a \"production job\". The variety of work and gangs is infinite.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe gang system sets men's minds free from many worries and enables them to concentrate completely on the job. It provides a natural frame of security, it gives confidence, shares money equally, uses all degrees of skill without distinction and enables jobs to be allocated to the man or woman best suited to them, the allocation frequently being made by the workers themselves. Change of job to avoid monotony is an easy matter", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe \"gaffer\" is abolished and foremen are now technicians called in to advise, or to act in a breakdown or other emergency. In some firms a ganger will run, not the men, but the job. He will be paid out of gang earnings, and will work himself on a small gang. On a larger gang he will be fully occupied with organisation and supply of parts and materials", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA larger gang may have a deputy ganger as a second string and also a gang-steward who, being a keen trade unionist or workers' man, will act as a corrective should the gangers try to favour management unduly or interfere with the individual in undesirable ways. Gang meetings are called, as necessary, by the latter and all members of the gang are kept informed and may (and do) criticise everything and everybody. All three are subject to recall", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConstructive ideas on the other hand are usually the result of one or two people thinking out and trying out new things \u2014 this is taking place continuously \u2014 to the general advantage of the whole gang.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe fact of taking responsibility in any of these capacities is educative in every sense, and I have often been amused to see someone who is a notorious \"gaffer's man\" being persuaded into taking the gang steward position which will bring him into contact with other stewards whose ideas he will unconsciously absorb. He will attend meetings with management representatives at all levels and usually completely changes his ideas", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nExperienced stewards, with grim humour call this \"educating the so-and-so's!\" Some stewards have been known to use variants of this method in educating management representatives.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilarly in car factories. A gang of 100 or more will have a charge-hand paid by the management. He will stand out from the gang. only working in the event of difficulty arising \u2014 any hold-up or breakdown. The gang-steward will stand out with him and settle with him all points of difference on the gang's behalf. He also will work as necessary. Sometimes they are idle (educating each other!) and at other times they will work like fiends, to keep the flow of work going.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGang stewards form a reservoir from which senior stewards are recruited. There are thousands of such men and they are quite often engineering experts, usually holding their own with any rate-fixer, cost expert or other managerial type. Occasionally fools are appointed \u2014 the blustering wordy windbag \u2014 the 'rebel' who just fights \u2014 and the exponent of an ideology. Some ideologists are first-rate stewards but do not realise that their actions may be the reverse of their ideological aims.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are many local variants of the scheme - some good, some indifferent. As in any other aspect of life, much depends on the quality of the people concerned, and on their experience. Ideas (that is, theories or ideological or political standpoints) do not enter into any of it \u2014 a person can think what he likes, say what he likes, except that he does not do anything against the gang or the trade union He is expected to be a trade union member \u2014 even if only as an outward and visible sign of toughness", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn terms of the old working-class.motto, \"he is either with us or against us\". There is no half-way. Incentives are three: to get as high a rate of pay as possible (depending on out-put), having achieved a certain stability in that, there is a general urge to speed up production gradually so that hours of work can be reduced. The final aim (a continuously successful process) is to make the job itself, and the surroundings, as good as possible.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll these urges are everyone's concern. In such a production set-up it is natural that people in full health and vigour are needed. and sickly people are strongly advised not to take a job there. In a temporary indisposition it is usual for the person to be given some help, or if that is not possible; a transfer to a light job that is not urgent.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMost of this has been forced upon employers, but one must give credit to those managers who have genuinely tried to help the urge to better conditions. On the other hand one frequently finds amongst managers a tendency to \"swing to the right\". This may be the result of a new director or manager coming in from the outside, usually from firms with American ideas; occasionally he will have a strong political (Conservative) urge. Sooner or later he shows his hand-forthright and dictatorial", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFrom that moment the \"worker decision-making\" apparatus works against him. His \"education\" commences. Once I finalised the process by warning the particular manager \"You must always remember that a thousand men will wear you out quicker than you can wear them out\". It worked", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe moment something actually happens or is pending, there is a ferment right through the plant and the decision-making is carried out at shop-floor level, even to the point, if necessary, of contradicting or disowning the stewards' proposals.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is difficult to convey in writing a whole way of industrial life, a subtle, yet obvious, development of capitalism, a different and better way of running large-scale industry. It is better \u2014 a vast improvement \u2014 a continuance of an age-old method in a modern setting. It has all those elements that could develop into a successor to capitalism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI can imagine some clever people dismissing all this as nonsense, mere sentimental drivel, etc., and going on to prove that it is only a temporary thing that could be wiped out when required, by a powerful managerial capitalist class, etc., or that when \"the slump\" comes and the workers are thrown out on the streets, etc. (all of which is outmoded thought)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy answer is that if \"disaster\" comes to capitalism, we have at least done some preliminary rehearsing for the new play we may be called upon to produce. If capitalism goes on for a long time without disaster, we shall have tried to make life as good as we can for as many people as we can. If there is some day a general desire to push capitalism over, we shall do our share", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI think we are quite as clever as the \"intellectuals\", only we have applied ourselves to the daily task instead of to theoretical disputation. As engineers we have changed the world, as social engineers we have improved our part of it as much as we can. We feel that we are reasonably well-equipped to go very much further, and if we do we shall need the co-operation of all those technicians and organisers who are at present on \"the other side\", and we know that some of them are already with us.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nREG WRIGHT is a Coventry engineering worker who has spent a life-time in the motor, aircraft and textile industries, One of the pioneers of the gang system in its present form, he has even written a play about it. In a forthcoming article in ANARCHY he discusses Erosion Inside Capitalism.\nWorkers' control in the building industry - James Lynch\nJames Lynch on UK builders' guilds, and other attempts at workers' control in the construction industry.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Like everyone else they want independence, security, and plenty to take home at the end of the week. All these depend on good times. You can be independent and secure so long as there are plenty of jobs, because someone always knows of another site with a better bonus. The fact remains that there is no other major industry so badly organised, few with such bad working conditions, or with so much uncertainty about how long a job will last", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn spite of the Federation, there is little solidarity between trades and none between tradesmen and labourers. In the T.& G.W.U. there is an annual average of 84 per cent. lapsed membership and 85.7 per cent. new members among labourers who are signed up on the site and let their cards lapse when the job finishes. If ever there was an industry which needed a breath of fresh air in the unions and a new spirit of industrial solidarity it is ours.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll kinds of attempts at workers' control have been tried out in building at one time or another and it saw the most advanced practical realisation of the guild socialist idea. Raymond Postgate has summed it up in one sentence with a sting in the tail. \"Perhaps the most important achievement of the Guild was that it gave the workers of the building industry confidence and showed them that they were competent to run and control the industry, if only they could lay their hands on it.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt the end of the first world war, when the slogan of homes for heroes was coined, the building workers seized the opportunity that the climate of opinion built up by the syndicalist and guild socialist movements offered. This was the time when the Sankey Commission was ready to support the miners' demand for workers' control of the mines, and the engineers were demanding it in the factories. Dr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAddison's Housing Act of 1919 made it possible for housing to be built with little capital, payment being made as the work proceeded. The building unions in Manchester formed a Building Guild under the influence of S. G. Hobson and in London, Malcolm Sparkes persuaded the operatives to form the London Guild of Builders. The movement spread and in no time there were 140 Guilds which joined forces in 1921 as the National Building Guild", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Guild was for legal purposes only, a limited company, which undertook centrally the work of finance, insurance and supply, the making of contracts being in the hands of Regional Councils, elected by the local guild committees and by the craft organisations of the region (including professional organisations of clerks, architects and engineers)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCapital was borrowed at a fixed rate of interest, and full trade union rates paid during the currency of the contract \"in sickness and in health, in good weather and bad\" \u2014 something unheard of in those days. Surpluses were to be used for improvements, and development, not distributed to individuals. In cases when a job worked out cheaper than was expected, the saving on the contract price was handed back to the local authority employing the guild. Dr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAddison was sympathetic to the idea and so was Sir Raymond Unwin the famous architect who was chief architect to the Ministry of Health, and promised contracts if finance could be guaranteed. An overdraft was arranged with the C.W.S. bank and contracts for materials and joinery signed with the C.W.S. building department and loans were made by the Co-operative Insurance Society. Work worth more than two million pounds was taken in hand", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe London Guild landed the \u00a3500,000 Walthamstow Contract and the Manchester Guild had contracts worth \u00a31,428,918. By April 1922, in less than a year's actual work they had received \u00a3849,771 in cash and had spent \u00a330,283 on plant.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe guilds attracted the best men, and there was genuinely effective workers' control. The independent investigator, Ernest Selley, after examining the contracts on each site, concluded that\n(1) the Guilds have proved that they are organised on business-like lines and are able to carry out building operations in a workman-like manner;\n(2) the quality of the work produced is distinctly above the average;", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(3) The weight of the evidence goes to show that the output per man on Guild contracts is as good as that obtained by the best private contractors, and certainly higher than most.\n(Ten years after they were built, the estates at Manchester built by the guilds were shown to have cost the local authority least in maintenance and repair work).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe end came as quickly as the beginning. The first of the post-war slumps came, the \"Geddes Axe\" was wielded by the government, housing policy changed, Sir Alfred Mond, later the ICI boss became Minister and determined to kill the guilds. The master builders' associations agreed among themselves to submit lower tenders and to share any loss from undercutting when tendering against the guilds", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRichard Coppock (later Sir Richard of the NFBTO) remarked that \"the guild eventually failed because of the power wielded by the banks, but it was not crushed before we had learned a valuable lesson in self-government in industry\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn considering why the guild experiment was not tried again after the second world war, the most striking thing is that one cannot imagine a modern Minister of Health (Labour or Tory) nor his chief architect, nor the union leadership, and least of all the CWS bank sponsoring any such venture \u2014 so far have we moved from popular acceptance of the idea of workers' control, and so completely have the bureaucrats taken over from the innovators.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut efforts have been made. Bro. Harry Law of the Battersea ASW sought to revive the guild idea in 1946 without much response. but by 1951 there were several productive co-operative building firms, affiliated to the CPR (Co-partner Builders, Co-partner Building Operatives, Northants Co-partner Builders). By 1960 they had all gone out of existence. Lack of capital, which helped to kill the old guilds, has killed the much more modest co-operative co-partnerships. What is the next step?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt scarcely needs saying that under a capitalist system the worker is a commodity (labour) to be bought and sold at a price (wages) according to the total number requiring jobs (supply) and the number of jobs to be filled (demand). The worker's only capital is his capacity for work. And this is what he has to capitalise, by collective action. This is the whole basis of trade unionism \u2014 collective bargaining, and it is also the basis of the collective contract", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere used of course to be gangs in the building trade run by \"labour-only subcontractors\" but not by the gang-members. I am told that the gang system as described by Reg Wright is worked under some contractors (Wimpey's, Higgs and Hill) but what I am thinking of is the sort of group contract in which the worker is not paid individually by the boss at all. The group undertakes the job and arranges everything else for itself, including the share-out. The late Professor G. D. H", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCole says in The Case for Industrial Partnership that \"The effect would be to link the members of the working group together in a common enterprise under their joint auspices and control, and to emancipate them from an externally imposed discipline in respect of their method of getting the work done\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI would certainly prefer to work this way; it would be a more genuine kind of workers' control than exists in any part of the industry today or seems likely to exist until the idea of worker's control permeates public opinion at least to the extent that it did at the time of the guild socialists. It would, if the gangs consisted of more than one trade, cut across the craft barriers and promote solidarity on an industrial basis", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand once generally accepted it could be the lever for a wider extension of control. It is certainly more reasonable than either \"mindless militancy\" which collapses at the end of a job, or 'I'm all right Jack' apathy, and is more practical than trying to struggle along as undercapitalised would-be capitalists.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJAMES LYNCH, born at Liverpool, 1918, is a carpenter and joiner (ASW). His interest in labour history arose from reading Robert Tressell's Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, a classic of the jobbing building trade.\nAspects of syndicalism in Spain, Sweden and USA - Philip Holgate\nA look at revolutionary and anarcho-syndicalism in three countries with sizeable syndicalist organisations in the 20th century.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nANARCHO-SYNDICALISM HAS BEEN DESCRIBED as the application of anarchistic ideas to industrial problems. Its basic ideas, described in innumerable pamphlets and in Rudolf Rocker's book, are that working-class organisations should be completely independent of politics; that their structure should be federal and non-bureaucratic; and that they should fight capitalism and the state without compromise, aiming to replace them by a free society based on co-operation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe workers have not generally responded to syndicalist propaganda, and the unions based on it have been too small to play an important part in industrial affairs. However, in some countries conditions have made it possible for syndicalism to develop on a significant scale", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe purpose of this article is to look at this development in three such countries, under widely different conditions, and to try to discover to what extent syndicalist ideas were borne out, and to suggest the lessons that these experiences have for libertarian industrial movements today.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSyndicalism in Spain dates back to 1868, when Bakunin's comrade Fanelli made a propaganda visit. His message was enthusiastically received. Spain is a country of varied cultures and several languages. Federalism was even then a respectable idea, and this, united with the workers' and peasants' desire for social revolution, was the very situation in which Bakunin's ideas took root and flourished.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA section of the First International was formed as a result, and it remained almost unanimously faithful to the anti-political point of view when the International broke up. Since then there has always been a syndicalist movement in Spain, either openly or underground, and in 1911 it crystallised in the foundation of the Confederaci\u00f3n Nacional del Trabajo (C.N.T.) at the Congress of Bellas Artes in Barcelona, by representatives of 30,000 workers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSeveral suggestions have been made to account for the success of a revolutionary ideology which was relatively ignored elsewhere. In addition to the federalist tradition, which was just as unfavourable to socialism as it was disposed to anti-governmental syndicalism, there was a tradition of direct action. At every peasant rising in the 19th and 20th centuries the demand had been for a sharing out of the land", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe peasants had a deep conviction that if only they were left alone to farm their land and reorganise their villages, all would be well. They could see the local part of their problems, and could not see what relevance Madrid politics had to them. Brenan has suggested that anarchism in Spain has been analogous to protestantism in the rest of Europe; a movement of reason against the church. While this is a dubious", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntheory, there is certainly an ethical content to Spanish anarchism which marks it off clearly from any other political movement. The un-philosophical working-class conviction that you can always tell right from wrong shows itself in millions of ordinary Spaniards concluding that the State and capitalism are wrong; a fact which seems so difficult for many people of supposedly better education.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSweden had no long-standing libertarian tradition similar to that of Spain. As in many European countries, social democracy and anarchism developed side by side within the same organisations, and it was not until the turn of the century when the socialists were clearly within sight of parliamentary influence, that the theoretical differences between the two currents led to expulsions and splits", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe year 1909 saw a general strike throughout the country, which ended in crushing defeat for the workers. The Landsorganisation (L.O.) had led the movement with characteristic half-heartedness, and as a result of the demoralisation following the defeat its membership was halved from 161 to 80 thousand.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn response, timber workers in the \"red\" province of Skaane got together in a committee, and in 1910 the foundation Congress of Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (S.A.C.) was held in Stockholm. It had 696 members to begin with, but developed rapidly, to a membership of 4,500 in 1914, 20 thousand in 1818 and 32 thousand in 1920.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Industrial Workers of the World was founded in 1905. Despite its name, and small groups of members in many countries, it has always been a predominantly American organisation. When it was founded the American labour scene was occupied by the A.F.L., which was a federation of craft unions, and numerous petty unions which spent their energy scrapping among themselves, engaging in legal disputes and organised scabbing, and providing a happy hunting ground for racketeers and power seekers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe fact that syndicalist organisations developed in three countries where the national temperaments are so different, and the problems of industrial organisation so varied, counts against the theory that revolutionary syndicalism is only suited to Iberians. It also challenges us to find out why syndicalism rose to be a significant movement in some countries, but not in others with apparently similar conditions. Why did the S.A.C. grow in Sweden, but nothing on the same scale develop in Norway", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Why was the Italian Syndicalist Union always numerically smaller than its rivals, while the C.N.T. was far superior? There is possibly a loophole for the answer, long buried under determinist ideology, that the success of an idea depends on the vigour with which it is propagated. Certainly, the specifically anarchist minorities played a major part in getting the syndicalist unions going in Spain and Sweden.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLooking for common features in the early years of the three organisations, we find that two of them, I.W.W. and S.A.C. were founded as a direct response to the failures of orthodox and politically-inclined trade unionism, a factor which is still present in the more comfortable conditions of today.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll the organisations found themselves immediately involved in bitter industrial disputes throughout the area in which they operated. In 1913 when the S.A.C. had only 3,709 members they were involved in 30 strikes. They took part in 80 strikes in 1916; 172 in 1917 and 262 in 1918. In 1923 thousand of its members took part in strikes in the forestry industry alone", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe local strikes in Spain had a more revolutionary character, as the workers often made demands so high that they could only have been achieved by a social revolution. A wave went through Spain in 1905, in which peasants demanded the division of the big agricultural estates. These disputes were often directed against inhuman conditions of work, and sometimes secured the doubling of wages. The I.W.W", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand all the unions claim that the overwhelming majority of these resulted either in victory for the workers or compromises favourable to them. The biggest strike of the period in America was undertaken by the textile workers of Lawrence, where the whole labour force of 25,000 came out in 1909 and after ten weeks of police violence won a substantial wage increase. The culmination of C.N.T", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmilitancy during the period was the strike against the Canadiense, the electrical company of Barcelona, which involved 100,000 workers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was clear that for this type of activity, where direct action by small concentrations of workers against their respective bosses was the predominating form of industrial conflict, syndicalism was what the workers had been looking for.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe ability of the syndicalists to face up to violent attacks from the State and bosses is another feature common to them. The C.N.T. was declared illegal almost as soon as it was founded, and has been frequently forced underground since. It was subjected to actual assassination of its militants by police agents, as was the I.W.W", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPolice charges against workers' meetings, shootings, arrest and imprisonment of officials and prohibitions of activities were the lot of all syndicalists, and their ideas and organisation made them better prepared to meet this than the socialists.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe central feature of the structure of these organisations was their decentralism. They were composed of workshop branches federated into local federations, and these would in turn link up in regional and national federations. The local branches in each industry also federated to form industrial unions, an important pillar of the I.W.W. but one which was not introduced into the C.N.T. until 1929", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt may be objected that this structure corresponds exactly with that of say, British trade unionism, but the difference is that in the syndicalist unions the power rested with the local groups, and they exercised it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLinked with their decentralism the syndicalists had a mistrust of paid officials. Propaganda in the early days was carried out by dedicated militants who would be supported by comrades in the districts where they were working. Even when its membership was in the region of a million the C.N.T. only employed one full-time secretary. It is. also part of syndicalist theory that members of committees should be ordinary workers, elected to fulfil specific tasks, and subject to immediate recall", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhile this is an ideal which is most difficult to keep to, in practice, because of the way in which revolutionary mass organisations tend to throw up oligarchies and influential minorities, it did check the tendency for elites to develop, and in the I.W.W. and S.A.C. cases ensured the virility of the organisations even when they were numerically overwhelmed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe organisational factors mentioned above are natural consequences of the fundamental assertion of syndicalism. That is that the enemy behind capitalism is the State, and that working-class struggles should not be waged through parliamentary and governmental channels, but must be directed against them, and aim to replace the oppressive State by a free federation of producers in a free co-operative community.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOnly the C.N.T. openly used the word \"anarchist\" in its declarations. Its 1919 Congress in Madrid for instance, reaffirmed that the objective of the confederation was anarchist communism. The famous: preamble to the I.W.W. adopted by its foundation Congress, Chicago, 1905 declares that \"the army of production must be organised, not only for the everyday struggle with capitalists but also to carry on when capitalism shall have been overthrown", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy organising industrially we are forming the structure of the new society within the shell of the old\". The S.A.C.'s foundation manifesto similarly states that \"the proletarian class struggle \u2026 should never, however, be regarded as an end in itself, but only as a means, to develop the weapons of the class struggle's real aim; the overthrow of the existing order and its rebuilding.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe theory and practice of the syndicalists then were united in: stressing the value of direct action. While unions throughout the world were using direct action as an alternative to constitutional methods, the: revolutionaries, being prepared for it, were consistently more effective.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTheir attitudes to parliament varied. The C.N.T. was most strongly inspired by an anarchist opposition to government as such. During the 1933 elections it carried out a determined anti-electoral campaign. culminating in a mass meeting in Barcelona where the slogan \"In place of the ballot-box, the social revolution!\" was put forward, and they declared that if abstention resulted in a victory for the right, they would launch the social revolution", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe other two organisations were not so strongly influenced by pure anarchism, and their opposition to parliament derived more from the fact that democratic methods corrupted working-class militants and organisations. It is important to remember that whatever the views of the organisations were about parliament, they included in their ranks supporters of every political view from anarchists to members of the Socialist Party.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSyndicalism had its most notable successes when it was fighting against a decentralised enemy, in a period when the unstable nature of industrial conditions paralleled the unstable aspects of revolutionary organisation. The weaknesses of these were as apparent as their advantages", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAccounts of the wildly hopeful local risings in Spain, where the anarchists in a small village would proclaim libertarian communism, and the end of money, property and exploitation, only to be bloodily repressed by assault police a day later make tragic reading. On occasion too, a strike would fail because only one region supported it, while the others who were not in favour, stayed at work.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe wildly fluctuating memberships of the syndicalist unions was a great source of weakness. The S.A.C. had had 200 thousand workers pass through its books of which most only remained members for short periods. After the successful strike at Lawrence in 1909, 10,000 workers joined the I.W.W. local. In 1913 its membership had dropped to 700. Generally, the I.W.W. was enthusiastic about numbers, and this led it to underestimate the fact that paper membership is not a good guide to revolutionary strength", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne of the worst errors the C.N.T. made during its early period was to imagine that its membership could be relied on to support radical action, when in fact about one in ten was personally convinced of syndicalist objectives.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCapitalism, the State, and trade unionism have developed considerably since the days when syndicalism was developed, in theory and practice. This is most noticeable in the Swedish welfare state and the managerial society in America, and least in Spain. The problem facing syndicalism was how to respond to this development, so as to preserve its essential objectives, yet be able to carry on the struggles called for by contemporary events.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe peak year for the S.A.C. was 1924 with a membership of 37,336. After 1933 a gradual decline set in with membership falling from year to year. The I.W.W. had several peaks, and had different degrees of success in different industries. It had one peak just before the first war and another in the early twenties. Outside of Spain then, the history of revolutionary- syndicalism has been one of rise and decline.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBefore examining the external factors which affected this, it is worth examining some of the internal difficulties of syndicalist ideas and organisations. It is inspired by anarchist and libertarian ideas which call for a high degree of personal conviction, yet it sets out to be a mass movement. In order to preserve its specific nature it should only admit to membership applicants who subscribe to its point of view, but in order to be effective it needs the support of all the workers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy basing itself on a distinct minority principle it introduces a division into the working-class movement, yet one of its aims is the unity of the proletariat. The fact that syndicalism has been relatively ignored in most of Europe, and has been scorned by many anarchists may be because these contradictions have been too much to face.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe anarchists of Spain and Portugal set up the Federaci\u00f3n Anarquista Iberica (F.A.I.) in 1918. Its members had to belong to the C.N.T. which they regarded as their special field of action. Not all the anarchists belonged to it, as some felt that this committal to the C.N.T. involved a sacrifice of the universal appeal of the anarchist philosophy. The membership of the F.A.I. has been estimated at 10,000. The rest of the membership of the C.N.T", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncontained a certain proportion who personally agreed with the revolutionary syndicalist point of view. It also contained workers who joined it because it was the strongest union in their locality, or because of its obvious vigour in fighting disputes. Furthermore, these are very good reasons for joining a union, and particularly one in which action was regarded so highly in comparison to words.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe dangers inherent in such a situation were almost all realised in practice. It became plausible for reformist \"leaders\" to rise up and denounce the extremist \"leaders\" for sacrificing the immediate needs of the members by their \"doctrinaire\" policy. Such a movement against the alleged dictatorship of the anarchists was a constant feature of internal C.N.T. politics", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe anarchists, in reply, found themselves devoting much of their energy to preserving the doctrinal purity of an organisation, many of whose passive members did not accept it, and it has been suggested that this deprived Spanish anarchism of its chance to playa really independent role in the social affairs of the time", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen anarchists play such a part in a larger union they become involved in the importance of getting elected to this or that committee, of disputing the precise interpretation of documents and so on; the very features of political life that lead them to reject the reformist programme of freedom through government. In practice, all the prominent Spanish anarchists occupied leading positions in the C.N.T., and later on found it impossible to act as anarchists during the crisis of the revolution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn Sweden, the founding of the S.A.C. was accompanied by a weakening of the Young Socialist movement, as many of its prominent and active members gave up all their other activities and concentrated on syndicalism. This did not, unfortunately, prevent the eventual rejection of revolutionary syndicalism by the S.A.C. The case of the I.W.W. is different", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis union had suffered badly from the machinations of Marxist socialists during its early years, and developed an anti- political attitude which even made sure that anarchists did not have too much influence in its councils!", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe tendency of capitalism to become centralised was met by putting more emphasis on the national industrial unions. This however was the cause of a split in the I.W.W. in 1924, which resulted in \"most members dropping out in the middle\" and was a hard blow. At the 1929 C.N.T. Congress too, some delegates opposed the national industrial unions on the grounds that they departed from the anti-centralist spirit of the Confederation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnother feature of syndicalist tactics which could not be retained was the opposition to any form of wage agreement, binding for a fixed period of time. The S.A.C. had specifically declared against such agreements in its declaration of principles, and had proposed instead a \"permanent state of war in the social field\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen conditions of work are physically brutal, and open war is being waged on both sides, the revolutionary position has a natural appeal, which it unfortunately seems to lose when the employers feel safe and prosperous enough to bargain with unions, and the State realises that its interest lies in arbitrating between employers and workers rather than in attempting the brutal repression of the latter", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSince there was a much stronger social democratic union in Sweden which did treat in terms of agreements the S.A.C. found itself pushed towards this position in order not to be at a disadvantage. This was in spite of the fact that official statistics showed for instance that forestry workers wages in the areas organised by the S.A.C. were consistently much higher than those where L.O. agreements were in force", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs happens so often, the bad organisational ideas drove out the good, and at the S.A.C.'s 1929 Congress, industrial syndicates were given the option of signing binding agreements, and the 1938 Congress asserted that while the organisation somehow or other stood by its principled position, it would consider binding agreements, and accept the responsibilities they implied, in practice. The evolution of the I.W.W. on this question was parallel.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn the one hand, the desire to keep a syndicalist organisation on the right road has led to splits in the movement, and on the other hand desire for working-class unity has led them to seek agreements or amalgamation with other organisations. The split in the I.W.W. in 1924 has been mentioned. It was never an attractive take-over proposition. The S.A.C. suffered a split in 1929 when most of its locals in the South West broke away to form the Syndicalistiska Arbetarefederation (S.A.F.)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis organisation stood for a more uncompromising position, at a time when intransigence was becoming increasingly unpopular, and it made no progress. In 1938 its residue re-amalgamated with S.A.C. From 1928 a committee of the S.A.C. and L.O. sat to determine a basis on which the two organisations could get together. In 1929 the executive of the S.A.C. agreed to this with only two opposing members", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe basis for union was a document affirming that both organisations were based on the socialist class struggle, that they both aimed at the replacement of capitalism by a co-operative democracy, and that they were opposed to militarism and war. When this proposal was placed before the members it was decisively thrown out", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor once, the rank and file of a union had saved it from a sell-out, and had recognised what their leaders were indifferent to, that the socialist paper declarations of revolutionary intentions meant nothing in practice.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe scission in the C.N.T. was precipitated by the famous Manifesto of the Thirty, which argued for a more flexible policy, which they claimed would be better able to serve the needs of the workers than one based on determined, principled declarations of intransigence. The movement of the Treintistas was closely connected with the ideal of working-class unity, seen in terms of an alliance between the C.N.T. and the socialist Union General de los Trabajadores (U.G.T.)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn Asturias where this point of view had majority support a pact was signed just before the rising in October 1934. When this occurred the socialists tried to gain complete control, excluded the C.N.T. from committees wherever possible, and the socialists failed to initiate worthwhile supporting activities in the rest of Spain.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese activities in Spain were all being carried out under the shadow of fascism and in the hopes of a social revolutionary response to it, and they need far fuller discussion than is possible here. Readers are referred to the books listed at the end, and to a forthcoming issue of ANARCHY which will be devoted entirely to Spain.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn attempting to draw up a balance sheet for syndicalism it is inevitable that most of the praise or criticism will also fall on the heads of anarchists, for without the determined action and theoretical conviction of men holding anarchist or related views the syndicalist organisations would neither have come into existence nor remained.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHowever, the anarchists were acting in an atmosphere that was: limited, and while it has been asserted that the industrial syndicate is the place where anarchists should be active, it has not been shown that anarchists are most successful when trying to provide leadership for a mass movement.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe most effective way for anarchists, or people convinced of the rightness of syndicalist ideals to help a union to keep them as its inspiration, is to be at the same time independent and committed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is a difficult position, as it throws them into the position of critics from the outside if they are not careful, but the problems which it raises are soluble within the anarchist frame of reference, while the problems of anarchists in positions of power, of the situation where they are denying others the right to adopt non-anarchist resolutions, and issuing manifestos in the name of thousands who have never seen them are not.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWith capitalism developing towards a more centralised and stable structure, and the evolution of the modern State and the trade unions, the problems facing the workers have become broader and more complex. The syndicalists reacted to this in very different ways. The I.W.W., perhaps because of its early quarrels with the Socialist Labour Party, had declined to take up a not directly related to on the job organisation and class struggle", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven when it was itself engaged in a series of \"Free Speech\" fights in areas where its activities had been banned by the police, there was disquiet in case concentration on the freedom aspect of the case should divert the attention of militants from their factory and lumber camp organisation. A similar suspicion fell on anti-militarist propaganda during the first world war. One I.W.W. leaflet showed all other radical tendencies pointing to the stars, while the I.W.W", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfigure pointed to the factories and said \"organise\". It was part of their theory that as the workers became more independent and self-respecting their revolutionary consciousness would rise, and that success in day-to-day direct action would lead them straight to the social revolution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThat is where syndicalist theory has broken down most conspicuously. After winning striking victories in bitter struggles using direct action, the workers have not profited by their experience and extended the class war until final victory, as the syndicalists hoped they would. The bosses and the State have profited far more from their experience and have modified the economic structure of society so that the conditions in which syndicalism flourished no longer prevail.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis means that if a workers' organisation is to be effective it must take up attitudes, as an organisation, on all sorts of questions which did not come into the field of interest of the pioneers of revolutionary syndicalism. It is this need to change from a fighting organisation engaged in localised and short-lived struggles, to a movement of opposition opinion which has been the hurdle on which the I.W.W. and S.A.C. have been caught. The I.W.W", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nstuck to its traditional narrow field and declined to insignificance, while the S.A.C., finding at last that the pressure of the inactive card holders did not allow it to take up a conscious revolutionary position on issues such as the war crisis and the welfare state, slid into a position in which it is barely distinguishable from the L.O. which it was formed to replace.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt has been easy for anarchists to attack the reformists in the S.A.C., but they were trying to find some solution to the problem of a revolutionary organisation in a situation unfavourable to revolution. In the welfare state of today there are growing signs of revolt against the new, milder forms of oppression that it involves. The twin aims of the syndicalists of the past were effectiveness in the day-to-day struggle, and through it, the introduction of a libertarian communist society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey were remarkably successful in their first objective, but have not made any real progress with the second. The workers' movements of the future will have to fight different kinds of battles; against bureaucracy, affluent complacency and working-class bosses as well as against employers. They may be put in the position where they appear to be biting all the hands that feed them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey will therefore need far more social understanding than ever before, and the merits of mass organisations will be more doubtful. It should also be more clear that the building of a free society does not automatically follow the destruction of the old one.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn short, the most necessary development for a future workers' movement is not so much a revival of the old syndicalism, as the development and spread of anarchism.\nSHORT BOOK LIST\nRudolf Rocker: Anarcho-Syndicalism.\nPhilip Sansom: Syndicalism, the Workers' Next Step.\nGerald Brenan: The Spanish Labyrinth.\nAnselmo Lorenzo: El Proletariado Militante.\nJos\u00e9 Peirats: La CNT en la Revoluci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola, I.\nVernon Richards: Lessons of the Spanish Revolution.\nKarl Bergkvist & Evert Arvidsson: SAC, 1910-1960.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJohn Andersson: 40ars kemp med SAC.\nKarl Fernstrom: Ungsocialismen.\nU.S.A.:\nRalph Chaplin: Wobbly.\nFred Thompson: The IWW, Its First 50 Years.\nPHILIP HOLGATE, born at Chesterfield, 1934, studied mathematics at Exeter and spent five years teaching in a progressive school. He is a member of the London Anarchist Group and the Freedom Press Group\nIssue of Anarchy from May 1961.\nA Notebook in South Africa - Maurice Goldman\nAfrica and the future - Jeremy Westall\nCulture and Community - Nicholas Walter", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRemoval of Guilt - Anthony Weaver\nanarchy-003.pdf 6.68 MB\nMoving with the times\u2026 but not in step\nAn examination of the key concepts of anarchism written in response to an interview in New Left Review in the early 1960s.\nQUESTION: 1 know that you are not a member of the Labour Party, or even an orthodox Socialist. But when you call yourself an anarchist, are you not drawing on the anarchist tradition within the Labour movement rather than associating yourself with anything like a formal Anarchist position?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDo you not, therefore, feel some kind of allegiance to the Labour movement? It is not just that other people think it important, Surely it is important for you too. You can hardly draw upon an anarchist tradition in the Conservative Party.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nANSWER: I agree about that. I am somebody who comes very much from a Labour background: from South Wales, from a family that has always voted Labour and has known what Tory rule can be like. And yet I often find myself out of sympathy with the Labour movement", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy sympathies are with the people not from the formal anarchist movement \u2014 I think it is a fair comment that the leading anarchist in this country should be a knight, and that the formal anarchist movement in this country is totally useless and an absolute disaster for any kind of serious anarchist thinking \u2014 but I have a sort of sympathy with what are called the 'emotional anarchists' \u2014 people like students, intellectuals, unattached people.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTHESE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS are taken from a long interview under the title \"Direct Action?\" published in the March-April New Left Review. The questions were asked by Stuart Hall and Paddy Whannel, and answered by Alan Lovell, a regular Peace News writer and a member of the Committee of 100", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlthough some good points are made, the interview as a whole is not particularly interesting \u2014 a clearer exposition of the strength and weakness of the Committee is to be found in the article by another member in this year's Aldermaston issue of FREEDOM. What is interesting for us is the view of anarchism held by Lovell and his interlocutors.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThree conceptions of anarchism emerge from the interview \u2014 emotional anarchism, formal anarchism, and the anarchist tradition within the labour movement. (There also emerges an alleged \"leading anarchist\", but how many of Lovell's anarchist acquaintances in the Committee of 100 or in DAC or CND regard Sir Herbert Read in this light?). Lest we should have here the beginning of yet another anarchist myth, it is worth while examining these categories.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIs there really a difference between the \"formal anarchist movement\" and the \"anarchist tradition within the Labour movement\"? Presumably, like ourselves, Lovell's questioners regard the Labour movement as something wider than the Labour Party, but if we do, where but in the Labour movement are the anarchists to be located? Where else, historically, would we place Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, Malatesta, Landauer, or the Russian, Spanish, French, Bulgarian or Latin-American anarchists", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Was it not in commemoration of the Chicago anarchists of 1887 that the modern celebration of May Day as a labour festival began? Were Sacco and Vanzetti, Berkman and Emma Goldman, Durand or Durrutti, outside the Labour movement?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this country, the \"father of anarchism\" William Godwin, was the intellectual father of such precursors of socialism as Francis Place, Robert Owen, Thomas Hodgskin, and you have only to read the history of the First International or the life of William Morris to see the extent to which the anarchists were, in the late nineteenth century, an integral part of the Labour movement.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe anarchists haven't changed, but the Labour movement, strait-jacketed intoone concept of socialism, the Marxist one abroad, the Fabian one here, has changed \u2014 to its cost. For us, the most interesting characteristic of the trend we call the New Left today, is the way in which some of its adherents have been groping towards an anarchist approach, taking their cue from some older socialist thinkers like Arthur Lewis, with his declaration that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Contrary to popular belief, Socialism is not committed either by its history or by its philosophy to the glorification of the State or to the extension of its powers. On the contrary, the links of Socialism are with liberalism\" and with anarchism, with their emphasis on individual freedom \u2026\u201d\nor like G. D. H. Cole with his rediscovery towards the end of his life of the relevance of such thinkers as Bakunin and Kropotkin, and his re-affirmation of his early guild socialist principles.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnother rediscoverer was Iris Murdoch, in her contribution to Conviction, discussing the way in which the Labour Party has reduced every issue to a political formula, with a consequent starvation of the \"moral imagination of the young\" and a degeneration of socialist philosophy. The guild socialists, she said,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u201cwere deeply concerned with the\u00b7 destruction of community life, the degradation of work, the division of man from man which the economic relationships of capitalism had produced, and they looked to the transformation of existing communities, the trade unions, the factories themselves \u2026\u201d\nIt is now time, she declared, \"to go back to the point of divergence \u2026\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilarly Charles Taylor, examining the quality of life in contemporary Britain in ULR 5, demands \"viable smaller societies, on a face-to-face scale\" and \"the extension of the individual's power over the collective forces which shape his life\", and E. P. Thompson (who has come a long way in the last five years), writes in NLR 6, that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"we can only find out how to break through our present political conventions, and help people to think of socialism as something done by people and not for people or to people, by pressing in new ways on the ground", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne socialist youth club of a quite new kind, in East London, or Liverpool or Leeds; one determined municipal council, probing the possibility of new kinds of municipal ownership in the face of Government opposition; one tenants' association with a new dynamic, pioneering on its own account new patterns of social welfare \u2014 play-centres, nursery facilities, community services for and by the women \u2014 involving people in the discussion and solution of problems of town planning, racial intercourse, leisure facilities; one pit, factory, or sector of nationalised industry where new forms of workers' control can actually be forced on management \u2026\u201c", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHere he is talking what is very like our own language. Yet among the writers of the New Left there are also strange inconsistencies and hangovers from orthodox socialism and Marxism. Some of its ablest-thinkers have learned nothing from the history of socialism in our time. Raymond Williams, whose book The Long Revolution is discussed at length in this issue of ANARCHY puts the formula thus:\n\"What is the alternative to capitalism? Socialism. What is a socialist culture? State control.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch a mountain of analysis: such a political mouse! The New Left needs the lessons which it can draw from the anarchist approach; the question is whether it is capable of learning them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe editor of NLR 6, discussing the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, writes of \"the anarchist case, which I believe to be a felt but unarticulated strand in CND politics, and which is weak largely because it has not been put. In any event, that anarchism and libertarianism has been a most fertile element in the Campaign \u2026\" But the anarchist case has been put, for anyone who cared to read it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe point is that it does not appear to have been taken, and if the anarchist strand is weak, it is precisely because of the lack of what Lovell calls \"serious anarchist thinking\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLike him we have a sympathy with the people he calls emotional anarchists \u2014 \"people like students, intellectuals, unattached people\", the people who have, as he suggested elsewhere in his interview, \"an emotional bias towards anarchism, but it is very much of an emotional bias and completely unthought-out\". We wish they would start thinking it out", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe want in fact that serious anarchist thinking which the emotional anarchists aren't doing, and which, in his odd way, he thinks would be disastrous in the \"formal anarchists\", the people who actually call themselves anarchists, and who know the word's meaning, its history and its literature.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nANARCHISM (from the Greek an- and archia, contrary to authority) is the name given to a principle or theory of life and conduct under which society is conceived without government \u2014 harmony in such a society being obtained, not by submission to law, or by obedience to any authority, but by free agreements concluded between the various groups, territorial and professional, freely constituted for the sake of production and consumption, as also for the satisfaction of the infinite variety of needs and aspirations of a civilised being \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2014 ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA\nTHE IDEA OF SOCIETY WITHOUT AUTHORITY has found expression throughout human history, from Lao-Tse in ancient China and Zeno of Kitium in classical Greece, to its first systematic formulation in William Godwin's Enquiry Concerning Political Justice in 1793, and its elaboration in different directions during the nineteenth century by Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin. Today small and scattered groups of anarchists exist throughout the world, from Siberia to South America.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTheir numerical strength is impossible to ascertain, for the anarchists are not a party, membership cards and voting papers do not appeal to them. Since they are seeking not power but personal autonomy, they are not concerned with counting heads or ballot papers, but in awakening men and women to personal and social independence and responsibility.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLooking at history, the anarchists see two recurring tendencies: the tradition of authority, hierarchy, the state, and that of liberty, free association, society. This distinction between the state and society, between the political principle and the social principle is crucial to anarchist thought. In Tom Paine's graphic antithesis,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Society is produced by our wants and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections; the latter negatively by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSociety in every state is a blessing; but government even in its best state is a necessary evil \u2026 Government, like dress, is the badge of our lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built on the ruins of the bowers of paradise.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe anarchists go further than this, seeing the principle of authority as an unnecessary evil, and to the objection that anarchy, however desirable, would only be possible if all men were angels, they reply with William Morris's phrase that no man is good enough to be another man's master. It is precisely because all men are fallible that none should surrender their own power over themselves to others.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThree main trends can be seen in classical anarchism: that of anarchist communism, associated with Bakunin and Kropotkin, which beside the usual criticism of the state, its punitive and property systems, postulates the commune, the local association for the organisation of social amenities, as the basis of a free society through territorial and regional federations; that of anarcho-syndicalism which reached its greatest practical application in revolutionary Spain in 1936, which sees the struggle for workers' control of the means of production as the key to the transformation of society; and that of individualist anarchism which puts its emphasis on the autonomy or self-realisation of the person", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this trend several schools of thought can be discerned, one of pure individualism, represented by thinkers like Thoreau and the German philosopher of 'conscious egoism' Max Stirner; another developing from the American Josiah Warren whose ideas, blended with the mutualism of Proudhon and the individualism of Herbert Spencer, formed the basis of the anarchism propagated in 19th century America by Benjamin Tucker, while there is also an ethical or religious anarchism represented by Tolstoy, and, to some extent, by Gandhi.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat unites these differing trends is their repudiation of the state and of the political struggle for the control of the state machine. Most would accept Marx's definition of the state as \"the executive committee of the ruling class\" but all would repudiate the Marxist metaphysic of the conquest of state power as the pre-condition of its \"withering away\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(And the history of the Soviet Union confirms Bakunin's prophetic analysis of the future of Marxism in his disputes with Marx's faction in the First International in the eighteen-seventies). In other respects the teaching of the classical anarchists differ", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nProudhon, for instance, first attacked the notion of private property in his famous dictum \"property is theft\", but later took the view that \"property is freedom\", though it is obvious that in the first instance he was talking of the private ownership of social assets, and in the second, of a man's possession of his house or small-holding. The important thing however, in the consensus of anarchist teachings, is not the notion of ownership but of access/I] to the means of production", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilarly on the question of exchange: some anarchist thinkers have repudiated the idea of money, others have regarded money as the most convenient mechanism of exchange but have repudiated the notion of interest, others have evolved such ideas as that of 'labour tickets', while others have boldly proclaimed, like Kropotkin, that there is enough of everything for everybody, and have supported the principle of \"to each according to his needs. from each according to his abilities.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDifferent stages in the social evolution of various countries during the last hundred years have reflected themselves in the changing emphasis in anarchist ideas", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFree associations of independent producers, syndicalist movements among industrial workers, independent co-operative communities, campaigns of civil disobedience and war resistance, the formulation of social utopias, have all been responses to current social and political conditions, as were the desperate struggles of the anarchists in actual revolutionary situations in Russia and the Ukraine, Germany. Mexico and Spain.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWHAT DOES ANARCHISM MEAN TODAY?\nTODAY IT IS NOT POSSIBLE to speak with the confident revolutionary optimism of our predecessors. The experiences of our own century have given us a healthy suspicion of rhetoric and of universal panaceas. We have seen too many and we know too much.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat are we to say here in Britain in the second half of the twentieth century? We are a tiny minority of disaffected citizens in the centre of a disappearing empire whose economic structure is still geared to an obsolete r\u00f4le, an appendage to one of the two contending military and economic power blocs. What is the task of the anarchists in such a society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Can we draw up, not a programme, but simply a list of those fields where anarchist activity is useful and in which, according to personal predilection or opportunity, we can promote our ideas?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne of the characteristics of governments is their maintenance of what Martin Buber calls the \"latent external crisis\", the fear of an external enemy, by which they maintain their ascendency over their own subjects. This has in our day become the major activity of governments and their biggest field of expenditure and effort, reaching the stage where they propose to decimate each others' populations at the touch of a button", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWar is the trade of governments, and obviously the anarchists support, in common with other factions of the left, all anti-war activities, but they can hardly be expected to see anything but illusions in calls for summit conferences or in the signing of petitions. The petitions go to the wrong address; they should be addressed not to governments but to people.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have to build up a disobedient and unreliable public, widening and deepening the impulses which find expression in the three prongs of the nuclear disarmament movement. War is not the result of the H-bomb, the H-bomb is the logical outcome of the pursuit of war, which in turn is only possible because governments are able to harness their obedient subjects to it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut there are deeper causes; not merely the clash of ideologies, the division of the world into have and have-nots, but the dissatisfactions and frustrations which evidently make the idea of war acceptable for millions of people. Every day you meet people who look back to the last war not as a remembered horror but with a fond nostalgia", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe general state of opinion on minor wars like the Suez invasion or the war in Cyprus which was switched off like a light when it suited the government, will tell you that war is tolerated because it is found tolerable. We have to uncover the dulled and muffled nerve of moral and social responsibility which will make it intolerable.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe mass of mankind, Thoreau observed tartly, lead lives of quiet desperation. Is this why we tolerate war \u2014 as an exciting break in meaningless routine? And yet who but ourselves has decreed the situation in which work is drained of meaning and purpose except as a source of income or status, marriage and the family a trap, leisure a desperate attempt to stave off boredom", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Look around you at the domestic resentments, the glum faces emerging from factory and office into the tedium of the rush-hour journey home, the frantic consumption at the behest of the hidden persuaders. How desperately we need to find different ways of life which will liberate instead of imprisoning the individual. And how we need the anarchists to experiment with new ways of living, a new assertion of individual values, more dignity and more satisfaction in daily life.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt one time, forty years ago, there was a strong syndicalist stream in the trade union movement, calling for workers' control or industry. It died away, as the industrial workers pinned their faith on the Labour Party's programme of nationalisation and concentrated on winning a bigger slice of the capitalist cake. One of the most formidable tasks before us is the re-kindling of the urge for responsibility and autonomy in industry: to put workers' control back on the agenda", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo anarchist thinkers from Godwin onwards, crime has been, not the manifestation of individual wickedness, but a symptom of material or mental poverty and deprivation", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFrom Kropotkin with his study of Organised Vengeance Called Justice and his dictum that prisons are the universities of crime, to Alex Comfort's modern study of political delinquency, the anarchists have opposed the system of retributive justice which creates more criminals than it cures, and have sought the identification and avoidance of the [I]causes of crime", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA wealth of evidence has been accumulated, even officially which supports this view and there is here an immense field for anarchist effort in changing the social climate and public attitudes.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere have been in this century great changes in educational theory and practice, which represent a partial and incomplete, if unacknowledged victory for ideas which are libertarian in origin. We are however, now in a period when the more sophisticated educational theorists are almost joining hands with those who never got that far, in reacting against the alleged influences of the advocates of freedom in education", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSocial pressures and parental 'status-anxiety' are already impinging on those partial advances, (see ANARCHY 1). The anarchist movement, which has included some very astute educational thinkers, needs urgently to re-define and re-assert ideas, and to counter the counter-revolution in educational thought, pointing out that the trouble with 'child-centred' education is not that it has gone too far, but that it has not gone far enough, and in fact, in many schools, has not even begun.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe modern state is infinitely more centralised and ubiquitous than that of the time of the classical anarchists. It has also adopted or usurped many of the functions which are those of society, and which Kropotkin, for instance, in his Mutual Aid, listed as evidence of the innate sociality of man which makes the imposition from above of state organisation unnecessary", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn social organisation and in industry, and consequently in the distribution of population, centralisation has been the great characteristic of modern life, and one which militates against the possibility of anything like an anarchist society. The tendency itself is, however, one which changes in means of communication and in sources of motive power have already rendered obsolete, and there is a great deal of sociological data to demonstrate its undesirability in human terms", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe anarchists and those who think like them on this issue, have to change the centralising habit of mind for one which seeks decentralisation and devolution, pressing for more and more local autonomy in all aspects of life.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNothing stands still. The great monolith of the Soviet empire is by no means as monolithic as it was. A generation has grown up which is bored and dissatisfied with the chanting of Marxist slogans and which is equally unimpressed by the \"free enterprise\" of the West", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe workers' councils which sprang up in Poland and Hungary in the revolutionary period of 1956, Tito's fears that his officially-sponsored version of syndicalism from above might get out of hand and turn into the real thing, the \"silent pressures from below\" in the Soviet Union itself, indicate how tendencies which have more in common with anarchism than with orthodox socialism are ready to spring into life where we least expect them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe trends in India represented by the Gramdan movement as the successor to Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan, and by Jayaprakash Narayan's advocacy of \"village democracy\", the moral example of Danilo Dolci's activities in Sicily, all such movements suggest a possible role for the anarchist, outside and independent of the struggle for power which canalises the activities of so many socially conscious people into sterile political posturing.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the New Left, and among the people who have been roused into activity by the nuclear disarmament campaign, there is interest and concern for all these fields of activity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut as long as they ruefully give their support to the Labour Party as a lesser evil, or devote their energy to trying to influence its policies, they are simply evading the need to work out the implications and explore the possibilities of a different kind of socialism: the means of effecting social change without re-course to the conquest of the coercive machinery of the state.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nON MY FIRST DAY BACK IN PRETORIA I drove up to the hills of Waterkloof which is now the fashionable residential area. It was nearly six o'clock and in the beautiful rolling valleys below, the city streets and suburbs were almost hidden by the winter dusk. Then the street lights came on and each little light seemed to glide in the valley like ships on a sea of darkness. Higher on the hill where it was still light, it began to grow dark very quickly", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA White girl out for a walk with her dog began to run to her home several hundred yards away. Two minutes later an African girl also sprinted for the shelter of a house.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThings were like that three or four years ago when I was last here, but how much worse today. The tension grips you even in Cape Town.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA century ago J. S. Mill wrote about the tyranny of social convention. And Whites in S.A. have learned to fear the whiplash of the majority will of Whites. The Nationalists, now at the receiving end of a Black economic boycott, have for many years exercised a boycott against the Indians. South Africans, the White ones, probably more so than many other peoples are born into a definite environment, a certain set of values. They have, for one thing, very definite ideas about the Blacks", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nProbably a lower proportion of them are mentally self-propelled on this subject than say, members of a Tory family are about trade unions and the Labour Party. The social pressure put on the Calvinist Afrikaner to conform to certain ideas on race is fiercer than the anti-homosexual pressure in Britain. Race in South Africa is translated into: \"How would you like a Black man to marry your daughter?\" Abuse that runs parallel to \"queer\" in Britain is kaffer boetjie (brother of the Kaffir) in the Union.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is also a set standard of behaviour towards the Indian. He is the coolie and must be treated with contempt and condescension. He's a sly fellow and a bit too clever by half at business. If he comes to live next door to you your property values go down with a bump. And how would you like your daughter to marry an Indian", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? A cinema manager told me that when Rita Hayworth married Aly Khan, as far as the South African public were concerned she had married a coolie and her box office sank right through the floor.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere was a time when you saw the White farmer chatting away amicably to Ishmail in some little country store. The Indian shopkeeper would turn a blind eye or a long-suffering grin on Meneer van de Westhuizen as his apples and bananas were sampled. Meneer would enquire about Ishmail's family at home and at the same time, with steady contemplative hand and eye, sample a strip of biltong on the country", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMeneer had something of the attitude of a Brooklyn cop on beat taking an apple from the Italian immigrant's fruit shop every time he passed. Nowadays social pressures have intensified. It wouldn't do for Meneer to be seen talking to Ishmail. His attitude must be \"send 'em all back to India.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBehaviour patterns have changed radically over the last few years. The behaviour pattern of the overlords has changed from the paternal contempt of a superior to an inferior, to aggressive fear. In its main aspect, I believe, apartheid is an attempt to push back the black oceans steadily encroaching on the white islands. These islands are the cities. But even in the cities it's only the inner fastnesses that belong to the Whites \u2026 and then only by day", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWalk up Adderley Street, Eloff Street or Church Street at the height of the rush hours and business hours and you might say to yourself, \"Ha, here is a European land.\" But early morning and at night the streets belong to the non-whites. Even more so does this apply to the suburban streets. Only a fraction of the white population understand an African language. It's quite fantastic how two peoples, living a master-servant relationship side by side, can have so little human contact", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow and then White strangers exchange nods like a fraternity of priests in a godless city. And now and then the Black buses pass, full to the brim. White buses pass, oh so often, with but a sprinkling of passengers. On the country roads the White man in his car is supreme. He may whizz along the excellent national roads at eighty miles an hour. But if he runs out of petrol or his engine fails he may find himself among a hostile people.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen Bernard Shaw visited the shores of the Cape many years ago reporters went aboard the ship and plied him with questions. Of course the burning question has always been the 'native problem'. Shaw seemed such a know-all. \"Answer this one,\" they challenged. \"What should we do to solve the native problem?\" \"Marry them,\" Shaw replied. Throughout the country there was outraged indignation and contempt. If Shaw irritated the English, be infuriated the South Africans.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe warmth of touch of hand and eye is taboo in South Africa, and therefore the warmth of humility and humanity is absent in the everyday contact of masses of human beings. It is almost inborn in the White man to humiliate his fellow Black human being \u2026 so that often he doesn't notice it any longer.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen he sends to the butcher for meat, there is separate meat for the Africans called \"boy's meat\". It's not as good as ordinary meat and a bit better than dog's meat. Also there are two classes of dogs in S.A., Kaffir dogs and White man's dogs. The Kaffir dogs are curs, the others are noble \u2014 especially if they bite at the sight of a black skin. It's commonplace for dog-owners in South Africa to say, \"No Kaffir can come near this place, Rex goes mad when they come along", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is something of a common mentality between the bomber pilot who indiscriminately scatters his bombs over enemy cities, and the South African who indiscriminately practises his apartheid and its pinpricks against all black skins. The bomber pilot can scatter his bombs because those below are absolutely impersonal to him, mothers, sweethearts, babies, pretty girls, their men. They are the enemy. They are not human beings", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI once saw a film about a pilot who was given an assignment to kill a spy in occupied France. He had to get to know the man and kill him in the privacy of his flat. Now the pilot who had been responsible for countless deaths, but whose imagination stopped with the bomb button that he pressed, found out that his victim was a very human man. He loved cats, children, life, and even to the pilot who had come to kill him, he showed great kindness and hospitality", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe task of killing him became suddenly impossible \u2026 grotesque \u2026 horrible. But he kills \u2026 and after-wards he has not even the dubious refuge of knowing the victim is a spy. He turns out to be innocent.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt will turn out that the South African, \"killing\" humanity with apartheid, will no longer be able to salve his conscience with the condemnation that the Black man is a savage \u2026 but that he is innocent. If he does become inhuman towards the Whites, it will only be because he has never been allowed to find the soul of the White. White and Black will only become human towards each other when they are not kept a bomb's toss away from each other.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is an interesting fact that if you speak to Mr. Average White South African about the inhumanities of apartheid, he will immediately tell you how good he is to his domestic servants \u2014 indeed how he likes them and how much they like the children. This is told in a believe-it-or-not tone. Then you will hear how Jim wouldn't work anywhere else but in the home of Mr. Average South African. \"He's part of the family \u2014 almost\". Probably Jim is the only African whom Mr. A.S.F. has remotely got to know", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThat's where the personal part of apartheid comes in. The leaders of this new religion know very well the impersonalising effect of remoteness. They will do everything in their power to prevent the rubbing of black shoulders with white. For years and years Black, White and Coloured travelled on buses in Cape Town side by side. Then the Government stepped in to protect the susceptibilities of the Whites. Many, many Whites weren't happy about the \"big brother Nationalist's\" good intentions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe impression I gained is that the White heart, like Pharoah's heart, is hardening, not softening. To be soft is to be weak, to be hard is to be strong. And the Whites know that they can only maintain their privileged position by being strong and hard. They are, in another sense, like small boys who have been holding bees in a jam jar and tormenting them. They dare not lift the lid of the jar for fear of the consequences. The bees will have to lift the lid by their own strength.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Coloured people are for their part humming round angrily in the jam jar (with no jam) trying to attract the attention of other bees in the outside world to help them \u2026 and also other small boys who might be of better heart than the tyrants who are holding them down with such gingerish fingers. The bees in the free world live mostly in the new free states of Africa, the boys of goodwill live mostly in opposition parties, the free press and the United Nations.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHow are bees going to get out of the jam jar? Are the boys with fear in their hearts for bee stings, going to have a change of heart? Secondly, are the bees, who are getting angrier and angrier, going to be content to stay in the jar? Thirdly are the bees of the outside world going to help them? Fourthly are the boys of goodwill going to help them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Fifthly are the little bees going to adopt the line that has been followed in Algeria, Cyprus, Ireland and Palestine, in believing that God helps those who help themselves, and use the sting in their tails? Or sixthly, are the bees going to agree with the boy's offer of a preserving jar instead of a jam jar?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere can be little doubt that the bees want to get out of the jar. Hold any creature in confinement and it'll struggle to be free. Life is strong. Even the tender plant has been known to break through concrete. Africans will be free. How will it come about?\nMAURICE GOLDMAN, born in Natal, 1918, is a pharmacist turned writer (his South African novels have been translated into four languages). He studied economics and politics at Witwatersrand University and philosophy at Cape Town.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nArticle about the relevance of anarchism to struggles in Africa, pre-and post-independence. We do not necessarily agree with all of it but reproduce it for reference.\nAFRICA TODAY CAN BE DIVIDED into two differing spheres: Africa that is struggling for independence and Africa that is struggling with independence.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere was a time when I was very involved in the Africans' struggle, but as the obvious facts about the newly independent nations were faced, one had to recognise certain unmistakable trends if honesty was to be preserved. From a genuine excitement over the independence of Ghana, my feelings developed a less vigorous tone, and slowly the truth began to dawn", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlthough it is quite evident that Africans \u2014 given the technical knowledge \u2014 are far better at running their countries than were their white rulers, it is also plain that the changes in Ghana only took place at a very superficial level. With a growing number of people on the Left I am finding that in all the African countries with new-won independence, the basis of their society and the pattern of authoritarian rule continues, with Africans instead of white men in positions of power", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhere I had naively supposed that the African \"revolution\" was heralding a new dynamic society, in fact a bourgeois elite of African middle-class nationalists has taken over the reins and no fundamental change has taken place. As far as the anarchist vision of a free society is concerned, the new ruling classes in Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea and the Congo are as much the enemies of freedom as are all other ruling classes.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn so far as the struggle for independence in Kenya, Rhodesia and Nyasaland gains my enthusiasm, it is because I recognise that the assertion of African independence must come before the possibility of a free society can even be considered. Yet the opportunity of turning the struggle for independence into a revolutionary struggle is being ignored by African politicians like Mboya in Kenya and Kaunda in Rhodesia because they only desire a political change of black for white rule. Dr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBanda in Nyasaland, in fact, only speaks English and is admired by his obsequious supporters for his \"European\" ways. Jomo Kenyatta was the only African leader with courage enough to inspire his supporters to revolutionary action but it seems that he is now attracted to political action, which is at least understandable after over seven years' incarceration.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet whatever one says or thinks of the African nationalist politicians, it is good to see a people throwing off the yoke of colonialism. To me the thought of one nation forcing its customs and culture on to another is so despicable that I rejoice in the fact that the Africans want to make their own way. This is what gains my qualified support for the various struggles for independence. What I do emphasise however is that the struggle is only for independence and is, sadly, nothing to do with freedom.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn South Africa the position is somewhat different: here I really feel involved in the anti-apartheid campaign and I believe that this is a radical movement of importance to libertarians. This is mainly because parliamentary action is out of the question for any real opposition to Afrikaner fascism. Direct action, passive resistance and civil disobedience are all leading South Africa in a revolutionary direction", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd the Africans there, faced by the manifestly pernicious nationalism of the Afrikaners, and noticing the appearance within their own ranks of its African equivalent, are recognising the evils that nationalism must bring.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRacial integration is a desperate issue in South Africa and racial conflict is now more or less certain. Although I am not a pacifist I argue for a completely non-violent anti-apartheid movement because in any violent conflict the Africans would inevitably suffer very heavy losses. In fact there have been obvious examples of the South African government seeking to instigate violent action among the Africans. Racial integration is a world-wide problem, difficult to solve in any competitive society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI am quite convinced that racial harmony cannot result from legislation or from moral pronouncements; it can only come from a deep respect for the culture and people of another ethnic group. Libertarians, people who don't care about \"getting on\" have here a vital part to play, for it is only possible to be truly comradely with people who are not viewed as competitors or as potential competitors, but as friends who are likely to be interesting and who will widen one's outlook", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor myself I always find it easier to sympathise with the coloured person who sees little to respect in our white civilisation than with the European who finds nothing of value in the heritage of non-European peoples. African culture is fascinating: the new writers who are emerging and have emerged since the war, the new music that is being played throughout the continent as well as traditional music, the sculpture, the vastly intriguing African history that is being unearthed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe writers of the French-speaking part of Africa, represented by the n\u00e9gritude school with its outlet Pr\u00e9scence Africaine impress me a great deal, yet two men Ezekiel Mpathelele and Jomo Kenyatta, from South Africa and Kenya respectively are of even greater interest, Mpathelele as the author of that most anarchic book Down Second Avenue and Kenyatta as Africa's first and foremost African anthropologist", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNigerian sculpture and the wood carvings that one finds all over Africa have always attracted me, as well as the basket weaving at which many tribes excel.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the real art at the heart of Africa \u2014 the dance \u2014 is the finest and most warming attribute to come from Africa. It is thought-provoking to note the popularity of jiving in all Westernised countries, and of course, the overwhelming influence of jazz on the musical scene everywhere. The force of the Negro on European writers is very marked \u2014 the influence on Norman Mailer in America or Colin MacInnes here, are but two examples", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn fact the whole movement of dissent both here and in America is impregnated with a desire to understand and get along with coloured people \u2014 not because of a sense of duty to the Great Democratic Institutions, but purely because young dissenters want to.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this connection the differences between the characteristic European outlook and the African conception of life are of great importance, for they point to certain attitudes of mind which are taken for granted in the Western world and which we must consider critically if we are to appreciate the African outlook. In his book The African Mind in Health and Disease, J. C. Carothers writes:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"It was previously argued that the peculiar features of European mentality derived from a total personal integration which the African does not achieve. Yet, in another sense, the latter uses his whole brain more effectively than does the former; he uses phantasy and reason. European integration is essentially a conscious one and depends on a cleavage between conscious and unconscious elements of mind which is far less sharp in Africans. Advantage does not lie wholly with the former", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe European technique depends upon the denial, in adult conscious life, of desires and phantasies which are thus relegated to a world of darkness and of dreams, but which emerge only too often, to determine patterns of thinking and behaviour which are incomprehensible or even incapacitating from the subjects' point of view. There is internal conflict, and a sacrifice of personal to social peace and happiness. There may be other sacrifices.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Fromm says: 'Dreams can be the expression both of the lowest and most irrational and of the highest and most valuable functions of our minds.' The African is not asleep, but he does seem to live in that strange no-man's-land 'twixt sleep and wakening where fact and fancy meet on equal terms", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf the hypnotic state is one in which awareness is heightened though restricted, then monoideic consciousness is a pre-hypnotic state; and it may be that certain mental powers of a social type \u2014 intuition, hypnosis and telepathy \u2014 are seldom fully realised except by those who spend their lives in that ill-surveyed land.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne begins to feel that Western man has done the most arrogant of acts in the process of acculturation in Africa: the teachers should have been taught by their \"pupils\". The concept of a White Negro may seem odd to some, but I feel that we have much more to learn than to teach. It all rather depends on your set of values.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe probable future of Africa is depressing. The probability is that Africa and Asia will ignore the best in their cultures and tend towards the worst. They will perhaps turn into imperialist powers seeking to dominate the world (always supposing there is one left to dominate). What could always happen is that proletarian revolutions will take place in the newly independent African countries when their peoples recognise their leaders for what they are", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHowever it does seem likely that those very things that are so vital to Africa, the things that attract us in the West because of the lack of them in our own society \u2014 the throbbing vitality and the deep mystery of experience \u2014 will be snuffed out as the African continent becomes dictatorial, totalitarian, and then imperialistic, as it becomes industrialised and westernised.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet what would an anarchist hope might happen? What would he encourage an African who holds anarchist views to try to do in his country", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? For myself, I would encourage the preservation of the cultural heritage manifest in the tribe, yet the tribal system itself needs to be infused with a libertarian spirit. In some tribes before the European invasion, there were no chiefs. The Ibo in Nigeria, the Kikuyu of Kenya and the Tonga of Northern Rhodesia are three examples where we have already the basis for a fundamentally decentralist society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI should also emphasise the worthiness of African village life, and the evils of industrialisation, even though the rejection of all things Western would be a great mistake. I should encourage a critical absorption of those things considered worthwhile and important by Africans/I]. Technical assistance, though valuable should not be allowed to infringe on the freedom of choice of the people concerned. Africa[I] could/I] have a truly magnificent future from a libertarian point of view", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJEREMY WESTALL resigned his job in the Provincial Administration in Northern Rhodesia (after experiences which he described in University Libertarian No. 11) and returned to this country where he is now a student of sociology at Hull.\nCulture and community - Nicolas Walter\nA detailed critical review of Raymond Williams' book The Long Revolution, by anarchist Nicolas Walter.\nThree Traditions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRAYMOND WILLIAMS BELONGS TO THREE TRADITIONS \u2014 puritanism, cultural investigation, and socialism. It shouldn't be misleading to call him a Puritan since the trial of Lady Chatterley's Lover last autumn, when Richard Hoggart and E. M. Forster both rightly insisted on calling Lawrence one. It is a bad mistake to suppose that Puritanism must necessarily take a religious form \u2014 social and political dissent spring from the same source as specifically religious dissent, but have grown away from it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLiberalism looks back to Paine and Milton; socialism to Owen and Lilburne; anarchism to Godwin and Winstanley. All three attitudes belong to the honourable tradition of British Puritanism; as Hoggart put it, \"the distinguishing feature of that is an intense responsibility for one's conscience,\" and Williams, like Lawrence (and Forster and Hoggart too), comes at the end of the line reaching from the Puritans of the Great Rebellion down to our own day", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe also belongs to another honourable tradition, that of cultural investigation: he is what might be called a modern \"ethologist\". In this tradition the great names \u2014 many of them Puritans as well \u2014 are Cobbett and Coleridge, Carlyle and Arnold, Ruskin and Morris, Wilde and Shaw, Tawney and Orwell, Richards and Leavis, Eliot and Read, and Lawrence and Hoggart again. It is probably in this role that Williams is best known", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis previous books included an essay on Reading and Criticism (1950), an account of Drama from Ibsen to Eliot (1952), and then a brilliant examination of contemporary attitudes to Culture and Society since the Industrial Revolution (1958). This detailed and most interesting book, after dealing with the work of his predecessors from Burke and Cobbett to Orwell and Cauldwell, ends with a conclusion giving Williams' own ethological theories", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis contribution to Conviction (1958) was a summary of his position, and The Long Revolution1 is essentially a very much expanded restatement of it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNeither Culture and Society nor The Long Revolution can be considered without the other, So the Pelican edition of the earlier book is doubly welcome and should certainly be read first. Richard Crossman evidently and significantly failed to do so before writing his Guardian review of The Long Revolution, which hailed as \"a new break-through on the Left\" a book following closely and explicitly what the author has been saying for years, and managed not to mention Culture and Society at all", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne wonders just how much old socialist leaders are interested in new socialist ideas which won't win any votes in the next election but might make socialism a living force again.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is here that we see Williams in yet another honourable British tradition: he is a modern socialist. He was a working-class scholarship-boy from rural Wales \u2014 the background of his moving autobiographical novel Border Country (1960) \u2014 who won high academic honours at Cambridge, moved into and out of the Communist Party, and has been engaged since the last War in adult education and \"committed\" literary criticism, chiefly of modern drama", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHoggart's background is oddly similar, except that he comes from Leeds and began as a critic of modern verse (nor was he ever a Communist, as far as I know). The conversation between the two men printed in the first New Left Review shows how close they are; and Hoggart's book The Uses of Literacy (1957) is the ideal Pelican companion to Culture and Society.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWilliams' strong but undogmatic brand of socialism is typical of the New Left, and he is in fact one of its elder statesmen, sitting on the editorial board of New Left Review and contributing frequent articles (including several chapters from his books) to it and to its predecessor, Universities & Left Review", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe provides a valuable counterweight to the dialectical rhetoric of Edward Thompson and the youthful enthusiasm of Stuart Hall, and helps to give the New Left a certain air of academic respectability.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is possible to examine what some writers say without bothering much about what they believe. This is quite impossible with Raymond Williams. He is the sort of writer whose whole work is deeply informed by his principles: the sort of ethologist whose view of culture is ultimately based on a moral attitude to people, on \"an intense responsibility for one's conscience\" and a \"passionate opinion of the world and what it ought to be, but is not\" \u2014 on puritanical socialism.\nThree Questions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRaymond Williams is trying to find the answers to three questions: What is culture and how is it related to the community? What is wrong with our culture? How can it be preserved \u2014 and, more important, extended \u2014 for the common good?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis technique is always to use a great deal of material gathered by patient research to support his arguments. In Culture and Society he examined what other people had said about the problem during the 150 years before him; in The Long Revolution he examines English cultural life during a period about three times as long", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAbout 80% of the earlier book was devoted to quotations from and comments on several dozen writers, and about 80% of the new one is devoted to a study of the ideas of creativity, culture, society and class in Parts One and Three, and to seven historical essays in Part Two. These essays in particular are meant to make the point of the title, which comes from a passage at the end of Culture and Society:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe forces which have changed and are changing our world \u2026 are industry and democracy. Understanding of this change, this long revolution, lies at a level of meaning which it is not easy to reach.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt the beginning of The Long Revolution he points out that as well as the industrial and democratic revolutions there is a third force changing the world \u2014 the cultural revolution; and each of the seven essays attempts to reach a level of meaning that can help us understand at least some of its aspects. As he says, \"we have no adequate history of our expanding culture,\" and he has therefore set himself a twofold task:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPartly to get the record as straight as I can; partly to bring the questions of value involved in the history to the point where commitments can be open.\nSo this book is meant to provide some of the groundwork to a so far unwritten history, within the terms of Williams' own open commitment:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI see this cultural history as more than a department, a special area of change. In this creative area the changes and conflicts of the whole way of life are necessarily involved. This at least is my starting-point: where learning and communication are actual, and where through them we see the shapes of a society. What we see in this way we can then try to put to use in a much wider area", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe can try to say how, where we live, we see growth and change, perhaps in new ways that are decisively altering our received social thinking.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is \"received social thinking\" above all that Williams is attacking \u2014 what Matthew Arnold called \"stock notions\" and Professor Galbraith calls \"conventional wisdom\". His chief concern is to refute several fashionable but dangerous \"formulas\" used to describe our culture", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe tries to reconcile popular pairs of opposites \u2014 such as \"creation\" and \"perception\", \"individual\" and \"society\", \"culture\" and \"diversion\", \"work\" and \"leisure\", \"producer\" and \"consumer\" \u2014 and to obtain a useful synthesis in their place. Thus he quotes Coleridge and J. Z. Young (but not Berkeley) to show that perception is itself an act of creation, and argues that the basic factor in culture is the mutual act of communication", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen he quotes Rousseau and Fromm (but not Aristotle) to show that we are essentially social animals, and argues that this communication between individual people is the expression of our \"social character\". From this it is a short step to an expression of political faith:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf man is essentially a learning, creating and communicating being, the only social organisation adequate to his nature is a participating democracy, in which all of us, as unique individuals, learn, communicate and control.\nIt is in the light of this attitude that we should consider his historical essays.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese show how far we are from a participating democracy in cultural as well as political and economic life. Williams points out, to begin with, that our system of educational apartheid, which is now dignified by the formula of \"equality of opportunity\" (as racial apartheid in Rhodesia is by that of \"partnership\"), is derived from the deliberately class-aligned school system established during the last century to preserve the status quo", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe also points to the grave defects of the conventional syllabuses in which our children are still examined \u2014 no social studies except paternalist \"civics\", no non-literary arts except a little drawing and music, living languages carefully disguised as dead ones (and, he might have added, little genuinely experimental science) \u2014 and to the complete failure to solve the problems of \"teenagers\" and of further education. He is rightly disturbed by this situation:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is a question of whether we can grasp the real nature of our society, or whether we persist in social and educational patterns based on a limited ruling class, a middle professional class, a large operative class, cemented by forces that cannot be challenged and will not be changed. The privileges and barriers, of an inherited kind, will in any case go down", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is only a question of whether we replace them by the free play of the market, or by a public education designed to express and create the values of an educated democracy and a common culture.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI wish that he had taken into account at this point Michael Young's idea of the Meritocracy, but I suppose there isn't room for everything.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe similarly points out that the response to the coming of universal literacy during the last century or so has been a largely class-conscious one \u2014 above all, \"the fear that as the circle of readers extends, standards will decline\", which leads straight to the formula of the \"deluge\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe lists the deluges that have successively overwhelmed traditional reading habits and have all been greeted with cries of alarm \u2014 printing around l500, popular drama around 1600, popular novels and magazines around 1700, radical newspapers around 1800, \"mass\" newspapers around 1900 (now we have television). In fact the cultural standards of most people have risen pretty steadily for about 500 years and look like continuing to do so, if the process is not halted by some external agency.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen he describes the growth of the popular press over the last three centuries, showing in passing how the authorities tried to suppress the radical periodicals for the first two and the advertisers finished off most of the survivors in the last one. He also makes it clear that newspaper publishers have nearly always been speculators rather than leaders of opinion, and that the popular idea of the \"Northcliffe Revolution\" is yet another false formula:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe true \"Northcliffe Revolution\" is less an innovation in actual journalism than a radical change in the economic basis of newspapers, tied to the new kind of advertising.\nOnce more, he is disturbed by the present situation:\nIs it all to come to this, in the end, that the lost history of the press in Britain should reach its consummation in a declining number of newspapers, in ownership by a few very large groups, and in the acceptance \u2026 of the worst kinds of journalism?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen comes an interesting account of the growth of \"Standard English\", in which he traces the decline of dialect into accent and disposes of yet another formula \u2014 the belief that the language spoken by any class at any time is more \"correct\" than that spoken by any other class or at any other time", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe shows how arrogance and deference have elevated various forms of vocabulary and pronunciation into a temporarily superior position, how fear of vulgarity and affectation has tended to preserve each form, and how social and cultural change has nevertheless pushed each form into the background \u2014 as post-war usage is doing to pre-war \"Received Standard\" speech now", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Thousands of people have been capable of the vulgar insolence of telling other Englishmen that they do not know how to speak their own language,\" and they still do so; but they do not speak like their parents, nor will their children speak like them. Unfortunately, whatever the prevailing standard may be, we can always be sure that it will continue to be \"impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishman despise him\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI am sorry Williams doesn't quote this fine Shavianism, and also that he doesn't deal with the strange practice of swearing; in fact this chapter provokes more questions than it even tries to answer.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe next chapter is a summary of what looks like a Ph. D. thesis \u2014 an investigation of the social backgrounds of about 350 writers born between 1470 and 1929. This confirms what one might expect to find, such as the continuing importance of Oxbridge, the rising proportion of alien writers (coming either from outside England or from alienated groups within the country), and the increasing economic insecurity of professional writers as writing becomes increasingly professional", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is significant that the established social pattern always breaks at the same time as the established literary pattern \u2014 so that the Romantic Movement and the Industrial Revolution coincide not only with each other but also with a remarkable diversity in the origins of the writers involved. The chief lesson Williams draws is that writers' social backgrounds are always closely linked with social movements in general and with literary traditions in particular", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI wish that this chapter had been much more detailed \u2014 and also that the statistical information given in pp. 231-239 had been represented on a simple table. This sort of quasi-Marxist analysis can be extremely valuable when it is done intelligently, and I hope Williams publishes fuller results of his investigation in the near future.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe last two historical essays are called \"the Social History of Dramatic Forms\" and \"'Realism and the Contemporary Novel\". Both are interesting, but both tend to become rather abstract essays in literary criticism and to obscure the implications of what they say \u2014 which is, more or less, that recent plays and novels have usually been confined by aesthetic formulas that make them socially dangerous or futile; so that drama and fiction should somehow be re-opened to contemporary life and thought", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is of course a moderate plea for social realism, not according to any ideological formula but in response to the urgent needs of society. In fact examples are more eloquent in this sort of situation than exhortations can ever be, and the sort of work described in ANARCHY 1 (\"The 'New Wave' in Britain\") is more effective than anything said in these two chapters; Williams has indeed made a more effective plea himself by writing Border Country", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI always feel suspicious of appeals for this or that kind of art or literature, but Williams does manage to put the case for social realism fairly well, and as usual anything he says about cultural problems is worth listening to; most of us will probably agree with him over this particular point, though I think he is unfair to work that is not \"committed\" in the way he likes.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRaymond Williams finds the first question relatively easy to answer. Culture, he said in his Conviction essay, is not just \"the arts and learning\" (the usual idea), and is certainly not \"the outward and emphatically visible sign of a special kind of people\" (the idea of culture as a sign of grace or a status-symbol), but \"a whole way of life\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe admitted that \"there is an English bourgeois culture, with its powerful educational, literary and social institutions in close contact with the centres of power\" (the idea of culture as class ideology), but denied that this is in any real sense English culture as such", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe has followed Eliot \u2014 who said: \"Culture \u2026 includes all the characteristic activities and interests of a people\" \u2014 in turning from the traditional ethologists to modern anthropologists and sociologists for a wider and more satisfactory definition of culture. (He has, however, rejected the modern psychologist's idea of culture as ritualised release from unconscious tension, and ignores the modern zoologists' idea of culture as highly organised play altogether).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn The Long Revolution he moves from \"a whole way of life\" to the vague phrase \"structure of feeling\". What he seems to be getting at is that culture is the collective activity of a community: culture is what society does, rather as the mind is what the brain does. It is culture that makes a human community more than either an aggregation of individual units or an instinctive association of big-headed two-legged ants", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEngland is more than the sum of its inhabitants; and the difference is English culture, the structure of feeling of the English community.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus culture is the \"pursuit of perfection\" (Arnold's phrase) only to the extent that one of the functions of society is the pursuit of perfection \u2014 or the Good, or what you will. And similarly culture is the preserve of \"a special kind of people\" (the \u00e9lite, or intelligentsia) only to the extent that the uncultured majority has been unable or the cultured minority willing to share it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor a long time, of course, the majority of mankind has been unable to share culture in any meaningful way; hunger, oppression and ignorance make up an infallible prescription for resentful apathy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat was wrong with English culture 500 years ago was that most people were scarcely members of English society at all, except as glorified slaves; what has been wrong with English culture since then is that the people who have gradually won a certain measure of life, liberty and happiness have been excluded from both culture and society by their former masters; and what is wrong with English culture today is that though we have nearly all the ingredients of a free and open society of equals we are still not prepared to get down to mixing them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo the answer to the second question is that England could and should be one nation, and is still two nations \u2014 or is it three? A century ago Arnold said that English culture was divided into three parts \u2014 Barbarians, Philistines and the populace. These classes have merged into each other, perhaps, but they have divided again. Hoggart has commented on \"the strength of our sense of class\":", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe don't need to feel it consciously, but simply to accept the notion of grades seeping all through society. We seem to have three-tiered minds: upper, middle and lower class; high, middle and lowbrow; Third, Home and Light.\nAs Tawney was complaining thirty years ago:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHere are these people \u2026who, more than any other nation, need a common culture, for, more than any other, they depend on an economic system which at every turn involves mutual understanding and continuous co-operation, and who, more than any other, possess, as a result of their history [and their geography, he might have added], the materials by which such a common culture might be inspired. Yet, so far from desiring it, there is nothing, it seems, which they desire less.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo the first two questions have been answered. It is the third question \u2014 What must be done? \u2014 which is the most important one to ask and the most difficult one to answer.\nThere are two kinds of answer that are usually given \u2014 the nostalgic and the optimistic. The nostalgic answer is that there was once a common culture and our task is to revive it; the optimistic answer is that there is already a common culture in embryo and our task is to bring it to birth.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNostalgic ethologists \u2014 including people like Cobbett, Ruskin, Morris and Lawrence \u2014 have in the past tended to relapse into rustic medievalism, but the modern version of cultural nostalgia can be seen in what Leavis and Denys Thompson said in Culture and Environment nearly thirty years ago:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLiterary education \u2026 is to a great extent a substitute. What we have lost is the organic community with the living culture it embodied \u2026 Instead or the community, urban or rural, we have, almost universally, suburbanism.\nThey do not, it is true, share the reactionary passion of many of their predecessors, but even so their qualifications are not wholly convincing:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe must \u2026 realise that there can be no mere going back, but the memory of the old order must be the chief incitement towards a new, if ever we are to have one.\nA closely similar attitude can be seen in the guild socialist, Penty, just after the end of the first World War:\nWhereas a false culture like the academic one of today tends to separate people \u2026 a true culture like the great cultures of the past unite them. The moral is obvious: \"The recovery of such a culture is one of our most urgent needs.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI am sure it is simply an evasion of our cultural difficulties to hope for a solution through a return to a golden age somewhere in the past \u2014 even more so when it seems on investigation to be a largely imaginary golden age. Leavis and Thompson put it in the last century; Cobbett put in the one before that; Goldsmith even further back; and most of the nostalgics, like Ruskin and Morris, have gone right back to the Middle Ages", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt would help rational discussion of this idea if we knew when this \"Merrie England\" existed and what it was like. I don't believe it ever existed at all. I think that the Urkultur is sheer fantasy. People are always remembering the \"good old days\" with affectionate regret, even when there is ample evidence that they were really very bad old days indeed (consider the current vogue for the Edwardian Era)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRemember Lucky Jim, who began by writing a lecture about \"the instinctive culture of the integrated village-type community\" and ended by saying: \"The point about Merrie England is that it was about the most un-Merrie period in our history.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo we turn to the optimistic ethologists. These are of two kinds \u2014 \"right\" and \"left\". The former include Coleridge, Carlyle, Maurice, Mill and most socially conscious Victorians \u2014 above all, Matthew Arnold:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCulture has one great passion, the passion for sweetness and light. It has one even greater \u2014 the passion for making them prevail. It is not satisfied until we all come to a perfect man; it knows that the sweetness and light of a few must be imperfect until the raw and unkindled masses of humanity are touched with sweetness and light.\nHe was careful to deny that he was being patronising about the masses or snobbish about culture:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt does not try to reach down to the level of inferior classes \u2026 It seeks to do away with classes; to make the best that has been thought and known in the world current everywhere; to make all men live in an atmosphere of sweetness and light, where they may use ideas \u2026 freely-nourished and not bound by them. This is the social idea; and the men of culture are the true apostles of equality.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is all very well, but the trouble with the all-embracing benevolence of \"levelling-up\" is that it easily turns sour, as it had done with Carlyle and Arnold's own father, as it tended to do with Arnold himself, and as it has done since with Lawrence and Orwell and Eliot and Read and dozens of others. It is difficult to go on loving men if you expect too much from them in the first place, and no one is more bitterly misanthropic than the disappointed philanthropist.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe pattern is simple. The right-wing optimist expects the uncultured majority to take culture readily and gratefully from the cultured minority; when this doesn't happen, he blames not the \u00e9lite or the class system, but the masses, and either retires into an ivory tower of indifference or relapses from paternal humanism into open authoritarianism. In both cases the last stage is snobbery and contempt", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHence Bloomsbury; hence the \"posh\" papers; hence Reith and the BBC; hence the repeated reinforcement of the old view that the living culture of the leisure class should be not shared but preserved intact; and hence the continued and even strengthened polarisation of English culture", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn practice, Coleridge's \"clerisy\", Carlyle's \"writing and teaching heroes\", Arnold's \"aliens\", and so on down to Eliot's \"\u00e9lite\" and Read's \"artists\", always tend to become a band of \"top people\" combining to keep precious \"culture\" out of the grubby hands of the masses. And this tendency is made even stronger when there is a class of professional \"top people\" with its own vested interests to protect, as we have now and as was prophesied by Adam Smith two centuries ago:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn opulent and commercial societies, to think or to reason comes to be, like every other employment, a particular business which is carried on by a very few people who furnish the public with all the thought and reason possessed by the vast multitudes that labour.\nIncidentally, who are these \"vast multitudes\"? What are the \"masses\"? Williams demolished this cherished formula in Culture and Society:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe masses are always the others, whom we don't know \u2026To other people, we also are masses. Masses are other people. There are in fact no masses; there are only ways of seeing people as masses.\nAnd he added an important corollary:\nThe whole theory of mass-communication depends, essentially, on a minority in some way exploiting a majority.\n\"Mass\" is really just a new word for \"mob\", and we can see how right-wing optimists come to feel about the mob when we turn to Eliot:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA mob will be no less a mob if it is well fed, well clothed, well housed and well disciplined.\nThere is a strong strain of authoritarianism leading on to frank despotism in this kind of search for a common culture, and in the end it often does more harm than good by raising hopes that cannot be fulfilled.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe other kind of optimistic ethologists are the socialists who believe, after Marx, that proletarian culture is the living culture and will become the common culture when the proletariat destroys the bourgeoisie. This is the theory that elevates folk-songs and folk-stories into an absurdly superior position and consigns most of recorded European culture into a limbo of decadent formalism. I take it that we agree to dismiss the implications of this theory, even in its more", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsubtle forms, while recognising of course that folk-culture is just as valid and valuable as any other other aspect of cultural activity. Williams certainly entertains no illusions about the necessary superiority of working-class life in general or art in particular. The real tragedy is that any aspect of culture should be judged in terms of class labels rather than of intrinsic merit and social worth.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut at its best left-wing optimism is something very fine \u2014 often an integral part of puritanical socialism \u2014 and while Williams does not in fact share such an attitude he has certainly been influenced (as I hope we all have been influenced) by the sort of thing felt by Morris eighty years ago when he was looking forward to\nThe victorious days when millions of those who now sit in darkness will be enlightened by an Art made by the people and for the people, a joy to the maker and the user.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo the first answer to the third question is a negative one \u2014 the common culture will not be created by a return to the past or a gift from above or an eruption from below. How will it be created", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The second answer is also negative \u2014 it won't be created at all. Williams agrees with Eliot that culture cannot be forced \u2014 \"These activities are probably by-products for which we cannot arrange the conditions\" \u2014 and hopes that the coming of socialism will somehow involve the spontaneous growth of a common culture as the living expression of a free and open society of equals. This was already expressed in Culture and Society:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf, in a socialist society, the basic cultural skills are made widely available, and the channels of communication widened and cleared, as much as possible has been done in the way of preparation, and what then emerges will be an actual response to the whole reality, and so valuable.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn Part Three of The Long Revolution, which is hopefully entitled \"Britain in the 1960's\", he attacks the idea of culture as a market in which kicks of varying strength and sophistication are sold by shrewd speculators to faceless morons; and then he attacks the idea that private and public responsibility are separate categories", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is an ancient line of argument among social critics \u2014 the famous phrase Galbraith uses to describe the modern Affluent Society was used by Sallust to describe Rome two thousand years ago: Habemus publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam \u2014 but it is none the less relevant for that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe point of Williams' argument is that we all care about our unhealthy community with its private opulence and public squalor and our unhealthy culture with its private satisfactions and public apathy \u2014 but what are we, as members of our community and participants in our culture, prepared to do about it?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt the very end of his book, after a long and rather derivative discussion of contemporary economic and political problems, Williams says what he thinks we ought to do for the sake of a common culture. He proposes some sort of decentralised public ownership of the media of drama, cinema and broadcasting, and some sort of public councils for the book and periodical trades", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt the same time, he calls for increased public patronage and informed criticism of the arts, more adult education and \"new forms of education\" for teenagers, and a public consumer service; and elsewhere he has also suggested an advertising tax and council. So we are presented with a programme of Fabian nationalisation and/or municipalisation, which is rather disappointing.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWilliams' defence is that the long revolution must be continued and will die of atrophy if it is not pushed forward by decisive common action. The immediate danger he sees is that the \"Establishment\" will become more firmly entrenched and the people who are called \"masses\" will accept the title \u2014 then the \"massification of society\" (an American phrase) wiIl take place and \"I'm all right, Jack\" will be the true national anthem", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe are back where Matthew Arnold began, when a revolution has reached a crisis and the choice is between culture and anarchy (which means chaos, not this magazine!). Our society, says Williams, is a changing organism, and our culture is similarly dynamic, not static. It is going to move in any case \u2014 which way do we want it to go", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The only way he can accept is one of \"conceding the practice of democracy, which alone can substantiate the theory\". Hence his unappetising blue-print.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBefore dealing with Williams' specific proposals, I should like to make two other criticisms of this book. The first is that its scope is far too narrow. It is insular, considering British culture only as a monad living in splendid autarky among other monads; foreign cultures are scarcely mentioned. It is insular even within the British Isles, taking no account of the variations that exist in Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and in the North and South-West of England", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is limited in its treatment of even English culture \u2014 despite his repeated insistence that culture is \"a whole way of life\", Williams confines his investigations to verbal culture as expressed in speech and literature, and says almost nothing about such other aspects of our cultural life as films, broadcasting, music, painting, sculpture, architecture, museums, town and country planning, transport, clothing, sport, holidays, hobbies, hygiene, eating and drinking, sex, crime and religion", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe pretty well ignores the problem of Snow's \"two cultures\" and the relevance of the scientific and technological revolutions that have accompanied the industrial and democratic ones; numeracy is as important as literacy. The book looks too much like a collection of essays on subjects that happen to interest the author. What is lacking is any hint of the breadth of view we find among English writers like Wells, Russell or Aldous Huxley, or among anarchists like Kropotkin and Rocker.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy second criticism is that The Long Revolution is nearly unreadable. I do not ask Williams to try to be a great writer like some of his predecessors, but I do ask him \u2014 and anyone else who wants to be heard \u2014 to say clearly what he means so that he can be readily understood", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNo doubt culture is a difficult and important subject, and no doubt Williams is more interested in saying exactly what he believes than in coining clever phrases (though I am sure the Long Revolution will now join the Affluent Society and Meritocracy and Organisation Man and Lonely Crowd in the modern pantheon of social criticism), but there is no need to write so that every sentence has to be read twice before it makes sense", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is a serious enough matter for any writer; for one whose whole subject is the problem of communication it is unforgivable, and it has already done Williams harm. One reason why so many reviews have been unfair to the book is that the reviewers haven't managed to get through it (goodness knows how the general reader will fare), and in their irritation they have poked fun at the author's solemnity and apparent self-righteousness \u2014 which is bad manners, perhaps, but he does ask for it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWilliams and his publishers are guilty of giving bad service to their customers \u2014 incidentally, there are no notes at all, the bibliography is scrappy, and the index is quite inadequate; otherwise the book is beautifully produced. If the opacity and verbosity of the prose had been dealt with properly, it would have been possible to get the important ideas across more effectively, to back them up with more relevant material and to discuss the controversial issues at greater length", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy third criticism is that Williams has been betrayed by his socialist allegiance into making some unfortunate positive proposals for and some false assumptions about our culture. He outlines his programme so abruptly and briefly (on pp. 335-347) that its details will probably become objects of dispute rather than subjects for discussion", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is not simply that it is authoritarian and not libertarian; Williams' idea of socialism is probably as libertarian as anyone's \u2014 though I think he would prefer the word \"communitarian\" (we can't use \"communist\" in this sense any more), since his aim is neither liberty nor authority but true community. No, the trouble is that they seem to be the products of a formula (public responsibility = public ownership) in defiance of reality (public ownership = state control)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWilliams prefers bureaucrats to plutocrats in theory, but in practice I prefer America to Russia. The point is that we are trying to change existing society, not to create a new one from scratch. Ideally, a community should obviously control its own culture; but the inevitable result of public control of a class culture like ours is the reinforcement of the position of the ruling class", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have already seen public control of some of the means of production and distribution failing to improve our community and even, in some ways, making it worse. We seem to be caught in a dilemma: we cannot change the quality of society unless we change its structure, we cannot change the structure of society unless we change its quality, and if we try to change both at once we run the risk of upsetting the whole thing and being more badly off than before", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWilliams is so anxious to persuade us that \"the ordinary people should govern; that culture and education are ordinary; that there are no masses to save, to capture, or to direct\" that he misses the mystery lying at the heart of culture. We need an equal society not because all men are equal but because some men are more equal than others. There are enormous differences between people, and these differences become more important as the community becomes larger", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the old days societies were small, or condemned most of their members to slavery, or both. Today we are committed to large societies with no slaves, but it will take more than wishful thinking or public ownership to make them work. We must recognise our differences as well as our similarities; we are individual animals and social animals at the same time", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd it is when we are most different and most individual that the unique and inexplicable act of creation takes place, whether its purpose is communication or simply self-expression. Williams never seems to take this existentialist or romantic assertion into account. He is always honest and sincere \u2014 indeed this is one thing no reviewer has doubted \u2014 but he is seldom original or profound, as some of his admirers claim", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe is not nearly as impressive when he turns to philosophy and politics as when he asks concrete questions about culture; when he does this he should certainly be listened to. We should not turn from what he says because we are bound to disagree with his conclusions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs he himself has said in another connection, \"If Eliot is read with attention he is seen to have raised questions which those who differ from him politically must answer or else retire from the field.\" It is now up to us to find our own answers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1. The Long Revolution, by Raymond Williams (Chatto & Windus, 30s.).\nAnthony Weaver on progressive methods of working with troubled children and young people.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEDWARD GLOVER a few years ago condemned D. H. Stott's Delinquency and Human Nature because it was not peppered with the word guilt. He praises L. G. Lennhoff's book Exceptional Children (Allen and Unwin 21s.) because it is so garnished, and he seizes upon it to parade a theory which in a sense adds a missing dimension to the work", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut it is questionable whether the theory fits the facts, and whether Lennhoff would not be wiser to carry on trusting to his intuition and the empirical deductions upon which his work has been based hitherto, without on the one hand being saddled with an ill-fitting and limiting philosophy, and on the other, in trying to formulate one for himself, being dragged back into the framework of thinking in which he was brought up.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe was brought up in Germany by a somewhat frightening father and a warm-hearted mother. That he came to this country as a refugee, without money, and has succeeded in establishing a school of his own is no mean achievement. Autonomy gives a rare quality to a man. Lennhoff confines himself to a description of his practice, and in so doing provides for the uninitiated an introduction to the symptoms and treatment of maladjustment and delinquency", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnderstandably for one not using his mother tongue, the writing is nowhere as lucid, systematic or humorous as that of other laymen who have described their community therapy. Indeed there is no index, no full case histories, and the contents of one chapter could just as well go in the next. Furthermore there is no bibliography: the writers mentioned in passing are Winnicott, Bettelheim, and the Underwood Report.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nShotton Hall is Lennhoff's demonstration of what he considers should be the role of an extremely enlightened father who devotes himself to the benefit of his family. He gets his thirty-five boys to call him Daddy and his wife Mummy. In his scheme of training an important section is reserved to the Family and its members: its foundation for healthy child development, analysis of the family, family structure, the family and the home, the family at work and leisure", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe presents the facts about Shotton as objectively as any man immersed in this all-demanding work could be expected to do. Glover, in his Foreword, explains that \"Lennhoff teaches us that an ounce of moulding is worth a pound of correction and that we cannot mould material that has become petrified", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMoreover he proves to us that with patience, care and understanding the petrified minds of deviant children can once more be rendered plastic,\" and further, that \"throughout his work he applies the touchstone of 'transference', a concept of repetitive attitudes and patterns of conduct which we owe to Freud and which Aichhorn was the first to apply in institutional work with the maladjusted", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe friendly transference at first so difficult to elicit with anxious or anti-social children, he nurses carefully to the point where they offset, cancel out or liquidate the hostile transferences which are responsible for so much refractory conduct. Once this has been achieved the way is open for education, or in other words for the development of a comparatively stable, realistic and adaptable ego. And Mr. Lennhoff is quick to seize these opportunities\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLennhoff himself, theorising in an off-guarded moment says (p. 29) that \"a young child has no social conscience and if no incentive to social development nor the example of a moral code is given, chaos sets in from the start", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNormal development requires a constant interchange of demand and fulfilment and if this is lacking, so is the foundation of social education.\" And he explains that the methods of Shotton are first analysis or gaining of insight, secondly Transference or Identification, and finally Re-education.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAichhorn believed that Re-education was a means of modifying the super-ego and was therefore adequate in those cases whose problem arose from having a too compliant super-ego. Not merely however do we need to be clear which areas of a child's problem it is wise to attempt to tackle by this means, but also by what other means of therapy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuttie for example in The Origins of Love and Hate showed that the success of a so-called transference and identification amounts to a cure by love, not due to the mumbo-jumbo of psychoanalysis.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe method advocated by Glover, but to which Lennhoff only gives lip service, is the authoritarian, totalitarian one, carved out of the family situation. It is through this that many generations of human beings have had their characters moulded, and knowing no other condition, have accepted and perpetuated it, much as they do a restricted diet.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDiscussing Adrian Stokes' Three Essays on the Painting of our Time, Herbert Read explains the need of identification with the object. \"The work or art,\" he says, \"is the best kind of self-sufficient object with which we can identify ourselves and at the same time hold commerce. In fact the work of art is unique in this respect, and essential for individual sanity and social order. In painting a picture the artist is performing an act of integration that has a threefold significance", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the first place, he creates an object which resolves the contradictions of his own psyche, calms his nerves, as we say. In the second place, the work of art is part of a patient construction of what the psychoanalyst calls the ego: a coherent idealisation of existence in an apparently absurd universe. Finally, by these means the artist helps to create a civilisation or culture, a general body of symbolic objects to which a community can give its admiration and allegiance", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMoreover, whatever philosophers and theologians may say to the contrary, it is only art that can perform this service for the community.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis argument leads to the particular doctrine associated with the name of Melanie Klein, a doctrine which is based on the analysis of the infant's early reactions to the breast. However far-fetched and improbable this doctrine may seem to those who have not followed Dr. Klein's analyses in all their patient detail, it must be said that it fits the facts of aesthetic experience in their widest range", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe work of art can always be explained as a concrete object that saves us from the abyss \u2014 the nothingness that threatens us when we are deprived of the breast, and continues to threaten us unconsciously unless we find a substitute object we can love, and in whose concreteness we can find security.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLennhoff does not seem to realise the truth he has stumbled upon. \"We must arrange,\" he says (p.64), \"that suitable teams work together. For instance, if Jim, who simply cannot start work in the mornings and is inclined to lounge on a radiator and 'just think', is teamed with Bill, who works quickly and well, Bill will see that Jim is doing his share. Help from the staff is often of great importance", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDuties shared with people one loves and respects are part of the early maturing process, and this aspect is often worked out during tasks tackled with the help of the staff.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe process by which we are induced to share a common ideal, Read has shown, is none other than the creation of an emphatic relationship with our fellows by means of imitation of the same patterns \u2014 by meeting, as it were, in the common form or quality of the universally valid work of art. And it is with great ingenuity that Lennhoff provides a welter of activities for expression. These take mainly two forms", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe first of these is craft (woodwork, gardening, puppet-making, book- binding, material-printing, basketry, leatherwork, modelling)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe significance of much of this he explains as therapeutic \u2014 \"the creation of craft work can be of great encouragement to children whose role in life has often been to destroy rather than to create \u2026 when a disturbed boy feels safe enough, he paints into his picture much of his own emotional situation, working through some of his difficulties as well as informing the adult of the precise nature of some of his feelings. Paul, for instance, shows his aggression clearly in his pictures", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFrequently in the scenes he paints is the burning and torture of a woman. The woman is undoubtedly a symbol for the mother who has caused him so much unhappiness.\" This function of painting, demonstrated by Cizek, Aichhorn's contemporary in Vienna, is none the less valuable for being well-known. But it is only the beginning of the act of integration out-lined by Read in the passage quoted above.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe second form of activity is work. The therapeutic value of this is also well-known, and has been used by Makarenko, Homer Lane, and by Henrietta Szold in the Youth Aliyah Children's Villages in Israel. However, Lennhoff has had the nerve to buy a 60-acre farm eight miles away, which, on top of everything else, he administers from Shotton", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThat boys may get away there, to work I]as volunteers[/I], has incidentally reduced absconding to negligible proportions, and provides an essential contact with animals. He tells the tale of a boy whose mother went off to buy some magazines at a railway station just as they were setting off on an outing, and never returned. \"Life had nothing more to offer him and his personality went to pieces. He began to steal and to withdraw from human contacts", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAfter a long period of 'don't care' attitudes he regressed to early childhood: his most marked expression of this being the time when we found him underneath a cow, feeding from her udder. This enabled one of our staff to break through to him \u2026\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLennhoff understands that freedom is no negative state of existence but a qualitative one which makes demands upon the child. He and his colleagues show remarkable persistence in keeping up these demands providing opportunities. The first period at Shotton is a bewildering and testing time of learning what is right and wrong, and this means choice", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn a more rigid system you can always blame someone else for what goes wrong, but where responsibility is shared (albeit not in the clear-cut and formalised David Wills method) the child slowly learns to make decisions for himself, and then to cope with the reality situation that his own action has created.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLennhoff insists that it does not matter in what direction the child widens out, as long as he is successful and can be encouraged to go a step further. Not only is this far from Glover's claim of moulding character, but Lennhoff has the frankness to admit that some children, with whom they never succeed in making a relationship, nevertheless cure themselves", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor example the boy Barnie writes about Shotton: \"I never really found any particular adult could help me, but everyone was kind enough and understanding and somehow I felt trusted for the first time and so I could sort things out for myself. I'd never felt like that before in my life.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are many examples in the book of the trust that is placed in the boys \u2014 they help to run the office, for example, and if insistent will be shown their own files: \"the hunger for knowledge is generally centred on details about family background (mainly in the cases of illegitimate children), or to find out whether their misdeeds at Shotton are registered, which incidently they are not.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilarly in dealing with parents the attempt is not made to tell a mother exactly how to manage her child, but how she can broaden and be more mature in her view of life.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLennhoff's demonstration of Re-education in the present writer's opinion, deserves the highest praise. It complements, and reveals his understanding of, Aichhorn's exposition of the abreaction of his aggressive group and the working of individual transference. If he can extend the significance of art, that is to say dance, painting and drama as well as craft, in education and indeed in his whole scheme of things, as Lyward does, he can be spared Glover's backhanded compliments.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOwnership by Lennhoff (he calls himself \"we\") though giving him autonomy, marks him off from his colleagues who appear as his instruments. Can he shed his authority over them, as the nurses quoted at the Henderson Social Rehabilitation Unit have shed their uniforms? Will he allow himself to be supported emotionally by his fellow workers and thus remove a central figure upon which the children will otherwise identify themselves?\nSOME OTHER BOOKS ON RESIDENTIAL WORK WITH DISTURBED CHILDREN", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nE. M. Bazely: Homer Lane and the Little Commonwealth (Allen & Unwin).\nBruno Bettelheim: Love is not Enough (Glencoe, Illinois).\nMichael Burn: Mr. Lyward's Answer (Hamish Hamilton).\nA. Makarenko: The Road to Life (Foreign Languages Publishing Ho. Moscow).\nDavid Wills: Throw Away Thy Rod (Gollancz).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nANTHONY WEAVER lectures in education at Whitelands, one of the teacher training colleges under London University. He was head teacher at a school for maladjusted children and then warden of a residential clinic which was eventually closed down as a result of Home Office disapproval. This work he has described in They Steal for Love (Max Parrish). A member of the Direct Action Committee, he is author of War Outmoded (Housmans).\nIssue of Anarchy magazine from June 1961.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhere the shoe pinches: a discussion of \u2018de-institutionalization\u2019 - Colin Ward\nConflicting strains of anarchist thought - George Molnar\nAfrica & the future: A comment - J.E.\nWhere the Shoe Pinches\nThere is a word in use among administrators, \"institutionalization\",\nmeaning putting people into institutions. It follows that there must\nbe an even more regrettable word \"de-institutionalization\", meaning\ngetting them out again. It has only one thing to recommend it : it puts", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmy theme in one word. By institutions, in the general sense, we mean\n\"an established law, custom, usage, practice, organisation, or other\nelement in the political or social life of a people\", and in a special\nsense, we mean \"an educational, philanthropic, remedial, or penal\nestablishment in which a building or system of buildings plays a major\nand central role, e.g., schools, hospitals, orphanages, old people's homes,\njails.\"\nSince I am concerned with an anarchist approach, I must also define", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe aims of anarchism, and for this purpose I will use a sentence from\nKropotkin :\nIt seeks the most complete development of individuality combined with\nthe highest development of voluntary association in all its aspects, in all\npossible degrees, for all imaginable purposes, ever modified associations\nwhich carry in themselves the elements of their durability and constantly\nassume new forms which answer best to the multiple aspirations of all.\nIf you accept these definitions you will see that anarchism is", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhostile to institutions in the general sense; hostile that is to say, to the\ninstitutionalization into pre-established forms or legal entities, of the\nvarious kinds of human association. It is predisposed towards de-\ninstitutionalization, towards the breakdown of institutions.\nNow de-institutionalization is a feature of current thought and\nactual trends in the second or special sense of the word. There is a\ncharacteristic pattern of development common to many of these special", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninstitutions. Frequently they are founded or modified by some indivi-\ndual pioneer, a secular or religious philanthropist, to meet some urgent\nsocial need or remedy some social evil. Then they become the focus\nof the activities of a voluntary society, and as the nineteenth century\nproceeds, gain the acknowledgment and support of the state. Local\nauthorities may fill in the geographical gaps in the distribution, and\nfinally, in our own day, the institutions themselves are institutionalized,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthat is' to say, nationalised, taken over by the state as a public service.\nBut at the very peak of their growth and development, a doubt arises.\nAre they in fact remedying the evil or serving the purpose for which\nthey were instituted, or are they merely perpetuating it. A new\ngeneration of pioneer thinkers arises which seeks to set the process in\nreverse, to abolish the institution altogether, or to break it down into\nnon-institutional units, or to meet the same social need in a non-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninstitutional way. This is so marked a trend, that it leads us to specu-\nlate on the extent to which the special institutions can be regarded as\nmicrocosms or models for the critical study of the general institutions\nof society.\nInstitutional Maternity\nA generation ago the accepted \"ideal\" pattern of childbirth was in\na maternity hospital. The baby was taken away from the mother at\nbirth and put behind glass by a masked nurse, to be brought out at", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nstrictly regulated hours for feeding. Kissing and cuddling were regarded\nas unhvgienic. (Most babies were not born that way, but that was the\nideal). \" Today the ideal picture is completely different. Baby is born\nat home, with father helping the midwife, while brothers and sisters\nare encouraged to \"share\" the new acquisition. He is cossetted by all\nand sundry and fed on demand. (Again most babies are not born that\nway, but it is the new accepted ideal). This change in attitudes can", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbe attributed to the swing of the pendulum of fashion, to common-sense\nre-asserting itself, or it may be the result of the popularisation of the\nfindings of anthropologists and psychoanalysts and of the immensely\ninfluential evidence collected by John Bowlby in his WHO report on\nmaternal care. Professor Ashley Montagu writes:\nthere was a disease from which, but half a century ago, more than half\nof the children (who died) in their first year of life, regularly died. This", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndisease was known as marasmus from the Greek word meaning wasting\naway\". This disease was also known as infantile atrophy or debility. When\nstudies were undertaken to track down its cause, it was discovered that it\nwas generally babies in the \"best\" homes and hospitals who were most often\nits victims, babies who were apparently receiving the best and most careful\nphysical attention, while babies in the poorest homes, with a good mother,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndespite the lack of hygienic physical conditions, often overcame the physical\nhandicaps and nourished. What was lacking in the sterilised environment\nof the babies of the first class and was generously supplied in babies of the\nsecond class was mother love. This discovery is responsible for the fact\nthat hospitals today endeavour to keep the infant for as short a time as\nThe conflict between the two \"ideal\" patterns of childbirth is\nfrequently debated in the press today, partly as a result of two recent", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nofficial reports, the Cranbrook Report (of the Maternity Service Com-\nmittee, 1959) and the report on Human Relations in Obstetrics (1961).\nToday between 60 and 70 per cent, of births take place in hospitals or\nnursing homes, and a larger percentage probably would if more beds\nwere available, but it is still true that \"Many mothers compare their\nreception and management in hospital unfavourably with confinement\nat home. Of one series of 336 mothers who had at least one baby in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhospital and one at home, 80% preferred home confinement and only\n14% hospital confinement\". (The Lancet 22/4/61). These apparently\ncontradictory percentages simply mean of course that mothers want\nthe advantages' of both \"ideals\"\u2014 medical safety and a domestic atmos-\nphere. The real demand is in fact for the de-institutionalization of the\nhospital. Thus in opening the new obstetric unit of Charing Cross\nHospital (23/2/60) Professor Norman Morris declared that \"Twenty-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfive years of achievement have vastly reduced the hazards of childbirth,\nbut hospitals too often drown the joys of motherhood in a sea of in-\nhumanity.\" There was, he said \"an atmosphere of coldness, unfriend-\nliness, and severity more in keeping with an income tax office. Many\nof our systems which involve dragooning and regimentation must be\ncompletely revised- No sister should be permitted to exercise her\nauthority by means of a reign of terror\". And at the Royal Society of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHealth Congress (29/4/61) he described many existing maternity units\nas mere baby factories. \"Some even seem to boast that they have de-\nveloped a more efficient conveyor belt system than anything that has\ngone before\".\nChildren in Hospital\nThe widespread acceptance of the view which has become known\nas \"Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis\" has profoundly affected\nattitudes to the treatment of young children in hospital. The American\npediatricians Ruth and Harry Bakwin observed that :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe effect of residence in a hospital manifests itself by a fairly well-\ndefined clinical picture. A striking feature is the failure to gain properly,\ndespite the ingestion of diets which arc entirely adequate for growth in\nthe home. Infants in hospitals sleep less than others and they rarely smile\nor babble spontaneously. They arc listless and apathetic and look unhappy.\nThe appetite is indifferent and food is accepted without enthusiasm.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRespiratory infections which last only a day or two in the home are prolonged\nand may persist for weeks and months. Return to the home results in\ndefervescence (disappearance of fever) within a few days and prompt and\nstriking gain in weight.\nBowlby notes the same thing and remarks that the condition of\nthese infants is \"undoubtedly a form of depression having many of the\nhallmarks of the typical adult depressive patient of the mental hospital\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe pioneer of the de-institutionalisation of children's hospitals was\nSir James Spence who, in 1927, set up a mother-and-child unit at the\nBabies' Hospital, Newcastle. In 1947, writing in the British Medical\nJournal about the reforms needed in long-stay hospitals for children\nhe advocated the breaking-down of institutional hospitalisation of older\nchildren, remarking that\nit would be better if the children lived in small groups under a house-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmother, and from there went to their lessons in a school, to their treatment\nin a sick-bay, and to their entertainment in a central hall . . .\nThe findings of Bakwin, Bowley and Spence, and of James Robert-\nson, of the Tavistock Child Development Research Unit (who made the\nfilms A Two-year-old Goes to Hospital and Going to Hospital with\nMother) were at last given official endorsement when the Ministry of\nHealth accepted the Piatt Report on \"The Welfare of Children in Hos-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npital\" which recommended that for young children institutional care\nshould be the last resort, that institutional care should be broken down\ninto small informal units, that the visiting of children in hospital should\nbe unrestricted and that provision should be made for admitting th\nmothers of under- lives to help in their care and to prevent the distress\nof separation. Two years later there have been several attempts to\ngauge the extent to which these recommendations have been carried", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nout. Isabel Quigly {Spectator 24/2/61 and correspondence in subse-\nquent issues) found that \"one hospital and the next, under the sam\nNational Health Service, seemed as different as Dotheboys Hall and a\nMontessori class\", and James Robertson {Observer 15/1/61 to 12/2/61)\nfound both wards which were a model of enlightened practice and at\nthe other extreme many \"in which practice is so rigid and, in effect,\nso inhumane as to warrant the utmost concern\".\nInstitution Children", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe observations of the effect of the institutional environment on\nsick children are also true of physically healthy children. One of the\nfirst comparative studies of orphanage children with a matched control\ngroup, conducted by the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station in 1938,\nled the observers to remark :\nNo one could have predicted, much less proved, the steady tendency to\ndeteriorate on the part of children maintained under what had previously", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbeen regarded as standard orphanage conditions. With respect to intelligence,\nvocabulary, general information, social competence, personal adjustment,\nand motor achievement, the whole picture was one of retardation. The\neffect of from one to three years in a nursery school still far below its own\npotentialities, was to reverse the tide of regression, which, for some, led to\nfeeble-mindedness.\nIn Britain during the war Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nreported in Infants Without Families the striking changes in children\nshowing every symptom of retardedness, when their residential nurseries\nwere broken down to provide family groups of four children each with\ntheir own substitute mother, and since then a great number of such\ncomparisons have been made in several countries, which Barbara\nWootton sums up in these words :\nRepeatedly these children have been found to lag behind the standards", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof those who live at home; to have both lower intelligence and lower\ndevelopmental quotients, and to be, moreover, relatively backward in both\nspeech and walking. Goldfarb, who has been one of the most active\ninvestigators in this field, records that those who had spent their earliest\nye'ars in infants' homes were apt to be retarded both in general, and in\nparticular in speech. They were also more destructive and aggressive, more\nrestless and less able to concentrate and more indifferent to privacy rights", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthan other children. They were, in fact, impoverished in all aspects of\ntheir personality.\nThe change in public and official opinion in this country began with\na letter to The Times in 1944, from Lady Allen of Hurtwood, who\nfollowed it with a pamphlet drawing attention to the grossly unsatisfac-\ntory conditions of children's homes and orphanages, giving examples\nof unimaginative and cruel treatment. As a result an inter-departmental\ncommittee was appointed in the following year, and its report, the Curtis", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nReport on the Care of Children was issued in September 1946, severely\ncriticising the institutional care of children, and making recommenda-\ntions which have been so widely accepted that Bowlby was able to\nwrite in 1951 :\nThe controversy over the merits of foster-homes and of institutional\ncare can now be regarded as settled. There is now no-one who advocates\nthe care of children in large groups\u2014 indeed all advise strongly against it.\nIt is not surprising that the methods and attitudes which have", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nproved most successful with normal children and 'normally' sick children\nshould be even more striking with children who are afflicted in some-\nway, for example, spastic or epileptic children, and with mentally handi-\ncapped children. Dr. Tizard and Miss Daly of the Maudsley Hospital\nare carrying out a three-year research project, financed by a voluntary\nassociation, at Brooklands, Reigate, where a group of 16 'imbecile'\nchildren from the Fountains Hospital, matched with a control group", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nat the parent hospital, are being cared for on 'family' lines. Even after\nthe first year they increased by an average of 8 months in mental age\non a verbal intelligence test as against three months for the controls.\nIn personal independence, measured on an age scale they had increased\nby six months as against three by the controls and there were significant\ndevelopments in speech, social and emotional behaviour and self-chosen\nactivity. 'By contrast' comments Len Chaloner,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nchildren cared for by changing groups of nurses in a ward of perhaps\nthirty beds find it difficult to make close relationships with any one person.\nThey are apt to be provided for on a mass basis at all levels, and again\nbecause of the numbers involved, the daily round has to be pretty closely\nregulated. If these conditions tended to retard the normal \"deprived\" child,\nas the Curtis Committee found, how much more must they affect the\nsubnormal?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilar experiences of the benefits of small, permissive family groups\nhave rewarded those who have sought to de-institutionalize the residen-\ntial care of 'delinquent* or maladjusted children\u2014 George Lyward at\nFinchden Manor, or David Wills at Bodenham, for instance.\nInstitutional Old Age\nFor many generations the word institution meant, to the majority\nof this country's inhabitants, one thing: the Institution, the Poor Law\nInfirmary or Union Workhouse, admission to which was a disgrace and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na last refuge, regarded with dread and hatred. The Poor Law has gone,\nbut Brian Abel-Smith in his contribution to the symposium Conviction\nreminds us that we are still surrounded by the Poor Law tradition\n'which taught us that people in need were second-class citizens', and\nthat four out of five old people in LCC welfare accommodation are living\nin the old workhouses.\nAfter the war the Rowntree committee on Problems of Ageing and\nthe Care of the Aged noted that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe committee's field surveys have shown that of old people a high\nproportion lead independent lives ... It is certain, however, that a con-\nsiderable number of old persons who are leading independent lives and\nmany who are living as guests of their children are really unfit on physical\nor mental grounds to do so. Many cases have been encountered ... of\nold people maintaining a hopeless struggle against adversity in order to\ncling to their last vestige of independence. Such excessive devotion to", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nindependence can be explained partly by the serious lack of suitable homes\nfor old people, partly by the regulated life which is widely believed, not\nalways with justice, to be the common feature of all Institutions.\nMrs. Margaret Neville Hill who was a member of the committee\nremarks in her recent book An Approach to Old Age and its Problems\nthat the institutions and homes which it visited\u2014 only 14 years ago-\nshowed only too clearly why old people did their utmost to keep out", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof institutions. After many years work in establishing a variety of\nhousing, homes and communities for old people, the first of her con-\nclusions is clearly stated: 'All who can do so should, irrespective of\nage, continue to live their own lives in their own homes as long as\npossible, hence the need of adequate numbers of small convenient dwell-\nings.' She also illustrates the value of small homes run on hostel lines,\nsmall residential communities, short-stay geriatric units and 'half-way", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhouses' bridging the gap between hospital treatment and the return home,\nand she points out that one group of old people\u2014 the permanently infirm\nwho should not remain in hospital but cannot live alone\u2014 have needs\nwhich are hardly ever met, simply because they fall between the respon-\nsibilities of the Health Service on one side and the local authorities\non the other. Her book has many anecdotes of the startling change,\namounting literally to a new lease of life, which some old people have", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nexperienced as a result of moving from a chronic hospital or from the\ncver-solicitude of relatives, to a good residential home with an atmos-\nphere of independence and tolerance :\nProbably the first thing for anyone to learn who has old people to care\nfor is the need to allow them the utmost freedom of action, to realise that\ntheir personality is still individual and that social significance is essential\nto happiness. It is all too easy to take the attitude that the old are past", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndoing anything and encourage resting and doing nothing. This is mistaken\nkindness, thought it may be an easy way of satisfying the conscience com-\npared with the more exacting way of continual encouragement to be active,\nto go out, to find worthwhile occupation. The latter course, however, is\nmuch more likely to promote happiness and to forestall the troubles which\nmay arise later on, from infirmity and apathy.\nThe End of the Asylum\nThe deinstitutionalization of the treatment of mental illness began", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the eighteenth century when William Tuke founded the York Retreat\nand Pinel, in the same year (1792) struck off the chains from his mad\npatients in the Bicetre in Paris. But in the nineteenth century with\nwhat Kathleen Jones in her Mental Health and Social Policy calls the\ntriumph of legalism', the pattern was laid down of huge isolated lunatic\nasylums as a sinister appendage to the Poor Law, which are the heritage\nagainst which modern pioneers have ^ m ^^.^^%3", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhis remarkable lecture on prisons, delivered in Pans in 1877, took Pmel\nas the starting point for the 'community care which is now declared\npolicy for mental health :\nIt will be said, however, there will always remain some people the sick\nif vou wish to call them that, who constitute a danger to society Will it\nnot be necessary somehow to rid ourselves of them, or at least prevent\nthem from harming others?\nNo society, no matter how little intelligent, will need such an absurd", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsolution and this is why. Formerly the insane were looked upon as possessed\nby demons and were treated accordingly. They were kept in chains in\nplaces like stables, rivetted to the walls like wild beasts. But along came\nPinel a man of the Great Revolution, who dared to remove their chains\nand tried treating them as brothers. \"You will be devoured by them cried\nthe keepers But Pinel dared. Those who were believed to be wild beasts\ngathered around Pinel and proved by their attitude that he was right", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbelieving in the better side of human nature even when the intelligence is\nclouded by disease. Then the cause was won. They stopped chaining the\nThen the peasants of the little Belgian village, Gheel, found something\nbetter They said: \"Send us your insane. We will give them absolute\nfreedom.\" They adopted them into their families, they gave them places\nat their tables, the chance alongside them to cultivate their fields and a place\namong their young people at their country balls. \"Eat, drink and dance", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwith us. Work, runabout the fields and be free.\" That was the system\nthat was all the science the Belgian peasant had And liberty worked a\nmiracle. The insane became cured. Even those who had incurable, organic\nlesions became sweet, tractable members of the family like the rest. I he\ndiseased mind would always work in an abnormal fashion but the heart\nwas in the right place. They cried it was a miracle. The cures were\nattributed to a saint and a virgin. But this virgin was liberty and the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsaint was work in the fields and fraternal treatment.\nAt one of the extremes of the immense \"space between mental disease\nand crime\" of which Maudsley speaks, liberty and fraternal treatment have\nworked their miracle. They will do the same at the other extreme.\nVery slowly public sentiment and official policy has been catching\nup with ihis attitude. The first reform in the care of the mentally ill\nin America put the insane into state hospitals' writes J. B. Martin in The", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPane of Glass, 4 the second reform is now in progress\u2014 to get them out\nagain'. Exactly the same is true of this country. Until the reforms\nof 1930 it was not possible to be a voluntary patient in a public mental\nhospital, and not surprisingly the great advances in effective treatment\nwere made outside them. Since then, there have been fewer certifica-\ntions, more vountary admissions, more discharges, more cures, more\ndoubts about institutionalisation. A key piece of research was that of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMilliard and Munday ('Diagnostic Problems in the Feeble-Minded',\nThe Lancet 25/9/54). At the Fountain (Mental Deficiency) Hospital,\nLondon, they found that 54% of the \"high-grade\" patients were not in\nfact intellectually defective- Commenting in the light of this on 'the\nfalse impression of the problem of mental deficiency' resulting from\npresent classifications, they added the significant observation that 'such\npatients may be socially incompetent, but in many cases institutional", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlife itself has aggravated their emotional difficulties\u2019\nThe successful experiments of some local authorities and regional\nhospital boards were belatedly followed by the Royal Commission on\nthe Law Relating to Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency in 1957 and\nthe subsequent Mental Health Act of 1959, sweeping away the whole\nprocess of certification and seeking the treatment of mental sickness\nlike any other illness and mental deficiency like any physical handicap.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOut-patient facilities, occupation centres and the variety of provisions\nknown as 'community care' are to replace institutions wherever possible.\nThe National Council for Civil Liberties which has been agitating\nfor years about the locking away in institutions of people who are no\ndanger to themselves or others, believes that the new provisions are\nstill open to administrative abuse and that they, will in effect legalise\nthe detention of the 3,078 men and women (at Feb. 1959) who, since", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe case of Kathleen Rutty, have been shown to be illegally detained.\nNorman Dodds says that most of these people had been sent to institu-\ntions by local authorities as they had nowhere else to send them, and\nthat they were being kept as 'slave labour' since without them the\nhospitals and institutions could not be kept running. You can easily\nimagine what happens in such cases : a local authority put a child who\nwas a bit dim or a bit of a nuisance and had no parents into an institu-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntion, and the institution did the rest of the damage, so that by the time\nhe grew up he was incapable of making a decision for himself or of\ngoing into the outside world, and stayed there as a useful and harmless\ndrudge until he was prematurely senile.\nThe new approach has had some exciting successes. The Worthing\nexperiment in community care, the Henderson Social Rehabilitation\nUnit \u2014 a therapeutic community for psychopaths, the factory at Bristol", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nknown as the Industrial Therapy Organisation, the new independent\nfactory at Cheadle Royal Hospital which is to grow from the workshop\nthere. The 'basic re-orientation' which Dr. Wadsworth, the Medical\nOfficer at Cheadle Royal describes as the first result of taking the locks\noff the doors, was what he calls 'the replacement of a custodial authori-\ntarian system by a permissive and tolerant culture in which the patients\nare encouraged to be themselves and share their feelings'. Explaining", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe purpose of the new wing at Coppice Hospital, Nottingham, as the\nresult of private subscriptions and a Nuffield grant, the superintendent,\nsaid, 'It is to be run by the patients themselves. The hospital staff,\nalthough ready to give advice and guidance, will only enter at their\nexpress invitation. The patients will decide what they wish to do with\ntheir time and organise themselves into doing it'\nThe research organisation PEP is conducting a three-year study of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe way in which the emphasis on community care works out in prac-\ntice. The first report, in the broadsheet Community Mental Health\nServices studying the plans and proposals of 120 local authorities is not\nparticularly encouraging. Community care ought to mean something\nmore than simply local authority care, and the report calls for a system-\natic study of public attitudes to mental disorder, which, it is thought,\nhave 'an important irrational component'. The same point was raised", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlast year at the conference of the World Federation of Mental Health,\nwhere Dr. D. F. Buckle commented that there were strong psychological\nreasons, hidden from the people in the community which caused them\nto put away people they could not abide or who raised the level of\nanxiety, and Dr. Joshua Bierer said\nI and my collaborators are convinced that it is our own anxiety which\nforces us to lock people up, to brand them, and to make them criminals.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI believe if we can overcome our own anxiety and treat adults and\nand adolescents as members of the community, we will create fewer mental\npatients and fewer criminals.\nInstitutes of Crime\nIn linking criminality with mental disorder (considering crime in\nthe psychologist's rather than in the legalistic sense), he brings us to\nthe most sinister of institutions, the prison. Karl Menninger, founder\nof the Menninger Clinic, addressing the American Bar Association, said", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"It is not generally the successful professional criminals upon whom we\ninflict our antiquated penal system. It is the unsuccessful criminal who gets\ncaught\u2014 the clumsy, desperate and obscure, the friendless, defective and\ndiseased. In some instances the crime he commits is the merest accident\nor impulse. More often the offender is a persistently perverse, lonely and\nresentful individual who joins the only group for which he is eligible\u2014 the\noutcast and the anti-social.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd what do we do with such offenders? After a solemn public\nceremony we pronounce them enemies of the people, and consign them for\narbitrary periods to institutional confinement. Here they languish until time\nhas ground out so many weary months and years. Then, with a stupidity\nsurpassed/ only by that of their original incarceration, they are dumped\nback on society, with every certainty that changes have taken place in them\nfor the worse.\nHe calls for diagnosis of the offender, investigation of the most", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsuitable techniques in education, industrial training and psychotherapy,\nnoting the experience of mental hospitals of the desirability of moving\npatients out of institutional control swiftly and concludes that 'once\nwe adopt diagnostic treatment directed towards getting the prisoners\nout of jail and back to work, the taboo on prisons, like that on mental\nhospitals, will begin to diminish'. The prison will in fact cease to be\na prison. In this country Barbara Wootton, in her Social Science and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSocial Pathology discusses the institutionalization of crime in these\nTo be convicted of a crime (other than that which is condoned by the\nprevailing mores) is to acquire a special experience; and shared experience\nis the basis of a common culture. Graduation from a period of probation to\nresidence in an approved school, and thereafter to Detention Centre, Borstal\nor prison is itself as much a way of life as is a graduation from Eton to", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOxford and thence to one of the professions. And more is involved in this\nshared experience than contamination in the sense of exposure to explicit\nsuggestions for future criminal activities from offenders of greater experience.\n. . . We have, indeed, to face the disagreeable paradox that experience of\nwhat are intended to be reformative institutions actually increases the\nprobability of future lapses into criminality; it has, for example, been shown", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthat a previous residence in an approved school is one of the best predictors\nof recidivism among Borstal boys. The effects of such exposure have,\nhowever, been relatively little studied in criminal investigations: indeed they\ntend to be discounted.\nFor anarchists, of course, this point of view will be familiar. William\nGodwin wrote 170 years ago in Political Justice that\nThe most common method pursued in depriving the offender of the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nliberty he has abused, is to erect a public jail, in which offenders of every\ndescription are thrust together, and left to form among themselves what\nspecies of society they can. Various circumstances contribute to imbue\nthem with habits of indolence and vice, and to discourage industry; and no\neffort is made to remove or soften these circumstances. It cannot be necessary\nto expatiate upon the atrociousness of this system. Jails are, to a proverb,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nseminaries of vice; and he must be an uncommon proficient in the passion\nand the practice of injustice, or a man of sublime virtue, who does not\ncome out of them a much worse man than when he entered.\nAnd 80 years ago in his lecture in \"Prisons and Their Moral Influence\non Prisoners\", Kropotkin summed up the problem in these trenchant\nwords :\nWhatever changes are introduced in the prison regime, the problem\nof second offenders does not decrease. That is inevitable: it must be so \u2014 the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nprison kills all the qualities in a man which make him best adapted to\ncommunity life. It makes him the kind of person who will inevitably\nreturn to prison . . .\nI might propose that a Pestalozzi be placed at the head of each prison.\n... I might also propose that in the place of the present guards, ex-soldiers\nand ex-policemen, sixty Peslalozzis be substituted. But, you will ask, where\nare we to find them? A pertinent question. The great Swiss teacher would", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncertainly refuse to be a prison guard, for, basically, the principle of all\nprisons is wrong because it deprives men of liberty. So long as you deprive\na man of his liberty, you will not make him better. You will cultivate\nhabitual criminals.\nPenal policy today is a fantastic mess of conflicting theories and\npractices: retribution, restitution, deterrance, therapy, desperation,\ninertia, fear, and force of habit. The Home Secretary himself is a split", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npersonality \u2014 half of him wants to get tough and the other half has lost\nfaith in the value of prisons. But who can doubt, that in spite of\nprimitive public attitudes and official parsimony, we are groping, in a\nhalf-hearted and contradictory fashion towards the de-institutionalization\nof the treatment of delinquency just as mental and physical sickness and\ndeficiency, childhood and old age are slowly being rescued from the\ndehumanizing effects of the institutional environment?\nStatistics and Reservations", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo what extent is de-institutionalization\nopposed to being merely talked about? The\nthis statistically was a paper given by Brian\nPinker to the Manchester Statistical Society in\nthey studied changes in the use of institutions\nWhile they had to ignore changes in criteria and length\nfound (according to The Guardian) that\nactually taking place as only attempt to answer\nAbel-Smith and Robert Pinker to Manchester Statistical\nSociety in February 1960, in which\nbetween 1911 and 1951. of stay, they found", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(according to The Guardian) that\nIn welfare care the proportion of the population looked after in\ninstitutions apparently fell by nearly 51% It appeared that between 1911\nand 1951 the physically ill increased by 21% and the mentally ill by 26%\nmore than would have been expected from: demographic changes alone.\nErrors of classification probably accounted for some of the difference; but it\nseemed probable that the proportion of the population in hospital was", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlower in 1951 than in 1911. In mental hospitals the proportion has increased\nonly by a small amount.\nWith law-breakers the most striking change was the decline in the age\nof offenders. Among the most numerous group of single men the prisons\nof 1911 contained 0.45% of men aged 45-64, 0.31% of men aged 65-74, and\n0.21% of men aged 15-44. In 1951 the highest proportion came from the\nage group 15-44 (0.38%) and the proportion declined as age increased.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn these 40 years there was a considerable increase in the proportion\nof children in institutional care while the proportion of the aged fell.\nIn 1951 many sick people, many law-breakers .and many people needing\nwelfarie care were living at home with the support of district nurses,\nprobation officers, children's officers, and many other workers.\nA few other figures : Of 61,580 children in the care of local authori-\nties in 1960 nearly a half are boarded out with foster-parents. (In 1950", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe proportion was one-third). Of our 120,000 mentally handicapped\npeople slightly less than half live at home or in hostels and are self-\nsupporting in some industry. A fifth are partly self-supporting and a\ntenth are useful at home if nothing else. Figures given in The Lancet\n(1/4/61) show that it should be possible within 20 years to reduce the\nnumber of mental hospital beds from 3.5 to 1.8 beds per thousand of\npopulation. In Worthing, with its fine experiment in community care,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfour out of five mental patients are out-patients.\nWhat none of the figures can tell us of course is the very thing\nwe would really like to know: the extent to which institutions have\nbeen or are being transformed into non-institutional units.\nA great many good ideas have advocates who extend them beyond\ntheir validity. Thus Bowlby's findings on maternal deprivation has\nbeen extended by some people into a deterministic theory that the\ndeprived child is hound to become a maladjusted child who can never", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndevelop affectionate relationships with others. The same thing is true\nof aspects of the anti-institutional trend. In the name of keeping the\nfamily together at all cost, there has already appeared a point of view\nwhich would return a maladjusted child to the source of his maladjust-\nment, or would insist that the proper place for a handicapped child\nis in his own family, even though he may be unable to get there the\nremedial care and understanding that he needs, or even though he may", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbecome an intolerable burden to the rest of the family. Or the argu-\nment may be that grandma ought to live with her relations even though\nshe may, on the one hand disrupt the whole family relationship by her\ntyrannical demands, or on the other, may be treated with such indiffer-\nence and neglect that she feels she must apologise for still being alive.\nOr that babies ought to be born at home regardless of conditions there\nor the peace of mind of the mother. This kind of absolutist argument", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nis as foolish as its opposite, because both ignore the immense variety\nof individual circumstances and temperaments.\nUnfortunately too, the case for breaking-down institutions may be\nput simply as a matter of reducing the cost of the social services rather\nthan for its effect on the lives of individuals. Possibly in the long run\nit might be cheaper, but in fact the immediate cost is likely to be\ngreater, because so much needs to be done. What, asks Abel-Smith in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConviction, should we do to rebuild the social services in such a way\nthat they really serve? He answers :\nWe would rebuild hospitals on modern lines \u2014 outpatients departments\nor health centres, with a few beds tucked away in the corners. We would\nclose the mental deficiency colonies and build new villas with small wards.\nHow many could be looked after by quasi-housemothers in units of eight\njust like good local authorities are doing for children deprived of a normal", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhome life? How many could be looked after at home if there were proper\noccupational centres and domicilary services? We would plough up the\nsinister old mental hospitals and build small ones in or near the towns.\nWe would pull down most of the institutions for old people and provide\nthem with suitable housing . . . We would provide a full range of occupations\nat home and elsewhere for the disabled, the aged and the sick. We would\ndischarge prisoners into the psychiatric hospitals and try and cure them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe criminal law would become a social service and stop being so bloody\nmajestic . . .\nThe Institutional Character\nOne of the things that emerges from the study of institutions is the\nexistence of a recognisable dehumanised institutional character. In its\nultimate form it was described by the psychiatrist Bruno Bettelheim in\nhis book The Informed Heart (where he relates his previous studies of\nconcentration camp behaviour and of emotionally disturbed children,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto the human condition in modern \"mass society'). Bettelheim was a\nprisoner at Dachau and Buchenwald, and he describes those prisoners\nwho were known as Muselmanner ('moslems'), the walking corpses who\n'were so deprived of affect, self-esteem, and every form of stimulation,\nso totally exhausted, both physically and emotionally, that they had\ngiven the environmental total power over them. They did this when\nthey gave up trying to exercise any further influence over their life and\nenvironment'.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut even the moslems, being organisms, could not help reacting somehow\nto their environment, and this they did by depriving it of the power to\ninfluence them as subjects in any way whatsoever. To achieve this, they\nhad to give up responding to it at all, and became objects, but with this\nthey gave up being persons.\nAt this point such men still obeyed orders, but only blindly or auto-\nmatically; no longer selectively or with inner reservation or any hatred at", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbeing so abused. They still looked about, or at least moved their eyes\naround. The looking stopped much later, though even then they still moved\ntheir bodies when ordered, but never did anything on their own any more.\nTypically, this stopping of action began when they no longer lifted their\nlegs as they walked, but only shuffled them. When finally even the looking\nabout on their own stopped, they soon died.\nThis description has a recognisable affinity to phenomena observed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin 'normal' institutions. \"Often the children sit inert or rock themselves\nfor hours\", says Dr. Bowlby of institution children. \"Go and watch them\nstaring at the radiator, waiting to die\", says Mr. Abel-Smith of institu-\ntion pensioners. Dr. Russell Barton has given this 'man-made disease'\nthe name Institutional Neurosis (which is the title of his splendid mono-\ngraph on the subject), and has described its clinical features in mental", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhospitals, its differential diagnosis, aetiology, treatment and prevention.\nIt is, he says\na disease characterised by apathy, lack of initiative, loss of interest*\nespecially in things of an impersonal, nature, submissiveness, apparent\ninability to make plans for the future, lack of individuality, and sometimes\na characteristic posture and gait.\nPermutations of these words and phrases, 'institutionalised', 'dull',\n'apathetic', 'withdrawn', 'inaccessible', 'solitary', 'unoccupied', 'lacking in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninitiative', 'lacking in spontaneity', 'uncommunicative', 'simple', 'childish',\n'gives no trouble', 'has settled down well', 'is co-operative', should always\nmake one suspect that the process of institutionalisation has produced a\nHe associates seven factors with the environment: in which the\ndisease occurs in mental hospitals: (1) Loss of contact with the outside\nworld. (2) Enforced idleness. (3) Bos sin ess of medical and nursing\nstaff. (4) Loss of personal friends, possessions, and personal events. (5)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDrugs. (6) Ward atmosphere. (7) Loss of prospects outside the institu-\ntion, and discusses the way in which these factors can be modified, and\nthe stages of rehabilitation by which the disease may be cured.\nOther writers have called the condition \"psychological institutional -\nism', or 'prison stupor, and many years ago Fenner Brockway, in his\nbook on prisons, depicted the type exactly in his description of the\nIdeal Prisoner.\nThe man who has no personality: who is content to become a mere cog", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the prison machine; whose mind is so dull that he does not feel the\nhardship of separate confinement; who has nothing to say to his fellows;\nwho has no desires, except to feed and sleep, who shirks responsibility for\nhis own existence and consequently is quite ready to live at others' orders,\nperforming the allotted task, marching here and there as commanded, shutting\nthe door of his cell upon his own confinement as required.\nAuthority and Autonomy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is the ideal type of Institution Man, the kind of person who\nfits the system of public institutions which we inherited from the nine-\nteenth century, and it is no accident that it is also the ideal type for\nthe bottom people of that century's social institutions in the general sense.\nIt is the ideal soldier (theirs not to reason why), the ideal worshipper\n(Have thine own way, Lord/Have thine own way/Thou are the potter/\nI am the clay), the ideal worker (You're not paid to think, just get", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\non with it), the ideal wife (a chattel), the ideal child (seen but not heard),\nthe ideal product of the Education Act of 1870.\nThe institutions were a microcosm, or in some cases a caricature,\nof the society which produced them. Rigid, authoritarian, hierarchical,\nthe virtues they sought were obedience and subservience. But the\npeople who sought to break down the institutions, the pioneers of the\nchanges which are slowly taking place, or which have still to be fought", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfor, were motivated by different, values. The key words in their atti-\ntude have been love, sympathy, permissiveness, and instead of institu-\ntions, they have postulated families, communities, leaderless groups,\nautonomous groups. The qualities they have sought to foster are self-\nreliance, autonomy, self-respect, and as a consequence, social responsi-\nbility, mutual respect and mutual aid.\nWhen we compare the Victorian antecedents of our public institu-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntions with the orpins of working class mutual aid in the same period,\nthe very names speak volumes. On the one side the Workhouse, the\nPoor Law Infirmary, the National Society for the Education of the Poor\nin Accordance with the Principles of the Established Church; and on\nthe other, the Friendly Society, the Sick Club, the Co-operative Society,\nthe Trade Union. One represents the tradition of fraternal and auto-\nnomous associations springing up from below, the other that of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nauthoritarian institutions directed from above.\nPeter Townsend, in an interesting discussion of the current trend,\nN The Institution and the Individual', The Listener 23/6/60), suggests\nthat the phenomenon of institutional neurosis arises from the deprivation\nof family life in the sense of the frustration of the 'need to give as well\nas receive affection and to perform reciprocal services within a family\nor quasi-family group'. But must we not also conclude that it is not", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmerely the non-familial, but more especially the authoritarian character\nof institutions which produces institutional types, not only among the\ninmates, but among those who administer the- institution?\nThe Hierarchy of Institution\nThus Dr. Barton declares that 'it is my impression that an authori-\ntarian attitude is the rule rather than the exception' in mental hospitals\nand he relates this to the fact that the nurse herself is 'subject to a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nprocess of institutionalization in the nurses home where she lives'.\nHe finds it useless to blame any individual for 'individuals change\nfrequently but mental hospitals have remained unchanged' and he\nsuggests that it is a fault of the administrative structure. Richard\nTitmuss in his study of The Hospital and Its Patients attributes the\n'barrier of silence' so frequently met in ordinary hospitals to\nthe effect on people of working and living in a closed institution with", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nrigid social hierarchies and codes of behaviour.\n. . . these people tend to deal with their insecurity by attempting to\nlimit responsibility and increase efficiency through the formulation of rigid\nrules and regulations and by developing an authoritative and protective\ndiscipline. The barrier of silence is one device employed to maintain\nauthority. We find it so used in many different settings when we look at\nother institutions where the relationships between the staff and the inmates\nis not a happy one.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand John. Vaizey, remarking that 'everything in our social life is\ncapable of being institutionalized, and it seems to me that our political\nenergies should be devoted to restraining institutions' says that 'above\nall . . . institutions give inadequate people what they want \u2014 power.\nArmy officers, hospital sisters, prison warders \u2014 many of these people\nare inadequate and unfilled and they lust for power and control'. In\nThe Criminal and His Victim, von Hentig takes this view further:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe police force and the ranks of prison officers attract many aberrant\ncharacters because they afford legal channels for pain inflicting, power-\nwielding behaviour, and because these very positions confer upon their\nholders a large degree of immunity, this in turn causes psychopathic\ndispositions to grow more and more disorganised . . .\nFinally.. Dr. Bettelheim sees even Hoess, the Commandant of Auschwitz,\nas a victim of the institution. 'That he never became a \"moslem\" was", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbecause he continued to be well fed and well clothed. But he had to\ndivest himself so entirely of self-respect and self-love, of feeling and\npersonality, that for all practical purposes he was little more than a\nmachine.'\nPerpetuating Social Pathology\nThe profound changes which are coming or can be predicted in\nthe social care of the deprived, the disabled or the delinquent, cannot\nhappen in isolation. Just as progress in psychological investigation has", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nproceeded from the abnormal to the normal, so the process of critical\nevaluation, must move from the special institutions to the general ones.\nThe criticism of the anti-human quality of institutions cannot remain\nisolated in the field of social medicine or social pathology. Changing\nattitudes in one must lead to the demand for a change in attitudes in\nthe other.\nWe may draw quite striking implications of this kind from a\nMinistry of Education report, that of the Underwood Committee on", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMaladjusted Children (1955). The Committee remarked that the\nregime in ordinary schools is sometimes 'a precipitating or contributory\nfactor' in maladjustment Barbara Wootton makes extended comment\non this in her book Social Science and Social Pathology. Our reluctance,\nshe says,\nto examine the imperfections of our institutions as thoroughly as we\nexamine the faults, failings or misfortunes of individuals has also other and\ncurious consequences. Among them is the fact that, in cases where", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nindividuals cannot adjust themselves to what exists, it is often found easier\nto invent new institutions than to improve the old . . . Formidable admin-\nistrative complexities, as well as, on occasion, strange contradictions follow.\nThis process is well illustrated by developments in the field of education\nand child training. One might reasonably suppose that the primary function\nof the school was to train the child in the business of adapting himself to", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe culture in which he has to live, and to help him to make the best\ncontribution of which he is capable in that culture . . . Notoriously, however,\na certain number of children fail to adjust themselves to the educational\ninstitution which is thus intended to adjust them to life. Indeed it now\nappears that the ordinary school, far from achieving the adjustment which\nis its normal aim, sometimes actually has an exactly opposite effect.\nShe then quotes the findings of the Underwood Committee on what", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nshe tartly calls \"these risks of exposure to the educational system\" and\nshe goes on:\nAn obvious way of avoiding these catastrophes would seem to be to\nmodify the regime in the ordinary school so that it might succeed better\nin what it is intended to do. But that is too difficult. On the principle\nthat it is easier to create a new institution than to modify an existing one\nchild guidance clinics and schools for maladjusted children have to be", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninvented to deal with the misfits of the normal educational system. At\nthese clinics, we are told, \"as the psychiatrist comes to be acceped as an ally\n... the child is helped to bring his problems to the surface and face them,\nand through his relationship with the psychiatrist he gains the confidence\nneeded to go forward and to meet whatever the future has in store for him\"\n(she is quoting the Report).\nYet \"going forward with confidence to meet whatever the future has in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nstore\" is, surely, just what schools of every kind might be expected to help\ntheir pupils to achieve; and the teacher, no less than the psychiatrist, might\nbe expected to be the child's ally, not his enemy. If in practice schools and\nteachers fail in these roles, commonsense and economy alike would suggest\nthat whatever is wrong with them should be put right, rather than that a\nwhole fresh layer of institutions should be created to make good the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndeficiencies of those that we already have. Yet the latter is apparently the\neasier course. So we end with schools designed to supplement and to correct\nwhat ie done in homes, and clinics or special educational institutions designed\nto supplement and to correct what is done in schools . . .\nThough schools differ greatly from one another, it is probably fair to\nsay that those which are included in the public educational system (and a\nhigh proportion of those outside it) are on the whole imbued with authori-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntarian values and employ authoritarian methods. The virtues which they\ninculcate are those of discipline and hard work, of respect for, and\nobedience to, properly constituted authority. Children are at least expected\nto behave politely and respectfully towards their teachers.\nBut not towards their psychiatrists. Typically, the climate of the clinic\nis permissive rather than authoritarian: the role' of the adults is to help,\nindeed to serve, not to command the children ...", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHer remarks illustrate graphically the collision of two opposing\ntrends of thought, libertarian and authoritarian. The result can either\nbe the abandonment of the therapeutic approach altogether because it\nconflicts with the authoritarian values of society as a whole, or in change\nin the schools and change in the social values which dominate them.\nScience and Government\nAlex Comfort, in Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State,\nthe most important anarchist contribution to sociology since Kropotkin's", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMutual Aid, makes a similar point in terms of criminology :\nIt is only within the last few years that psychiatry has been formally\ninvited by legal, administrative and executive authorities to intervene in the\nproblem of crime. It worked its way into penal and legal procedure from\nthe outside, by modifying public opinion and by throwing light on problems\nof delinquency in the course of purely medical studies, and the formal\ninvitation comes when a generation of lawyers, prison commissioners, and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlegislators has grown up in the intellectual tradition which social studies\nhave created. Psychiatry therefore brings into its contacts with law a\ntradition of its own. cutting across the preconceptions of law and government\nwhich come from the pre-scientific tradition of society.\nThe attempt to establish criminology as a distinct branch of knowledge\n. encounters immediate difficulties. Anti-social conduct and delinquency, in\nthe sense of action and attitude prejudicial to the welfare of others, are", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npsychiatric entities: crime, on the other hand, is an arbitrary conception\nembracing both aggressive delinquency, such as murder or rape, and actions\nwhose importance is predominantly administrative, such as the purchase of\nalcohol after closing time. Since the concept of crime depends directly upon\nlegislation it may be altered at any time to embrace any pattern of behaviour.\nUnder modern conditions it is quite possible for the criminal psychiatrist", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto be confronted with the task of reforming an individual whose conflict\nwith society arises from a high rather than a low development of sociality.\nRefusal to participate in the persecution of a racial minority, or in the\nmilitary destruction of civilian populations, have recently figured as crimes\nin civilised Western societies. Under these conditions the independent\ntradition of the psychiatrist must lead him to decide at what point the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npsychopathy of the individual exceeds that of society, which he should\nattempt to fortify, and by what standards. More important perhaps is the\ngrowing awareness that, great as is the nuisance value of the criminal in\nurban society, the centralised pattern of government is today dependent for\nits continued function upon a supply of individuals whose personalities and\nattitudes in no way differ from those of admitted psychopathic delinquents.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSociety, so far from penalising anti-social behaviour per sc. selects the forms,\noften indistinguishable, which it will punish, and the forms it must foster\nby virtue of its pattern . . .\nIn spite therefore, of the extent and seriousness of delinquency as a\nsocial problem, its most serious aspect for humanity today is the prevalence\nof delinquent action by persons immune from censure, and by established\ngovernments. The importation of science into the study of crime is an", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nirreversible Mep, and its outcome can only be the suppression of science\nitself or the radical remodelling of our ideas of government and the regulation\nof behaviour.\nLady Wootton describes the clash between the therapeutic approach\nand authoritarian values; Dr. Comfort puts it bluntly as a clash between\nthe therapeutic approach and government itself. Thus from the critic-\nism of the authoritarian, hierarchical, institutional structure of the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninstruments of social medicine and social pathology, we move to the\nchallenge to authority and hierarchy in the institutions of society itself.\nThe anti-human characteristics of the general institutions give rise to\nthe existence of the special institutions. Paul Tappan remarked that\nthe fact is that we prefer our social problems to the consequences of\ndeliberate and heroic efforts so drastically to change the culture that\nman could live in uncomplicated adjustment to an uncomplicated world.'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut it is not so much the complexity of our culture as its authoritar-\nianism which is at fault : we need if we are to achieve the most complete\ndevelopment of individuality, a complicated society, a society (to go\nback to Kropotkin's definition of the anarchist approach)\nto which pre-established forms, crystallised by law are repugnant; which\nlooks for harmony in an ever-changing and fugitive equilibrium between a\nmultitude of varied forces and influences of every kind, following their own\ncourse.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n`A Sort of Anarchy'\nAre we ever going to make these 'deliberate and heroic efforts' to\nanalyse and open up the general institutions \u2014 family, the school, the\nfactory, the wage system, the social divisions of class and status, the\nindustrial and commercial structure, the physical environment, the\nbureaucracy, the state and the war machine and punitive apparatus\nwhich are inseparable from it?\nTake, for example the school. The changing relationships between", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nparents and teachers, parents and children, teachers and children,\nbetween work and leisure, between education and play, could lead to\nan entirely different conception of the school, 'calculated' as Godwin\nwrote (m 1797):\nentirely to change the face of education. The whole formidable apparatus\nwhich has hitherto attended it, is swept away. Strictly speaking, no such\ncharacters are left upon the scene as either preceptor or pupil.\nOr as Bakunin put it in 1870 :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFrom these schools will be absolutely eliminated the smallest applications\nof the principle of authority. They will be schools no longer, they will\nbe popular academies, in which neither pupils nor masters will be known,\nwhere the people will come freely to get, if they need it, free instruction,\nand in which, rich in their own experience, they will teach in turn many\nthings to the professors who shall bring them the knowledge which they lack.\nNobody took much notice of them, but In our own day a number", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof experiments have foreshadowed the changed school in one way or\nmore of its aspects \u2014 the Cambridgeshire Village Colleges and the ideas\nof Henry Morris, the Pioneer Health Centre at Peckham before the\nwar, or Prestolee School (which was an elementary school in Lancashire\nrevolutionised by its late headmaster Teddy O'Neil) where\ntimetables and programmes play an insignficant part, for the older\nchildren come back when school hours are over, and with them, their parents\nand elder brothers and sisters.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOr the ideas and practice of A. S. Neill and other pioneers of the school\nas a free community of children and adults. Or the idea of the school\nas an extension of the family, as a family centre in which, according to\nthe needs of the individual, the cohesion of the nuclear family could be\nheightened or its tensions loosened, as a source of autonomy and\nreciprocity, as a community workshop, as a centre for the exchange\nof skills and experiences. The Peckham Experiment and its findings", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nabout the positive aspects of health, was an immense source of clinical\nmaterial. 'We had found from experience', wrote the Peckham biolo-\ngists, 'that seven out of ten uncomplaining members of the public enter-\ning our doors had not even the negative attributes of health \u2014 freedom\nfrom diagnosible disorder. Still less had they the positive attributes \u2014\nvitality, initiative and a competence and willingness for living.' It is\nthese very qualities that the special institutions we have discussed are", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfound to have inhibited. And significantly the social environment with\nwhich the Peckham biologists sought to release these qualities was, in\nthe words of the founder, Dr. Scott Williamson, 'a sort of anarchy'.\nThe Irresponsible Society\nOr take housing. One quarter of the population of England and\nWales live in the three-and-a-quarter million dwellings owned by local\nauthorities. But is there one municipal housing estate in this country\nin which the tenants have any control over and any responsibility for", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe administration of their estate, their physical environment? Or\nindustry, with its authoritarian structure, its hierarchical chain of com-\nmand and its meaningless routines. Does not the industrial neurosis\n(like the 'suburban neurosis' of lonely housewives) which has so often\nbeen diagnosed bear a significant relation to Barton's institutional\nneurosis? When are we going to evolve a programme for the de-\ninstitutionalization of the factory system (see Anarchy 2 \u2014 Workers'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nControl). When for that matter, are we going to de-institutionalize the\ntrade union movement? Or work itself. Occupation is so rigidly\ninstitutionalized that it is impossible to move from one occupation to\nanother without being economically penalized, and virtually impossible\nto enter many occupations at all unless you do so on leaving school.\nWhy should people condemn themselves to a lifetime in one occupation.\nwhy not an outdoor job in. the summer and a nindoor one in the winter,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nor an alternation of brain work and manual work? Why, in fact, do\nwe ask so little out of life?\nBecause of the process of conditioning that begins in infancy to\nmake us fit the institutions. Bettelheim noted that the 'old' prisoners,\nthose who adapted successfully, sought to look and behave as much\nlike their guards as possible and developed the same brutality and ruth-\nlessness. And J. A. C. Brown in The Social Psychology of Industry\nobserved that the 'faithful servant' type of employee was the one who", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhad been so browbeaten throughout his life that he had adopted the\nvalues and attitudes of management \u2014 which is precisely why he was\nappreciated. Institutional society successfully imbues people with its\nvalues so that they mindlessly perpetuate the institutions. They become\ntolerant, in the medical sense, of the intolerable.\nRene Cutforth illuminated this point beautifully in his radio pro-\ngramme about the motives and characters of people on the Aldermaston\nMarch :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConsider for a moment the times we middle-aged men have lived through\nin this monstrous century. First the huge terrible casualty lists of the First\nWorld War. Then the mass unemployment, the misery, and the injustice\nof the early Thirties. Then the spectacle of Europe under the heel of a\nmurdering maniac, Belsen, Auschwitz, the Jews in the gas chambers. Then\nanother war. Then Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And finally for us, an\nexhausted, meaningless state, intent on the \"lolly\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn medical matters there's a principle called tolerance. If some poisons\nare fed to a human being over a long period he acquires a tolerance of them,\nand can survive a lethal dose, though his whole metabolism may have to\nchange to meet the challenge. The young are those who have so far never\nbreathed the poisons we have had to try to contrive to survive, and their\nminds are unclouded with them.\nWith every increase of tolerance we have lost a human sensitivity. And", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nnow it seems quite possible that these marchers, whatever their impact on\nthe bomb, or the future impact of the bomb upon them, these Aldermaston\nmarchers may well already be the only people left alive in Britain.\nThe rest, he implies, like the institutionalised patients and victims,\nhave lost the capacity to react.\nAnarchists and Bureaucrats\nThis is why the trend which we have examined in the philosophy\nof social welfare seems to me so important, and to imply very much", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwider conclusions. Social ideas, says Richard Titmuss, 'may well be\nas important in Britain in the next half-century as technical innovation'.\nWe are moving away from an institutional philosophy, says Peter\nTownsend, 'and have not yet found an alternative philosophy to put\nin its place'. I believe that the alternative philosophy is one which seeks\nto release the spontaneity, individuality and initiative, the unsuspected\nhuman potentialities, which an authoritarian society has buried in institu-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntionalized life, and that the pioneers of the break-down of institutions\nare part of a broader struggle between opposing values, which may\nlegitimately be called the struggle between anarchists and bureaucrats.\nConflicting Strains in Anarchist Thought\nGEORGE MOLNAR lectures at the University of Sydney. His article\nis based on a paper delivered at the annual conference of the Australian\nStudent Labour Federation.\nOn a liberal-democratic view the State is a harmonizer of social con-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nflicts. Supposedly disinterested, it stands above classes and meliorates\ntheir struggles in the interest of the common good. Anarchists have\noften criticised the view that the State is a disinterested arbiter, that it\nrepresents, in some sense, the common good. It is not possible for the\nState to serve the common good, even if there were such a thing.\n\"If you see the State as it was in history and as it is in essence today\",\nwrote Kropotkin, \"and if you consider moreover that a social institution", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncannot serve all aims indiscriminately . . . you will understand why we desire\nthe abolition of the State.\"\nThe same point is made by Bakunin, according to whom :\n\"There is no intellect that can devise a social organisation capable of\nsatisfying each and all\", 2 because \"the State is government from above\ndownwards of an immense number of men, very different from the point of\nview of . . . the interests and the aspirations directing them \u2014 the State is", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ngovernment of all these by some or other minority ... it is impossible that\n(this minority) could know and foresee the needs, or satisfy with an even\njustice the most legitimate and pressing interests in the world. There will\nalways be discontented people because there will always be some who are\nsacrificed.\"3\nMalatesta held that\nThe government \u2014 or the State if you will \u2014 as judge, moderator of social\nstrife, impartial administrator of the public interests is a lie, an illusion,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na Utopia, never realised and never realisable.'4\nand he went on to indicate the role of this illusion in the following\nA government cannot rule for any length of time without hiding its true\nnature behind the pretence of general utility. It cannot respect the lives of\nthe privileged without assuming the air of wishing to respect the lives of all.\nIt cannot cause the privileges of some to be tolerated without appearing as\nthe custodian of the right of everybody.5", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchists argue that in a society characterized by economic, cultural\nand other inequalities there is no common good; that as long as, for\ninstance, the economic powers of various classes are disparate, no\npolitical arrangement can be equitable, de-spits any liberality it may seem\nto have.\nWhatever may be the form of government, whilst human society remains\ndivided into different classes because of the hereditary inequality of\noccupations, wealth, education and privileges, there will always be a minority", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ngovernment and the exploitation of the majority by that minority. 6\nPolitical rule is always rule by minorities. The system of parliamen-\ntary electoral representation does not change this.\nThe people have neither the leisure nor the necessary education to\nto occupy themselves with the matters of government. The bourgeoisie,\npossessing both, has in fact if not by right, the exclusive privilege of\ngoverning.7\nAnarchists endorse Proudhon's description of elected government as", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\noligarchical (\"Universal suffrage is counter-revolution\"). The concept\nof self-government through elective representation is unreal because\nelections vest actual control, i.e. the power to make decisions and see\nthem inforced, in the hands of a minority. A ruler, a member of this\nminority, unless he\n\"is frequently reinvigorated by contacts with the life of the people; unless\nhe is compelled to act openly under conditions of full publicity; unless he", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nis subjected to a salutary and uninterrupted regime of popular control and\ncriticism, which is to remind him constantly that he is not the master nor\neven the guardian, of the masses but only their proxy or their elected\nfunctionary who is always subject to recall\u2014unless he is placed under those\nconditions\", be he \"the most liberal and popular man\", will nevertheless\n'undergo a complete change in outlook and attitude. \"8\nThese essential popular controls are lacking in any democracy. Politi-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncians meet the people only at election time, for a \"brief interlude of\nunpleasantness\".\nOn the day after the elections everyone goes back to his daily business:\nthe people to their work, and the bourgeoisie to their lucrative affairs and\npolitical intrigues. They do not meet and they do not know each other\nany more. 9\nLarge masses of people are frequently indifferent to their political fate,\nand have no interest in controlling their rulers, even if this were possible.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe germ of power, wrote Bakunin, will develop\nif only it finds in its environment favourable conditions. These con-\nditions in human society are the stupidity, ignorance, apathetic indifference,\nand servile habits of the masses . . . When the masses are deeply sunk in\ntheir sleep, patiently resigned to their degradation and slavery the best men\nin their midst . . . necessarily become despots. Often they become such by\nentertaining the illusion that they are working for the good of those whom", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthey oppress. 10\nIt is for reasons such as these that the State cannot be regarded as the\nguardian of the 'common good', nor indeed as the guardian of the\ninterests of the majority.\nThe very existence of the State demands that there be some privileged\nclass vitally interested in maintaining that existence. And it is precisely\nthe group interests of this privileged class that are called patriotism.11\nThe State exists, say anarchists, in an inequalitarian society; and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin such an environment it cannot be impartial : its intervention in social\nconflicts will be conservative, it will always tend to maintain an unequal\ndistribution of wealth, privilege, and power. In the Marxist tradition\nthe State is viewed as fundamentally trie upholder of economic inequali-\nties; the other differential distributions which it upholds (of privilege,\npower, etc.) are treated as subordinate and incidental to its main task.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchists escape this reductionism by recognising that the State, apart\nfrom upholding the interests of the economically dominant classes, has\ninterests of its own which are not derived from the interests of the\nclasses surrounding it, interests which the State will continue to have\nirrespective both of the legal forms of the government and of the plat-\nforms of the ruling parties. Anarchists base their criticism of parlia-\nmentary action by socialists on this fact.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe modern radical is a centraliser, a State partisan, a Jacobin to the\ncore, and the Socialist walks in his footsteps. 12\nWhen they are elected to parliament,\nthose very workers who are now staunch democrats and socialists, will\nbecome determined aristocrats, bold or timid worshippers of the principle\nof authority, and will also become oppressors and exploiters. 13\nOn attaining to parliamentary power Socialists inevitably become con-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nservative. This is no due to the personal weaknesses of individual socialists.\nUsually these backslidings are attributed to treason (says Bakunin),\nThat however, is an erroneous idea: they have for their main cause the\nchange of position and perspective.14\nThe results of the exercise of political power do not depend on the\ngood intentions or sound policies of the parties, groups or classes which\nrule, but on the inescapable demands imposed by institutions and organ-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nisations on those who hold power within them. Speaking of sincere\nrepublicans who wanted to utilise the institution that already existed,\nKropotkin remarked:\nAnd for not having understood that you cannot make an historical\ninstitution go in any direction you would have it, that it must go its own\nway, they were swallowed up by the institution. 15\nThe State is not merely an instrument in the hands of the powerful,\nit has its own way which cannot be circumvented by labour politicians,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nor by anyone else. This point is central to anarchist theory. It enables\nanarchists to explain some important features of modern political life\nwhich other social theories of radical orientation can, at best, only\nexplain away. Contemporary States are not simply the upholders of\nthe interests of an economically privileged minority against the rest of\nsociety; put in the language of class-struggle, modern States are, to\nvarying extents, at war with all classes. They are internally expansion-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nist, and far from always securing the gains of capitalists against the\ndemands of others, the Welfare State often promotes an exchange\nwhereby it increases the supply of goods to the underprivileged while\nin turn depriving them of enacted or de facto rights. (The operating of\ncompulsory arbitration in Australia is an instance of this.) In general,\nState control is never relinquished voluntarily or in good grace, but\nalways only under pressure and as a result of struggle. Since any", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nState's power depends on its ability to restrain as many interest groups\nas possible from acting outside the confines of legality and of politics,\norgans of the contemporary State have developed concealed police\nfunctions along with their other functions : they have become watchdogs\nof society. Proudhon already foreshadowed this development: \"The\ngovernment must have laws,\" he wrote;\nIt must make as many laws as it finds interests; and, as interests are", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninnumerable, relations arising from one another multiply to infinity, and\nantagonism is endless, law-making must go on without stopping. Laws,\ndecrees, ordinances, resolutions will fall like hail upon the unfortunate\npeople. After a time the political ground will be covered with a layer of\npaper, which the geologists will put down among the vicissitudes of the\nearth as the papyraceous formation.16\nThis domestic imperialism of the State frequently compels all parties,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndespite any allegiance they may have to specific classes or groups, to\nframe and execute policies, which, irrespective of the intentions behind\nthem, have the effect of extending state tutelage over wide areas of\nsociety formerly not under central control. All parties, socialist, com-\nmunist or conservative, thus attack self-reliance and initiative among\nall classes, and foster dependence and servility. A signal feature of\nanarchism is precisely its early recognition and forceful exposure of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe bureaucratisation of social life which, from its slender start in the\ndays of Proudhon and Bakunin, has grown to universal proportions in\nour days.\nThis point, that social institutions cannot be made the vehicle for\nnay policy whatever but have their own ways, underlies also the criti-\ncism anarchists have made of the Marxist doctrine that \"Political power,\nproperly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppress-\ning another\" 17 . On the basis of this theory Lenin adduced that the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nemancipation of the toilers must take the political form of the dictator-\nship of the proletariat 18 . Organisationally this requires a party of pro-\nfessional revolutionaries who would bring social-democratic conscious-\nness to the workers \"from without\" 19 . The aim of such a movement\nis \"the seizure of power \u2014 the political purpose will become clear after\nthe seizure\" 20 . Against Lenin's theory of a revolutionary seizure of\npower by a vanguard, anarchists argue that this will not result in the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndictatorship of the whole class.\nIf the proletariat is to be the new ruling class, over whom will it rule,\nasked Bakunin. 21\nTo the contention that the dictatorship will be temporary and will\ncome to an end when the former ruling classes, the enemies of the\nworkers, are crushed, anarchists reply :\nNo dictatorship can have any other aim but that of self-perpetuation\n. . freedom can only be created by freedom. 22\nThe eventual outcome of the Bolshevik revolution, in terms of the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nauthoritarianism of the emergent regime, was indicated by the organisa-\ntional precepts on which Leninists had based themselves: because\nBolshevism saw the working class as not spontaneously socialist in\naspirations, it commenced by bringing socialism to. the proletariat \"from\nwithout' and ended up. after the seizure of power, by imposing socialism\nas the policy of the State. This imposition of socialism was unavoidable\nbecause in Russia socialists were hopelessly outnumbered; the majority", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof the nation was non-proletarian, and among urban workers Bolsheviks\ncommanded on overwhelming or lasting majorities. The barrack-room\nsocialism imposed by the State was no longer the socialism which\nmembers of the vanguard had envisaged and in the name of which they\nhad seized power: it lacked precisely those liberating, emancipating\nand ennobling features which gained it support in its struggle against.\nTsarist oppression 23. The dictatorship of the proletariat turned out to\nbe the government of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nex-workers, who once they become rulers or representatives of the people,\ncease to be workers and begin to look down upon the toiling masses. From\nthat time on they represent not the people but themselves and their own\nclaims to govern the people. 24\nAnarchists see in the Russian revolution a verification of their own\nviews: the institution of the State engulfed those who tried to use it,\nthe State asserted its own way. Even Lenin, in one of the last speeches", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof his life, gave belated recognition to the fact that the autonomy of\npolitical institutions can foil the revolutionaries:\nHere we have lived a year, with the state in our hands, and under the\nNew Economic Policy. Has it operated our way? No. We don't like to\nacknowledge this, but it hasn't. And how has it operated? The machine\nisn't going where we guide it ... A machine doesn't travel exactly the way,\nand often travels just exactly not the way, that the man imagines who sits\nat the wheel. 25", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchists believe that\nIt would be impossible to make\nsuch only because of this nature, and\nto be a Stated\nthe State change its nature, for it is\nin foregoing the latter it would cease to be a state.26\nConsequently, when they came to frame their own, anarchist, policies\nfor the emancipation of the exploited majority and for the abolition\nof economic classes and of political domination, they were committed to\na programme of attacking existing political institutions without, in the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nprocess, substituting new ones. Their success, or failure, to work out\nadequately the theoretical problems arising out of this requirement,\ngives the answer to the celebrated question \"Is anarchism practicable?\"\nAll anarchists are revolutionaries, but not all have revolutionary\nprogrammes. Thinkers such as Proudhon or Kropotkin give no instruc-\ntions as to what should be done and how and by whom in order to\nbring about an anarchist revolution. In the absence of such instructions,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the absence of an organisational and tactical plan, the vision of\nanarchist society must remain chimerical. Social changes cannot take\nplace without the action of social agencies, that is, of institutions and\nof people; a plan for a new society which gives no answer to the question\n\"What social procedures will actually move us from the one situation\nin the direction of the other?\" 27 is, perforce, Utopian.\nNot all anarchists, however, are Utopian in this sense. Two types", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof anarchism, in particular, stand out as having a practical programme.\nThe first is anarcho-syndicalism, to which the overwhelming majority\nof contemporary anarchists subscribe; the second, little known to modern\nanarchists and not acknowledged by them, is the revolutionary organiz-\national doctrine of Michael Bakunin.\nAnarcho-syndicalism is revolutionary trade-unionism. In agree-\nment with Lenin, syndicalists hold that trade-union meliorism is not a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nproper method of social emancipation, and that conventional political\nparties are authoritarian in structure and achievement. According to\nsyndicalists the way to bring about a free society is by the organisation\nof workers in autonomous, federated syndicates, whose aim is socialism\nand whose revolutionary method is the general strike. The syndicates\nare in principle completely independent, of all political parties, having\nrecognised \"in a clear and penetrating manner ... the dangers of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbourgeois democracy\" 28 . Internally, they aim at a non-authoritarian\norganisation as an \"antidote to oligarchy\". In the words of a contem-\nporary anarchist:\nSyndicalists . . . adopt a federal organisation, in which local units are\nautonomous ... In this way greater elasticity and speed of action are gained\nand there is no chance of the betrayal of the workers by a governing\nbureaucracy. Affairs concerning the syndicate as a whole are conducted by", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndelegates who are only allowed to voice the will of the workers who elected\nthem, and there is a minimum of officials elected for short periods, after\nwhich they return to the bench or field, and subject to recall if their actions\ndissatisfy the workers. In this way the rise of a bureacracy divorced from\nthe workers is avoided and the revolutionary nature of the syndicate\npreserved.29\nIn practice syndicalism has failed to live up to these hopes. The", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFrench C.G.T., at one time the most important of European syndicalist\norganisation, was never completely revolutionary; and everywhere,\nincluding in Catalonia where it became very influential, syndicalism\nremained a minority movement in two senses : the industrial proletariat\nwas a minority among \"the people\", and the syndicalist workers were a\nminority among the industrial proletariat. This fact immediately\nassigned syndicalists to the role of a revolutionary vanguard which had", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto initiate, and, if need be, to enforce revolutionary action since this\nwas not occurring spontaneously among the rest of the exploited. This\nnecessity to extend their influence forced syndicalists into making\npolitical alliances. Syndicalism managed to abstain from politics only\non paper, in practice, especially in times of pressure, such as the Spanish\nCivil War, anarcho-syndicalists were obliged to resort to those methods\nwhich their own theory had shown them to be anti-revolutionary, 30 and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwhich they had on that account rejected. Similarly, safeguards on\ninternal freedom and self-government failed to insure against the rise\nof an oligarchical leadership which \"represented\" the masses at decisive\nmoments, 31 edited the press, acted as spokesmen, and negotiated with\noutsiders. The principles of autonomy and recall fell into disuse, 32 and\nleaders who rose, from among the syndicates, had as a rule no difficulty\nin consolidating their position. A number of these, in France, Italy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand Spain, have used the prominence they have gained in the syndicalist\nmovement as a stepping stone to a political career, sometimes a very\nbrilliant one . . . 'Usually these back-slidings are attributed to treason.\nThat, however, is an erroneous idea: they have for their main cause the\nchange in position and perspective.''\nThe theory of mass action professed by syndicalists rests largely on\nfiction, for nowhere have syndicalists attained to influence over more\nthan a fraction of the people.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Among organised workers,\" wrote Robert Michels in 1915, \"it is once\nmore only a minority which plays an active part in trade-union life. The\nsyndicalists at once lament this fact and rejoice at it . . . They rejoice to be\nrid of the dead weight of those who are still indifferent and immature . . .\nIf they were logical the syndicalists would draw the conclusion that the\ngeneral movement of the modern proletariat must necessarily be the work\nof a minority of enlightened proletarians\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is the actual conclusion that Lenin came to in 1902. In this\nhowever he had been anticipated by none other than Michael Bakunin.\nThe anarcho-syndicalist prescription to revolutionize the trade-unions\ndoes not, in practice, have the required consequences, namely elimination\nof authoritarianism from the organisation of the movement, and the\nemancipation of the whole of society from oppression. Bakunin clearly\nrecognised the second of these points, for he believed that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nonly a sweeping revolution, embracing both the city workers and the\npeasants would be sufficiently strong to overthrow and break the organised\npower of the state. 34\nThe general strike can never be general enough, even if it embraced\nthe whole of the urban proletariat. Oilier discontented elements, such\nas the peasants or the declasse intellectuals, whom Bakunin saw as also\npart of a revolutionary force, could not by definition take part in a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ngeneral strike. Besides, mass action, such as was envisaged by the\nsyndicalists, need not necessarily have revolutionary consequences.\nInstinct, left to itself, and inasmuch as it has not been transformed into\nconsciously reflected, clearly determined thought, lends itself easily to\nfalsification, distortion and deceit. Yet it is impossible for it to rise to this\nstate of self -awareness without the aid of education, of science; and science,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nknowledge of affairs and people, and political experience \u2014 these are things\nwhich the proletariat compeltely lacks. 35\nHere Bakunin, in phrases strikingly similar to Lenin's, is denying the\ntheory of popular spontaneity :\nAn elemental force lacking organisation is not a real power . . . the\nquestion is not whether the people have the capacity to rebel, but whether\nthey are capable of building up an organisation enabling them to bring the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nrebellion to a victorious end \u2014 not just to a casual victory but to a prolonged\nand ultimate triumph . . . The first condition of victory is . . . organisation\nof the people's forces.? 36\nAs a condition of organizing the people's forces, Bakunin, like Lenin\nafterwards, envisaged a group of professional revolutionaries, who would\nbring to the people the essential knowledge, the ability to generalise\nfacts, the skill needed to organise, to create association. This produces the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nconscious fighting force without which victory is unthinkable. 37\nThis \"conscious fighting force\" is the organisation of the professional\nrevolutionaries which would be secret, few in numbers, but consisting of\n\"devoted, energetic and talented\" persons, who\nmust devote their whole existence to the service of the international\nrevolutionary association. 38\nThe association would function as the \"general staff\", \"the invisible\npilot\" 39 of the revolution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe internal organisation of Bakunin's association reveals further\nsimilarities to the Bolshevik model. Membership was selective, a new\nmember must have proven himself not by words, but by deeds. 40\nBakunin was as anxious as Lenin to exclude those, in the words of\nEastman, \"to whom ideas do not mean action\". Unconditional accept-\nance of the association's theoretical premises; obliteration of all personal\ninterests: submission to strict discipline sanctioned by expulsion and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nvengeance; the duty to divulge all secrets to the association including\nthe duty to spy on other members; unquestioning acceptance of actual\nmajority decisions of the Council of Directorium \u2014 these are among other\nfeatures of Bakunin's plan. 41 Within the association rigid centralisa-\ntion was to reign, ideationally and tactically. Moreover the association\nwas not to disband on the morning after the successful revolution.\nAfter the revolution the members will retain and consolidate their", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\norganisation, so that in their solidarity their combined action may replace\nan official dictatorship. 42\nAlthough he would allow no \"official dictatorship\", Bakunin planned\nan invisible dictatorship. He described it as\na power free in direction and spirit, but without freedom of the press;\nsurrounded by the unanimous people, hallowed by their Soviets, strengthened\nby their free activity, but unlimited by anything or anybody .43\nIt needs hardly to be argued that this scheme is Leninist not only", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin principle, but even in fine detail. Therefore it is subject to the same\ncriticism which anarchists levelled at the doctrine of the dictatorship\nof the proletariat, namely, \"No dictatorship can have any other aim but\nthat of self perpetuation . . . freedom can only be created by freedom\".\nThese words are Bakunin's own, and we can now see that while in\nexpressing his anarchism he trenchantly criticised centralist, oligarchical\nand other authoritarian conceptions found among revolutionaries, in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\norder to produce a realistic revolutionary programme of his own he had\nto uphold these very principles. This not only shows that Bakunin's\npolitical thought consisted of two incompatible parts, but it finally\nforces on us the suggestion that anarchist theory as a whole is subject\nto a fundamental, unresolved contradiction.\nThe central inconsistency of anarchism can be summed up, in the\nlight of previous discussion, as follows.\nOn the one hand anarchism presents a critique of social conditions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwhich takes up, in a realistic manner, some questions of the nature of\npolitical domination. Fully worked out, this critique leads to the most\npessimistic conclusions, for implicit in anarchism is the contention that\nall political action is by nature conservative, and no effective safeguards\ncan be devised which would combine the possession of social influence\nwith the absence of political authoritarianism.\nOn the other hand anarchists, although freely prepared to apply", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntheir theories to the analysis of all other movements, stopped short of\napplying their conclusions to anarchism itself. Instead they treated\nanarchism as a potential mass movement with the aim of abolishing all\nobstacles in the way of a free and classless society. Relative to this aim,\nsome anarchists remain Utopian (Kropotkin, etc.). Others (anarcho-\nsyndicalists) attempt to pursue a course of action outside accepted\npolitical forms, in the belief that they will thus escape the odious effects", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof politics, while still enjoying the power of being organised. This belief,\nbased on the false distinction between \"free\" and \"authoritarian\" forms\nof mass organisation, has no substance : where anarcho- syndicalists have\ngained sufficient strength to operate as a mass movement, there they\nhave exhibited unanarchist, political tendencies. Yet other anarchists,\nnow no longer influential, have subscribed to practicable revolutionary\nschemes, which, however, if successful, would have produced not", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nanarchy but its exact opposite. Anarchism as a plan for the liberation\nof society does not. work : in practice such plans always yield either\nwishful thinking, or eventual regimentation.\nThis conclusion implies thai the conflicting strains in anarchism\ncannot be resolved until anarchism is altogether purged of its association\nwith a programme of secular salvation, in order to consistently uphold\nthe libertarian and anti-authoritarian aspects of anarchism it will have", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto be understood that these aspects cannot be secured by converting\nsociety to them; that universal liberation is an illusion; that revolutions\nalways involve seizing and exercising power; that \"the abolition of the\nState\", in the sense extolled by classical anarchism, is a myth. If, as\nanarchists have always argued, many little reforms will not eliminate\nauthoritarianism, neither will One Big Reform. The muck of ages, as\nMarx called it, clings to revolutionaries as fast as it does to the orthodox,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand anarchist revolutionaries are not exempt from this mournful\ngeneralisation. It is only too evident, in any case, that the critical aspects\nof anarchism will not attract large numbers of people, that anarchism is\nnot something which can assert itself over the whole of society.\nAnarchism, consisently interpreted, is permanent opposition.\nPeter Kropotkin: The State: Its Historic Role, London, 1946, p.41.\nThe Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism, ed. and trans, by", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nG. P. Maximoff, Glencoe, III., 1953, p.299.\nMichael Bakunin: Marxism, freedom and the State, ed. and trans. K. J.\nKenafick, London, 1950. p.31.\nErrico Malatesta: Anarchy, London, 1958 p\nibid. p. 15. Anarchists share this criticism of the libera] notion of the 'com-\nmon good' with conservatives e.g.; \"The doctrine of the harmony of interests\n... is the natural assumption of a prosperous and privileged class, whose\nmembers have a dominant voice in the community and are therefore naturally", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nprone to identify its interests with their own. In virtue of this identification,\nany assailant of the interests of the dominant group is made to incur the\nodium of assailing the alleged common interest of the whole community, and\nis told that in making this assault he is attacking his own higher interests.\nThe doctrine of the harmony of interests thus serves as an ingenious moral\ndevice invoked, in perfect sincerity, by privileged groups in order to justify", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand maintain their dominant position\". E. H. Carr: The Twenty Years'\nCrisis. 1919-1939, London, 1946 (2nd ed.), p.80.\nKenafiek : op. cit. p.36.\nMaximoff: op. cit. p. 21 8.\nibid, pp.2 12- 13.\nibid. 219.\nibid, pp.248-49.\nibid. p. 232.\nKropotkin: op. cit. p.41.\nMaximofl: op. cit. p.218.\nibid, p.218.\nKropotkin : op. cit. p. 42.\nP. J. Proudhon: The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth\nCentury, London, 1923. p. 132.\nK. Marx and F. Engels: Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEngels Selected Works, Moscow, 1915. Vol. 1, p.51.\ncf. V. I. Lenin: State and Revolution.\nV. I. Lenin: What Is To Be Done?, Moscow, 1952, p.52.\nV. I. Lenin: A Letter to the Members of the Central Committee, Selected\nWorks, Miscow, 1951, Vol. I, Part 1, p.197.\nMaximoff: op. cit. p.286.\nCf. the remarks of a recent historian of the Bolshevik party: \"All govern-\nments are concerned to retain power, though they may differ in the means\nwhich they adopt to this end, and the government of the communist party", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nis no exception . . . there are many, many actions of the party in the course\nof my story which would be quite unintelligible unless they were seen in\nthe light of the fact that over long periods the party's hold over the country\nwas precarious and a false move would have meant its downfall. To ignore\nthis factor, which runs like a thread of scarlet through Soviet history, is to\nwrite about phantoms and not about what really happened ... I have", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndiscovered many instances in which it seemed to me that the theoretical\nconsiderations had to be sacrificed to the realities of the situation. I have\nas yet discovered no single instance in which the party was prepared to risk\nits own survival in power for considerations of doctrine.\" L. Schapiro: The\nCommunist Party of the Soviet Union, London, 1960. Preface, p.xi.\nquoted by Leon Trotsky in The Real Situation in Russia, New York, 1928,\np.23.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMax Eastman: Marx, Lenin and the Science of Revolution, London, 1926.\np. 133. Eastman makes some sound criticisms of Kropotkin, but identifies\nall anarchist programmes with Kropotkin's Utopianism.\nRobert Michels: Political Parties, London, 1915. p.362.\nGeorge Woodcock: Anarchy or Chaos, London, 1944. p. 58.\nCf. V. Richards: Lessons of the Spanish Revolution, London, 1953, esp.\nCh. 7, for a description of the \"united front\" practices of the C.N.T.-F.A.l.\nand the results of these practices.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMichels: op. cit. pp.364 et seq.\nCf. Richards: op. cit. Chs. 6, 7 and 13. Cf. also A. Souchy: The Tragic\nWeek in May, Barcelona, 1937, for a revealing apologetic account of the role\nof the C.N.T. leadership in the May '37 rising.\nMichels: op. cit. p. 369.\nEugene Pyziur: The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael Bakunin, Milwaukee,\n1955, p.66.\nibid. p. 367, emphasis in original.\nPyziur: op. cit. p. 82. The sinister phrase \"to create association\" is worthy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof note here, especially in contrast to the other anarchist notion, emphasized\nby Kropotkin, that association (co-operation, mutual aid) occurs spontan-\neously in social iife. Practical revolutionaries cannot base their plans on\nthe romantic conclusions Kropotkin drew from his observations: if, as\nthe practicalists see, associations of the kind they require do not form spon-\ntaneously, then they will have to be created by the revolutionaries. In the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncourse of creating associations however, revolutionaries forsake all pretence\nthat what they are doing fits in with the manifest interests of the masses in\nwhose name they speak,\nibid. p. 87.\npp. 97-98. Cf. Max Nomad: Apostles of Revolution, London, 1939.\npp. 158-2 10, 224-234.\nibid,\nAfrica and the Future\nThe paradox, described by Jeremy Westall in Anarchy 3, in the anar-\nchist attitude to the struggle of colonial peoples for independence is", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninevitable. For as Freedom once put it; even the newest nations 'face\na new life with hardened arteries; they have learned nothing from\nthe past, they think and act along the lines of their persecutors and\noppressors.' The tragedy is heightened by the fact that the educated\nand articulate minority upon which so much depends, are shaped in\ntheir thinking by the same assumptions which lie behind the political\nsystems of their former masters.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI am sure Westall is right in his qualified eulogy of the tribal system\nbefore it had been broken up by European influences and perverted by\nthe strategy of indirect rule. Col, Meinertzhagen, an 'old Kenya hand'\nwho has known the Kikuyu longer than any other living European,\nThere was nothing solitary, cheap brutal or cruel in their tribal customs.\nTheir life was gregarious, innocent and healthy. There was no poverty, for\nland was plentiful and work a joy; they were a delightful people, enjoying", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlife with their dances and singing, busy as bees with their intensive' cultiva-\ntion and giving very little trouble; they enjoyed drunken orgies and free\nsexual intercourse was practised as a part of ritual occasions; such vices\nare not unknown in the most civilised countries. Polygamy took care of\nthe orphan and widow; filial piety alleviated the trials of old age; it was\na perfect society but with noe great flaw. Everything was so completely", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nintegrated with everything else that European intrusion impinging on any\nsingle part of this delicate tribal mechanism threw the whole machine out\nof gear.\nTake two aspects of tribal life in Ghana. Ntieyong Akpan writes\nin his Epitaph to Indirect Rule:\nIn the Gold Coast . . . under the old system Village Councils usually\ncomprised all the male inhabitants of the Village concerned, normally sum-\nmoned to meetings by beating of gongs, ringing of bells or other traditional", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmethods of announcement. Under the modern system only a few people,\nselected by election, constitute the Village Councils\nAnd Richard Wright attempts in Black Power to describe the tribal\nYou may never get rich, but you'll never starve, not as long as someone\nwho is akin to you has something to eat. It's communism, but without any\nof the ideas of Marx and Lenin. The men with whom he shared his life\nwere his brothers; men of the same generation were brothers, not the sons", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof his mother, but men to whom he felt a blood relationship, brothers\nwho fed him when he was hungry, let him sleep when he was tired, consoled\nhim when he was sad. He had a large 'family' that stretched for miles and\nmiles ... I. tried to visualise it and I could not.\nNow obviously here are two facets of the old tribal culture which\ncould be built into a new social order, the first into a network of village\ncommunes a great deal more successful than the local councils on the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBritish pattern which have been set up in Ghana, and the second into\na system of mutual aid more genuine and comprehensive than any\n'welfare state'. What actually happened of course, is that the imposition\nby the British of chieftaincies as part of the structure of indirect rule\ndestroyed the 'democracy' of tribalism, while the nationalist politicians\nhave made use of the most primitive and irrational features of the tribal\nsystem for political purposes.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are millions of Africans, moreover, for whom tribalism is\nsomething out of the past, which they have escaped from, and they\nassociate with it, not those virtues which we see in it from the outside,\nbut narrow horizons, lack of economic opportunity, intolerable family\npressure to conformity, a warm and cosy Ghetto which you can look\nback to with affection once you are safely outside.\nThe task for African propagandists of anarchist ideas is thus", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndoubly complicated. How to combine the virtues of the half-discredited\nvillage society with the personal independence, the freedom of choice,\nthe wider outlook in occupation and consumption, which urban society\noffers? Have we in Europe any answer to this question? J.E.\nIssue of Anarchy magazine from July 1961 primarily about the Spanish Civil War.\nBrenan\u2019s Spanish Labyrinth - Marie Louise Berneri\nThe Congress of Zaragoza - Philip Holgate\nSome Conclusions on the Spanish Collectives - Gaston Leval", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA Peasant Experiment in Anarchist-Communism - H E Kaminski\nAnarchy No. 5.epub 415.41 KB\nAnarchy No. 5.mobi 404.6 KB\nBrennan's Spanish Labyrinth\nMARIE LOUISE BERNERl was an editor of War Commentary and\nlater Freedom, until her death at the age of 31 in 1949. She was the\nauthor of Journey Through Utopia (Routledge) and Neither East Nor\nWest (Freedom Press). Her article was originally written for Now in\n1944 as a review of the original edition of Brenan's book.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBooks about Spain have been written either by learned professors who\nwrite history ignoring completely working class movements and the\nexistence of the class struggle and who therefore put fanciful interpreta-\ntions on events they are unable to understand, or by journalists who\nfeel qualified to write about Spain after spending only a few days or a\nfew weeks in the country and without having acquired any previous\nknowledge of the historical background of the people. Such books", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsometimes contain brilliant passages, like Borkenau's Spanish Cockpit\nor George Orwell's Homage to Catalonia, but are also full of inexacti-\ntudes and hasty generalisations. They are also often written with a\nbias to suit the political fashion of the moment Several books were\nwritten about the Spanish revolution which did not mention the work\nof the Anarchist movement or even its existence. On the other hand,\nbecause it is popular to boost the Communists, most of the work done", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nduring the revolution was attributed to them.\nThe Spanish Labyrinth* stands apart from all these books, both\nfor the erudition which the author displays and for his objective approach\nto the subject. Gerald Brenan did not use any expedient method to\nwrite this book. He has taken great pains to find the truth and to be\nfair to all the parties he deals with, and if sometimes the book contains\ninaccuracies one feels that they are due to misinformation rather than\nto political prejudice.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBrenan's book is made interesting and penetrating by his sympathy\nfor the subject he has treated. He loves Spain and the Spaniards and\nhas a particular understanding of the Spanish peasants among whom\nhe lived so long, not as a tourist but as one of them, sharing their houses*\ntheir food, their talk, their songs and dances. An historian should\nattempt to experience in imagination the feelings and reactions of the\npeople he describes, and he is able to do this only if he can, so to speak,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nput himself in their place. Brenan is extremely gifted in that respect.\nHe has dealt with his subject not only as a scholar but also as an artist\nand a psychologist. This has enabled him to understand actions which*\nnot being a revolutionary himself, he cannot approve, such as the\nburning of churches, the throwing of bombs, the killing of priests, the\nexpropriation of landlords and many other acts of revolt of the Spanish\nworkers. He sees these facts in their right perspective and makes fun", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2666The Spanish Labyrinth by Gerald Brenan, (Cambridge Paperbacks, 13s. 6d.).\nof the reactionaries who, at the slightest movement of revolt among\nthe masses, are prepared to see the whole working class as a mob of\ncriminals. He effectively debunks atrocity stories, a task which, unfor-\ntunately, historians are not often willing to undertake, particularly\nwhen these stories are used to discredit national or class enemies.\nBrenan says that already in 1873 the most infamous stories were circu-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlated against the Anarchists. The Carlists, who were the equivalent of\nthe Fascists of to-day, issued two pseudo-anarchist papers to give more\nweight to their atrocity stories. The front page of one of them, Los\nDescamisados (The Shirtless), bore the following battle cry :\n900,000 heads! Let us tear the vault of heaven as though it were a\npaper roof! Property is theft! Complete, utter social equality! Free Love!\nAfter the Asturian rising of October 1934 accusations of atrocities", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwere again circulated on a big scale against the revolutionary workers.\nBrenan says :\nThe most incredible tales were solemnly told and vouched for. The\nnuns at Oyiedo were said to have been raped: the eyes of twenty children\nof the police at Trubia were said to have been put out: priests, monks and\nchildren had been burnt alive: whilst the priest of Suma de Lagreo was\ndeclared to have been murdered and his body hung on a hook with the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nnotice \"Pig's meat sold here\" suspended over it. Although the mose careful\nsearch by independent journalists and Radical deputies \u2014 members that is,\nof the party then in power \u2014 revealed no trace of any of these horrors, and\nalthough the considerable sums raised for the twenty blinded children had\nto be devoted to other purposes because none of these children could be\nfound, these and other stories continued to be repeated in the Right-wing\npress for months afterwards.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOf the terrorist methods used by the Anarchists at the end of the\nlast century Brenan gives a very penetrating explanation particularly\nimportant as these acts are almost universally condemned and are still\nheld against Anarchism :\nThe nineties were everywhere the period of anarchist terrorism. We\nhave seen how the loss of its working-class adherents and the stupidity of\nthe police repression led to this. But there were other causes as well. The", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nreign of the bourgeoisie was now at its height. The meanness, their Philis-\ntinism, their insufferable self-righteousness weighed upon everything. They\nhad created a world that was both dull and ugly and they were so firmly\nestablished in it that it seemed hopeless even to dream of revolution. The\ndesire to shake by some violent action the complacency of this huge, inert\nand stagnant mass of middle-class opinion became irresistible. Artists and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwriters shared this feeling. Onei must put such books as Flaubert's Bouvard\net Pecuchet and Huysman's A Rebours, Butler's and Wilde's epigrams and\nNietzsche's savage outbursts in the same category as the bombs of the\nAnarchists. To shock, to infuriate, to register one's protest became the\nonly thing that any decent or sensitive man could do.\nOne could make many more quotations to show that Brenan's\nattitude is not hampered by prejudices and that his judgments are not", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndelivered according to a fixed code of bourgeois morality.\nThe Spanish Labyrinth is divided into three parts. The first part\ndescribes the history of the old regime, and that is to say the political\nregimes in Spain from 1874 to 1931. This part is mostly a chronicle\nof events.\nThe second part which, from a social point of view, is the most\ninteresting, deals in detail with the conditions of the working classes\nand contains a careful analysis of : the agrarian question, the Anarchists,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe Anarcho-syndicalists, the Carlists, the Socialists.\nThe third part deals with the events in Spain after 1931, after\nthe fall of the monarchy and the institution of the Republic. It contains\na chapter on the history of the Popular Front and a short sketch on the\nhistory of the Civil War from 1936-39.\nIt will be seen that the number of subjects treated justifies the sub-\ntitle of the book: \"An account of the social and political background\nof the Civil War.\" All the forces which came to clash during the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nrevolution are analysed here from their birth and the study of this book\nis indispensable if one is to understand properly the Civil War itself.\nParts of the Spanish Labyrinth are of particular interest to Anar-\nchists and I should like to deal with them at length at the risk of giving\nthem a prominence which they do not attain in the book itself.\nThe first point of interest to Anarchists is the relation between\nAnarchism and the communalist movement in Spain. Spain resembles", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEurope of the Middle Ages, when communes had a great deal of auto-\nnomy and when each member played an active role in the running of\nthe communities. Unlike the communes in Mediaeval Germany, France\nand Italy, which flourished mostly in the towns and were composed of\nartisans and merchants, the communes in Spain existed mostly in the\ncountryside and were composed of peasants, herdsmen, shepherds.\nThere were also communes of fishermen on the coast. Provincial and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmunicipal feeling was therefore very strong and every town was the\ncentre of an intense social life. This autonomy of the towns and\nvillages allowed the full development of the people's initiative and\nrendered them for more individualistic than other nations, though at\nthe same time developing the instinct of mutual aid which has elsewhere\nbeen atrophied by the growth of the state.\nIt is difficult to understand Spain if one has not read Mutual Aid,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand, indeed, some of the pages of the Spanish Labyrinth would form a\nvaluable supplement to Kropotkin's work. Spanish communalist insti-\ntutions would have offered Kropotkin a tremendous amount of material\nto illustrate his theory of Mutual Aid, but it is probable that the material\nwas not available to him at the time. Brenan's book has filled the\ngap to a great extent by giving examples of agricultural and fisherman's\ncommunities which have survived through centuries, independent of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe central authority of the government. While communes in the rest\nof Europe were gradually absorbed by the state and had lost most of\ntheir liberties and privileges by the middle of the XHIth century they\nsurvived much longer in Spain.\nThere is of course nothing very remarkable about this communal system\nof cultivating the land. It was once general\u2014 in Rusfeia (the mir\\ in\nGermany (the flurzwang), in England (the open-field system). What is,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nremarkable is that in Spain the villiage communities spontaneously developed\non this basis an extensive system of municipal services, to the point of\ntheir sometimes reaching an advanced stage of communism . . . One\nmay ask what there is in the Spanish character or in the economic circum-\nstances of the country that has led to this surprising development. It is\nclear that the peculiar agrarian conditions of the Peninsula, the great\nisolation of the many villages and the delay in the growth of even an", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nelementary capitalist system have all played their part. But they have not\nbeen the only factors at work. When one considers the number of guilds\nor confraternities that till recently owned land and worked it in common\nto provide old age and sickness insurance for their members: or such\npopular institutions as the Cort de la Seo at Valencia which regulated on\na purely voluntary basis a complicated system of irrigation: or else the\nsurprising development in recent years of productive co-operative societies", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin which peasants and fishermen acquired the instruments of their labour,\nthe land they needed, the necessary installations and began to produce and\nsell in common: one has to recognise that the Spanish working-classes show\na spontaneous talent for co-operation that exceeds anything that can be\nfound to-day in other European countries.\nWhen one takes into account the fertile growth of communistic\ninstitutions, the mutual aid displayed among peasants, fishermen and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nartisans, the spirit of independence in the towns and villages, it is not\ndifficult to understand why anarchist ideas found such a propitious soil\nin Spain.\nThe theories of the Anarchists, and of Bakunin and Kropotkin in\nparticular, are based on the belief that men are bound together by the\ninstinct of mutual aid, that they can live happily and peacefully in a free\nsociety. Bakunin through his natural sympathy for the peasants,\nKropotkin through his study of the life of animals, of the primitive", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsocieties and the Middle-Ages, had both reached the conclusion that\nmen are able to live happily and show their social and creative abilities\nin a society free from any central and authaoritarian government.\nThese anarchist theories correspond to the experiences of the\nSpanish people. Wherever they were free to organise themselves inde-\npendntly they had improved their lot, but when the central government\nof Madrid through the landlords, the petty bureaucrats, the police and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe army, interfered with their lives, it always brought them oppression\nand poverty. The Socialist party with its distrust of the social instincts\nof men, with its belief in a central, all-wise authority, went against the\nage-long experience of the Spanish workers and peasants. It demanded\nfrom them the surrender of the liberties they had fought hard to preserve\nthrough centuries and for that reason never acquired the influence\nwhich the Anarchist Movement attained.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnother cause for the rapid and extensive growth of the Anarchist\nMovement in Spain was, according to Brenan, the intense religious\nfeelings of the people, particularly the peasants.\nThis may at first seem paradoxical. The Anarchists in Spain,\nperhaps more than in any other country, bitterly attacked religion and\nthe Church. They issued hundreds of books and pamphlets denouncing\nthe fallacy of religion and the corruption of the Church; they even\nwent as far as burning churches and killing priests.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBrenan does not ignore this, but he distinguishes between the\nChristian beliefs of the Spanish masses and their intense dislike of the\nChurch, and one must admit that his interpretation of the relation\nbetween religion and Anarchism is very convincing.\nHe describes the Spaniards, and in particular the peasants, as a\nvery religious people. By religion he does not mean, of course, belief\nin and submission to the Church but a faith in spiritual values, in the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nneed for men to reform themselves, in the fraternity which should exist\namong all men.\nAt the beginning of the XIXth century a general decay of religious\nfaith took place, but religion had meant so much to the poor that they\nwere left with the hunger for something to replace it and this could only\nbe one of the political doctrines, Anarchism or Socialism. Anarchism\nby its insistence on brotherhood between men, on the necessity for a\nmoral regeneration of mankind, on the need for faith, came nearer to", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe Christian ideas of the .Spanish peasant than the dry, soulless, mater-\nialistic theories of the Marxists. The Spanish peasants took literally\nthe frequent allusions in the Scriptures to the wickedness of the rich;\nthe Church of course could not admit this. The Spanish people in\ntheir turn could not forgive the Church for having abandoned the teach-\nings of Christ nor could the Church forgive them for interpreting to\nthe letter the teachings of the gospels. Brenan suggests that the anger", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof the Spanish Anarchists against the Church is the anger of an intensely\nreligious people who feel that they have been deserted and deceived.\nBrenan forsaw that his interpretation would give rise to many\ncriticisms (from the Anarchists and even more from religious people),\nand he says :\nIt may be thought that I have stressed too much the religious element\nbecause Spanish Anarchism is after all a political doctrine. But the aims\nof the Anarchists were always much wider and their teachings more personal", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthan anything which can be included under the word politics. To individuals\nthey offered a way of life: Anarchism had to be lived as well as worked\nThis is a very important point. The Anarchists do not aim only\nat changing the government or the system; they aim also at changing\nthe people's mode of thinking and living, which has been warped by\nyears of oppression.\nWhatever the cause of this attitude, whether religious or otherwise,\nit is important to stress it. Anarchists are always accused of having", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na negative creed, but critics overlook that Anarchism through its attempts\nto render men better even under the present system is in fact doing\nsome positive and very useful work.\nBrenan has seen this very clearly and he refuses to judge the Anar-\nchists through their material achievements alone. He does not consider\nmerely the number of strikes they have carried out, the rises in wages\nthey have obtained or the part they have played in the administration", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof the country. Their role, he says, should be judged not in political\nterms but in moral ones, a fact which is almost universally ignored.\nFor example, the role of Anarchists in educating the Spanish\nmasses is often overlooked. While the Socialists thought that education\nwas a matter for the state to deal with, the Anarchists believed in\nstarting work immediately. As early as the middle of the last century\nAnarchists formed small circules in towns and villages which started", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nnight schools where many learned to read.\nAt the beginning of this century Anarchist propaganda spread\nrapidly through the country-side and it was always accompanied with\nefforts to educate the masses. The Anarchist press not only published\nbooks by Kropotkin, Bakunin and the Spanish Anarchist newspapers\nwere avidly read. The Anarchist movement had several dailies, but\nmore important perhaps was the great number of provincial papers.\nIn a relatively small province like Andalusia by the end of 1918 more", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthan 50 towns had libertarian newspapers of their own. The work of\nediting these newspapers must have provided the members of the\nmovement with a good deal of education and experience. The work\nof F. Ferrer in setting up free schools, the first outside the control of\nthe Church, is well known.\nThis education was not limited to book knowledge alone. Anar-\nchists were expected to give a good example by their private lives.\nSolidaridad Obrera, the Anarchist daily, in an article published in 1922,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsays that the Anarchist should set out to have a moral ascendancy over\nothers. He should obtain prestige in the eyes of the workers by his\nconduct in the street, in the workshop, in his home and during strikes.\nThey were equally anxious to bring honesty in the matter of sex.\nBrenan says;\nAnarchists, it is true, believe in free love \u2014 everything, even love, must\nbe free \u2014 but they do not believe in libertinage. So in Malaga they sent\nmissions to the prostitutes. In Barcelona they cleaned up the cabarets and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbrothels with a thoroughness that the Spanish Church (which frowns on\nopen vice, such as wearing a bathing dress without a skirt and sleeves, but\nshuts its eyes to 'safety valves') would never approve of.\nThe Anarchists tried to live up to their ideals within the movement\nitself. They had no paid bureaucracy like the other parties. In a\ncountry like Spain, where there is the greatest distrust for money and\nthose who seek it, the attitude of the Anarchists brought them the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsympathy of the masses. Brenan points out several times that the\nAnarchist leaders were never paid and that in 1918, when their trade\nunion, the C.N.T., contained over a million members, it had only one\npaid secretary.\nBrenan's book carries an encouraging message for the Anarchists.\nThough he himself considers Anarchism impracticable, he gives abun-\ndant proofs that it is deeply rooted in Spain. Unlike Fascism and Com-\nmunism, it would not have to rely on foreign influences to come into", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe practice of mutual aid which maintained itself in the village\nand town communes, the aspiration of the Spanish people towards\nliberty, justice and the brotherhood of all men, their love of indepen-\ndence which gave rise to federalist aspirations, all point to the conclusion\nthat only an anarchist system of society will be possible in Spain.\nHere I must say, however, a few words of disagreement with\nBrenan's conclusions. Though he admits that the arbiters of Spain's", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ndestiny must be the worker and the peasant, he believes that a govern-\nment (of the right kind of course) must control Spain. He does not say\nwhere a good government can be found. He declares that a govern-\nment in Spain should not depend on the church, the army or the land-\nlords; as on the other hand he does not seem to believe in the dictator-\nship of the proletariat (which he rightly condemns in Russia) it is diffi-\ncult to see why he rejects so firmly the Anarchist solution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe also advocates strongly the collectivisation of the land, but seems\nto expect that a \"sensible government\" could carry it out, when history\nshows that no government in Spain was ever prepared to go against\nthe interests of the landlords.\nI think that Brenan has emphasised too much the agrarian nature\nof Anarchism. This is probably due to the fact that he lived in\nAndalusia, a completely agricultural region. Incidentally, he was criti-\ncised on this point by H. N. Brainsford who reviewed his book in the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNew Statesman, and who said :\nI witnessed their (the Anarchists') astonishing success during the civil\nwar in running factories with high principles as their chief equipment,\nand I was deeply moved by the schools they established for the sorely tried\nchildren of Madrid.\nBrenan also attaches, in my opinion, too much importance to the\nrivalry between Madrid and Barcelona. In his opinion all Castilians\nare authoritarians and all Catalans are independent and lovers of freedom.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo maintain his thesis he makes certain errors of facts which it is not\nworth while to discuss here. He is again far from the truth when he\nattributes practically all the burning of churches to Anarchists; in fact\nthe burning of churches occurred everywhere spontaneously, and took\nplace sometimes in villages and towns where there were no Anarchists.\nHowever, these are mostly details, and do not prevent the book\nfrom being a very serious contribution to the history of revolutionary", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmovements. Brenan, who lived so long in Spain, seems to have been\ninfluenced by its communal institutions, and has written his book in\nthe spirit of the craftsman of the Middle Ages. Like them he has\nproduced his chef-d'oeuvre which is the test of his love for his art and\nhis respect for his fellow men for whom the book is written. The\nSapnish Labyrinth has been created with that painstaking and disinter-\nested love which characterises all lasting works.\nThe Congress of Zaragoza", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn May 1st 1936 the CNT held a national congress at Zaragoza, in\nan atmosphere of impending crisis. The Spanish general elections in\nFebruary had resulted in the replacement of the right-wing government\nof the Bieno Negro (the 'two black years') by a parliament in which the\nparties of the left held a decisive majority.\nThe internal position of the CNT was not a happy one. In January\nand December 1933 it had been involved in unsuccessful revolutionary", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\naction and in December 1934 the rising of the Asturian miners had been\nsavagely repressed. The Confederation was split, with one tendency,\nrepresented by the 'Manifesto of the Thirty', the Treintistas, advocating\nmuch closer ties with the socialist trade unions of the UGT, and a less\nintransigent approach to the dilemma of reform or revolution. The\nspecial problems facing the Congress were therefore to enquire into the\nrisings of 1933 and 1934 and evaluate the role of the CNT in them;", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto discuss the continuing relevance of anarchist and revolutionary syndi-\ncalist principles to the critical situation then existing in Spain; to work\nout some kind of relationship between syndicalism and socialism and\nput it into practice in terms of a pact with the UGT; and to do all this\nunder the shadow of a split in the organisation which everyone felt had\nto be healed as a matter of first importance. Besides these particular\nissues there were the usual reviews of activity and publications and the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npreparation of general statements on the Confederal attitude to the\nagricultural problems of Spain and its ideas for the future liberatrian\nIt is therefore disappointing, in reading the published minutes of\nthe Congress,* to observe how much of it seems to have been spent\nin personal disputes about the credentials of one comrade, the conduct\nof another on a given occasion, whether the Congress should have been\nheld in Zaragoza or not, and similar matters. The important work", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof preparing statements seems to have been referred to committees whose\nreports were accepted after very short debates.\n*El Congreso Confederal de Zaragoza, Ediciones CNT, 1955.\nThe scission in the CNT had come into the open shortly after the\nadvent of the Spanish Republic in 1931. The delegate of the Opposition\n{Treintistas) of Catalonia explained that\nOur current wanted to make use of the time put at our disposal to build\na powerful CNT. We felt that one of the prime tasks of that period had", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto be to reach the young people who, without any ideological preparation,\nwere coming towards us, and to make them ready for the outbreak of the\nrevolution. We had to create in them a clear social consciousness which\nwould greatly assist the CNT in making its revolution.\nThe other current believed in revolutionary circumstances, believed that\nthe very conditions necessary for the transformation of society existed, and\nthey worked in that direction.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHowever, the very period which gave the CNT a chance to build up,\nalso gave the State time to put its house in order, a point made by the\ndelegate of Fabric and Textiles of Barcelona :\nIn 1931 there were circumstances favourable to the proletariat, to our\nlibertarian revolution, and to a transformation of society, that have not\nbeen repeated since. The regime was in a state of decomposition; the State\nwas weak and had not yet consolidated itself in a position of power, the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\narmy weakened by indiscipline; a poorly manned Civil Guard; badly organ-\nised forces of public order and a timid bureaucracy. It was the very\nmoment for our revolution. Anarchism had the right to bring about an\ninstitute a genuine regime of libertarian comradeship. Socialism had not\nattained the revolutionary prestige that it has today: it was a vaccilating\nbourgeois party. We interpret this reality by saying, The further we are\nfrom the 14th April, the further we go from our revolution because we give", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe State time to reorganise itself and the counter-revolution'.\nThe real issue in everyone's mind was whether it was possible to\nfind any unity between these opposing currents which could be expressed\nin terms of a declaration of unity, and a single organisation. The\ndeclaration was drawn up and accepted, and the Opposition ceased to\nexist on paper, although as later events showed, its spirit lived on.\nDiscussion on the unsuccessful popular movements of 1933 and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1934 revealed the same kind of cleavage in the movement, between the\ncomrades who looked on them as useful experiences, and only criticised\nthe organisation for not having made a more whole-hearted attempt\nto exploit the opportunities which occurred, and those who were dubious\nabout the possibility of a rising bringing about libertarian communism\nin such circumstances. Similarly when the subject of the alliance with\nthe socialist UGT came up, one of the important questions was whether", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe CNT was or ever would be strong enough to make its own revolution,\nor whether effective participation in day-to-day activities demanded com-\npromises and collaboration.\nIt is almost impossible to sum up this part of the debate from mere\nreading, and it could only be dealt with by someone who took part in\nthe events. The questions that need answering are: To what extent\nwere the mass of Spanish workers influencd by the CNT, and to what\nextent was the card-holding membership of the Confederation inbued", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwith the libertarian ideology held by at least some of its militants?\nWhen we turn to the actual statements drawn up by the Congress\nit is clear that no simple formula can sum up the attitude of the anarcho-\nsyndicalists during this period. In its declaration on unemployment\nthe Congress states that this is 'ultimately a product of the multiple con-\ntradictions of capitalism' and goes on to 'urge, then, that for the moral\nand material health of humanity, that the working masses hasten to", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nput an end to the capitalist regime and to organise the production and\ndistribution of social wealth for themselves'. However, they did not\nintend to appear as pure idealists and so the declaration ends with\ndemands for a thirty-six hour week, abolition of overtime, and the\ndevelopment of municipal works.\nThe statement on the political-military situation draws attention\nto the failure of parliament and the parties, the growing threat of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfascism, and declares that the only solution lies in educating the people\nto want libertarian communism. It ends by calling for a revolutionary\ngeneral strike in the event of a declaration of war.\nThe problem of choosing between a revolutionary and a reformist\nline also made itself felt in the declaration on agrarian reform. This\nrecognised that a reform passed by law would not liberate the peasants,\nand it also recognised the possibility that its ameliorating effect might", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nweaken the influence of revolutionary syndicalism among them. With\nthis in view they proposed a programme of nine specific points demand-\ning radical expropriation of big farmers, abolition of rents, and the\nintroduction of irrigation schemes, agricultural colleges, and so on.\nHowever, the most interesting of the resolutions of the Congress\nwas that on The Confederal Conception of Libertarian Communism'.\nIt is a powerful reply to the authoritarian socialist critics of Spanish", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nanarchism, whether Spanish or foreign, who claim that the anarchists\nwere just confused and generous-hearted people who did not know what\nthey wanted.\nThe resolution begins nevertheless by drawing attention to the two\ncurrents of emphasis on the individual and social aspects of libertarian-\nism respectively. It also disclaims any desire to present a blueprint\nfor the future :\nWe all feel that to predict the structure of the future society would be", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nabsurd, since there is often a great chasm between theory and practice.\nWe do not therefore fall into the error of the politicians who present well-\ndefined solutions to all problems, which fail drastically in practice.\nIt goes on to criticise the prevailing conception of revolution as being\na single violent act, and characterising revolution as beginning.\nFirstly, as a psychological phenomenon in opposition to the state of\nthings which oppresses the aspirations and needs of the individual.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSecondly as a social manifestation, when that feeling takes collective\nhold, it clashes with the forces of capitalism.\nThirdly, as organisation, when it feels the need to create a force capable\nof bringing about its biological conclusion.\nThe first tasks of the revolution are defined thus :\nThe violent aspect of the revolution having been concluded, the following\nwill be declared abolished: private property, the State, the principle of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nauthority, and consequently, the class division of men into exploiters and\nexploited, oppressors and oppressed.\nHappy land!\nNext comes a long section devoted to the details of the structure\nof the communes and their federations. It is well-known anarcho-\nsyndicalist theory, but it is worth mentioning some points about which\nindividualist anarchists are not too happy, concerning the relations of\nthe persons with the federal structure. The economic plan takes", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nas base (in the work place, in the Syndicate, in the Commune, in all\nthe regulating organs of the new society) the producer, the individual as the\ncell, as the cornerstone of all social, economic and moral creation.\nHowever, there was no doubt left that all good men would welcome\nthe commune:\nIn accordance with the fundamental principles of libertarian communism,\nas we have stated above, all men will hasten to fulfil the voluntary duty \u2014", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwhich will be converted into a true right when men work freely \u2014 of giving\nhis assistance to the collective, according to his strength and capabilities,\nand the commune will accept the obligation of satisfying his needs.\nAlthough no doubt meant in the best way, the imposition of 'volun-\ntary duties' is not so appealing in the light of misplaced revolutions,\nbesides which:\nIt is important to make it clear . . . that the early days of the revolution", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwill not be easy . . . Any constructive period calls for sacrifice and individual\nand collective acceptance of efforts necessary for overcoming problems, and\nof not creating difficulties for the work of social reconstruction which we\nwill all be realising in agreement.\nOn the other hand it is pointed out that the National Confederation\nof Communes will not be a uniform organisation. The example is given\nof a commune of delightfully-named 'naturistas-desnudistas', enemies", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof industrialisation, whose delegates attend a 'Congress of the Iberian\nConfederation of Autonomous Libertarian Communes', which where\nnecessary enters into relations with other communes. Even if the\neditors' tongues were in their cheeks in presenting the example, it is\nimportant that they could, in all sincerity, include it. Furthermore,\nalthough the network of federation is drawn in pretty closely, the follow-\ning paragraph is revealing :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe consider that in time the new society should assure each commune\nof all the agricultural and industrial elements necessary for its autonomy,\nin accordance with the biological principle which affirms that the man, and\nin this case, the commune, is most free, who has least need of others.\nFinally, after having described the ways in which the communes\nwill take decisions, the declaration states :\nAll these functions will have no bureaucratic or executive character.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nApart from those who work as technicians or simply statisticians, the rest\nwill simply be carrying out their job as producers, gathered together at the\nend of the working day to discuss questions of detail which do not call\nfor reference to a general assembly.\nNot only economic and social organisation, but the very ideas of\njustice, love and education, are reviewed.\nLibertarian communism is incompatible with any punitive regime, which", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nimplies the disappearance of the present system of punitive justice and all\nits instruments, such as prisons.\nThe committee considers.\nFirstly, that man is not bad by nature, and that delinquency is the\nlogical result of the state of social injustice in which we live.\nSecondly, that when his needs are satisfied, and he is given rational and\nhumane education, its causes will disappear.\nTherefore we consider that when an individual falls down in his duties,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\neither in the moral realm or as a producer, it will be for the assemblies of\nthe people to find a just and harmonious solution to the case.\nOn the family and on sexual relations, the resolution points out\nthat the family has fulfilled many admirable functions of solidarity and\ndeclares that the revolution will not involve an attack on the family.\nLibertarian communism proclaims free love, with no more regulation\nthan the free will of the men and women concerned, guaranteeing the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nchildren with the security of the community.\nEducation was discussed in two stages; one designed for the imme-\ndiate battle against illiteracy, and another the long-term development\nof a human system of education.\nThe resolution ended by declaring that when achieved, the revolu-\ntion would be defended by the people in arms.\nThis declaration on The Confederal Conception of Libertarian\nCommunism' carried unanimously by delegates speaking for a million", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nworkers represents the height of anarcho-syndicalist expression. To\nwhat extent did the individual members share its aspirations? To what\nextent was it the expression of a handful of militant anarchists kidding\nthemselves that their own ideas were held throughout the CNT? How\nrepresentative was the other side of the Congress with its violent personal\nand factional disputes? As the events fade into the past, these prob-\nlems can only be unravelled by someone who shares a knowledge of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSpain, a feeling for anarchism and the skill of a historian.\nHowever, the fact that the workers of the CNT, in the face of\noppression and persecution, and the imminence of a violent rising,\ncould present such a clear and humanistic view of what they wanted\nsociety to be like, shows that they were the most socially conscious\npeople that recent history has seen, and makes it even more tragic that\ncircumstances conspired to prevent them from realising thir desires.\nGLOSSARY OF POLITICS IN ANTI-FRANCO SPAIN", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCNT {Confederation National del Trabajo\u2014 National Confederation of\nLabour). Revolutionary syndicalist union influenced by the anarchists.\nFAI (Federation Anarquista Iberica\u2014 Anarchist Federation of Iberia).\nUGT (Union General de Trabajadores\u2014 General Workers' Union). Re-\nformist trade union controlled by the socialists.\nPSO (Partido Socialista Obrero\u2014 Workers' Socialist Party).\nPCE (Partido Communista Espanol \u2014 Spanish Communist Party).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPSUC (Partido Socialista Unificat de Catalunya\u2014 Catalan United Socialist\nParty). The combined Socialist and Communist parties of Catalonia.\nPOUM (Partido Obrero de Unification Marxista). Dissident revolutionary\nCommunist party.\nGeneralitat: the government of the autonomous province of Catalonia.\nSome Conclusions on the Spanish Collectives\nGASTON LEVAL spent many years in Spain and was the author of\nNuestro Programa de Reconstruction (Barcelona 1937), Social Recon-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nstruction in Spain (Freedom Press 1938), LTndispensable Revolution\n(Paris 1948) and Ne Franco me Stalin (Milan 1952). His article is taken\nfrom the concluding chapter of the last of these books, the most thorough\nstudy yet made of the Spanish collectives.\nI want to call attention to a curious fact: the failure of the top, the\ndirectors, the guiding heads. I am referring not only to the socialist\nand communist politicians, but also to the better-known anarchist mili-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntants, the 'leaders'. Spanish anarchism had a number of them. The\nablest, Orobon Fernandez, died shortly before the revolution. A real\nsociologist, he had a broad and profound grasp of politics and economics.\nOthers were highly-cultured persons, fine agitators, some of them notable\norators, good journalists and writers; Federica Montseny was one of\nthe most intelligent women in the intellectual life of the country.\nBut from the start these militants were absorbed in the official duties", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthey accepted despite their traditional repugnance to government The\nidea of anti-fascist unity had led them to this position : It was necessary\nto keep quiet about principles, to make temporary concessions. Hin-\ndered thereby from continuing to act as guides, they remained apart\nfrom the great work of reconstruction from which the proletariat will\nlearn such precious lessons for the future. Without doubt they could\nstill have given useful advice, they could have offered general principles", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfor action and co-ordination. They did not. Why? It was because\nthey were primariliy demolishers. The struggle against State and\ncapitalism had led them to subordinate all their culture and prestige\nto a political orientation. None of the best-known militants\u2014apart\nfrom Noja Ruiz, and latterly Santillan\u2014 was competent to meet the\neconomic problems of revolution. A constructive mentality, that can\ngrasp the essentials of a chaotic situation and harmonize them in a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncomprehensive vision, is not improvised overnight.\nEven some of the intellectuals who stayed out of official positions\ntook no part in the work of transforming the society. How then was\nsuccess possible? The reason was nothing else than the positive intelli-\ngence of the people. This was our secret strength.\nFor decades, anarchist papers and reviews and pamphlets had been\nforming in militants a habit of acting individually, of taking initiative.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey were not taught to wait for directives from above. They had\nalways thought and acted for themselves \u2014 sometimes well, sometimes\nbadly. Reading the paper, the review, the pamphlet, the book, each\ndeveloped and enlarged his own personality. They were never given\na dogma or a safe, uniform line of action. In the study of concrete\nproblems, in the critique of economic and political ideas, clear ideas of\nrevolution had gradually matured.\nFor some time, the problems of social reconstruction had been on", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe order of the day. Some of the better-known militants were rather\nscornful of the studies published by Puente, Besnard, Santillan, Orobon\nFernandez, Noja Ruiz, Leval. But many of the more serious, and\nperhaps basically more intelligent, workers read them avidly. A great\nnumber of the 60,000 readers of the libertarian review Studi followed\nwith interest the detailed articles on the problems a revolution faces,\nin food supply, fuel, or agriculture. Many syndicalist groupings did", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlikewise. And when at the Saragossa Congress in May 1936, a\nrenowned militant, who always displayed an olympian indifference\ntoward such questions \u2014 later, he was just as good minister as bad\norganiser \u2014 presented an exposition of libertarian communism which\nrevealed the lack of substance in his thought, the workers and peasants\nassembled from all the provinces showed their disapproval; for they\nknew quite well that social life must be thought of and organized in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na more methodical way. All this study, together with the need for\nmen of will and action in the social struggle, gave birth to the qualities\nthat made possible the marvellous achievements of the agrarian collec-\ntives and the industrial organization.\nThe capacity of the people. That is, intelligence plus will. This\nis the secret. In this, not even the humblest labourers were lacking. I\nknew many syndicalist committee members who understood the prob-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlems of revolution and economic organisation very clearly. They spoke\nintelligently about raw materials, imports, the need to improve or\neliminate this or that branch of industry, the armed defence, and other\nmatters. The prompt reaction against the Control Committees which\nthreatened, in the big cities, to become a new parasitic bureaucracy;\nthe rapid decision to resist the attacks of the 18th and 19th of July;\nthe rise of untrained military leaders (Durruti, Ortiz, Mera, Ascaso and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nothers) to command over professional military men, are all facts that\nsupport my conclusions.\nWhen I made my first visit to the Aragon front, my attention was\nattracted by the countenances of many of the young men in the trenches.\nThere was clarity, serenity, firmness in their eyes; they had the faces\nof thoughtful men. I rode back to Barcelona with a comrade \u2014 the\nregion's councillor for economics \u2014 who was going to Valencia to make\na last desperate effort, through the central government, to save his", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncompanion, held by the fascists in Saragossa. He was a simple man,\nin externals and in character. But a remarkable man. Although tor-\nmented by the fate of his companion, he explained to me about the\nnew lands that had to be cultivated, about coal and iron and manganese\nmines that could be opened, about canals that ought to be dug, about\ntrade with Catalonia, about the relations between collectivist and indivi-\ndualist peasants.\nt We spoke of electrification. He expounded to me a plan for a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsingle network to unify the hydraulic resources and distribute the power\nequally among the socialised regions, and avoid the concentration of\nindustry and the excessive, often unfair, specialisation of agriculture\nHis deep knowledge of the Spanish economy surprised me. He was a\nglass-maker, only 32 years old. Many ministers of economics and agri-\nculture of the republic and the monarchy knew less than he about these\nsubjects.\nOne day the secretary of the Peasants' Federation of Levante said", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"I want your advice, Gaston. We've been thinking of starting a\n\"A bank of your own?\" I asked.\n\"Yes. You see, we need money to keep things moving between\nour collectivized villages, and for trade with other towns. With the\nexport of oranges stopped, it's hard to get. Instead of helping, the\ngovernment cuts the ground from under us. We've just about decided\nto have a bank of our own. The problem is whether we ought to\nstart one with our own resources, or take over one that already exists", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"How would you take it over?\"\n\"By operations to make it lose money and accept our intervention.\"\nI didn't have time to look into the plan closely. Some months later,\nI saw this peasant again\u2014 this peasant with the common-man look and\nthe beret. He'd got his bank.\nI was working on economic problems so they consulted me about\neverything. But how often nothing remained to be done, so well had\nthey already planned it !\nThe revolution developed in extremely complicated circumstances.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAttacks from within and without had to be fought off. It took fantastic\nefforts to put the anarchist principles into practice. But in many places\nit was done. The organisers found out how to get around everything.\nI repeat : it was possible because we had the intelligence of the people\non our side. This is what finds the way, and meets the thousand needs\nof life and the revolution. It organised the militia and defeated fascism\nin the first phase of the war. It went to work instantly, to make", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\narmoured cars and rifles and guns. The initiative came from the people,\nabove all from those influenced by the anarchists. For example the\nAragon collectives : among their organisers I found only two lawyers,\nin Alconna. They were not, strictly speaking, intellectuals. But if\nwhat they did, together with the peasant and worker comrades, was\nwell done, it was no better than what could be seen in Esplus, Binefar,\nCalanda and other collectives. What was a surprise was to find that a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ngreat many of these peasants were illiterate. But they had faith, practi-\ncal common sense, the spirit of sacrifice,, the will to create a new world.\nI don't want to make a demagogic apology for ignorance. Those\nmen had a mentality, a heart, a spirit, of a kind that education cannot\ngive and official education often smothers. Spiritual culture is not\nalways bookish, and still less academic. It can arise from the very\nconditions of living, and when it does, it is more dynamic. By adapting", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthemselves to what was being done, by co-ordinating the work, by\nsuggesting general directions, by warning a certain region of industry\nagainst particular errors, by complementing one activity with another\nand harmonising the whole, by stimulating here and correcting there \u2014\nin these ways great minds can undoubtedly be of immense service. In\nSpain they were lacking. It was not by the work of our intellectuals\n\u2014more literary than sociological, more agitators than practical guides", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2014that the future has been illuminated. And the peasants\u2014 libertarian\nor not\u2014 of Aragon, Levante, Castille, Estramadura, Andalusia, the\nworkers of Catalonia, understood this and acted alone.\nThe intellectuals, by their ineptitude in practical work, were inferior\nto the peasants who made no political speeches but knew how to\norganise the new life. Not even the authors of the syndicalist health\norganisation in Catalonia were intellectuals. A Basque doctor with", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na will of iron, and a few comrades working in the hospitals, did every-\nthing. In other regions, talented professional men aided the movement.\nBut there, too, the initiative came from below. Alcoy's industries, so\nwell organised, were all managed by the workers, as were those of\nElda and Castillon. In Carcagente, in Elda, in Granollers, in Binefar,\nin Jativa, in land transport, in marine transport, in the collectives of\nCastille, or in the semi-socialisation of Ripolls and Puigerda \u2014 the mili-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntants at the bottom did everything.\nAs for the government, they were as inept in organising the economy\nas in organising the war.\nPRINCIPLES AND LESSONS\n1. In juridical principles the collectives were something entirely\nnew. They were not syndicates, nor were they municipalities in any\ntraditional sense; they did not even very closely resemble the municipali-\nties of the Middle Ages. Of the two, however, they were closer to\nthe communal than the syndicalist spirit. Often they might just as", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwell have been called communities, as for example the one in Binefar\nwas. The collective was an entity; within it, occupational and profes-\nsional groups, public services, trade and municipal functions were sub-\nordinate and dependent. In forms of organisation, in internal function-\ning, and in their specialised activities, however, they were autonomous.\n2. The agrarian collectives, despite their name, were to all intents\nand purposes libertarian communist organisations. They applied the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nrule \"from each according to his abilities, to each according to his\nneeds.\" Where money was abolished, a certain quantity of goods was\nassured to each person; where money was retained, each family received\na wage determined by the number of members. Though the technique\nvaried, the moral principle and the practical results were the same.\n3. In the agrarian collectives solidarity was carried to extreme\nlengths. Not only was every person assured of the necessities, but", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe district federations increasingly adopted the principle of mutual\naid on an inter-collective scale. For this purpose they created common\nreserves to help out villages less favoured by nature. In Castille special\ninstitutions for this purpose were created. In industry this practice\nseems to have begun in Hospitalet, on the Catalan railways, and was\napplied later in Alcoy. Had the political . compromise not impeded\nopen socialisation, the practices of mutual aid would have been much\nmore generalised.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n4. A conquest of enormous importance was the right of women\nto livelihood, regardless of occupation or function. In about half of\nthe agrarian collectives, women received the same wages as men; in\nthe rest women received less, apparently on the principle that they\nrarely lived alone.\n5. The child's right to livelihood was also ungrudgingly recog-\nnised : not as a state charity, but as a right no one dreamed of denying.\nThe schools were open to children to the age of 14 or 15 \u2014 the only", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nguarantee that parents would not send their children to work sooner,\nand that education would really be universal.\n6. In all the agrarian collectives of Aragon, Catalonia, Levante,\nCastille, Andalusia, and Estramadura, the workers formed groups to\ndivide the labour or the land; usually they were assigned to definite\nareas. Delegates elected by the work-groups met with the collective's\ndelegate for agriculture to plan out the work. This typical organisation\narose quite spontaneously, by local initiative.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n7. In addition to these methods\u2014 and similar meetings of special-\nised groups \u2014 the collective as a whole met in a weekly or bi-weekly\nor monthly assembly. This too was a spontaneous innovation. The\nassembly reviewed the activities of the councillors it named, and dis-\ncussed special cases and unforseen problems. All inhabitants\u2014 men and\nwomen, producers and non-producers\u2014 -took part in the discussion and\ndecisions. In many cases the 'individualists' (non-collective members)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhad equal rights in the assembly.\n8. In land cultivation the most significant advances were: the\nrapidly increased use of machinery and irrigation; greater diversification;\nand forestation. In stock-raising: the selection and multiplication of\nbreeds; the adaptation of breeds to local conditions; and large-scale\nconstruction of collective stock barns.\n9. Production and trade were brought into increasing harmony\nand distribution became more and more unified; first district unification.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthen regional unification, and finally the creation of a national federation.\nThe district (comarca) was the basis of trade. In exceptional cases an\nisolated commune managed its own, on authority of the district federa-\ntion which kept an eye on the commune and could intervene if its trading\npractices were harmful to the general economy. In Aragon the Federa-\ntion of Collectives, founded in January 1937, began to co-ordinate trade\namong the communes of the region, and to create a system of mutual", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\naid. The tendency to unity became more distinct with the adoption\nof a single \"producer's card\" and a single \"consumer's card\" \u2014 which\nimplied suppression of all money, local and national \u2014 by a decision of\nthe February 1937 Congress. Co-ordination of trade with other regions,\nand abroad, improved steadily. When disparities in exchange, or\nexceptionally high prices, created surpluses, they were used by the\nRegional Federation to help the poorer collectives. Solidarity thus\nextended beyond the district.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n10. Industrial concentration \u2014 the elimination of small workshops\nand uneconomical factories \u2014 was a characteristic feature of collectivi-\nsation both in the rural communes and in the cities. Labour was\nrationalised on the basis of social need \u2014 in Alcoy's industries and in\nthose of Hospitalet, in Barcelona's municipal transport and in the Aragon\ncollectives.\n11. The first step toward socialisation was frequently the dividing\nup of large estates (as in the Segorbe and Granollers districts and a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nnumber of Aragon villages). In certain other cases the first step was\nto force the municipalities to grant immediate reforms (municipalisation\nof land-rent and of medicine in Elda, Benicarlo, Castillone, Alcaniz,\nCaspe, etc.).\n12. Education advanced at an unprecedented pace. Most of the\npartly or wholly socialised collectives and municipalities built at least\none school. By 1938, for example, every collective in the Levant\u00a9\nFederation had its own school.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n13. The number of collectives increased steadily. The movement\noriginated and progressed swiftly in Aragon, conquered part of Catalonia,\nthen moved on to Levante and later Castille. According to reliable\ntestimony the accomplishments in Castille may indeed have surpassed\nLevante and Aragon. Estramadura and the part of Andalusia not\nconquered immediately by the fascists \u2014 especially the province of Jaen\n\u2014 also had their collectives. The character of the collectives varied of\ncourse with local conditions.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n14. We lack exact figures on the total number of collectives in\nSpain. Based on the incomplete statistics of the Congress in Aragon\nin February 1937, and on data gathered during my stay in this region,\nthere were at least 400. In Levante in 1938 there were 500. To these\nmust be added those of the other regions. The development and growth\nof the movement can be gauged from these figures : by February 1937\nthe District of Angues had 36 (figures given at the Congress). By June", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof the same year it had 57. In my investigation I found only two\ncollectives which had failed : Boltona and Ainsa, in Northern Aragon.\n15. Sometimes the collective was supplemented by other forms of\nsocialisation. After I left Carcagente, trade was socialised. In Alcoy\nconsumers co-operatives arose to round out the syndicalist organisation\nof production. There were other instances of the same kind.\n16. The collectives were not created single-handed by the liber-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ntarian movement. Although their juridical principles were strictly\nanarchist, a great many collectives were created spontaneously by people\nremote from our movement (\"libertarians\" without being aware of it).\nMost of the Castille and Estramadura collectives were organised by\nCatholic and Socialist peasants; in some cases of course they may have\nbeen inspired by the propaganda of isolated anarchist militants. Although\ntheir organisation opposed the movement officially, many members of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe UGT entered or organised collectives, as did republicans who\nsincerely wanted to achieve liberty and justice.\n17. Small land-owners were respected. Their inclusion in the\nconsumer's card system and in the collective trading, the resolutions\ntaken in respect to them, all attest to this. There were just two restric-\ntions: they could not have more land than they could cultivate, and\nthey could not carry on private trade. Membership of the collective", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwas voluntary: the \"individualists\" joined only if and when they were\npersuaded of the advantages of working in common.\n1 8. The chief obstacles to the collectives were :\n(a) The existence of conservative strata, and parties and organ-\nisations representing them. Republicans of all factions,\nSocialist of left and right (Largo Caballero and Prieto),\nStalinist Communists, and often the POUMists. (Before\ntheir expulsion from the Catalan government\u2014 the\nGeneralidad\u2014 the POUMISTS were not a truly revolution-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nary party. They became so when driven into opposition.\nEven in June 1937, a manifesto distributed by the Aragon\nsection of the POUM attacked the collectives). The UGT\nwas the principal instrument of the various politicians.\n(b) The opposition of certain small landowners (Catalan and\nPyrenean peasants).\n(c) The fear, even among some members of collectives, that\nthe government would destroy the organisations once the\nwar was over. Many who were not really reactionary, and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmany small landowners who would otherwise have joined\nthe collectives, held back on this account.\n(d) The open attack on the collectives : by which is not meant\nthe obviously destructive acts of the Franco troops wherever\nthey advanced. In Castile the attack on the Collectives\nwas conducted, arms in hand, by Communist troops. In\nthe Valencia region, there were battles in which even\narmoured cars took part. In the Huesca province the\nKarl Marx brigade persecuted the collectives. The Macia-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCompanys brigade did the same in Teruel province. (But\nboth always fled from combat with the fascists. The Karl\nMarx brigade always remained inactive, while our troops\nfought for Huesca and other important points; the Marxist\ntroops reserved themselves for the rearguard. The second\ngave up Vivel del Rio and other coal regions of Utrillos\nwithout a fight. These soldiers, who ran in panic before\na small attack that other forces easily contained, were\nintrepid warriors against the unarmed peasants) of the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncollectives).\n19. In the work of creation, transformation and socialisation, the\npeasant demonstrated a social conscience much superior to that of the\ncity worker.\nA Peasant Experiment\nH. E. K AM IN SKI'S article first appeared in his book Ceux de Barcelone\n{Paris 1937). Born in Germany, he died in France last year at the age\nof 75.\nThe village of Alcora has established \"libertarian communism\".\nOne must not think that this system corresponds to scientific theories.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLibertarian communism in Alcora is the work of the peasants who com-\npletely ignore all economic laws. The form which they have given to\ntheir community corresponds more in reality to the ideas of the early\nChristians than to those of our industrial epoch. The peasants want to\nhave \"everything in common\" and they think that the best way to achieve\nequality for all is to abolish money. In fact money does not circulate\namongst them any longer. Everybody receives what he needs. From", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwhom? From the Committee, of course.\nIt is however impossible to provide for five thousand people through\na single centre of distribution. Shops still exist in Alcora where it is\npossible to get what is necessary as before. But those shops are only\ndistribution centres. They are the property of the whole village and the\nex-owners do not make profits instead. The barber himself shaves only\nin exchange for a coupon. The coupons are distributed by the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCommittee. The principle according to which the needs of all the\ninhabitants will be satisfied is not perfectly put in practice as the coupons\nare distributed according to the idea that every body has the same needs\nThere is no individual discrimination; the family alone is recognised as\na unit. Only unmarried people are considered as individuals.\nEach family and person living alone has received a card It is\npunched each day at the place of work, which nobody can therefore leave", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe coupons are distributed according to the card. And here lies the\ngreat weakness of the system : for the lack hitherto of any other standard\nthey have had to resort to money to measure the work done. Everybody\nworkers, shopkeepers, doctors, receive for each day's work coupons to\nthe value of five pesetas. On one side of the coupon the word bread is\nwritten; each coupon is worth one kilogram. But the other side of the\ncoupon represents explicitly a counter-value in money. Nevertheless", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthese coupons cannot be considered as bank-notes. They can only be\nexchanged against goods for consumption and in only a limited quantity.\nEven if the amount of coupons was greater it would be impossible to buy\nmeans of production and so become a capitalist, even on a small scale,\nfor only consumer goods are on sale. The means of production are\nowned by the community. The community is represented by the Com-\nmittee, here called the Regional Committee. It has in its hands all the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmoney of Alcora, about a hundred thousand pesetas. The Committee\nexchanges the village products against products which it does not possess,\nand when it cannot obtain them by exchange it buys them. But money\nis considered as an unavoidable evil, only to be used as long as the rest\nof the world will not follow the example of Alcora.\nThe Committee is the pater jamilias. It possesses everything, it\ndirects everything, it deals with everything. Each special desire should", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbe submitted to it. It is, in the last resort, the only judge. One may\nobject that the members of the Committee run the risk of becoming\nbureaucrats or even dictators. The peasants have thought about that\ntoo. They have decided that the Committee should be changed at\nfrequent intervals so that every member of the village should be a\nmember for a certain period.\nThere is something moving about the ingenuity of all this\norganisation. It would be a mistake to see in it anything more than a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npeasant attempt to establish libertarian communism and unfair to criticise\nit too seriously. One must not forget that the agricultural workers and\neven the shopkeepers of the village have lived very poorly up till now.\nTheir needs are hardly differentiated. Before the revolution a piece of\nmeat was a luxury for them; only a few intellectuals living among them\nwish for things beyond immediate necessities. The anarchist-communism\nof Alcora has taken it nature from the actual state of things. As a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nproof, one must observe that the family card puts the most oppressed\nhuman beings in Spain, the women, under the complete dependence\nof men.\n\"What happens\", I ask, \"if somebody wants to go to the city for\nexample?\"\n\"It is very simple\", someone replies, \"He goes to the Committee\nand exchanges his coupons for money.\"\n\"Then one can exchange as many coupons as one wants for\nmoney?\"\n\"Of course not.\"\nThese good people are rather surprised that I understand so slowly.\n\"But when can one have money then?\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"As often as you need. You have only to tell the Committee.\"\n\"The Committee examines the reasons then?\"\n\"Of course\".\nI am a little terrified. This organisation seems to me to leave very\nlittle liberty in a \"libertarian communist\" regime. 1 try to find reasons\nfor travelling that the Alcora Committee would accept. I do not find\nvery much but I continue my questioning.\n\"If somebody has a fiancee outside the village will he get the money\nto go and see her?\"\nThe peasant reassures me : he will get it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"As often as he wants?\n\"Thank God, he can still go from Alcora to see his fiancee every\nevening if he wants to.\"\n\"But if somebody wants to go to the city to go to the cinema. Is\nhe given money?\"\n\"As often as he wants to?\"\nThe peasant begins to have doubts about my reason.\n\"On holidays, of course. There is no money for vice.\"\nI talked to a young, intelligent-looking peasant, and having made\nfriends with him, I took him to one side and said to him :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"If I proposed to give you some bread coupons would you exchange\nthem for money?\"\nMy new friend thinks for a few moments and then says : \"But you\nneed bread too?\"\n\"I don't like bread, I only like sweets. I would like to exchange\nall I earn for sweets.\"\nThe peasant understands the hypothesis very well, but he does not\nneed to think very long; he starts laughing.\n\"It is quite simple! If you want sweets you should tell the\nCommittee. We have enough sweets here. The Committee will give", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nyou a permit and you will go to the chemist and get them. In our\nvillage everybody receives what he needs.\"\nAfter this answer I had to give up. This peasants no longer live\nin the capitalist system, neither from a moral nor a sentimental point of\nview. But did they ever live in it?\nThe philosophy of the CNT is the anarcho-syndicalist philosophy\n. . . I had the good fortune to visit some of these CNT fishing towns,\nwhere the whole population lived in equality and where the catch", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwas divided equally among them. Except in Israel, I doubt very\nmuch whether there are any communities in the world which\nexpress the spirit of co-operation and of equality in the same\nmanner as did these villages I saw in Spain.\n\u2014 Fenner Brockway in the House of Commons 6/3/1958.\nAn issue of Anarchy from August 1961, focussing on the cinema, art and entertainment.\nA future for cinema? (Ward Jackson)\nThe anarchism of Jean Vigo (John Ellerby)\nMaking \u2018Circus at Clopton Hall\u2019 (Annie Mygind)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe animated film grows up (Philip Samson)\nMaking \u2018The Little Island\u2019 (Dick Williams)\nLuis Bunuel : reality and illusion (Rufus Segar)\nAnother look at Bunuel (Tristram Shandy)\nThe innocent eye of Robert Flaherty (C.)\nAnarchyNo.6.epub 100.6 KB\nAnarchyNo.6.mobi 125.85 KB\nAnarchyNo.6_text.pdf 3.23 MB\nA Future for Cinema?\nWhen Shirley Clarke made her screen version of The Connection in\nNew York a few months ago, she financed the production by methods", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfamiliar in (he theatre but almost untested in the cinema. A couple of\nhundred small investors took shares in the enterprise; they were given no\nHuarantee that they would ever see their money again, and there was no\nadvance commitment to a distributor. John Cassavetes' Shadows was only\nlompleted after money had been raised through a broadcast appeal.\nLionel Rotfosin went into the business of running a cinema to ensure that\nOn Ilia Howcry and Come Back, Africa got a showing in New York. In", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbrume, sttme young directors have been able to finance their films out of\nlegacies, money lent or given by parents or friends.\nNothing like this has yet happened in England \u2014 nor does it seem very\nlikely to happen. The hazards dogging the steps of young film-makers are\ntoo well known to need elaboration: costs of production, difficulty of\nttettinx a distribution guarantee, and so on. But these are largely the\nproblems of an industry geared to the production of commercial pictures;", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand people who are prepared to approach the cinema in a different way\u2014\nwho have, that is, a passionate and desperate concern \u2014 have found overseas\nthat it is possible not to fight an industrial system from within, but as\nnearly as possible to disregard it.\n\u2014 Sight & Sound, Summer 1961.\nTm: film as mass-entertainment has perished. Its place has been\ntaken by television, which has captured the middle -brows with BBC\nand the low-brows with ITV. That leaves only the high-brows, and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthey're no mass-market. Cinemas are being pulled down, or converted\ninto bowling-alleys, warehouses or bingo-dives all over the country.\nI wen the Empire, Leicester Square is coming down to make way for an\noffice block with an economically-sized cinema in the basement. Six\nthousand people petitioned the House of Commons on July 10th\nagainst the closing of the only cinema in Welwyn. Their time would\nhave been better employed in starting their own film society. The", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSlate Cinema. Leytonstone has turned itself into a club and film society\nwhich sells shares to members. With four paid employees, the rest\nof the work is done by volunteers.\nSpeaking under the double-breasted eagle in Grosvenor Square,\nDwight Macdonald recently pronounced the funeral oration for Holly-\nwood, and even if this was a little premature, it is true that the low-cost\nnon- Hollywood film instead of being a Cinderella, is becoming a welcome", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nproduct, if only because it helps to keep down cinema overheads. More\nand more of the surviving small cinemas are turning over to 'classics',\nshowing old films, foreign films, off-beat films, becoming in fact what\nare called in America (with a suitable sneer) 'art houses'. This, as well\nas the proliferation of film societies, and the existence of the National\nFilm Theatre fortifies the makers of films which would never find an\naudience in the old days of the mammoth super-cinema, and emboldens", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmanagements who find it is not necessary to insult the public's intelligence\nto get them into the cinema. Like a man under sentence of death,\nthe cinema is becoming bolder in its behaviour and thought.\nThe Rank Organisation with its near monopoly of large-scale\ndistribution, is slow to grasp the changed situation, the big production\ncompanies still dream of colossal epics, like the ill-fated Cleopatra, but\nit is still true that the amateur or near-amateur low-budget film (Come", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBack Africa, The Savage Eye, The Day) has a far greater chance today\nof getting distributed and covering its costs, than it did ten years ago.\nIn the United States the average weekly cinema attendance fell from\n85 millions in 1946 to less than 45 millions in 1958, but the number of\n'art houses' rose from about a dozen after the war to about 450 in 1959.\nIn France, the 'new wave' films, according to Jacques Siclier, \"were\nreally designed for the art houses, where the price of seats is lower than", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the circuit cinemas and where audiences are looking for something\nmore than entertainment\".\nTen years ago you may remember, Bernard Miles had to fight a\nbattle with the Rank Organisation through the Film Selection Committee\nto get a showing for his film Chance of a Lifetime (about a factory taken\nover by its workers), which had been refused exhibition since it was\n\"bad box office\". It wasn't a remarkable film but it was a good\ndeal better than The Angry Silence, and would have had more success", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSomeone described the present trend in the newspaper industry as\n\"Gresham's Law in reverse\" \u2014 the good driving out the bad, for a\nchange: the small-circulation 'quality' newspapers and weeklies gaining\nin circulation, while all but a few of the mass-circulation ones dwindle\nand disappear. This is happening in the film press too; the fan magazines\nhave gone out of business, but serious magazines devoted to the\ncinema grow in number : Sight and Sound, Definition, Films and Filming,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFilm, Motion, they all have something to say, and they are all serious\nabout it. Perhaps the same thing is going to happen in the industry\nitself. If it does, it will be thanks to that small minority of film makers\nand film goers who have already taken the cinema seriously.\nThis issue of Anarchy is about some of them. It is not an essay\nin film criticism. It is an attempt to describe the background and ideas\nof three great directors, Vigo, Bunuel and Flaherty, all of whom are", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlikely to have a particular interest to readers of this journal by virtue\nof the quality of the assumptions on which they acted. All three, you\nwill notice, throughout their working lives have suffered from the censorship,\nboth of governments and of distributors. If it were not for\nthe film society movement in different countries and for the minority\ncinemas and 'art houses', most of us would never have seen their films.\nWe have too, articles by the makers of two recent non-professional", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfilms, about their aims and the difficulties they encountered in realising\nthem. These difficulties are so immense, and the prospect of financial\nrecompense so slender, that such films can only be conceived as works\nof love. The rigor mortis of professionalism has not touched them.\nThe Anarchism of Jean Vigo\nFilms, when they leave the hands of those who make them, begin\na lil'e of their own. The life of most is extensive (on the cinema circuits)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nbut short, and their influence is shallow. The life of a few is intensive\n(in the specialised cinemas and film societies) but long, and their\ninfluence is deep, and can be seen as successive new generations get an\nopportunity to make films. Jean Vigo's Zero de Conduite and\nL'Atalanfe, the first banned by the French government after its first\nshowing in 1933, the second mutilated when it appeared in 1934,\nstarted a new life after the war, and have left traces in every new move-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nment in the post-war cinema. We saw it in the Italian 'neo-realist'\nschool (liicycte Thieves), in 'free cinema' (Together), in the 'Polish\nschool' {The Last Day of Summer), and in the French 'new wave' (Les\nQuatrc ( cuts Coups).\nThe revival of Vigo's films together in the same programme at the\nNational Film Theatre last month, provided an opportunity to look\nat (hem in a new light, that of the origins and personal life of the man\nwho made them. For when we saw them at the Academy Cinema in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe autumn of 1946 it was still said regretfully that \"extremely little\nis known of his life\", but a few years ago the results of the patient\nresearch of a Brazilian critic P. E. Sales Gomes were published,* and\napart from satisfying our curiosity about Vigo, they add considerably\nto our understanding of the films, which require from the audience\nsomething more than a passive receptiveness.\n\u2666Jean Vigo by P. E. Sales Gomes (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1957).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have to begin, not with Vigo, but with his father. Miguel\nAlmereyda (Eugene Bonaventure de Vigo) was born in the French\nPyrenees in 1883. His father died of tuberculosis at the age of 20, and\nhe was brought up by his grandparents until he rejoined his mother\nand stepfather (Gabriel Aubes, a photographer), whom he knew as\n'aunt' and 'uncle', at the age of fifteen. Soon after, he left alone for\nParis and was unemployed and hungny before finding work as a photo-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ngrapher's assistant. He frequented anarchist circles and found a close\nfriend in Fernand Despres, and his name was added to the files of\nPolice Commissioner Fouquet of the Troisieme Brigade. After being\nimprisoned for two months for the alleged theft of twenty francs, he\nadopted the name Almereyda (an anagram of 'y a (de) la merde\"), and\nfollowing the discovery of an unexploded 'bomb', a little box of photo-\ngraphic magnesium, in a public urinal, he was again arrested. The", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nofficial chemist declared on 26th June, 1901 that the explosive in the\nbox was an unknown formula of devastating power, and Almereyda\nwas sentenced to a year's imprisonment in the Juvenile Prison of La\nPetite Rocquette. The greater part of this sentence was served in\nsilence, semi-darkness and isolation. Almereyda, (writes Sales Gomes)\nwas never to forget the warders who would pretend to go away so as to\nsurprise the kids trying to talk to each other, and then hit them with their", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nenormous bunches of keys which they used as knuckledusters. One of them,\nnamed Comua, would move noiselessly past the open spy-holes in the cell\ndoors, and bash the youngsters' faces as they appeared.\nHis imprisonment did not go unnoticed. Laurent Tailhade wrote\nan article about him, and Fernand Despres sought the aid of a young\nanarchist painter Frances Jourdain, who in turn went to Severine,\nwidow of the Communard Jules Valles, and together they launched a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncampaign for his release but were only successful a month before the\nend of the sentence. A few months later Almereyda's name reappeared\nin Le Libertaire, at the foot of an anti-militarist manifesto, beside those\nof Sebastien Faure, Pierre Monatte, and others. In the spring of 1903\nhe met a couple, Phillipe Auguste, a sculptor and Emily Clero. Emily,,\nwho had several children who died in infancy, fell in love with\nAlmereyda and left Phillipe for him. In June 1904, the Dutch anar-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nchist Domela Niewenhuis organised an international anti-militarist\ncongress at Amsterdam at which Almereyda was one of the French\ndelegation, and out of this congress came the Association Internationale\nAntimilitariste, the French section of which organised a congress at\nSainte-Etienne in the following year.\nIn the middle of the preparations for it, Jean Vigo was born, on\nApril 25th, 1905 : the son, wrote Jourdain, \"of undernourished parents,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin a dirty little attic full of half-starved cats\" (which were a mania of\nAlmereyda's). They nicknamed the child Nono, after the hero of a\nchildren's story by Jean Grave, and he was carried around as a babv\nfrom meeting to meeting. After the congress, Almereyda and Gustave\nHcrve were tried and imprisoned at Clairvaux for calling on conscripts\nto revolt, and when liberated by an amnesty in July 1906, they founded,\nwith Eugene Merle, the weekly La Guerre Sociale, with socialist, anar-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nchist and trade-unionist editors. The paper's constant appeals to\nsoldiers led to a stream of arrests, and Almereyda was sentenced in\nApril \\ { H)H to two years' imprisonment for his praise of the mutiny at\nNarhonne. a further year for an article attacking the Moroccan expedi-\ntion, and a few weeks more for his insults to Clemenceau.\nMiguel Almereyda remained in prison until August 1909. In spite of his\nill health he immediately threw himself into the campaign in support of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI'lamisco Teiier, the teacher who had been condemned to death in Barcelona,\nI or several days La Guerre Sociale became a daily and Almereyda played\na prominent part in the demonstrations which culminated in a cortege of\nS00.000 people, led by Jean Jaures.\nNono, meanwhile, was sent to Montpellier, (where Gabriel Aubes\nhad opened a photographer's shop), and was given a respite from the\nhectic life which was ruining his parents' health. Almereyda was im-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nprisoned again during the railway strike of 1910, and in the following\nyear he had his head cut open by a policeman's sabre. Although his\npaper had been started with the aim of uniting the left wing in France,\nthere was a rift, first with the revolutionary syndicalists and then with\nthe anarchists. Sales Gomes remarks that \"as is usual in France, it\nslid from the social left to the political left\". The rupture between La\nGuerre Sociale and most of the anarchists was complete by October", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI'M 2. and in December Almereyda joined the Socialist Party, and in\nMarch l c M3, he and Merle left La Guerre Sociale to start a new paper\nLe llomwt Rouge, which became a daily a year later.\nWar broke out. Jaures was assassinated. The socialists, the syndi-\ncalists and the anarchists were all divided. Among the syndicalists,\nPierre Monatte resigned from the central committee of the CGT in\nprotest against the allegiance of the leaders to the \"Union Sacree\" of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nnational unity, but Gustave Herve, hitherto the most militant of the\nant i- militarists, went to the opposite extreme of bellicose chauvinism,.\nAmong the anarchists, Jean Grave of the Temps Nouveaux, supported\nthe war, Sebastien Faure of the Libertaire, opposed it. Le Bonnet\nRouge adopted an equivocal position of \"republican defence\", and,\naccording to Sales Gomes, received a secret subsidy from Malvy, the\nMinister of the Interior, as well as from a mysterious individual who", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmade frequent visits to Switzerland to bring back reports on German\na I fairs for the Surete\u2014 and was later executed as a German spy. Confi-\ndential documents were passed to the Bonnet Rouge for use in press\ncampaigns for the military policy favoured by Malvy's faction in the\ngovernment. Almereyda's style of life became more opulent. His\nenemies began to speak of his cars, houses, and mistresses. His anar-\nchist friends no longer visited him. Emily and Nono were installed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin a villa at Saint-Cloud, where the boy was sent to school, but he saw\nlittle of his parents. Almereyda's health became worse and he had\nfrequently to resort to morphine. His articles became short and few,\nbut the tone of the Bonnet Rouge became more and more pacifist, in\nthe sense of supporting the various interests, left and right, which sought\na negotiated peace. It published the appeals of Romain Rolland, and\nWilson's demand that the combatants should make known their peace", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nterms as a prelude to negotiations were received with enthusiasm, as\nwas the March revolution in Russia. Meanwhile, at the front,\nfrom the end of April to the end of June 1917, the situation became\nrevolutionary. Officers were shot, red flags raised, the soldiers sang the\nInternationale. It was learned at the front that Indo-Chinese soldiers had\nbeen ordered to fire on striking women workers in Paris, and mutineers were\nabout to march on Paris . . . These facts did not become generally known", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nuntil much later.\n(They are still not generally known, and according to a book to be\npublished next year, The French Army Mutinies, 1917, by John Williams,\nwhich describes the events and the massacre of the mutineers by Petain,\nthere is a \"strict official censorship on the whole subject which is still in\nforce\" \u2014 44 years later).\nAlmereyda was arrested at Saint-Cloud on August 6th. On the\n13th August he demanded to see a lawyer on the following day. But", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the morning he was found strangled in his cell. The autopsy showed\nthat he was already dying of peritonitis. An official statement said\nthat he died of a haemorrhage, a second statement a week later said he\ncommitted suicide. Examining the extensive literature of the case,\nSales Gomes concludes that there is little doubt that he was murdered\nby a common-law prisoner. But on whose orders? Jean Vigo was\nalways convinced that his father's death was on the orders of Clemenceau", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the course of his campaign against Caillaux and Malvy. The usual\nhypothesis was that it was instigated by Caillaux and Malvy because of\nthe damaging secrets held by the victim. Sales Gomes suggests that a\nsimpler explanation was the long-standing hatred between Almereyda\nand the police, who had been unable to settle their score with him while\nhe was protected by Malvy, but who now had him, sick and defenceless\nin their hands.\nIn the posthumous execration of Almereyda as a traitor, only one", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nvoice was raised in his defence, that of Gustave Herve. Called as a\nwitness in the Malvy case, Herve, now a bombastic nationalist, never-\ntheless denied the accusations levelled at his former comrade.\nJean Vigo was twelve years old. The young pacifist writer Jean\nde Saint-Prix (who himself had not long to live) saw him in a cafe,\n\"pale, sickly and taciturn\" and wrote to a friend, \"We write articles\nabout 'Jean Vigo' and the atrocious death of his father, without really", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthinking of this poor unhappy child. A lack of imagination\". Fernand\nDespres took the boy to the house of Gabriel Aubes at Montpellier,\nwhere he began to keep a diary, writing at the time of the Malvy trial,\n\"J'cd lu la deposition de man Tonton Herve sur mon pauvre petit pere,\nelle m'a fait plaisir\", and he wrote to thank Gustave Herve. Prudence\nmade it impossible for M. Aubes to send him to school at Montpellier,\nl he lycee at Ninics refused to accept him, so he was sent under the name", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof Jean Salles to the lycee at Millau, lodging at the week-end with the\ninnkeeper, and working in the holidays in the photographer's shop,\nthough Gabriel Aubes told him that there was more future in the job\nof cinema projectionist. In 1922 he went to live with his mother\nin Paris, attending the lycee at Chartres under his real name.\nVigo set about gathering information about his father \"seeking not\nonly to demonstrate that Almereyda had not been a traitor, but that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhe had never ceased to be a revolutionary\", but he only sought out the\nfriends of his father from the anarchist period before 1911. When\nho read Albert Monniot's book about his father he was not disconcerted,\nfor since the account given there of Almereyda's life from the period\nof Ic I Hurt aire to that of La Guerre Sociale was pure fantasy, he con-\nc hided that the rest of the story was also. Vigo became estranged from\nhis mother because of her refusal to participate in this cult of his\nlather's memory.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe left Chartres in 1925 for the Sorbonne, where he read ethics,\nsociology and psychology. Depressed and in poor health, and worried\nabout the question of military service which he was determined to avoid,\nhe read in the published correspondence of the young philosopher who\nhad observed his misery in 1917, the letter about himself, and felt that\nhe, his father and Jean de Saint-Prix were brothers in misfortune. He\nmade the acquaintance of the Saint-Prix family, confiding in them his", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninterest in the cinema, and his reflections on a remark of the film\ndirector Jean Epstein that \"This photography in depth reveals the angel\nthat, exists in man, like the butterfly in the chrysalis\".\nAt a sanatorium in Switzerland, where he was sent (thanks to the\nsame Fernand Despres and Francis Jourdain who had come to the aid\nof his lather) he met another patient Elisabeth Lozinska, the daughter\nof a Polish manufacturer, who became his wife, Lydou. They settled", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na I Nice, where Vigo had been promised a job as assistant cameraman\nin the FrancolFilm studios, and they moved into a house called Les\nDeux Frires, furnished by an anarchist veteran of the penal settlement\nof Devil's Island, Eugene Dieudonne. The job did not last, but Vigo\ncontinued to hang around the studios, until Lydou's father lent them\nsome money and bought them a cine camera. Vigo planned a documen-\ntary film about Nice, which he made with the cameraman Boris Kaufman", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwho came to live with them at Les Deux Freres. The film they made\nA I'ropos de Nice was first shown in Paris in May 1930. The method\nof the film, much of which was made with the camera concealed, was\nto contrast the life of the rich visitors at the casino with that of the\npoor inhabitants of the old city, the well-nourished limbs of the holiday-\nmakers playing on the beach with the stunted and crippled limbs of the\nslum children, the carnival with the cemetery (\"a bitter comment\",", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDudley Shaw Ashton remarks, \"on the unpopularity of funerals in\nmoney-making holiday resorts\"). Speaking in Paris on the theme Vers\nun Cinema Social, Vigo declared that\nIn this film, by interpreting the significant facts of the life of a town,\nwe are spectators of the trial of this particular world. Indeed, by displaying\nthe atmosphere of Nice and the kind of lives lived down there \u2014 and, alas,\nelsewhere \u2014 the film . . . (illustrates) the last gasps of a society whose neglect", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof its responsibilities makes you sick, and drives you towards revolutionary\nHe started a film society in Nice, Les Amis du Cinema, and in the\nfollowing year became a member of the committee of the Federation\nFranchise des Cine-Clubs. He was commissioned by Gaumont to make\na short documentary, for a sports series, on a champion swimmer, Jean\nTaris: it was made in a swimming-bath with port-holes in the sides,\nand the principle interest of the film is in the under- water shots made", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthrough these. After this, Vigo and his friend the Belgian director\nHenri Storck sought in vain for work at the studios, and he had to sell\nhis camera to pay for Lydou's confinement. Their daughter was born\nin June 1931, and in the following winter he was asked to submit a\nscript for another sports film, on the tennis champion Cochet. Sales\nGomes describes the scenario which Vigo and Charles Goldblatt pre-\npared, in which crowds of children invade the tennis court with a variety", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof improvised ball games, ending with a satire on the adulation of\nsporting heroes.\nThe subject became simply a point of departure to which Vigo attached\na theme which was close to his heart: respect for a child and its freedom.\nHe liked sport but suspected all discipline imposed from outside and saw\ngroup gymnastics simply as military training. In his eyes sport consisted\nin a harmonious development from children's play, (as in the scenario where", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCochet shows the children how to strike the ball with more economy of\neffort and skill), and must be self-selected by the child in complete freedom.\nThe script was accepted by Gaumont, but at the last minute was\nturned down again.\nThen in the summer of 1932 he met a businessman and horse-breeder\nJacques-Louis Nounez who was an admirer of Chaplin and Rene Clair,\nand wanted to produce middle-length comic and fictionalised document-\nary films. Vigo prepared at his request, a script about the Camargue", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwhich was abandoned, but the next choice was the film which Vigo\nwanted to make about school children, which became Zero de Conduite\n\"nought for conduct.\" The film was made, working against time\nover the Christmas holiday in a Gaumont studio hired for a fortnight\nand the exterior shots were done at the school at Saint-Cloud which\nVigo had attended. As to the 'story' of the film, let us borrow the\nsummary from Roger Manvell's book:\nThis film has a theme rather than a story. The theme is the revolt of a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nnumber of boys against the repression of narrow discipline and evil living\nconditions in a sordid little French boarding-school. It is realistic in so far\nas these conditions (the dormitory, the classrooms, the asphalt playground\nwith its sheds and lavatories, and leafless trees) are faithfully observed. But\nit is non-realistic (or, more surely surrealistic) in its presentation of human\nrelations. The masters are seen from the distorted viewpoint of the boys", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthemselves; the Junior Master is a 'sport', so he develops into an acrobat\nwho stands on his head in the classroom, imitates Charlie Chaplin and,\nwhen he takes the boys out for an airing, leads them in the pursuit of a\ngirl down the street.\nThe Vice-Principal is tall, darkly dressed, and elaborately sinister in his\nbroad-brimmed hat. He sneaks round the school, purloining and prying.\nMe minces round the Principal, who is represented as a dwarf with a big", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nblack beard and a bowler hat. He is a dwarf because they fear him and his\nfinal authority over them. An interview with one boy culminates in a\nferocious scream and melodramatic lighting, for the Principal possesses, or\nseems to possess, the magical powers of a witch-doctor.\nThe plan for the revolt passes through various phases or episodes,\nculminating first of all in the major revolt at night in the dormitory and\nI hen later in the shambles on Speech Day, which is a celebration attended", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nby local officials dressed either like ambassadors or firemen. The dormitory\nrevolt has the beauty of a pagan ritual touched with imagery which the boys\nhave learned from the Catholic Church. It begins with a pillow fight, then\npasses into a processional phase shot in slow motion as the boys move in\nformation, their nightshirts looking like vestments and the feathers from\n(heir torn pillows pouring over them in ritual blessing. And it ends finally", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the morning, when the ineffectual dormitory master is strapped to his\nbed, which is tilted on end so that he leans forward in sleep like the effigy\nof a saint put over an altar . . . The revolt in the playground on Speech Day\ncloses the film with a riot of schoolboy anarchy.\nVigo used only three professional actors. The boys were mostly\nchildren from the 19th arrondissement, an intimate 'East End' district\nof Paiis, and other parts were played by painters and poets of his", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nacquaintance. The Prefect of Police was played by Gonzague-Frick,\nan anarchist poet, friend and executor of Laurent Tailhade the defender\nin !*><>! of the young Almereyda. The fireman was played by Raphael\nDiligent, cartoonist of La Guerre Sociale, Henri Storck played the priest*\nthe assistant directors were Albert Riera and Pierre Merle (son of\nAlmeivyda's colleague). The music was written by Maurice Jaubert.\nSales (iomes relates the episodes in the film to the incidents of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nVino's schooldays at Millau and Chartres. The boy's names are those\nof his own school friends, their individual sorrows and persecutions\nwore those of the son of Almereyda. But there are also reminders of\nthe life of Vigo's father and the experience of the Children's Prison of\nLa Petite Rocquette, which Almereyda had described in Le Libertctire\nand in L'Assiette au Beurre. And when the persecuted boy Tabard\nturns and bursts out \"Monsieur le professeur, je vous dis merde!\" he", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nechoes a famous challenge addressed to the government which Almereyda\nhad published in La Guerre Sociale, headed in large type, Je Vous Dis\nMerde.\nSome critics have emphasised the allegorical character of the film,\nnoting the significance of the pulling down of the national flag and the\nhoisting by Tabard of the skull and crossbones. Andre Bazin observed\nthat \"for Vigo the school is nothing less than society itself,\" and George\nBarbarow wrote :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Conspiracy about hidden marbles is transformed into the whole\nroutine of revolt. The dormitory aisle becomes a public square, the Procla-\nmation is read to the assembling mob, the mob turns into a riot and battle\nwith the police (the pillow fight).\nOthers have seen it as a film about childhood entirely bereft of the\nusual sentimentalities, but at the same time full of a lyrical tenderness.\nSales Gomes notes the completely different tone of the critics of 1933,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwhen after a few showings the film was banned from public performance\nin France, and those of 1945 when the ban was lifted. The key\nadjectives in 1933 were words like hateful, violent, destructive, perverse,\nobscene, scatological. In 1945 and the succeeding years the phrases\nused were 'intense poetic force', 'delicious poetic satire', 'incredible\nrichness of invention'. You would not think they were talking about\nthe same film.\nWhile Zero de Conduit e was still in the course of production,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNounez and Vigo were discussing what to make next. Vigo thought\nof a film to be called Le Metro, about a man who worked in a room\noverlooked by the overhead railway, who spent his Sundays travelling\nby train so as to see his room from the outside. He wrote the shooting\nscript of a film to be adapted from a circus story by Georges de La\nFouchardiere, an old anarchist and pacifist novelist. But the project\nwhich he most cherished, and for which preliminary arrangements were", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmade was the film about the penal colony, based on the life of Eugene\nDieudonne, the anarchist who had been sentenced to death before the\nwar and whose sentence had been commuted to one of life imprisonment.\n(After twelve years he had been released thanks to the efforts of Albert\nLondres). Meanwhile Zero de Conduite had appeared and had been\nbanned. Nounez had lost the money invested in it and there was no\nmore question of the Devil's Island film. Indeed a journalist, interview-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ning the secretary of the film control commission asked whether / am a\nFugitive from a Chain Gang (Mervyn Leroy's film which had just\nappeared) would have been permitted had it been made in France, and\nreceived the answer \"Probably not. The representative of the Minister\nof Justice would have been opposed to its presentation.\" The next\nproposal was a scenario about an international congress of tramps, but\nthis idea \"would have given too much encouragement to Vigo's non-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nconformism. and this no doubt was the reason why it was discarded\".\nThe final choice was an original scenario by Jean Guinee, with the title\nVigo kept the bare bones of this story \u2014 a typical French film script\nof the period, about the skipper of a motor barge on the Seine and his\nvillage bride, who is attracted by the bright lights of the city, where her\nunimaginative husband will not stay long enough for her to see the\nshops and impetuously embarks without her until, after grief and loneli-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nness they are re-united. But he added immensely to this slight and\nsentimental story with two splendidly realised characters \u2014 Pere Jules\nthe mate, played by Michel Simon, who comes to life in quite a different\nway from the platitudinous homely philosopher of the original script:\nand the peddler, played by Gilles Margaritis, who, as magician, trick-\nrye list, one-man-band and tumbler, attracts the bride with the promise\nof the glitter and wonder of the world of the city. The film is full of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nstrange and beautiful episodes, right from the opening shots when Jean\nand Juliette, the newly-married couple, walk from the village, along\nholds and unmade roads to the place where the barge is moored, with\nthe relations following two-by-two at a disapproving distance. Or the\nscene where Pere Jules and the ship's boy are in the cabin and Pere\nJules is trying to operate the gramophone he has assembled from bits\nand pieces. He puts his finger-nail on the record idly and it appears", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn play, (the boy is playing the accordion on his knee). He stops, more\nintrigued than astonished, and the boy stops. He stops again but the\nboy does not stop in time. The deception dawns on Pere Jules and\nhe turns to the boy: \"There are plenty of more remarkable things\nthan playing a record with your finger. Take electricity: do you know\nhow that works? Or the radio?\" And the scene where, miles apart,\nJean and Juliette turn and toss in their beds, full of desire and remorse.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n< )r where Jean, remembering the bit of country lore she has told him,\nI hat if you open your eyes under water you see your lover's face, dives\ninto the river and swims (like Taris) below the surface, while the image\nof Juliette in her long bridal dress, floats, out of reach, around him.\nOr the sad, grey beauty of the riverside scenes in the half industrial,\nhalf agricultural region of northern France, reminiscent, as Elie Faure\nnoted, of the landscapes of Corot.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMost of the technicians and some of the cast of L'Atalante were\nVigo's friends from Zero de Conduite. Jean Baste who played the\nskipper had been Hugnet, the 'sport' among the schoolmasters of the\nearlier film, Louis Lefevre, the ship's boy was the \"terror of the 19th\narrondissement\" who had played Caussat in Zero. Again he drew upon\nold friends of Almereyda, like Diligent and Fanny Clar of La Guerre\nSociale for the small parts. Francis Jourdain, the painter and faithful", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfriend of Vigo's father, designed the sets; even the film's editor Louis\nChavance, was a young technician of anarchist sympathies. Two well-\nknown players were employed : Dita Parlo as Juliette, (she later played\nthe peasant woman in Renoir's La Grande Illusion), and Michel Simon\nwhose Pere Jules was the finest performance of his career. When Simon\nwas asked by Albert Riera to take the part, he was asked who Vigo\nwas, and on being told he was the maker of a film banned by the censor-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nship, replied, \"Oh! Bravo, ]e suis tres content.\".\nIn the script Pere Jules had a mongrel, but Vigo replaced it by a\ndozen of the stray cats beloved by Almereyda. Pere Jules has a cabin\nfull of bizarre souvenirs (\"trouve a Caracas pendant la revolution\") at\nwhich Juliette stares wide-eyed with wonder. His conversation with\nher, half-boasting, half-seducing, his evocation of exotic placenames,\nhis expertise with her sewing-machine which astonishes her (though we", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nguess where he learned to use it) suggest that he is a man with a past.\nInscribed among the nudes tattoed on his body are the initials of the\nslogan M or t-aux-V aches, the old war-cry of the downtrodden, taken up\nby the anarchists in the eighteen-nineties.\nSome critics see a diminishing of Vigo's social criticism in this film,\nbut this simply reflects the habit of labelling films as \"social comment\" or\n\"love story\", a habit which blinded critics to the tenderness of Zero", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nde Conduite as much as to the social awareness of L'Atalante. Vigo\ndid not see the troubled heart as a separate thing from the struggle for\nexistence. When Juliette has her purse snatched and cannot buy a\nticket back to the barge, the pitiful half-starved thief is chased and half-\nlynched by the well-nourished citizens in a scene which as Sales Gomes\nnotes \"curiously recalls the illustrations by anarchist artists like Steinlen,\nGrandjouan and Gassier in the years before 1914\". When she looks", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin vain for a job in Paris, we see the real queues of unemployed standing\nin the snow with the police ever on hand to prevent disorder. Jean is\nsent for at Le Havre by the barge owners and would have lost his job\nbut for Pere Jules who blusters and frightens the bureaucrat in the\nshipping office.\nThe film was shown to the press and the distributors in Paris on\nApril 25th 1934. Gaumont, alarmed by the unenthusiastic reception\nby the trade, urged Nounez to make alterations, and the film was re-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nedited with a popular song Le Chaland qui Passe tacked on, the film\nwas renamed with this title, and Jaubert's music mutilated. Jean Vigo\nonly saw the film once. He died later in the year at the age of 29,\nand his wife whose health had been as precarious as his own, died in\nThe film was not restored to its original form until 1940.\nHis last public act was to sign a manifesto circulated after the fascist\nriots of February 1934, and signed by supporters of all factions of the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nleft beside his signature were those of Pierre Monatte who had signed\nan earlier revolutionary manifesto with Miguel Almereyda in 1902,\nand Ellie Faure who had helped to pay Almereyda's fare to Amsterdam\nVigo left four films, with a total running time of no more than 3 and a half\nhours. All his work was done in a hurry, working against the clock,\nand against continual ill-health, and always short of money. \"One\nsomehow feels,\" Roy Edwards remarked, \"that despite the devotion of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIns friends and his wife, not only Vigo's childhood but his whole life\nwas a sort of improvisation\". But generations of directors have learned\nfrom the films, ignored by the big distributors and circulated by the\nfilm societies and cine clubs. Seeing once more the scene in L'atalante\nwhen Jean rushes blindly out to the sea at Le Havre, we are reminded\nof Fellini's use of similar imagery in La Strada and more recently in La\nDolce Vita, or of Truffaut's in Les Quatre Cents Coups, or Konwicki", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand Laskowski's in The Last Day of Summer. Seeing Zero de Conduite\nonce more, we think above all of Vittoria de Sica's Sciuscia, Bicycle\nThieves, and Miracolo a Milano.\nAnd reading the biography by Sales Gomes we are struck by the\nfidelity of Jean Vigo to the anarchist milieu which his father frequented\nbefore he was stifled in the cess-pool of French politics. Following the\nauthor's hint I looked up the old collection of articles Les Feuilles de", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nd'Axa with Steinlen's illustrations. Here is the barefoot child gazing\nin (he shoe-shop, like the contrasts in Nice, or like Juliette looking\nwistfully in the luxury shops of Paris, here is the hungry thief chased\nand half-lynched by the good citizens, here are the lines of workers out-\nside (he factories guarded by police, here the imprisoned children.\nThe earlier critics of Vigo saw in him a certain prurience or disgust\nat the physical world of sex and bodily functions. Later they discovered", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ninstead an extreme tenderness and lyricism, which they regarded as a\ndevelopment from his anarchism. Dudley Shaw Ashton for instance,\nwrites that \"L'Atalante has a warm adult attitude to sex which I have\nnot found in any other film. In UAtalante there is no longer anarchy,\nthe revolution which it advocates is a constructive one.\"\nBut isn't this anarchy too?\nMaking Circus at Clopton Hall\nCircus at Clopton Hall is a film about three children who live on", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nan old abandoned farm in East Anglia; in this world of empty barns\nand overgrown cart-tracks where the sound of the wind in the corn\nand grasses is broken only by jets overhead, they create their own world\nof the circus. Their friends some from the village and join them in\nacts of skill and daring: clowns and acrobats with made-up faces,\ngrotesquely inspired clothes and attitudes, contrasting with the world\nthey live in, and yet very much of it, because of their joy in fantasy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand make-believe. This filmic shaping of an actual event is achieved\npartly through the commentary and music. In the commentary the\neldest girl, now grown up, remembers her childhood and with a mature\nchild's eye, understands that time. The musical themes again interpret\nand counterpoint her realisation.\nAsk any artist why he writes, paints, composes, acts, dances or\nplays an instrument and he will reply \"Because through this medium\nwhich I love and sometimes hate, I can master what I have to say. 9 '", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is an element of compulsion, like climbing Everest because it's\nANNIE MYGIND and DENIS LOWSON made the film Circus at\nClopton Hall which was shown twice in the programmes of experimental\nfilms at the National Film Theatre last May. The BBC made an offer\nfor it, but it is now being blown up to 35mm. and will be distributed by\nGala Films.\nthere, but more than Everest : the artist's material is life, human relations\nin society as it is and as it might be, understanding of the forces that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nshape us, transcending them with a vision of inner reality as against\nimposed realities.\nNow we had a theme on our very doorstep. Clopton Hall was once\ntypical of the Suffolk scene: a small farmhouse surrounded by barns,\nstables and granaries, the land around farmed with horses, the occupants\ncentred on themselves and self-sufficient. The character of the land-\nscape (mixed farming, gently wooded) and the pattern of living remained\nunchanged until mechanisation replaced horses, made larger farms", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npossible, extended the fields and with modern machinery scraped every\npenny out of the soil. Agriculture became fully industrialised, and now\ndepended on large capital accumulation for further progress, and with\nthe ruthlessness inherent in such a situation, trees were blasted, ditches\nfilled, and products of the chemical industry upset the balance of\nnature. Clopton was the shell of the old order: its land was merged\nwith an expanding farm, but the old yellow house still remained, sur-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nrounded by high black barns, stables and outhouses. Now the old\nequipment rusts away, the waggons rot, the obsolete ploughs and culti-\nvators lie deep in nettles, tall weeds and cowparsley invade the granaries,\nbut the silence is piercingly torn by the Vulcan and Vampire jet planes\nthat shriek across the sky, now and then, unexpectedly.\nThis was the setting of the children's games : a strange microcosm\nof nostalgic beauty and ruthless destruction. But given the chance,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nchildren are makers. The piggeries and harness-rooms become fort-\nresses, palaces, magic caves. Nettles and weeds and the stalking cat\nbecame impenetrable jungles full of wild animals, the pond an ocean\nto be conquered. An improvised trapeze became ... a circus, and that\ngame in particular grew and developed. All the resources of the old\nhouse were drawn upon, a battered top-hat, ostrich plumes, an old gramo-\nphone horn became an elephant's trunk. With such materials and later", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwith their friends from the village school, clowning, daring and grotesque\n'acts' that so vividly reflected their reaction to the world around them,\nbecame a constant theme in their games. And thus the Circus was born.\nThis was a visual theme all right, but painting (our medium) couldn't\nwholly contain those elements that were most poignant and telling: it\nwas more than a moment of time in perspective, it was a whole moving\nsequence \u2014 a developing theme like music, with antithesis and counter-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\npoint and resolution. So by a bit of luck and a little previous exper-\nience with a camera, the theme determined the medium. The luck was\nmeeting Lindsay Anderson. His reaction was immediate: \"For Christ's\nsake, man, artists are needed in films; if this moves you, make something\nof it. Don't be afraid because you lack experience \u2014 just shoot what-\never you damn well like yourselves; don't give a bugger for continuity:\nabove all don't let the professionals intimidate you.\" Then help sprang", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nup on all sides, like the lush weeds around Clopton; a Bolex (Walter\nLassally's); reduced rate stock from the British Film Institute, John\nFletcher as a cameraman, and with a capital of \u00a340 (insurance money\non a lost heirloom) we started.\nProduction Diary\nMay 1957. Prepared a treatment which stated the theme : the landscape,\nchildren on the farm, birth of circus, climactic circus sequence, end at\ndusk, children trailing up to house. Darkened landscape. No concept\nof soundtrack.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJune 1957, Selection of setups., much drawing, puzzling out elementary\ncontinuity, i.e. child going left-right in one shot must continue that way\nnext shot if seen from same angle. Prepared shooting script \u2014 and\nbreakdowns.\nJuly 1957. John Fletcher and his wife arrive for 10 days shooting,\nmainly opening shots of landscape, children alone on farm and village\nchildren arriving. We realised the nail-biting patience needed in the\nEnglish summer \u2014 the high North Sea clouds scudding across the sun", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nsent stomachs into knots. Handling the children's flow of enthusiasm,\nwhich might evaporate just as the sun showed a steady course. Time\nallowed only brief contact with the circus sequence itself \u2014 enough to\nrealise that it would be much, much more difficult to capture than we\nfirst thought. Total footage shot: 1,000 ft.\nRushes viewed in London. Comment from Karel Reisz: \"The\nbest 16mm rushes I've seen.\" (Good for John Fletcher). Murmur\nfrom group during projection, \"They will pan, these beginners.\" Reisz", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nagain says, \"You people should stop being painters and become film\nmakers.\" But how to interpret that?\nAll money spent. Advised to send just one reel of rushes with\ntreatment and still photographs to the British Film Institute Experi-\nmental Committee, in the hope that they would help us to finish.\nSept. 1957, B.F.I.E.C. met and refused help.\nChristmas 1957. Alex-Jacobs viewed the material on a moviescop,\nbecame tremendously enthusiastic \u2014 long discussions on how to present", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nit again to the Committee. Should have been edited in the first place.\nDecided to do that.\nFebruary 1958. Committee met, and made a grant of \u00a370 to finish\nthe shooting.\nMarch 1958. Long search for a new cameraman (Fletcher being in India\nby now). Finally met John Armstrong who was prepared to put in\ntwelve days shooting.\nEaster 1958. Late spring \u2014 not a leaf on the trees. Decided to concen-\ntrate on Circus sequence taking care to avoid any background that would", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nreveal the bare branches. Shot act upon act upon act. Children highly\nco-operative and prepared to repeat 2-3 times \u2014 flattery played its part.\nMore definite division of labour between us \u2014 one with the children\ncooking up new ideas, one with cameraman. Moments of rebellion\non children's part gave excellent material. Results showed that acts\nconsciously devised were worthless \u2014 lacked their own spontaneous\nspark. But we got the Circus in the can.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJune and July 1958. The wettest, stormiest and most thundery summer.\nLouis Wolfers, our third cameraman came up weekend after weekend\nand no shooting possible. Started cutting the circus material and fell\ninto the trap of becoming literal in assembly. Lindsay Anderson\nadvised us to look at Zero de Conduite, which we projected four or five\ntimes (without sound) and this dispersed all fears. Constant destruction\nof our own material gradually revealed the joys of editing \u2014 and achieved", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe state where shots wove in and out of the moviscop like magic, and\nthe response of movement to movement showed the essence of film : it\nis visual music.\nAugust 1958. Request from British Film Institute for material to show\nCommittee at one day's notice \u2014 at the point where we had just peeled\nthe whole thing apart for the fourth time. Assembled prize shots in\nrough sequence, working through the night. Informed three days later\nthat they could support us no further.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSept. 1958. One fine weekend got the rest in the can \u2014 audience re-\nactions, end shots, a few reconstructions of circus acts to amplify the\noriginal material.\nOct.-Nov. 1958. Fully concentrating on editing \u2014 it could now take\nshape as a whole. Seen by Jimmy Burns Singer the writer and poet,\nwho asked to write the commentary. Then he fell ill and disappeared\nfrom England for several months. Secretary of the B.F.I, promised\nsupport when plans for sound were made.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDecember 1958. Wrote to Benjamin Britten in Aldeburgh hoping he\nmight advise on music \u2014 special interest of Suffolk scene and children's\ncreative effort. Our highly- beloved secondhand projector broke down,\nbut he had seen enough to say he liked it and had ideas of using his\nown childhood compositions. Arranged further meeting with hired\nprojector.\nJanuary 1959. Britten too fell ill \u2014 commitments, including our tenta-\ntive one, cut.\nFebruary to September 1959. Moved to London and searched for the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncommentary writer and composer. Many meetings with no results.\nFinally Philip O'Connor and Roy Teed appeared. Here a curious\nintuition was at work: one felt with them both that they understood\nwhat we had said visually, would be able to interpret, amplify and guide\nwith their own media: it was now or never. Words and music by now\non paper. No response to letters from B.F.L\nNovember 1959. Rehearsed commentary with an actress friend. When\nready to record. Bob Allen, the sound technician was called abroad.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMarch 1960. Finances very shaky, so far all the work had been done\non a very thin shoestring. Unexpected legacy from an aunt put things\non a firmer basis \u2014 inner conviction that this film might get a wider\nviewing could now be indulged \u2014 and we went the whole hog on sound.\nFirst-rate musicians and professional studio for the music recording.\nSeptember I960. Laid the tracks in professional cutting room with help\nfrom friendly professionals. No great difficulties as it had all been", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nplanned to the half -second with a stopwatch. Mounting tension\u2014 it is\nnot possible to see and hear the thing as a whole till the moment it is\nbeing recorded on to one final track in the 'dubbing' session, after which\nit cannot be changed anyway. Was our concept of the three interacting\nelements\u2014 visual, words and music going to come off? Immediate\nreaction was one of enormous relief.\nOctober 1960. The whole lot to the laboratories for negative cutting", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand production of the final print. Many headaches\u2014 inaccurately cut\nnegative, scratches, bad printing. But they were solved in the end\nNovember 1960. Party to celebrate, inviting all those who had made\nthe him possible, many probably thinking they would never see an end\nresult. A good party : they liked the film.\nNow what after all this is our evaluation of our concept and its final\nresult? Two apparently contradictory discoveries were made. First", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthat in spite of necessary changes in the making, the original idea\nremained constant. But secondly, we discovered the reality of the idea\nin the film medium itself, during the actual making\u2014 perhaps mostly\nin the cutting. The relation of child to environment, of child to child\nthe rhythm and pace of ideas that resolve conflict. We made mistakes\nand are ourselves highly critical of some aspects of the film Never\nmind! For we were not concerned to record a series of events, however", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncolourful, with a camera, to explain it with words, give it body with\nmusic. No, one must do more than that. And next time, do it better \u00bb\n\"What am 1? Who am I? What do I\nfeel and how do I look? Am I as\nright as the girl in the book? Once\nyou get the right perspective you can\nbe sure of the right directive: I mean\nif you're upside down there's only\none thing right and that's the . . .\nCLOWN\".\nThe Animated Film Grows Up\nHave you ever heard an English cinema audience applaud and boo a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfilm? It is extremely unlikely that you have, for the films which would\nprovoke such an un-English demonstration are few and far between.\nThe usual audience reaction as a film ends is a relieved silence \u2014 relieved\nbecause either the boy has got the girl in spite of all the misunderstand-\nings and there is a happy ending, or, if the film finishes 'unhappily', the\nrelease of tension and the end of a harrowing experience is a relief.\nRarely, however, is a film strong enough to call for opposition as", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwell as applause from the audience. The fact that The Little Island\nproduced that effect, at least on the occasion when I saw it at the\nCurzon cinema, is an indication of its power. The Little Island is a\ncartoon film, but if that makes you think of Disney, Bugs Bunny, or\neven UPA, I must hasten to tell you that the only thing in common\nbetween them is that they have all been drawn by hand and do not\nemploy live actors for the visual image. One may as well think of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnnigoni and Picasso as having something in common because they\nboth use paint and canvas.\nThe Little Island runs for half an hour, which is long for a cartoon,\nand tells the story of three men who land on an island and proceed to\nhave an argument. Simple enough, except that they represent Good,\nTruth and Beauty and into that half-an-hour is packed, in symbolic form,\na statement of man's accumulation of knowledge and the struggle\nbetween goodness and beauty \u2014 both of which become transformed in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe course of their conflict into monstrous machines of destruction. That\nis all the film is\u2014 a statement. Dick Williams, who made it, assures\nme that it has no message; it was something he wanted to say. There\ncan be few statements which have been made so forcibly.\nFor sheer invention in colour, pattern, form and movement (the\nfourth [abstract] graphic dimension which only the cine camera can\noffer an artist), this must be one of the wittiest serious statements ever", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmade, with biting comments on art collectors and the babel of art\ncriticism, on the church with its prudery and readiness to resort to\nviolence, and on the detached and objective scientist who realises too\nlate what he has done and settles the argument once and for all. The\ntension and the terror built up in this last section is the equal of any I\nhave ever felt in the cinema.\nDick Williams who made The Little Island is a twenty-eight-year\nold Canadian who came to this country in 1954. He worked day and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nnight, accumulating heavy debts, and when things got too bad produced\nTV commercials to buy more time for The Little Island. He could\nobviously make a fortune the easy way in TV advertising, but preferred\nto make his statement the hard way. It took him two and a half years\nto pay off the debts he incurred in making the film.\nYet although his was obviously the drive and conviction which\nhas made The Little Island what it is, he would be the first to admit", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhow much he owes to a handful of good friends who worked with him\nor helped and encouraged him through the three years of labour on\nthis film; the dark despairing days as well as the days of hilarity and\nhigh enthusiasm. Most important among these for the finished result\nand the success of the film is Tristram Cary who provided the brilliant\nmusical score which matches in wit and invention the visual imagery.\nMaking the Little Island\nmusical score which matches in wit and invention the visual imagery", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLuis Bunuel: Reality and Illusion\nBunuel is a man as old as this century.\nshow both his age and the year.\n1. FACT\nThus the numbers below\n00 February 22 born at Calanda, Zaragoza, Aragon.\n12 \"Bachillerato\" Jesuit school, Zaragoza.\n17 Madrid, Student Residence.\n18 Agronomic Engineering School.\n20 Literature and philosophy at Central University.\n23 Degree and Paris.\n24 Assistant editor in French film laboratories.\n26 With Jean Epstein, assistant director Mauprat (George Sand),", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLa Sirene des Tropiques, with Josephine Baker.\n27 First assistant on La Chute de la Maison Usher /The Fall\nof the House of Usher.\n28 First film as director UN CHIEN ANDALOU, Paris.\n30 L'AGE D'OR, also written with Salvador Dali. Contract\nwith Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Hollywood, 1,000 pesos per\nannum. Incinerates the contract after three months, and\nback to France.\n32 Spain, LAS HURDES/TERRE SANS PAIN/LAND\nWITHOUT BREAD, a documentary on poverty.\n33 Paris, with Pierre Unik, a script for a surreal Le Haute de", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHurlevent/Wuthering Heights. Fire at studios, produced:\n35 Don Quintin El Amargao/The Bitter Man and La Hija de\nJuan Simon/ Juan Simon's Daughter.\n36 Quien Me Quiere a Mi I Who Loves Me and Centinela\nA lerta I A I erf Sentinel\n37 Civil War. Edited newsreels including ESPANA LEAL EN\nARMAS. A sound version of LAS HURDES in Paris.\n38 to 41 Collaborated on documentaries at Museum of Modern\nArt, New York, including TEJIDOS CANCEROSOS/\nCANCEROUS TISSUES and AVES EMIGRATORIAS/\nMIGRATING BIRDS.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n41 Six year contract with Warner Brothers, laboratory work.\n47 Mexico, prepared La Casa de Bernard a Alba j The House of Bernarda Alba,\n48 Mexico, GRAN CASINO.\n49 EL GRAN C ALAVERA/ THE GREAT MERRYMAKER.\n50 LOS OLVID ADOS/ THE FORGOTTEN ONES/THE\nYOUNG AND THE DAMNED, Directors' Prize, Cannes\nFilm Festival. \"The only film I am responsible for since\nTERRE SANS PAIN.\n51 SUSAN A, LA HIJA DEL ENGADO, UNA MUJER SIN\nAMOR /WOMAN WITHOUT LOVE, SUBIDA AL\nCIELO.\n52 EL BRUTO/THE BRUTE, with Pedro Armendariz and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nKaty Jurado\nROBINSON CRUSOE, with Dan O'Herlihy and James\nFernandez.\nEL /HE, with Arturo de Cordova and Delia Garces.\n53 ABISMOS DE PASION/WUTHERING HEIGHTS (not\nthe version of 33).\n54 LA ILLUSION VIAJA EN TR AN VI A /ILLUSION\nTRAVELS BY STREETCAR. EL RIO Y LA MUERTA/\nTHE RIVER AND DEATH.\n55 THE CRIMINAL LIFE OF ARCHIBALDO DE LA\nCRUZ. CELA S'APPELLE L'AURORE.\n56 LA MORT EN CE JARDIN, with Simone Signoret, Georges\nMarchse and Charles Vanel, made in France and Mexico.\n58 NAZARIN.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n59 LA FIEVRE MONTE A EL PAO, with Gerard Philipe,\nJean Servais and Maria Felix (Philipe's last film).\n60 THE YOUNG ONE, with Zachary Scott.\n61 Asked by Cuban Institute of Film Art and Industry to pre-\npare two films The Failures of Providence Street and The\nYoung Hero and plans twenty films using scripts by such\nwriters as Jean- Paul Sartre and Francoise Sagan.\nReturns to Spain and makes VIRIDIANA. Awarded\nGolden Palm at Cannes Festival.\n2. FANTASY", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe above information is hard and real, the skeleton of the man,\nhooked on to time and the work pinned down in hard type. Treasure\nit, preserve it, copy it, blow it up into a photomural. Regard it, remem-\nber to remember it, tear it out and put it in your wallet. Act on it,\nsubvert your way into the nearest film society and rig the ballot and run\na programme of Bufiuel, not for the others but just for yourself. Spend\nall your money on hiring projectors and what copies you can get your\nhands on*.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2666The key to this and boundless information is the British Film Institute. 81 Dean\nstreet, London W.I., who have a warm, cheerful and most helpful staff who can\ntell you who has what film and what size, how much, and how to get hold of it.\nThe list is designed to prod the sluggish memories of the lazy con-\nsumers of anarchist literature, to stir their murky minds, to throw up\nhalf digested reviews in all the posh Sundays they've read in the past", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfifteen years, to trigger their minds with misgivings over the films they\nmissed and the ones they heard about and the ones they were glad they\ndidn't see. Do you dimly remember that season of Bunuel's at the\nNational Film Theatre in the Summer of '55? I am rather reluctant to\nadvocate further passive consumption of entertainment and art, but in\nBunuel's case I offer active participation, the scouring of What's On to\nfind the odd fleapit or Classic or Odeon at Harlesden that might be", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nshowing a Bufiuel on Sunday. An arduous three change trip by public\ntransport into strange wastelands to see a film. As my mother used to\nsay, only the things that you have to fight for are the things that you\nreally enjoy.\nAs far as time goes, Bufiuel has a thirty-two year lead on me, and\nI have very little qualification to be writing about him, except that I\nwas a pre-television child and therefore a cinema kid, a particularly\nbad /good one, an avid consumer in fact. It all started when I left the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWolf Cubs owing 4s. 9d. subs, and I was precipitated into the nine-\npennies and averaged one hundred and eighty visits a year, and all\ndouble features too. The addiction reached its height in the summer\nof 1948 when in one delirious week I saw nineteen films. I put myself\non a cure and tapered off my shots, but even in my twenty-fifth year if\nI didn't get to a cinema every ten days I suffered withdrawal symptoms.\nBufiuel, Welles, Vigo, Chaplin and the Marx Brothers can bring on", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nanother jag right away (Ingmar Bergman was the monkey on my back\nthe year before last).\nI have laboured you with my own case history in order that you\nrespect, and act on, my recommendation. I have refrained from the\nusual journalese of quoting some juicy passage from any one or all of\nthe films to whet your flagging jaded palate. I have suffered and\nenjoyed countless (about 4,000 in fact) films, mostly Bones, and offer\nthis saving in time. Approaches I haven't tried are those which take", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na psychological or national character view of the man, you can see how\neasy it would be to caricature Bufiuel as a Spanish Hero of his Time.\nAnother is the fate of art cinema versus Hollywood and the hard world\nof hard cash. Dwight Macdonaid who is now writing on films in\nI i squire, is well worth pursuing in this connection and Orson Welles has\ngone through it and is highly articulate about it\nEven for the sake of Anarchy and anarchy I cannot claim Bufiuel", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfor our side, but to raise my consumer's flag again, here is the only man\nof (he cinema that I would be a one man procession for, a man that can\nmake films that kick my guts, humble me, excite me, wet my eyes for\nmo and fill me with compassion. There they all are, in CAPITALS\nabove, the failures and triumphs. See them.\nAnother Look at Bunuel: The Tragic Eye\nHis hatred of Catholic morality must not he taken as implying that\nhe is without a moral sense. On the contrary he is obsessed by one. It", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nis precisely his detestation of suffering, cruelty i injustice, and hypocrisy that\nmade him judge life so\\ severely. His criticisms of Spain are the most\nsevere ever made by a Spaniard.\nThese words were spoken, not of Bunuel but of the novelist Pio\nBaroja, and they remind us that without making Bunuel a Spanish hero\nof our time, it is possible to find, in his background, his teachers and\nhis contemporaries, the clue to much that is puzzling in his work, and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nits intense and savage power. Towards the end of the last century, the\nSpanish government, dominated then as now, by the Church, dismissed\nthe leading university professors. A few of them started a 'free' school\nfor higher studies, the Institution Libre de Ensencmza, and around this\narose the so-called \"Generation of '98\", the small group of intellectuals\nwho sought, as a parallel to the growth of working-class movements,\nto diagnose the stifling inertia, hypocrisy and corruption of Spanish life \u2014", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe art critic and teacher Manuel Cossio, the philosophers Unamuno\nand Ortega y Gasset, the economist Joacqum Costa (who summed up his\nprogramme for Spain in the words school and larder, the poet Antonio\nMachado, Pio Baroja. The Institution had an even more remarkable\noffspring, the Residencia de Estudianles, or Residential College for\nStudents, founded by Alberto Jimenez in 1910. Gerald Brenan gives us\nthis fascinating glimpse of the Residencia :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHere, over a long course of years, Unamuno, Cossio and Ortega taught,\nwalking about the garden or sitting in the shade of the trees in the manner\nof the ancient philosophers: here Juan Ramon Jimenez wrote and recited\nhis poems, and here too a later generation of poets, among them Garcia\nLorca and Alberti, learned their trade, coming under the influence of the\nschool of music and folksong which Eduardo Martinez Torner organised.\nNever, I think, since the early Middle Ages has an educational establishment", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nproduced such astonishing results on the life of a nation, for it was largely\nby means of the Institucion and the Residencia that Spanish culture was\nraised suddenly to a level it had not known for three hundred years.\nIt was to this remarkable environment that Luis Bunuel came in\n1917, born in a wealthy land-owning family which he despised, and\neducated in a Jesuit college which he loathed, with that intense hatred\nfor the Catholic Church which is peculiar to a deeply \"religious\" people", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nlike the Spaniards (see M. L. Berneri's article in Anarchy 5). At the\nResidencia, Bunuel met his contemporaries Salvador Dali and Federico\nGarcia Lorca, as well as the older writers Rafael Alberti and Ramon\nGomez de la Serna : Dali, who was to write with Bunuel the scenaria\nof his first two films before declining into triviality; Garcia Lorca, who\nwas to become the greatest poet of his generation, and to write, before\nbeing murdered in Fascist Spain in 1937, the play which Bunuel was", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto turn into the film The House of Bernarda Alba; Alberti who is today\na poet in exile denied an audience in Spain; and Gomez de la Serna, ten\nyears older than Bunuel, who had already begun to 1910 to write his\naphoristic greguerias, or attempts to define the indefinable (a surrealism\nwhich antedated that of Breton and Dali).\nBunuel has remained singularly faithful to this generation and its\nteachers. Compare, for instance, with his work, the conclusion of\nMaragalPs La Espaciosa y Triste Espaha :", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis, then, is the land of Spain. I have raised my eyes and seen the\nscraggy trees and the houses, the bushes, agaves and cactuses in the brown-\nred and wretched soil, all covered with the dust raised by wandering beggars\nas they pass along the roads ... and I have felt within me, as my only\nreaction to all this, a deep and helpless disgust. . . .\nOr Pio Baroja's declaration that\nEvery subversive instinct\u2014 and the natural is always subversive \u2014 carries", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwith it its own policeman. There is no pure fountain which men have not\ntrampled with their feet and dirtied.\nOr finally, listen to the philosopher Miguel de Unamuno (who was\nto die under house arrest after being dismissed for the second time from\nthe rectorship of Salamanca University), confessing his destructive faith,\nin The Tragic Sense of Life :\nBut it is my task\u2014 I was going to say my mission \u2014 to shatter the faith\nof the one, of the other, and of the third, the faith in affirmation, the faith", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin negation and the faith in abstention, and to do this out of faith in faith\nitself. It is my task to fight against all those who resign themselves, be it\nagainst Catholicism or Rationalism or Agnosticism. It is my task to make\nall live in unquiet and longing.\nHere, for comparison, is Bunuel, answering in 1959 a questionnaire about\nthe kind of film he would like to make:\nIf it were possible for me, I would make films which, apart from", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nentertaining the audience, would convey to them the absolute certainty that\nthey do not live in the best of all possible worlds. And in doing this I\nbelieve that my intentions would be highly constructive. Movies today,\nincluding the so-called neo-realist, are dedicated to a task contrary to this.\nHow is it possible to hope for an improvement in the audience \u2014 and conse-\nquently in the producers \u2014 when every day we are told in these films, even", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin the most insipid comedies, that our social institutions, our concepts of\nCountry, Religion, Love, etc., etc., are, while perhaps imperfect, unique\nand necessary? The true 'opium of the audience' is conformity; and the\nentire, gigantic film world is dedicated to the propagation of this com-\nfortable feeling, wrapped though it is at times in the insidious disguise of\nIt is a sobering experience to look at Bunuel's first two films thirty\nyears after they were made. We reflect of course, that Un Chien", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAndalou and L' Age D'Or were conceived by two young men of bour-\ngeois origins who came from a country which had escaped the first\nworld war, but whose revulsion from their environment was so intense\nthat they could describe their first film as \"a despairing passionate call\nto the slaughter\". Today, after the slaughter, we are not so impressed\nby gratuitous acts of violence. In the second film however, the revolt-\ning images develop a more coherent allegory and we notice as Georges", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSadoul puts it, that \"through the Surrealist extravagance and anarchic\nscandale comes the thin end of the wedge of social criticism\", or as\nwe would prefer to put it, the nihilism becomes tinged with anarchism.\nFor, while Dali moved on to disintegrate his talents, Buiiuel fortified\nhis, and on the fall of the Spanish monarchy, returned to Spain to make,\nin the Year One of the Republic, Land Without Bread. Garcia Lorca\ndiscovered the gypsies of Andalusia, but Buiiuel discovered the deformed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand monstrous inhabitants of the desolate region of Las Hurdes. \"This\nthen,\" he might say with Maragall, \"is the land of Spain ...\" and to\nthe charge that he got a sadistic pleasure from the display of its degrada-\ntion, he would reply, as did the novelist Valle-Inclan, that the tragic\nreality of Spanish life could be conveyed only by a systematic deforma-\ntion, \"because Spain itself is a grotesque deformation of European\ncivilisation\". This, says Buiiuel, is your liberal republic with its sacred", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nprinciple of universal suffrage, and we see starving animals, cretinous\nbeggars, cave dwellers and dead children : images with a good deal less\nsurrealist chic than the artfully-arranged dead donkeys on Parisian grand\npianos, of his first film.\nThere follows a great gap in what Buiiuel himself would regard\nas his creative life, since he disclaims all his subsequent work until The\nForgotten Ones of 1950. Transplanted to Mexico (the country whose", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nart, in its preoccupation with suffering and death, most resembles that\nof Spain), he made his offering on that topic so equivocally precious to\nthe cinema, juvenile delinquency. Why is the adult world so fascinated\nby this theme? Do we project on to the pointless viciousness of naughty\nchildren, the guilt we feel for the massive and purposeful delinquencies\nof our social and political life? Are we looking for microcosmic scape-\ngoats for our defence programme? Bufiuel does not indulge us by", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmaking us vicarious therapists; his anti-social innocents are not restored\nto the bosom of society, for society itself displays on a grand scale the\npitiful petty cruelty and crime of the forgotten ones. Virtue is not\nrewarded: Pedro and Meche, the adorable children of this film, are as\ndoomed as the vicious Jaibo and the spiteful old blind man, and Buiiuel\nscorns to offer us any attenuating circumstances or comforting conclu-\nsions.\nTwo years later he made Robinson Crusoe. You can imagine the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nstandard cinema treatment which Defoe's story would get : the resource-\nful castaway on Do-It-Yourself-Island, always ingenious in making the\nbest of things. (\"Grand entertainment for ail the family\"). But Bufiuel\nconcentrates his power on the theological aspects of the novel, which\nthe modern reprints leave out, or the modern reader skips. Defoe's\nCrusoe writes, \"I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all\nthe world to be miserable. I am divided from mankind, a solitaire,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\none banished from human society\". And Bunuel's Crusoe rushes,\npanic-stricken out to sea, yells across deep valleys to hear a human\nvoice in the faint echo of his own, and frantically searches the Bible\nto learn why he has been forsaken by God.\nIn these films the manipulation of symbols and dream sequences\nhas been refined and controlled, so that they are neither arbitrary nor\narty. What for Salvador Dali was transitory exhibitionism, becomes\nfor Bufiuel a tool of analysis and exposition.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo everyone's surprise Buiiuel returned to Spain early this year,\nand made, with the same cast as he used for Nazarin, the film Viridiana\nwhich was given the highest award at the Cannes festival in June,\ntogether with Colpi's Une Aussi Longue Absence. The most incredible\nthing about this film, writes John Francis Lane in last month's Films\nand Filming,\nis that it was made in Spain. A film packed with erotic and blasphe-\nmous symbolism made in the country with the most rigid censorship in the\nWestern world.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand he tells us as explanation.\nIt appears that Genera! Franco wants to confound his critics by demon-\nstrating his 'liberal' attitude to the intellectuals who stood out against his\nregime in the 'thirties. \"Come home and you will be forgiven\" is the\nmessage he has sent out. A Picasso or a Pablo Casals is obviously not\ninterested. But Bufiuel has taken up the challenge. Told he could make\nwhatever film he liked, he has taken the Generalissimo at his word. The", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nscript of Viridiana was given official approval in Madrid. One would like\nto know, however, how much of the blasphemous material was in that\nscript. I am sure, for example, that nobody expected a beggars' orgy to be\nturned into a pose of The Last Supper, or that this scene would conclude\nwith an obscene gesture that will make censors all over the world sharpen\ntheir scissors feverishly as soon as they hear about it!\nBunuel's anguished view of a Catholic-dominated society is very similar", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto that of Fellini. Viridiana is a ruthless denunciation of the social and\nreligious values in Franco's Spain. The atmosphere is so mediaeval that\none is shocked to suddenly see a motor car or hear a pop song on the\ngramophone.\nOnly one Spanish newspaper, El Pueblo, reported the award of the\nprize to Viridiana. Subsequently the censorship has vetoed all mention\nof the film. Buiiuel himself, talking about the film, in phrases that\nbring to mind that straining of the very limits of their medium which", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\ncharacterises Spanish painters and musicians, comments :\nOctavio Praz says but that a man in chains should shut his eyes, the\nworld would explode. And 1 could add But that the white eye-lid of the\nscreen reflect its proper light, the universe would go up in flames. But for\nthe moment we can sleep in peace: the light of the cinema is conveniently\ndosified and shackled.\nThe Innocent Eye\nAn anarchist cinema? Well, the first thing this suggests is the Marx", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBrothers, and the second, Chaplin, who at least has called himself an\nanarchist and who in some films like Monsieur Verdoux achieves a\npretty savage degree of social criticism, and at the same time has reached\nevery corner of the world with the character (much more like Schweik\nthan the \"little man\" he is usually called), variously known as Charlie,\nChariot, Carlos, Carlino and Carlitos, the innocent or 'holy fool' who\nhas only his wits to fight authority with.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOr it suggests Vigo, Bufiuel, or perhaps Georges Franju. Or fan-\ntasies like de Sica's Miracle in Milan, the most anarchistic, though not\nthe best of his films.\nBut it also suggests a certain vision of life and of human dignity\nand integrity, that we are prone to see in simpler societies, which though\nthey are more at the mercy of natural disaster than our own, but are,\nto our eyes, more free from the tyranny of arbitrary authority. The\nAmerican critic Lionel Trilling writes of the \"great modern theme\" of", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"the child's elemental emotions and familial trust being violated by the\nideas and institutions of modern life\" and notes that\nHaunted as we all are by unquiet dreams of peace and wholeness, we\nare eager and quick to find them embodied in another people. Other\npeoples may have for us the same beautiful integrity that, from childhood\non, we are taught to find in some period of our national or ethnic past.\nTruth, we feel, must somewhere be embodied in man. Ever since the nine-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nteenth century, we have been fixing on one kind of person or another,\none group of people or another, to satisfy our yearning . . . everyone\nsearching for innocence, for simplicity and integrity of life.\nIn terms of the cinema, this suggests one man, Robert Flaherty, who\ndied ten years ago this month. Flaherty was a film director who had\nnothing at all in common with the 'motion picture industry'. He did\nnot speak its language or obey its rules. He was concerned, not with", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfinance, output or the supposed requirements of the box office, but with\nusing the medium of film for enhancing our perception of human life\nand the land and water on which it is lived.\nHe began his working life as a prospector looking for iron ore in\nNorthern Canada and then between 1910 and 1916 became an explorer,\ndiscovering a land mass bigger than England at the north of Hudson's\nBay, where an island bears his name. On his last journey he took with", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhim a film camera, and after he brought back 70,000 feet of film to\nedit, he dropped a lighted cigarette on it, so he decided to return and\nmake a better one about the life of the Eskimos. With seven thousand\npounds from the fur traders Revillon Freres, he got together an expedi-\ntion to Port Harrison, Hudson's Bay, where he took eighteen months\nto make the film which was first shown to the public in 1922 and has\nhad welcome revivals ever since.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNanook of the North is a story of man's life at its very hardest,\na constant desperate struggle for food, a struggle which leads not to\ncompetition, but to all food being common to all. \"It has to be so,\"\nsaid Flaherty, \"an Eskimo family on its own would starve. If I went\ninto an igloo, whatever food they had was mine ... I often think of\nthe Eskimo after a long journey, starving and with not even oil for his\nlamp, coming to the white man's store full of bacon and salt beef", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand tins of food and tons of flour, and yet the white man will not\ngive him anything unless he has skins. That is something he cannot\nunderstand.\" Nanook died of starvation just two years after the film\nwas finished. And yet, Flaherty concluded, \"These people, with less\nresources than any other people on earth, are the happiest people I have\never known.\"\nIn 1923 Flaherty and his family went to the South Seas to make\nMoana, a film built around the ceremonial tattooing which marked the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSamoan's coming of age. \"As a matter of fact,\" Frances Flaherty\nwrote, \"we had come only just in time to catch a fleeting ghost,\" the\nghost of a way of life which was coming to an end.\nThe true Samoan does not know the meaning of private property; he\ndoes not know the meaning of gain. He does not know want nor the fear\nof poverty. If his house burns down, there is always his neighbour's house.\nIf he gets no fish, there are always his neighbour's fish. Small wonder", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhis inclination is for singing and dancing, for flowers and loving. Wherever\nhe walks, it is 'Malic, Malic!\u2014 Beautiful, beautiful!'\nBut the film was not what its sponsors had expected, and when it\nappeared in 1926, it was introduced as \"the love-life of a South Sea\nsiren\". Flaherty parted from Paramount and was sent by Metro-\nGoldwyn-Mayer to make a film in Tahiti. But Mr. Goldwyn wanted\nan 4 epic drama' and Flaherty tore up his contract, returning with the", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGerman director, F. W. Murnau, to make a film of a different sort.\nThe film was made, appearing as Tabu in 1931, though it was more\nMurnau's than Flaherty's: Tahiti seen through the eyes of an imagina-\ntive European, rather than the real Tahiti.\nAfter this, Flaherty came to Europe, and after making Industrial\nBritain, with John Grierson for the GPO, he went to the far west of\nIreland and produced Man of Aran (1932-4) about the never-ending\nstruggle of the islanders with the sea. Then Alexander Korda sent", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhim to India to bring back in 1936 Elephant Boy, built around one of\nKipling's stories. The story was not considered exciting enough, and\nnew scenes were shot at the Denham studios, by other hands than\nFlaherty's, to make it more acceptable to the British film industry.\nIn the period of the New Deal in America, Pare Lorentz had made\nThe Plow that Broke the Plains and The River, and their success had\nlanded Lorentz with the job of director of the United States Film", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nService. He sent for Flaherty to make a film about soil erosion and the\ndust bowl. The film was made, The Land, but after one performence\nin 1941 the authorities neither showed it nor permitted it to be shown.\nIt apparently did not fit in with the \"new mood\" of America, because\nof the bitterness with which it showed the squalor and misery resulting\nfrom the commercial exploitation of the soil.\nHis last film, Louisiana Story, began two years after the war and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nshown here first in 1949, is an exquisite elegiac evocation of the swamps\nand forests of Southern Louisiana, and the coming of floating derricks\ncanoe by the son of a Cajun trapper. (The Cajuns descend from French\nsettlers deported from Canada for sedition in 1750).\n\"Do it again and you will be immortal \u2014 and excommunicated from\nHollywood, which is a good fate,\" wrote Charlie Chaplin to Flaherty,\nbut he was never to make the films he planned about Burma and", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEthiopia. Considering the thirty years he spent making films, they\nwere few in number compared with those of the successful directors\nof the \"industry\", for he worked slowly, spending months in absorbing\nthe life which he was to photograph and interpret, and working with a\nsmall team of enthusiasts. But his influence on other directors was\nprofound, from Eisenstein who declared that \"We wore out Nanook,\nstudying it\", to the pioneers of the documentary school", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe qualities which Flaherty gave to his films are a sense of the\nuniqueness of individual people, of the dignity of human activities and\nof the reciprocity between man and his environment, his home and\nfamily, and the tools with which he earns his living. Yet Flaherty's\ntoo, was a cinema of social comment and social protest. His friend\nCharles Siepmann writes :\nBob was one of the great protestants of his time. Nothing was small\nabout him, and his indignation, like his love, fairly overflowed. His films", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nare full of both, of the former\u2014 at least by inference. He hated the ugliness\nand impersonality of the urbanized, industrialised world he lived in, and he\nhated 'man's inhumanity to man' as expressed in one ugly word, exploita-\ntion . . . Bob was worldly enough, but he loathed the insensibility of the\n'sophisticated'. He stood in the pathway of his own times and shouted\n\"No!\" to the callous and indifferent.\nFor his extraordinary perception of the delicate personal relation-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nships of simple people, painstakingly interpreted to enlarge our vision\nalso, we owe much to this passionate ecologist. C.\nI am an anarchist. 1 wish governments would go away and leave\npeople alone more. People can get along without governments.\nI can.\"\n\u2014Charlie Chaplin, 25/9/51.\nIssue of Anarchy from September 1961.\nAdventure Playground: a parable of anarchy (Colin Ward)\nNew Town Adventure (Annie Mygind)\nAdventure in Lollard Street (Shelia Beskine)\nThe Revolution in Physical Education (Joan Foster)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe who demand freedom in education, autonomy in the school and self-government in industry are not inspired by any vague ideal of liberation. What we preach is really a discipline and morality as formal and fixed as any preached by Church or State. But our law is given in nature, is discoverable by scientific method, and, as Aristotle points out, human beings are adapted by nature to receive this law", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBecause we are so adapted, freedom, which is a vague concept to so many people, becomes a perfectly real and vivid principle, because it is a habit to which we are preconditioned by biological elements in our physical frame and nervous constitution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWHEN WE CALL OURSELVES ANARCHISTS, that is, people who advocate the principle of autonomy as opposed to authority in every field of personal and social life, we are constantly reminded of the apparent failure of anarchism to exercise any perceptible influence on the course of political events, and as a result we tend to overlook the unconscious adoption of anarchist ideas in a variety of other spheres of life", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSome of these minor anarchies of everyday life provide analogies, some provide examples, and some, when you describe their operation, sound like veritable parables of anarchy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll the problems of social life present a choice between libertarian and authoritarian solutions, and the ultimate claim we may make for the libertarian approach is that it is more efficient \u2013 it fulfils its function better. The adventure playground is an arresting example of this living anarchy, one which is valuable both in itself and as an experimental verification of a whole social approach", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe authoritarian solution to this need is to provide an area of tarmac and some pieces of expensive ironmongery in the form of swings, see-saws and roundabouts, which provide a certain amount of fun (though because of their inflexibility children soon tire of them), but which call for no imaginative or constructive effort on the child's part and cannot be incorporated in any self-chosen activity. Swings and roundabouts can only be used in one way, they cater for no fantasies,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nfor no developing skills, for no emulation of adult activities, they call for no mental effort and very little physical effort, and are giving way to simpler and freer apparatus like climbing frames, log piles, 'jungle gyms', commando nets, or to play sculptures \u2013 abstract shapes to clamber through and over, or large constructions in the form of boats, traction engines, lorries or trains", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut even these provide for a limited age-group and a limited range of activities, and it is not surprising that children find more continual interest in the street, the derelict building, the bombed site or the scrap heap.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor older boys, team-games are the officially approved activity, and as Patrick Geddes wrote before the first world war, \"they are at most granted a cricket pitch, or lent a space between football goals, but otherwise are jealously watched, as potential savages, who on the least symptom of their natural activities of wigwam-building, cave-digging, stream-damming, and so on \u2013 must be instantly chivvied away, and are lucky if not handed over to the police.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThat there should be anything novel in simply providing facilities for the spontaneous, unorganised activities of childhood is an indication of how deeply rooted in our social behaviour is the urge to control, direct and limit the flow of life. But when they get the chance, in the country, or where there are large gardens, woods or bits of waste land, what are children doing", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Enclosing space, making caves, tents, dens, from old bricks, bits of wood and corrugated iron. Finding some corner which the adult world has passed over and making it their own. But", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? These overwhelmingly concern boys, and most boys are brought up in adventure-frustrating suburban deserts, in slums or in matchbox council flats on keep-off-the grass estates. Millions of them, emerging semi-literate from our education factories, are instantly converted, at fifteen, into industrial cogs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey find themselves in a rat-racing society, the successful section of which depends on their labour for its sacred capital gains, but rejects them as people and savagely resents their clams to a decent wage.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBecause of deadly home conditions, these boys naturally take to the streets after work, and because of the monotony of that work are naturally ravenous for drama and excitement. Their pay-packets can't buy this for them, but crime \u2013 particularly breaking and entering \u2013 can. It can also buy gang-status and is a means of giving society a kick in the pants, of forcing it to sit up and take notice of their existence.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAdd to this the growing awareness that none of us may amount, tomorrow, to more than a handful of radioactive dust, and it should astonish us that young crime figures are not twice as high.\n\u2013AUDREY HARVEY, in a letter to \"The Observer\", 13/8/61.\nhow can children find this kind of private world in towns, where, as Agnete Vestereg of the Copenhagen Junk Playground writes:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEvery bit of land is put to industrial or commercial use, where every patch of grass is protected or enclosed, where streams and hollows are filled in, cultivated and built on?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut more is done for children now than used to be done, it may be objected. Yes, but that is one of the chief faults \u2013 the things are done. Town children move about in a world full of the marvels of technical science. They may see and be impressed by things; but they long also to take possession of them, to have them in their hands, to make something themselves, to create and re-create.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Emdrup playground was begun in 1943 by the Copenhagen Workers' Co-operative Housing Association after their landscape architect, Mr. C. T. Sorensen, who had laid out many orthodox playgrounds had observed that children seemed to get more pleasure when they stole into the building sites and played with the materials they found there", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn spite of a daily average attendance of 200 children at Emdrup, and that 'difficult' children were specially catered for, it was found that \"the noise, screams and fights found in dull playgrounds are absent, for the opportunities are so rich that the children do not need to fight.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe initial success at Copenhagen has led in the years since the war to a widespread diffusion of the idea and its variations, from 'Freetown' in Stockholm and 'The Yard' at Minneapolis, to the Skrammellegeplads or building playgrounds of Denmark and the Robinson Crusoe playgrounds of Switzerland, where children are provided with the raw materials and tools for building what they want and for making gardens and sculpture", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this country we have had at least a dozen adventure playgrounds, several of them temporary, since their sites were earmarked for rebuilding, but there has been enough experience and enough documentation of it, for us to gauge fairly well their successes and pitfalls.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese accounts \u2013 which should disabuse anyone who thinks it is easy to run an adventure playground, as well as anyone who thinks it a waste of time, include the following:\nAdventure Playgrounds, Lady Allen's pioneering pamphlet, which incorporates Agnete Vestereg's account of the Emdrup playground and John Lagemann's of The Yard.\nAdventure in Play by John Barron Mays, describing the Rathbone Street Adventure Playground at Liverpool.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnnual Reports of the Grimsby Adventure Playground Association, by Joe Benjamin, the project leader until 1959, who has also written elsewhere on this playground.\nLollard Adventure Playground, a pamphlet by Mary Nicholson, and Something Extraordinary, by H. S. Turner, the warden at Lollard Street.\nPlay Parks, by Lady Allen of Hurtwood, an account of the Swedish play parks with suggestions for their adoption here.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAdventure Playgrounds, a progress report by the National Playing Fields Associations on the playgrounds at Lollard Street, Grimsby, Romford, Bristol, Liverpool and St. John's Wood, with facts and figures useful to people thinking of starting a playground.\nWhen The Yard was opened at Minneapolis with the aim of giving the children \"their own spot of earth and plenty of tools and materials for digging, building and creating as they see fit\",", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nit was every child for himself. The initial stockpile of secondhand lumber disappeared like ice off a hot stove. Children helped themselves to all they could carry, sawed off long boards when short pieces would have done. Some hoarded tools and supplies in secret caches. Everybody wanted to build the biggest shack in the shortest time. The workmanship was shoddy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen came the bust. There wasn't a stick of lumber left. Hi-jacking raids were staged on half-finished shacks. Grumbling and bickering broke out. A few children packed up and left.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut on the second day of the great depression most of the youngsters banded together spontaneously for a salvage drive. Tools and nails came out of hiding. For over a week the youngsters made do with what they had. Rugged individualists who had insisted on building alone invited others to join in \u2013 and bring their supplies along. New ideas popped up for joint projects. By the time a fresh supply of lumber arrived a community had been born.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs in Copenhagen the prophesied casualties did not happen. \"After a year of operation, injuries consisted of some bandaged thumbs and small cuts and bruises for the entire enrolment of over 200 children. No child has ever used a tool to hit another person.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis question of safety is so often raised when adventure playgrounds are discussed that it is worth citing the experience in this country (where the pernicious notion that whenever accidents happen someone must be sued has actually caused some local authorities to close their orthodox playgrounds \u2013 so that the kids can get run over instead)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe insurance company was so impressed by the engrossed activity at the Cyldesdale Road (Paddington) playground, with its complete lack of hooliganism that it quoted lower rates than for an ordinary playground. At Rathbone Street, Liverpool, the 'toughest' of the English playgrounds:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo many children crowded together with so many opportunities for mutilating one another were bound to produce a steady flow of abrasions, cuts and bruises with the occasional more serious wound requiring stitching or a fractured bone. Statistically, however, the slide appeared to be the highest risk while the permanent ironwork equipment generally produced more accidents than the junk and scrap materials in the Adventure Playground proper.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nReading Mr. Mays' account of the Liverpool playground, with its stories of gang-warfare, sabotage, thieving scrap-metal merchants, hostility and indifference in the neighbourhood except for one street of immediate neighbours, senseless and wanton destruction, the reader may wonder how on earth it could keep going. But the author, reminding us that the essence of an experiment is that it is experimental, concludes that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn spite of all its shortcomings, many of which were the result of hasty planning and lack of solid financial support, in spite of mistakes made by its management committee and the errors of its two appointed leaders, inspite of the roughness of the site, the endless brickbats, the noise, the dirt, the disorder, sufficient evidence has accrued to support the main thesis on which the playground was established \u2013 that given the tools, the materials, the adult interest, advice and support children will indulge in constructional play, they do derive satisfaction from using hand and eye in making and building, fetching, carrying, painting and digging.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe shortcomings, he points out, are no more inevitable than the community allows them to be. The Rathbone Street playground only seemed a failure from a distance: those closest to it, as Mr. Mays says, \"are much less gloomy about its value\", and it has already led to further adventuring in Liverpool.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn the other hand, the Lollard Playground which seemed from the outside to be as the Evening Stardard called it, \"a heartwarming success story\" gave rise among its workers to the kind of feeling which Sheila Beskine describes in this issue of ANARCHY a, \"fantastic spontaneous. lease of life\" followed by a slow decline, so that its spirit had died before the Lee took over the site for building. But permanence is not the criteria of success", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs Lady Allen says, a good adventure playground \"is in a continual process of destruction and growth\". The splendid variety of activities which came and went at Lollard from vegetable-growing to producing a magazine, plays, operettas, jiving and 'beauty sessions' were a measure of its success. As at Emdrup, this playground kept the interest of older children and young people up to the age of twenty thus enlarging the scope of possible projects", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe older boys built and equipped a workshop and eagerly sought to serve the community in which they lived, doing repairs and redecorations for old people in the district, paying for the materials from a fund of their own. These were the same young people who are such a \"problem\" to their elders. The difference is that between the atmosphere of the irresponsible society, and that which was precariously built at the playground. The place, said the warden \"stands for far more", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? We ignore it. We forget all about it- because play, to us, is a waste of time. Hence we erect a large city school with many rooms and expensive apparatus for teaching; but more often than not, all we offer to the play instinct is a small concrete space. One could, with some truth, claim that the evils of civilization are due to the fact that no child has ever had enough play \u2026 Parents who have forgotten the yearnings of their childhood \u2013 forgotten how to play and how to fantasy \u2013 make poor parents", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis playground is different because it's a place where the children have an infinite choice of opportunities. They can handle basic things \u2013 earth, water plants, timber-and work with real tools; and they have an adult friend, a person they trust and respect. Here every child can develop a healthy sense of self-esteem, because there is always something at which they can excel. The wide age range, from two years to twenty-three, is perhaps unique in any playground", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere can be progressive development through rich play opportunities, to a growing sense of responsibility to the playground, to younger children and, finally, to others outside the playground. Their willingness to help others is the sign of real maturity which is the object of all who work with young people.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Grimsby playground, started in 1955, has a similar story. Its cycle of growth and renewal is annual. At the end of each summer the children saw up their shacks and shanties into firewood which they deliver in fantastic quantities to old age pensioners. When they begin building in the spring, \"it's just a hole in the ground \u2013 and they crawl into it\". Gradually the holes give way to two-storey huts. But", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthey never pick up where they left off at the end of the previous summer. It's the same with fires. They begin by lighting them just for fun. Then they cook potatoes and by the end of the summer they're cooking eggs, bacon and beans.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilarly with the notices above their dens. It begins with nailing up 'Keep Out' signs (just as in The Yard at Minneapolis). After this come more personal names like 'Bughole Cave' and 'Dead Man's Cave', but by the end of the summer they have communal names like 'Hospital' or 'Estate Agent'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is an ever-changing range of activities \"due entirely to the imagination and enterprise of the children themselves \u2026 at no time are they expected to continue an activity which no longer holds an interest for them \u2026 Care of tools is the responsibility of the children. At the end of 1958 they were still using the same tools purchased originally in 1955. Not one hammer or spade has been lost, and all repairs have been paid for out of the Nail Fund.\" Mr. Benjamin,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA small space which belongs to it alone, a playground not too far from the house, providing the opportunity of contacts with children of different ages, and simple materials for creating things; that is all it needs. But these facilities are essential, and where they are lacking, the effects will be similar to that of a lack of vitamins to the body. The child starves and gets a mental beri-beri disease, psychic scurvy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nToday we witness the eruption of wild destructive instincts among youth, which represent nothing more than distorted aggression which was not activated in the normal way in childhood. When denied natural outlets for activity and adventure, the child becomes prone to harmful and stupid forms of expression.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2013Professor H. ZBINDEN.\nthe project leader for the first years at Grimsby has thought deeply on the implications and lessons of the adventure playground movement answered sceptical critics in a memorable letter:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy what criteria are adventure playgrounds to be judged? If it is by the disciplined activity of the uniformed organisations, then there is no doubt but we are a failure. If it is by the success of our football and table tennis teams then there is no doubt we are a flop. If it is by the enterprise and endurance called for by some of the national youth awards \u2013 then we must be ashamed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut these are the standards set by the club movement, in one form or another, for a particular type of child. They do not attract the so-called 'unclubbable', and worse \u2013 so we read regularly \u2013 nor do they hold those children at whom they are aimed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMay I suggest that we need to examine afresh the pattern taken by the young at play and then compare it with the needs of the growing child and the adolescent. We accept that it is natural for boys and girls below a certain age to play together, and think it equally natural for them to play at being grown up. We accept, in fact, their right to imitate the world around them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet as soon as a child is old enough to see through the pretence and demand the reality, we separate him from his sister and try to fob him off with games and activities which seem only to put off the day when he will enter the world proper.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe adventure playgrounds in this country, new though they are, are already providing a number of lessons which we would do 'well to study \u2026 For three successive summers the children have built their dens and created Shanty Town, with its own hospital, fire station, shops, etc. As each den appeared, it became functional \u2013 and brought with it an appreciation of its nature and responsibility \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe pattern of adventure playgrounds is set by the needs of the children who use them; their 'toys' include woodwork benches and sewing machines. The play of the children is modelled closely on the world around them \u2013 and as such has a meaning that is understood easily by all types. We do not believe that children can be locked up in neat little parcels labelled by age and sex. Neither do we believe that education is the prerogative of the schools.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nApart from the kind of objection you will always get 'from people who resent anything pleasurable that doesn't make money, three kinds of objections are made to adventure playgrounds \u2013 danger, unsightliness, and expense of supervision. Happily the danger is more apparent than real, and the Secretary of the National Playing Fields Association has stated that the accident rate is lower than on orthodox playgrounds since hooliganism which results from boredom is absent", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nChildren like disorder or find some invisible order therein. Most adults hate it. Children do not in the least mind being dirty. Most adults abhor it. Children will find a source of enjoyment in the oddest and most unlikely play material: tin cans, milk bottle tops, broken slates, soil cinders, firewood. The adult mind thinks of these things in terms of refuse and rubbish \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe solution of course is to use a solid fence instead of chicken-wire, as is after all customary for adult building and demolition operations. (The Emdrup playground has a 6ft. high bank with a thicket hedge and fence on top, which also absorbs the high frequencies of children's voices).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCertainly more skilled adult assistance is needed than in a conventional playground. Indeed everything depends upon having something different from a park-keeper saying 'Don't!' or a patronising leader saying 'Do!'. Against the cost of this can be set the lower capital costs than for a conventional playground and the fact that much public goodwill, assistance as gifts of materials can usually be counted on", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(Many advocates of adventure playgrounds who see them as \"saving children from delinquency\" would set the cost of leaders' salaries against the enormous cost of putting children in remand homes, approved schools and so on)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn the question of such costs, local authorities are empowered under section 53 of the Education Act to grant aid to the cost of employing play leaders, and the adventure playgrounds in this country, mostly run by voluntary organisations, have in fact had financial help both from local councils and from the National Playing Fields Association and in some cases from philanthropic foundations.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMuch could be said about the nature of adult help in an adventure playground. The NPFA report sees the person of the play leader as the over-riding factor in success besides which the other considerations fall into insignificance. (It is worth nothing that Stockholm with a population of 3/4 million has 84 play leaders and London with 8\u00bd million has eight or nine). Yet as Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTurner in his book about Lollard shows, there is no specification for the ideal person, the most bizarre characters have been wildly successful. Discussing the early experience at Clydesdale Road, Lady Allen made the point that, although we use the word leader we want something different:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nit must be a grown-up who exerts the minimum authority and is willing to act rather as an older friend and councillor than as a leader \u2026 It is these children, particularly, who so deeply enjoy the companionship of an older person who is willing to be understanding and very generous of his time. We cannot think of a good title for this individual: supervisor is wrong, connected in the children's minds with discipline; a play leader is trained for a different type of work, and for younger children", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe role of the 'leader' is catalytic, and it is apparent from the various accounts of adventure playgrounds that too few adults have had to fulfil too many roles \u2013 from social worker to begging letter writer and woodwork instructor. An informal and changing group of people, both full-time and voluntary, and including friendly neighbours and older children is evidently the happiest combination.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFinally, in case it isn't obvious, why do we claim the adventure playground movement as an experiment in anarchy? Well, let us repeat yet again, Kropotkin's definition of an anarchist society as one which", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nseeks the most complete development of individuality combined with the highest development of voluntary association in all its aspects, in all possible degrees, for all imaginable aims; ever changing, ever modified associations which carry in themselves the elements of their durability and constantly assume new forms which answer best to the multiple aspirations of all", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA society to which pre-established forms, crystallised by law, are repugnant; which looks for harmony in an ever-changing and fugitive equilibrium between a multitude of varied forces and influences of every kind, following their own course \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEveryone of these phrases is recognisably a description of the microcosmic society of the successful adventure playground, and it leads us to speculate on the wider applications of the idea which is in essence the old revolutionary notion of \"free access to the means of production\", in this instance to the means of every kind of creative and recreative activity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe think of course of the Peckham Experiment \u2013 a kind of adventure playground for people of all ages, or the kind of variations on work and leisure in freely chosen activity envisaged in Paul and Percival Goodman's Communitas", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe adventure playground is a free society in miniature, with the same tensions and ever-changing harmonies, the same diversity and spontaneity, the same unforced growth of co-operation and release of individual qualities and communal sense, which lie dormant in a society devoted to com- petition and acquisitiveness.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNew Town Adventure\nANNIE MYGIND, who wrote in ANARCHY 6 about her film Circus at Clopton Hall, here describes her experiences in starting an adventure playground in a New Town. Her cousin Erik Mygind began the 'Cave City' playground at Virum near Copenhagen, after witnessing the success of the famous Emdrup 'junk playground' in that city.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nON MY FIRST RETURN TO DENMARK after the war, my cousin Erik invited me to come and see a playground a friend of his had started. \"It's a very special idea,\" he said, is to give town children the opportunity to play as children can in the country, and have bonfires, build huts and caves and muck around in safety; they need to be able to do these things without getting in the way of adults.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis sounded exciting, and Erik's enthusiasm was infectious \u2013 but although the answers he gave to my questions gradually built up a picture, I found something more in the Emdrup Playground. This was a sense of freedom \u2013 a recognition that children must play and work at their own pace, without the setting of adult standards of achievement. John Bertelsen, who had initiated the idea was there in daily charge", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe was a young seaman with a nursery school teacher's training (fantastic and unique combination!), and there is no doubt that he made the playground, not just organisationally, in acquiring the scrap materials and tools, and in negotiating with the authorities, etc., but in the sense that his unsentimental love and egalitarian attitude to children set the atmosphere, and allowed the children to be themselves while they were in the playground", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was a sort of children's republic, so many yards square, fenced off from the outside world by a tall dyke; but set in the \"kingdom\" of a co-operative housing estate just outside Copenhagen.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere was the rub: John in fact was doing a sort of Jesus Christ act \u2013 taking all the sins and conflicts of contemporary society upon his shoulders through the children. When he left, as he did a short while later, the playground changed radically. The rule of law took over:\nit was no longer a children's republic, but an extension of the housing estate.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut his example and vision inspired others \u2013 there were many visitors from abroad. Eight years later I saw the opportunity of starting such a playground in an English New Town. Among the neat, ordered rows of front gardens with their rosebushes and little lawns there were a small number of children who rebelled against the hire-purchase-washing-machine culture with unfortunate results for the rosebushes. Surely if their energies could be canalised in the right setting, i.e", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\na playground without adult rosebushes where they could dig and splash and build and make bonfires to their heart's content, the parents would be able to cultivate their gardens in peace and the children would be happy?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt took a year's hard work by a small band of enthusiasts to explain the idea of the playground, negotiate with the authorities, collect money from those who were willing to give, scout out tools from remote surplus stores, and find a playground leader, a site, scrap materials, get lavatories built, fencing and a hut", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe support of Lady Allen of Hurtwood (who charmed us all when she came to give a lecture to the Community Association), as well as that of the National Playing Fields Association, was a great help, and the playground was opened in 1955.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe children flocked in, and the site, which was rough grassland, in a short while looked like a peacefield battlefield; earth dug up enthusiastically; houses built (the best of them by a gang with the reputation for smashing lamp-standards); potatoes roasted on bonfires; and they came back again and again. It was difficult to gauge local reactions \u2013 there were pictures and reports in the local press, polite and very mildly appreciative. But also \"cartoons\" depicting vicious behaviour and vandalism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(One child in fact did start to hack the bark off a venerable tree. The explanation that this would kill the tree satisfied him sufficiently to make him stop). Some mothers would say \"This is a good idea, the children like it. They should have started one years ago\"(!) Others wouldn't let their kids come because they were afraid they'd get hurt or dirty or both.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn balance though, there was a sense of achievement: it was worth while \u2013 in spite of press attacks, snobbery and minor crises.\nBut the small achievement highlighted the social disease around us. Much support was given for its prestige value. There was very little direct help except from a small band of devoted people. There was not enough money. The playground leader, who was no Jesus Christ, was underpaid and only lasted one season.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe children, although purposefully active, did not find that sense of easy freedom that we saw at Emdrup. One saw in fact that this was only a very ragged plaster on one social wound \u2013 the negative attitude to our children.\nAdventure in Lollard Street", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSHEILA BESKINE, who teaches in a secondary modern school, was one of the voluntary helpers at the Lollard Adventure Playground in Lambeth, which was recently described in H. S. Turner's book Something Extraordinary (Michael Joseph). She edits the newsletter of the National Association of Recreation Leaders.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? GOOD GOD!\" Arriving for another interlude at Lollard, I meet the Masher, 17, in the Lambeth Walk, and receive his usual welcome. How long I stay this time depends on where I can find to sleep. Last time I was able to stay, on condition I fed the cat, at the top of a very rocky building. Like the rows of squashed, grey little houses, the place was due for demolition in 1939, and I believed it when the floor shook to my walk and rattled the windows", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe girl in the \"Top Value\" food store smiles: she knows me and the grubby-handed children who call religiously for Oxo tins for our cooking and marbling. The stall man on the corner gives me a little grin and I turn into Wake Street to a noisier welcome from some of the smaller Clarks and Haleys.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI dump my rucksack on the platform in the Hut and sink down to be clambered over by various small children, and some older girls who want to \"do my hair\". I am presented with another Spearmint Chew, this time a whole one. When I first came as a student I was, like every other visitor, a subject of unhidden curiosity. A little girl whispered \"Hasn't Sheila got long hair, Mr. Turner", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? But she's an artist, isn't she?\" I'd always wanted to try jiving and had never plucked up the courage, but here one could and the girls had patiently taught me their dead set little pattern, but soon found my variations impossible to partner; and bare feet with the hair, which of course fell down, convinced them I was \"Bowey\" (pre-beatnik term for bohemian).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nToday my rucksack contained, besides the usual fascinations of sketchbook and edibles, a marvellous lump of green glassy substance, very heavy, which I'd found half buried in a north Essex field, and hopefully suspected to be a piece of meteorite. So we took it to the museums to be identified, and we (myself and three boys of vaguely twelve) ended up in a very learned basement of the Natural History Museum", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn no time at all our precious meteorite, with its popping bubbles and whorlings all suddenly stilled, was identified rather flatly, as a piece of roadstone probably from Fords at Dagenham. Anyway, they'd signed the Enquirers' Book and gone through a specially unlocked door, and we spent the rest of the morning in the Science Museum.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPeter, who had just finished his apprenticeship, was the only local person I met who helped at all regularly, spending most of the day in the workshop with a group of younger boys, emerging at dinner time for our co-operative cooking in Oxo tins, which became the rage. Today we had a \"smashing\" dinner, admired by many, and thus diminished: onions with burnt sausage bits greasily whammed in between thick lumps of bread, and then greengages, which were cheap. Other days we cooked mackerel or eggs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOnce when it was hopeless trying to get myself any dinner (though there was always the Eel and Pie shop up the Walk), we had a hot dog session, very successful, at cost price (which varied according to face and pocket).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnother fire activity which magnetised the younger children was \"Tie-Dyeing\", and Paul, a little crippled Greek boy, was a most enthusiastic helper, often collecting firewood from the fruit stalls in the Walk. We tied up stones in bits of old shirt and then boiled up the dye, which I had got as free samples, and the cloth was attended to with much prodding and stirring", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe hung them up, like so much brightly coloured seaweed, on sticks wedged into the netting fence to dry in the sun, soon to be untied, to discover, delightedly, the white circles. The interest caught on well, and one of the big boys, not realising that this could almost come under the heading of \"needlework\" and therefore be cissy, summed up the example as being \"very flash\". Then the older girls got interested", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe fact that the idea comes from India and Africa convinced them that it was as nuts as me, though nice. But the one enamel bowl got stoned in when I didn't put it away, and in any case no one brought any more cloth.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMr. Turner, the warden, has brought his violin today, and we went to the workshop to listen. Rita Quinn made a quaint little drawing of him, and then one of me, adorned with little circular bosoms. Sylvia was looking at the drawings over my shoulder. \"Look at them, Sheila.\" \"What's wrong with them?\" \"She's drawn them!\" she said, pointing either side of her chest, in such a sweet way, not aggressive. \"What's wrong with that, Sylvie?\" \"It's dirty,\" she whispered. \"Why?\". Shoulder shrug", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSylvia is 7, one of a family of seven children (including one by \"uncle\") ranging from the baby last Christmas to Jimmy who is 9. One day the father told us with the air of a dutiful parent, \"I only reckon to drink 4 pints a day when I'm not working. 1 drink 10 when I am.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOnce, by accidental invitation, I spent an evening in their kitchen. Sylvie had been sent to ask if I'd like a cup of tea (I was in the Huton my own) and I assumed this meant I must come and get it. There was a hasty and embarrassing tidying up, and then I was allowed to creep in. Dad and the baby were asleep in the front room. The space was mainly taken up by a solid table covered with a green chenille cloth on which was a bottle of milk and some bread and two of the smaller children with the breadknife", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe walls were all peeled paper with bits of wood and plaster exposed in places. In the space between the table front and the oven against the wall were two chairs, where Sylvie's Mum and I sat. The pram was squashed into the space between the table side and the wall, and the space on the other side was taken up by the sink. The other children were around and between us, fidgeting, laughing, squabbling or scribbling on the wall", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI had protested about the clearing up for me, and she now seemed anxious to keep me there, telling me about the terrible rent and the terrible houses and the cheek of the Council, while we drank our tea. One of the rooms upstairs was quite unusable, she said, and that left 3 out of 4. They were in the list for a new flat in Camberwell, but I wondered how that would improve the difficulties basically due to very poor intelligence.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet Sylvie is a much happier child than Rita, who at 8 is terribly distorted: no love would suffice unless she could endlessly demand the whole person. \"She has had it in a big way\". The amount of love within a home is the only valid means of valuing it. This is here in many homes, though often under guises not easily penetrated by people from a different upbringing, and often an extensive network of aunts and uncles within the locality is included.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI remember a particular day in the holidays when I'd been home for a few days. Almost as soon as I reappeared Rita triumphantly shadowed me. She was more claimative than usual and after we'd been shopping she waited tirelessly outside the door of the wobbly house where I was staying, while I went upstairs to unpack and eat. Then she started calling me. I couldn't open the windows, long sealed for safety and in any case they were too far back for me to see the pavement", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo I went down and explained to her that I couldn't let her in because it wasn't my house, and tried to get her to go back to the Playground, or go and collect egg cartons in the shops for making paint divisions in Oxo tins. After another session of calling me she demanded I went home with her. I promised I would if she was sure Mummy wouldn't mind, but she must go back to the Playground for half an hour.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe atmosphere at her home was very awkward at first. I tried to dispel the lady idea straight away; I was just Sheila from the Playground. I was a bit afraid of Dad at first, and noticed uneasily the way he grabbed Rita in when she was introducing me, presented on the doorstep, as though he was afraid she might let them down. I stressed that I'd had tea, but they insisted that I share their paste sandwiches, which were good", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSomehow the awkwardness disappeared and I listened to many self-assurance stories and played draughts with various members of the family. They seemed to have much more living space than Sylvie's family; the room was lit by a single gas mantle, and when anyone left the room or went upstairs to fetch something for Daddy (who seemed to have everything done for him), they took a torch", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe room seemed to be peaceful and the children happy enough, but there were little incidents that made me wonder how apathetic Mum had become, and how used to it and unsurprised the children were.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen all but the oldest girls had gone to bad, I asked, as far as I dared, why Rita was so much more \"nervy\" than the others. \"Well she's very highly-strung,\" and there followed a long story of her schoolmaster, which sounded terrible to me, but if it were true, either they as parents were too dim to tell him anything, or the headmaster was dead to his job. But oh yes, she's been to County Hall about it. I wondered.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI had to learn to wonder. Didn't she realise how Rita always has a very difficult time with other children at Lollard, and doubtless at school as well, because she, in particular, is always so dirty. I hadn't the sureness or tact then to try to talk to her mother. In any case I think it would come to a fight against her booze, and that there is probably more of \"I can't be bothered\" than I was allowed to see", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt wash time the children used a large china bowl in the same room, one kettle of water, one black towel, and one sponge. A case of \"you had it last, where is it?\" This sort of dirtiness was very different from simply getting clothes filthy and torn at Lollard, and different from an acceptable \"that'll have to do for today\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt didn't fit in with Mum's stories of her own school days, and having been Head Girl for three years running. I sensed that this was not a matter of lying, but a kind of wishful thinking, giving a mask of confidence to face living in a situation of unconsciously realised failure.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe had another fire, to burn the ox-head (under threat from the warden) which the butcher had kept for me. (I thought to rescue the skull \u2013 I love skulls). I left it on a corner shelf in the main hut, covered with newspaper so the nursery children wouldn't be frightened, for its eyes were quite horrible. I came back later to find it dressed in a green woolly cap, a white silky scarf a daffodil and a newspaper ruffle. It looked quite transformed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA crash through the hut door \u2013 Masher of course \u2013 as I am doodling on the piano. \"Evening Mozart!\" with no change of expression whatsoever. The greeting almost held some hidden respect. He only just remembered he was pally tonight and threw me his evening paper, which he couldn't read, and was satisfied that I agreed with him that the new Lonnie Donegan record was good.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe potholes by the swings have just been rediscovered, with much excitement when some bones were found, chicken-like, but with teeth. The Playground is fuller tonight \u2013 is there nothing good on\n(picture omitted here)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Excavations are still going strong at 7.30: we close at 8 p.m. Sometimes, on such nights, there is time to talk to the warden about the children and the place. Our best perch was on the scenery steps (sent us by Ealing Studios) outside the train, a position from which we could \"keep eye\" over most of the 1\u00bc acres. I often drew while listening, (it was a way of hearing more!). Tonight's drawing was better than usual, and the leather-jacket boys, wandering off, demanded to see it, of course", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere was general agreement that it was good. Then Charlie came over, always with a naughty grin for me. I sat back so I could watch back, so I could watch his face \u2013 it went dead serious in admiration and disbelief mingled. \"Cor! \u2026 it's Mr. Turner! Cor! It's fucking great!\" This was obviously the greatest credit his vocabulary could give, and was quite sincere. \"It's a smashing likeness.\" I laughed; we all did. Usually they check anything 'bad' coming out in front of me or Mr. Turner.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI am sitting again on the large wooden step, with my arm around little Greek Ida who has had a nasty bash on her head. She seems quite content to sit beside me while I scribble, not looking at her or speaking to her. Pamela is standing in the Hut door, licking her ice cream, dealing out malicious glares to Ida; it was she who knocked her over. She's terribly spiteful; both her parents are practically mentally deficient", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe WVS arranges children's holidays, and this year she went with Sylvie and another child, but she was so difficult with the others that she was sent home. This morning I made a special point of giving her a nice smile and decent bits of paper to draw on, and she was fairly reasonable. But I wonder what she will do when she is older; she is quite unlovable. Even Rita had moments when I thought I could help her", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nShe was chosen for the WVS holiday too, but for some reason her father refused, and then changed his mind when it was too late. (The only cost asked was the child's normal Family Allowance).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe essence of the Adventure Playground as I knew it was not merely its being an area of rough ground sporting an unorthodox collection of playthings, nor even the freedom from petty rules. It was the belongingness resulting from the struggle for it in which the children or their older brothers and sisters, had taken part. Poverty was a strength of the Adventure Playground", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs warden you'd suddenly remember: \"My God! Five pounds due for the water rate at the end of the month!\" You know the committee certainly wouldn't have any money, so somehow you had to raise it. When you needed wood for camp building, you couldn't send in an order for it, you had to find a local timber merchant and somehow get round him, giving the reasons. When the wood comes it's an absolute triumph. The installation of the phone at Lollard was an amazing example", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nChildren came in just to look at this lovely black thing, to fondle it and hear it purr. \"Cor, Blimey! We've got a bleeding telephone now,\" said Masher.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nStruggle produces a whole range of human emotions that are otherwise absent. Without it the human spirit becomes apathetic and dies. Hence the \"community spirit\" of wartime that people always remark about. Also the bewildered fathers who thought they fought for the children of the future. Tradition is far too abstract. Each generation, each individual, needs to be involved in his own struggle for something. This is why freedom to change is so important in any community", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is a widespread and childish theory that because there is alleged to be no material need to cause juvenile delinquency, there is no \"excuse\" for it, and therefore today's young people are worthless, etc. Surely it is simply that new living feet are squashed into very old boots, instead of being allowed to wear their own shoes or sandals, with plenty of toe-wiggling space and room for growth", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHow stupid is the surprise when the new feet grow social corns and bunions! Only the feeble stop growing altogether. So, in 1961, we have the Anti-Violence League \u2026 the tooth-for-tooth types.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn 1895 Oscar Wilde optimistically wrote that \"When each member of the community has sufficient for his wants, and is not interfered with by his neighbour, it will not be an object of any interest to him to interfere with anyone else \u2026\" Today we are not so much affected by the physical starvation which Wilde saw as causing so much \"crime\". We are in a new emotional starvation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe development of Play Parks as a kind of halfway house between the conventional asphalt-and-swings playground and the radical conception of the Adventure Playground, is of course a good thing as far as it goes, but even the most attractive architect-designed children's parks in Sweden, Germany and elsewhere have, to me, the most important thing missing", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThings are provided and arranged for their pleasantness to the adult eye, but atmosphere of the personal kind can never be built, and it is easy to associate it with \"eyesores\". This is simply because voluntary organisations are never rich, a fact which is also their strength because it eliminates interference.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA vast administrative set-up automatically becomes \"Them\". There is far less care of equipment and much more stealing. At Charlton Play Park the leaders have a pawnshop deposit system to ensure that barrows, balls, chalks, etc.. are returned. One day when I was there some children ran up to me: \"Miss, a boy's just thrown a barrow over the wall!\" He'd also climbed over a high brick wall to the road and disappeared. The leader checked the barrows: there were two missing", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe place had been open a week and everything was new. About an hour later an elderly gentleman came up to the hut with both barrows, damaged, one of them wrecked. He'd stopped two boys in his road and guessed where they belonged. We were surprised that he knew of the Play Park and were grateful. Charlton (Blackheath) is hardly a \"poor\" district.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBecause the LCC is \"Them\" and is also huge, it merges in many people's minds with the other Thems, like Income Tax, the Rates, the Government. They are \"sue-able\" establishments to get the better of, to be hostile to. The Adventure Playground is not; it is a personal thing in their midst which they have come to respect and value. It is even protected by them. It is often unworkable because unsupported. Offers of support invariably meant attempts to influence, to control, policy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe often met the idea that a benefactor could buy his way into the committee, and had a right to do so. (A reflection of the stocks and shares mentality.)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe financial ideal would be to be granted the bare running costs, \u2013 covering sanitation, lighting, heating, salaries and maintenance of any hard surface; with the day-to-day things like paint, wood, nails, tools, etc., being covered by the children's own efforts. At one time at Lollard there was talk of a fantastic sum of money being given by an impressed and well-meaning visitor", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the warden's words, \"the offer terrified me \u2013 it would have killed the place quicker than anything \u2013 unless I could have given it out at about 2\u00bd d. a day, when it would have lasted for years.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Adventure Playground could be invaluable for developing personality in a poor or apathetic area. The disadvantage at Lollard was the dependency upon the warden which began to appear in some of the older boys of 17 to 20. He became to them a kind of god. This is unlikely to happen on a Play Park because everything is far less personal and struggle-free. Also because there are more play-leaders and the boys would probably not stay so long, even if the present age limit of 16 did not exist.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe advantage of the Adventure Playground is mainly psychological: its direct human contact with people's emotions. The warden, or whatever he calls himself, has to live with the families in the neighbourhood. \"He's got to attend their funerals, their births, weep with them, and on Sunday console some woman whose man has just gone off with some other woman \u2026\" There are no convenient hours. Play Parks on the other hand are cut off at the root and operate on a superficial level", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Play Park Leader must record each day's attendances for the LCC's staffing and equipment quotas. \"80 children present \u2026\" Any children. The Play Park man is even discouraged from any real interest in individual children because it would be inconvenient to the monster organisation with all its different departments", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf the leader does become concerned over some child or family, and thinks something could be done he is expected to report it to the Play Parks Organiser, who, in turn, would be expected to refer it to the appropriate department: Child Welfare, Housing, Health, etc. But human nature is not designed to be organised by a system of pigeon holes. It is precisely because the leader is known and trusted that he is able, perhaps, to influence people", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nQuite apart from the fact that some parents are of unbelievably low intelligence, many are suspicious, even scornful, of advice from some abstract authority.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Play Centres, on school premises, have been run for many years, drawing children up to the age of fifteen from the streets to a variety of indoor activities and organised games. The new Play Parks are a definite advance, using some of the features of the Adventure Playground, plus organised games as wanted", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut activities like camp-fire building and so on cannot all be adopted at once for fear of a public outcry about the mess; there were even some warning complaints at one Play Park about the bits of stick the children were leaving on the grass from the wattle fence pieces they'd been using for building houses. At Brockwell Park the ground is much more interesting, being hilly and rough instead of like a lawn, with bushes at the bottom", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAn old willow tree there promised well for climbing, so a man was sent to trim it. He lopped all the branches off clean to the trunk, producing a useless wooden obelisk.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLollard was a genuine community: by that I mean it was a place where anybody could fit in, making their own little niche, and through this security, could be able to peep out, creep out, or run out altogether, just as Michael, the mongol boy in Heather Sutton's film was able to fit into the village where he lived. Helpers who came were able to present themselves as they really were. For me at least this meant that much more valuable contacts could be made", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI spent most of my first weeks there absorbing the honesty of these children and their relationship with the warden and helpers. I felt I wasn't doing anything at all, but then I saw that, simply by being there, the children and the older boys and girls were getting to know a new and different personality. You didn't have to stand on the grass with a whistle and a ball and organise games", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYou could just start doing something, unintroduced \u2013 sketching, knitting, excavating for interesting relics in the skeletons of burnt mattresses \u2013 in no time you had followers and could arrange for continuing operations tomorrow. And of course you became involved in the delights and problems of these young people. (If only education could be based on this voluntary principle instead of on that of the policeman: it is no new discovery \u2013 see Homer Lane or A. S. Neill)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd there was no need to be frightened when there was a lull and no-one wanted to do anything. Some days the place was bustling with camp builders and fire makers, and at other times there appeared to be very little going on, but the fact that the place was there was its value.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe reasons for success and failure are purely emotional. Lollard has a fantastic spontaneous lease of life, which, like Emdrup, made it known all over the world. And then the spirit went and the thing slowly collapsed. While I was still there one was aware of this decline. Things got pinched \u2013 my camera with a roll of used film was my most disillusioning loss. Children are ourselves inside-out", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen Mr. Turner took over from an earlier warden he had been told, \"Unless you can do anything with it, the place is doomed.\" His successor was expected to carry on a spirit which had died, and it was not her fault that she could not stop this onrush of breaking. She could only have brought it off by bringing in new helpers and winning over a fresh nucleus of children; but the often unhealthy loyalty of the older boys to her predecessor and the fact that she was a woman, made it virtually impossible", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nVisitors came and spent two or three hours with us, and then went off enthusiastically to start their own places, with perhaps a romantic view of our activity but no awareness of the emotional problems.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNot long after the place was closed, the Hut was burnt down in the night. While it lasted it was indeed \"something extraordinary\". The workshop was the most rewarding example of the wave of possessive care these boys showed. \"It wouldn't have lasted a week, elsewhere in this district.\"\nThe Revolution in Physical Education\nJOAN FOSTER was a teacher and training college lecturer before giving up her job to raise a family. She is a member of the Society for Education Through Art.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIN A WELL-KNOWN BOOK the changes seen in the British educational system in this century have been described as \u201cthe silent social revolution\u201d", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchists, looking for fundamental changes in the structure of society, would be more than a little sceptical of such a description, but there is one field of education where the revolution in theory and to a growing extent in practise, has been most striking: that of physical education \u2013 what in our parent's generation was symptomatically called Drill, what we called P.T. and what is now known as P.E.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor our parents this meant marching up and down like toy soldiers or marionettes. The pattern was military drill, and in upper-class schools the instructor was actually called the Sergeant, and behaved like one. Apart from being rigid, jerky and ugly, the military pose was physiologically bad: F. A. Hornibrook observed many years ago that,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn this age of scientific progress it is curious that our ideals concerning man's figure, posture, and gait should be based on the product of the drill sergeant's activities \u2026 Picture in the mind's eye the position of a soldier standing at attention and the position of any native man, such as a Fijian. In the former the back is 'hollowed' and the chest thrust forwards and upwards in the attempt to make the man as like a pouter pigeon as possible \u2026 Such a position becomes fatiguing very quickly", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe freedom of chest movement being restricted, inspiration is interfered with, and the individual can only maintain his unnatural position by a mental effort, the duration of which depends on circumstances \u2026 Heels together and toes turned out (a position still adopted in schools and in the Army) is bad, and makes the maintaining of a correct stance exceedingly difficult.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe military ideal is best expressed in Kropotkin's story of the Grand Duke Mikhail who inspected his regiment and said, \"Very good, only they breathe.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDrill was followed by \"physical jerks\" in which the prime virtue was found in the uniformity of movement among all the members ofthe class, even though it might consist of children of all shapes and sizes, and in that peculiarly military method of keeping people on their toes \u2013 the delayed word of command", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn gymnastic work, first German and then Swedish, and finally Danish gymnastics were in vogue, and anyone who attended a grammar school before the war can remember the tedium of those hours in the expensively equipped gymnasium in which \u2013 as in cricket \u2013 most of the class's time was spent standing around waiting for their turn to perform some particular evolution", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nApart from the wastage of the pupil's time, and the torture of the fat or physically inept child, this period gave us that dreadful stereotype \u2013 the Gym Mistress. As Miss Crabbe, the principal of one of our best Colleges of Physical Education observed:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe gym mistress used to be hearty, bossy, the born leader who rides roughshod over the meek and nervous; the tomboy, who later becomes the 'hockey hag', the organiser of assembly, speech days and school lectures \u2013 the one with the carrying voice and the good disciplinarian.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nToday we have quite a different picture, and a different conception of the instructor, who does not raise her voice, and judges her success not on how many pupils can jump 4ft. l0in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nor climb to the top of a rope, but as Miss Crabbe says, \"by the number who have felt success and pleasure in some way and to some degree through body movement\", and we might add (since physical education is really nothing to do with competitive sport or the gladiatorial training of Olympic performers) that we can measure her success in the poise, grace and economy of movement of her pupils.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe great changes which have taken place in theory and are steadily ousting older methods in practice have come, as such changes always do from the \"cranks\" on the fringe; in this instance with the concern for the quality of movement as such. Probably the most fruitful influences from the outside on physical education have been Rudolf Laban's ideas on the dance and those of F. M. Alexander and his disciples on posture", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey are parallel of course to the general change, however partially and spasmodically achieved so far, to \"child-centred\" education.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe distance travelled in officially accepted ideas in one generation can be seen by comparing the Board of Education's Syllabus of Physical Training for Schools issued in 1933, with the Ministry of Educations' manual on physical education in the primary school, issued in two volumes in 1952 and 1953. The first volume Moving and Growing is an absorbing study of the physical and psychological growth of the child and his physical capabilities", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe second, Planning the Programme, applied to class work the principles derived from the first, modestly noting that it provided, \"for those teachers who need it, a nucleus of material \u2026 both teachers and children will, no doubt, expand the ideas given, and evolve their own \u2026\" Even so, it was still possible as recently as 1954 for the London County Council to issue for its teachers a book called Syllabus of Physical Training for Infants' Schools. Ruth Morison of the I. M", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMarsh College of Physical Education, has written an excellent pamphlet, Educational Gymnastics, especially for teachers \"who were trained in the Swedish System of Gymnastics and who are puzzled by the present day trends in Physical Education\", in which she singles out the two great changes of the last few years as, firstly, that \"we no longer think merely of giving instruction to classes but we set out to provide the environment, create the atmosphere and give the stimulus which will help the individual to grow and develop naturally' and secondly that instead of following 'systems' of set exercises \"designed to suit the hypothetical average\", and \"making the whole class as nearly identical as possible in their movements, and in following a common 'rhythm',\" the teacher is no longer concerned with preconstructed exercises \"because each individual selects her own way and to help her through this way of moving.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen an account in the Times Educational Supplement on the change in approach declared that\nA close study of children's natural movements, the use of their innate impulses to play and to dance, the encouragement of spontaneity and creativity, an atmosphere of permissiveness and informality, and a resolve to learn from the children themselves how to educate them \u2013 these are the marks of a modern programme of physical education for young children.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nit called forth the comment that a serious omission from this list was \"the teaching of fundamental skills such as running, jumping, landing, catching and throwing\" since it does not follow that, without specific direction, children will perform them well or, in the case of some of them, even safely. This may be perfectly true, with the proviso that the child will be eager to perfect these skills when it is ready for them, and when they have a meaning and purpose for the individual child", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAn investigation to measure the effect of coaching in the junior school upon ultimate performance in the secondary school (in the case of soccer) printed as an appendix to M. W. Randall's Modern Ideas on Physical Education shows no significant relationship. The child learns when it is ready to learn.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn this question of correcting defects of posture and movement, the methods used by J. V. Fenton, a primary school headmaster, developed from the work of the late Charles Neil of the Re-education Centre, were described by him in an article in The New Era for Sept.-Oct. 1958, as follows:-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhilst the rest of the class is distributed about the field or hall on various apparatus, one group is having specific instruction in a simple point of body mechanics. The teacher has chosen movement at the hip joint as the subject of the lesson and demonstrates the 'closing the lid of the box' action in leaning forward, while sitting. He then demonstrates distortions of this simple movement that involve the body in unnecessary strain. He encourages his group to suggest what is at fault", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis they do with enjoyment and interest. He asks one or two to demonstrate 'right and wrong ways'. The children are highly inventive of wrong ways and find it fun; but all the time they are becoming increasingly aware that there is choice in the way one uses one's body.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConsciousness of choice is the first essential of freedom in any sphere, and in a way, we can describe the object of all physical education as the liberation of the body.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSwimming, more than anything else, consists of the discovery of the art of perfect movement, and with the coming of cheap fibreglass pools there is now no reason, except inertia or the feeling that \"the authorities\" are responsible for such things, why parents' associations or Parent-Teacher associations, should not provide a learners' pool at every primary school.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJust like the adventure playground, the new approach to physical education is revolutionary in that it seeks to provide for individual needs and individual self-selected activity. But can we call this an anarchist revolution, a revolution which can claim that the interweaving of this ever-changing variety of individual activities will produce a social harmony without an externally imposed authority", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? I am indebted to the editor of this magazine for the marvellous description of a really modern gymnasium at work, given in the book The Peckham Experiment, which epitomises the social aspect of this revolution. The authors, Innes Pearse and Lucy Crocker, are describing the gymnasium at the Peckham Health Centre \u2013 before the war, when in the schools we were still lining up our pupils in teams for Swedish gym. In their gymnasium, the observer saw", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nboys and girls moving in every direction at varying speeds, swinging on ropes suspended from the ceiling, running after balls and each other, climbing, sliding, jumping \u2013 all this activity proceeding without bumps or crashes, each child moving with unerring accuracy according to its own subjective purpose, without collision, deliberate avoidance or retreat.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd did this anarchy result in chaos? Not at all, for if we go on to study this activity from the point of view of a child who goes into it, we see that:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe goes in and learns unaided to swing and to climb, to balance, to. leap. As he does all these things he is acquiring facility in the use of his body. The boy who swings from rope to horse, leaping back again to the swinging rope, is learning by his eyes, muscles, joints and by every sense organ he has, to judge, to estimate, to know. The other twenty-nine boys and girls in the gymnasium are all as active as he, some of them in his immediate vicinity. But as he swings he does not avoid", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe swings where there is space \u2013 a very important distinction \u2013 and in doing so he threads his way among his twenty-nine fellows. Using all his faculties, he is aware of the total situation in that gymnasium \u2013 of his own swinging and of his fellows' actions. He does not shout to the others to stop, to wait or to move from him \u2013 not that there is silence, for running conversations across the hall are kept up as he speeds through the air.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut this 'education' in the live use of all his senses can only come if his twenty-nine fellows are also free and active. If the room were cleared and twenty-nine boys sat at the side silent while he swung, we should in effect be saying to him \u2013 to his legs, body, eyes \u2013 'You give all your attention to swinging; we'll keep the rest of the world away' \u2013 in fact \u2013 Be as egotistical as you like'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy so reducing the diversity in the environment we should be preventing his learning to apprehend and to move in a complex situation. We should in effect be saying \u2013 'Only do this and this; you can't be expected to do more'. Is it any wonder that he comes to behave as though it is all he can do", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have begun to realise this, and to create these conditions of freedom in physical education, which, in one small field, can be described as an anarchist society in miniature. What was once by far the most authoritarian, and indeed militaristic, subject in education, is becoming the most free and libertarian. Can such a change be entirely without influence in other fields of life?\nWhere Can They Play?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(Following the publication of the report \"Two to Five in High Flats\", two students wrote to the Guardian as follows):\nAs students at the City of Leicester Training College (for teachers) we have recently undertaken an investigation into young children's play and provision made for it. Our inquiries-during the summer vacation -covered 200 families with children aged from 2 to 15, in old and new housing estates, villages and towns in districts from Kent to Lancashire.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn towns the uses children like \u2013 and need \u2013 to make of open spaces (where they exist) were very often prohibited: \"No ball games,\" \"No bicycles,\" \"Keep off the grass.\" In villages the children were more fortunate in natural surroundings but even less official provision was made for them, particularly for adolescents.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn housing estates conditions varied. New estates, where more and more people are living, seemed the worst off because less space for communal use or for private gardens can be afforded since the pressure for actual dwellings is so great. On old and new estates there were garden-proud parents who put the appearance of their gardens before the needs of their children. Only on one privately built estate had the parents campaigned for extra space to be left for playas well as their own gardens", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFollowing our investigation we started a play centre at the college where children aged from 5 to 12 can cook, sew, paint or model with clay, dance, play in the gymnasium, in the 'Wendy House', or with sand, among other things. We opened in September with an attendance of 35 children from the neighbourhood. After six months the numbers have risen to 108 and the children now come from a radius of three miles", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis seems a strong indication that the children do not have enough or sufficiently varied opportunities for free play of the kind they want close at hand.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYour article has drawn attention to the lack or adequate provision for small children \"living high\". Our enquiries and experiences have discovered that there are similar inadequacies for a much wider age range and in a variety of housing situations.\nScraptoft, Leicester.\n\u2013H. STEWART.\n\u2013M. E. FERGUSON.\nObservations on Anarchy 4", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI think, as a socialist, I would make two comments. First, how do you make institutions as democratic as possible when you have to keep them going? It is not sufficient to be just against things, and this involves educating people in new knowledge and teaching people to observe facts and take notice of them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSecondly, the community has to operate against fractional power, including (as you so rightly say) the family. I am utterly opposed to Peter Townsend's view because the family is extremely limiting and quite unsuited as a vehicle of the liberation of the human spirit. I quite agree with Bernard Shaw. If this is so, then individualism is quite an inadequate doctrine. Indeed, laissez-faire is what we have always been against.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTherefore, what do we do? Perhaps I haven't understood the line of argument; but as it stands I find myself pro-Lady Wootton, and anti-anarchy.\nUniversity of London Institute of Education.\n\u2013JOHN VAIZEY.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI have read your article on institutions with keen interest. I agree almost completely with the approach you adopt and you may be interested to learn that I am hoping to include a lengthy discussion of all the literature in my forthcoming book on old people's homes. If I may make just one or two comments I think perhaps you over-rate the quality of the small residential home for old people", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhile of course they are a great improvement on the old workhouses I think there are some very real social and psychological deficiencies.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is just a note to say how much I enjoyed Where the Shoe Pinches in ANARCHY 4. So much of what is mentioned in the article I have noticed from either personal or second-hand experience-in the social services, in mental institutions, hospitals, and public health departments", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo often you cannot pinpoint absolute 'proof' of the type that would satisfy an official investigation, but there is an all-pervading atmosphere, a general attitude and approach, in all these institutional organisations, that appals one in its lack of understanding, or even considering personalities or characteristics. The description of the 'co- operative' inmate in a jail or hospital or orphanage is so exactly what one sees", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSouth Pender, British Columbia.\n\u2013(Mrs.) EVE SMITH.\nI found Mr. Ward's comprehensive review of the institutional problem very interesting indeed, and I think he is to be commended for bringing together in a coherent way considerations affecting such a wide range of institutions and social structures.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI think the diagnosis is very sound and that this is a necessary first step in seeking remedies. What these will be and how they are to be achieved I do not know \u2013 where in any provision can one break the vicious circle; but small-scale examples offered by rare people in whom there is combined suitable knowledge and suitable personality probably have their part to play. I say this, having in mind my own interest in the liberalization of methods of caring for children in hospital", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the wards shown in my second film Going to Hospital with Mother, the chance constellation of several people who have personalities which are non-authoritarian, who have respect for the family and wish to preserve it, and who seek to understand what they are doing, has created a useful prototype. Too often, as Mr. Ward has noted in his survey, hospitals are among the institutions in which authority is exercised either for its own sake or as a defence against seeing the true needs of patients.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nANARCHY 4 was most welcome, because in one step of only 32 pages it made sense out of anarchism as a contemporary outlook, firstly with George Molnar's sweeping away of the cobwebs of meaningless revolutionism to reveal the proper' core of anarchism \u2013 permanent opposition, and secondly with Colin Ward's essay which showed just how constructive this permanent opposition can be since it insists on an alternative pattern of social behaviour", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt shows how from this aspect the anarchists were right all along the line, and the rest of us are slowly catching up with them. I would like to take up two points in Molnar's argument", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFirst that he omits to mention the whole school of individualist anarchism which never subscribed to the fallacies he exposes, secondly that when he says that the overwhelming majority of contemporary anarchists subscribe to anarcho-syndicalism, this may or may not be true of Australia, but is definitely untrue of the Americas or Europe.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMr. George Molnar, writing in ANARCHY 4, argues that whatever the merits of the anarchist ideal, no means exist for achieving it which are not fantastic and inutile (Kropotkin) or actually covertly subversive of it (Bakunin). He accuses the most considerable practical attempt to promote it \u2013 in the anarcho-syndicalist labour movements \u2013 of bureaucratic deformation directly proportional to public success", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe concludes that anarchism is \"not something which can assert itself over the whole of society\": it must understand itself as a permanent ethical lobby.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe can agree with Mr. Molnar that Kropotkin was mistaken in his optimism (\"everywhere the State is abdicating and abandoning its holy functions to private individuals\" Conquest of Bread, p. 188) and naive in his anticipation of spontaneous popular revolt; we can similarly agree that Bakunin's revolutionary praxis led him into deep contradiction. We can agree that the Latin syndicalist movements offer something less than continuous examples of conduct according to doctrine", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis general conclusion, or capitulation, is illegitimate for the following reasons: (1) the judgment of syndicalism is over-reaching, and (2), even if it were correct, he would have successfully criticised some routes, to Anarchy, but not all of them. We can take up each of these objections in order:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Anarchists recognise the tendency for the delegative strata to separate from the body of any organisation. This tendency is hard to check under any circumstances, but particularly so where a revolutionary-egalitarian ideology must co\u2022exist with the routine meliorism of practical trade unionism. Opportunists are attracted with every increase in the physical power of the union: recruitment takes place in a power-oriented society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLevelling devices fall into disuse because \u2013 and this point is neglected by Roberto Michels, on whom Mr. Molnar leans so heavily \u2013 they are antagonistic to the economic functions of the trade unions. Hierarchy gains ground. The phenomena of struggle are degraded: even the General Strike becomes a device for personal publicity. Now, in spite of all this, it is safe to claim that the syndicalist unions were significantly less oligarchical than either reformist or marxist unions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis last is, obliquely conceded by Michels in one or two places: \"It may be admitted that the supreme directive organs of the French labour movement do not possess that plentitude of powers which the corresponding hierarchical grades of other countries have at their disposal \u2013 above all in Germany \u2026\" (Political Parties, p. 353)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe degenerescence progressive du syndicalisme, prevented from coming to terms by World War I, was lowering the movement, in some regions, to levels of abuse which were usual for unions of other types: \"From the ranks of the French syndicalists, leaders have already sprung whose sensitiveness to the criticisms of their followers can be equalled only by that of an English trade-union leader \u2026 \" (Political Parties, p. 355).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is another caution to be observed in judging syndicalism. Its visible history, the official and polemical literature, gives a very imperfect sense of the movement. That is to say, even the failure to contain bureaucracy, even the failure to produce ultimate revolutions, should not count so heavily against a movement which brought the great virtues of the event of Revolution \u2013 heroic generosity, courage, endurance, selflessness, social ingenuity \u2013 into the conduct of daily life", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSyndicalism, unsupported by other forces, we know to be corruptible. But we have learned something from the past; and it remains true that permanent democracy in organisations will still rest on devices proposed and employed by the syndicalist pioneers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? There is. It is the route of piecemeal revolution, experimental socialism, the attempt to contrive enclaves of freedom: this line of effort assimilates broadly to the Milieux Libres tradition in France, to the movement for integral co-operatives elsewhere, but with great differences of scale, intention, and composition. This line of effort also depends directly on a conception of anarchism as a general form of society, and it is this conception which determines the scope and order of experiment", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConditions are appropriate for this kind of work in the West now. Where they are inappropriate, anarchists will necessarily conspire, in alliance with other democratic radical forces, to the point of Revolution: but the object of Revolution, for the anarchists, constituted everywhere as minorities, must be the limited one \u2022of creating conditions of free organization and agitation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMr. Molnar's \"anarchism as permanent opposition\" is identical with the condescending formula of Michels: \"anarchism as prophylactic\". It is a headlong inference from infirm premises", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is a last charge against it: anarchism now considers itself as \"something which can assert itself over the whole of society\" but it functions \u2013 where it does \u2013 in the main as an ethical lobby or interest; its critical force derives from the conviction that it embodies a set of radical alternatives; if it understood itself only as a lobby it would, lack the numbers or force for any function whatever.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNew York City, N.Y.\n\u2013NORMAN RUSH.\nThe two articles in ANARCHY 4 invite comparison. States, just as the lesser institutions, have, until now, acted as George Molnar suggests; but the political leaders, just as the institutional leaders, have been products of, and dedicated to the continuance of authority, whether in the same (conservative) or a modified (e.g. 'Labour' form). None have expressly had the aim of 'de-institutionalisation' of the State, or a clear programme for doing this.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJust as those in control of some of the smaller institutions Colin Ward surveys, have been able to reorganise them and break down their power-structure, once they have recognised the need, and achieved a libertarian re-orientation which was impossible for the inmates themselves, ignorant as they almost universally were (staffs included) of the nature of their malady", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut it noted, however, that, once given the opportunity and a little help, these inmates were henceforth capable of organising themselves anarchistically.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIs it not feasible therefore, that a future generation of state-administrators, reared in contact with the psychological and sociological theories and experiments now developing their influence on the lesser institutions, may take the first steps in the dismantling of that mammoth institution \u2013 with the growing support, we may hope and anticipate, of an increasing body of socially-aware and informed opinion?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGeorge Molnar's views represent well the general anarchist view of the State \u2013 witness his abundant quotes \u2013 but of the State as it is and as it has been in the past. All anarchists wish to see the State, as an instrument of authority, disappear", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut they have, mostly, despaired of the main hope of the 'classical' anarchists, of a mass uprising to overthrow it and substitute a 'state' of anarchy, as they realise that mass uprisings are fertile ground for rival power groups; violence breeds violence, despite the heartening glimpses of spontaneous social organisation discerned briefly during, for example, the Spanish and Cuban revolutions or the Hungarian uprising.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMost now pin their hopes on a growth of social awareness among the general population, and an extension of civil disobedience to force an abdication of power; but despite the growth of support for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, the Committee of 100, etc., there is little sign yet of any general growth of social responsibility; few even of the participants in the sit-downs, as FREEDOM reports, have any conception of the wider implications of the movement.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut as Alex Comfort says (quoted in ANARCHY), 'the importation of science into the study of crime is an irreversible step, and its outcome can only be the suppression of science itself, or a radical remodelling of our ideas on government and the regulation of behaviour.' As in the field of criminology, why not also in the field of social (political) administration? As administrators become aware of the conclusions of social scientists, may they not increasingly feel compelled to implement them?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis awareness among administrators is an essential, before any decentralisation of the political structure, any more towards the abdication of power, can start; but equally, I regret I must return to my point of divergence from other anarchists \u2013 the breakdown cannot commence before the unrealistic financial mechanism which distorts the perspectives of all those attempting to comply with its restrictions, is replaced by one which will facilitate instead of inhibiting socially desirable production and distribution of wealth; and such a change would be a powerful ally of those seeking social freedom.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGeorge Molnar quotes Lenin's remark, 'The machine isn't going the way we guide it \u2026 A machine doesn't travel exactly the way, and often travels just exactly not the way, that the man imagines who sits at the wheel.' This is due either to plain bad driving, or to the built-in nature of the machine. In the latter case, given an understanding of the mechanism, it can be redesigned to do what a competent driver wishes.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe then quotes Maximoff: (Anarchists believe that) \"it would be impossible to make the State change its nature, for it is such only because of this nature, and in foregoing the latter it would cease to be a State.' This is mere tautology, for if you define the State in terms of its nature, it is perfectly true that if its nature were changed it would cease to be a State in accordance with your definition; but this does nothing to inhibit such a change; it merely requires a new descriptive label to be provided.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMolnar states: '(this) domestic imperialism of the State compels all parties, despite any allegiance they may have to specific parties or groups, to frame and execute policies which, irrespective of the intentions behind them, have the effect of extending state tutelage over wide areas of society formerly not under central control.' True; and, as he suggests, this domestic imperialism is a built-in aspect of the State machine, which no party which has so far been elected has recognised as such or sought to modify \u2026 Alex Comfort in a broadcast talk on The Art of the Possible about a year ago, put forward Riewald's idea of 'satisfactory' crimes, and extended it to 'satisfactory' political projects", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis motivation of psychopathic politicians is serious enough in itself; but when it is joined to the unrealities inherent in the financial mechanism it proves disastrous. But this is inevitable only while the successful politicians are psychopaths of the present kind and while the financial mechanism remains as it is. Neither condition is inherently unalterable, powerful though the protective devices built-in to the present State mechanisms may be.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI think Molnar's conclusions (Part III) unduly pessimistic. In answer to his para. 2, part III: the social scientists and psychologists are gaining increasing social influence, while directly attacking political, or at least, institutional authoritarianism. In para. 3, a more useful distinction than between 'free' and 'authoritarian' organisation would be between 'free' and 'arbitrary' authority", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus technical experts might reasonably be expected to lead in their fields, and have their advice acted upon, without any coercion. Their 'functional authority' would be respected, without the support of 'arbitrary authority'. Indeed, the action of arbitrary authority commonly degrades or negates the 'functional authority' it is supposed to supplement.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI would agree with George Molnar's conclusion that 'anarchism as a plan for the liberation of society does not work', but I believe that, nevertheless, it is both justifiable and realisable as an aim for social development.\nB. LESLIE.\nIssue of Anarchy from October 1961.\nAnarchists and Fabians: an anniversary symposium\nAction anthropology or applied anarchism? (Kevin Maddock)\nErosion inside capitalism (Reg Wright)\nGeorge Orwell: an accident in society (Nicholas Walter)\nAnarchyNo.8.epub 81.42 KB", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn other parts of the civilised world the economic problem has been longer and more scientifically discussed, and Socialist opinion has taken shape in two distinct schools, Collectivist and Anarchist. English Socialism is not yet Anarchist or Collectivist, not yet definite enough in point of policy to be classified. There is a mass of Socialistic feeling not yet conscious of itself as Socialism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut when the unconscious Socialists of England discover their position, English Socialism is not yet Anarchist or Collectivist, not yet supporting a strong central administration, and a counterbalancing Anarchist party defending individual initiative against that administration.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis issue of ANARCHY coincides with the seventy-fifth anniversary of its publishers, Freedom Press. It was in October 1886, that the original Freedom Group, consisting of exiled Russian revolutionaries, Peter Kropotkin and Nicolas Tchaikovsky, a London Italian, Saverio Merlino, and two members of the Fabian Society, Dr. Burns Gibson and Mrs. Charlotte Wilson, issued the first number of FREEDOM as \"a Journal of Anarchist Socialism\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnnie Besant, who was also at that time a member of the Fabian Executive, lent the hospitality of her Freethought Publishing Company as an office, and the type was composed at the printing office of the Socialist League, an arrangement made by William Morris.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis close association of anarchists and Fabians, and the existence of anarchist Fabians seems odd today. The explanation is given by the quotation at the head of the page, from the introduction to the fourth Fabian Tract What Socialism is, which was followed by an exposition of Collectivism by August Bebel, and of Anarchism, \"drawn up by C. M. Wilson, on behalf of the London Anarchists\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSocialism, as the introduction suggested, was still undifferentiated in this country, between that school which sought to utilise the power of the state and that which saw the state as an obstacle to the realisation of socialism. This un-differentiated period was at that time coming to an end", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe struggle between the adherents of Marx and those of Bakunin in the First International, had taken place in the previous decade; that in the Second International was yet to come, with the ejection of Merlino from its founding congress in Paris in 1889, and the final exclusion of the anarchist faction of Malatesta, Landauer, Nieuwenhuis and Cornelissen from the Zurich Congress in 1893, when Bebel's resolution limited membership to groups and parties who accepted political action. In England, H. M", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHyndman had founded the Democratic Federation (later the SDF) in 1881, containing \"parliamentary social reformers, revolutionary social democrats, anti-parliamentary social democrats and pronounced anarchists\". The SDF split at the end of 1884, William Morris's faction forming the Socialist League, which in turn split again between anarchists and socialists a few years later, the anarchist faction joining with the Freedom Group in 1895", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the following year, speaking at a protest demonstration after the expulsion of the anarchists from the International Labour Congress, Keir Hardie said that, while he was no anarchist, no one could prophesy whether the Socialism of the future would shape itself in the image of the Social Democrats or of the Anarchists.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Fabian Society had been founded in 1884. Bernard Shaw became a member of its Executive Council in 1885, as did Charlotte Wilson, and in the same year Sidney Webb joined the society. In March 1885 Shaw published, in Henry Seymour's paper The Anarchist, a defence of anarchism. He had not yet reached the position of his 1893 Fabian Tract The Impossibilities of Anarchism (though his article is not a very good statement of the anarchist case, and his tract is not a very good criticism of it)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut 1886 turned out to be crucial year in the relations of Fabians and anarchists. According to one of the recent books on the history of the Fabian Society,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe question, as G.B.S. put it, was how many followers had the one ascertained anarchist Fabian, Mrs. Charlotte Wilson, among the silent Fabians", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The Fabian executive determined to find out. At a meeting that autumn in Alderton's Hotel, Annie Besant and Hubert Bland moved that seconded a resolution that Socialists should organise themselves into a political party \u2013 a suggestion that, would bring any cowering or lurking anarchists into the open, as being complete anathema to them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWilliam Morris dotted the i's and crossed the t's by adding a rider to the contrary: \"because no Parliamentary party can exist without compromise and concession.\" The debate was so noisy that the Fabian secretary was subsequently told by the manager of Alderton's Hotel that the society could not be accommodated there for any further meetings. Everybody voted whether Fabian or not, and Besant and Bland carried their resolution by 47 to 19, Morris's rider being rejected by 40 to 27.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd that, from a Fabian point of view, seems to have been the end of the matter, though it is interesting to note that at that time the majority faction had no intention of implementing the resolution.\n2. The Fabian Package\nGeoffrey Ostergaard.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe year 1889 saw the publication of Fabian Essays in Socialism, a coherent expression of the new creed which was destined to dominate British socialist thought for the next sixty years and which exercised a major influence on Bernstein's 'revision' of Marxism a decade later. The classic Fabian modus operandi was 'permeation' \u2013 the tactic of nobbling anyone, Tory, Liberal or what-have-you, who had any influence in government", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis tactic made no appeal to those in the Labour Movement, like Keir Hardie, who were eager to get 'independent' representation in Parliament. The Fabians therefore, played little part in the actual moves which led to the formation of the I.L.P. and its offspring the Labour Party. Nevertheless, they did provide the basic elements in the programmes of these parties", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Labour politicians had essentially only one idea of their own \u2013 representation independent of the older bourgeois parties: the rest of their ideas they bought at the Fabian shop.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(i) Acceptance of the bourgeois democratic State as a suitable instrument for the achievement and application of socialism. No essential change, the Fabians argued, was necessary in the apparatus of government. To break the State machine would be tantamount to political Luddism. All that was required was for the people to gain control of the machine through the ballot box and to perfect it for their own ends", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis notion assumed that the democratic State could be identified with the community and made possible the conclusion that State ownership and control was the same as ownership and control by the community in the interests of 'the community as a whole'.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(ii) Rejection of revolutionary economics. The early British socialists had demonstrated how bourgeois economics with its corner-stone, the labour theory of value, could be turned into a weapon for use against the bourgeoisie. Marx completed the demonstration. In response to this turn of events, bourgeois economists ditched the classical theory and developed a new economics based on the concept of marginal utility. The Fabians followed the new line", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey espoused the economics of utility and added to it a large dash of the Ricardian theory of rent. In their hands, economics was used to support the case for socialism, but in the process of presenting that case the guts were cut out of it. The old revolutionary economics was essentially a theory of class exploitation. Fabian economics was simply an attempt to justify State ownership", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe class struggle had no place in the Fabian picture of the world: socialism was not a matter of classes; it was rather a question of the 'community as a whole' taking charge of what was rightfully its own. In this connection, the different wording of the broad objective of the Fabians in comparison with that of the other socialists is significant", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor revolutionary socialists the aim was 'the emancipation of labour through the abolition of the wage system and the socialisation of the means of production.' For the Fabians the aim, as stated in their Basis, was simply 'the emancipation of land and capital from individual ownership.'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(iii) The notion that socialism would be achieved through a process of gradual evolution. That socialism was the next step in the development of modern society. Sidney Webb, writing in the Essays on the historical basis of socialism, argued that socialist principles had been explicit in much of the development of social organisation in the19th century", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuccessive regulation and limitation of private ownership in the course of the century had cut 'slice after slice' from the profits of capital and the income of rent and interest. 'Step by step' the political power of the country had been used for industrial ends", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe logical end result would be the complete ownership and management of industry by the community, a consummation that would be achieved 'with no more dislocation of the industries carried on by (capitalist shareholders) than is caused by the daily purchase of shares by the stock exchange.' Not for a moment were the Fabians prepared to countenance the idea that State ownership might, in certain circumstances, be in the interests of the capitalist class: socialism was State intervention and that's all there was to it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the 20th century Fabianism was to be faced with some competition from other brands of socialism, notably syndicalism and guild socialism. But this competition resulted in only a modification of the wrapper. The basic goods remained the same and three-quarters of a century later we are living in a Britain shaped very much in the Fabian mould.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Fabians succeeded in changing the whole character of socialism. For the 'socialism of the street' they substituted 'the socialism of the bureau' \u2013 the socialism of a bureaucrat anxious to enlarge his department. In modern parlance, they were the harbingers of managerialism. They valued above all social efficiency, an idea which, if it has always found expression in socialist literature, had previously been subordinate to the more human values of freedom, mutual aid and social co-operation", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Fabians never tired of emphasising the economic advantages to be gained from a collectivist economy \u2013 the replacement of the 'anarchy' of competition by planned production and the elimination of wasteful unemployment and poverty through the establishment of a national minimum standard of living", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe total effect of Fabian doctrines was thus to transform socialism from a moral idea of the emancipation of the proletariat to a complicated problem of social engineering, making it a task, once political power had been won, not for the ordinary stupid mortal \u2013 Beatrice Webb's 'average sensual man' \u2013 but for the administrator armed with facts and figures provided by diligent research", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is small wonder that, nurtured for three generations on such fare, British socialism presents today a spectacle of spiritual exhaustion.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the Report on Fabian Policy of 1896, George Bernard Shaw wrote that \"The Socialism advocated by the Fabian Society is State Socialism exclusively\". It was this glorification of the State which brings us up with a start when we read even the most sympathetic accounts of the leading triumvirate of the Fabian Society, Shaw, and Sidney and Beatrice Webb", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt explains their bellicosity at the time of the Boer War, it explains Sidney Webb's remark in the First World War, when there was a chance of a negotiated peace, \"Soldiers' noses must be kept to the grindstone.\" It explains the admiration which Shaw and the Webbs expressed later in their lives, for Mussolini, and their positively indecent worship of Stalin", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt explains why the chosen instrument of public ownership of industry and services in this country has been the public corporation, run on capitalist lines, and indeed indistinguishable from the big capitalist empires. It explains why many of the instruments of social welfare have taken their particular form. (The \"welfare state\" as such cannot be described as a Fabian achievement: it is the inevitable concommitant of industrialisation and of the extension of warfare to civilian populations", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nProfessor Titmuss himself has described how \"The aim and content of social policy, both in peace and war, are determined \u2013 at least to a substantial extent \u2013 by how far the co-operation of the masses is essential to the successful prosecution of war.\").", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Fabian period is over, although the society itself still exists. In a sense it was over by the end of the First World War, with the outlines of Fabian policy set in motion as the policy of the Labour Party; in another sense it was over after its period of maximum membership in the late nineteen-forties, when the Labour government enacted its Fabian measures. As the Labour government staggered to its end ten years ago, The Times, in an unusually perceptive leading article observed that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt its annual conference in 1919 the Labour Party took a fateful step when, following the lead of Sidney Webb, it committed itself not only to Socialism but to one particular definition of Socialism which happened at that time to have found acceptance with the Fabian Society. By this definition Socialism is identified with the increase (almost unlimited in the economic field) of the State's power and activity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is a direct consequence of this decision that an important element among those in the Labour Party who doubt the direction which the party has taken consists of those who looked for more power for the workers and for ordinary people and have been given instead the huge, impersonal and management-controlled public corporation. Mr. Bevan, in his indictment of the 'economists' party voices their vague but real resentment against the State managers who, as they see it, have annexed Socialism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is nothing in the history of Socialist thought to suggest that the State is the natural and inevitable instrument by which Socialism is to be attained. From Proudhon to William Morris to the Guild Socialists, distrust of the State has been a constant element in the development of Socialist ideas. It is the tragedy of the Labour movement that it has been so intent on extending the authority of the State that it has overlooked the purpose of its existence.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe ten years since then have seen an orgy of \"rethinking\" among socialists of all kinds, but they have neither found a way of dressing up Labour's political programme in a fashion attractive enough to collect the floating votes on which general elections now depend, nor have they explored a non-parliamentary field of socialist activity which does not depend on the conquest of state power", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFabian policies have lost their appeal \u2013 we have experienced them from governments of both political complexions, and there is nothing significant to distinguish political socialism from its opponents in home, colonial or foreign policies.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe most perceptive of socialist thinkers have been groping for a different kind of socialism: some of them are quoted in ANARCHY 3, (p. 66). One of them, the philosopher and novelist Iris Murdoch. declared that \"The Welfare State marks the successful end of the first road along which the Socialist movement in this country has elected to travel", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is now time to go back to the point of divergence.\" For her the alternative road is in the tradition of the Guild Socialists who \"were deeply concerned with the destruction of community life, the degradation of work, the division of man from man which the economic relationships of capitalism had produced; and they looked to the transformation of existing communities, the trade unions, the factories themselves, for the restoration of what was lost.\" For us the point of divergence is not very different", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt the actual time of the divergence between anarchists and Fabians, Charlotte Wilson expressed it in Fabian Tract No. 4 in these words:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe first aim of anarchism is to assert and make good the dignity of the individual human being, by his deliverance from every description of arbitrary restraint \u2013 economic, political and social; and by doing so, to make apparent in their true force the real social bonds which already knit men together, and, unrecognised, are the actual basis of such common life as we possess. The means of doing this rests with each man's conscience and his opportunities \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchists believe the existing organisation of the State only necessary in the interest of monopoly, and they aim at the simultaneous overthrow of both monopoly and State. They hold the centralised 'administration of processes' a mere reflection of the present middle-class government by representation upon the vague conception of the future", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey look rather for voluntary productive and distributive associations utilising a common capital, loosely federated trade and district communities practising eventually free communism in production and consumption \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchism is not a utopia, but a faith based on the scientific observation of social phenomena. In it the individual revolt against authority, handed down to us through radicalism and the philosophy of Herbert Spencer, and the Socialist revolt against private ownership of the means of production, which is the foundation of Collectivism, find their common issue.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn spite of the fact that anarchism and Fabianism are at almost diametrically opposed wings of the socialism movement, there are lessons to be learned from the Fabians \u2013 and by the Fabians in this context, I mean the \"Old Gang\" of the Society, the little group which was its mainspring until (and unofficially long beyond) its retirement from the executive in 1911 \u2013 Bernard Shaw, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Sydney Olivier and Graham Wallas", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSome of these lessons are indicated in a recent article in FREEDOM (Socialism by Pressure Group 12/8/61) by Geoffrey Ostergaard, who points out how the society's organisational structure placed it \"out of the reach of interested minorities chasing paper majorities which have been the bane of most socialist and labour organisations\". Others emerge from a study of the \"Old Gang\" considered as a group, published in the American bulletin Autonomous Groups (Spring and Summer 1959) by Charles Kitzen", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe shows how the \"Old Gang\", with its close ties of sentiment and common interest, its division of labour based on specialisation according to their different talents, and its \"external system\" by which each member of the \"Old Gang\" was a liaison between the group and many other organisations and interest groups, achieved an immense amount of work and exercised a very great influence, by virtue of its structure and character as a group", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is a paradox that the \"Old Gang\" of the Fabians, rigorous protagonists of state socialism, should have been in themselves the epitome of a voluntary informal group of autonomous individuals.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe immense service in education and research which this tiny group was able to give to the socialist movement, though its results were from our point of view disastrous, lead me to ask whether, if we are really to \"go back to the point of divergence\" and successfully propagate a different kind of socialism, we do not need the equivalent of the Fabians to do for anarchist theory and practice what they did for the political wing of the Labour movement", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? I think we do, and I think we already have its nucleus among our readers (for the FREEDOM readership survey last year revealed that we have among us people with specialised knowledge in every conceivable field of occupation and activity), but what we have not got is the willingness to undertake the necessary work", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLet us imagine this anarchist equivalent in existence \u2013 we will call it The Nucleus as a \"notional\" organisation, that is to say, one without officers and membership lists or the paraphernalia of formal organisations", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIts members \u2013 let us assume that they are synonymous with the readership of this journal, seek to relate anarchism to their own particular occupation or field of interest, to use it (as the manifesto in the very first issue of FREEDOM seventy-five years ago put it), as \"the touchstone\" by which they set out to \"try the current ideas and modes of action of existing society\", and to infuse it into the other occupational and interest groups to which they belong", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Nucleus, in its \"external system\" acts as an anarchist leaven in other equally \"notional\" organisations \u2013 the unofficial movements in industry, the New Left, CND and the Committee of 100 are examples, while internally (through the medium of this journal, we might hope), it seeks to erect that \"house of theory\" for want of which Iris Murdoch sees the impetus of the Left withering away, as well as an exposition of what one of our contributors calls \"applied anarchism\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor it is in the field of partial anarchist applications, examples of which are given in ANARCHY 4 ('de-institutionalisation') and ANARCHY 7 (adventure playgrounds), that we can most readily see the startling relevance in daily life, of anarchist ideas. Far from being a half-forgotten backwater left over from the pre-Fabian days of socialism, they can emerge as a living influence in life and conduct, if only the nucleus of contemporary anarchists will take the trouble to present them in this light.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLast month thousands of people were willing to make an act of token resistance to authority in the \"sit-down\" demonstrations. The field for modern and constructive anarchist propaganda is all around us.\nAction Anthropology ot Applied Anarchism?\nKENNETH MADDOCK, born in Hastings, New Zealand, 1937, is a first-generation New Zealander. He graduated in law from the University of Auckland, before turning to social anthropology in which he completes his degree this year.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nANTHROPOLOGY IS OFTEN CALLED the science of man, and, on the whole, anthropologists have not been reluctant to accept this description. But, by ranking their discipline among the sciences, anthropologists are forced into considering whether their knowledge can be applied in the solution of human problems, and, if so, on what conditions. Some sidestep the issue, holding that anthropologists cannot expect to influence practical decisions and should therefore concentrate on \"pure\" research", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTraditionally, two conflicting approaches exist among those who accept the practicability of applied anthropology. The right wing hold that their proper role is simply to advise on the solution of problems posed by others, e.g. by colonial administrators. Thus, if administrators wish to impose a particular policy, the applied anthropologist would indicate the obstacles likely to be thrown up because of the nature of the culture affected. The left wing are more optimistic", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAvoiding the schizophrenic separation of science and values, they hold that the anthropologist knows more about the nature of culture, particularly primitive and non-European culture, than anyone else, and that he should therefore share in the formation of policy. Both these approaches have certain difficulties attendant upon them, which it is not my intention to investigate now.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nQuite recently a new approach to applied anthropology has come into prominence, an approach which seems more compatible with anarchism than either of the others and is likely to be attractive to anarchist social scientists. This new approach to an old problem is called action anthropology, and is associated with Professor Sol Tax of the University of Chicago more than with anyone else.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe genesis of action anthropology can be traced back to 1948 when Chicago University established a research centre among the Fox Indians, who live near Tama, Iowa, for the purpose of giving students some field training. There seems initially to have been no intention", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nKENNETH MADDOCK, born in Hastings, New Zealand, 1937, is a first-generation New Zealander. He graduated in law from the University of Auckland, before turning to social anthropology in which he completes his degree this year. to do other than pure research, but the character of the project quickly changed. The workers became interested in the Fox as people, and in the problems which they face. It was decided to help the Fox, particularly in their relations with the whites", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd this is where the problem of applications arose. The Chicago team were not operating in the usual milieu of the applied anthropologist, which is the colonial situation, but among people who legally were equal citizens. No one could force a programme on the Fox. The possibility of exercising power less directly by relying on greater knowledge and sophistication seems not to have been considered", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nInstead, as Sol Tax put it: \"We were not doing pure science \u2013 we thought we ought not to use the Indian community for purposes that were not their own. But neither were we coming to apply our anthropological skills to develop a plan or programme.\"1", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? They are an Algonquian-speaking people (their name for themselves is Mesquakie; \"Fox\" is the English translation of \"Reynard\", the name the French applied to these people) who, at the time of first contact back in the seventeenth century, were living in what is now Wisconsin. Their history is characteristic of that of most primitives in culture contact situations \u2013 it is a melancholy story. Wars with the French in the early eighteenth century resulted in near- extermination", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDuring the English and American periods what were left of the Fox moved south and west into Illinois and Iowa; in the 1840s the American government moved them onto a reservation in Kansas. But the Fox had not lost their will to survive as a people. In the 1850s they bought 80 acres of land in Iowa, and moved to it under the protection of the state government. Since then other purchases have expanded their land to about 3,300 acres", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe people themselves now number about 600, of whom about 500 live on the settlement and work for wages in nearby towns. The others, who work further away, return to the settlement only at weekends or for special occasions. On the settlement is a school paid for by the federal government, which also pays the fees of a Tama physician who keeps a morning clinic there. Further, the federal government pays tuition fees at the public high school in Tama", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven these minimal services are a source of tension: the government recognizes no obligation to provide them, and, indeed, threatens termination; the Fox, however, regard these services, and much more, as their due.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDespite the vicissitudes of culture contact, many Fox cultural traits in religion, social organization, and language still persist, not merely vestigially but with real vitality. Thus, for most Indians, English is a language learnt at school. The old kinship patterns survive. So does the old religion, though a few Fox are Christians, and rather more belong to an Indian adjustment cult based on the peyote ritual", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOf especial interest to anarchists is the Fox authority system, characterized by an absence of recognition of any vertical authority.2 Authority roles in the sense of certain individuals having power to make decisions binding others, are non-existent. Instead, decisions are made only after extended discussion and debate, with no action taken without unanimity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis highly egalitarian cultural pattern has remained constant even though the federal government, acting pursuant to the Indian Reorganization Act, has attempted to impose a hierarchical system. In consequence of the Act, the Fox now elect a council which acts for them in relations with the government", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe council's chairman is treated by the government as a chief, but, in practice, meetings are still conducted in the traditional way, with leisurely discussion leading to decisions which are made unanimously or not at all.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe question of authority in Fox society is not merely an issue of interest to anarchists and anthropologists; it lies at the root of the Fox problem, and has bedevilled attempts at a solution. Thus, in 1944, the government drafted a ten-year plan for economic improvement. Roads were to be paved, the land area doubled, a retail store established. But unhappily this plan was never implemented", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe tribal council voted it down because acceptance would have meant a section of the community binding the community as a whole. In a more regimented and hierarchical society a group in power would not have hesitated, but not so among the Fox.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf there were a rational awareness on the part of both Indian and white of the implications of so highly egalitarian an authority system, there might not be a Fox problem, or, if there was, its dimensions would be modest. White-initiated activities would not have been structured around the tacit assumption that vertical authority roles exist among the Fox \u2013 a structuring that makes them unworkable. The Fox would not have developed a failure complex over their inability to succeed in those activities", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is how Fred Gearing,3 one of the action anthropologists, puts the problem: \"On the whole, white-initiated activities have been organized in a hierarchical arrangement of authority and the Fox have failed. Failing repeatedly, and having mixed feelings about what the white man calls progress in the first place, the Fox have settled down to a grand strategy of holding the line. Having set on that course, they tend, through time, to become more of a financial burden.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis was the situation when the action anthropologists became interested in the Fox as people. The concept of the problem as seen by Professor Tax and his associates is in terms of a vicious circle, some of the elements of which I have already referred to. Lying on the periphery of the circle are two sets of factors tending to aggravate its viciousness. First is the Fox authority system with its reflection in their failure complex", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSecondly, there are the contrasting personality types and work patterns of Indian and white, a set of factors which is reflected in the white belief that the Fox are lazy. The Fox, according to Fred Gearing, differ in personality from the typical white in that they do not share the latter's compulsive drive to make his real self approximate to his ideal self, or his shame and guilt if he fails. Instead, the Fox personality ideal is one of harmony with himself and nature", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe effect of this on respective work patterns is that the white can engage in sustained effort over a long period, independently of his own group if need be. The Fox cannot. So misunderstandings fester: the white sees the Fox as lazy; the Fox sees the white as aggressive and selfish. Each is probably right in terms of his own values.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow we can enter the vicious circle. If whites believe the Fox are lazy, then the existence of the government services to which I have referred makes the Indians seem a burden on their thrifty and hard-working neighbours. The whites rationalize the situation, and conclude that the Fox can only be temporary; this rationalization generates action to speed up the \"inevitable\" assimilation", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Fox quite naturally resist change, their resistance being partly attributable to their failure complex, and so the circle is complete. The Fox seem more of a burden than ever.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne way of breaking down the vicious circle would have been to define concrete goals for the Fox to work towards \u2013 that is what the left wing in applied anthropology might have done. Instead, the action anthropologists decided on more open-ended goals, such as to increase the knowledge and awareness of both Indian and white", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThrough breaking down the mountain of misunderstanding, prejudice, and stereotype built up by the ethnocentric value judgments of both sides, they hope to achieve a release of people's energy and imagination. In short, they are acting as catalysts. An analogy suggests itself at this point: action anthropology is clinical in character. The psychotherapist helps the patient to an awareness of his own condition so that he can see for himself the roots of his condition", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd so, too, with action anthropology: \"by picking up a series of cues (in the light of general principles, of course) it allows concrete plans for action to emerge progressively from the ongoing processes of social change among the Fox.\u201d4 Thus originally Sol Tax and his associates had debated the pros and cons of assimilation. Then, in Tax's words, \"what a marvellous happy moment it was when we realized that this was not a judgment or decision we needed to make", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn playing their catalyst role, the action anthropologists are engaged in two specific programmes. First, education. On one level the whites are being educated into an awareness that neither the Fox, nor any other Indian group, can be thought of as only temporary. After all, they have survived centuries of culture contact. On another level the Fox themselves are being educated into a perception of the differences in culture and social organization between Indian and white", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMore particularly, the connection of the Fox authority system, with its positive evaluation of freedom, to past Fox failures in white-initiated activities is being illuminated. Further, a scholarship programme is under way to bring young Indians into the professions and skilled occupations, so that the white economy can be entered at levels other than unskilled wage work.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSecondly, economic improvement is envisaged. Obviously the success of this is partly tied to the outcome of the various aspects of the educational programme. However, a step already taken is to develop a co-operative industry producing and selling Indian crafts", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis venture, which is proving commercially successful, centres on a young Fox, Charles Pushetonequa, whose high artistic ability had opened the prospect of a career in the white world outside, but who preferred to live with his own people doing unskilled work. Now he [no more text in original]", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Fox project is the first case history in action anthropology. Obviously a wider application of its methods would be richly justified in terms of human happiness, autonomy, and self-realization; however, there are some caveats which must be entered against action programmes. First, freedom from government control is essential. This rules out most colonial situations, and also, I am afraid, one possible source of funds", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSecondly, it is probable that an action programme would be viable only where the culture concerned is intact enough to make community goals meaningful. In some situations native peoples are so highly \"detribalized\" that assimilation seems the most realistic, and the most humane, goal. Thirdly, certain aspects of an action programme could be expensive, e.g. the higher education project among the Fox. Not all anthropologists are as adept at raising funds as Sol Tax is said to be", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA final point is that in situations where a dramatic conflict of interest between European and non-European exists, e.g. in Kenya or South Africa, an action programme could probably not succeed. A number of North American Indian and Polynesian societies would, however, be promising ground, and, no doubt, there are many others.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe anarchist character of action anthropology is plain to see, though I don't know whether Professor Tax would care to be labelled, or libelled, an anarchist. Whatever his personal reaction, however, it is clear that the open-ended goals towards which action anthropology moves \u2013 happiness, autonomy, self-realization \u2013 are in harmony with the anarchist tradition. So, too, is its choice of non-authoritarian means to realize those goals", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1 Sol Tax in his opening address at the Central States Anthropological Society symposium on the Fox project (5 May, 1955). In addition to the references cited below, readers interested could refer to Documentary History of the Fox Project, 1960, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n2 WaIter B. Miller in the American Anthropologist, April 1955.\n3 Fred Gearing in his paper, \"Strategy of the Fox Project\", at the Central State Anthropological Society symposium.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n4 Ralph Piddington, \"Action Anthropology\", Journal of the Polynesian Society, September 1960.\n5 Sol Tax, \"The Fox Project\", Human Organization, Spring 1958.\nErosion Inside Capitalism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA. V. ROE, A PIONEER OF FLYING and a founder of the Avro aircraft firm, wrote a book about 25 years ago in which he showed that the aircraft industry in this country could, as it was then, build large aeroplanes to enable the ordinary workman to take his family to North Africa for 2 or 3 weeks of sunshine every winter \u2013 relays of them. Rehashing the idea recently to a friend, I was asked \"Why wasn't it done?\" I retorted: \"You preferred a war!\" Long argument led to A. V", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRoe's suggested economics for the scheme-social credit and all that. Again the question \"Why aren't such obviously good schemes in operation?\" My reply \"Because you prefer 'freedom' to scramble over money.\" This led us to to A. V. Roe's reasoning as a production engineer.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt takes many man-hours to build a large aeroplane, and a vast amount of man-hours is used up in preliminary work, design, toolmaking, planning, prototyping. The break-even point requires the sale of 60-80 such machines, and to make a profit commensurate with the skill and enterprise involved requires a sale of hundreds, even thousands. It ought to be in production for ten years or more. The military market is, unfortunately, almost the only mass market for this industry. Roe deplored this, as do we all", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMilitary requirements demand secrecy \u2013 'security'. This leads to massive propaganda to condition the taxpayer into providing the money. So we find an industry in which the highest manual and technical skills are necessary, prostituted to the art of war.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe actual building of aircraft demands teamwork of the highest order. Design and study groups are assembled, draughtsmen are grouped according to their special knowledge, new men are absorbed, who, in turn, absorb knowledge from the groups. Next come planning groups who break the overall design down into production schemes. Each group consists of a nucleus of older men of wide experience around whom young men and apprentices are gathered", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTeams of estimators work out costs, teams of technical and commercial experts order components from outside specialist firms, who in turn have to design, plan and order their work. Highly expensive machines, jigs and tools have to be ordered, sometimes years in advance of production. The co-ordination of such diverse teams calls for human understanding of a very high order. It is rarely autocratic, but there are of course men of acknowledged eminence who make 'sticky' decisions. This is", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nakin to an orchestra accepting the authority of the conductor. While this vast enterprise is taking shape, drawings are percolating onto the workshop floors. Here the \"detail-fitting\" group reproduces in metal the most amazing geometrical forms. These men are individualistic pieceworkers but are well aware of the strength of their position and usually combine in maintaining high standards of pay and conditions of work", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Details\" now go to \"sub-assembly\" gangs who combine them into a \"structure\" which will form with other \"structures\" a major components of the aeroplane. These are then built into the complete aeroplane by groups of men with long experience. The shop floors continually come across faults and inadequacies in drawings and these are \"flagged back\" to the design office for amendment, the worker here being the necessary practical corrective to the theoretician.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe main bulk of the work is done, as can be seen, by groups \u2013 thousands of technicians and thousands of workers. Liaison is the work of individuals of outstanding ability. Whether a gang system is officially in existence or not, the grouping is the same. Firms who operate the gang system of piecework are almost invariably in the lead in production of aircraft as each gang is a self-sufficing democratic unit, a business within the larger business", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut it is also more \u2013 it frees men's minds of financial worry and thus enables them to specialise as well as to co-operate. No man works against another because his good is the general good of the gang. Money matters are the concern of everyone because all are equal \u2013 the details are taken care of by the ganger and the shop-steward. The \"share-out\" list is published to the gang weekly. Most men with experience of a modern gang system are reluctant to return to individual piecework or to a fixed wage", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn gangwork the initiative is with the men on the shop floor \u2013 they have to earn their money \u2013 they scheme, devise and invent continuously to speed-up the job, to enhance earnings, to make the job easier and to win shorter working hours. Men on \"daywork\" (fixed wage) have to be driven by foremen \u2013 men on individual piecework drive themselves \u2013 gang workers are a team who share equipment and money, and have a common attitude and understanding", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAircraft building is probably the most complex of all manufactures because it is never static, new inventions and ideas being thrown up continuously. It combines the highest technical knowledge and skill with the most exacting workmanship. Every operation (and there are millions) could, if performed badly, be a cause of disaster, and every man knows it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMen soon come to accept that gang work is normal, that they can forget greed, that it takes all sorts to make a gang, and that individualism and collectivism can work side by side decently.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTeam work on the management side is still marred by predatoriness \u2013 middle class ambition. The shop floor is kept clean of this by full publication of gang accounts, by all decisions being made by the entire gang or shop, and by collective disapproval of anti-social deviation. An individualist who cannot conform usually ends up on piece-work \u2013 on his own. The sociological significance of such developments in social engineering is that our industrial society is transforming itself from within", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJust as capitalism arose \"in the gaps\" of the earlier land-owning and farming system so today a new order and method is arising from the bottom. It is resisted by some, not written about, ignored by the professional planners and inspirers. These dream up visions of white-coated university-trained experts (themselves!) pressing electronic buttons that will make workers unnecessary or subservient. The reality is different", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAutomatic machinery and processes are just the end result of a vast apparatus of creative work along the lines I have described. A self-operating plant, marvellous as it may be, has merely put the real work further back, out of sight. It was organised in work, by hand, skill, and brains.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnskilled labour is fast being abolished. Even on building and civil engineering jobs the first thing done is to elevate 'labourers' into machine drivers and material handlers \u2013 with enhanced pay. Gang work, in its modern sense, is increasingly used, to the benefit of both sides. A new road is wanted \u2013 quickly; \"Mad Michael\" and his gang arrive. They are tough, hand-picked Irishmen. Machines are there, the earth is torn up, levelled, drained, concreted and finished in record time", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Mad Michael\" moves on, and along the road the regular house-builders follow. These men are self-selected \u2013 in pubs. They earn big money \u2013 and spend it! The nucleus of such a gang is permanent. Such gangs are to be found all over the world.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI once had office control of such a job. The plasterers' gang comprised 20 plasterers and 10 labourers. They had been a gang for years, run by their own foreman. They 'carried' an old plasterer who should have been retired, but 'couldn't afford it'. These men plastered miners' houses at great speed, and the old man followed up cleaning up defects. One day the 'agent' in a fit of spleen, sacked the old fellow. Instantly the foreman came to me and demanded the cards of the entire gang \u2013 his own as well", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI knew the firm could not replace them and phoned head office. The old man was re-instated after a hell of a battle. The foreman told me, \"That old chap is one of the finest plasterers alive. Some of the best ornamental plaster work in London was done by him. He taught me my trade. Anyone touching him touches me \u2013 and my lads. And if by any chance I should be as badly off as he is at that age I should expect the lads to carry me \u2013 and I know they would.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is an example of a common phenomenon: that at the back of almost every strike there is someone who thinks he alone knows. Strikes often appear to outside people to be about trivialities. Middle-class people conclude that the monetary gains that the men may get from a strike are also trivial, or that they have lost on the deal. Nothing of the sort. The men know that there is hostility somewhere above, and when breaking point has been reached, that someone has to be taught a lesson", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt may be one man, or it may be the general feeling among managers who want what they call a 'showdown' It can be political. Sometimes it is an obsession with a new system that is intended to make men conform. Whatever it is, the men know that they must give the lesson, for themselves, now, for other workers elsewhere, and also for the future", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is of course a negative attitude, but 'educating the gaffers' has been the continuous method by which the workers have raised themselves right from the earliest days of industrial degradation. Unless they continue thus, they would be pushed back, bit by bit, and they know it. The trade unions and the internal system in industry are but the frame in which men work. Their real feelings only break through occasionally \u2013 but they are always there ready", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTheir creative life at work is different, is slowly gaining, eroding old-fashioned capitalism. In fact employers and managers sometimes complain to me \"There seems to be no end to the things these men want. Where will it end", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? They will soon be demanding the lot!\" Sometimes I reply \"Yes \u2013 the lot.\" The process is not usually thought of in the terms in which I have stated it, but it goes on, continuously.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the Coventry car factories there has been an uphill battle from 1914 war days onwards, to build shop-floor organisation, and method. Shop stewards were in wartime, practically illegal and were persecuted for years afterwards. Great industrial battles were fought in the 1920s but men soon realised that something more than rebelliousness was required. So the battle was transferred to the shop floor. We fought while we worked and were getting paid, for strikes, unless imperative, were a dead loss", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOur method was non-co-operation with any foreman, charge-hand, or rate-fixer who was a swine. Some whole firms were swinish. Our means were always subtle and drove supervisors mad. It was a desperate period for many men as we had been severely beaten in a three-month lockout in 1922 \u2013 but, personally, I enjoyed the fight.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut there were other firms. In these, production engineering was being systematically applied. Coventry was peculiarly successful owing to the bicycle boom of 1880 to 1900, when line-production of precision-made parts had been highly developed. This skill and method easily progressed from bicycles to motor-cars. It was inevitable that someone would eventually, gather together enough resources to satisfy the ambitions of designers, production engineers, workers, and customers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy 1922 Morris Motors in Coventry had installed a hand transfer machine, in 1923 a fully automatic one \u2013 the first in the world. Continuous production by specialised machines, tools and methods attracted men away from the \"swinish\" firms \u2013 wages went up and hours went down. Other progressive firms, unable to afford such vast and expensive plants, achieved similar results by enlisting worker co-operation with high piecework earnings \u2013 \"flogging the plant\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was soon found that piecework was advantageous, that a \"line\" was a team, and that the gang system kept men together, and happy. There were battles, and from all this a new outlook developed. The dictatorial gaffer was told to go to hell and increasingly men ran the job themselves. Immense improvements in working conditions were brought about by erosion, by wearing down outmoded thought", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd all this was achieved in a period when the car trade was seasonal \u2013 overtime all the winter stocking-up parts, short time and unemployment in the summer. Ideal for those who valued their health!", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBefore 1939 there were at the Standard works 68 rates of pay. In wartime this was reduced to 8. The pre-war gangs of 8 or 9 men were now increased to many hundreds. After the war the management asked the men to establish the minimum wage on which a man and his family could live in Coventry. The figure later became the minimum, a datum line. Above that, piecework, by gangs, gave the highest pay in the industry. A vast amount of argument and negotiation stabilised 15 gangs for the entire car works", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSkilled toolmakers were classed A, craftsmen B, skilled production workers C, semi-skilled D, right down to tea-makers and cleaners. Inside each gang and category all were equal as people and in pay.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe workers increasingly ran the job themselves, made mistakes, and learned. From time to time however the autocratic mind tried to re-assert itself and strikes resulted. These were settled in hours with all cards on the table. Sometimes workers demanded impossible things \u2013 impossible within the structure of capitalism that is. These episodes were used as Conservative anti-worker propaganda, and it was common to hear Captain Black, the then head of Standard, denounced as \"pink, if not red! \"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe initiative in both car and tractor plants came from the shop floor \u2013 all else was \"a service to production\". So successful was the scheme that there was quite serious discussion on the Trade Unions themselves running the entire production. This idea was abandoned \u2013 maybe from fear of the political mind \u2013 of all kinds. The Standard Company had preserved its freedom to carry out this social experiment by withdrawing from the Engineering Employers Association", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe gang idea was carried further towards workers' control that anyone else had done to date. It paid, on both sides. As Standard forged ahead and set the standard of pay for Coventry, so other firms were obliged to follow. Morris Motors had already, before the war, established similar methods, but there was, and still is, more individual piecework. Similarly with Rootes and Jaguars", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMixtures of gang-work and ordinary piecework are quite common in other works, but which ever system is used the initiative is usually from the bottom. Some men fail to cohere and never succeed as a gang. Many firms now prefer gang-work as it simplifies administration and reduces overhead costs.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut success goes to people's heads, and capitalism is still capitalism. Markets became bigger, output soared, and as greater demands were made on the plant it became obvious that more automatic methods would have to come. This time the managers really got bigheaded and their \"show-down\" came when the Ferguson tractor was changed over to a new design and a new methodology", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOther firms, wisely, changed over discreetly and managed to \"carry\" their men, but Standard, under their new chief Alick Dick, shed their men \u2013 hence the so-called \"automation\" strike. The affront to the men consisted in withholding information and dismissing with indifference all ideas from below. This delighted Conservatives everywhere, but was in fact a stupid reversion to an outmoded attitude, an attempt to break a social process that had developed for a generation or more", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWorkers who were still busy on cars that were selling well struck work. This was a shock, completely unexpected. Lesson 1 for Alick Dick.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn a few months the tractor plant started up again, and full co-operation from the men was expected. It was not forthcoming until Alick Dick put all his cards on the table: Lesson 2. Later he tried another \"show-down\" and sacked 117 men from the Triumph Herald body line. The entire press of this country rejoiced: at last managers were asserting authority. This was short-lived. The men had to be taken back and were paid for the 3 days they were sacked", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll this is a leading part of a historical process, the growth from below of new ideas and methods, assisted of course by first-rate production engineering. At the moment it looks as though the car trade may again become seasonal, with the off-period in the winter instead of the summer.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCoventry's gang system has been peculiarly successful and pays the highest district-average wage in the country \u2013 earned. Volkswagen, re-started under British auspices after the war, had developed the gang system in the same way. In Jugoslavia it is developing with distinct success, probably learned from Coventry as that country is one of Ferguson's best customers for tractors, and has sent many study teams to this country to pick up methods.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSome people may think that the Coventry workers' achievements will be defeated as new techniques advance, but I doubt it because men's experience of the gang system goes with them, and they feel affronted by the methods of an \"old-fashioned shop\". They at once become propagandists for a measure of workers' control. New techniques will demand ever-increasing skill which can only develop in an atmosphere free from frustration and niggling over money", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCheap, poor, degraded labour is fast being replaced by automatic processes \u2013 machines can do all the drudgery well, without tiring. Our next move in the advanced industry must be for shorter hours. Decent ways of spending leisure must be provided for. (The motor car itself is now a nuisance. Years ago some of my more wealthy friends were motoring enthusiasts and delighted to tell me of the beautiful houses and gardens they visited", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI always retorted \"Why not have a beautiful house and garden of your own?\" It sunk in eventually, and it will with our present motor maniacs).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany workers ape the falsities of the middle class, and others are poor creatures. I know, I live among them. But workers do practice loyalty. The gang idea is their idea and it cuts across ideologies and ignores drivel. To a large extent it ignores money, or at any rate the continuous niggling over money. In car factories they don't bother to count parts \u2013 these are just shunted into the system and come out counted in complete cars. A few get pinched, but that would happen anyway", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPeople who decry the technical world do not realise that advanced techniques are basic necessities for a life for everyone. But we allow ourselves to be bogged down by a stupid monetary system that wastes resources. Capital profits and take-overs and similar fiddles continually turn capital into spending money which creates markets for every form of parasitic production", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe bomb and the tools of war are parasitic, so are the insurance companies, landlordism, advertising, the press and the paper-scraping \"work\" of the city. We in production know that a major part of our effort is literally thrown away. We develop production as a social process only to find an ever-growing anti-social parasitic population against us", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe extension of higher education now being planned and organised is expected to take care of the vast increases in production that will be required, but it remains to be seen whether these new young men will be satisfied to be technical cows subservient to parasitic authority or whether they will come round to our view.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBecause large fortunes are now being made out of new drugs and chemical processes, new gadgets, inflated land and share values and so on, it is assumed that such affluence will continue. But such things are in the long run self-defeating \u2013 looting. A small proportion of the population can loot continuously but when the scale becomes immense it calls for a day of reckoning. The looters will have looted their own system to death", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd yet we have such immense potential resources that our own country could be made fit for all its inhabitants to live in. And we could have the surplus energy to help the backward countries. Economics, the science and liturgy of scarcity could be abolished. We could, like production engineers, work out the man-hours available and arrange for people themselves to put them to their own good use. Already we have gangs, groups, teams, whatever they may be called", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are voluntary bodies in every possible sphere, from sport to art. The professions run their own show and set their own standards. People everywhere, every day, help each other without question. Capitalism is parasitic on all this. It has already been eroded \u2013 in bits. When are we going to start putting the bits together?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSINCE REG WRIGHT'S ARTICLE WAS WRITTEN, some interesting things have happened at Standards in Coventry. Mr. Alick Dick who, after he took over from Sir John Black as chairman of the firm declared \"We are happy that we have re-established the most fundamental principle \u2013 management's right to manage\", has been \"resigned\", together with six other directors, by the new controllers of the firm, the Leyland Motor Company, who made a successful \u00a320,000,000 take-over bid for Standards earlier this year.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was reported in the Evening Standard (22/8/61) that Mr. Dick was expected to receive a \"golden handshake\" of around \u00a330,000 (rather different from the \u00a315 severance money paid to 3,500 Standard workers discharged in 1956 when the tractor factory, subsequently sold to Massey-Ferguson, was closed for re-tooling).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the following week Leylands dismissed a large number of \"executives and staff in the \u00a340-\u00a360 a week bracket\". One of the executives said to the Daily Mirror's correspondent (30/8/61) \"If one man on the shop floor was fired there would be a strike because they are organised", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAbout 200 of us will go and nothing will happen.\" One is tempted to comment \"Well, whose fault is that?\" because the essence of the management side, as Reg Wright notes, is middle-class ambition, while that of the workers' side is working-class solidarity. Confirmation of his opinion comes from the book about Standards, Decision-Making and Productivity (Blackwell 1958) by Professor Seymour Melman, who notes that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWithin the management hierarchy the relationships among the subsidiary functionaries are characterised primarily by predatory competition.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis means that position is gauged in relative terms and the effort to advance the position of one person must be a relative advance. Hence, one person's gain necessarily implies the relative loss of position by others. Within the workers' decision system the most characteristic feature of the decision-formulating process is that of mutuality in decision-making with final authority residing in the hands of the grouped workers themselves.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLeylands, the new owners, are of course makers of heavy commercial vehicles, and when they took over control of Standards it was with the avowed intention of forming a group capable of producing every kind of motor vehicle, though, as The Economist commented, \"When you remove all but one of the directors who have any experience of the car business from the board of a motor company, the obvious inference would be that you intend, sooner or later, to stop making cars.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the light of Reg Wright's views the coming struggles at Standard are of the greatest interest. Leyland, a Lancashire firm, competes for labour with the declining low-wage cotton industry. Standards have been paying the highest wage rate in Britain, and The Economist observes that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe power of the unions in Standard-Triumph International, another characteristic of the motor industry and one that was encouraged by Sir John Black, must also come as a shock to a Lancashire employer whose paternalism is still authoritative; and again those who have grown up to live with unions in this way must view the chances of changing it rather differently from people who are shocked by the whole idea.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is yet another aspect worth thinking about. Melman's study noted that the existence of two inter-related decision-making systems at Standards \u2013 those of the workers and those of the management had very important consequences", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe observed that (and this is important in considering Reg Wright's remarks above about \"looting\" as well as the alleged reasons for this country's current crisis over productivity) \"in England during the last decades the manpower cost of managing manufacturing firms has been rising more rapidly, than the growth of productivity\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut at Standards in unique contrast to the rest of the motor car industry the \"administrative overhead\" declined over the period 1939 to 1950, while that of every other firm in the industry and for manufacturing as a whole, increased. The reasons for this are given in Reg Wright's earlier article The Gang System in Coventry in ANARCHY 2. Standard's advertising expenditure per car sold is said to be \"modest\" in relation to that of other manufacturers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe methods used to sell and to produce cars are utterly different from those of a firm like Leyland making and selling the heaviest and most expensive types of commercial vehicle. This may have provided further grounds for disagreement: the amount spent by a car manufacturer on advertising and selling its products may seem exorbitant to anyone used to building to order for industrial concerns, instead of turning out cars, en masse and then persuading the public to buy them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSelling organisation and advertising might seem to the lorry maker a logical point at which to start cutting overheads, but the car maker would regard such a policy as disastrous.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFrom this point of view Leylands are a more \"rational\" firm than Standard who in turn are more rational than their larger competitors. But in capitalist industry, rationality and production-orientedness are not the guarantees of success.\nGeorge Orwell an Accident in Society\nNICOLAS WALTER wrote an account of The 'New Wave' in Britain in ANARCHY 1, and discussed Raymond Williams' The Long Revolution in ANARCHY 3.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGEORGE ORWELL'S REAL NAME was Eric Blair, and he was born in 1903 and died before he was 47. He was one of the most remarkable Englishmen who lived in the first half of this unhappy century. He was a child of the Raj (the British regime in India), like Thackeray, Kipling and Saki; his father had been a customs official in Bengal, and he himself served as a policeman in Burma for five years after leaving school", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe was also a child of what he called \"the lower-upper-middle-class\" \u2013 the shabby-genteel \"poor whites\" of the English class-system \u2013 and his education was a parody of what his background demanded. First he was sent to a beastly prep-school in Eastbourne (St. Cyprian's \u2013 described as Crossgates in his bitter essay Such, Such were the Joys and as St. Wulfric's in the last part of Cyril Connolly's mellower Enemies of Promise); then, being clever enough to win scholarships, he went to Eton", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn later life he claimed he wasted his time there and said it had no influence on him, but he might have been a very different person if he had gone to a conventional public school (such as Wellington, where he won another scholarship); Eton is one of the few really good schools where a scholarship boy can get away with doing nothing, and its influence is no weaker for being subtle.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy the time he went to Burma in 1922 he had assembled a fine collection of chips on his shoulder. He had been sent away from home for most of his childhood, like so many other children of so-called civilised middle-class parents (this extraordinary habit could be the subject of a fascinating piece of sociological analysis); he had been taken by St", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCyprian's at a reduced fee in the hope that he would win credit for the school with a good scholarship (which he did), and he wasn't allowed to forget the favour; he was sickly, and thought he was also ugly and unpopular (which he wasn't); then for some reason he didn't go up to Cambridge, where he might have done very well, but went out to Burma instead; and of course he was that unhappy animal, a bourgeois intellectual doing uncongenial work.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen he was 24 he threw up his post in Burma, after acquiring on one hand the material for a novel and some of his finest essays, and on the other \u201can immense weight of guilt that I had got to expiate\u201d. It would be fair to say that he spent the second half of his life trying to do just that. First he spent some time as a dishwasher in Paris and a tramp in England, acquiring the material for his first book \u2013 Down and Out in Paris & London (1933) \u2013 and writing occasional book reviews", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen he became less extreme in his deliberate bohemianism and settled down for a bit, working at a school near London and a bookshop in Hampstead (acquiring material for later books as usual), writing more reviews and other articles, and publishing two novels \u2013 Burmese Days (1934) and A Clergyman's Daughter (1935).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was at this time that Compton Mackenzie put him among the best realistic writers of the early Thirties, praising his \u201cdirectness, vigour, courage and vitality\u201d; that he became more or less able to live by writing; that he finally dropped his own name in favour of the pseudonym by which he is generally known; and that he married Eileen O'Shaughnessy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAfter the publication of his best realistic novel \u2013 Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) \u2013 he became increasingly a public and representative figure, though underneath he always remained his own private individual self.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFirst his publisher, Victor Gollancz, sent him to the North to gather material for a book about poverty and unemployment. The result was The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), in which he declared his commitment to socialism; it was perhaps his worst book, but at the same time his most revealing, and it remains one of the few Left Book Club titles still worth reading", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen he went to Spain to write about the Civil War but immediately joined the POUM militia, fighting on the Aragon front and witnessing the Barcelona \u201cMay Days\u201d before he was seriously wounded in the throat and returned to England (narrowly escaping first death and then the Communist purge of the POUM). This time the result was Homage to Catalonia (1938), one of his best books and also one of the best contemporary accounts of the Spanish Civil War", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe now definitely parted from the fellow-travelling socialists of the Popular Front, hating Fascism as much as them but hating Communism nearly as much (he has never been forgiven for being ten years ahead of them). As the Second World War approached, he took up the characteristic ideological position he was to maintain for the last decade of his life. His fourth novel \u2013 Coming up for Air (1939) \u2013 was his farewell to conventional fiction.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis attitude to the War was what Marxists in 1914 had called \u201cSocial Patriotism\u201d: he was a left-wing revolutionary and an English nationalist at the same time", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis was an integral part of his whole ambivalent and contradictory attitude to social and political problems \u2013 he loved England and hated Fascism (though he was never crudely anti-German), so he wanted to win the War; but he loved \u201cjustice and liberty\u201d and hated poverty and oppression too, so he also wanted to see a socialist revolution in this country", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn the one hand he supported the war effort, trying to get into the Army and joining the Home Guard instead, working for the Indian Service of the BBC, attacking Socialists and Communists and Pacifists and Anarchists incessantly and indiscriminately (and sometimes downright intolerantly) for being \"objectively pro-Fascist\"; but on the other hand he threw himself into the effort for his own brand of socialism, trying to turn the Home Guard into a People's Army and watching the manoeuvres of the Churchill Government with undisguised suspicion, broadcasting left wing ideas to the few Indians who listened to the BBC, writing The Lion & the Unicorn and dozens of other similar forgotten appeals for \"the English revolution\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen at the end of the War came Animal Farm (1945), his most perfect and popular book, which deservedly brought him fame and some fortune, and made him a successful writer at last. But his wife died in tragic circumstances, and soon he too became ill; he had always suffered from lung trouble, and now he contracted tuberculosis", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe went with his adopted son to the Scottish island of Jura (which was about the most unsuitable place he could have picked), and while he was dying there and in sanatoriums he finished his last and most deeply pessimistic book \u2013 Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) \u2013 rather like Lawrence fighting against time to finish Lady Chatterley's Lover twenty years before. He married again and prepared to go to Switzerland, where he might have recovered, but he died suddenly in January 1950.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGeorge Orwell's reputation with the general public rests on his last two books, the extraordinarily dissimilar political fantasies. It has been suggested that they won't survive and were simply ingenious tracts for their times. I can't believe this. Animal Farm \u2013 the only book he \"really sweated over\" \u2013 is a beautifully written fairy-tale; our grandchildren may not read it as socialists, but they will surely do so as human beings", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd Nineteen Eighty-Four, despite all its acknowledged shortcomings (he said himself, \"It wouldn't have been so gloomy if I hadn't been so ill\"), has a magnificent grandeur seldom found in English literature; of course it belongs to the age of Stalinism and Austerity, but is it just a symptom of disease and despair", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis reputation with his admirers rest also on his three works of reportage \u2013 Down & Out in Paris & London, The Road to Wigan Pier, and Homage to Catalonia \u2013 which are uneven but fine examples of their kind and have all lasted very well; and though he wasn't a natural novelist his four straight novels are by no means negligible", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut people who find that George Orwell speaks directly to them, when so many of the other writers of his generation are as if they had never been born, are constantly re-reading his essays. The three collections of these \u2013 Critical Essays (1946), Shooting an Elephant (1950), and England Your England (1953) \u2013 have until now been among the priceless possessions of all true Orwellians", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut now his publishers have brought out what at first looks like the omnibus edition we have been waiting for, a nice fat book of over 400 pages and 160,000 words, packed with some of the best things he wrote.*", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI wish I could recommend this book without any reservations, but that's out of the question. There's a 'Publisher's Note' on p. 7 which is both inappropriate, since it was clearly designed to be a publicity blurb, and inaccurate. It claims that \"This volume collects all George Orwell's essays (except the short pieces contributed to Tribune under the title 'I Write as I Please') contained in Critical Essays, Shooting an Elephant and England Your England\". This isn't true", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1 & 2 \u2013 the two extracts from The Road to Wigan Pier in England Your England. This is reasonable, since they can be found where they came from, the book having been re-issued in 1959 (though it has unfortunately lost its 32 photographs and Victor Gollancz's interesting Foreword).\n3 \u2013 the extract from The Lion & the Unicorn which was the title essay in England Your England. This is reasonable only if the whole book is going to be re issued shortly, as it certainly ought to be.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n4 & 5 \u2013 the essay on Kipling from Horizon in Critical Essays, and that on Gandhi from Partisan Review in Shooting an Elephant. This is quite inexcusable, and can only be due to a most unfortunate editorial mistake \u2013 the publishers can't possibly have left out such excellent and characteristic things on purpose without telling anyone, and they should put them back in as soon as possible.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are errors as well as omissions. The blurb says the essays are printed \"in order of first publication\". Again this isn't true. In fact the scheme seems to have been to allocate them to the years of their first publication and then put the years in order \u2013 thus the 1946 essays are all anyhow. The trouble is that some of the years are wrong", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBoys' Weeklies appeared in Horizon in March 1940, not in 1939; The Art of Donald McGill appeared in Horizon in September 1941, not in 1942 (this is right in the text but wrong in the list of contents); and Arthur Koestler appeared in Focus in 1946, not 1944. Someone hasn't done enough homework.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnyway it is quite unsatisfactory to make the year of first publication the only bibliographical information in a book of this kind. We need the names of the periodicals as well, not for the sake of mere pedantry but because it is relevant to know whether an article was written for Adelphi, New Writing or Horizon, say, or for Gangrel, Polemic or Now", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA good writer like George Orwell adapts himself to his medium and his public, just as a good conversationalist adapts himself to his audience, and it is impossible to wrench his work out of its original context without distorting its emphasis and flattening its point", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus Anti-Semitism in Britain takes on a new meaning when we know it was written for the American Contemporary Jewish Record, and it is worth being reminded that the essay on Salvador Dali \u2013 Benefit of Clergy \u2013 was written for the Saturday Book but later excised because it was considered objectionable! The right way to do this sort of thing may be seen in the Penguin edition of Lawrence's Selected Essays.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is regrettable that these matters haven't been cleared up in time for the paperback edition, but there should certainly be a properly corrected second edition as soon as the stocks of this one are sold out", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(Incidentally, while we are on the touchy subject of publishers' carelessness, it's about time Secker & Warburg learnt that the Tribune title Orwell used was 'As I Please', not 'I Write as I Please', and that the nine Tribune pieces in Shooting an Elephant actually appeared under their own names \u2013 between November 1945 and November 1946 \u2013 and not under the general title at all.) To sum up, I advise anyone who can bear not to own a book of George Orwell's essays for a time to wait until there is a less imperfect one available.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLike Oliver Twist I am now going to ask for more. Even if this book did contain all the essays in the three earlier collections, perfectly arranged and annotated, it wouldn't be enough. Orwell wrote many more than thirty essays that are worth re-reading; he wrote that many for Adelphi alone during the decade before the War. His novels and books of reportage have all been re-issued now, though he was by no means just a novelist or reporter", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI think it is time many more of his essays were re-issued too \u2013 especially the more personal pieces, like his introduction to the Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, some of the extracts from his wartime diaries published in World Review just after he died, and \u2013 above all \u2013 Such, Such were the Joys, which appeared posthumously in America and still hasn't been published over here because of libel fears.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nApart from these, the essays I should like to see rescued from oblivion seem to fall into two classes, and might well be printed in two separate books.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFirstly, there are the whole of The Lion & the Unicorn (1941) the two chapters from Gollancz's The Betrayal of the Left (1941), the Fabian lecture from Victory or Vested Interests (1942), the Adelphi articles called Political Reflections on the Crisis (December 1938) and Not Counting Niggers (July 1939), the New Writing article called My Country Right or Left (August 1940), the Commonwealth Review article called Catastrophic Gradualism (November 1945), the Tribune article called Through a Glass Rosily (November 1945), the Partisan Review article called Toward European Unity (July/August 1947), and several other pieces of this kind, culminating in the short book The English People (1947)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese could all go together in a book called England, Socialism and the War, or something like that, and would make remarkable and surprising reading.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSecondly, there are his introductions to Jack London's Love of Life (1946) and to Volume I of British Pamphleteers (1948), and his broadcast talk printed in Talking to India (1943) \u2013 there must be several others as good buried somewhere in the cellars of the BBC. With these are dozens of short articles and reviews like the Tribune pieces in Shooting an Elephant which would go well in a book", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are the two on Ruth Pitter (Adelphi), the two on Jack Hilton (Adelphi), the two on Henry Miller (Tribune), the two on George Gissing (Tribune and the London Magazine), the prison ones on Macartney and Phelan (Adelphi), the ones on Havelock Ellis and Osbert Sitwell (Adelphi), on T. S", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEliot (Poetry), Herbert Read (Poetry Quarterly), Oscar Wilde (Observer), on Hardy, Smollet, Goldsmith, Thackeray, Lawrence, Zamyatin and Mark Twain (Tribune), and other miscellaneous Tribune items \u2013 Literature & the Left, You & the Atom Bomb, Revenge is Sour, Freedom of the Park, and odd remarks on things like pleasure-spots and pith-helmets", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnyone who has read all these will have more respect and liking for Orwell than one who has just read Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, and I'm sure there are plenty I've forgotten or never heard of. But I don't suppose there's a chance of seeing them reprinted.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCertainly it would be a better tribute to his memory and a better service to his readers to publish more of his own work than to bring out yet another book about his books; but this is what his publishers have done.* Since he died there have been five books of this kind, which is rather absurd. There's a little British Council pamphlet by Tom Hopkinson (Longmans, 2/6d.) and a full-length study by John Atkins (Calder, 18s.), and one or other of these is really all anyone needs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEach of the other three could easily have been compressed into an essay based on the more interesting parts, which are the personal anecdotes \u2013 Laurence Brander on Orwell at the BBC, Christopher Hollis on Orwell at Eton, and now Richard Rees on Orwell at the beginning and end of his literary career. To put it briefly and brutally, there's nothing wrong with Rees' book except that it's expensive and unnecessary, though it does contain some good material.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOnce more I want to ask for a new book, this time either a proper biography of George Orwell, or \u2013 if his own objections are still to be respected \u2013 a sort of symposium collecting memories of him before all his friends and relatives have died and it is too late", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch a book would contain the relevant parts of those by Brander, Hollis and Rees, and of others like Cyril Connolly's Enemies of Promise and Rayner Heppenstall's rather disgraceful Four Absentees; it would also include the many recollections written or broadcast during the dozen years since he died. and the many more that may never be recorded if something isn't done pretty soon (though there is said to be a project on these lines at University College, London)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe point is that it is far more interesting to read about the life of Eric Blair than about the work of George Orwell; after all, if you want to know about his books, the best thing to do is to read them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn fact the new volume of essays does make that easier, despite its defects. We now have in one place twenty-five of his essays, first published in a dozen magazines between 1931 and 1948, at an average price of 1/3d. each (only 6d. in the paperback edition). And what\n*George Orwell by Richard Rees (Seeker & Warburg, 18s.).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nremarkable essays they are! Few English writers have been able to put so much so well in such a small space. Begin with that minor masterpiece, A Hanging, which was one of the earliest things he ever published and packs into 2,000 words more than most people could get into 20,000, and its sequel, Shooting an Elephant, whose 3,000 words contain a classic of British imperialism, a miniature companion for A Passage to India", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGo on to the scraps of work which people like Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams and Colin MacInnes have been doing after him \u2013 the famous studies of boys' comics and funny post-cards", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen there are nine apparently literary essays which turn out to be so much more than merely literary \u2013 Dickens, Yeats, Wodehouse, Swift, Dali, Koestler, Henry Miller, Raffles and Miss Blandish, and Tolstoy and Shakespeare all acquire much more interest when Orwell has dug up cultural, social and political implications from their work and added his personal feelings to pure criticism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere are recollections of the Spanish Civil War, a smack of Wells, impressions of Marrakesh and a Paris hospital, and finally the eight important essays on politics and literature and politics-and-literature.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI suggest that no socially conscious person can afford to ignore a great deal of this book. In particular Politics & the English Language and Notes on Nationalism should be read at least once a year. But reading these essays should not be only a duty \u2013 they are written so well that it is hard not to enjoy them over and over again", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd even if you haven't got time to plough through them all, your case isn't hopeless, for Orwell was a highly quotable writer, and many of his best remarks will echo in your mind long after you have skipped over them. He dates, but he doesn't fade at all; once read, never forgotten.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat is it that gives him such a hold over people (like myself) who have only read his books since he died? Why does he speak to me as a contemporary when Arthur Koestler, Victor Gollancz, Cyril Connolly, Stephen Spender and all the rest always sound like voices from the past", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? These and many others have had their say about him and tried to pin him down with a phrase, labelling him with a technical name like a butterfly. Koestler sees him as a sort of auto-masochistic Swift in modern dress. Connolly remembers him as \"one of those boys who seem born old\", who stood out as \"an intellectual and not a parrot, for he thought for himself\", and sums him up: \"I was a stage-rebel, Orwell a true one\" (even at prep-school)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLater he called him \"a revolutionary who is in love with 1910\", whose \"most valid emotion\" was \"political sentimentality\". Spender described him as \"an Innocent, a kind of English Candide of the twentieth century\" (which applies more aptly to Spender himself)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGollancz noted the \"conflict of two compulsions\" in his socialism \u2013 \"He is at one and the same time an extreme intellectual and a violent anti-intellectual, a frightful snob \u2026 and a genuine hater of every form of snobbery\" \u2013 and paid tribute to \"the desperate struggle through which a man must go before, in our present society, his mind can really become free\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRees compares him to Lawrence: \"A man with a mind of his own, with something in his mind, and speaking his mind \u2026 an independent individual who saw with his own eyes and knew what he thought and how to say it\". John Beavan called him \"a Lollard of social democracy, a preacher of the true faith at war with the corruption and hypocrisy of the Church\". All these things are true, but none of them is the whole truth. The first thing to remember about George Orwell is that he was a very complicated man.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is possible to detect two main driving-forces in his career \u2013 a sense of compassion and guilt, and a determination to be tested and not to be found wanting", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe remarked when he became a socialist, \"For five years I had been part of an oppressive system, and it had left me with a bad conscience\"; and at the end of his life he spoke of the existence among people like him of \"an awareness of the enormous injustice and misery of the world, and a guilt-stricken feeling that we ought to be doing something about it\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo purge his guilt, he became a sort of idiosyncratic mixture of Hemingway and Camus \u2013 throwing himself from the Burma police among the down-and-outs of Paris and London, then among the unemployed working people of Wigan and the POUM militiamen of Catalonia, on into the double effort \"to defend one's country and to make it a place worth living in\" \u2013 always putting himself to the test, forcing himself to endure hardship and discomfort, swallowing disgust and pain, going without proper food during the War and proper medical care after it, wearing down his health and his talent, fighting the evils of the world, and the weakness of his body to the day of his death, always striving, striving to tell the truth about what he saw and what he felt.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe had his faults. He often spoke out without verifying his facts \u2013 \"Socialism in its developed form is a theory confined entirely to the middle class\" and so on \u2013 and often he was grossly unfair", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNo one will forget his swipes at \"every fruit-juice drinker, nudist, sandal-wearer, sex-maniac, Quaker, 'Nature Cure' quack, pacifist and feminist in England\" and at \"all that dreary tribe of high-minded women and sandal-wearers and bearded fruit-juice drinkers who come flocking towards the smell of 'progress' like blue-bottles to a dead cat\", and there were plenty more like them. Hardly any literary or political group escaped his bitter criticism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut he should be seen not just as an angry middle-aged man but as an extreme example of the English middle-class dissenter who, having rebelled against his own group, must always rebel against any group, even a group of conscious rebels; clearly he felt what Graham Greene has called the \"artist's duty of disloyalty to his group\". So he was a Puritan, like D. H", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLawrence and Colin MacInnes and John Osborne, whose nostalgic puritanism took strange forms; he was a patriot, like Aneurin Bevan and (again) Colin MacInnes and John Osborne, whose passionate love of his country exaggerated his loathing for what is wrong with it; he was a socialist who once, according to Richard Rees, threatened to punch the head of a Communist who was belabouring the bourgeoisie; a bohemian who always looked, says T. R. Fyvel, like \"a somewhat down-at-heel Sahib\u201d", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand who detested bohemianism. He was a man full of logical contradictions and emotional ambivalences, but the point is that this made him better, not worse. He was always able not only to see but to feel both sides to every argument, to realise the imperfections of every position including his own, and his honesty about the difficulties this raised was one of his most valuable characteristics", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe was a heretic obliged to betray his own heresy, a protestant protesting against his own faith, a political quaker reduced to trusting only the light shining in his soul.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is highly misleading to imagine that he was once a conventional socialist who later became disillusioned and then turned against socialism, which is what many conventional socialists tend to do. He said of his attitude at prep-school: \"I was not a rebel, except by force of circumstances \u2026 yet from a very early age I was aware of the impossibility of any subjective conformity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlways at the centre of my heart the inner self seemed to be awake\u2026 I never did rebel intellectually, only emotionally.\" In Burma he knew that \"as a matter of course one's sympathy was with the blacks\", and he \"worked out an anarchistic theory that all government is evil, that the punishment does more harm than the crime and that people can be trusted to behave decently if only you will let them alone\". Later he called this theory \"sentimental nonsense\", but it remained with him all the same", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt could be said that he was not a socialist except by force of circumstances too, \u2013 because his inner self remained awake, and knew emotionally that the enormous injustice and misery of the world were wrong and that he should be doing something about it; in the 1930's, nonconformists were forced into socialism, and Orwell went in with them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the face of Fascism and unemployment he wanted state action, war and nationalisation, but he always distrusted it and quoted with approval the famous misquoted passage from Acton: \"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGreat men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority.\" When he was calling for the state to cure unemployment or to fight Fascism, he knew he was in the unpleasant but all too common position of having to \"defend the bad against the worse\", and he always, seemed to feel a bit guilty about it; this was why his voice often rose to a shriek during and after the War, when people with simpler and more certain ideas goaded him beyond politeness.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut it would also be highly misleading to imagine that he became a complete misanthropist. In his last book he wrote two important pieces of approval \u2013 almost the only ones in the whole story. First, the proles. \"They were not loyal to a party or a country or an idea, they were loyal to one another \u2026 The proles had stayed human. They had not become hardened inside.\" This was why Winston Smith said they were the only hope", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe other piece of approval goes to Winston's dead mother: \"She had possessed a kind of nobility, a kind of purity, simply because the standards that she obeyed were private ones", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHer feelings were her own, and could not be altered from outside.\" George Orwell's personal autonomy and sense of human loyalty forced him to reject group values and group loyalty and the whole apparatus of authoritarian and totalitarian politics, and also forced him to express praise for people like Jack Hilton, Ruth Pitter, Osbert Sitwell and Henry Miller, although he disagreed strongly with their ideas, because they had made up their minds for themselves and preserved their integrity and expressed their beliefs without pose.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is essential to understand that he was a very emotional man. He was, as Rees points out, both rebel and authoritarian (a \"Tory anarchist\" in early life), both rationalist and romantic, both progressive and conservative", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe was primarily a humanist, not a dogmatist: \"I became a socialist more out of disgust with the oppressed and neglected life of the poorer section of the industrial workers than out of any theoretical understanding of a planned society.\" To understand his brand of socialism \u2013 and indeed his attitude to politics and society in general \u2013 it is necessary to compare him to the Oscar Wilde of The Soul of Man under Socialism and the D. H", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRichard Rees makes use of a remark of Simone Weil about the balance of society: \"One must do what one can to add weight to the lighter of the two scales \u2026 One must always be ready to change sides, like Justice, that 'fugitive from the camp of victory'.\" This certainly helps us to see why Orwell was always on the losing side, taking up unpopular causes for the sake of unpopularity, secretly sympathising with the Burmese, leaving his respectable background to go among tramps, changing his name, perversely attacking socialists in a Left Book Club volume or the Establishment on the BBC, advocating social revolution in the middle of our Finest Hour, accusing pacifists of cowardice and afterwards reflecting that \"it seems doubtful whether civilisation can stand another major war, and it is at least thinkable that the way out lies through non-violence\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? It seems unlikely, but no one can tell. He was as unpredictable as he was inexplicable. He was the \"Man-of-Letters Hero\" described by Carlyle more than a hundred years ago: \"Whence he came, whither he is bound, by what ways he arrived, by what he might be furthered on his course, no one asks. He is an accident in society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe walks like a wild Ishmaelite, in a world of which he is as the spiritual light, either the guidance or the misguidance.\" And Carlyle, who was a great misguidance, added: \"This same Man-of-Letters Hero must be regarded as our most important modern person. He, such as he may be, is the soul of all.\" Orwell would have rejected such pretentious stuff with scorn, but there is some truth about him in it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe can dig up all the facts about him but he remains a mystery, an accident in society; he was certainly one of our most important modern persons, one of the few real heroes our age has seen. But after a time there is nothing to be said. If you have read this far you have already read too much about him: read him.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nObservations on Anarchy 6 & 7\nAnarchy and Cinema\nFor someone like myself who is interested in both film and anarchy, your latest issue was indeed a treat. Congratulations on it.\nLondon, EC4 ANTHONY WIGENS,\nEditor Cine Camera.\nHaving been a reader of FREEDOM on and off for several years, and a film fan for many more, I should like to congratulate you on ANARCHY 6, on the subject of Anarchy and Cinema. I enjoyed reading the excellent selection of articles, especially those on Bu\u00f1uel.\nLondon, E5 RAY WILLS,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere was a rare freshness and enthusiasm about the cinema number of ANARCHY even though the theme that ran through most of the articles was the heartbreaking difficulty in financing non-commercial films. You should have mentioned the two non-profit production companies in this country, Data Films, a documentary unit which is a co-operative co-partnership, and A.C.T", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFilms Ltd., a feature production company launched ten years ago by the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians \u2013 the only film company in the world owned and controlled by a trade union \u2013 which made The Last Man to Hang, The Man Upstairs, and, most recently, The Kitchen.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRuislip. JACK FOX.\n(We recently learned that Data are going out of the film business. Readers interested in the work of A.C.T. Films, will find an article on it by Ralph Bond in the Summer 1961 issue of Trade Union Affairs, with the title \"A Break-through to Resolution 42\"-ED.).\nAdventure Playground", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWill you kindly send three more copies of ANARCHY 7 (Adventure Playground)? I think this number is the most important yet, and its value is priceless. I have in mind someone on the Town Council, and another in the editor of the local provincial newspaper, to offer these booklets with their enormously interesting information.\nIn fact I have rarely read anything so gripping and absorbing. And I haven't finished reading yet. Preston, Lancs W. ARTHUR LEMIN.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIssue of Anarchy from November 1961, focussing on prison conditions.\nAre we in favour of penal reform? (C.W.)\nThe captive society (John Ellerby)\nTherapeutic communities (Ward Jackson)\nRefresher course in jail (Dave Dellinger)\nFar from therapeutic (Pat Arrowsmith)\nAre we in Favour of Penal Reform?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTHE BIGGEST SERVICE THAT GOVERNMENTS have done for the cause of penal reform has been in imprisoning war resisters; for its effect has often been to give them a lifelong concern with prison and prisoners; almost all the ameliorations of the prison system in this country in the last forty years can be traced in one way or another to their influence", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe imprisonment of conscientious objectors in the first World War led to the formation of an unofficial committee, the Prison System Enquiry Committee, which produced in 1922 an immensely influential report, the 700-page volume English Prisons Today, edited by Stephen Hobhouse and Fenner Brockway", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis \"bible for the reformers\" as Margery Fry called it, was compiled largely from questionnaires completed by 290 ex-prisoners, mostly conscientious objectors, and by fifty officials (which resulted in the Prison Commissioners forbidding any further disclosures by public servants)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDirect results of this enquiry (beside the ending of several of the indignities of prison life like the broad arrows and convict crop which still constitute the cartoonist's view of prison) included the increase of 'association' and abandonment to a large extent of the 'silence rule'. Brockway himself followed this work with his book A New Way With Crime (1928), with its concluding question, \"When shall we begin to treat mental and moral ill-health as we treat physical ill-health?\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe partial reforms of the 1920's however, seemed to dampen the militancy of the Howard League (just as the famous report of the Gladstone Committee in the 1890's had been accompanied by a complacent spirit in its predecessor the Howard Association), and in the second World War, several of the imprisoned objectors of the first war feeling that the Howard League was insufficiently active and critical, started a new and short-lived ginger group, the Prison Medical Reform Council", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe League itself circulated a questionnaire in 1945 to 100 ex-prisoners, mostly conscientious objectors, whose replies were later edited by Mark Benney as Gaol Delivery (1948).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the most radical and deeply impressive prison testimonies by war-resisters of the second World War came from America, both of them published under anarchist-pacifist auspices. They are Lowell Naeve's A Field of Broken Stones (Libertarian Press 1950, reprinted 1960 by Alan Swallow, Denver), and Prison Etiquette: The convicts compendium of useful information, edited by Holley Cantine and Dachine Rainer (Retort Press 1950, not yet reprinted, unfortunately)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe realise that a book of this sort should be primarily concerned with techniques for escaping, but unfortunately, such techniques are not easy to come by, for obvious reasons. We have had to content ourselves with the poor second best of relating methods by which one's stay in prison can be alleviated as much as possible, giving as wide a choice of alternative methods as possible.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNor does their book seek in any way to exploit for public sympathy the 'idealistic' motives of conscientious objectors. Indeed, one of their contributors, Jack Hewelike, remarks", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI have come to strong disagreement with many of the tactics used by C. O.'s in prison to impress the public \u2026 and even now feel that the basic issue is individual evasion of service to the state and not what the public considers 'conscientious'. The most genuine protests were those directed against imprisonment itself (and the whole coercive apparatus of which prisons are a part)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy own observation convinces me that these protests are constantly being made by inconspicuous prisoners branded as 'criminals' who have no civil liberty groups or clergymen to publicise their feelings, and who, accordingly, bring upon themselves the full measure of psychological and sometimes physical sadism which the State has devised to serve its ends. Inadequate and irresponsible as such protests may be, in contrast to the C", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nO.'s planned actions, carefully toned down so as not to offend certain sections of public opinion, they do reflect a craving for some kind of freedom which, in many cases, is not even expressed in positive terms. The capitalisation of 'honesty', 'sincerity' etc., has tended to alienate me from the majority of C. O.'s.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe tone here is not that of the righteous man 'unjustly' sent to prison, but of identification with all those who lie in jail, and it recalls the words of another American, Eugene Victor Debs, addressing the judge who sentenced him to ten years imprisonment in 1918 on a charge of obstructing the war effort: \"Years ago I recognised my kinship with all living beings, and I made up my mind that I was not one whit better than the meanest on earth", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI said then, and I say now, that while there is a lower class I am in it; while there is a criminal element, I am of it; while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe emergence in the last few years of new campaigns of protest against war preparations and of civil disobedience has brought a new wave of experience and concern with the prison system, as supporters of the Direct Action Committee, and its successor the Committee of 100, have been given time and opportunity at the expense of the government to reflect on the possibilities and limits of penal reform", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLaurens Otter, while at Eastchurch during his six month sentence following the second demonstration at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Foulness last year, was actually asked to give a paper on prison reform. This, he remarks, for a person who believes that prisons are essentially evil and not capable of reformation, was a little difficult. \"It however made me start by asking the jackpot question \u2013 what, given the aim of maintaining existing society, is the point of prisons", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? How far can one make prisons sane, without thereby making people sane enough to wish to overthrow existing society?\" Later in his pamphlet Prison \u2013 From the Inside (Socialist Current, 1d.) he pulls himself up, after declaring that prison should be, as far as possible, a self-governing community:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut steady, you're going too far \u2013 self-governing community, constructive work: if you really mean this then you mean something that doesn't exist in our society \u2013 and you can't produce it in prison without causing people to want it outside. Perhaps one must revert to the old saying that in order to change the criminal one must have one's prison reform not in prison but outside.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAsk an anarchist what should be done about prisons, and you will get the answer \"Pull them down\". Ask a criminologist, and, more frequently than you might expect, you will get the same reply. But we live in a social climate in which although everyone seems to be fascinated by crime provided that it is of the more spectacular variety, few people are interested in the criminal, except to advocate physical violence on him", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThree-quarters of the population of this country are said to favour the retention of capital punishment, and (according to the Daily Mail's National Opinion Poll) 83% of the British public \u2013 including of course the Lord Chief Justice, favour the re-introduction of flogging and birching", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe clamour on this topic at the annual conferences of the Conservative Party has become rather a joke among sophisticated people, and this year's performance was very subdued, though if you heard the BBC's report of the conference on October 12th, you heard a delegate declaring \"They should be sterilised\", while another voice interjected, \"Flog them first\", in a nice little psychodrama of the fantasies of pain and mutilation which accompany the urge to punish.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn such a society, where Parliament is more \"progressive\" than public opinion and the judiciary, and where the Prison Commissioners are more progressive than Parliament (and that's not saying much), the question of whether or not we favour penal reform is an academic one", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJust as we have always supported the various campaigns against the death penalty, so we are bound to support those measures which seek to keep society's deviants out of jail and to alleviate the rigours of imprisonment, not because we think they will \"solve the problem of crime\", but simply because we are humane people, and anyway it might be our turn next", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn practice this means supporting \u2013 though with reservations \u2013 the Howard League, the product of the amalgamation of existing bodies at the time of the Prison System Enquiry Committee in 1921. The League is an influential private pressure group or lobby, as well-informed about prison conditions as the officials of the Home Office with whom it negotiates", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGordon Rose, in his recent book The Struggle for Penal Reform (1961), which is as interesting as a study of the operation of pressure groups as for its detailed history, points very clearly to one of the would-be reformer's many dilemmas:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is always a latent section of opinion amongst its supporters which feels that it is flabby, unenterprising and much too friendly with the authorities. 'Hit them hard and go on hitting them,' is a doctrine which recommends itself to the enthusiast who is disgusted with the state of the prisons or horrified by the continued existence of corporal or capital punishment. Thus, there is always a threat of splintering at the extremes, or at least of loss of membership", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is particularly true if progress in any sphere is slow or non-existent. The split in the women's suffrage movement is an obvious example of this. And indeed, well-timed and well-organised militancy may undoubtedly be effective \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe gently plodding reforming society is not organised for this, and may well be unable to seize the opportunity as it should. Thus, it may suffer by comparison with the activities of the militants. The best militant campaigns, however, do not last long \u2013 and the reforming society is likely to emerge shaken but still alive and kicking \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNevertheless, there remains a conflict between the need to fight and the need to remain friends with the enemy. The only effective way of doing this is to convince one's opponent that it is really all for his own good. The Chairman of the Prison Commissioners has described the Howard League as H.M. Opposition to the Prison Commission, and this is largely true because he and his colleagues want it to be true.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is a role singularly unattractive to anarchists, who would be quick to point out, as Bernard Shaw did, that \"our prison system is a horrible accidental growth and not a deliberate human invention, and that its worst features have been produced with the intention, not of making it worse, but of making it better.\" Not that this was the fault of John Howard or Elizabeth Fry; \"their followers were fools: that is all\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis view may seem capricious or antiquated in view of the actual character of the reforms promoted in this century by the Howard League (and by its allies on the Prison Commission like Alexander Patterson, who declined the chairmanship in order to remain as he put it, a missionary) in the face of public and parliamentary indifference or hostility, as well as that of the prison service itself. But you have only to look at them through the eyes of a convicted man to see how superficial they are", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe prisoner in the modern liberal and scientific institution has most of the same frustrations as the man in the old-style prison or modern county jail \u2013 but with this added disadvantage: he is now managed 'scientifically' from some remote control board to which he does not have access. No prisoner has any confidence that the immense amount of data which is collected on him will be used for his benefit", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMost prisoners know that the subtle pressures constantly put upon them have nothing to do with their welfare but much to do with 'prison security' \u2013 and with the job security of the penologist. The prisoner's need to live and the system's attempt to live for him (and off him) can never be reconciled.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConsider one penal reform measure which has been mooted ever since Beccaria: the indeterminate sentence. Since one of the alleged purposes of imprisonment is to train the transgressor into becoming a 'useful citizen', it is obvious that the short sentence is useless and that the time it takes to 'reform' him may bear no relationship to the sentence imposed by the court. Therefore the prisoner should be detained for an indefinite period, long or short, until he is 'fit' to be released", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis policy is already followed in this country, within the limits of maximum sentences, in committals to Borstal and in the last stage of preventative detention. It exists in reverse in the remission system where sentences may be shortened conditional upon good behaviour \u2013 forfeiture of remission being among the punishments imposed by the governor or by the \"secret trials\" of the visiting committee", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the cruelty of the idea of the indeterminate sentence, impeccable though its logic is from the point of view of the reformer, surely makes it repugnant from a human standpoint.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOr consider some of the implications in the concept that crime is a symptom of mental disease. We all subscribe to this view simply because we all have our private definition of crime. But there exists also the public definition of crime \u2013 any action forbidden by the law. When Colin Smart, one of the Direct Action Committee prisoners, reflecting on his prison experiences, recommends \"making psychiatric treatment the basis of any sentence\", he forgets that he too is a 'criminal'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have overcrowded prisons not particularly because more men are being received into them but because the sentences imposed have become more severe. The Courts already have the power to imprison men for 14 years because they continue to commit crime. And they have the power to repeat the dose if the first \u2013 as it so frequently happens \u2013 effects no cure.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Chief Constable should know that many men who are now serving from five to fourteen years' preventative detention have never been involved in violence nor committed crimes of any seriousness but have been 'put away' because of their nuisance value to society \u2013 like the man recently who, two months after completing his second term of preventative detention (eight years), in a state of loneliness and uselessness stole from a motor-car, and telephoned the police so that they should arrest him", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWith no lawyer or friend to help him in court, he was sentenced to a third term of imprisonment \u2013 12 years' preventative detention.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat more does the Chief Constable want?\n\u2013MERFYN TURNER in a letter to The Guardian 8/3/61\npenitentiary during the war for his opposition to it. The war-resisters started a hunger strike against racial segregation in the mess-hall. They were taken off to the psychiatric ward and harangued by the psychiatrist about their dubious motivation. \"Sure,\" our friend replied, \"sure I want to rape my grandmother. Now about this segregation issue \u2026\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne of the dangers implicit in the concept of crime as disease is that in sweeping away the concept of criminal responsibility, we sweep away such protection as the courts provide for the accused. Margery Fry saw this years ago, when juvenile courts were first being instituted", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"I think,\" she said, \"there is a kind of feeling that a child's matters are small matters, and can be met by kindness and goodwill, and there is a certain danger of not giving the child his rights if you do not maintain these laws\" (the rules of evidence)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd Clarence Ray Jeffrey, in his concluding essay on the historical development of criminology in Hermann Mannheim's Pioneers of Criminology refers to the wholehearted acceptance of the crime-equals-disease formula by some American criminologists who propose such reform measures as the elimination of prisons, punishment, the jury system, the concept of free will, and other aspects of the legal system, and for the replacement of judges, juries and prisons by scientists and mental hospitals", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe reform argument assumes that reform is necessary and that we have the knowledge necessary to reform the criminal. This argument assumes we know the cause of crime and therefore the cure. It overworks the analogy between crime and disease. It overlooks the fact that crime is a product of society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn his book \"Must You Conform?\" the late Robert Linder argues that when we classify homosexuality as a disease and not a crime we are not really helping the homosexual but are in fact creating new oppressive measures to use against him. It is control disguised as reform and treatment. The same thing can be said for regarding behaviour of other types as a disease rather than a crime. If crime is the product of society, do we reform the individual or must we reform the society?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBeware of the man with simple solutions. 'Crime' and 'the criminal' are legal, not scientific or logical classifications. We are all criminals and we have all committed crimes. You cannot eliminate crime in human society because, as Durkheim argued, crime is a social necessity and a society exempt from it is utterly impossible. Moreover, as the psycho-analytical school maintains, society needs its criminals to act out and serve as scapegoats for its own anxieties and deviant fantasies", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is why it is, unhappily, useless to point out to the floggers, as Mr. Gordon Wilkins does in his article in the Criminal Law Review (Oct. 1960) that we are not in the middle of a crime wave, that \"there has been no significant increase in crimes of violence over the past half century, having regard to the considerable increase in population\", or that 0.9 per cent. of people found guilty in the courts are found guilty of violence against the person", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPeople don't listen when you say these things, because they are not what they need to hear. This is why Clarence Jeffrey notes that \"the use of punishment by society is not as important in terms of whether or not it reforms the individual as in terms of what it does for society. Punishment creates social solidarity and reinforces the social norms.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHaving said all this, one thing remains true: the fact that in the prison itself (as Donald West, of the Cambridge Institute of Criminology puts it),\nthe majority of recidivist offenders in prison have some degree of personality deviation. A few of these are abnormally aggressive and liable to hit out impulsively at anyone who gets in their way, but the greater proportion are what psychiatrists call 'inadequate', feckless types \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe thinks that a more precise elucidation of these personality deviations and of the factors that produce them and the ways in which they may be managed or improved, is the most substantial contribution we can make at the moment to criminological research. It is also the most useful thing that can be done to help these people.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhatever it is, it is unlikely to be done in prison, especially since they are unlikely to be incarcerated in either of the only two British prisons which retain the full-time services of a psychiatrist, and are still less likely to find their way to one of those establishments which are the pride and joy of the reformers. By far the most impressive attempts to help them keep out of trouble have been those of Dr. Maxwell Jones and his colleagues at the Henderson Social Rehabilitation Unit, and of Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEVERY SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF ANY SIZE has a \"formal\" and an \"informal\" structure of social relationships. The more self-contained and authoritarian an institution, the more distinct are the two structures. In terms of Kurt Lewin's topological psychology a prison is defined as \"a polar type of authoritarian system that is governed by a bureaucratic hierarchy and entrusted with power over the total life space of the individuals under its jurisdiction\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSince it is an extreme type, we may expect to see in it the most extreme differentiation between the formal and informal structures.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe formal structure of prison is like that of a military organisation, with a remote headquarters in the form of the Prison Commissioners, a commanding officer \u2013 the Governor, non-commissioned officers \u2013 the Prison Officers, and men \u2013 the prisoners", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMost prison governors have, in fact, been retired army officers, and most prison officers, ex-N.C.O.s, and the parallel with military life extends throughout the organisation of prisons: the use of numbers for identification, kit inspections, and an independent system of summary jurisdiction, while the officers themselves salute and parade for inspection. Major Grew, the former governor of Wormwood Scrubs, ran the place, as Mr. Peter Wildeblood observed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"as a kind of caricature of the military life.\" This, however, is the structure of the custodians. Among the inmates, who outnumber them, there are only two types who fit in the formal structure, firstly the \"redband\" or leader who is, so to speak an \"acting unpaid lance-corporal\" in the formal system, and secondly the fully institutionalised \"model\" prisoner who is completely adapted to the regime and withdrawn from social contact with his fellows.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe informal structure is an extreme form of the type of informal social organisation which you can find in schools or factories. \"Whenever men are held captive\" writes D. L. Howard, in The English Prisons, \"a strong social network with distinct lines of dominance and subordination, its own code of behaviour and its own ties of loyalty, grows up among them, quite distinct and apart from any organisational structure which prison authorities may attempt to impose from above", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe true life of a prison \u2026 exists almost independently of official rules and decisions; all but the vaguest indications of its character are hidden from the governor and his staff", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven the most skilful and sympathetic of prison officials is far out on the edge of this society and unable to make any permanent impact upon it.\" For this reason the most revealing accounts of the informal social structure of prisons are those by ex-prisoners, and until recently there have been few attempts by people independent of both captors and captives to describe it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGresham Sykes in The Society of Captives (1958) made a close study of the interactions of custodians and inmates at Trenton, a maximum security prison in New Jersey. In discussing the responses of the prisoners to the regime to which they are submitted he finds one which he categorises as \"cohesive\" and another which he calls \"alienative\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe first is action of a collectivist nature, in the interests of the whole inmate community, and the second is individualistic action in the interests of a single prisoner or a small group. John McLeish of Leeds University describes another American book, Theoretical Studies in Social Organisation of the Prison, edited by George H. Grosser (Social Science Research Council, New York 1960), in the Prison Service Journal for January, 1961", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis study demonstrates, he says, \"that the inmates and custodians, in practice, share a common interest in maintaining the prison as a unit which operates as a going concern.\" (This common interest is in the adaptation of both parties to the status quo of the informal system). Even in the most humane of prison institutions, he notes,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe inmate lives under conditions of deprivation. He loses the liberty of disposing of his own time, his living space is severely restricted, he is deprived of certain goods which are taken for granted in the society outside,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhe is denied heterosexual relations. In addition, his social isolation is perceived by the prisoner as an attack on his self-image and his sense of personal worth, an attack which is more threatening to him than even physical brutality or maltreatment would be. He is denied the privilege of being trusted, there is an implicit attack on his masculinity, he is forced into association with unbalanced and potentially violent persons so that his safety is endangered, he has lost his power of self-determination.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn defence against these deprivations and the social rejection which gives rise to them, a code of conduct arises, binding on all inmates and determining their relations with each other and with their captors, which", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nrestores the self respect and sense of independence of the society of captives at the same time providing them with a purposeful way of life which cushions them from the deprivations and frustrations of prison life. The code (Never rat on a con! Don't lose your head! Don't exploit inmates! Don't weaken! Don't be a sucker! and so on) gives a new frame of reference to the prisoner so that his condemnation by the free society becomes almost irrelevant", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLoyalty to his fellows, generosity to those suffering more than he is, disparagement of official society, results in an uneasy compromise between the actual condition of the prisoner and his continuing attempts to maintain the favourable image he retains of himself.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnother article in the same journal, \"It's the Prisoners who run this Prison\", by Terence Morris, Pauline Morris and Barbara Biely of the London School of Economics, also discusses inmate leadership in the informal system. They make the same distinction as Sykes between the \"cohesive\" and \"alienative\" responses to imprisonment, and distinguish two ideal types of leader corresponding to them, the Robin Hood and the Robber Baron", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nis considered by the mass of the prison population to be a major asset in the task of minimising the pains of imprisonment. This leader is a strong-willed man, wise in prison ways, committed to the inmate code of minimal co-operation with the staff but careful never to provoke or bring down trouble upon himself or his associates. He is benevolent, sympathetic, and has many of the marks of a genuine altruist \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuperiority of brain, and the ability to call upon brawn when necessary, gave Smith an unusual amount of power. It was based, however, upon loyalty rather than fear, his good and generous deeds making many men his permanent moral debtors.\nThe Robber Baron, on the other hand", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nis a very different sort of man, recognised by prisoners as an exploiter, a man whom they would rather do without. In many cases he is actually a tobacco baron or a bookmaker but no less frequently he is no more than an extortionate bully who demands protection payments or feudal services from those inmates unfortunate enough to come under his influence \u2026 The Robber Baron then is not a leader who can make moral claims upon his followers, but relies upon coercion and fear.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSocial control in the captive society is usually maintained by external constraint rather than by internal consensus, but, the authors observe, \"as in most human communities, the ultimate equilibrium of the system will depend upon a balance of the forces contending for power, and power in inmate society is based sometimes upon consensus, sometimes upon external constraint, and frequently upon a combination of the two", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe physical, social, and psychological deprivations of imprisonment undoubtedly stimulate among most prisoners behaviour which is designed to minimise them; at the same time the prison contains men with strong drives towards controlling other men and in doing so satisfying many of their inner psychological needs.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe authors of this paper note that \"It is a simple truth that in the face of complete and massive refusal to comply with his orders the prison official is powerless\u201d and that the reason why this seldom happens even in the most repressive prisons is \"partly that inmate society is too heterogeneous to be capable of such unified action, but most importantly because numerous inmates have a conscious investment in tranquility.\" Those who have not, the real contenders for power in the prison (whom the authors mistakenly call the truly anarchic elements) play a role which", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nis essentially alienative in that their behaviour is ego-centric and inconsistent. Sooner or later their demands are resisted by others of their own kind and conflict ensues. It is perhaps because they are so often seekers after power for its own sake that they constitute such a danger in the prison community.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHere the formal structure asserts itself in a tightening up of the prison's coercive power, but the effect of this is like unselective pest-killer, in that it eliminates not only the pest, but also those coercive forces which would themselves restrain it. The conclusion which they draw from this from the point of view of penal policy is that the administrator's first task is", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nto distinguish between different types of leader in the prison and to recognise that not a few of them are doing some of the work for him \u2026 The second task \u2026 is to buttress the cohesive elements of the inmate society and at the same time attempt a systematic erosion of the power of the alienative elements. The achievement of the latter objective tends to be made simpler by adequate classification and if necessary by segregation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut they have already noted the equivocal nature of 'legitimated' inmate leadership at the point where the formal and informal social structures meet:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn most prisons throughout the world the authoritarian character of the prison regime is diluted by the delegation of some staff functions to inmates. It is not, strictly speaking, a delegation of formal authority, for whatever task such an inmate performs, and whatever privileges are attached to the job, his status remains that of a captive. For the prison official the 'leader', 'redband' or 'stroke' is a valued asset", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe is assigned to a position of trust and responsibility in the task of running the prison. In the eyes of his fellow prisoners however, he is often a 'grass' or 'screw's man' and the subject of diffuse sanctions of disapproval.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor even though he may use his relative freedom to lessen the deprivations of others as well as his own, he is suspect \"because he has violated one of the ideal premises of the Prisoners' Code, namely that no self-respecting 'con' should do the work of a screw \u2026 There is little doubt that he tends to identify with authority (and this alienates him from the bulk of inmate society)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe redband's solution to this problem is frequently to act a double life, to leak information to the staff, but at the same time to leak information in the reverse direction.\" This key position in the communications network, is, as the authors of the Theoretical Studies also note, a major path to power in both the social systems, since information is one of the goods in short supply as far as both inmates and custodians are concerned.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDr. and Mrs. Morris and Miss Biely in their paper conclude that with the ending of those 19th century rigours which have no place in the ethos of the treatment institution, the 'businessmen' of the inmate structure will no longer have a function to perform in the supply of illicit goods and services, but could play constructive roles on inmate councils, noting that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnless there can be real sharing of power and authority, and the lowest ranks of the discipline staff can feel secure that such sharing neither diminishes their own authority nor renders them likely to be unsupported by their superiors at critical moments \u2013 unless these conditions are fulfilled, inmate councils and committees will be as meaningless as Parliamentary democracy under the Czars.\nTo the question of what useful purpose such a development would serve, they reply:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne answer would be that just as men cannot be trained for freedom in conditions of captivity, so men cannot be trained to accept social responsibility in conditions which, at their most extreme, reduce them to a state of near infantile dependency", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe task here is to mobilise the social capacities of men who are seldom wholly anti-social in such a way that the words: 'It's the prisoners who run this prison' are an expression, not of resentment on the part of a prison official who feels that things have got out of hand, but of achievement, that men who have hitherto failed to adjust to life in a socially acceptable manner have moved significantly towards responsibility and maturity.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn their conclusion they are more optimistic than the authors of the Theoretical Studies, who, noting the remarkable similarity of the inmate systems found in one institution after another, conclude that the prison setting generates a typical pattern of reaction on the part of the inmates. Mr. McLeish notes that \"The phenomena we have been dealing with arise in answer to needs which are common to all prisoners\" and for this reason:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey conclude that the custodians in progressive types of prisons are confronted by an insoluble dilemma \u2013 that they are forced to set inmate goals which can rarely if ever be realised. This pessimistic conclusion, which is developed in detail, should make this study required reading for all prison officers who see their function primarily in terms of rehabilitation of the offender.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe present writer has tried in vain to get hold of a copy of the Theoretical Papers, but we can see why their authors have reached this conclusion. Most prisoners have to steer a course, as Terence Morris puts it, between the Prison Rules and the Prisoners' Rules. The prison code is the most binding, and from the point of view of both the individual and the group, the most necessary", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe code, which is the same code that is operative among the children in a school or the workers in a factory is essentially the means of defence of those who have no power against those who have. Its violators \u2013 the sneak in school, the gaffer's man in the factory, the 'grass' in prison, are regarded as contemptible, and it is difficult to conceive in the abstract any moral code in which they would not be", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen \"self-government\" is introduced, on paper, in a school, or \"works councils\" in a factory, they become, in the absence of any genuine devolution of power, simply a means of harmlessly airing grievances, complaints about the canteen cutlery or the shortage of toilet paper. As the Morris-Biely paper itself says:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe leaders' meeting, as observed in one training. prison, was essentially a 'grumbling session' and although this may have had some merit as a safety valve, there was little evidence to suggest that these were necessarily even the grumbles of the non-leaders. In fact there were unmistakable signs that the group constituted a socially isolated elite of the prison, remote from the real foci of power in the inmate social system.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe would-be penal reformer is in fact faced by a whole series of dilemmas. Firstly that prisons are schools of crime, an observation which has been made many times in the last two centuries and is as true today as it ever was. To quote the standard English criminological textbook:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA formidable criminal record is the passport to respect. Crime and its techniques are the main topics of conversation. Criminal contacts are made in the highly specialised group which the beginner in crime could never have found for himself. The young prisoner with no confirmed criminal tendencies will be isolated with these corrupting influences throughout his sentence, and will be fortunate to remain unscathed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSecondly that efforts to avoid this kind of contamination by improved methods of classification and segregation, simply avoid the issue because as Hugh Klare remarks in his Anatomy of Prison, \"by putting the best personalities amongst prisoners into special institutions, we may be winning victories which are too easy while leaving ourselves with an almost impossible task with all the rest\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThirdly because the prison situation is \"a conflict situation\", and the inmate system in opposition to the custodians is a psychological necessity for the prisoner unless he is to become either a completely institutionalised vegetable or a lick-spittle of authority. The staff \"reserve their favours for the prisoner who causes least trouble, even though he is apt usually to be either a confirmed old lag who knows the ropes or just a hypocrite\" (Howard Jones: Crime and the Penal System)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe members of inmate councils are likely to be atypical prisoners like middle-class financiers, murderers, motorists and homosexuals, far from the centre of the inmate system.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFinally because genuine self-government is inconceivable at the bottom of a formal structure like the prison system which is a rigid hierarchy of authority. For the governor and the 'superior staff' are imprisoned by the minutely-detailed Statutory Rules of the Prison Commissioners, while even to the 'subordinate grades' of their own staff they are \"remote figures, to be saluted on sight, for whom frank, open discussion of prison problems is a rare occurrence\", according to Mr. D. L", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHoward, who notes in The English Prisons that \"The recently introduced Staff Consultative Committee have by no means solved this problem. They are held but once a quarter, officers are merely represented on them, and so great a consciousness of rank is displayed that relaxed, open discussion of treatment problems is virtually impossible.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe most complete and lifelong prisoners of the formal structure of the prison are those members of the staff who are in closest contact with the prisoners themselves. Their own insecurity and resentment is voiced every year in the much-reported meetings of the Prison Officers' Association. Mr. Howard notes of their position:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is almost as difficult for a junior prison officer to work against the climate of opinion on the staff he has joined, as it is for the inmate to stand out against the embraces of the subculture I have described earlier. Unlike the governor, he is not only the focus of resentment from below; he is also dependent upon approval from officers ranked above him in the same institution", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMoreover, he usually lives in or near the prison, in official quarters, with other prison officers, their wives and their families as his most frequent social contacts when not on duty. If he appears to be less severe towards prisoners and to take a more sympathetic interest in them than the majority of his colleagues, social difficulties in private life may be added to the unpopularity he has experienced at work.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThose who conceive a transformation of the prison into a genuinely therapeutic or educational institution have thus the task of conceiving a quite different social structure \u2013 one which reconciles the conflicting formal and informal structures by liberating both from their authoritarian characteristics. But as Bernard Shaw said years ago:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe main difficulty in applying this concept of individual freedom to the criminal arises from the fact that the concept itself is as yet unformed. We do not apply it to children, at home or at school, nor to employees, nor to persons of any class or age who are in the power of other persons", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLike Queen Victoria, we conceive Man as being either in authority or subject to authority, each person doing only what he is expressly permitted to do, or what the example of the rest of his class encourages him to consider as tacitly permitted.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor the social structure of the prison, whether we consider its formal or its informal system, is simply a reflection of the social structure of \"normal\" society.\nTherapeutic Communities", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOF THE MANY ANARCHIST THINKERS who have concerned themselves with the question of prisons and penal institutions (both because of their own prison experiences and because of the basic anarchist criticisms of the concept of law, law enforcement and legal sanctions), the most persuasive was Peter Kropotkin, whose lecture \"Prisons and their Moral Influence on Prisoners\", delivered to a working-class audience in Paris in December, 1877, and later adapted in his book on Russian and French prisons, anticipated much modern thought on the subject", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn modern criminological jargon, Kropotkin would be placed in the \"multiple factor school\" of theorists of criminal causation, seeing three main categories of causes for anti-social acts, which he called physical, psychological, and social. He believes that \"this great social phenomenon which we still call crime is what our children will call a social disease, but this does not mean that he equates crime with insanity:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is not insane asylums that must be built instead of prisons. Such an execrable idea is far from my mind. The insane asylum is always a prison. Far from my mind also is the idea launched from time to time by the philanthropists, that the prison be kept but entrusted to physicians and teachers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat prisoners have not found today in society is a helping hand simple and friendly, which would aid them from childhood to develop the higher faculties of their minds and souls \u2013 faculties whose natural development has been impeded either by an organic defect or by the evil social conditions which society itself creates for millions of people. But these superior faculties of the mind and heart cannot be exercised by a person deprived of his liberty, if he never has choice of action", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe physicians' prison, the insane asylum, would be much worse than our present jails. Human fraternity and liberty are the only correctives to apply to those diseases of the human organism which lead to so-called crime.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOf course in every society, no matter how well-organised, people will be found with easily aroused passions, who may, from time to time, commit anti-social deeds. But what is necessary to prevent this is to give their passions a healthy direction, another outlet.\nToday we live too isolated. Private property has led us to an egoistic individualism in all our mutual relations. We know one another only slightly; our points of contact are too rare \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe goes on to speak of the disappearance of the \"composite family\" which has died out in the course of history, and to envisage \"a new family, based on community of aspirations\" which will take its place, a family in which people, he thinks will \"lean on one another for moral support on every occasion. And this mutual prop will prevent a greatnumber of anti-social acts which we see today.\" But what about those people, \"the sick, if you wish to call them that, who constitute a danger to society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWill it not be necessary somehow to rid ourselves of them. or at least prevent their harming others?\" He then describes the treatment of the insane by the peasants of Gheel (see ANARCHY 4, p. 103 for the passage), and declares that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt one of the extremes of the immense 'space between mental disease and crime' of which Maudsley speaks, liberty and fraternal treatment have worked their miracle. They will do the same at the other extreme.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany of Kropotkin's criticisms of the penal regime have a contemporary ring to them. He points out that the majority of the inmates of prisons \"are people who did not have sufficient strength to resist the temptations surrounding them or to control a passion which momentarily carried them away\", and that imprisonment simply adds to this weakness:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe generally has no choice between one of two acts. The rare occasions on which he can exercise his will are very brief. His whole life is regulated and ordered in advance. He has only to swim with the current, to obey under pain of severe punishment.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd where will he find the strength with which to resist the temptations which will arise before him, as if by magic, when he is free of the prison walls? Where will he find the strength to resist the first impulse to a passionate outbreak, if during several years everything was done to kill this inner strength, to make him a docile tool in the hands of those who control him", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? This fact is, according to my mind, the most terrible condemnation of the whole penal system based on the deprivation of individual liberty.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwhat a contrast between the reception by his old companions and that of the people in philanthropic work for released prisoners! Who of them will invite him to his home and say to him simply, \"Here is a room, here is work, sit down at this table and become part of the family\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The released man is only looking for the outstretched hand of warm friendship. But society, after having done everything it could to make an enemy of him, having inoculated him with the vices of the prison, rejects him. He is condemned to become a 'repeater'.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThat these extraordinary apposite observations were made over eighty years ago only serves to remind us how very little experimental work has been done since then in making new approaches to delinquency. We think of the \"Mutual Welfare Leagues\" set up by Thomas Osborne, first as prisoner 'Tom Brown' at Auburn, and then as Warden of Sing Sing, and we reflect that he was driven out of his job, while the League became a mere grievance committee", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe other experiments we think of, were all with children and adolescents \u2013 William R. George's pioneering if rather naively conceived Junior Republic, Homer Lane's splendid advance on George in the Little Commonwealth, and the experiments of David Wills. (Both the latter are to be discussed in a later issue of ANARCHY).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut what Kropotkin's whole approach brings to mind most forcibly are the experiments made in different directions in this country in the last twelve years which we associate with two men, Merfyn Turner and Maxwell Jones, the work with a 'family' of ex-prisoners at Norman House of Mr. Turner, and with a therapeutic community of 'psychopaths' at the Henderson Hospital of Dr. Maxwell Jones.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMerfyn Turner is one of those people who are always pioneering on the fringe of \"social work\", neither a \"do-gooder\" nor an observer with a self-conscious cult of detachment. He began his working life as a teacher and during the war was imprisoned in Swansea as a conscientious objector. It was this experience which led him to become a prison visitor", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWorking in a mental hospital with a group of disturbed children, he met George, who had known neither love nor security: \"He knew more about foster homes and institutions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy the age of 11 it looked as though he had sworn to scorn all signs of affection to protect himself from his own feelings \u2026 He rejected people and was untouched by their approval or their disapproval.\"Time and again afterwards he was to meet older Georges, people who brought trouble and unhappiness to themselves and others, and frequently got convicted for criminal behaviour of many varieties", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTheir common factor was \"inadequacy, with crime as a link in a personal-social-economic chain of factors over which the men had but limited control.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAfter the war Turner was concerned with the enquiry made by an informal group into the problems of \"unclubbable\" boys \u2013 not the happy individualists, but the solitary, the misfit, the rejected and the aggressive, and in the study of delinquent gangs. He contributed with John Spencer the study of gangs in Peter Kuenstler's Spontaneous Youth Groups (Univ", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof London Press, 1955) noting that a policy of simple repression of the anti-social gang cannot hope to succeed because it rests on a false diagnosis: \"Society can only use and help the gang by building on such cohesion and spontaneity as already exists\", just as Terence Morris, in the same publication observed how \"By segregating the 'unclubbables', one may only succeed in emphasising the difference between them and the rest of the neighbourhood.\" From this concern grew the Barge Boys Club", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTurner became the Warden of the barge Normanhurst, moored at Wapping, and later wrote an absorbing account of this experiment, Ship Without Sails (Univ. of London Press, 1953), revealing how \"the group held within itself the means of its own salvation\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the following year, the London Parochial Charities, the body which had paid for the barge, agreed to finance another experiment, the purchase of a house in which homeless ex-prisoners could live as a family \"in equality and acceptance\" with the Warden and staff. As a visitor, in a prison with no first offenders, Turner learned that \"men who had been to prison before did not settle easily to their imprisonment as was popularly supposed. Prison had milestones. It had a beginning, and an ending", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere was nothing in between. For the homeless in particular the prospect of release caused anxiety\". He realized too, the \"crippling handicap of social isolation\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe grotesque inadequacies of prison after-care have had such a lot of attention in the last few years that there is no need to emphasise them here (see the Pakenham-Thompson Committee's report Problems of the Ex-Prisoner (N. C. S. S. 1961), and Pauline Morris's pamphlet Prison After-Care: charity or public responsibility", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? (Fabian Society, 1960). In Merfyn Turner's view, the Aid Societies have only themselves to blame if they have harvested a reputation for ineffectuality, and a tradition of scorn and ridicule among prisoners, since it is the result of the social and economic gulf between their numbers and the prisoners, and the way in which they continued to regard the prisoner as a self-directing person brought to shame by his chosen wickedness. But the homeless prisoner needs to be accepted", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe needs, says Turner, \"to live in a group which supports him with his weakness and his inadequacy, and which supports him while he is learning to live the life he wants\". Instead he is sent, or gravitates, to a lodging house, \"an artificial and abnormal congregation of the community's misfits\". Turner stayed for some time in one of the London common lodging houses (see his report Forgotten Men, published by the N. C. S. S", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNorman House, in Highbury, was opened in January, 1955. Having been a prison visitor for many years, Turner had been able to gain concessions from the rigid rules which restrict the visitor's opportunities, and visit men outside his allocated list as well as sitting in on the Discharging Committee. This enabled him to establish a relationship with the \"No Fixed Abode\" men that he thought he could help. At the beginning he began to enumerate the categories of offenders that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAbout 80 per cent. of recidivist prisoners in England are categorised as 'inadequate': introverted, neurotic, friendless. Their crimes are usually trivial, including vagrancy, begging, 'being a suspicious person', indecent exposure, loitering with intent, etc. The average value of property stolen by this group is less than two pounds a time. But the prison sentences they are serving go up to ten years.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is obvious that a prison sentence will not help a man who is 'inadequate' to be a success outside. It will not help the man who is in for indecent exposure to adjust to normal sexual relations; it will not find the man who is a lonely failure a job, or a wife. All he can learn in prison is how to commit other (perhaps more serious) crimes.\n\u2013 JOHN SYLVESTER in The Spectator 13/10/61", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nhe thought this particular scheme would not benefit, because they needed more specialised help. The list grew longer the more he thought about it, and in the event he accepted every type of prisoner.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe has now written a book about his five years as warden of Norman House, Safe Lodging (Hutchinson 25s.), five years in which nearly two hundred men lived for long or short periods at the house. Only one returned to prison while still living there. Only a reading of the book with its appalling case-histories, though Turner is the last man to see his family as \"cases\" will give you an idea of what an achievement this was, or how exhausting. His own conclusion on his experiment is that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBy making the emotional climate right, the need for criminal activity is eliminated. I feel with three-quarters of our prison population crime is not a calculated first choice but the last link in a chain of events, representing the inadequacy and instability of offenders. What we give them here at Norman House is not some special subtle technique but sheer, continuous love. Some, we know, relapse when they leave here", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut we think we have been able to demonstrate that while these men are under our roof, criminal behaviour simply ceases. Perhaps in these days when there is so much discussion and so little experiment, this may prove to be a positive and practical contribution to the prevention of crime.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMerfyn Turner, who writes with a sardonic astringency, emphasises the difficulty in finding suitable staff and non-offenders to live in the community. \"Some of our Management Committee maintained that there were advantages in taking non-offenders who had their problems. But the Committee were not required to live with them.\" One non-offender who turned up was a young woman barrister Shirley Davis", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey married, and their child too played a part in the work: \"For many of our men, the chance to give had been denied them because there was nobody to receive. Now there was an opportunity to give, and to participate in the child's pleasure of receiving.\" Thus, in the case of one man,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf anyone at the House could claim to have saved Artie, it was the one who knew least about human behaviour, for between Artie and our son, who was then three years old, there developed a relationship which seemed to reflect an intuitive response to each other's needs.\nFinally, let me quote one of Turner's most thought-provoking conclusions on the nature of crime and the criminal:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCrime is always news. It evokes various emotional responses. Crimes of violence, and certain offences against the person, inflicting as they sometimes do, grievous injury on innocent members of society create a response that stamps the criminal as the enemy of all that is good, and clean, and civilized. He cannot possibly be anybody's neighbour.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet it was some of these 'enemies of society' that helped to keep alive for us our belief in the goodness of all men, and in the power of love to influence behaviour in a positive and lasting manner. They helped also to strengthen our conviction that our approach to the problem of the homeless offender was the approach that offered most hope of success", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt had to be realistic to the degree of accepting the unhappy truth that the criminal who committed straightforward offences against property might cause less injury to society by being allowed to continue along his criminal path than by being 'reformed', if reformation only means, as it frequently does in the field of After-Care, that the offender has been prevailed upon, directly or indirectly, to abandon crime", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis crime may be a symptom of his complete emotional detachment, and his defence against people and the injury they might do him. He may abandon it because he has become emotionally involved. The end then may be worse than the beginning, and crimes of violence against people and property may be added to a criminal record that previously showed only simple housebreaking offences.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nExperiments of a different kind with therapeutic communities grew up during the last war as a by-product of military psychiatry \u2013 the morally indefensible attempt to use psychiatric medicine as a means of turning 'sick' men into soldiers. Dr. W. R", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBion developed the 'leaderless group project' at a military psychiatric hospital at Northfield, Birmingham, where group discussion was used to enable the group, as Bion put it, to study \"its own internal tensions with a view to laying bare the influence of neurotic behaviour in producing frustration, waste of effort, and unhappiness in a group\". The experiment was ended under external pressure", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilar methods were then used in \"Civil Resettlement Units\" which sought to provide a residential setting in which returned prisoners of war could adjust themselves to ordinary life", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(It is interesting to reflect how the problems of prisoners and the structure of prison life can be much more easily comprehended if you can persuade people to put aside their burden of moral condemnation and anxiety and think of all prisoners as war prisoners, whose problems are recognised and whose internal solidarity is applauded). Taking advantage of the favourable official climate of those years, Dr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMaxwell Jones, a psychiatrist, developed a therapeutic community at the Mill Hill Emergency Hospital, and then an Ex-prisoner-of-war unit at Dartford. Then in April 1947 he started the \"Industrial Neurosis Unit\" at Belmont Hospital, Sutton (described in his book Social Psychiatry published by Tavistock Publications in 1952, and in America as The Therapeutic Community, 1954)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis grew into the Henderson Hospital, a l00-bed \"social rehabilitation unit\", in a drab building \u2013 once a workhouse \u2013 within the Belmont Hospital complex.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis building, which belongs, as John P. Conrad writes, \"to the dreary history of institutional psychiatry\" houses\none of the most hopeful enterprises in the history of the mental health movement, due to the genius, persistence and charm of Dr. Maxwell Jones, who insists on being called 'Max' by staff and patients \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? To answer this question, we must know something about the twilight field of mental disorder to which psychiatrists uncomfortably refer as 'psychopathy', 'character disorder', \"sociopathy' or 'behaviour disturbance'. In short, something is wrong with the mind and spirit of the habitual thief, the sex offender, the brawler, and the social misfit. Because the cure eluded him, the 19th century psychiatrist consigned these people to a category labelled 'psychopathy' and declared them untreatable.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLike Merfyn Turner, Maxwell Jones did not believe that nothing could be done. The hundred patients, half of them referred to the hospital by the magistrates' courts, and half by psychiatric clinics, live in groups of twenty-five, each with its own staff. They work in the unit's workshops and every weekday morning they meet, together with the staff, as a community to discuss the daily problems of running the place.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Henderson hospital does not \"cure\" its patients, or at least it does not claim to, but it does claim to help them to hold on to a job, to cope with ordinary life and keep out of trouble. Some patients leave early, after a week or a fortnight, but those who stay \u2013 from eight months to a year \u2013 are usually helped by the experience. (So are the staff; by the breaking down which the group method implies, of the usual rigid hierarchy of hospital administration)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAgain, after-care is the biggest problem. A club of ex-patients in the London area meets weekly in London with members of the Henderson staff, and another group of ex-patients have organised a mutual aid body. A story was told last year of a member who, after getting into minor difficulties at work, disappeared.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis fellows traced his whereabouts, got in touch with his employers and persuaded them to keep the job open, and paid for the fugitive's return ticket. Here indeed seems to be 'a change in social attitudes'.\nJohn Conrad believes that ultimately from this experiment reliable ways of helping the persistent psychopathic offender will emerge:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the lesson can only be learned in this free situation, where scientific knowledge and research join forces to attack a persistent misery. There is tremendous hope in psychiatric treatment of the psychopath as practised at Henderson Hospital. There is no hope in a medically operated prison where the repressive technique of traditional psychiatry keep the lid on social pressures until they explode.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen, over forty years ago, Homer Lane ran the 'Little Commonwealth' he used to be saddened by those visitors who attributed his success to his exceptional personality and not to his methods. In thinking about two remarkable experiments we may be very conscious of our lack of that inner freedom and fearlessness which enables people to embark on experiments for which most people predict failure, and then to undertake the continuous hard work that makes them successful", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet Merfyn Turner is unwilling to take personal credit for his work at Norman House (\"I suppose I'm a bit of a misfit myself\" he says). The continuance of his work and the establishment of other Norman Houses with the support of the fund set up to commemorate the work of the late Margery Fry, is a tribute to the method as well as the man", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd the adoption in other countries of the methods of the Henderson Hospital as well as the continuance of the original unit, show that the same is true of Maxwell Jones's work there. When he left it was thought that its success was due to his particular genius and that the work would flounder without him. But it didn't happen.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLet us remember therefore that the tragedy, as Lord Lytton put it, of Homer Lane's life was that people said \"What a marvellous man, he is inimitable\", when they should have said, \"What admirable principles, let us adopt them.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI have not treated any patients while in prison or living in a regimented institution, and I have misgivings about doing so. It is difficult to serve two masters: either you are on the side of the prisoner and then you are likely to get into difficulties with the prison authorities sooner or later, or you are on the side of the latter and then cannot win the trust of the inmates who are always likely to suspect the prison psychiatrist of being a spy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlso, if we treat a patient in the restricted, and in its way, sheltered situation of prison we have no means of judging how he will adapt himself when he comes out and is faced with the manifold difficulties of liberty, family life, or lack of it, the task of finding and holding a job and the innumerable hurts and disappointments he is sure to encounter.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is particularly important to treat patients immediately after their discharge from prison. An important factor in recidivism is the fact that when the criminal comes out of prison he is not psychologically in a fit state to settle down or to take a job or to cope with his innumerable (family and other) problems \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the treatment of criminals, more than with any other patients, I have been impressed with the tremendous difference even a little help may make to a man's future life. There is a world of difference between a man who is still neurotic and unstable, and yet able to support himself and lead a fairly normal life, and one who is compelled to commit crimes that make him spend the rest of his life in and out of prison", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe difference is more marked from the point of view of society, which is either hurt by the criminal when free or has to maintain him while in prison.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2013MELLITA SCHMIDEBERG\" The Analytic Treatment of Major Criminals\"\nA Criminologist's Testament\nBut the men and women, who dedicated themselves to the asocial persons, had two opponents: the asocial persons themselves and society. They succeeded in transforming the asocial, but they did not succeed in transforming the attitude of society. It is painful to hear of all the persecutions to which these true philanthropists were subjected and to read of all the difficulties which were put in their way \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSociety opposed the innovators with determined resistance \u2026 Society did not wish to abandon the principle of an eye for an eye; it did not wish to be deprived of its long observed relations to the criminal and it did not wish to have the 'contrary ones' taken from it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen I wrote a small article upon the 'Effect of Non-Violence and Self Government in Prison and in Institutions for Neglected Children', a Swiss friend, who had great experience in education and methods of upbringing, wrote to me: \"but what a pity it is that there are so few personalities capable of bringing the miracle to pass.\" But why are these people not to be found", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Because we want them, in just the same way as the neurotic person wishes to hold on to his illness from which he suffers, and from which he cannot allow himself to be freed. The reader, who has learnt of the results produced by non-violence and self-government and of the resistance accorded to those who advocated them, will find it easier to understand why criminal psychology begins for me not with the criminal, but with the society which inflicts the punishment", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese people, who did not have to give anything whatsoever to the prisoners, were in fact capable of hindering others in their work of assistance.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn effect there is today an unequivocal answer to the question, what can be substituted for aggression in criminal law: non- violence and self-government as a means of education \u2026\nForel, the great Swiss scholar and philanthropist, answered the question concerning the future of criminal law, plainly and simply: \"in my opinion the future of criminal law lies in its abrogation, that is, in the removal of all right to punish.\"\nThat also is our answer.\n\u2013 PAUL REIWALD: \"Society and its Criminals\" (1949)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRefresher Course in Jail\nDAVE DELLINGER is one of the editors of the New York monthly Libertarian, from whose August number his account of a recent refresher course in jail is condensed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI GENERALLY GET A LAUGH when I mention that I went from Yale to jail and that I got a more vital education from three years in jail than from six years at Yale. The laugh always makes me a little uneasy (even apart from the feebleness of the play on words) because I am afraid it implies that far from being dead serious I am merely indulging in a humorous exaggeration, since one wouldn't really expect to learn more in prison than in a university", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA little reflection should convince most persons that one can learn more about the nature of our society (for example) by sharing in a small way the life of its victims than by interacting intellectually with its privileged academicians. Be that as it may, I spent ten days in jail recently and had my complacency jolted once again (non-conformists can be more complacent than we realise) and my imagination quickened by this little refresher course in the realities that lie behind the facade of our society.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI have never forgotten my first experience of arrest and imprisonment many years ago: how inexorably the transitions took place from being treated as \"saints ahead of our time\" (a comment by a member of the grand jury that indicted eight of us for our refusal, as pacifists, to register for the draft), to misguided and stubborn idealists (the attitude of the judge) to criminals with \"no rights of any kind\" who had better wise up if we wanted to stay in one piece (as we were told by a guard five minutes after being ushered out of the polite and superficially civil libertarian atmosphere of the courtroom into the prison world into which no visitors are admitted and from which no uncensored letters are released)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf the details varied slightly this time, the pattern was similar: only when we were safely out of sight of judge and spectators were the realities of the prison system revealed to us.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMost convicts would rather serve time in an old-fashioned jailor pen than in a liberal \"correctional\" institution. The basic prerequisite for a decent life \u2013 freedom \u2013 is lacking in either case, but in the \"reformed\" institutions the prisoner finds that he is subjected, in addition, to a kind of manipulative and psychological assault that the old-fashioned warden and keepers had no interest in. I remember a", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nChristmas at Danbury (Connecticut) \"Federal Correctional Institution\" when the Christmas party consisted of an exhibition of dancing and singing by the warden's young children and their classmates. When the performance was over, the warden mounted the platform and made a speech in which he kept reminding the prisoners that if they hadn't broken the law they could have been with their wives and children on Christmas Eve, as he was", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPerhaps only those who have been deprived for a lengthy period of the company of wives, children, and loved ones can appreciate how cruel this little sermon was and how it embittered rather than enlightened the men. Never did I receive a half-hour visit (we were allowed a total of one hour of visits a month) without having my parents or fianc\u00e9e subjected to a prior interview with the warden or a social-service worker in which they were treated to a lengthy analysis of my various character defects", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWives were often told, on the basis of \"scientific\" case-studies, that they should divorce their husbands, or stop visiting them, because they were \"no good\". Censorship of reading material, \"to help rehabilitate the convict\", was so extreme that at one time only one New York newspaper (the New York Times, which appealed to the warden but not to many of the inmates) was allowed to circulate and copies of it were distributed only after every news story that dealt with crime had been cut out", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen a friend sent me a copy of The World's Great Letters, the censorship department passed it on to me only after having deleted a letter by Benjamin Franklin which was considered \"salacious\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDid they really think that the inmates would have learned more about the perverse glories of crime from the New York Times than from their follow inmates with whom they were joined in the common, embittering experience of living in an \"extreme totalitarian society\" and with whom they united in a thousand imaginative ways of \"beating the system\" (everything from stealing food and manufacturing a powerful prison brew to smuggling tobacco, at great personal risk, to men in the \"hole\")", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDid they think that sexual abuse and insensitivity were more apt to result from reading a letter by Ben Franklin than from being locked up for years without contact with loved ones", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? If anyone had interrupted one of the jail house bull sessions on sex to read out loud the offending passages from Franklin he would have been hooted down for boring the audience.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy recent arrest grew out of a \"vigil\" outside the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters in Washington, D.C., where ten of us picketed, handed out leaflets, and began a two-week fast (taking only water) in protest against the invasion of Cuba", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Washington (D.C.) jail was an uneasy compromise between the old-fashioned jail, in which confinement and the prevention of escape are almost the only concerns, and the modern paternalistic institution, which tries, unrealistically, to combine confinement with rehabilitation. In the main, it succeeded in combining, in slightly modified form, the shortcomings of both types of institution and the virtues of neither", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn the one hand, we were subject to classification interviews with social-service workers whose sheltered, conformist lives had so limited their ability to grasp the realities of the system that it is hard to imagine their ever understanding a criminal or establishing any significant human contact with him \u2013 even if they had any interest in considering him as anything but a \"case\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(In the first information-gathering my name was somehow transcribed as David Dillings and a series of interviewers insisted that I must sign my name in this fashion if I did not want to go to the \"hole\". I suppose that in some future court appearance I shall be accused of having used an alias). On the other hand, the daily routine was such as to encourage utter boredom, and physical and mental deterioration. We were awakened at 4.30 a.m", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nand spent the entire day sitting in the overcrowded chapel, without reading material, work, exercise, or diversion of any kind. The windows were even frosted to prevent looking outside. The only breaks were the three daily meals and the periodic \"counts\". In our case, we were continuing to fast, so benefited from the mealtimes only by having a brief respite from living in a dense crowd", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere were 160 beds in my dormitory arranged in double-deckers so close together than if anyone lying in his bed (we were only allowed on the bed between 9.30 at night and 4.30 the next morning) stretched his arms out, he would touch the beds on both sides. I am told that the prisoners are allowed to go to the stockade for two hours on Sundays, but since it rained we watched television instead", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs beautiful women and expensive status symbols were flashed on the screen, I looked at the men around me and thought that the crime of many of them was to have been hypnotised by the lures of our society and to have sought to attain them by methods which were outside the law (the ground rules of capitalist society) but not necessarily more anti-social than the accepted legal ones", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn varying degrees they lacked the education, the contacts, the pigmentation, the patience, the inherited capital or the hypocrisy to attain their goals by accepted methods of living off the labour of others \u2013 collecting rents, profits, dividends, interest or the excessive salaries of the professional and managerial classes; buying or hiring cheap and selling dear; excelling in the attractive packaging or psychologically effective advertising of an inferior product, etc", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe man who pockets a cool million by speculating in slum-clearing, housing or installing inadequate air-conditioning in fancy apartment houses becomes a public hero by setting up a scholarship fund or contributing to charity, but the man beside me, his eyes glued to the TV screen had \"lost all his rights\" because he had stolen some jewellery.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe best prison community is no more than an extreme totalitarian society, and the most it can produce is a good convict who is quite different from a good citizen \u2026 Reformation of convicts must be attained chiefly outside any penal institution.\n\u2013Encyclopedia Britannica, article on \"Prison\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\njail I was greeted with the words, so familiar to me from previous experiences: \"You have no rights.\" (In liberal institutions the advances of modern penology are summed up in the alternative byword: \"You have no rights, only privileges.\") A \"good convict\" is one who acquiesces in this defamation of character until he finally explodes in resentful violence or becomes a shadow of a man who is made a trusty or is considered safe to release on parole", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI have seen men put in the \"hole\" for \"silent insolence\", because the system cannot function without breaking the spirit of its victims, and the light of independence in a man's eyes is more frightening to the authorities than occasional violations of administrative regulations.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs pacifists we revealed at least a few signs of inter-directedness and this caused immediate tensions with the authorities. But we also tried to go out of our way to be sensitive to their human qualities, and the more contact we had with individual guards the more willing they were to overlook our minor transgressions, in apparent (if somewhat bewildered) appreciation for being treated, for a change, as fellow human beings", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey were more used to opportunistic subservience, without personal respect, than to foolhardy resistance combined with respect. Traditionally tough guards who had gotten to know us pretended not to notice our idiosyncratic violations of prison routine, but whenever we entered a strange part of the prison and encountered new guards we were in danger", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn one occasion, when we had been escorted to a new area and were waiting to see what would happen (prisoners are seldom told where they are going or why), two of us were excoriated for looking out of a partially open window. When I asked, as gently as I could, what harm there was in looking at the grass, the guard became nervous and felt the need to assert his authority", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe ordered me to take off some paper buttonholes with which we managed to keep our shirts from being constantly unbuttoned because of the oversized buttonholes. His manner was so arbitrary (and the practice of wearing the buttonholes so well established) that I felt it necessary to explain that I was chilly, that the shirt would not stay buttoned otherwise, and then, in response to his shouted \"You are in prison now; shut up and do as I say,\" that even prisoners had the right to be treated civilly.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen I got to the \"hole\", the modern prison's equivalent of the mediaeval dungeon, I found that the approximately 5 ft. by 6 ft. damp strip cell, part of which was taken up by a toilet which could only be flushed from the outside, was already occupied by two other prisoners. There was not room for all of us to lie down at one time, but we managed by having two of us put our feet and legs up the wall while the third put his on the toilet. One of the prisoners was upbraiding the other for being a damn fool", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYou would've got off with thirty days. Now you'll get six months.\" \"I know,\" said the other, \"but it was a matter of principle with me.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe seasoned, guilty man had been in the \"hole\" a week, for having a fight. The principled \"damn fool\" had been taken to the barber shop earlier that day, in anticipation of his appearance in court the following morning. He had an attractive pompadour hair style and he balked when told that he would have to have it cut another way. \"Just don't give me no haircut at all, he said, \"'cause when I appear in court I wants to be mine own self.\" For this, act of self-assertion he had been thrown into the \"hole\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt wouldn't have been right under any circumstances, but I couldn't help thinking that here was a man who apparently was innocent, and who, in any case, was supposed to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. Because he could not afford bail, however, he had already lost all his rights.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen I walked out of jail after my ten days were up, I couldn't tell whether I felt more elated at having my \"freedom\" or depressed at the thought of those whom I had left inside. I know, from previous experience, that I shall never forget some of them and that I shall never meet any finer persons out of jail than some of the friends I made inside. But I also know how easy it is to get caught up in other routines, and how hard it is to convince people that the only way to reform jails is to abolish them", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor jails are necessary for the preservation of a semblance of \"law and order\" in a society where there are rich and poor, over-privileged and under-privileged.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMan is a social creature. He is born into a community, and his life is continuously conditioned by it. It shapes his personality, and his judgments, his decisions, his desires, and ambitions reflect its influence upon him. His life is generally judged in terms of his place within it. But isolate him from it, make him an outcast, and he will bind himself to those who are likewise outcasts", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPrisoners have their own community, and though prison officers may spend as much time with the prisoners as the prisoners do with each other, yet the officer does not belong to the prison community. A modern prison may organise countless educational classes for the offenders, and still the demand persists. But the men attend less from the desire to improve their learning than from the desire to be together. The prisoner may object to solitary confinement because it commits him to hours of inactivity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n'There's nothing to do except think.' But the real reason lies in the removal of man from his fellow men, for he belongs by nature to society, and he 'lives' only when he is within society.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2013MERFYN LLOYD TURNER: \"Ship Without Sails\" (1953)\nFar from Theraputic\nPAT ARROWSMITH, field organiser for the Committee of 100, is at present serving a 3-month sentence in Gateside Prison, Greenock, for her part in the anti-Polaris demonstration at Holy Loch. This article is extracted from an account of her experiences in Holloway Prison following the Direct Action Committee's demonstrations at missile and nuclear warfare bases in 1959 and 1960.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHOLLOWAY IS A BLEND of the archaic and the modern; of toughness and mildness. Within its pseudo-medieval walls are stone-cold punishment cells and psycho-therapists' offices. A group of first offenders may be busy on an emotional-stability test while simultaneously, in another part of the building, some recalcitrant prisoner is being led away for a spell of bread and water in solitary confinement", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe day's work is a dreary routine of enforced scrubbing, coal-shovelling, laundering, or sewing, with no more incentive attached to the job than an automatically earned shilling or two a week. Yet many of the prisoners are encouraged to spend their evening \"association\" period having classes and discussion groups, or rehearsing revues and pantomimes to be performed in front of their fellow-prisoners", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFilms are shown once a month; and a Sunday seldom passes without some group of outside musicians coming in to entertain the prisoners in the chapel.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFew of the prison officers seemed to be \"dragons\". The majority were quite pleasant young women who might well have been nurses. They were evidently expected to try to be moderately friendly towards the prisoners rather than provoke their hostility. Lying in our drab, brick-walled, dimly lit cells at night, it came as quite a shock at first to hear a bright kindly voice calling through the peephole: \"Are you alright", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Good-night.\" Occasionally the voice even added \"dear\". Archaic though Holloway is, the buildings are centrally heated, except for the punishment cells, in which women might be confined for days on end. But the heating is tepid. We ranked as \"civil prisoners\", and as such could wear our own clothes and keep tolerably warm. In 1959, with precisely the same charge, we were, for some reason, classified as ordinary convicted prisoners and so wore prison dress", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe found out what it is like to be in Holloway in mid-winter in a cotton frock and threadbare cardigan. Outdoors, on the daily hour's exercise, prisoners have nothing warmer to wear than a short cape. On the very coldest days, even when not raining, we were not allowed out, presumably because the officers realised how inadequate our clothing was. The food did not seem as bad as the clothing. It was reminiscent of board-school meals in wartime", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe sugar ration was microscopic, the milk intake negligible, and the sliced bread super-abundant. However, there were plenty of cooked vegetables, fruit occasionally, buns, fish and chips, and a reasonable supply of somewhat dubious-looking \"beef\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen we were in Holloway the first time we were put on the First Offenders' Wing, which was run on quite imaginative lines. We slept in bedrooms instead of cells; and sitting on a cretonne-covered sofa in the common-room among cliques of gossiping women it was hard to believe we were in Holloway and not some Y. W. C. A. hostel. This time we were in the main prison block on the Remand Wing", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlthough nearly all the women on this wing were unsentenced, in many ways they had a worse time than anyone else in Holloway. They were locked up in their cells for the night at 4 p.m., whereas the rest of us were out till seven. On Christmas Day they emerged for only about an hour; and they were debarred from nearly all the prison entertainments", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt seems an anomaly of British law that people regarded as innocent should not only be held in prison, but in addition should have a worse time than the sentenced prisoners. Among the assortment of remands, debtors, and drunks on this wing were several foreign girls who were waiting to be deported", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey had not necessarily committed any offence other than failing to notify the authorities of a change of address; yet there they were, obliged in some cases to spend two or three weeks locked up in one of the dreariest parts of Holloway. They too, were locked in their cells at 4 p.m. and not allowed out to go to most of the prison entertainments.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHolloway reminded me in some ways of the old-fashioned mental hospital where I once worked. There was the same rigid, custodial atmosphere; the same humiliatingly shapeless clothes; the same clanking of keys and endless locking and unlocking of doors. Like mental patients, we were expected to cut up our food with a blunt tin blade \u2013 except at dinner-time, when, for some obscure reason, we were trusted not to commit suicide and supplied with knives", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe officers themselves, however, compared favourably with the mental nurses I worked with. They treated those in their charge in a friendlier, more humane way.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut Holloway is still very far from being a therapeutic institution. The atmosphere is repressive, and it did not seem to us that any of the women we got to know were likely to \"mend their ways\" as a result of their spell \"inside\". The maladjusted girl of 16, with a history of emotional deprivation \u2013 foster homes, approved school, borstal \u2013 who was dragged to a punishment cell just before Christmas and hammered on the door for hours on end, could surely only be the worse for her experiences in prison", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll too little psycho-therapy and intensive case work is possible among some three hundred social misfits catered for by only two or three welfare workers, one psychiatric social worker, one psychologist, and one part-time psychiatrist. We had disheartening conversations with teenage ex-borstal girls who were taking Holloway in their stride, and seemed quite reconciled to their fate. Prison sentences were certainly not going to cure or deter them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nADVENTURE PLAYGROUNDS MAY OR MAY NOT be a parable of anarchy, but to understand them properly it is necessary first to define the term, and then to examine it objectively in the light of practice as well as theory. Adventure, like freedom, is elusive, and experience in this country over something like twelve years shows that we have by no means reached agreement on its definition", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is possible to visit playgrounds where every constructive activity is banned, where creative activities are organised by adults, and where every piece of equipment is rigidly fixed in the manner deplored by contributors to ANARCHY 7.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nC.W's brief survey of the movement is truly excellent. Its weakness, perhaps (and one which arises only out of a necessary brevity) lies in the fact that it does not look deeply enough at those playgrounds which made the greatest impact \u2013 and not at all on those which, for one reason or another, were regarded as failures. I do not pretend to understand anarchistic philosophy \u2013 I do understand the pressures experienced by groups attempting to establish adventure playgrounds", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch pressures, experienced by practically all groups, resulted from (1) lack of funds, (2) untrained and inexperienced leadership, (3) weak community liaison and appreciation, and (4) a general lack of knowledge relative to (a) organisation and administration, and (b) clearly defined aims and objectives. But more than anything else, recent research shows there is an urgent need for a central co-ordinating body which", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJOE BENJAMIN was the project leader of the Grimsby Adventure Playground. His report on the movement as a whole is shortly to be published by the National Council of Social Service, under the title In Search of Adventure.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nwill help the newly active citizen to avoid making the same disheartening mistakes today that were made when the first playground was started more than twelve years ago. Children get disheartened only temporarily, and return to a problem with new ideas and greater experience. This is not always the case with adults.\nLondon, S.E.13.\nJOE BENJAMIN.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI should like to amplify some of the points made in your Playground issue (ANARCHY 7) by reference to the Housing Centre's study Two to Five in High Flats, which you mention in passing. It is assumed by architects and housing committees that in the growing number of \"high\" (i.e", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nmore than five storeys) blocks of flats which are the result of the increasing pressure on urban land, families without children will occupy the upper, and those with young children the lower flats, and that play facilities for children under five will be provided within sight or earshot of their homes. But the pamphlet (which reports the findings of an enquiry into the play activities of children under school age now living in high flats, carried out by Mrs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJoan Maizels, together with an interim report by Peter Townsend and students of the LSE, on questions of play and safety, from a survey with wider terms of reference), shows that this assumption is far from correct, and that in spite of all sorts of official recommendations on the provision of play facilities, \"official practice has lamentably failed to keep pace with precept\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNearly three quarters of the mothers interviewed had some difficulty with their children's play, and wanted better playing facilities for their children more than any other possible improvements in the amenities on their estate, suggesting such facilities as nursery schools or classes (the Ministry of Education has put an absolute ban on new ones), or supervised play groups", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe report points out that young children in high flats have a serious lack of opportunities to mix with other children, to play with earth and water, and for physical exercise. Perhaps the most serious deprivation is the limitation on easy mixing and playing with other children, \"for only through play with others may the young child learn about co-operative social relationships", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMothers who expressed concern were sensitive to the fact that their young children are not, so far, provided with adequate opportunities for this process of discovery that adults call play.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGraphic illustration of this point comes from an article by Miss Joan Pearse who is supervisor of the nursery play-groups run by the Save the Children Fund on LCC housing estates. (The World's Children, Vol. 38, No.3). She gives this description of the effect on children of opening play groups in the tenants' club rooms on ten LCC estates:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany of the children who attend these groups spend their first few visits in just letting off steam. It has been quite amazing to notice the change in the children \u2013 a change which seems hardly possible in such a short period as a week. One group comes very vividly to mind. When it opened, the active, eager children had no idea of any co-operative play. Supervision of the slide was a nightmare", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nChildren were pulled backwards off the step by their hair \u2013 other children scrambled up the side and pushed the more timid child away \u2013 faces were scratched and shins kicked. The rider of a tricycle or scooter was dragged off, bricks were hurled at any other child approaching, and sand scattered about in wild abandon. But in a month \u2013 or sixteen hours of nursery time \u2013 the sense of fairness \u2013 the taking of a turn or the helping of a smaller child became apparent", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven more interesting was the gradual realisation of the fun of co-operative play \u2013 the friendships that were formed and the unity of the whole group which so recently resembled a bear garden.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is evident that the children suffer, severely, from inadequate socialisation, and the first reaction of the reader of the report, or of Miss Pearse's article is that \"they\" \u2013 the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, or the Ministry of Housing, or their equivalents in the local authorities \u2013 should do something about it, since as Miss Pearse remarks, her organisation is only able to give \"some temporary help to a few London children and their mothers.\" The second reaction however is to wonder why the people on the estate don't run their own nursery group", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(The Save the Children Fund's method is to hold a meeting with the Tenants' Association which \"usually agrees to be responsible for the provision of accommodation for the club, canteen facilities and a rota of voluntary helpers, while the organiser agrees on behalf of the Fund to provide trained help and the bulk of the equipment\").", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe answer given in Two to Five in High Flats is that \"experience has shown that a purely voluntary rota for this purpose does not work well\", and Mr. Macey, the Birmingham Housing Manager, at the RIBA symposium on \"Family Life in High Density Housing\" remarked that \"Schemes for parents to co-operate together to supervise children using such amenities always seem to break down. Either it is not convenient to Mrs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBrown to carry out her voluntary turn of duty when it comes round, or she retires in a dudgeon because her child has been spoken to abruptly by a neighbour who is temporarily supervising the playground or play centre.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis in turn may lead us to reflect how far-reaching and life-long may be the \"inadequate socialisation\" which is the price we pay for making the Englishman's home his castle.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut to end on a more positive note, there has recently been formed a Nursery School Campaign, which is gaining support in several parts of the country, which has two aims: the first (which will probably not appeal to you), is to gather names for a petition to the Minister of Education, but the second is to encourage groups of mothers to start their own nursery schools wherever they can find suitable premises, employing trained teachers, especially those with their own small children who want only part-time jobs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe organiser is Mrs. B. Tutaev, of 4A Cavendish Mews South, London, W.l., who wants to hear from mothers and teachers who would like to create their own solutions to their problems.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDORIS ALLEN.\n8A05434E-9F13-4873-99D2-236ED60983E2.jpeg\nIssue of Anarchy magazine from December 1961\nBecause he is a man Nicolas Walter 289\nNotes of an accidental jailor Colin MacInnes 295\nFourier's utopia \u2013 and mine Augustus John 298\nAugustus John \u2013 an appreciation 304\nObservations on ANARCHY 8 J. E. MacDonald, G. Gilfillan 307\nIndustrial decentralisation and workers' control Colin Ward 309\nAnarchy10.pdf 24.18 MB\nBecause he is a Man", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI BEGAN READING ALAN SILLITOE'S NEW NOVEL,* a few hours after hearing he had joined us in the big sit-down, while I was lying on a police-cell floor during the long night of September 17th. I can think of no more suitable time and place, for Sillitoe has a voice of pure human dissent, like Sean O'Casey or John Osborne; there are no concessions attached to his total commitment", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe offers no comforting message like Forster or Wesker, no prophetic cure like Shaw or Lawrence, no escape into art like Wilde or Behan, no indulgent affection like Orwell or MacInnes. He is just for the ordinary people and against their bosses and rulers, without question or quarter.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs everyone knows, Sillitoe made his name with his first novel, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958), a d\u00e9but quite as remarkable as Lucky Jim or Room at the Top; the original edition has sold over 10,000 copies, the paperback edition has sold nearly a million, and the excellent film must have reached several million more people who had never heard of the book. Who read this book", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? \"Ordinary working-class people\", its author replies. It was followed by a collection of short stories, The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner (1959), some of which \u2013 especially the outstanding title story \u2013 are even better than the novel. Then came a political fantasy, The General (1960), and a book of verse, The Rats (1960), neither of which I liked very much, despite their admirable sentiments. I remember even having the impertinence to tell the author to go back and write what he knew;", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n*Key to the Door (W. H. Allen, 18s.).\nthis he has now done, and here we have a long novel by present standards (which is also cheap by present standards) which makes me feel I was right, for it is an important and impressive achievement. Sillitoe has proved that his talent was not just a flash in the pan, like that of so many of the other new writers since the war; his last book stands firmly on the same high level as the first two.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nKey to the Door has the function in its author's work that Of Human Bondage, Eyeless in Gaza and Dr. Zhivago had in theirs \u2013 to make a major statement about the meaning of his life and his ideas in the framework of a large semi-autobiographical novel. Because of Sillitoe's background and his reaction to it this statement takes the form of a powerful protest against his society \u2013 the sort of protest made in Death of a Hero, The Grapes of Wrath and From Here to Eternity", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI use these names deliberately; this is a big book. As a much-publicised Book Society choice, it will be enjoyed by many thousands of readers \u2013 but I wonder how many of them will understand what it is trying to say. Alan Sillitoe didn't come and sit down in Trafalgar Square for the sake of his health or his reputation, and the reasons he came are clear enough in Key to the Door. If the Establishment had any sense it would be worried about this book and its author", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHere is the story of the first twenty-one years in the life of Brian Seaton, who was born when Lady Chatterley found her lover, in the same part of England \u2013 industrial Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire \u2013 and shares with his author the same working-class origins that Oliver Mellors and Paul Morel shared with theirs (indeed, though there is no sign of imitation, the first part of Key to the Door reminded me strongly of Sons and Lovers)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nReaders of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning will remember its tough hero Arthur Seaton, his brother Fred and sister Margaret, his aunt Ada and cousin Bert; well they are all here, though Brian \u2013 the eldest Seaton brother \u2013 didn't appear in the earlier book. Arthur's story is set in the fifties, the age of full employment and television; Brian's is set in the thirties and forties, the age of unemployment and war", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHere is the background not only of Brian Seaton and his brother, but of Alan Sillitoe and the best of his work, described in satisfying and convincing detail.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs in the earlier book, there is no conventional plot, no real sense of the passage of time, no contrived development or revelation \u2013 just a series of vivid episodes piling on top of each other, the last one fitting naturally into its place. The characters don't change much; they grow up, and struggle or give in, and fade away \u2013 birth and copulation and death, sometimes with good luck, usually with bad", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut in the end Arthur came to some sort of terms with the world he defied; and in the same way Brian, a gentler person, finds the key to his door, though it is cut by everything that has happened to him from the material he was born with. There is no slick d\u00e9nouement to round off the book; the story is real and its conclusion is real, for there is nothing phoney about Sillitoe.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe child growing up with his brothers and sisters in the shadow of a hot-tempered, foul-mouthed father (very like Walter Morel) and a rather helpless nagging mother (not like Gertrude Morel), with interesting aunts and grandparents, all in the deeper shadow of the Depression; his struggle to find knowledge in dictionaries and maps, excitement in The Count of Monte Cristo and Les Mis\u00e9rables, identity and meaning in the harsh world of the industrial Midlands in the terrible thirties \u2013 all this is done with deep feeling and skill.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut Key to the Door is no portrait of the artist as an angry young man, or even as a hungry young man. It is far more than autobiographical self-pity. Brian Seaton grows up in a grim age, but he is no more a grim person than his creator. When the hungry years are over he puts them behind him, though \u2013 like his creator \u2013 he never forgets his early loathing of the people who kept the rotten system going and prolonged the hopeless helpless hunger of his childhood", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"I don't know why they have coppers,\" says young Brian, \"they're worse than school-teachers.\" \"No difference,\" says his cousin, \"it's all part of the gov'ment.\" Nonsense on the surface, but good sense underneath. Sillitoe does not preach resignation, as Arnold Bennett did, nor does he, godlike, rescue his hero from his predicament, as H. G. Wells did and as John Braine has done.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is no consolation in religion. \"There ain't no bastard God!\" his father shouts; and little Brian reflects that \"his teacher said that God loved everybody: Italians gassing blackies and mowing 'em down with machine-guns: dole, thunderstorms, school\". Nor is there consolation in the nihilism expressed by Arthur Seaton in the earlier book. The only true consolation is in hatred of the top-dogs and solidarity with all other underdogs", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen Brian looked at a picture of Shylock in a school edition of Shakespeare, \"he knew whose side he was on and who would be on his side if he could suddenly come to life and step out of the printed book\"; he admired the caricatured Jew for defying his persecutors.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen Brian buys a copy of The Count of Monte Cristo, his father is furious. \"Yer've wasted 'alf a crown on a book?\" he exclaims \u2013 furious not because he is illiterate (although he is) but because he is unemployed and can't afford food, let alone books. But the investment pays off; in his book Brian \"heard the patient scraping and scratching of freedom, was shown that even dungeons and giant prisons were unable to keep men in forever\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven bitter poverty is unable to quench his thirst for knowledge and truth. Later he buys Les Mis\u00e9rables too, and reads about \"the battle between a common man and the police who would not let him be free because he had once stolen a loaf of bread for the children of his starving sister\". His own father goes to prison when he steals to feed his family", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe problem of literary commitment is no problem for Brian Seaton; Dumas and Hugo are on his side and describe his predicament in imaginative terms \u2013 that is enough.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPerhaps it is difficult now to imagine a child who has to say: \"My dad's allus on dole \u2026 Nearly all the kids at school 'ave got dads on dole.\" But Love on the Dole was published in 1933; the last great Hunger March took place just twenty-five years ago; Wal Hannington's National Unemployed Workers' Movement was pursuing its brilliant campaign well into 1939, when there were still over two million unemployed. We should remember the context of the first part of of Key to the Door", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEven after the betrayal of 1931, hatred of top-dogs and solidarity with underdogs meant support of the Labour Party for most people", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"Labour was the best thing \u2013 and if Brian ever felt distrust for that sympathetic organisation it was only because all big names seemed like devil's threats to hold his soul in thrall.\" How right he was; and in fact he grows up to become a common sort of war-time fellow-traveller who scrawls LONG LIVE RUSSIA AND STALIN up by his 137 books and hopes that the 1945 election means the coming of his ideas of socialism \u2013 \"he knew that all men were brothers and that the wealth of the world should be pooled and divided fairly among those who worked.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBack in the thirties war is welcomed because it means the end of want \u2013 what is rationing to starvelings in their hunger or conscription to men without work", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? But there are no illusions about it. When he asks his grandmother who won the first world war, her answer is simply \"Nobody\". And when Munich comes, the sadistic schoolmaster reminds the boys that \"war is nothing but pain\". Nor is there any illusion about Munich. \"They'll be no peace in our time,\" says Brian's mother. \"No,\" agrees his father, \"nor in any other bloody time either.\" Nor later is there any illusion about Churchill \u2013 \"Owd Fatguts\", they call him. \"He didn't give a bogger about us", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was all his bleeding factory owners he saved \u2026 It was him and his gang as turned hosepipes on the hunger-marchers before the war.\" Cynicism without illusions is necessary for survival. \"It's no worse in a war than it is now,\" Brian is told. \"You get boggered from pillar to post and get nowt to eat, just the same.\" For most people in the world this is the simple truth.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBrian is too young to fight in the War, but he is called up soon after it and volunteers for service overseas, although he has just married the girl he gets into trouble (who is rather like Doreen in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning), because he wants to see something of the world before he settles down. The second part of the book alternates between his youth in wartime Nottingham and his experience in Malaya", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe discovers the truth of \"Orwell's Law\" (that the oppressed proletariat of Britain has its own oppressed proletariat in the coloured parts of the British Empire \u2013 a version of the law that there's always someone worse off than you), he has an affair with a Chinese girl (who is uncomfortably like Suzie Wong), and he meets an example of the familiar species of the anarchic NCO (who reads The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists and is very like Jack Malloy in From Here to Eternity)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMeanwhile we learn about his first jobs at home, and his courtship of Pauline. Corporal Knotman, the anarchist, is important, since he helps to give shape to Brian's spontaneous political ideas. He is a regular who fought through the war and is almost due for release", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"I've learnt to know what freedom means in these last eight years \u2026 and the bloke who doesn't learn that, sooner or later, isn't fit to be on the face of the earth, because they're the types that end up as the enemies and persecutors of those who know what freedom means.\" Like all real soldiers he has no hatred for his official enemies. \"It's them who shout 'Charge' and 'Up and at 'em lads' who are your biggest enemies.\" He has evolved his own form of individualism, and he sees a kindred spirit in Brian", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"You're not a communist \u2026 You might be a socialist when you've read more and know a bit about it \u2026 If you're anything you're a socialist-anarchist.\" One is reminded of the \"anarchist socialism\" described in the editorial of the first number of FREEDOM (reprinted in the 75th anniversary issue on October 21st); Brian Seaton, like Alan Sillitoe, is an old-fashioned \u2013 a pre-1917 \u2013 socialist, as interested in liberty and fraternity as in equality.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nKnotman adds mysteriously: \"History is on our side, so just bide your time: you won't even know when to act; the first thing you'll know you'll be acting \u2013 and in the right way.\" This recalls the end of The Rats, and we are led to anticipate a semi-existentialist act of defiance like that in The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut what happens is more than an act of defiance: Brian is more mature than the Borstal boy, and manages to combine defiance of the top-dogs with an expression of solidarity with the underdogs.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe war against the Communist guerrillas begins just before he leaves Malaya, and he is involved in a skirmish with them. Sure enough, he finds himself acting \u2013 by deliberately shooting at trees instead of Communists, and even releasing a Communist he has captured by mistake. The only casualty in his unit is a typical middle-class dissenter, who speaks big but shoots straight enough when it comes to the point, and his death might have been Brian's fault. But he knows he was right", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe imagines himself telling his father about it. \"I caught a Communist and let him go,\" he says. I let him go because he was a comrade! I didn't kill him because he was a man.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is the key to the book. Brian's moment of decision comes when he is face to face with a fellow-countryman of his mistress, a fellow-opponent of the top-dogs, a fellow human being. His \"duty\" is to kill him or take him prisoner; but he knows that his real duty is to let him go", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSimilarly his real duty is to marry Pauline when she becomes pregnant and to go back to her when he gets out of the army, despite his feelings for Mimi, to stay with his own people \u2013 his family, his mates, his class \u2013 and to be a \"socialist-anarchist\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe book closes with Brian on the way home to the England that is struggling out of austerity into affluence, to the busy Nottingham in which the Cherry Orchard (significant name!) where he used to play as a child and where he later used to make love with Pauline, has been built over. He is 21 and he has become a man. \"He somehow felt he had the key to the door \u2026 And with the key to the door all you need to do now,\" he decides, \"was flex your muscles to open it \u2026 At least my eyes have been opened", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll I've got to do now is to see with them, and when one person sees, maybe the next one will as well.\" As with Arthur in the earlier book, the time has come to settle down and hand life and liberty on to the next generation. \"I'll spend a night or two helping the union, you can bet, because somebody's got to do it, and I feel I'm just the bloke for a thing like that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI'll get to know what's what as well, pull a few more books into the house to see what makes the world tick, maybe read some of those I nicked years ago.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut he hasn't been tamed by any means. It is worth remembering what Sillitoe said about his work on the film of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning: \"I didn't want Arthur Seaton \u2026 getting transmogrified into a young workman who turns out to be an honest-to-goodness British individualist \u2013 that is, one who triumphs in the end against and at the expense of a communist agitator or the trade unions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI didn't want him to become a tough stereotype with, after all, a heart of moral gold which has in it a love of the monarchy and all that old-fashioned muck.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the same way, Alan Sillitoe himself hasn't been tamed. He has refused to be turned aside by the people who would like him to be either responsible or sensational (i.e. conformist or melodramatic). In a way this harms Key to the Door. He is so anxious to make himself clear, that he has made his book far too long, and parts of it tend to drag badly without the pressure that drove Saturday Night and Sunday Morning along \u2013 constructive anarchism is far more difficult to get across than destructive nihilism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOther defects are that Brian is a slightly colourless character and that the sex in his story seems to come to him rather too easily: surely there would have been some obstacles of the kind that Paul Morel encountered fifty years ago", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Perhaps a more serious defect is that the symbolism that recurs in the book tends to get lost \u2013 the storms, the animals' deaths, the mountain-climb and so on all have important functions in the story, but what these functions are is not always clear.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNevertheless, the statement made in Key to the Door is clear enough, and the book is certainly a vital part of Sillitoe's work. It would be absurd merely to label him as an \"anarchist writer\" but it would be equally absurd for anarchists to ignore what he has to say \u2013 and not only in his novels, stories and poems. Like John Osborne or like Sean O'Casey, he sometimes seems naive and confused, but like them he is in touch with things that matter", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConsider his comment on the big sit-down: \"The anti-bomb campaign is, obviously a political movement. It is also disenfranchised and, as such, is revolutionary, more dangerous than if it had a couple of hundred M.P.s in Parliament \u2013 which would make it useless", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe longer it remains unrepresented the more certain will be its complete victory \u2026 Everyone who sat down in Trafalgar Square did so for political reasons, and in so doing they threaten (or would do if there were enough of them) the basis on which the present political life of this country stands.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSillitoe is a revolutionary writer and a writing revolutionary. Brian Seaton is a worthy successor to Frank Owen, and Alan Sillitoe is a worthy successor to Robert Noonan, the unhappy pseudonymous author of The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSeaton is luckier than Owen, because his comrades have won a better share of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; Sillitoe is luckier than Noonan, because of his comrades, the people who read his books, and certainly we should be among them, because he too is a comrade, because he is a man.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNotes of an Accidental Jailer\nCOLIN MACINNES is the author of three remarkable novels of London life in the fifties, City of Spades, Absolute Beginners, and Mr. Love and Justice. His recent book of essays England, Half English gave him the reputation of \"England's most sensitive recorder of the contemporary scene.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTHE LEAST EXPERIENCE OF PRISONS teaches you that they're criminal universities for prisoners; they morally corrupt all law-enforcement officers; they make criminal the societies they're intended to 'protect'.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLike every human creature I have ever met or heard of, I am in part evil. Between the convicted and the unconvicted, the only differences I can see are those of fact, or of degree, not that of essence. Morally, we're all in the nick; but most of us are lucky, prudent, or our private evil's licensed by our laws.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCriminal law, in any society, is a haphazard approximation \u2013 usually with a time-lag of at least 50 years \u2013 to whatever this society supposes absolute law to be: the law of God, of Marx, or of a terrified Caribbean general. The varieties of crime \u2013 and therefore 'criminal' \u2013 in the world today are eccentric, extensive, totally irrational.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut even when the rules are understood, their application fluctuates from man to man. I was once accused of a crime in company with fourteen others. Two of us only were acquitted, since we could both pay for lawyers.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnless a man is rich or of strong nerve, the real trial happens before he ever sees a court. The first 24 hours after arrest \u2013 especially the first hour \u2013 determine subsequent police procedure. If he's alone, frightened, friendless, he'll convict himself \u2013 whether guilty, innocent, or 'guilty in fact but not by evidence'.\nAre coppers monsters, then? Do they use violence, perjury, can they be corrupted? And if they do and can, who is \"to blame\" for this?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDirect knowledge \u2013 let alone common-sense \u2013 must tell us violence is used. You're one, they're six, it's 3 a.m., you 'don't want to co-operate' \u2026 what on earth must happen? When your 'case' comes up (one of hundreds they've handled \u2013 perjury ceases to be a 'problem'), are they going to 'tell the whole truth' against their profoundest professional instincts", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? In the criminal world, if a discreet man with fivers falling out of his ears offers money to a man much poorer, yet momentarily powerful, how likely will the poorer man be to refuse it?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut let us consider the policeman's problem. In countries where it's realised what coppers are and must be (i.e. in every one, it seems, except our own), he's not subjected, as he is in England, to the contradictory public pressures of both 'getting his man', and being a knight in shining armour. Further, because of his perilous power, he's exposed, throughout his professional life, to terrible moral dangers. To be a good copper, and a good man is, in these conditions, almost to be a saint", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn addition, he's lonely: for despite archaic (largely bourgeois) legends of the public's trust in him, he's really a soldier of an occupation army. Also, his job's bloody dangerous, come to think of it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat is detestable in England isn't coppers, isn't criminals, but the wilful dishonesty of the right-thinking public that expects an idiot like Dixon of Dock Green to get results \u2026 and thinks of the 'criminal classes' as if such a 'class' were hereditary and permanent. What we should feel for coppers, and for criminals, is positive pity: if only for this reason \u2013 the intense sadness of their lives", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(And may I add a current example of this high-minded obliqueness \u2013 which my gentle readers will like less, I imagine \u2013 and that is the shocked indignation of those who sat down in Trafalgar Square, at their subsequent treatment by the police. What sort of world do they think they live in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Don't they know 'civil disobedience' is militant \u2013 or meaningless? Didn't Gandhi's followers get their way in the end precisely because they understood what they were doing? Aren't there hundreds of thousands of Continental Europeans who've suffered, often anonymously, for their ideas? Can't they realize the honour, and effectiveness, of a political prisoner is that he's treated worse", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Of course they're right to protest! But the tone of injured amazement \u2013 'they can't do this to me' \u2013 is immodest, unrealistic, and 'respectable').", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? First, it has always seemed to me bizarre that men (barristers \u2013 not even solicitors) who spend half their lives pleading cases this way or that for fees, should suddenly be deemed objective underneath a judge's wig. Any experience of their conduct and pronouncements must give them top marks for knowledge of the rules (the Law), often for 'impartiality' (within the limitations of these laws) \u2013 and no marks at all for any direct knowledge of the 'criminal world'", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is as if there were a kind of doctor called a Diagnostician, who'd never been inside a hospital, not even lanced a boil \u2013 but who could decide, simply by hearing others, what fatal operation was best for you and me.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI cannot take any judge \u2013 or magistrate \u2013 seriously for a second who has learned of crime only at second hand, like a voyeur peering at a brothel. Nor anyone who judges yet who has not seen, himself feeling it in the flesh, the physical and moral consequences of his sentences \u2013 including hanging.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? As usual, a totally impractical idea, that better men than I have long known before, and which no doubt will \u2013 in several hundred years or so \u2013 become a commonplace. Namely, that the responsibility for criminals is society's. We now accept that children, or the sick (but not yet the mentally sick, or the very old), should be cared for, and protected by those of us who are adults in good health", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn any society I'd not be ashamed of, a criminal act by one of us should immediately be the intense, prior preoccupation of at least half-a-dozen of his fellows. The 'prison' I envisage is one where every malefactor would find at once surrounding him a dozen who, recognizing their own evil in him, would try to help him out as a voluntary human duty (and a f\u2013g nuisance it would be, admittedly).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis means, of course, a reform not of prisons, but of ourselves: since 'prison reform' is an illusion, or at best a palliative. So long as we are inwardly attracted by crime, as we are \u2013 just look at any of the mass media if you're doubtful about this \u2013 we will have prisons, and remain criminals outside them. Until we face our own, we shall project it onto others; and crime and criminals will attract us as deeply as they repel us", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCriminal law, and law-enforcement officers, make crime: if you don't believe me, consult the shades of Beria or of Himmler \u2026 though they, of course, were foreigners.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn spring 1945, by an extraordinary series of accidents, I found myself ad hoc 'governor' of a German prison containing 1,200 (approximately \u2013 no one knew the exact number) prisoners, some Allied, some German, some political, some criminal. My 'duty' was to let out only the Allied politicals; but by the time I was superseded, everyone was out except for a hundred or so ('or so'!) German murderers, rapists, bludgeoners and so forth", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy only regret now is at my timorous prejudice against letting everybody out while I still could\u2013 against letting these demons out into a safe, pure world where 15 million Europeans had just recently been murdered legally.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSo one of those released murderers might have killed you?' I hope I am true to myself in saying I'd rather he did, than be responsible for what I saw inside that prison.\nFourier's Utopia\nThe first part of this article is reproduced from Augustus John's 'fragments of autobiography' Chiaroscuro (1952) by kind permission of Messrs. Jonathan Cape; the second part was originally published in Albert McCarthy's anarchist quarterly Delphic Review in 1949.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLET US PAY A VISIT to Charles Fourier's Utopia. Philosophers from Plato downwards have built Utopias. That of the commercial traveller we are going to take a glimpse of is not the least interesting. Here we are in the 'age of harmony'. It supersedes our 'civilisation' even as this has replaced 'barbarism'. The political unit here is the phalanstery. We will visit one of these imaginary institutions, reconstructing it from Fourier's voluminous writings as best we can, but adding a touch or two of our own", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFourier elaborated the constitution and working of his society down to the last detail, but much of this is too complicated and fanciful to be dealt with here. With a fundamental basis of sound sense, there appears in his speculations a note of extravagance. When, for instance, he envisages the harnessing of the Aurora Borealis, with the conversion of its light into heat, rendering thereby the climate of the Arctic regions eminently suitable for market gardening, I for one, feel baffled", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYet since the writing of these Fragments, the newly revealed possibilities of atomic energy have included this very miracle in its programme. Few would agree with his denigration of bread as an article of diet, but Fourier found it unpalatable; besides which, he argued, the cultivation of wheat took up far too much space, time and trouble", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe advocated the use in its place of fruit and vegetables with the addition of fish and the products of the chase: but milk would be available and no doubt beef and mutton, though I remember no reference to these commodities in the selected r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of his works, sympathetically edited by the well-known economist Charles Gide, to which I have had access.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs we approach, the phalanstery shows itself, standing on an eminence like a little hill-town. Surrounded by lesser buildings within the containing wall, the taller reminds me somewhat of the Pope's Palace at Avignon. The Line of the horizon is broken by distant silhouettes of more than one such landmark. We pass a troupe of magnificent children, amusing themselves at their task of scavenging and mending the road", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n('Children love dirt'.) These are the petites hordes to quote an example of Fourier's extraordinary nomenclature. By the river which partly encircles the phalanstery, a band of Nomads have pitched their tents. They seem to be making derisory comments on our appearance in an unknown tongue \u2026 (Fourier himself mentions no such people). Crossing the bridge, we penetrate the enclosure by a nobly planned gateway, bearing sculpture of arresting and unfamiliar quality", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe outer walls appear to serve no military purpose but merely confine the town within the bounds of expansion prescribed by the philosopher. Fourier realized the truth that human greatness flourishes in inverse ratio to the size of the community, and limited his population, at most, to 1,700. A superfluity would set forth to found a new phalanstery. Thus the whole land becomes dotted by these ganglions of social life, between which there will be constant interplay and traffic", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nProceeding through the glass-covered, air-conditioned and impeccably clean streets, we arrive at the Central Market Place. Under its tall trees numbers of people are taking the air: many sit before the taverns or under the arcades which alternate between the loftier facades of Church, Operahouse, University, Hall of Exchange, Library, Theatre, Council House and such communal centres of culture", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlthough it is of recent date with no sign of dilapidation, a mysterious air of antiquity pervades the whole, as if a Mycenean or Huanacan city had come to life again. Raised in the centre, a great stone figure of a woman with head uplifted gazes at the sun, which shines through a hole in her torso. It may be a work by the twentieth-century statuary, Henry Moore", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAlthough the inhabitants show much diversity in costume, which seems to indicate their occupation as much as the exercise of personal taste (the women showing a greater degree of uniformity), we meet with no signs of indigence. Fourier was no leveller, and admitted every degree of function and dignity in his world; but all, it appears, are shareholders in the common stock. The phalanstery, in a literal sense, belongs to all who belong to it.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn Civilisation the family was held to be the basic unit of society; not so in Harmony. It was observed that this institution, instead of welding society together was, on the contrary, a primary cause of its disruption. The interests of the family were seen to supplant those of the community as a whole, giving rise to class cleavage, intrigue, aggression, power-politics and finally war", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWith all its holy glamour, it tended to become an important accessory of business, with prostitution as its necessary adjunct. Here, the free association of the sexes carries no shadow of disrepute, and the resultant unions, without religious sanction or the constraints of law, are often seen to be remarkably durable, and that, moreover, without the concurrence of the brothel, which is unknown in Harmony", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs for the ruling class, there does not appear to be one, for the philosopher, poet, man of science, artist or saint, who rank highest in popular esteem, wield no power at all other than moral or intellectual.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSome individuals, too, of no such high standing, exercise as much authority in private as in the council chamber. A certain shoe-maker, I was told, was constantly resorted to by people in difficulties for his sound judgment and advice. But have not cobblers always been noted for their sagacity? We saw no police or soldiers in evidence and asked our guide, 'What about your frontiers, how are they guarded?' 'Frontiers,' he repeated stupidly, 'Frontiers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? But we haven't any.' In this somewhat primitive community money is not regarded as wealth in itself, but is merely used to facilitate exchange. By applying at the bank you can have as much as you like. It is in great request with the children, who use it as counters in a game called 'Business' or 'Beggar my Neighbour'. Anthropologists say this game, like 'Hop-Scotch', is of very ancient origin.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd now we notice a great stir and hubbub. In every direction people are issuing from their workshops and factories and hastening to the gardens and orchards which stretch far beyond the circumference of the phalanstery. It is the hour when work is changed. In many cases a man has two, three or more pursuits which he follows in rotation: by this system monotony and rustiness are avoided. Above all work on the land at regular intervals is found to be especially beneficial", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDancing of a communal and ritual character is much cultivated. Music, ballet and theatre flourish, and in the cathedral the rites of birth, love and death are celebrated with great splendour and solemnity. The Festivals of the Sun, Moon and Planets, with other objects of worship, as types of Ultimate Reality afford occasion for pageantry, song and dance, of a highly spectacular and exhilarating nature. Often at these events a good deal of buffoonery and horse-play is indulged in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI inquired, 'Do you ever have rows, quarrels?' 'Oh yes,' was the reply, 'plenty; but for those who want to fight, there is always the Ring down there,' said my informant pointing to the Stadium by the river.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs we continued our exploration, we came across a small house with a very large window giving on to a garden where was seated a venerable personage in a blouse, engaged in painting a young woman posed under a tree. 'Our oldest inhabitant,' said the guide, tapping his forehead significantly. One of our party remarked that the old gentleman looked like a revised and much improved edition of myself. I thanked him for the compliment and passed on.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUpon taking leave at the gate, the same witty fellow made a final inquiry: 'And how are you represented in the central legislature or governing body of the State; by a delegate, deputy or member from each phalanstery, or from a group of phalansteries?' Our guide was obviously shocked. 'We mind our own business,' he murmured, then pointing to an inscription over the arch, vanished", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe inscription, in letters of gold, was to this effect: WHEN THE STATE CEASETH LOOK MY BROTHERS DO YOU NOT SEE THE RAINBOWS AND THE BRIDGES OF THE BEYOND?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany civilisations no less splendid than our own have passed utterly away under the assaults of conquest and disease. What secret of longevity can we claim, what extenuating circumstances plead, that will immunise us from a like fate, and, sentenced to death as we are, reprieve us at the eleventh hour?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? In the case of individuals, we are accustomed on perceiving signs of distress to send for the Doctor; for immediate and complete extinction is distasteful to most of us, and even those who cannot conscientiously aspire to immortality, will bank on some degree of perpetuation through the medium of their descendants' progressively diluted blood-stream. But we are now threatened with a catastrophe which will mean the extinction not only of ourselves, but of our children; the annihilation of society itself", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUpon examining the banners of the protagonists, we find to our astonishment, that all bear the same device; not Excelsior but Democracy! When the fighting starts, every man provided by his government with a gun, will be told to go forth and murder his opposite number in the cause of Democracy; so that when the carnage is over, Democracy will have won for a certainty, though the Democrats will have been considerably thinned out in the process. Is it worth it?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI doubt myself that, left to themselves, people of different provenance, on meeting, will instinctively leap at each other's throats: on the contrary, the general rule is to show extra politeness to foreigners. Who has not seen various racial elements mingling together in a spirit of perfect good-fellowship", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Such assemblages are an excuse for conviviality, not an occasion for strife. But political propaganda is quite capable of proving black to be white, of reviving ancient rancour, of instilling fear and arousing in an innocent but gullible people, the rage and fury which is the prelude to blows. Propaganda in the service of ideology is the now perfected science of lying as a means of power", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was noticed that the most inflammable types of human war-material were not to be found among the intelligentsia, and accordingly, Propaganda for Power, like the New Journalism, addresses itself directly to the ignorant, the immature and the mentally defective \u2013 the majority in fact. Have we not achieved universal suffrage and isn't one vote as good as another", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? A non-voter myself and no great democrat either, I propose to keep out of the m\u00e9l\u00e9e. I am quite without military ambition. La Gloire, in modern conditions leaves me stone cold. Strict neutrality however, will prove difficult to maintain. One's erring sympathies may betray themselves, and, oscillating, say, between the magic of Wall Street and the fairy-like lure of the Kremlin, lead to trouble", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe will be watched, and as nothing excites suspicion like silence, I have decided that a practice of ceaseless, and inconsequent loquacity should be cultivated, for, if it comes to being put to the question, with or without thumbscrews or other aids to veracity, such a line will be least compromising, and most likely to provide an intellectual alibi.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThough National Sovereign States, are by definition, bound to fall foul of one another; when thus employed, the combatants, by arrangement, may at a given moment, relent, cease fire, and in a burst of brotherly love, embrace and swear eternal friendship. The soldiers naturally welcome such a breathing-space and an emotional orgy follows. The murderous swine of yesterday, by a rapid metamorphosis, become the brave comrades of today", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUnfortunately such a decision dictated by expediency alone, may, when necessary, be reversed for the same reasons, and the shooting starts again. The State must not be judged by human standards nor even be personified as representing the quintessence of the soul of the people it manipulates. The State is immoral and accountable to nobody. But what is this 'quintessence''", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? It consists in the people's needs and in their dreams. They need the means to gain their living; freedom to use their native tongue; to preserve their customs; to practice any form of religion they choose; to honour their ancestors (if any); to conserve and transmit their cultural traditions, and in general to mind their own business without interference. And the Land", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? But, in this country, the people seem to have forgotten the land of their fore-fathers; the vast Common Lands of England, held by them from time immemorial, and completely enclosed by Act of Parliament, and only in the last century we have lost our Commons but keep the House of Commons, which played this trick and still give our votes to the suppliants who periodically come begging for a seat in the best club in London \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWith the mention of hedges I come to my proposal of an alternative to a collective suicide pact. Hedges are miniature frontiers when serving as bulkheads, not wind-screens. Hedges as bulkheads, dividing up the Common Land should come down, for they represent and enclose stolen property. Frontiers are extended hedges, and divide the whole world into compartments as a result of aggression and legalised robbery. They too should disappear", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is nothing sacred about them for they are often shifted, as they have been erected, by force and fraud. They stand for no ethnological distinctions, for all races are inextricably mixed, and, in any case, should not be divided but joined. Frontiers serve no useful purpose for, costly as they are to guard, they have never stopped a conqueror yet, or checked the scramble for Lebensraum. They are absolute militarily though still an incentive to aggression", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey give rise to the morbid form of patriotism known as Chauvinism or Jingoism. Frontiers besides are a great hindrance to trade and travel with their customs barriers, tariffs and douanes. We hear a good deal, though not enough talk, about doing away with passports. It would be more to the point to abolish the frontiers they symbolize. People will love their country no less for being free to get out of it now and then, and in the contemplation of other peoples' performances", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? There would be complete chaos surely. The answer is:- deprived of national frontiers, the State would undoubtedly 'wither away', as prophesied by Messrs. Marx and Lenin, as due to take place upon the imposition of the 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat'. In their case, it must be admitted, the programme does not seem to have gone according to schedule: far from it, in fact; but to our ears, the sacred formula of social salvation used above, never did sound re-assuring", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat's a Proletariat anyway! Never heard of it! We know what a Dictator is however \u2026 As for 'chaos', we've got that already. The withered State, will, of course, be replaced by a consultative body of scientific experts, issuing, not ukases but recommendations.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWith the debunking and levelling of frontiers (though some picturesque bits might be preserved, like Bokerly Dyke and Grimm's Ditch), the whole pattern of society would change. No longer in the form of the Pyramid, it would come to resemble rather the constitution of Amoeba, which alone among living organisms possesses the secret of immortality", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe monstrous 'wens' of capital cities and industrial towns would shrink and disappear in favour of a multiplicity of small communities dotted over the country, autonomous, self-supporting, federated and reciprocally free. To preserve these nerve-centres of human activity at a manageable size, growth would proceed, not by accretion but by proliferation. Gigantism is a disease", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhere there will be no frontiers to be violated, no fortresses to subdue, no capitals to sack, soldiers will be an anachronism and will be forced by circumstances to make themselves useful. With no armies to support, no taxes, no dollars, and no debts, man will be economically in a sound position; he will be a shareholder in his Commune which will belong to him inasmuch as he belongs to it. Let not the ambitions be discouraged by the modest size of our village commune, phalanstery, or Kibbutz", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch disturbances as may from time to time, interrupt the general harmony, will be local, insignificant, and possibly enlivening like a football or boxing match: there will be the Stadium handy. The spiritual revolution which must necessarily precede the inauguration of a world without war, will not at once inflame the imaginations of our up to-date good-timers. The goal, to the hard-boiled, will seem visionary, its attainment uncomfortable. For some people Beatitude itself must prove disappointing", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is to the religious that we should turn, rather than to the devotees of Fashion and the Fun-Fair. The Baptists, for example, should not find our Primitivism repugnant, and their own initiatory rites might well be adopted by the Fundamentalists of the future.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhatever excitements and amenities we may be called upon to sacrifice, at least no monotony need be feared, under a form of society of which each unit reflects the character and cultural standards of its builders, and where everyone is at liberty to choose his environment and when he likes, change it for another.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The answer to this question should decide the issue for \"man is the measure\" always. We do not look to Nietzsche's Superman perhaps, still less to his despised homme bonasse", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBorn and bred in peace and freedom and reared in familiarity with the nature he will have learned both to worship and, in part, subdue, he will have inherited from his pioneer progenitors the manners becoming a free man: wise in his simplicity, contemptuous of power, indifferent to office, this, the Common man, will gladly fill the humblest role in the community he elects to serve", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWHEN AUGUSTUS JOHN DIED at the age of 83 on October 31st, the newspapers were full of such adjectives as \"boisterous, blustering, brilliant\" (Daily Herald) and \"robust, swashbuckling, romantic\" (The Times). Those who saw him as a grave and courteous old gentleman, who, though he was the finest draughtsman this country has produced, was his own severest critic as a painter, must have felt that the papers were talking about someone else \u2013 a superannuated Errol Flynn", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is characteristic that none of the newspapers called him an anarchist, which is what he called himself, and that only one of them mentioned that his last public act was to take part in the illegal 'sit-down' in Trafalgar Square on September 17th, organised by the Committee of 100, of which he was a member.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJohn was a subscriber to FREEDOM and ANARCHY, and a generous supporter of Freedom Press for many years \u2013 he always claimed to be our oldest reader. One of his last letters must have been his message of greetings to the Anarchist Ball on October 20th, celebrating the 75th anniversary of Freedom Press, evoking his memories of its founder Peter Kropotkin, and Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnthony Powell recalled last week how \"when he did a drawing of me not many months ago, he talked of Verlaine, Mor\u00e9as, Kropotkin \u2026\" His association with the anarchists went back to the 'nineties when he and his sister first came to London to study at the Slade, and \"used to attend anarchist meetings in the Fitzroy quarter\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere they heard Louise Michel, the 'Red Virgin' of the Paris Commune of 1871: \"The little old lady in black made a dramatic figure as, in prophesy, she thrust out a lean and accusatory claw. Gwen and I once attended a party organised for the benefit of David Nichol, a colporteur of anarchist literature, including the journal FREEDOM.\" At these meetings (John recalled in Horizon, April 1949), \"More than once I listened to the voice of Peter Kropotkin", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe great and tireless champion of Freedom, correctly attired in his revolutionary frockcoat, beamed on his audience with the true rayonnement of goodness, courage and faith", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn him, these qualities, supported by the authority of a scholar, joined in condemnation of society, based, it would appear, on corrupt and insecure foundations: this student of Dante, geographer, anthropologist and historian, pointed the way to a new social order with its roots in the Commune, the fertile bed from which had sprung, in mediaeval times, those flowers of civilisation, the Free City and the Gothic church.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHalf a century later, when the editors of FREEDOM were in the dock at the Old Bailey in 1945, there was John in the public gallery, making a fuss about being asked by an official to produce an identity card. He was a sponsor of the Freedom Defence Committee, and a lifelong protester about invasions of civil liberties. Very many years ago, in his monograph on John's paintings, T. W", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEarp, referring to his reticence on the non-professional side of his life, noted that \"The newspapers, have recorded two characteristic gestures: one was a protest against the refusal of admission to Epsom racecourse of his friends the gipsies; the other, his support of a movement opposing undue restrictions upon the liberty of the subject.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese were indeed, preoccupations of his, ever since, as a boy, he had felt in his father's house \"that I was living in a kind of mortuary where everything was dead\", while he and his sister, \"longing for a wider, freer world than that symbolically enclosed by Tenby's town walls; we craved for Art, Liberty, Life, perhaps Love!\" This early sans-culottism, as he called it, \"was succeeded by a higher form of anarchism, vehement only in a growing apprehension of the corruptibility of Power, and the moral bankruptcy of the masses, since, Esau-like they have bartered their birthright for a mess of pottage, which is about all the Vote amounts to.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis association with the gipsies began too, in childhood, when he watched them in the market of Haverfordwest. Writing indignantly in FREEDOM ten years ago he observed that, \"Moving amidst a usually ignorant and hostile population, the gipsies have developed a technique, by which they may gain a living while preserving their peculiar conventions, their code of manners and their self-respect. They say dukerin (fortune-telling) for the g\u00e2jos (gentiles) is one thing and dukerin for the Romanichals another", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the one they use the ritual of cozenage, in the other they speak the truth. In both they are not unassisted by the curious clairvoyance of the illiterate. Under the present drive towards uniformity, subservience, and the sedentary life, they will fuse their morale, their folk-memory and what is left of their language, to sink at last in the underworld of anonymity, petty crime, and squalor. What Hitler accomplished by the lethal chamber, our Bumbles will achieve by a system of harrying and fines", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA naturally genial, intractable and somewhat primitive portion of the community, has been condemned by bureaucratic exigency to be stretched on the fatal bed of Procrustes.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe attraction of the gipsies was not for a spurious romanticism, but because \"the absolute isolation of the gipsies seemed to me the rarest and most unattainable thing in the world.\" Isolation is a curious word to couple with that of Augustus John, the least solitary of men, whose conviviality was legendary, yet as a painter he was an isolated figure", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFREEDOM's critic Arthur Moyse (whom John himself admired for his perception and integrity), remarked last month that \"Too much of an intellectual, John could not leave a canvas or a subject alone and too often his constant repetition and overwork killed the humanity that gave birth to the original creation.\" And John himself recognised in a poignant passage that \"The ruined canvases which encumber my studio bear witness to a sad lack of system", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nForesight, calculation, patient planning have not been within my grasp.\" Yet it was his intellectual qualities (John was a reader of Freud and Reich and the modern anthropologists as well as of the French classics) which gave so many of his portraits their immense comprehension of the whole character as well as the physionomy of their subjects \u2013 which is why so many of his sitters were disappointed by them. Consider his portrait of Lady Ottoline Morrell (No", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n28 in the Phaidon volume) which tells us all, and more, than we know of her from the literary reminiscences of the period, or his portrait of Thomas Hardy (in the Fitzwilliam Museum), which made Hardy remark \"That's exactly how I feel\", or his portrait of Governor FulIer (shown at the big John exhibition in London in 1954) from which, as the Listener's critic remarked at the time, \"one can see exactly the kind of man upon whose decision the lives of Sacco and Vanzetti hung.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJohn always regretted that he lived in an age when public art and architecture were at such a low ebb. \"When one thinks of painting on great expanses of wall, painting of other kinds seems hardly worth while\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut in the few very large pictures which he painted \u2013 the unfinished Lyric Fantasy or the huge cartoon Galway in the Tate, and in the lyrical sunlit groups of women and children in the French or Welsh landscape \u2013 there are glimpses of a golden age of the imagination, a youthful utopian dream of life, which makes us assent to his question \"Does it not seem as if the secret of the artist lies in the prolongation of the age of adolescence with whatever increase of technical skill and sophistication the years may bring?\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn his fragments of utopian speculation which we print in this issue of ANARCHY (John's version of Fourier is much more attractive than", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFourier's own), the vision of a free society is seen with a painter's eye. The Nomads by the river are John's gipsies, the \"magnificent children\" by the roadside are ravishing children of John's family groups, even his odd recommendation of the initiatory rites of the Baptists comes from his recollection of such ceremonies in his Welsh childhood where \"the girls with their skimpy black frocks, saturated and clinging, emerged like Naiads from the ordeal", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFew of us would be unwilling to share the vision of life which this great lover of life has left us.\nOrwell: an accident in society\nThat Eric Blair was an \"accident\" in English society is surely due, at least, partly, to the fact that his parents were Scots.\nLondon SE23\nJ. EDWIN MACDONALD.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNicolas Walter is correct in criticising the publishers of Collected Essays by George Orwell for their errors and omissions. It is important to know the times and circumstances in which writers of the calibre of Orwell thought and wrote. However, having correctly described how the dying Orwell managed to finish writing Nineteen Eighty-Four, N.W. then adds \"rather like Lawrence fighting against time to finish Lady Chatterley's Lover twenty years before\" \u2013 which is wrong. Lawrence finished Lady C", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nin 1928 and died in 1930. For many years he was in bad health and no doubt wrote the book under difficulties, but he wrote many things in his last two years \u2013 not least The Man Who Died \u2013 and went on writing until two days before his death.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI should have expected N.W. to have known this, for he is unusually well-informed, but I am not concerned about catching him out in a mistake. What is important, and what concerns me, is that his aside about Lawrence, if believed by him is possibly believed by others, and thus a romantic myth may be in process of creation: that the book is great because Lawrence killed himself writing it! The book has enough strikes against it already without this one", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNon-literary working-class people, in my experience, were acutely disappointed because they had been misled, and expected it to be enthrallingly salacious. The general, and revealing, complaint was that there was \"nothing in it.\" Non-literary criticism may be shrugged off, but in a passage of literary criticism I am compelled to object to the fostering of the idea of poor, pathetic Lawrence, coughing up blood, nobly", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"fighting against time\" to finish his masterpiece before death overtook him. Apart from being a chronological error, the picture is so false. Lawrence, who was many things to many people, was never poor and pathetic to anyone. He was a wonderful man, and at times he was damnable. He wrote marvellously, in prose and poetry, and at times he droned boringly. He wrote some things inferior to, and many things infinitely better than Lady Chatterley's Lover.\nGlenrothes, Fife.\nG. GILFILLAN.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNicolas Walter writes: The Blairs were certainly a Scottish family, but George Orwell was brought up in India and England, and was if anything ashamed of being Scottish in origin and prejudiced against the Scots \u2013 apparently because of the class significance of grouse and deer shooting; he always thought of himself as an Englishman, though it is possible that he did so rather aggressively just because he wasn't quite.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs for the comparison with D. H. Lawrence, it was made quite deliberately and in full sight of the facts. It is true that Lawrence finished Lady Chatterley's Lover in 1928 and died in 1930; but it is also true that Orwell finished Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1948 and died in 1950", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLawrence, like Orwell, had weak lungs all his life; he became very seriously ill in the winter of 1924-25, even before he finished The Plumed Serpent, and nearly died in Mexico in February 1925, when acute tuberculosis was diagnosed by Dr. Uhlfelder.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe fact that he lived for five more years is nothing extraordinary \u2013 tuberculosis is often a slow killer, and in creative men is often accompanied by bursts of activity. But Lawrence never recovered properly, and suffered from periodic relapses which sometimes forced him into special chalets and sanatoria. There were particularly severe attacks in July 1927 and January 1928, while he was writing the third and final version of Lady Chatterley's Lover (the one that introduced the tabu words)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRichard Aldington states that during the two years he was working on the novel \"he was often so ill that even he had to stop writing\"; and Frieda said that he was impotent from 1926 onwards (a particularly ironical point, suggesting that he was more like the despised Sir Clifford than his hero Mellors and that the book is a prime example of sex-in-the-head!).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOf course Lawrence wouldn't accept his illness; nor would Orwell. This was something they had in common, something admirable. But 1 still think that both Lady Chatterley's Lover and Nineteen Eighty-Four show signs of strain, and that this can be partly attributed to the difficulty of trying to write a conscious masterpiece in the face of worsening tuberculosis", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPoor \u2013 yes, poor \u2013 Lawrence and poor Orwell both shortened their lives by \"fighting against time\" to finish their last great works, coughing up blood and suffering from nagging discomfort and increasing pain. This doesn't detract from the greatness of the men, but surely it does help to explain what is wrong with their books.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIndustrial Decentralisation and Workers' Control\nTHE COMMITTEE OF 100 in convening this series of meetings and in linking the current protests against preparations for nuclear warfare, with the theory and practice of non-violence, and in treating under this theme, topics as far apart as the way we bring up our children and the structure of our economic life, are recognising that these are not separate fields of human experience and activity: that they are all bound up together.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey are recognising that nuclear war is not a dreadful aberration of the modern state, but simply the logical and more perfect development of that old-fashioned, incomplete warfare which was, and is, in Randolph Bourne's famous phrase \"the health of the State\". This is why the struggle against war is bound to be a struggle against the State. The State is a system of human relations based ultimately on violence \u2013 there never has been a non-violent State", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe State is authority: small wonder that it is authoritarian. But its authoritarian pattern of relationships is not unique, it occurs in every aspect of life with one significant exception. The exception is the network of spontaneous and purely voluntary human relations which we undertake for pleasure or for some common purpose of our own.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhy do we not strive to transform all our relationships into free associations of autonomous individuals like those which we form in our leisure", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? People don't question whether or not this would be a good thing: they know it would be, they simply say that modern urban life is too complicated and that modern industry is on too large a scale for the simple face-to-face contacts and freely chosen decisions which such a suggestion implies", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is said with resignation, if not with regret, but then everyone goes on daydreaming about \"getting away from it all,\" or being their own master for a change, with five acres and a cow, and we all pity the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha at being driven out of their island anarchy into civilisation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe ironical thing is that these escapist fantasies have become most prevalent at a time when industrial techniques and sources of motive power have made it possible for us to organise a modern industrial society on whatever scale or degree of complexity we choose.\nThis is the text of a paper read to the Committee of 100 seminar at Kensington Central Library on November 20th. The seminar is a pilot course for the Committee's \"Schools for Non-violence\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is no need to labour this point. Modern transport, electricity, telecommunications, have made the traditional distribution of industry obsolete. It could be concentrated or dispersed wherever we care, particularly when knowledge of basic industrial techniques is widely diffused, and no longer concentrated in certain districts.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLet us take for granted that industry could be dispersed wherever we wanted it, and that only habit, inertia, or lack of imagination was responsible for the vast industrial agglomerations of today. We can very rapidly see that this is only part of the answer to our demands for a changed social environment. We will do this by reference to two celebrated examples of the decentralisation of industry. My first example is the Tennessee Valley Authority. You are probably familiar with the inspiring story of TVA", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe drainage basin of the Tennessee River and its tributaries covers an area about the size of England. There was little or no industry, and the isolated valleys of the region were occupied by single-crop subsistence farmers, growing cotton, tobacco or maize, and as the yields of the valley fields diminished, they cut down the trees, burnt off the vegetation and ploughed the hill slopes, moving further and further up the mountain sides", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe heavy rainfall, the failure to replenish the land's fertility, and the removal of the forest cover, allowed the soil to wash away into the rivers, so that, as Julian Huxley put it \"in the heart of the most modern of countries you could find shifting cultivation of the type usually associated with primitive African tribes.\" Several regional planning surveys were made in the earlier part of the century to propose the development of the area, but because of controversy on whether the work should be undertaken for public or private profit, nothing was done until Roosevelt's New Deal in 1933 set up the TVA which \"was not handed a simple task of engineering like the Panama Canal or the Boulder Dam", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt was told to remake the economic and social life of a vast under-privileged community: through cheap power, land reclamation, re-afforestation, flood control, diversification of agriculture, terracing of hillsides, encouragement of animal husbandry, cheap transport through restoring the navigability of the river, and abundant vacation-sites on the lakes which would form behind the new dams.\" It achieved all these and more, and its methods carried many lessons for people concerned with community development", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs Herbert Agar wrote, \"perhaps the finest and the most hopeful achievement of the Authority is that the citizens of the Valley regard their new society, which has flowered in twenty years, not as something imposed by 'reformers' from far away, but as something which belongs to them, which they helped to create, which in many cases they moulded and shaped according to their local customs and traditions", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey were never pushed into accepting an 'improvement' until their objections have been removed by discussion and experiment, and their conservatism overruled by their own experience.\" Splendid. But unhappily the story doesn't end there. The valley, with its abundant hydro-electric power provided by the new dams, and its plentiful labour supply, was for these very reasons, selected for the Oak Ridge plants of the Atomic Energy Commission", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt Oak Ridge, the beautiful dams and shining turbines that brought light and power to the hillside farms, and brought work and hope to the poverty-stricken people of the valley, made the bombs that fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thousands and thousands of people worked there for over a year without the faintest idea what they were making. And would it have made any difference if they had known", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Today the Atomic Energy Commission at Oak Ridge and Paducah plants is by far the biggest user of TVA power. It uses so much that it has to supplement it by burning 8 million tons of coal a year in five additional generating stations.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMy second cautionary tale comes from nearer home. After over forty years of propaganda by voluntary associations in the field of town planning, the Government initiated after the war a programme of New Towns, designed to disperse industry and population from the great urban conurbations. In essence it was a great constructive idea; it could have been a great adventure, but was too timid in scale and execution. The first and foremost of the new towns was Stevenage in Hertfordshire", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI won't comment on its architecture, nor on the complete absence of any opportunity for its inhabitants to plan for themselves or to initiate anything for themselves, but it is certainly the most prosperous and economically flourishing of the new towns. It has acquired the nickname Missileville, for it is flourishing because its industries are largely armament industries", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOver 50% of its working population are employed at the English Electric Guided Weapons Division factory where the Thunderbird missile is being produced, or at De Havilland's where the Blue Streak Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile is made", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSmaller firms like Hilmor Ltd., makers of tubebending machinery for the Admiralty and the A.E.R.A, or Fleming Radio, makers of electronic equipment for guided missiles, or Stevenage Tools and Switches, makers of electronic equipment for the Admiralty, are busy in the same business or in sub-contracting for the missile giants.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt isn't accidental that Stevenage became Missileville, it is Government policy that it should be so: \"Priority has been given to firms producing, or capable of producing, for defence contracts; location certificates from the Board of Trade have been granted far more easily to firms making a contribution towards the defence programme.\" The nature of Missileville's industry is no secret either: everybody is proud of it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEnglish Electric advertise their missile in the local paper as though it was a washing machine: \"To all these problems the answer is THUNDERBIRD\". In 1959, as you know, the Committee of 100's predecessor, the Direct Action Committee, carried out an intensive campaign in Stevenage, by leaflets, door to door canvassing, open air meetings and poster demonstrations", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe only obvious result was that building workers on the extension to the English Electric factory had a one-hour token strike, and one man left his job there.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYou can see very clearly from this that industrial decentralisation, in the geographical sense, is only a small part of the story. We need to decentralise the control of industry, we want in fact worker's control. Let me take as my text an observation, not by an anarchist or syndicalist, but by Gordon Rattray Taylor, in his book Are Workers Human? He says:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe split between life and work is probably the greatest contemporary social problem. You cannot expect men to take a responsible attitude and to display initiative in daily life when their whole working experience deprives them of the chance of initiative and responsibility", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe personality cannot be successfully divided into watertight compartments, and even the attempt to do so is dangerous: if a man is taught to rely upon the paternal authority within the factory, he will be ready to rely upon one outside. If he is rendered irresponsible at work by lack of opportunity for responsibility, he will be irresponsible when away from work too", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe contemporary social trend towards a centralised, paternalistic, authoritarian society only reflects conditions which already exist within the factory. And it is chiefly by reversing the trend within the factory that the larger trend outside can be reversed.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYes, we are all theoretically in favour of workers' control nowadays, but we regretfully reflect that the scale and complexity of modern industrial production makes the notion impracticable", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Labour Correspondent of The Times for example, discussing the only examples of workers' control we have in this country \u2013 the handful of co-operative co-partnerships \u2013 these shoes I'm wearing were made by one of them \u2013 agrees that they \"provide a means of harmonious self-government in a small concern\" but that there is no evidence that they provide \"any solution to the problems of establishing democracy in large-scale modern industry.\" This is the same conclusion that George Orwell reached about anarchism.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf one considers the probabilities one is driven to the conclusion that anarchism implies a low standard of living. It need not imply a hungry or uncomfortable world, but it rules out the kind of air-conditioned, chromium-plated, gadget-ridden existence which is now considered desirable and enlightened. The processes involved in making say, an aeroplane, are so complex as to be only possible in a planned, centralised society, with all the repressive apparatus that that implies", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI often think he was right: that we would have to choose between an air-conditioned nightmare or a free society with a low standard of living, but of course the vast majority of the inhabitants of our world have the worst of both worlds \u2013 a nightmare of poverty and an unfree society. They haven't got the luxury of choosing, as we can, between air-conditioning and freedom", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut it seems to me that the vital point that we usually overlook in assuming that it is the scale and size of industry which make it useless to strive for workers' control, is that these primarily are a reflection of the social and economic ideas current in society rather than of actual technical complexity. We are hypnotised by the cult of bigness", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis cult, which makes oversize cars, oversize ships like big Cunarders and oversize aircraft (remember the Brabazon \u2013 whole villages were swept away to make a runway for it, and now it rusts in its million pound hangar) \u2013 this cult of bigness pervades industry as well as most other fields of life, and it has nothing to do with complex processes", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nActually, it makes us exaggerate the actual extent of bigness in industry, as Kropotkin found sixty years ago in compiling the material for his Fields, Factories and Workshops when he discovered that the economist's picture of industry had little to do with the reality.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAt a conference held a few years ago by the British Institute of Management and the Institute of Industrial Administration, Mr. S. R. Dennison of Cambridge declared that the belief that modern industry inevitably trends towards larger units of production was a Marxian fallacy. (Since then, Khrushchev and his so-called Decentralisation Decree, seems to have reached the same conclusion). Mr. Dennison said that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOver a wide range of industry the productive efficiency of small units was at least equal to, and in many cases surpassed that of the industrial giants. About 92 per cent. of the businesses in the united Kingdom employed fewer than 250 people and were responsible for by far the greater part of the total national production. The position in the United States was about the same.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(There is of course a whole field of economic theory about the optimum size of the firm and its relation to the law of diminishing marginal productivity, but I am not the right man to discuss it). Again, those who think of industry as one great assembly line may be surprised to learn from Dr. Mark Abrams that \"in spite of nationalisation and the growth of large private firms, the proportion of the total working population employed by large organisations (i.e", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nconcerns with over 1,000 employees) is still comparatively small. Such people constitute only 36% per cent. of the working population and are far outnumbered by those who hold jobs as members of comparatively small organisations where direct personal contact throughout the group is a practical everyday possibility.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is also revealing to study the nature of the industrial giants and to reflect on how few of them owe their size to the actual technical complexity and scale of their industrial operations. Broadcasting under the title Have Large Firms an Advantage in Industry? Mr. H. P. Barker referred to two essentially different types of motive, the industrial and non-industrial. By the industrial motive, he meant", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe normal commercial development of a product or a service which the public wants; for instance, the motorcar industry or the chain store. There is also the vertical type of growth in which a seller expands downwards towards his raw materials, or a primary producer expands upwards towards the end products of his primary material. The soap and oil industries are such cases", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThen there is the kind of expansion in which a successful firm seeks to diversify its business and its opportunity and to carry its financial eggs in several baskets \u2013 and lastly there is the type of expansion by which whole industries are aggregated under a single control because they cannot effectively be operated in any other way, Electricity and Railways are an example.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne might very well have reservations about the truth of Mr. Barker's last two examples*, and it is interesting that his other reasons relate to the financial structure of competitive industry, rather than its actual technical demands. When he turns to what he calls the non-industrial and less healthy types of growth, we are in familiar territory.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAmong these there is the type which starts and ends in the Stock Exchange and where the sole reason is the prospect of making a profitable flotation. Then there is the type of adiposity which often occurs when a successful company becomes possessed of large resources from past profits. The Directors then look round for ways of investing the surplus fat merely because they have it. Then there the type of large business born only out of doctrinaire or political considerations", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe very technological developments which, in the hands of people with statist, centralising, authoritarian habits of mind, can make robots of us all, are those which could make possible a local, intimate, decentralised society. When tractors were first made, they were giants suitable only for prairie-farming. Now you can get them scaled down to a size for cultivating your backyard. Power tools, which were going to make all industry one big Dagenham are now commonplace for every do-it-yourself enthusiast", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAtomic power, the latest argument of the centralisers, is used (characteristically), in a submarine \u2013 the most hermetically sealed human community ever devised.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd now comes automation. Those industries where the size of the units is dictated by large-scale operations, for example steel rolling mills or motor car assembly, are the very ones where automation is likely to reduce the number of people required in one place", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAutomation \u2013 the word is merely jargon for a more intensive application of machines, particularly transfer machines \u2013 is seen by some people as yet another factory for greater industrial concentration, but this is only another expression of the centralist mentality. Mr. Langdon Goodman in his Penguin book Man and Automation puts the matter in", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA few years back the \"New Scientist\", commenting on the appalling complexity of the present centralised system, prophesied that \"in future there will be a tendency to return to more or less local generation of electricity.\" In the \"Guardian\" (9/11/61) Gerald Haythornthwaite comments on the Central Electricity Generation Board's \"spinning a web of electrical transmission lines without much reference to any other interests than its own\" thus \"prejudicing the development of a more flexible and useful power system\" from such new developments as the advanced gas-cooled reactors which could provide a \"footloose power unit\" for \"a large number of small and compact power stations close to the centres of demand.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI think he is wrong about railways, especially in view of the present proposals for granting autonomy to the Regions of British Railways instead of central control by the British Transport Commission. After all, if you travel across Europe, you go over the lines of a dozen systems \u2013 capitalist and communist \u2013 co-ordinated by freely arrived at agreement between the various undertakings, with no central authority", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPaul Goodman remarks that \"It is just such a situation that Kropotkin points to as an argument for anarchism \u2013 the example he uses is the railroad-network of Europe laid down and run to perfection with no plan imposed from above.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAutomation can be a force either for concentration or dispersion. There is a tendency today for automation to develop along the larger and larger production units, but this may only be a phase through which the present technological advance is passing. The comparatively large sums of money which are needed to develop automation techniques, together with the amount of technological knowledge and unique quality of management, are possibly found more in the large units than in the smaller ones", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus the larger units will proceed more quickly towards automation. When this knowledge is dispersed more widely and the smaller units may take up automation the pattern may be quite different. Automation being a large employer of plant and a relatively small employer of labour, allows plants to be taken away from the large centres of population and built in relatively small centres of population. Thus one aspect of the British scene may change", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRural factories, clean, small, concentrated units will be dotted about the countryside. The effects of this may be far-reaching. The Industrial Revolution caused a separation of large numbers of people from the land, and concentrated them in towns. The result has been a certain standardisation of personality, ignorance of nature, and lack of imaginative power. Now we may soon see some factory workers moving back into the country and becoming part of a rural community.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut perhaps the most striking evidence in favour of reducing the scale of industrial organisation comes from the experiments conducted by industrial psychologists, sociologists and so on, who, in the interests of morale, increased productivity, or health, have sought to break down large units into small groups. The famous experiment of Elton Mayo at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company or the experiences of the Glacier Metal Company, or J. J", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGillespie's ideas about 'free expression in industry' or the Group Production methods adopted by a Swedish firm, are all examples of this tendency. Their aim is by no means workers' control. They simply want to increase productivity or to reduce industrial neurosis or absenteeism, but they do indicate that the preconditions for workers' control of industry are there. Thus Professor Norman C", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA number of large companies have recently decentralised their organisations and established smaller, largely autonomous units, each to some extent a managerial entity in itself. A few years ago the President of the General Electricity Company of America, one of the companies which has followed such a policy said: \"With fewer people we find that management can do a better job of organising facilities and personnel", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis results in lower manufacturing costs and better production control.\" It may be that the current interest in and apparent tendency towards the decentralisation of large undertaking is a somewhat belated recognition of the importance of people in organisations. One can only hope that at long last we are beginning to think about the pressures which traditional forms of organisation put upon the people who are required to work in them.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe concluded by reflecting on the possibility of reversing the trend of so-called scientific management; \"decentralising rather than centralising; increasing the significant content of jobs rather than subdividing them further; harnessing group solidarity rather than trying to break it up; putting more satisfaction into the work situation rather than expecting workers to find it outside their jobs; in short, making it possible for workers to utilise their capacities more fully and thus truly earn their keep.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNotice his last phrase which tells us why the industrialists employ the psychologists. But if the industrial psychologists were employed by the workers instead of by the employers, where would this line of thinking end?", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt would lead us to conclude that technically, organisationally, and in terms of the sociology and psychology of work, control of industry by the people who work in it was both possible and desirable. This is a revolutionary demand, for it affects the whole foundations of our society, and implies a change in the whole structure of property relationships upon which it is based", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIs there any demand for it (let alone any likelihood of its being achieved in the immensely stable and unrevolutionary society in which we live)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? The fact is that the demand is infinitesimal. Between forty and fifty years ago, in the time of syndicalism and Guild Socialism, there was at least a vocal minority in the trade union and socialist movements which sought workers' control of industry. Today such a minority movement does not exist, though there have been many attempts \u2013 after the war in the League for Workers' Control, and today in the National Rank and File Movement \u2013 to sow the seeds for the re-creation of such a movement", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe labour movement as a whole has settled for the notion that you gain more by settling for less. This is why Anthony Crosland contends that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the sphere where the worker really wants workers' control, namely his day-to-day life in the factory, we must conclude that the British (and American and Scandinavian) unions, greatly aided by propitious changes in the political and economic background, have achieved a more effective control through the independent exercise of their collective bargaining strength than they would ever have achieved by following the path (beset as it is by practical difficulties on which all past experiments have foundered) of direct workers' management", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow we may regret this profoundly, but if you look at the history of the trade union movement in different countries you will find this generalisation to be true. It is idle for disappointed revolutionaries to proclaim that the ordinary day-to-day industrial conflicts over wages, hours, tea-breaks and so on are useless. Within their own terms they justify themselves completely", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor just as one of the great social lies is that crime doesn't pay, when it does, so it is another myth that strikes do not payoff \u2013 they do. (And let me add, parenthetically, that strikes over tea-breaks, that make the middle-class Evening Standard reader, as he drinks his tea, smile because of their \"pettiness\" or scowl because of their \"irresponsibility\", are not about tea-breaks but about human dignity and about the intolerable boredom of doing what someone else wants, as, when, and how, he wants it).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHappily, there need not be an all or nothing choice between revolutionary and reformist industrial action. There is an approach which combines the day-to-day struggle in industry with the aim of changing the balance of power in the factory. This is what the Guild Socialists called \"encroaching control\". As Ken Alexander puts it,", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA few simple aims \u2013 for example control over hire and fire, over the 'manning of the machines' and over the working of overtime \u2013 pressed in the most hopeful industries with the aim of establishing bridgeheads from which workers' control could be extended, could make a beginning. The factors determining whether such demands could be pressed successfully are market, industrial organisation and, more important, the extent to which the nature of their work compels the workers to exercise more control.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor the elaboration of this argument, in terms of the collective contract and in terms of the 'gang system', I must refer you to ANARCHY 2\u2013 the issue on Workers' Control. The effect of the group contract system, as G. D. H. Cole put it \"would be to link the members of the working group together in a common enterprise under their joint auspices and control, and to emancipate them from an externally imposed discipline in respect of their method of getting the work done.\u201d", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut since we are discussing this topic from the point of view of the struggle against war, we must also recognise that \u2013 just as we have seen that the geographical decentralisation of industry is only part of the story, so is the decentralisation of control of industry \u2013 a far more radical aim, and one infinitely harder to achieve", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen Reg Wright in ANARCHY 2 and 8, or Seymour Melman in his book Decision-Making and Productivity describe how three thousand men made half a million Ferguson tractors in ten years with practically no supervision, you can reflect that they could just as well have been tanks or any other kind of war material. Considering the fabulous output of the war industry from 1939 to 1945, the story would have been one of far greater miracles of production", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA self-governing industry will reflect the general social climate with great accuracy. (Think of the record of the British Medical Association \u2013 the mouthpiece of a self-governing profession \u2013 and the way in which it behaved over the absorption of refugee doctors in this country before the war, or that of the American Medical Association today over all and every effort to create health services available to all in the United States)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is true that the only working-class body campaigning today for workers' control of industry, the National Rank and File Movement, has as item 8 of its aims and objects, \"To promote the policy and slogan of an 'International General Strike Against War'. But we know how, in 1914, the identical policy and slogan, at a time when industrial militancy was a hundred times more widespread, vanished into thin air the moment war was declared. The slogans were no more than \u2026 slogans", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDon't think I mention this to discredit the working-class movements; the same volte face was accomplished, as Richard Gregg points out, by many highly intelligent pacifists on the outbreak of the second world war.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nJust as we need to widen and deepen the motives and effectiveness of the struggle of the industrial workers, so we need to widen and deepen those of the people who have been drawn, for the first time in their lives, to movements of social protest and struggle by the campaign against the bomb: I agree completely with the editorial in one of the Rank and File journals that declared that the Committee of 100 must show \"that it not only stands against nuclear weapons, but that it also stands for something positive, for a new philosophy of life, for a new system of society in which ordinary people will be masters of their own fate\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd I agree with Michael Randle's answer to a journalist when challenged on this point: \"People have come into the nuclear disarmament movement from many different backgrounds. It's quite legitimate for people who come from a background of industrial struggle to see there is a relation between what we have been saying about nuclear disarmament and what they are saying about society in general.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is always said that the way in which the English aristocracy has maintained its ascendency is by continually absorbing new blood from below, and in one generation imbuing it with its own values and attitudes. The establishment absorbs the outsiders. This happens all the way down the social scale", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne of the characteristics of industrial and social change in the last forty years \u2013 and one which is moving at a greater pace today than ever, has been the decline in the number of people employed in primary production, and the growth of the numbers in secondary or service industries. In terms of personality types, the change is one from the \"status-accepting\" to the \"status-aspiring\", it is a change from the traditional working-class values to those characteristic of the middle-classes", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe good side of this change is the opportunity it provides to break out of the restricted and narrow traditional environment of working-class life. The bad side is that, in accepting the value system of the bosses, the traditional strength of the working-class attitude is being eroded", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn industry the characteristic working-class value is sticking together \u2013 solidarity, but the characteristic middle-class value is what Seymour Melman calls \"predatory competition\" \u2013 individual self-advancement, which because it is individual, must be at the expense of others. Other people call this the rat race", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhen after the Leyland take-over of the Standard Motor Company, a number of executive staff were sacked, one of them said \"If one man on the shop floor was fired there would be a strike because they are organised. About 200 of us will go and nothing will happen\". But the reason why they were powerless to protect their own interests is precisely because they had identified themselves with the interests of the employers and not those of the workers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey have opted out of that working-class solidarity which is one of the alternative foci of power to which Gene Sharp referred in his lecture last week.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOne great incidental virtue of the anti-bomb campaign is that it is teaching middle-class people working-class solidarity. (Even its favourite dirge, the one about the H-Bomb's Thunder is an adaptation of a miner's song). It is also teaching them how much more realistic than their own, is the traditional working-class attitude towards the police", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut most of all, it is teaching them how weak are their methods of resistance to political authority, compared with the methods by which the working-class have learned how to resist industrial authority", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe middle-class sits in puddles as a symbolic gesture \u2013 of its own impotence; the working-class has developed over the last hundred years, in the interests of self-protection and of its own concept of social justice, the most effective weapon of non-violent direct action yet devised: the strike, the withdrawal of power from industrial authority.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is in recognition of this that the Committee of 100 has issued its appeal for industrial action against the bomb. But it is precisely because the bomb is not something unique, but is the inevitable outcome of the principle of authority, that we must recognise that our common struggle is against authority itself, an authority which is only effective because we have surrendered to it our own power over our own lives.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have three duties, to resist, to educate and to establish mutual aid communities. By these means we may make possible survival if Western society collapses, the ability to resist if tyranny succeeds it, and the readiness of the people if reform can be gained by compromise. Resistance and disobedience are still the only forces able to cope with barbarism, and so long as we do not practise them we are unarmed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe means of resistance on a scale larger than the individual is the mutual-aid community, which is in itself an alternative unit able to exist within the state, to survive it, and to combat it. And without education freedom is impossible, for it is not a state which can be imposed upon people who have learned nothing about the nature of responsibility.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUp till now, it has been an article of pride among English politicians that the public would shove its head into any old noose they might show it \u2013 unflinching, steadfast patriotism, unshakable morale \u2013 obedience and an absence of direct action. We are going to alter that \u2026 When enough people respond to the invitation to die, not with a salute but a smack in the mouth, and the mention of war empties the factories and fills the streets, we may be able to talk about freedom.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\u2013ALEX COMFORT:\"Art and Social Responsibility\".\nAnarchy #011: the world of Paul Goodman\nIssue of Anarchy from January 1962 primarily about the ideas of Paul Goodman.\nanarchy-011 scanned.pdf 3.22 MB\nanarchy-011 text.pdf 260.25 KB\nanarchy-011.epub 60.52 KB\nanarchy-011.mobi 80.04 KB\nThe world of Paul Goodman\nIntroduction to issue 11 of Anarchy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe quote these remarks from Mr Cannon's review of the new edition of Eltzbacher's Anarchism in the students' journal of the London School of Economics, because they express something very close to our own point of view and because the kind of restatement of anarchism which he calls for is what we conceive to be the function of ANARCHY. The American journalist Dwight Macdonald, in a much-quoted footnote (\"the best footnote I ever wrote\") remarked a few years ago that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe revolutionary alternative to the status quo today is not collectivised property administered by a \"workers' state\", whatever that means, but some kind of anarchist decentralisation that will break up mass society into small communities where individuals can live together as variegated human beings instead of as impersonal units in the mass sum", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe shallowness of the New Deal and the British Labour Party's post-war regime is shown by their failure to improve any of the important things in people's lives \u2013 their actual relationships on the job, the way they spend their leisure, their child-rearing, sex and art. It is mass living that vitiates all these today and the State that holds together the status quo. Marxism glorifies \"the masses\" and endorses the State", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnarchism leads back to the individual and the community, which is \"impractical\" but necessary \u2013 that is to say, it is revolutionary.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnother American anarchist writer who has been discussing these precise issues for years is Paul Goodman, and the fact that two of his books have become available in this country during the last year, and another is about to be published in America, provides an opportunity to discuss his contribution", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGoodman, who was born in 1911, is a novelist, poet, playwright, critic and psychologist, who has written many books \u2013 over the last few years they have included Gestalt Therapy (Julian Press), The Structure of Literature (Univ. of Chicago), Our Visit to Niagara (Horizon), and The Empire City (Bobbs-Merrill).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut for most of us his name brings to mind the articles of great distinction which he has contributed to the minority, anarchist, or socialist magazines in America: in the years at the end of the war to Politics, Retort, Why?, Resistance and Alternative, and in the last few years his frequent contributions to Commentary, Dissent, and Liberation, of which he recently became an associate editor.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSome of the earlier group of articles, \"On Treason Against Natural Societies\", \"A Touchstone for the Libertarian Programme\" and \"Revolution, Sociolatry and War\" were gathered together in his book Art and Social Nature (Vinca Press, 1946) and some of the recent ones form chapters of his recent book Growing Up Absurd and his new one Utopian Essays, which are reviewed in this issue of ANARCHY together with the most important of all his books, written in collaboration with his architect brother Percival Goodman, Communitas: Means of Livelihood and Ways of Life", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYou will see that he is a wideranging writer, and in ignoring his novels and poems and literary criticism, we are presenting only a part of the world of Paul Goodman. He says himself that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nI have been severely criticized as an ignorant man who spreads himself thin on a wide variety of subjects, on sociology and psychology, urbanism and technology, education, literature, esthetics and ethics. It is true that I don't know much, but it is false that I write about many subjects. I have only one, the human beings I know in their man-made scene. I do not observe that people are in fact subdivided in ways to be conveniently treated by the \"wide variety\" of separate disciplines", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIf you talk separately about their group behaviour or their individual behaviour, their environment or characters, their practicability or their sensibility, you lose what you are talking about. What I see, rather, is community and community thwarted, culture and barbarism, ideal striving and anxious resignation; and all of this in conflict and motion.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLike many people whose horizons are very wide indeed, Goodman is firmly rooted in time and place. The place is his native New York, for which he is said to have attempted to do in his long novel The Empire City, what Joyce did for Dublin", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThus it is second nature for the Goodman brothers to conclude their far-ranging Communitas with a development plan for the New York riverside, and for Paul Goodman to return continually in Growing Up Absurd to the housing, education or delinquency problems of his city, and to include in his Utopian Essays a plan for eliminating motorcars from Manhattan", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe time is now and this \"utopian\" thinker remarks that \"I seem to be able to write only practically, inventing expedients \u2026 My way of writing a book of social theory has been to invent community plans. My psychology is a criticism. A discussion of human nature is a programme or pedagogical manual of therapeutic exercises. A literary study is a book of practical and political reforms.\" He treats his subjects as ongoing into the immediate future, requiring to be coped with", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHis expedients are simple, day to day direct action, and this is one of the things which makes his approach of the greatest interest to those who, by way of the radical wing of the anti-bomb campaign in this country, are looking for the wider applications of the philosophy which is gradually emerging from their activities and experiences.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCommunitas revisited\nmanhattan.gif\nA review of Communitas: Means of Livelihood and Ways of Life by Paul and Percival Goodman (University of Chicago Press, 1947). (New revised edition: New York, Vintage Books, 1960, $1.25, London, Mayflower Books, 10s.).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA great number of books were published on both sides of the Atlantic in the years immediately after the war, on the problems and opportunities of \"post-war reconstruction\", especially on the physical planning of towns and cities. Few of them seem worth reading or remembering today, let alone reprinting. The one exception is Communitas, written during the war by the brothers Paul and Percival Goodman (the latter is now Associate Professor of Architecture at Columbia University)", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOut of print for a long time, it was a book so original and unusual, that it must have permanently affected the thinking of most of its readers, and, thanks to their continued advocacy, and the widely circulated commendations of American writers like David Riesman and Lewis Mumford, it has now appeared in a new paperback edition which lives up to the claim made by the publishers that it is one of the most fruitful and imaginative books on the building of cities that has ever been written.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Goodman brothers see a \"community plan\" not as a layout of streets and houses, but as the external form of the activity going on. \"It is more like a choreography of society in motion and in rest, an arrangement for society to live out its habits and ideals and do its work, directing itself or being directed", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThere is a variety of town schemes; gridirons, radiations, ribbons, satellites, or vast concentrations; what is important is the activity going on, how it is influenced by the scheme and how it transforms any scheme, and uses or abuses any site, to its own work and values.\" They examine in turn the three main types of plans which have emerged in the last hundred years, grouping them into three classes:-", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA. THE GREEN BELT: Garden Cities, Satellite Towns, Corbusier's Ville Radieuse, neighbourhood housing.\nB. INDUSTRIAL PLANS: The Plan for Moscow (as debated in Russia in 1935), the Lineal City of Soria y Mata, Buckmaster Fuller's Dymaxion.\nC. INTEGRATED PLANS; Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacres, Ralph Borsodi's Homestead, the Kolkhoz, the Kvutzah, the TVA.\nHaving discussed this miscellany of modern plans, the Goodmans turn to their own, and they state their approach in these terms:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOur concern in this book centres around the following conviction: that the multiplication of commodities and the false standard of living, on the one hand, the complication of the economic and technical structure in which one can work at a job, on the other hand, and the lack of direct relationship between these two have by now made a great part of external life morally meaningless", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEconomic plans to avoid unemployment, to raise the standard of living, to develop backward regions \u2013 these are useful, but they do not touch the essentially modern problems: the selective use of machine technology, the use of an available surplus, and the distance between means and ends. The concrete solutions of these problems are community plans", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOur concerns are how to make the multitude of goods good for something, how to integrate the work and culture, and how to keep an integrated community plan from becoming a plan for complete slavery \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEmphasising one aspect after another, they arrive at three completely different community formulae, communities for\nA. Efficient Consumption.\nB. The Elimination of the Difference between Production and Consumption.\nC. Planned Security with Minimum Regulation.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nEach of these three is presented as a regional scheme, but they are not meant to be taken as concrete plans at all: \"In the first place, there is no planning without a physical site and a particular history and population", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the second place, our formulas are extremes and abstractions, but there is no particular place without a mixture \u2026 Speaking very broadly we should say that the first formula is especially applicable to highly industrialised and populous places; the second, to places of sparse settlement, new industry and new culture; the third, to old and populous countries, with ancient cultures but relatively little modern technology.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe City of Efficient Consumption\nThe City of Efficient Consumption is presented as the logical environment of a consumer-centred culture. Its preliminary conditions, they conclude, are that\nA population of several millions is the least economic unit. (Because the combination of mass production and variety of choice are required, and concentration of the market is the efficient solution to the problems of distribution and servicing under conditions of mass production).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWork and life centre around the market.\nThe moral drives are imitation and emulation.\nThe decoration is display.\nClose by is the open country, for full flight.\nThe centre of the City is developed as one large air-conditioned cylinder:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn existing great cities, which have large buildings and congested downtown centres, there are always three simultaneous systems of streets: the through highways, the old city streets proper, and the corridors of large buildings. It is the through highways, coming more and more to be elevated or depressed or otherwise isolated, which carry the main stream of traffic between the city and places outside the city", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd it is wrongly thought that by increasing these highways and facilitating entrance to, and egress from, the centre the congestion of the centre will be thinned out. But in the end all the highways must pour their motorcars into the city streets; for it is the city streets that join building to building; and it is at a particular building, and not at downtown as a whole, that the motorist wants to arrive", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut once he has arrived at the building, he is willing to leave his car, go indoors, and use the corridors and elevators of the building to bring him to the office or department of a store where he has business.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow it can be seen at once that the city streets, under conditions of motor traffic, on the one hand, and of increasingly large buildings, on the other, are more and more becoming intermediaries, useless for travelling and also unfit for walking and window-shopping. At the same time they cover 35 per cent of the ground space and are the subject of perhaps the most costly and elaborate of the city services: paving, traffic problems, cleaning, snow removal, etc", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor servicing they are neither properly in the open (so that snow, for instance, could be simply pushed aside) nor yet indoors (protected). These streets serve as the perfect example of the non-productive, non-consumptive services which waste away the social wealth and health.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nConsequently, in the City of Efficient Consumption, the bull is taken by the horns, in making the city centre one immense container, in which (1) the intermediary streets vanish, (2) \"the through driveways now carry out their function to the end, bringing passengers and goods directly to stations in the container, without two speeds and without double-loading for trucks and trains\", and (3) \"the corridors are transfigured, assuming the functions of promenade and display which the streets performed so badly", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOutside the centre is the second ring of buildings, the university, theatres, museums and libraries, the \"region of the things which have been created and discovered but are not consumed in the enjoyment\", and beyond is the residential zone. The role of the neighbourhood in this scheme is already well-known in our society:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn the City of Efficient Consumption, the neighbourhood is the unit of emulation and invidious imputation. This is demonstrated as follows: It is in the end unsatisfactory and indelicate to emulate or to impute economic inferiority to one's family and friends; on the other hand, to do so with total strangers is pointless. Therefore, at least for domestic display, the unit of emulation, etc., must be the neighbourhood", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe residents of the neighbourhood take notice; and they are not so well known that one is embarrassed, or two transparent to be effective.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe idea that 'a man's house is his castle' refers primarily to the situation in which the house and its land maintain a productive relation of comparative self-sufficiency. Once the land is diminished, the idea is already seriously weakened. Now, as community domestic services, such as light, gas, and water, begin to invade the home, the reason for its architectural identity begins to vanish", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLastly, when these conveniences multiply, they can be provided efficiently only if the isolated unit vanishes and the services are provided for a block of units, an apartment house. These units are more and more mass-produced and larger and larger.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut we must establish also a contrary movement, to restore domestic freedom under the new architectural conditions. This can be done if we restrict the architectural imposition to its minimum function: namely, the provision of an efficient system of services. What must be provided for the family is an empty shell without partitions and (under luxury conditions) two stories high, completely serviced with light, heat, water, etc., through the columns of the building, as in a skyscraper", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe uniform architectural practice has hitherto been to provide not only such services but also a standardised imitation of a house, with layout and fundamental decoration complete: partitions, panelling, and balcony, etc. But it is just these parts, which having no structural necessity, belong most to private taste, or caprice, that need not be imposed according to a standard.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd beyond the residential zone is the open country, which is \"vacationland\" where \"there is exchanged for the existence where everything is done for one, the existence where nothing is done for one\", and beyond this, because these conditions are too hard for the cityfolk, they are finally moderated (after fifty miles, which is to say, three-quarters of an hour by car on the super-highway or fifteen minutes by helicopter on the beam) into \"the imitation wilderness of state parks and the bathos of adult camps.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe Goodmans' account of the City of Efficient Consumption is concluded with a description of the season of carnival, a Saturnalia of wild and playful destruction, fornication, and the remittance of instalment debts, whose principles\nwould be simply the satisfaction in the negation of all of the schedules and careful zoning that are so full of satisfaction in their affirmation; just as no one can resist a thrill of satisfaction when a blizzard piles up in our streets and everything comes to a standstill.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe social function of the carnival is of course to get rid of last year's goods, wipe out last year's hire purchase debts to permit new borrowing, and to engender children.\nBut before leaving the City of Efficient Consumption, something has to be said of its politics. The people, the authors explain, exercise no direct political initiative at all:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTry as one will, it is impossible to discover in an immense and immensely expanding industrialism a loophole where the ordinary man can intervene directly to determine his specific work on the shape of his community life; that is, to decide these matters directly on the basis of his own knowledge and power. The reason is that such an expanding economy exists more and more in its inter-relationships; and individual knowledge and, especially, power, are less and less adequate", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat the people \"en masse\" can do is to exercise a general control such as to determine the trend of their standard of living, up or down; and in the republican form this is done by periodic votes rather than by periodic rebellions. But the political scientists as initiators must be technologists and merchandisers and a kind of economists as directors; although the actually elected representatives will forever be experts in more popular arts.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow an existence of this kind, apparently so repugnant to craftsmen, farmers, artists, and any others who want a say in what they lend their hands to, is nevertheless the existence that is satisfactory to the mass of our countrymen; and therefore it must express deep and universal impulses", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThese probably centre around what Morris Cohen used to call the first principle of politics \u2013 inertia; that is, the fact that people do not want to take the trouble to rule and decide, because, presumably, they have more important things to do.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe City of Efficient Consumption is presented half sardonically, half seriously. If you really want a society in which consumer values are supreme, they say, this is what it should be like. David Riesman remarked of their treatment of this theme:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nthe moral of the plan comes through without ambiguity: it is a criticism of proper culture, with its drive for less work, more pay and more play, it is also an effort to reveal certain hidden elements of moral worth in modern capitalism. The criticism \u2013 the air-conditioned nightmare theme \u2013 is familiar enough among radical writers, who sometimes tend to attack with equal fervour the worst abuses, such as lynching, and the most venal foibles, such as radio commercials", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the implicit ethical defence of capitalism on the ground of its provision of bounteous consumption is seldom found outside Chamber of Commerce circles.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn a number of the points they make about a society in which productive capacity is enormously greater than the rate of consumption, they anticipate some of Galbraith's observations in The Affluent Society, in others, their fantasies of 1947 anticipate the actual planning problems of America, in the nineteen fifties and sixties", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor, in the absence of cities of Efficient Consumption whose centres are one vast vehicle-less departmental store, the new American institution of the out-of-town Supermarket has developed, and has become a new focal centre for the residential belt, while the property-owners and Chambers of Commerce in the old city centres which have been made unusable for efficient consumption by the volume of traffic, have sponsored projects for motorless city centres, like that prepared for Fort Worth, Texas by Victor Gruen, who, like the Goodman brothers, points out that \"The land thus reclaimed for productive purposes would represent a value of about forty million dollars which would lower the cost of the underground service road system\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch \"downtown revitalisation projects\" bear a marked resemblance to the City of Efficient Consumption, even though they are not worked out with the same utopian logic. The Goodman model is a fascinating mixture of satire and sensible suggestion. The notion which I have quoted of the basic apartments in which the tenant can arrange for himself the internal partitioning and fittings, which they reach through following out the idea of consumer sovereignty, has very much to be said for it", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOpen plan, or a series of rooms, balcony or more space inside; these questions which are determined by the whims of housing committees, speculators or architects, are much better decided by individual occupants. (Something similar is in fact being done in Italy today, simple for economic reasons).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe New Commune\nBut the authors' own real preferences are evidently not for the City of Efficient Consumption, but for their second model, the New Commune, where they seek the elimination of the difference between production and consumption, in a decentralised society.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey had observed in discussing the Green Belt type of plan that the impulse behind the garden city idea was a reaction against the squalor and degradation of the urban environment in the industrial revolution. The garden city plans aimed at quarantining the technology and were based on \"the humane intuition that work in which people have the satisfaction neither of direction, nor of wages, is essentially unbearable; the worker is eager to be let loose and to go far away.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMindful of Daniel Burnham's injunction to \"make no little plan\", they decline to see the separation of work and the rest of life as immutable, and propose an \"ideal type\" in which they are re-united, not by scrapping the technology, but by re-shaping it closed to human needs:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nStarting from the present separation of work and home, we can achieve their closer relation from two sides: (a) returning parts of the production to home-shops or to the proximity of the homes, and (b) introducing domestic work and the productive part of family relations, which are not now considered part of the economy at all, into the style and relations of the larger economy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nLike Kropotkin and some other anarchist thinkers, they seize upon the technical possibilities for decentralisation which industrial advances and new sources of power have brought:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAs to home shops, we must think of the present sudden proliferation of machine tools. Previously it could be said that the sewing machine was the only productive machine widely distributed. But now, largely because of the war, the idea of thousands of small complete machine shops, powered by electricity has become familiar. And, in general, the change from steam power to electricity and oil has relaxed one of the greatest causes for the concentration of machines about a single driving shaft", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhich part of the manufacture requires a factory (for instance, an assembly line) and which does not (for instance, turning a small part) depends on the analysis of production and the proximity of plant and homes. And further, the new factories are themselves no longer nuisance buildings; many are neater and certainly handsomer than the homes and monumental buildings of some communities; therefore, the proximity of factories, home-shops, and homes is possible and desirable.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nRalph Borsodi, going back to the old conception of Aristotle, has proved, often with hilarious realism, that home production, such as cooking, cleaning, mending, and entertaining, has a formidable economic value. The problem is, without destroying the individuality of home production, to lighten and enrich it by the technical means and some of the expert attitudes which belong to public production", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd vice versa, to restore to the home many services that are really most humanly satisfactory there, but are now unfeasible because of the drudgery, lack of tools, etc.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the chief part of finding a satisfactory productive life in the environment of homes and families consists in the analysis of person relations and conditions: e.g. the productive co-operation of man and wife, which exists on farms, or the productive capacities of children and old folk, now simply excluded from the economy. But this involves sentimental and moral problems of extreme depth and delicacy which could only be solved by the experiment itself.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nA chief cause, declare the Goodman brothers, of the \"living meaninglessness of industrial work is that each machine worker is acquainted with only a few processes not the whole order of production; and, even worse, that the thousands of products are distributed where the worker has no acquaintance at all\" and they ask whether it would not prove to be more efficient in the long run if the men were working for themselves and have a say in the distribution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n'A say in the distribution' here means not merely economic democracy or even socialist ownership. These are necessary checks, but they do not give a political meaning to industrialism as such. What is required is the organisation of economic democracy on the basis of the productive units, where each unit, relying on its own expertness and the bargaining power of what it has to offer, co-operates with, and delegates authority to, the whole of society. This is syndicalism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAnd to guarantee the independent say of each productive unit it must have a relative self-sufficiency; this is regionalism and the union of farm and factory.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn the diversification of individual work, they note that within any one industry work can be divided on such grounds (for instance team work and individual work, or physical and intellectual work) and the right industries can be combined in a neighbourhood (for instance, cast glass, blown glass, and optical instruments, or most important of all, in their opinion. industry and agriculture).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe problem, they say, comes down to this, \"to envisage a well-rounded schedule of jobs for each man and to arrange the buildings and farms so that the schedule is feasible\", and this leads them to the integration of farm and factory in a context of regionalism and regional autonomy with (a) Diversified farming as the basis of self-subsistence, and therefore, small urban centres (of about 200,000 population); (b) A number of mutually dependent industrial centres; so that an important proportion of the national economy can be under local control; (c) These industries developed around regional resources of mine, field and power.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nDiversified farming alone, they observe, is economically independent, and this is why small farms have always been a root of social stability, though not necessarily of peasant conservatism. On the other hand, taking advantage of mechanisation, \"they import power and small machines and pay with the products of domestic industry and cash crops farmed perhaps co-operatively with large machines", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSuch a farm then is the type of productive unit, independent in itself, but linked with the larger economy of the other farms and of the town.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n\"But by regional independence of industries and by the close integration of factory and farm workers \u2013 factory hands taking over in the fields at peak seasons; farmers doing factory work in the winter; town people, especially children, living in the country; farmers making small parts for the factories \u2013 the industrial region as a whole can secure for itself an independent bargaining power in the national whole \u2026\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThey follow this with diagrams of the physical planning of a region on this model, a glimpse of a piazza in the town centre, and of \"a farm and its children\" \u2013 the farmstead being a kind of extended family house combined with a youth hostel.\nBut is planning on these lines worth while? Or rather, is the formulation of this kind of \"ideal type\" for a society, worth the effort? The Goodman's answer is this:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow it might be said that all these provisions \u2013 small units, double markets, the selection of industries on political and psychological grounds, etc.\u2013 that all this is a strange and roundabout way of achieving a unified national economy, when at present this unity already exists with a tightness and efficiency that leaves nothing to be desired", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut first, it is always a question whether the regional and syndicalist method is not more efficient and in the end, when invention, for instance, is not inhibited and the job is its own incentive. But most important of all, it must be remembered that we are here aiming at the highest and nearest ideals of external life: liberty, personal concern, responsibility and expertness; and to a say in what a man lends his hands to", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nCompared with these things, the present set-up, that does not even make the attempt to find living meaning in work, has nothing to offer.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMaximum Security; Minimum Regulation\nIn the third of their \"ideal types\" of community plans, the Goodman brothers describe an interim plan for \"maximum security within minimum regulation\".", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nUp to about fifty years ago, they say, more than half the productive capacity of the United States was devoted to subsistence: \"subsistence could be regarded as the chief end of the economy and, although their motives were personal wealth and power, most enterprises were concerned with the subsistence market\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut nowadays less than a tenth of the economy is concerned with subsistence goods (the exact figure depending on where the minimum is set, which as they point out, is a cultural rather than a medical question), and \"the centre of economic interest has gradually shifted from either providing goods or gaining wealth to keeping the capital machines at work and running at full capacity, to increase further; and the social arrangements have become so complicated and interdependent that, unless the machines are running at full capacity, investment is withdrawn; and all wealth and subsistence are jeopardised\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nSince to neglect subsistence and security is \"to breed war and social revolution\", governments intervene to assure the elementary security which is no longer the first concern of the economy.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut since the forms and aims of these governments are given by the economy rather than by the elementary needs, the tack which they take is the following: to guarantee social security by subsidizing the full productivity of the economy. Or to put it financially, security is provided by insurance paid in the money that comes from the operation of the whole economy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe amazing indirectness of this mode of proceeding is brilliantly exposed by the discovery of a new human 'right' \u2026 this is the 'right' \u2013 no! not to life and liberty \u2013 but to employment! Full employment is the device by which the whole economy can flourish and yet subsistence not be jeopardised \u2013 and therefore, the curse of Adam becomes a benefit to be struggled for, just because we have the means to produce a surplus, cause of all our woes.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut the immediate result of such a solution is to tighten even closer the economic net. Whatever freedom used to come from free enterprise and free market \u2013 and it is a freedom that at one time fought on the side of human rights \u2013 is caught in regulation and taxes. In a word the union of government and economy becomes more and more complete; soon we are in the full tide of statism", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is not a question of evil intention but follows from the connection of the basic political need of subsistence with the totality of an integrated economy. Such as the indirect solution.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe direct solution which they propose, is to divide the economy into two, separating whatever provides life and security for all from the rest of the economy which provides variety, interest, convenience, emulation, luxury, wealth and power. The principle is to assure subsistence by direct production of subsistence goods and services rather than by insurance taxed on the general economy", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis involves a system of double money: the 'money' of the subsistence production and consumption, and the money of the general market. (Returning to this theme in a latter essay, Paul Goodman calls them hard and soft money). The hard money of the subsistence economy is more like ration coupons, not negotiable, since \"a man's right to life is not subject to trade.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTo the individual, they claim, the separation of his subsistence (employing a small fraction of his labour time) from the demands and values of the general economy (employing most of his labour time), \"should give a breath of freedom, a new possibility of choice, and a sense of security combined with perfect independence for he has worked directly for what he gets and need never feel the pressure of being a drain on the general society and of thinking that soon the payments will cease.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nComparing the systems of social security offered (in 1947) in Britain and America with their suggested plan, they find that the governmental plans offer:\n1. Security of subsistence.\n2. A tax on the general economy.\n3. The necessity to maintain the economy at full production to pay the tax, therefore, governmental planning of all production, pump-priming, made work, and subsidies; a still further tax and, possibly, a falling rate of profit.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n4. The insistence on the unemployed worker's accepting the third or fourth job available, in order to prevent a continuing drain on the tax fund.\n5. The protecting of the workers thus coerced by regulation of the conditions of industry and investment.\nAs against these, they claim that their plan offers:\n2. The loss to the industrialist of the subsistence market and of a small fraction of the social labour.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n4. Economic freedom in all other respects. The authors admit, with a twinge of conscience, that their plan in effect requires a form of industrial conscription for the \"universal labour service\" even though it is for a short period, or for short periods of an individual's working life. (\"We are touching,\" they remark, \"on a political principle of vast importance, far beyond our scope of analysis here, namely, the principle of purity of means in the exercise of the different powers of society", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGovernment, founded essentially on authority, uses mainly the means of personal service; economy, founded essentially on exchange, uses mainly the means of money.\"). They claim in fact that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis plan is coercive, but, in fact, if not in law, it is less coercive than the situation we are used to. For the great mass of wage earners it fixes a limit to the coercion to which, between capital and trade-union, they are unavoidably and increasingly subjected; for the wealthy enterpriser, who would buy substitutes, it is no more coercive than any other tax", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOn constitutional grounds the crucial objections to forced labour have always been either that it subjects the individual to a private enterpriser without contract (a form of slavery) or that it broadens the power of the state in abrogation of the rights against tyranny; but neither of these objections is here valid.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe minimum subsistence economy (they note that if freedom is the aim, everything beyond the minimum must be excluded) provides and distributes food, clothing and shelter, mass produced in enormous quantities and without variation of style, while medicine and transportation are provided by a financial arrangement between the subsistence and the general economies.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nNow supposing that such a system, of assured subsistence and of almost complete freedom of economic ties, were put into effect; there is no doubt that for millions of people, no matter how much they might resist the idea in prospect, the first effect would be a feeling of immense relief \u2013 relief from that pressure of a daily grind and relief from the anxiety of failure in short, the feeling expressed by so many persons that they wish their vacations could last on and on", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut, after this first commonplace effect had worn off, then, it seems to us, the moral attitude of a people like the Americans would be profoundly disturbed. They would be afraid not only of freedom (which releases the desires both creative and destructive, which are so nicely repressed by routine) but especially of boredom for they would imagine themselves completely without cultural or creative resources", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor in our times all entertainments and even the personal excitements of romance seem to be bound up with having ready money to spend: all emotional satisfaction has been intricated into keeping the entire productive machine in motion: it is bound up with the 'standard of living', it is created by, and gets its economic role through advertising.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAfter the period of salutary boredom which makes people discover what they want to do with their time rather than succumb to a widely advertised suggestion, they envisage the growth of schools teaching avocations \u2013 jobs adopted for their own satisfaction rather than by economic necessity.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThe authors enjoy themselves working out the architectural implications of their double economy \u2013 the \"production centre\" and minimal settlements of the subsistence economy. Throughout the book, they are forced by the nature of their approach, to stray out of the field of town-planning into that of economics, and it is with the views of an economist, J. K. Galbraith, that their three schemes invite comparison", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn The Affluent Society (see ANARCHY 1), Galbraith argues, with the same reasoning about the small proportion of the American economy devoted to subsistence, for the divorce of production from security. In this respect he goes further than the Goodmans, but by the use of a mechanism which they reject as the indirect method", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGalbraith suggests breaking the connection between income and production, not, like them, by separating subsistence from the rest, but by introducing what he calls cyclically graduated compensation \u2013 unemployment compensation which, as unemployment increases, is itself increased to approach the level of the normal weekly wage, and diminishes as full employment is approached. Each of these authors would regard the proposals of the other as a cumbersome way of achieving the same object", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAll their suggestions release a speculative faculty in the reader's brain, so that he conceives other solutions for himself \u2013 like making subsistence items 'free' and reserving a money economy for luxuries.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOr he may conceive of a three-decker society in which the three schemes which the Goodmans formulate co-exist. Indeed, since one of the subtle fascinations of their book is that their three \"paradigms\" are part-parodies as well as part-utopias, he may actually see them co-existing in a distorting-mirror image, in the contemporary world", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWe have the big brassy metropolitan consumer city in any world capital, we have the \"intentional community\" in the form, for example, of the kibbutz (the subject of some penetrating paragraphs in the new edition of Communitas), and we may even trace elements of the life of security with minimum regulation in the economic aspects of the life of America's disaffiliated beatniks (which Paul Goodman has discussed in another book), living in the interstices of the affluent society by undertaking a minimum of humble but often useful work, in order to devote the rest of their time to the pursuits of their choice.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYouth and absurdity\nA review of Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organised System, by Paul Goodman (New York: Random House $4.50; London: Victor Gollancz 21s., 1961).", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis is the only one of Paul Goodman's books to be issued in an English edition, and although Mr. Gollancz launched it royally, it did not get a royal reception in the British press. Cyril Connolly complained in the Sunday Times that \"reading Mr", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGoodman is like swimming in cotton wool\", the Times Educational Supplement reviewed it under the headline \"Transatlantic Tosh\", Geoffrey Gorer demolished it in The Listener, declaring that \"the publisher misleads the purchaser, and insults Professor Riesman by claiming in bold type on the dust-cover that this book is in any way comparable to The Lonely Crowd\", and finally D. W. Brogan observed in The Guardian that", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is lavishly praised by Sir Herbert Read and Mr. A. S. Neill, praise that I, for my part, can take or leave. I leave it. What is more serious is that it is praised by Mr. Norman Podhoretz and Professor J. K. Galbraith. Neither Mr. Podhoretz nor Professor Galbraith is an anarchist, neither has contracted out of society as Sir Herbert Read and Mr. Neill have done. I have the greatest respect for both these social commentators, but I am totally baffled as to why they think highly of this book.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nThis chorus of bafflement and disparagement is very different from the book's original reception in America, for we learn from Richard Mayes that there it has \"been reviewed extensively and favourably in a large variety of publications ranging from arch conservative to extreme liberal, and I'd like to say immediately, with some annoyance, that it is about time Paul Goodman is at last getting some of the credit he has so richly deserved for over twenty years.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nYou will see from all this that people are sharply divided on the merits of this book, and before describing its theme, I would like to express a modicum of agreement with its English critics", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt has been badly put together by author and publisher: the reader has difficulty in finding his way around the book because the contents page is twelve pages away from the title page, and because 55 of its 296 pages consist of appendices A to F, most of them interesting in themselves but lacking immediate relevance to the text. It is not very well written and for us has the added irritation of colloquialisms whose meaning we have to guess at", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut its worst fault is that it does not all speak with the same voice. Sometimes we are listening to the writer for the radical minority press, sometimes the didactic lecturer arguing from common premises, sometimes we hear the tone of a moralising leading article addressing the general public before last year's American elections:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPolitically, what we need is government in which a man offers himself as a candidate because he has a new program that he wants to effectuate, and we choose him because we want that good, and judge that he is the best man to effectuate it. Is that outlandish?\nYes, Mr. Goodman it is, as well you know, For politics does not work that way.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nBut perhaps the reason why Growing Up Absurd has not had here the impact that its theme demands is that, superficially it falls into a category of American current literature with which we are over-familiar", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nFor there has been a steady flow during the last decade of books from the other side of the Atlantic criticising the state of the American nation, Some have been good, some bad, and many of them have given us phrases which have gained a general currency: The Lonely Crowd, The Organisation Man, The Hidden Persuaders, The Shook-Up Generation, The Status Seekers, The Waste Makers, The Affluent Society, The Holy Barbarians \u2013 how their catchy titles roll off the tongue", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n! As Richard Hoggart remarked, there is an endless future for this kind of thing, and in fact we have already got our homegrown English versions: The Stagnant Society and The Insecure Offenders \u2013 both of them far inferior to the best of the American species.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGoodman's book brings together several of the themes of the orgy of American self-criticism. It is sub-titled \"problems of youth in the organised system\" for he argues that \"it is desperately hard these days for an average child to grow up to be a man, for our present system of society does not want men. They are not safe. They do not suit.\" And he studies the reactions of several dissident groups in American life: the juvenile delinquents, the hipsters (or cynics) and the beats.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe starts by considering the changing concept of human nature and of the \"socialisation\" of the individual human being. A curious thing has occurred: unlike their predecessors, contemporary social scientists are no longer interested in fundamental social change, for they have hit on the theory that you can adapt people to anything, if you use the right techniques:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOur social scientists have become so accustomed to the highly organised and by-and-large smoothly running society that they have begun to think that \"social animal\" means \"harmoniously belonging.\" They do not like to think that fighting and dissenting are proper social functions, nor that rebelling or initiating fundamental change is social function. Rather, if something does not run smoothly, they say it has been improperly socialised; there has been a failure in communications.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe thinks first of jobs. American society he declares \"has tried so hard and so ably to defend the practice and theory of production for profit and not primarily for use, that now it has succeeded in making its jobs and products profitable and useless.\" We may readily assent in the examples he cites from salesmanship, entertainment, business management and advertising, but what about a job like teaching \u2013 a job which is necessary, useful, real, creative and obviously self-justifying", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n? Well, he asks, why do many teachers suffer first despair and then resignation? It isn't only because it is carried on under impossible conditions of overcrowding and public parsimony, but because the school system has spurious aims: .", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt soon becomes clear that the underlying aims are to relieve the home and keep the kids quiet; or, suddenly, the aim is to produce physicists. Timid supervisors, bigoted clerics, and ignorant school boards forbid real teaching. The emotional release and sexual expression of the children are taboo. A commercially debauched popular culture makes learning disesteemed. The academic curriculum is mangled by the demands of reactionaries, liberals, and demented warriors. Progressive methods are emasculated", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nAttention to each case is out of the question, and all the children \u2013 the bright, the average, and the dull \u2013 are systematically retarded one way or the other, while the teacher's hands are tied \u2026", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nOr take the job of motor mechanic: it is useful, interesting, satisfying to watch the car that was towed in rolling out on its own. What happens when a young man who takes on this job discovers that the manufacturers do not want their cars to be repaired or repairable, and that \"gone are the days of keeping the jalopies in good shape, the artist-work of a good mechanic\", since car repairs have become a matter of cosmetics and not mechanics.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIt is hard for the young man now to maintain his feelings of justification, sociability, serviceability. It is not surprising if he quickly becomes cynical and time-serving, interested in a fast buck. And so, on the notorious Reader's Digest test, the investigators (coming in with a disconnected coil wire) found that 63 per cent", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nof mechanics charged for repairs they didn't make, and lucky if they didn't also take out the new fuel pump and replace it with a used one (65 per cent of radio repair shops, but only 49 per cent. of watch repairmen \"lied, overcharged, or gave false diagnoses\").", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nHe concludes that the majority of young people in America are faced with the alternative that society is either a benevolently frivolous racket in which they will manage to get by, or else that society is serious and it is they who are useless and hopelessly out. \"Some settle for a 'good job'; most settle for a lousy job; a few, but an increasing number don't settle.\" This is the main theme of his book: \"The simple plight of these adolescents could not be remedied without a social revolution", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nTherefore it is not astonishing if the most well-intentioned public spokesmen do not mention it at all.\" Writing about the organisation men, Goodman tells us little that we have not been told suavely by William H. Whyte; about the urban juvenile delinquents he is, because of his own condemnation of the society to which they have failed to \"adjust\", more enlightening than most writers", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nInstead of looking for a concept of delinquency, he suggests we expand the subject as \"a series of possible punishable relations obtaining between the boy struggling for life and trying to grow up, and the society that he cannot accept and that lacks objective opportunities for him.\" This series he sets out thus:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n1. Acts not antisocial if society had more sense.\n2. Acts that are innocent but destructive in their consequences and therefore need control.\n3. Acts antisocial in purpose.\n4. Behaviour aimed at getting caught and punished.\n5. Gang fighting that is not delinquency yet must be controlled.\n6. Delinquency secondarily created by society itself by treating as delinquents those who were not delinquent, and by social attempts at prevention and reform.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\n(So much has been written on this theme that it is hard to be interesting about them.) He is not really an enthusiast for their art and literature, but he recognises that some of their habits \"like being unscheduled, sloppy, communitarian, sexually easy-going, and careless of reputation,\" are \"probably natural ways that most people would choose if they got wise to themselves \u2013 at least so artists and peasants have always urged.\" And he makes this telling point about the jobs they choose:", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nMany of the humble jobs of the poor are precisely not useless (or exploiting). Farm labour, hauling boxes, janitoring, serving and dish washing, messenger \u2013 these jobs resist the imputation of uselessness (or exploitation) made against the productive society as a whole. These are preferred Beat jobs. For one thing, in them no questions are asked and no beards have to be shaved. Nor is this an accidental connection", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nPersonal freedom goes with unquestioned moral utility of the job, for at the level of simple physical effort or personal service, the fraudulent conformity of the organised system sometimes does not yet operate; the job speaks for itself.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nIn his chapter on The Missing Community, Goodman talks about the \"missed revolution that we have inherited\", the fundamental social changes that have failed to occur, or have half-occurred. These range from syndicalism to \"permissiveness\". His argument is that \"the accumulation of the missed and compromised revolutions of modern times, with their consequent ambiguities and social imbalances, has fallen, and must fall, most heavily on the young, making it hard to grow up.\"", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nGoodman, contrasting the \"organised system\" \u2013 its role playing, its competitiveness, its canned culture, its public relations, and its avoidance of risk and self-exposure, with the simple \"fraternity, animality and sexuality\" of the disaffected young, feels, as a revolutionary of an older generation, heartened by these \"crazy young allies.\" I hope he will not be disappointed.\nThe children and psychology - Paul Goodman\nPaul Goodman on the psychology of children and families.", "Anarchy magazine archive - Anarchist ideas and analysis from 1961-1970\nWhat is most significant, it seems to me, is the earnest attention paid to the Children and Family as a subject, the desire of parents to be informed and thereby do"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://socialistreview.org.uk/380/wagner-ring-change

Wagner: ring of change

["Wagner: ring of change\nWagner: ring of change\nCulture column\nSimon Behrman\nThe musical dramas of Richard Wagner, whose 200th birthday is being celebrated this year, are among the most popular works of classical music today. They are regularly staged at all the major opera houses, and tickets sell out fast.", "Wagner: ring of change\nYet he remains a deeply problematic artist. For a great many people he and his music have become indelibly associated with anti-Semitism and Nazism. His works remain largely banned in Israel. Almost any documentary about Hitler and Nazi Germany will at some point mention Wagner as a cultural inspiration, and Hitler's devotion to the composer in particular.", "Wagner: ring of change\nWhile unfortunately there are links at many levels between Wagner and the Nazis, to reduce Wagner's life and art to a form of proto-fascism is far too simplistic. Moreover, it misses aspects of Wagner that are genuinely revolutionary.\nWhen Wagner arrived on the scene in the 1840s, European music was at crisis point. The legacy of Beethoven cast a long shadow. It was felt that, with him, music as the expression of grand themes, of heroic events, had reached its highest point.", "Wagner: ring of change\nThose who followed, such as Mendelssohn and Schumann, intimidated by Beethoven's grand style, turned instead to much more intimate forms. In contrast, there was also the rise of populist composers such as Rossini, Meyerbeer and Paganini.\nThe age of music as the expression of history on the move appeared to be at an end. This development mirrored the decline of the great wave of European revolutions that began in 1789 and ended with Napoleon's final defeat in 1815.", "Wagner: ring of change\nAt first Wagner experimented with a number of composing styles, mainly pastiches of Italian and French opera. He had also become well established as head of the opera house in Dresden. His politics radicalised - he became known as \"The Red Conductor\" - and he developed a friendship with the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.\nWhen European revolution broke out again in 1848, Wagner played a central role in the uprising in Dresden. The collapse of the uprising forced him to flee into exile.", "Wagner: ring of change\nIt was at this time that Wagner's politics and art made a decisive turn. For two years he struggled to come to terms with the defeat of the revolution. He published an article anonymously entitled \"Jews in Music\". This revolting anti-Semitic diatribe attacked Jewish composers such as Mendelssohn for being rootless. Wagner argued that this made them unable to produce truly great art, which he considered necessarily national in character.", "Wagner: ring of change\nAt the same time, Wagner began work on his monumental four-opera cycle \"The Ring of the Nibelung\". Again, this can be seen as a response to the defeat of the 1848 revolutions. Its major themes are love, greed and betrayal. The key event that drives the whole saga is the theft of gold from the bottom of the Rhine, where it had hitherto been worshiped solely for its beauty", "Wagner: ring of change\nThe character of Alberich renounces love in order to unleash the gold's power, and with that power he subjects his fellow Nibelungs, a race of subterranean dwarfs, to industrial servitude.", "Wagner: ring of change\nThe music that accompanies the slaves at work was inspired by the grinding sounds Wagner heard on a visit to the London docks. The gold is further debased when the warrior Wotan uses it to pay for the construction of Walhalla. As a result, Wotan establishes global dominance by the gods, and the subjection of nature to law. It is clear why George Bernard Shaw characterised \"The Ring\" as an anti-capitalist parable.", "Wagner: ring of change\nWagner's reaction to the failure of the 1848 revolutions thus combined a romantic anti-capitalism that harked back to a mythical world of nature, and a virulent racism and ultra-nationalism. Defeat in World War One and the failure of the European revolutions reinforced the identification of Wagner with the rise of fascism.", "Wagner: ring of change\nThe identification of the Nazis with Wagner is thus not accidental. However, what distinguishes the two is that whereas Hitler and the Nazis were always reactionaries and committed enemies of revolution, Wagner had been in the vanguard of a revolution before turning to reactionary politics.", "Wagner: ring of change\nThe struggle between these two elements is a fascinating theme in Wagner's art, nowhere more so than in \"The Ring\". Musically, along with his celebration of erotic love, \"Tristan and Isolde\", this represents a revolution in Western music. They showed a way forward that transcended the high romanticism of Beethoven's late works and re-established classical music as the vehicle for the expression of grand historical themes.", "Wagner: ring of change\nHis final work, \"Parsifal\" inspired Claude Debussy to create his ethereal style. Ironically, the modernism that the Nazis later banned as \"degenerate music\" was the logical outcome of Wagner's revolution in music.", "Wagner: ring of change\nIt is not a matter of separating Wagner's art and politics. Such a thing is impossible, especially in the case of someone as dedicated to expressing his view of the world through his art as Wagner was. His passions and contradictions ultimately made him into a repugnant character at both the political and personal level.\nBut they also made his music incredibly sensuous, hypnotic and exciting. Wagner the man and Wagner the artist are too complex and fascinating to be left to the mediocrities of fascism.", "Wagner: ring of change\nResize text\nBLM in music\nSOURCE by Nubya Garcia\nMusic & Movements: The Skiffle revolution\nJimi Hendrix Soundtrack of Revolt\nInterview: Hilary Mantel\nBy Paul McGarr and John Rees"]

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https://marxist.ca/article/stonewall-hate-successful-defence-of-the-village-against-christian-hate-group

Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!

["Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nStonewall Hate: Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nRob Lyon | Oct 3, 2019\nCommunity activists and residents of the Church-Wellesley Village joined together this past weekend to defend the neighbourhood and block a march planned by a Christian hate group in alliance with several fascist organizations.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe atmosphere in the Village has been tense for years. Rapid gentrification and the lack of infrastructure have put incredible pressure on the neighbourhood. Crime has skyrocketed and many residents already feel under siege. Tensions with police have been high in the neighbourhood, especially after the police bungling of the Bruce McArthur serial killings, the Tess Richey murder, and death of Alloura Wells", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe last thing the residents of the Village need is a hate group coming into the neighbourhood preaching fire and brimstone and spewing anti-LGBTQ hate.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nDavid Lynn heads the Christ\u2019s Forgiveness Ministries, a well-funded evangelical Christian hate group that is known for being rabidly anti-LGBTQ, anti-Muslim, and anti-immigrant. Lynn is also well known in the Village. At the start of pride month in early June this year Lynn and his followers came into the neighbourhood, set themselves up at the Church-Wellesley intersection with a loudspeaker, and started to harass residents, spewing anti-LGBTQ hate", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nResidents confronted the group and he was ultimately arrested for disturbing the peace. According to his bail conditions he is no longer permitted to be in the area.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nIn response, Lynn and his fellow fundamentalists planned a \u201cFreedom March and Prayer\u201d through the Village on Sept. 28, claiming they were defending \u201ccivil rights for Christians.\u201d It was no surprise that other far-right and fascist groups, including PEGIDA and yellow-vesters, announced that they would be joining the hate march. In the end, it seems that at a certain point the fundamentalists asked the fascists not to attend, and it remains unclear how many of them were there.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nWhat was clear from the beginning was that this was a provocation, and that the march was designed to intimidate and bully the people of the Village. The response in the community was swift", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe 519, the local community centre, announced that it was organizing a Unite for Love Rally that would bring together faith leaders, including Cheri DiNovo, and various local officialdom including politicians such as local Liberal MP Bill Morneau, Councillor Kristyn Wong-Tam, and Mayor John Tory to rally against hate and bigotry at Barbara Hall Park next to the community centre. This was intended to be an all-ages event and there was no intention to stop, block, or confront the hate march.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nSome members of the community were also vocal about the hypocrisy of having certain members of the officialdom such as Tory and Morneau present, who, when looking at their politics and policies, have never really done anything to help working class and oppressed people. There was also some concern that rallying the officialdom in the Village against the hate groups would not be sufficient. Weakness invites aggression", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe worry was that the hate groups would be emboldened if they were allowed to invade the Village to intimidate and harass residents and that things would escalate. Thus, local anti-fascist organizations, community organizations, interfaith groups, labour unions, and members of the community organized the Stonewall Hate march in conjunction with the Unite for Love Rally with the intention of blocking the hate march and preventing the fundamentalists and fascists from entering the Village.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nAfter some confusion on the morning of the rallies due to location changes of the 519 rally, the 500 \u2013 600 people attending the Stonewall Hate rally marched south down Church Street to block the path of the hate march (joined also by some who were organized by the 519 and joined the march). The police had blocked off the intersection at Church and Front and prevented the two groups from approaching one another", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe hate march, which had a few hundred people, was blocked by a police line on the south side of the intersection. The hate group was clearly well funded \u2014 with hundreds of professionally-made T-shirts and placards (hundreds of which went unused and were left out on the sidewalk). Those defending the Village were blocked on the north side of the intersection.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe standoff lasted hours, from around noon until around 5:30 p.m. It was difficult to tell what was happening on the other side of the police line, but whatever the case the defenders of the Village were having the better time, despite the rain. We had music and we chanted and sang, we had entertainers and dancers, and were generally enjoying ourselves.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nUnfortunately, the numbers of the Village defenders began to dwindle as the afternoon went on. Fightback had a small contingent there, but towards the end of the afternoon most had to leave because of work or other commitments. Some of us were available to return later and we did so as soon as the calls went out for help.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nAt around 4:30 p.m., once the numbers of defenders had dwindled enough, the police allowed the hate march to make a detour and march to Yonge Street. Their destination wasn\u2019t clear but it seemed they were intent on getting around the defenders and marching to Church and Wellesley, the heart of the Village (either that or Chick-Fil-A, not far from the Village).", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe hate march was stopped by the defenders of the Village at Yonge and Adelaide. The police intervened on behalf of the fundamentalists and pushed the line of defenders to the side of the street to allow the hate march to continue up Yonge. They were eventually stopped by the defenders again at Yonge and Richmond, heading north towards the Village.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nUrgent calls had been made on social media to bolster the lines of defence. As the numbers on the line of defence were being bolstered, the police once again blocked off the intersection, separating the two groups. The stand-off at Yonge and Richmond lasted around another hour. The hate marchers met the chants and songs of the defenders by singing the same lines of a hymn over and over and over again.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nFinally, it became obvious that the police were bolstering their lines and were going to try to clear the defenders out of the intersection again. The mood on the defence lines was becoming increasingly boisterous and defiant. The hate group continued to sing the same hymn. The dedicated anti-fascists who were defending the front line of defence against the police and the hate marchers informed everyone that the police were about to make their move and push us off the street to the sidewalk", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe front-line defenders urged everyone to buddy-up and move back when the police made their move. The goal was to have everyone make it back home that night.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe police finally made their move and began to push the defence line back to the sidewalk to clear the intersection. The front-line defenders linked up and protected the main group as we were pushed back to the sidewalk. The anger amongst the Village defenders was palpable as we demanded to know whether the hate group was being made to leave as well. At this point, people were tired and frustrated", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nWe were totally prepared to vacate the intersection and leave as long as the hate march was being cleared out as well. The police refused to answer questions about what was happening with the hate march as more and more cops were marching into the intersection.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nRefusing to allow the hate march to continue, chants of \u201cwho do you protect?\u201d rose up from the line of defence as we began to peacefully march back out to the intersection. It was clear from the events of the day that the police wanted to protect the fundamentalists and the fascists, not those defending the Village from hate. This should come as no surprise, as the police will always side with the oppressors against the oppressed.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe police slowly backed up as we marched forward. Finally, as we were marching back into the intersection one of the marshals informed us that the police had told the hate march that they would not be permitted to continue up Yonge. The hate march turned around and began to leave as we were reforming the line of defence in the intersection. Cheers and shouts of joy erupted from the defence line as we celebrated our victory.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nOnce it was clear that the hate march had indeed retreated and left, we vacated the intersection and returned to the sidewalk. We decided to march in unison back to the 519 in the Village to get some food and drink and celebrate the successful defence of the neighbourhood against hate.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nThe Stonewall Hate march was very well organized and was a total success. It was an excellent example of how these types of actions should be done. The community and various social and activist organizations came together in unity to defend the Village. There was excellent communication between the marshals, the front-line defenders, and the march as a whole. As a result, we managed to prevent the hate march from entering the Village and protected the neighbourhood with no reported injuries or arrests", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nEveryone who attended the march should be proud of what was achieved. he IWW General Defence Committee, Toronto Against Fascism, Intersectional Anti-Fascists, and all the other groups who helped organize the action should be commended.", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nWe should celebrate the successful defence of the Village and the stopping of the hate march, but this in all likelihood will not be the last time we will need to defend our neighbourhood. The community must remain vigilant and must be prepared to take to the streets again in the future to defend the neighbourhood from bigotry and hate. However, while we were successful this past weekend, it was clear that the hate march was well-funded and well-organized. We cannot face this fight alone", "Successful defence of the Village against Christian hate group!\nWe need the organizations of the working class, mainly the trade unions, to provide the resources and help plan mass action, and ultimately to join in the fight against bigotry, hate, and fascist aggression. The trade unions must play a major role in the defence of working class neighborhoods and communities. We\u2019ve made a great start though, and this past weekend showed us what can be done and showed us that united we can and will win."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.enotes.com/topics/alexander-campaspe

Alexander And Campaspe Study Guide

["Alexander And Campaspe Study Guide\nAlexander And Campaspe\nby John Lyly\n\"Cupid And My Campaspe Played At Cards For Kisses\"\nContext: This quotation is from one of the almost innumerable love songs written during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The songs were all alike in theme: the poets celebrated the more than divine charms of the ladies to whom the songs were addressed, elaborating upon the irresistible power...", "Alexander And Campaspe Study Guide\nStart your 48-hour free trial to unlock this Alexander And Campaspe study guide. You'll get access to all of the Alexander And Campaspe content, as well as access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts.", "Alexander And Campaspe Study Guide\nContext: This quotation is from one of the almost innumerable love songs written during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The songs were all alike in theme: the poets celebrated the more than divine charms of the ladies to whom the songs were addressed, elaborating upon the irresistible power which the love of such women could generate. Hyperbole was pushed to its limits in an effort to portray how overwhelming was the beauty of the mistress to whom the poem was dedicated", "Alexander And Campaspe Study Guide\nLyly uses the metaphor of a card game in which Cupid, the god of love, is so rash as to pit himself against the poet's mistress, Campaspe. The well-known fact in mythology that \"Cupid is blind\" has its origin in this game, for Cupid loses all the wagers, including his eyes, to the beautiful Campaspe. If she can defeat the God of Love himself, what will she do to the poet", "Alexander And Campaspe Study Guide\nCupid and my Campaspe played\nAt cards for kisses\u2013Cupid paid.\nHe stakes his quiver, bow, and arrows,\nHis mother's doves, and team of sparrows;\nLoses them too. . . .\nDownload Alexander And Campaspe Study Guide\nEuphues, the Anatomy of Wit\nEndymion: The Man in the Moon\nEuphues and His England\nCampaspe\nEndymion, the Man in the Moon"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/series.aspx?makeID=99&modelID=651

1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com

["1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\n5000 GT Vehicles\n5000 GT Menu\n1964 Maserati 5000 GT\nAverage Auction Sale: $660,000\nMedian Auction Sale: $660,000\nChassis Profiles\nAverage Auction Sale: $1,105,250\nMedian Auction Sale: $1,105,250\nTotal Production: 34 1959 - 1965", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThe Shah of Persia, now Iran, visited Maserati in 1958 in search of an exclusive supercar. He was a Maserati enthusiast and greatly enjoyed their offerings. A test drive in a Maserati 3500 GT amplified his determination to have the Maserati, but it was not exclusive as he would like. Information pertaining to the Maserati 450S caught his eye.", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThe story with the Maserati 450S models goes back a year, to 1957. 1957 was a good year for Maserati racing, but one that left them in financial difficulty and in the shadows of the World Sportscar Championship. Though they had won the Formula One World Championship they were not able to secure a World Sportscar Championship. They were in the lead going into the final race at the Caracas, Venezuelan Grand Prix but due to accidents, they were not able to capture the overall victory", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThree of their entrants crashed with two of those being the 450S models. Both of the 450S's had been promised to buyers. The loss of cars and the championship was devastating. Along with losing the championship, they lost bonuses.", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThe Maserati 450S sports racers were powered by 5-liter V8 engines. Rules changes in 1958 by the FIA reduced the maximum engine size for the World Sportscar Championship to three-liters, which immediately made the 5-liter engine obsolete. Additional rule changes to the fuel regulations meant that Maserati would need to invest heavily in new technology and testing to produce a competitive solution", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nMaserati was left with V8 engines that could not be used in racing, large amounts of debt, and staggering development and research costs. They decided to withdraw from racing.", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThe Maserati 3500 GT was an immediate success and the sales helped Maserati regain its financial stability. The car had impressed the Shah of Persia but the exclusivity was an issue. The solution was to create the limited production, custom made, 5000 GT (factory designation of Tipo 103) with engines that had been intended for the 450S. The engines were nearly identical to the 450S racers; the only difference was a larger bore and a decrease in the compression ratio", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThough the engine was now larger in size, 4935 cc compared with 4479 cc, the vehicles produced less horsepower. The racers produced 400 horsepower while the 5000 GT with its four twin-choke 45 IDM Weber carburetors produced 340. The decrease in power was to make the cars more comfortable and suitable for road driving. The chassis of the car was from the 3500 GT with minor modifications, mostly to increase its strength to better combat the powerful V8 engine", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThe wheelbase and track dimensions are identical. The 450S's chassis had been considered, but since it would have required a lot of modifications and it had not undergone the testing that the 3500 GT had endured, the design was not used. The front suspension is comprised of A-arms with coil springs. In the rear is a solid axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs. Disc brakes were used in the front and drums in the rear", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThe first few Maserati 5000 GT's constructed were given the 340 horsepower engine. Later models were given less powerful engine with a slightly decreased bore, increased stroke, and a Lucas indirect fuel injection system. The result was a 4941 cc engine that produced 325 horsepower.", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThe Maserati 5000 GT's were very exclusive with only 34 produced and each receiving custom coachwork by some of the greatest coachbuilders of all time. Frua, Pinin Farina, Ghia, Bertone, Touring, Monterosa, Allemano, and Michelotti were some of the names who outfitted the cars. The first two cars produced were bodied by Touring. Briggs Cunningham, the famous American millionaire sportsman who put on impressive showings at LeMans during the 1950's, purchased one", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nAga Khan, Giovanni Agnelli, Ferdinando Innocenti were some of the other names of individuals who purchased a 5000 GT. The Shah was given chassis number 103.002. Chassis number 103.004 was shown at the 1959 Turin Show before being sold to South African native Basil Read, the owner of the Kyalami race circuit. It was reported to have a top speed of over 170 mph. Chassis number 103.006 was the first 5000 GT to be fitted with fuel injection.", "1964 Maserati 5000 GT - Conceptcarz.com\nThanks to the considerably good taste in automobiles by the Shah, the 5000 GT had been created. The luxury, performance, style, and ambiance that came with the car had created a following that was so elite, only 34 owners were given a chance to own one. The 5000 GT is considered by many as one of the greatest postwar gran turismo cars.\nProduction lasted from 1959 through 1965.\nBy Daniel Vaughan | Aug 2006\nMaserati Models\n200 Si\n8CTF\nBi-Turbo\nCoupe / Spyder\nKyalami\nV8RI"]

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http://www.think-israel.org/barron.yungianhasbara.html

ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)

["ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nHOME January-February 2008 Featured Stories Background Information News On The Web\nISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nby Babs Barron", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nI support the right of self determination for the Arabs of Palestine if they are willing to live in peace and grant Israel her right to live in peace. However, Israel often seems to be supine and overly defensive in the face of propaganda against her. I want to bracket off the use she makes or does not make of hasbara/advocacy for the moment, and reintroduce it later in the context of the points I plan to develop.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nFendel, Darshan-Leitner, Ronen and Liebler offered an excellent analysis of the shortcomings of the Israeli establishment in respect of hasbara/advocacy in Arutz Sheva[1] of 21st February 2008. Having said this, I believe that a different approach might be as just helpful. Those of us who care about Israel's future and her place in the world also need to ask ourselves why this is happening and why now", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nI believe therefore that possible psychological explanations may have a place alongside the descriptions of the state of affairs.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nAlthough one should hesitate before extrapolating psychological theories about the individual onto a whole people, I have found it useful to examine the existential threat to Israel as a psychological as much as a political one", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nI perceive this psychological threat to be more problematic now because of the increasing distance between Israel's shadow self as defined in Jungian terms, of which she is becoming more and more conscious and which is becoming the view of herself which obtains in Israel itself \u2013\u2013 and her persona \u2013\u2013 the mask she adopts in order to go about day to day living in an increasingly hostile environment", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nIn the case of individuals, it is well-known that the greater the perceived distance between the persona and the shadow selves, the greater is the likelihood of severe emotional disturbance. In such cases, the persona is increasingly under threat and becomes more \"brittle\" and likely to be damaged. How this might affect Israel as a nation will be explored further below using the example of emotional bullying and the reaction to it.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nCarl Gustav Jung (1968ii,[2] 1983iii[3]) first postulated the notion of aspects of the personality, which he called \"archetypes\",[4] and which he said were inherited predispositions to respond to certain aspects of the world. The main ones, for the purposes of this paper, are the persona \u2013\u2013 the aspect of the self which comprises what a person appears to be to others, and which may contrast with what he/she actually is \u2013\u2013 and the shadow self", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nJung suggested that the persona is the role the person chooses to play in life, and the total impression which he/she makes on the world \u2013\u2013 the \"public mask\" which Jung called the \"social archetype\" because it incorporates the compromises appropriate to living in a community and directs behaviour and thought towards the outside world. Jung also argued that the persona is heavily influenced by the person's profession or role in life and is available to consciousness.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe Jungian archetype opposite to the persona is that of the shadow, the so-called \"dark side\" of the personality which contains animal and sexual instincts, holds the parts of the self which the person feels ashamed and guilty about, and is often repressed from consciousness.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nJung argued that, in order for a person to be psychologically balanced, the shadow side must not be repressed totally but allowed into consciousness. It can be apprehended and worked through in dreams, and by, for example, learning to control anger, and, if successfully engaged with, can give a person a healthy mistrust of others as well as a sense of understanding and forgiveness and empowerment", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nIn individuals failure to acknowledge and integrate the shadow aspect of the personality into ego consciousness can result in racial and religious prejudices (\"shadow projection\") as well as mental disturbance.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nJung importantly observed that becoming conscious of the shadow \"meets with considerable resistance\" and \"frequently requires much painstaking work extending over a long period.\" It is painful, even humiliating, to acknowledge \"primitive, inferior\" emotions and impulses. He also argued that the shadow cannot be completely subdued by the persona and integrated into the psyche, but coexists with it in a complex interplay.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nOne suggested explanation for Israel's discomfiture is the distance between her persona and shadow selves, which is reflected in the apparent disorganisation in and lack of direction of her leadership. The distance between the persona and shadow selves may be argued to as applicable to Israel's government as it is to her people's psyches generally.\nIsrael's persona and shadow self", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nAs has already been mentioned above, one should be cautious about extrapolating individual psychology onto the motives and behaviours of whole nations. Notwithstanding, an exploration of what can be called Israel's collective persona (ie her perception of her \"being in the world\" and how others in the world perceive her) and the effects of the world's perception of her, might be of use.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe Diaspora's view of Israel is that she is strong and brave, her people are hardy and courageous, having withstood decades of attempts to wipe them out, and her soldiers are reminiscent of the warriors in the Bible. This Jungian archetype, the Hero, became part of Israel's persona particularly after the Six Days War in 1967, when she was fighting the threat to her existence, the fears and unease about which resided then in her shadow self.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nTo all appearances Israel continues to live this out \u2013\u2013 it is still part of her persona \u2013\u2013 but these characteristics of strength and courage now seem to be more and more to be an act, and to be difficult to integrate at all collective psychological levels", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nIn consequence this persona of hardiness and resilience has become more and more rigid and inflexible, perhaps as a reaction to her realisation of the shadow, in the shape of her growing sense of unease about how she is perceived and often, it seems, willfully misunderstood, by the rest of the world", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe self-doubt which ensues whenever she is criticised has now become part of Israel's shadow self, but is more often within her consciousness and causes her and her leaders more and more unease and confusion.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThis state of affairs has resulted in and is in turn exacerbated by the way in which her government spokespeople fail to represent her fully in the international arena, and, worse, often seem publicly to undermine their country's ethos. Examples of this undermining are set out in Tzafrir Ronen's and Isi Liebler's accounts in Arutz Sheva[1]", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe Israeli government and the people of Israel know this at some fundamental level (whether they admit it or not) and their awareness of it and the insecurities which accompany it eventually attach themselves to the shadow self in the dichotomy, of which, as has been stated above, Israel is becoming more and more aware.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nAdded to this, in the absence of a government which is proven to have its people's best interests at heart, some people feel \"unheld\" and more and more of them split off into groups which actively criticise that government, providing propaganda wittingly or unwittingly for countries which oppose it, a state of affairs which in turn adds to the general existential anxiety", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe distance between Israel's persona of invincibility and her increasing awareness of the growing strength of her shadow self which all too readily allows her insecurity into consciousness, is increasing, to Israel's detriment. She seems incapable of acting assertively in the face of it and relies more and more upon her supporters outside Israel to act as her advocates in order to try to influence world opinion in her favour.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nI have been told that Israel is desperate to be liked, but, if that is the case, her government appears to believe that this will happen by magic and without its having to do anything to help the process along. It ignores the importance of the work done by the army of volunteer hasbara advocates throughout the world and seems to assume that the \"nice guys really\" message will somehow get out even when the government itself does not offer formal support for hasbara/advocacy", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nSimilarly, the Israeli government appears to believe (equally magically) that if it apologises for imagined as well as real mistakes the world will once again accept it on equal terms. Israel's alleged involvement in the Gaza beach bombing is a case in point, where it apologised and took all the blame for having caused the deaths by shelling of eight Palestinians before the full circumstances which absolved it became known.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThis last is, in fact, a typical response of the emotionally bullied (and Israel is increasingly aware of the reaction of her shadow self to emotional bullying over which she has no control). Indeed, I would argue that, far from being the bully in the Middle East as she is so often represented in the media, Israel seems more and more to take on the characteristics of the emotionally bullied.\nThe effects of emotional bullying on the persona and shadow:", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nBullying represents a fundamental attack on both the persona (which may react or overreact against it) and the shadow (which may incorporate its negativity into it). The bullying takes the form of almost constant attacks on her in the United Nations and in the world press, where she is often damned if she behaves badly and equally damned if she behaves \"well\" (ie by not retaliating in kind each time her people are shelled and wounded or killed) \u2013\u2013 in short she is caught in the classic double bind", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe damage inherent in these bullying tactics is to her fragile sense of efficacy as a result of the Lebanon war debacle, and also to Israel's alleged invincibility which, as a result, is maintained at psychological cost within her persona. In addition continued bullying alters the construing of the shadow self and makes that darker and more threatening", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nOnce more, I would remind the reader to take into account the reservations about extrapolation from individuals onto a whole society, but Field (1996)iv[5] in his seminal work, \"Bully in Sight\" provides an apposite description of the effects on the personality of stress from bullying on the individual, and can be used as a way of examining the effects of this emotional bullying on Israel. The most important, for these purposes, are:\nShattered self-confidence\nLoss of self-respect", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nAs well as the constant sniping at her in the media since, Israel's most recent encounter with Hezbollah in Lebanon diminished her self-confidence, although it did not shatter it, and might have resulted in wide-spread personal loss of self-respect", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe impoverished interpersonal skills show themselves in the Israeli government's failure/inability to take on board that it, rather than the voluntary hasbara/advocacy machine, is principally responsible for the dissemination of information about why it does what it does; it may have hung back from that because it had literally lost the skill to explain itself fully.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThe loss, or confused sense, of self-determination is very well illustrated in Liebler's statement in Arutz Sheva[1] about the Knesset's attitude towards hasbara/advocacy, in particular:", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\n\" ...Next was that there was no coherency: Every minister began saying his own thing, without any coordination among them - while the Arabs were making their case in a professional and effective manner. But our biggest failure of all was in not showing the murderous nature of our enemies - how the suicide bombers' mothers took such pride in them, their kindergartens that educate towards killing Jews, and how they named their streets and football teams after the murderers, and the like......\"", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nA prescription for action against bullying\nField (1996) suggests that assertiveness rather than aggression is the best defence against bullying in the workplace, but he accepts that this takes time to build. He quotes Eleanor Roosevelt:\n\"Remember, no-one can make you feel inferior without your consent.\"", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nIf Israel buys too readily and mindlessly into the spurious assertion that she has wronged her enemies without cause then she comes to any negotiating table in an inferior position. Unfortunately, the more the world trumpets that erroneous information, the harder it may eventually become for Israel to reject this view of herself. There are potentially powerful antidotes:", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nOne is for the Israeli government to be assertive by stating publicly again and again the true circumstances, accepting blame only where appropriate. If necessary, the \"broken record\" approach can be used \u2013\u2013 repeating the same statement time and time again, as often as is necessary for the message to be got across", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nThis may be seen as the reverse of, but uses the same psychological mechanism as, the \"Big Lie\" \u2013\u2013 a common technique used by Israel's detractors and originally used by Goebbels in the Nazi era in the service of propaganda against Jews and other allegedly inferior races \u2013\u2013 and which, if told often enough, is eventually accepted as the truth by the people who hear it.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nAnother antidote is to take action on a wider platform, and in this the Israeli government can, if it learns from its previous mistakes, take the lead by supplying hasbara/advocacy groups with the relevant counter information to disseminate, but only after having first made an official statement about that information.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nI have argued that Israel's sense of her own power to overcome adverse psychological and political circumstances may be diminished by her perception of increasing distance and confusion between her persona (brave and invincible) and her shadow self (which might at times feel entirely the opposite) and her tendency, because she is under psychological stress, to introject the negative views of the world media into her shadow self, paradoxically becoming more aware of that altered shadow self", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\nAs a result of this, she has become less efficacious generally, and perhaps less effective in self-advocacy than at any time in her statehood. It bodes ill for her and her people if this is allowed to continue.", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\n1. Fendel, H. (21/2/2008) Glick: Israel's PR Efforts Have Collapsed. Arutz Sheva\u2013 see http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/125338\n2. Jung, C. G. (1968). Collected Works, Volume 9ii. London: Routledge\n3. Jung, C.G. (1983) Memories, Dreams, Reflections. London: Fontana Paperbacks\n4. Jung, C.G. (1921/1971). Psychological Types: or the Psychology of Individuation, Princeton: University Press", "ISRAEL'S SELVES AND HER USE OF HASBARA (ADVOCACY)\n5. Field, T (1996) Bully in Sight: How to Predict, Resist, Challenge and Combat Workplace Bullying &8211;&8211; Overcoming the Silence and Denia Fl by Which Abuse Thrives. Didcot, Oxon: Success Unlimited\nBabs Barron is the pseudonym of a chartered psychologist in independent practice. She lives in the United Kingdom. She writes under an assumed name \"to separate her politics from her profession.\" The initial version of this article was submitted February 25, 2008"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.westword.com/music/the-nitty-gritty-dirt-band-5070308

The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band

["The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band\nReleased as a lavish three-record set in 1972, a time when country music was desperately trying to shed its hillbilly image -- the Grand Ole Opry had fled to the suburbs the year before -- the landmark album was an unlikely collaboration between a group of longhaired California musicians (who later settled in Colorado) and some of Nashville's most venerated performers, including Roy Acuff, Mother Maybelle Carter, Jimmy Martin, Doc Watson and Earl Scruggs.", "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band\nTo celebrate the recording's thirtieth anniversary, Capitol Records has reissued it in a sonically improved two-CD set, with several bonus tracks and all of the color photographs that were included with the original album. It's about time this wonderful collection of traditional country music got the respect it deserves.", "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band\nWhat a pleasure it is to hear the late Maybelle Carter, of the famous Carter Family, singing \"Keep on the Sunny Side\" and \"I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes.\" Roy Acuff, one of country music's first superstars, reprises some of his best-known songs, including \"The Precious Jewel\" and \"Wreck on the Highway.\" (Acuff, the very personification of old-time country music, was initially skeptical of working with a bunch of hippies, but he changed his mind when he heard some tracks the band had already recorded with Merle Travis.) Earl Scruggs, the great five-string banjo player, made noteworthy contributions, as did fiddler Vassar Clements, guitar wizard Doc Watson, and dobroist Norman Blake, who, as fate would have it, ended up playing on the O Brother soundtrack", "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band\nWisely, the boys in the Dirt Band -- Jimmie Fadden, Jeff Hanna, Jim Ibbotson, John McEuen and Les Thompson -- keep a respectful distance from their elders, essentially playing backup on most of the songs.", "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band\nWill the Circle be Unbroken introduced a whole new generation of fans to the joys of traditional country music. It also helped break down some of the barriers that existed between hippies and rednecks. Music, they discovered, was common ground. Thirty years later, it's a bona fide classic."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://sanderusmaps.com/our-catalogue/antique-maps/europe/france/antique-map-of-nivernais-by-blaeu-w-14374

Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61

["Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nNivernais by Blaeu W. 1642-61\nThe Blaeus: Willem Janszoon, Cornelis & Joan\nWillem Jansz. Blaeu and his son Joan Blaeu are the most widely known cartographic publishers of the seventeenth century.\nWillem Jansz. (also written Guilielmus Janssonius) = Willem Janszoon Blaeu, was born in Uitgeest (Netherlands), near Alkmaar in 1571. He studied mathematics under Tycho Brahe and learned the theory and practice of astronomical observations and the art of instrument- and globe making.", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nIn 1596 he came to Amsterdam where he settled down as a globe-, instrument- and map-maker. He published his first cartographic work (a globe) in 1599 and probably published his first printed map (a map of the Netherlands) in 1604. He specialized in maritime cartography and published the first edition of the pilot guide Het Licht der Zeevaert in 1608, and was appointed Hydrographer of the V.O.C. (United East India Company) in 1633", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nAfter thirty years of publishing books, wall maps, globes, charts and pilot guides, he brought out his first atlas, Atlas Appendix (1630). This was the beginning of the great tradition of atlas-making by the Blaeus.", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nIn 1618 another mapmaker, bookseller and publisher, Johannes Janssonius established himself in Amsterdam next door to Blaeu's shop. It is no wonder that these two neighbours, who began accusing each other of copying and stealing their information, became fierce competitors who did not have a good word to say about each other. In about 1621 Willem Jansz", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\ndecided to put an end to the confusion between his name and his competitor's, and assumed his grandfather's sobriquet, 'blauwe Willem' ('blue Willem'), as the family name; thereafter he called himself Willem Jansz. Blaeu.", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nWillem Janszoon Blaeu died in 1638, leaving his prospering business to his sons, Cornelis and Joan. Of Cornelis we only know that his name occurs in the prefaces of books and atlases until c. 1645.", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nJoan Blaeu, born in Amsterdam, 1596, became partner in his father\u2019s book trade and printing business. In 1638 he was appointed his father\u2019s successor in the Hydrographic office of the V.O.C. His efforts culminated in the magnificent Atlas Major and the town-books of the Netherland and of Italy \u2013 works unsurpassed in history and in modern times, which gave eternal fame to the name of the Blaeus.", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nOn February 23, 1672, a fire ruined the business. One year later, Dr. Joan Blaeu died. The fire of 1672 and the passing away of the director gave rise to a complete sale of the stock of the Blaeu House. Five public auctions dispersed the remaining books, atlases, copperplates, globes, etc., among many other map dealers and publishers in Amsterdam. The majority was acquired by a number of booksellers acting in partnership.", "Antique Map of Nivernais by Blaeu, W. 1642-61\nIn the succeeding years, the remaining printing department was left in the hands of the Blaeu family until 1695 when also the inventory of the printing house was sold at a public auction. That meant the end of the Blaeus as a printing house of world renown.\nNivernium Ducatus.\nCategory: Antique maps > Europe > France\nVerso text: Dutch\nFrom: Toonneel des Aerdriicx, Ofte Nieuwe Atlas, Dat is Beschryving van alle Landen. Amsterdam, 1642. (Van der Krogt 2, 221)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://oldstrathconatimes.com/the-comforting-mediocrity-of-biden/

The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden

["The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nHome Editorials The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nThe Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nGavin Editor\n\u2192 Support Us with a Donation\nJoe Biden was inaugurated this week as the 46th president of the United States of America. Trump is gone, Biden is in. That alone is enough cause for celebration and a deep sigh of relief.", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nOnce the honeymoon has passed, Biden will be scrutinized and critiqued by the press, the general public and the more progressive elements of his own party. Of course, there will be criticism from across the aisle, however since Republicans have demonstrated that their main focus is to oppose whatever Democrats do, it is difficult to see any of their critique as anything more than nay-saying.", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nBiden is a comfortable choice allowing for a push towards the \u201cmiddle\u201d of the political spectrum and away from the extremes of the previous Trump administration which represented primarily the more reactionary elements of the American public.\nA Biden administration will offer the opportunity to ease divisions in the American political landscape but is unlikely to alter the landscape in significant ways.", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nBiden is still an establishment choice. The establishment of American politics is that its political leadership offers more fealty to large corporate donors than to the public it apparently represents. For that reason any significant change that would favor the public good over corporate profits is unlikely to be promoted.", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nThe progressive element of the Democratic party is primarily a movement to put the public good ahead of corporate profits, which puts them in a oppositional stance to the current establishment.\nHowever, given the divisions in the nation and his own party, Biden has an opportunity to heal the wounds that the Trump administration exacerbated by representing primarily the elements of the political landscape that were ideological simpatico to its nationalistic, isolationist and xenophobic views.", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nTrump appealed to the disenchantment of those elements of the American public who felt betrayed by their political leadership. They believed that Trump populism was the answer to their pain and he was their guy. He was never their guy. Trump had only one agenda: relentlessly self-promote and profit from that promotion, while convincing a na\u00efve populace that he was actually working for them", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nClearly his ability to lie incessantly succeeded by overwhelming the press with a torrent of lies they could not process and at the same time convincing his followers that he was telling them great truths.", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nThe fact that Trump populism was so successfully is sad commentary on the failure of political leadership to represent the electorate . Trump could not have succeeded if there was not a significant number of Americans who felt betrayed by their political leaders.\nThat fact has not changed and going forward Biden will still have to address the widespread belief, held by many, that American political leadership does not care about their circumstances and seeks only to take care of itself.", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nThe difficulty for Biden is that the progressive elements of the Democratic party are the most likely to convince a cynical public that politicians care about them. However, at the same time, those same progressive elements of his party have been vilified by scare tactics that reinforce the very establishment that has done so much harm to the public. How does he square that circle?", "The Comforting Mediocrity of Biden\nAs noted, it is unlikely that much will change structurally in a Biden administration. The establishment will remain. The only hope going forward is that the comforting Biden mediocrity will make it easier for more progressive agendas to be promoted in the future.\n\u2192 Check out our shop!\nPrevious article\u201cFreedom\u201d as screamed by Mel Gibson\nNext articleRemember the Alamo(d)"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://en.uartlib.org/art-leonid-perfecky/

The Art of Leonid Perfecky

["The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nUKRAINIAN ARTISTS\nLIBRARY ON UKRAINIAN\nThe Art of Leonid Perfecky\nAug 1, 2016 | Articles | 0 comments\nUkrainian art in the 20th century has not achieved the level of recognition by contemporaries that it deserves. During both world wars and the seemingly peaceful times between and following them, not only Ukrainians themselves but also all manifestations of their spiritual activity, including art, were hunted down as objects of destruction.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nToday, at the close of the 20th century anyone who might wish to undertake the publication of monographs devoted to the most prominent masters of Ukrainian art who were active during this period and included such well-known names as Oleksa Novakivsky, Heorhiy Narbut, Mykhailo Boychuk, Petro Kholodny, Sr., and Anatol Petrytsky \u2014 would be unable to compile a complete monograph on any one of them, for their works were either completely or partially destroyed by various conquerors of Ukrainian lands", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThese conquerors could always justify the destruction of entire museum collections because they included unwanted portraits of Ukrainian heroes or contained certain religious and traditional themes that these conquerors wished to eradicate.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe works of proscribed artists\u2014 especially those unwilling to live under a dictatorial regime who preferred to set out for countries of the free world \u2014 became a special target", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nNot even portraits of Taras Shevchenko, the national poet of Ukraine \u2014 a poet recognized in the communist world because of the social motifs in his works \u2014 were spared destruction! Thus, the highly regarded portraits of the artist by Mykola Azovsky, as well as Archipenko\u2019s sculpture, \u201cShevchenko in Exile\u201d, were destroyed in the Museum of Ukrainian Art in the city of Lviv, right after the last war.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nIn Kyiv, out of 150 oil and watercolour portraits of famous figures of Ukrainian culture by Anatol Petrycky (whose works were acknowledged as the best in the Venice Biennale\u2019s Soviet pavilion), no more than a dozen have survived to this day. Even his magnificent portrait of the most famous poet of that time \u2014 Pavlo Tychyna, a protege of the regime \u2014 was destroyed because he committed the sin of \u201cnationalist formalism\u201d in an era when socialist realism was the only form of art allowed", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nA similar fate befell the creative works of Leonid Perfecky, to whom this monograph is dedicated. In his early years Perfecky was a soldier in the army of the Ukrainian National Republic. After the war he depicted various historical events of this period in several series of oil and watercolor paintings. A considerable portion of his work was in Lviv when the city fell under Soviet domination after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe paintings, housed in the museums of Lviv and in the collection of the historical journal \u201cChervona Kalyna\u201d, published by the veterans of the 1917-1920 war of liberation, were almost completely destroyed. Fortunately, the artist himself. who had moved to Paris in 1925 after graduating from the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts, had taker) a number of his works with him and donated them to Ukrainian museums in Paris and Prague.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nEven outside the borders of Ukraine fate was not kind to Perfecky. At the end of the war an Allied bomb partially destroyed the Prague museum. Whatever remained fell into the hands of Czech communists, who transferred all the intact works of art to Moscow. There everything disappeared. As for the museum in Paris, all of its historical documents and works of art were confiscated by the Nazis and moved to an unknown location. These too disappeared without a trace.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nIncluded in the Parts collection were some 40 paintings by Perfecky, who was the museum\u2019s curator. Against his wishes the artist himself was deported to Germany as an \u201cagrarian worker\u201d. \u201cThe Ukrainian Publishers\u201d firm of Lviv managed to track him down and have him transferred to Lviv, where he worked as an illustrator for the monthly journal \u201cNashi Dni\u201d (\u201cOur Days\u201d)", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe Ukrainian press, however, under the watchful eye of the Gestapo, was too poor to pay for the artist\u2019s livelihood, and he was subsequently forced to work for a local Ukrainian school of art where he gave instruction in drawing.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nAfter the war Perfecky succeeded in emigrating to Montreal, where his knowledge of French enabled him to make contacts with French and Ukrainian church institutions and to devote himself from then on to religious art.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nPerfecky\u2019s Paris period was especially notable. While there, he had studied painting under the tutelage of Andre Lhote (who, incidentally, took part twice in exhibits of modern art at the Ukrainian National Museum in Lviv, where he exhibited his brilliant paintings of cubic art. characterized by the typically Romanesque logic of forms).", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nLhote\u2019s logic was close to the heart of Ukrainian art, in which the rhythmic harmony of forms always was and still remains the main objective of artistic expression. In that period of artistic strivings Perfecky exhibited his works at the prestigious Tuileries Salon as well as in private galleries", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nIn 1931 the author of this essay was fortunate to bring from Paris to Lviv a series of medium-sized works by Picasso, Derain, Chagall, Modigliani, Severini and other Parisians, as well as the works of the most prominent Ukrainian artists in Paris of that time, such as Gritchenko, Hlushchenko, Andreenko and Khmeliuk. All were shown at the first exhibition of the Association of Independent Ukrainian Artists (AIUA) in Lviv, among them a mid-sized painting by Perfecky entitled \u201cThe Sailor\u201d", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThis painting, executed within a range of bright and dark-blue colors, was among the best at this exhibit and drew the attention of the general public. It displeased only those for whom Perfecky was to remain forever just a painter of battle scenes, a master in the depiction of horses in furious cavalry attacks.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nLeonid Perfecky \u2013 Sanctuary of the Ukrainian Catholic Church of the Holy Ghost, Montreal.\nThe works of Perfecky uniquely interesting Paris period did not survive. They were lost partially in the Paris museum (which was robbed of its contents) and partially during the forced departure of the artist from Paris to Germany. When Perfecky subsequently returned to Lviv, he no longer had any of his works. Everything had remained behind, fated for destruction.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nAs a result, the nucleus of his creative contribution is his watercolours, depicting various scenes from the time of the Ukrainian War of Liberation, during which both the Red and White Russian armies, although antagonistic to each other, shared as their most important task the destruction of the young Ukrainian Democratic Republic.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe struggle was unevenly matched. On one side stood the Russian armies, still trained by the tsarist generals. Facing them,on the other side, were the young armies of Ukraine, consisting of volunteer formations of the former Russian and Austrian armies, as well as numerous but not always disciplined guerrilla detachments which often undertook military operations on their own", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe Western Allies, whose fervent dream was the rebirth of the old tsarist empire, occupied the Black Sea ports with French and Greek troops, and in effect blocked supplies of ammunition and medicine bought in the West from ever reaching the Ukrainian mainland. Consequently, the Ukrainian armies found themselves surrounded on all sides by the so-called \u201ccircle of death\u201d. They were also being decimated by a typhus epidemic.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThus, the series of paintings by Perfecky which survive this period deservedly form the central portion of this monograph. Apart from their importance as historical documents, they are characterized by true creative pathos and dramatic authenticity, which can be put on canvas only by an eyewitness who experienced deep within his own being the impact of those events,", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nA totally different style of Perfecky\u2019s creativity can be found in his paintings that date to the end of the second world war, when he was artist-correspondent in the Ukrainian division \u201cGalicia\u201d. This division hud been created by the Germans from among the ranks of idealistic Ukrainian youth which tried to remain armed at all costs as the war\u2019s end became imminent", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nDuring the final months, detachments of this division found themselves in the lower regions of Austria, where, after the fall of the German Reich, they went over to the British army still armed. They were disarmed by the latter and transported to England after spending various periods of time in temporary camps.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nBut Perfecky was no longer among them. After a short sojourn in the ranks of the guerrillas \u2014 whose actions he also set on canvas \u2014 he made his way to the displaced persons\u2019 camps of Austria, from which he subsequently emigrated to Canada. Perfecky\u2019s paintings of that time generally are more static in nature because he did not lake any direct \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0456 in military activities.\nLeonid Perfecky \u2013 Sixth \u201cSich\u201d Rifle Division of the Ukrainian National Republic in Stanislaviv, 1918. Oil, 46\u00d776 cm.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nIn the complex postwar economic conditions in the United States and Canada, few artists could earn a living from their creative talents alone. Even prominent American artists had to combine their art with something more practical such as teaching, advertising, printing, working with textiles, drafling and the like. There was a strong demand for artists in the Held of religious art, however, which in the New World attracted quite a few artists who had arrived from Europe", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nAmong them was Perfecky, who already had considerable experience in this branch of art. In the 1920s he had done various types of work for churches in Horutsk and Labova in Galicia. Later, during his studies in Cracow, he had done a painting for a Roman Catholic church in Poznan and. after the First World War, for the Roman Catholic church-fortress in Poznan, and another for the Carmelite monastery in Graz, Austria", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nAnd in France he had worked for the \u201cProcu ranee Generale\u201d, the main firm dealing with religious art in Paris. After settling in Montreal, which was Canada\u2019s largest city in the 1950\u2019s, he made contacts with the Ukrainian and French clergy, working to the end of his life in the field of religious art.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nForemost among the works of Perfecky from this Montreal period are his two full-length wall frescoes of Brother Andre, the founder of St. Joseph\u2019s Oratory, which hang at the entrance of the church. His second important achievement of that period was the embellishment of the Ukrainian Catholic Church of the Holy Ghost with an entire series of religious paintings, including individual compositions of the saints", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nUnfortunately, in the harmful atmospheric conditions of a large city and also because proper ventilation had not been provided in the new building, these paintings have been greatly damaged by humidity.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe works of Perfecky also are found in other localities in the province of Quebec. Never carried away by stylistic experiments, the artist always adhered to traditional methods of realistic depiction in his works, adding the appropriate measure of decoration whenever necessary.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nHowever, the demands of customers who placed their orders for such works of art did not always coincide with the wishes or means of the artist. The author, who also worked in this branch of art, recalls that at the beginning of the 1950`s a style consisting of a symbiosis of Gothicism, Renaissance and Academicism still reigned supreme in America \u2014 which gave the impression of something totally foreign in Ukrainian art. Within religious art we always had (and still have) our own age-long traditions, but", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nit took entire decades to introduce them on the North American continent. Perfecky was very much aware of this and from the beginning tried to steer his work in that direction, as his paintings in the Church of the Holy Ghost testify.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nPerfecky\u2019s greatest artistic achievement in the realm of religious art is a series of projected paintings based on the text of the last book of the New Testament known as the Revelation of St. John the Divine, or the Apocalypse, which gives a mystical depiction of the end of the world before the final victory of Christianity", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe artist combined the prophetic motifs relating to the end of the world in the Apocalypse with the nuclear problems of our era, which finds itself not only on the threshold of the end of pagan beliefs, but also of our very planet itself.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nIn 24 masterpieces, the artist depicted the nightmarish episodes of cosmic destruction, and this new depiction of an old but eternally alive theme imparts a special kind of depth and relevance to these works", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nWe do not know whether the artist had any plans of transferring these projected paintings to the walls of a specific church, but it is important to affirm the meditation and seriousness with which he approached his subject, expanding the limits of religious art and transferring the spirit of the old world to our modern times. For these reasons one must consider this apocalyptic cycle to be the second apogee in the creativity of Leonid Perfecky.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nThe most fervent wish of every Ukrainian for whom the fate of Ukrainian culture is of the utmost importance is to have a Ukrainian national museum in the capital of his own country \u2014 a museum in which the works of the most prominent masters of Ukrainian art would be preserved and displayed", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nUnder present conditions the idea of such a museum cannot be realized; thus, it is indeed fortunate that countless works of Ukrainian artists which could be housed in such a museum are being preserved outside the borders of Ukraine. Among these artists is Leonid Perfecky, a soldier and an artist who immortalized his own era in true and vibrant paintings which are capable of rousing the deepest emotions within people\u2019s souls.", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nSviatoslav Hordynsky, 1990\nUkrainian folk toy\nFedir Krychevsky: Biographical sketch\nMykhailo Zhuk: Biographical sketch\nThe artistic event of the presentation of \u201cGod knows\u201d, an album of naive art, accompanied by the performance of bandura duet took place in Kyiv\nThe album of naive art \u201cGod knows\u201d is the first edition in color of the Library of Ukrainian Art\[email protected]", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nAlexander Bogomazov Alexandra Exter Antin Manastirsky art nouveau avant-garde constructivism crafts cubism David Burliuk Dmytro Gorbachov Fedir Panko folk art futurism glassware graphics Heorhiy Narbut huta Icon Igor Dychenko Jacques Hnizdovsky Kateryna Bilokur Kazimir Malevich Leon Kopelman Michael Osinchuk Mykhailo Andreenko Mykhailo Boychuk Mykola Hlushchenko Mykola Nedilko Mykola Pymonenko old books Olena Kulchytska Olexa Bakhmatiuk Olexandr Bogomazov Olexandr Ganzha Petrykivka post-impressionism pottery Roman Selsky Serhiy Vasylkivsky spectralism suprematism Taras Shevchenko tiles Vasyl Yermylov Vsevolod Maximovich", "The Art of Leonid Perfecky\nTop-10 Downloads\nElLissitzky_2kvadrata_uartlib.org.pdf (341)\nEdvardKozak_Catalogue_uartlib.org.pdf (201)\nNikifor_uartlib.org.pdf (125)\nSophiaCathedral_uartlib.org.pdf (100)\nYuriySoloviy_uartlib.org.pdf (96)\nPoltavskaNarodnaVishivka_uartlib.org.pdf (90)\nMariaPrimachenko_uartlib.org.pdf (87)\nRerihGorlovka_uartlib.org.pdf (83)\nArchipentura1928_uartlib.org.pdf (78)\nRusart_Burliuk_uartlib.org.pdf (61)\n\u00a9 Ukrainian Art Library | Dev by LM"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://puzzleboxhorror.com/encyclopedia-of-supernatural-horror/baron-samedi/?shared=email&msg=fail

Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo

["Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\n\" A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z\nBa Be Bi Bl Bu\nBae Ban Bar Bas Bay\nBaron Samedi\nNo Comments on Baron Samedi\nDate of Discovery\nIt is speculated that Baron Samedi came into being when African tribes were forced into slavery and were relocated to Haiti during the 1700s.", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nMost famously known as Baron Samedi, where Samedi is French for \u201cSaturday.\u201d He is also known as Baron Saturday, Baron Samdi, Bawon Samedi, Sameid, and Bawon Sanmdi. Among his numerous other incarnations, he is known as Baron Cimeti\u00e8re, Baron La Croix, and Baron Kriminel.", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nBaron Samedi appears as an African man with a skull in place of his face and he speaks with a deep nasal tone. His attire is identical to what a Haitian male would traditionally be dressed in upon being buried\u2013this means he dons a black top hat and tuxedo, wears dark glasses and even has cotton nose plugs.", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nBaron Samedi originated as a part of the Voodoo religion that originated in the West Indies country of Haiti, during the French Colonial Period. The people from the tribal religions of West Africa were forced into slavery and brought to Haiti in the seventeenth century, and the loa of the voodoo religion is considered a huge part of the practice to this day.\nMythology and Lore", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nOne of the main loa within the voodoo religion, Baron Samedi is considered the \u201cMaster of the dead,\u201d one who guards the cemeteries and the veil between the living and the dead. Baron Samedi is the spirit who controls the gates to the underworld within the voodoo religion, he has complete control over who passes into or out of the afterlife", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nAs the head of the Guede family of loa, he has the strongest links to magic, ancestor worship, as well as death\u2013the rest of the Guede family consists mostly of lesser loa, who dress similarly to Baron Samedi. Like Baron Samedi, they tend to have rude or cruel attitudes but lack the charm that he possesses.", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nEven though his appearance is so iconic both within the voodoo community and without, he spends most of his time in the invisible realm, lingering at the crossroads of life and death. When he is on the earthly plane, he is famous for being a rum-drinking, cigar-smoking, outrageous and uncouth personality. Despite his marriage to Maman Brigitte, he is said to be a suave womanizer of mortal women, which is aided by his unnaturally suave demeanor", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nWhen a person dies, he is said to meet them at their grave, when their soul departs, then usher them to the underworld; he is the only loa wit the ability to allow a person to pass to the afterlife. Baron Samedi is an entrepreneur of sorts since he is the only loa that can ensure a deceased person remains in their grave, he demands payment in order to keep a person from coming back as a zombie.", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nIn his less morbid capacities, he is also considered a giver of life as he possesses the ability to cure any mortal of diseases or life-threatening injuries but only does so if he believes it will benefit himself. At the same time, he will also keep a person from dying from a curse or hex at the behest of another individual, if he does not agree to dig their grave.", "Baron Samedi: Master of the Dead in Haitian Voodoo\nWhat mythology and lore are associated with this demon/deity? Are there any mythological horror-related tales or articles about this demon/deity? Provide a general description of any tales that are told about this creature, if able, use this section to interlink back to associated articles or original stories on PBH.\nModern Pop-Culture References\nDevil\u2019s Cape (2008)\nLive and Let Die (1973)\nGrimm (2011 \u2013 2017)\nIs there anything we missed about Baron Samedi? Let us know in the comments section below!\nV\u00e8v\u00e8"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/britney-spears-ex-manager-hit-with-5-year-restraining-order/1540846/

Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order

["Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nBritney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nLos Angeles Superior Court Judge Brenda Penny reached the decision after hearing testimony from the ex-manager, 44-year-old Sam Lutfi, and from Spears' father, James Spears\nBy Andrew Dalton\t\u2022 Published June 14, 2019 \u2022 Updated on June 14, 2019 at 7:02 am\nA judge on Thursday issued a five-year restraining order forbidding Britney Spears' former manager from contacting the singer or her family or making disparaging statements about them online.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nLos Angeles Superior Court Judge Brenda Penny reached the decision after hearing testimony from the ex-manager, 44-year-old Sam Lutfi, and from Spears' father, James Spears, who has controlled his daughter's money and affairs via a court-ordered conservatorship for 11 years.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nPenny rejected arguments from Lutfi's attorney, Marc Gans, that the order is an unconstitutional restraint on his client's free speech, calling Lufi's testimony evasive and extending the temporary restraining order she first issued on May 8.\nGans said outside court that they are considering an appeal. James Spears declined comment.\nJames Spears conceded under questioning from Gans that he does not have the most peaceful relationship with Britney Spears.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\n\"Me and my daughter's relationship has always been strained,\" James Spears said.\nBut in further testimony that Penny said she found forthright and credible, James Spears testified that Lutfi, who was close to Britney Spears in 2007 and 2008 and served briefly as her manager, has been a \"predator\" on his family for more than a decade whose harassment has recently resumed.\nNew Mexico 3 hours ago", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\n\"I worried that he was trying to take down the conservatorship,\" Spears said from the stand. \"I was very angry. I was worried that we were right back in 2008.\"\nSpears and his lawyers suggested, and Penny appeared to agree, that Lutfi has attempted to incite fans who have used the social-media hashtag #Free Britney to criticize the control James Spears and the court have had over the pop star for the past 11 years.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nLutfi's Twitter account, the subject of much of the testimony, consists almost entirely of posts critical of Spears' circumstances and those surrounding her.\nBut Gans argued that none of the statements were made directly to individuals or could be considered harassment.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nHe also emphasized that Lutfi has made no direct contact with Britney Spears herself, and suggested that her father and his lawyers were not speaking for her and had provided no evidence that she had in any way been harmed by Lutfi's statements.\nBritney Spears was not present in court, and she has made very few public comments on the conservatorship.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nIn testimony that Penny struck from the record, Lutfi said that Britney Spears had reached out to him at various times through the years to complain about her father's control over her.\n\"She wanted help to get out of this situation,\" Lutfi said.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nThe judge also shut down most of Gans' questions toward James Spears. The questions asked him to discuss his daughter's mental state and tried to establish that disparaging online statements Lutfi had made about James Spears' use of alcohol and his enriching himself through the conservatorship were true and constitutionally protected.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nLutfi admitted that he had contacted Britney Spears' mother, Lynne Spears, and the singer's brother-in-law James Watson via texts and phone calls, and sent Lynne Spears money that was subsequently returned.\nLutfi testified that he sent the money \"just like numerous other fans did\" because Lynne Spears had \"liked\" Instagram posts that suggested she was in need of money and that she should be in charge of her daughter's affairs instead of her ex-husband James Spears.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\n\"I had a great relationship with Lynne Spears,\" Lutfi said of his time with Britney Spears.\nLutfi and Gans said that neither Lynne Spears nor Watson had told him to stop communicating with them or told him he was harassing them.\nGans also argued that tweets from his client, including one that simply said \"Raise hell,\" were far too vague to be considered harassment of the Spears family.\nPenny disagreed, citing that tweet in her decision as illegal incitement.", "Britney Spears' Ex-Manager Hit With 5-Year Restraining Order\nThe proceedings were a resumption of a hearing that began on May 28 and had been closed to the media and the rest of the public. But Penny, who also oversees Spears' conservatorship case, kept the courtroom open on Thursday.\nThe Spears family has frequently fought Lutfi in court, starting with a restraining order they received against him in 2009.\n\"He's been asked repeatedly to stay away from this family,\" Chad Hummel, an attorney for the conservatorship, said in closing arguments. \"He can't help himself.\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.crimereview.co.uk/page.php/review/7694

Don't Send Flowers

["Don't Send Flowers\nDon't Send Flowers\nby Mart\u00edn Solares (translated by Heather Cleary)\nWhen Cristina De Leon is kidnapped, her wealthy father recruits ex-cop Carlos Trevino to get her back. Given that she is probably in the hands of one of the murderous local gangs, his chances of survival don\u2019t look too good.", "Don't Send Flowers\nA recent addition to the \u2018narco-lit\u2019 emerging from Central America, this book is set in a Mexican gulf state where law and order has completely broken down. The city of La Eternidad was once promoted as a holiday paradise, but its proximity to the border has made it attractive to those moving narcotics. The gangs moved in and have extorted everything worth taking, leaving local residents poor and terrified.", "Don't Send Flowers\nDe Leon is one of the few rich men left in town, desperate to get his daughter Cristina back from her kidnappers. At the suggestion of his friend, the US consul Don Williams, his bodyguards are sent to grab Carlos Trevino, who is living a few hours south. Trevino was once a local cop and well-liked as a useful detective, but was run out of town after a dispute with the Chief of Police, Margarito. Trevino is not keen but is bribed and threatened into cooperation.", "Don't Send Flowers\nDespite several considerable constraints (not least that Margarito has threatened to kill him if he shows his face in town) Trevino demonstrates his detective skills and makes quick progress. His deductions about Cristina\u2019s captor lead him into a site run by Les Nuevos, a military-style encampment where murder is commonplace. He is lucky to emerge alive, but has arrived at a solution to his problem.", "Don't Send Flowers\nUnfortunately, he is forestalled before he is able to fulfil his contract. In part two of the book the focus shifts from Trevino to Margarito. After years of betrayals and the most cynical exploitation of his post, Margarito is being dismissed, and replaced by his son, who despises his father. Margarito has devised one last plan to exit with some cash, but things slide out of control.", "Don't Send Flowers\nFrom the perspective of nice, quiet UK, life in La Eternidad is difficult to imagine: neighbours killed and tortured, gangs demanding anything they see, the police reliable only in the sense that they act exclusively for their own benefit. Survival calls for quick wits and a good deal of luck. That Trevino manages to maintain coherent thinking while under such terrible threat makes him an impressive protagonist.", "Don't Send Flowers\nHis virtual disappearance in the second half of the book does come as a disappointment. Margarito steps into centre stage, but as his years of misrule are revealed, the reader becomes increasingly aghast at the sheer greed of the man and the absolute lack of any moral sense.", "Don't Send Flowers\nCompared to Elmer Mendoza, a comparable author whose books have been reviewed here over the last few years, Solares is less of a challenge to an English-speaker and his detailed background helps make sense of the breakdown in civil society. In Trevino he also has a great detective, standing out as incorruptible and competent in a quagmire of sleaze.\nReviewed 10 August 2019 by Chris Roberts"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://notveryprofessional.com/dragoneye/atlas/Mankind_Emerging

Mankind Emerging

["Mankind Emerging\nMankind Emerging\nFollowing the Epoch of Destruction, the lands of Auseka were changed - and empty. The death toll and the fall of the centaurs had left spaces for other races to fill them, and humans were chief among those who took the opportunity. The Age of Man had begun.", "Mankind Emerging\nThere were human tribes before this time, living in the most primitive of conditions, hunting with stone weapons and living in caves or primitive huds of sticks, leaves, mud and fur. But when the dust settled and both the elves and dwarves had been reduced in numbers, or retreated from many parts of the world, humans began to multiply and expand, and possibly discovered settlements and tools of the older races.", "Mankind Emerging\nFrom about 2,500 years ago we have the first evidence of humans using metal tools, farming the land and domesticating animals. They may have started earlier, but records are unreliable. In maybe a thousand years humans expanded to all corners of the world and advanced in technology towards first copper, then iron smelting. They started to build houses from wood, and fortified their villages", "Mankind Emerging\nSlowly, they began to be masters of the natural environment they found themselves in, and tribes evolved into villages and then into alliances and proto-realms.", "Mankind Emerging\nVery little is known about the details of this age. The dwarven and elven scholars have few records on early humans, as they did not consider them important. There may have been trade between humans and the older races, though it is not clear what humans would have to offer at this stage of their development.", "Mankind Emerging\nWhat little tales exist among the elves and dwarves describes early humanity as savages banging rocks together, dying young and breeding fast. It is not clear if especially the elves, who still dwelled above ground, overlooked the young race or dismissed them.\nRetrieved from \"http://lemuria.org/dragoneye/index.php?title=Mankind_Emerging&oldid=1707\""]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://expelledgreymatter.blogspot.com/2021/08/the-outlaw-josey-wales-1976.html

The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western

["The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nThough Clint Eastwood had already made his mark as a director by the time The Outlaw Josey Wales was released this director credit caused a bit of a controversy. The movie was was originally to be directed by Philip Kaufman, who cowrote the script with Sonia Chernus as an adaptation of Forrest Carter's book Gone to Texas. Supposedly Eastwood and Kaufman had some conflicts regarding the way the movie was being filmed, the casting and, most importantly, about who got to date actress Sondra Locke", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nEastwood won out in all cases, but Warner Bros. ended up paying a fine to the Directors' Guild since Kaufman had already put in much of the work to get the film going. If anything the movie would have been known for resulting in the \"Eastwood rule\", which meant that an actor in the film cannot forcibly take over the director's chair.", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nIt was also unfortunately discovered after the film became popular that the original novelist, rather than being part Cherokee as he initially claimed, was a former KKK leader and a George Wallace speech writer. Surprisingly little sentiment for the Confederacy made it into the final movie, with the title character, though a member of a band of guerilla fighters that supported the South, having his own agenda of avenging the deaths of his wife and child", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nDespite the source material this is also one of the first westerns to treat Native Americans as individuals and not as a monolithic group, although it is a bit of a stretch that an isolated member of the Cherokee nation would understand and speak a completely unrelated language such as Navajo. Still, both Chief Dan George and Geraldine Keams are as essential to the story as Wales and everyone else he picks up on his journey.", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nAfter his wife and child are killed by a Union division known as the Red Legs, Josey Wales (Eastwood) joins a group of Confederate guerilla fighters led by Bill Anderson (John Russell). When Anderson dies Captain Fletcher (John Vernon) takes over the band, which is one of the last to surrender. Wales is the one hold-out, as the war was for him was not about slavery or states' rights, but about revenge against Captain Terrill (Bill McKinney), the leader of the Red Legs", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nWales escapes with a wounded compatriot named Jamie (Sam Bottoms) and begins making his way toward the Indian Nations, with Fletcher now tasked with helping the U.S. Army and Terrill find Wales. Along the way Wales meets a former Cherokee rebel named Lone Watie (George), who suggests that they head down to Mexico. Originally reluctant, Josey decides to follow Watie's advice", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nAlong the way he rescues a Navajo woman named Little Moonlight (Keams), as well as the survivors of a group of travelers (Sondra Locke, Paula Trueman) from Kansas that are heading down to a ranch in the southern part of Texas and are attacked by a band of outlaws. However, peace doesn't come easy, as Fletcher and Terrill are still on his trail, and a Comanche leader named Ten Bears (Will Sampson) is not happy to see more white people settling on his land.", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nIt is a good thing that, though Wales is supposed to be a Confederate holdout, that Confederate pride and politics doesn't enter the mix. Wales is still written in the movie as a true rebel who leaves politics behind to find his way in the world, which was in line with the antigovernment theme of the novel", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nIt was something that appealed to Eastwood (keeping in mind the true identity of the author was unknown to him at the time) and it largely manifests itself in the idea that it is politics and the evils of government that ultimately led to the Europeans and the American Indians not being able to see eye-to-eye. This point does get a bit preachy in Wales's encounter with Ten Bears, in a portion of the movie that has already ground to a halt once the group reaches their destination at the ranch.", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nThe Outlaw Josey Wales works best as a road movie that just happens to be set at a time when few roads existed. He becomes a natural leader from his actions rather than words, of which Wales, as a typical Eastwood character, has few to say. Although supposedly taking place in Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, the filming was done in Arizona, Utah, Wyoming and California", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nStill, it is as beautiful as ever, but from the behavior of the Union toward the Natives to the Comancheros who would exploit just abut anyone for a dollar it is once again one of those westerns less concerned with dueling in the street and more concerned with how our \"civilizing\" influence has robbed the country of its true nature.", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nClint Eastwood as usual is perfect for the role and, though Chief Dan George was having problems remembering lines due to his age, Eastwood was often willing to let him go off script and just be himself. Paula Trueman provides some humor as Sondra Locke's grandmother, being a Kansas woman with prejudices against just about everyone who dares draw the same air as her - be it the native population or the entire state of Missouri", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nSondra Locke is basically in the film because Eastwood was interested in dating her and, though she had an Oscar nomination under her belt, doesn't get to do much as Laura Lee other than be Wales's eventual love interest and almost be the victim of a gang rape by the Comancheros. She does get to help defend the homestead at the end, but again Granny is much more interesting even then.", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nBill McKinney's Captain Terrill would have been a better villain if he had been focused on more, but unfortunately Wales encounters so many different opportunists and bounty hunters along the way that the bad guys pretty much get oversaturated. It does help that the final showdown between him and the Red Legs is handled well, and John Vernon's role as Fletcher, small as it is, is one of the few times where he plays someone who isn't a slimy authority figure", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nAlthough the movie does have some pacing problems prior to the climactic battle, The Outlaw Josey Wales deserves its reputation as one of the more unique western films. It unfortunately carries some baggage from its original author and, and that the time, caused some bitterness toward Eastwood for how he took it over, but in the end it turned out to be one of his best westerns and didn't have to fall back on his usual \"man with no name\" character", "The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) - A Controversial Production and a Unique Western\nThis is probably one of the roles closer to what Eastwood himself is, or pictures himself as, and happily it is much more than just the screaming madman on the poster."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.lifefoodandtravel.com/2020/

Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy

["Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nIn the Kitchen: Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/ My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nI asked my son what he wanted for dinner. \"Spaghetti Bolognese...with cilantro\" was his reply. \"With cilantro,\" that was something different, I thought. So, I came up with this idea - I would take two of my pasta sauce recipes and use them both, with some modification. From the title of this entry, I'm sure you got the hint.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nAs I started my meal preparation, I thought of my visit to Bologna several years ago, with a dear friend. It was just a train ride away from Milan. That visit turned out to be quite interesting, as it gave me more insights into the historical importance of this place.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nBologna is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna, in the Po Valley of Northern Italy. One of its claims to fame is it is the home of the oldest university in the western world, the University of Bologna which dates back to 1088. In the 19th century, Bologna was once again under the sovereignty of the Papal States.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nBologna is one of the most developed cities in Italy, ranking as one of the top cities in terms of quality of life in Italy, due largely to its strong industrial tradition, its highly-developed social services, and its prominent location at the crossing-point of the most important highways and railways in the country. Bologna is a lively and cosmopolitan Italian college city, with a rich history, art, cuisine, music and culture. It was named \"2000's European Capital of Culture.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nPiazza Magiore is the main square. Here is a partial view of the Basilica di San Petronio, the facade of which remains unfinished.\nOn another side of the piazza is Palazzo d'Accursio.\nAnother view of Palazzo d'Accursio\nMy friend is showing me how these two iconic towers were constructed...\nslanted and almost meeting at the tips, from one angle!\nYou can see that the problems started at the base...looks like over compensation for the unleveled ground.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nWe got to a crossroad and ended up shopping on Via Rizzoli\nThere were many churches, almost one in every corner.\nThe main church we visited was this, for a special exhibition on \"Eucharistic Miracles\" that have taken place in...\ndifferent parts of the world. The posters were hang on the metal grills in front of the side chapels, on both sides of the church.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nI was very interested in this after having read the book authored by Bob and Penny Lord \"Eucharistic Miracles\" detailing and documenting some of the Eucharistic miracles that have happened, when the bread turned into flesh or blood - transubstantiation.\nThis part of the church, the wood panels, reminded me of the interior altar section at the Notre Dame de Paris, was for use by the priests for their vespers.\nA beautiful wood-in-laid panel depicting the descent of the Holy spirit", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe following morning, we looked out from our hotel window. It was almost lunchtime and we decided to have the famous Spaghetti Bolognes from where it originated, before heading back to Milan.\nWe found a restaurant serving Spaghetti Bolognese in this area. I ordered it. When It came, I was surprised that it had very little ground meat but more of a tomato sauce that flavored the pasta, and I had to asked for formaggio - Parmigiano Reggiano!\nINGREDIENTS for my recipe , as requested by my son -", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nAlla Checca Pasta Sauce\n1. 1 small clove of garlic, chopped or pressed\n2. I small onion, coarsely chopped\n3. 2 seeded tomatoes, diced\n4. Coarsely chopped cilantro (instead of Basil)\n5. 1 Tbsp. Extra Virgin Olive Oil\n6. Salt and pepper to taste\nCombine all ingredients and set aside.\nINGREDIENTS for Bolognese Pasta Sauce\n1. 1 clove of garlic, chopped\n3. 3/4 lb. (350 gms) of ground beef, 5% fat\n4. 2 125 gm. cans tomato paste\n5. 1 1/2 c. water\n6. 1/2 c. red wine\n7. 1 tsp. ground nutmeg", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n8. 1 tsp. sea salt and pepper to taste\nArrivederci, Bologna!\nPosted by yolanda at 08:24 No comments:\nLabels: Bologna, Eucharistic Miracles, sauce alla Checca, Spaghetti Bolognes\nHoly Christ of Agony (Limpias Christo) at Iglesia de San Pedro in Cantabria, Santander, Spain", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nSome years ago, on a pilgrimage to Garabandal, Spain, we took a sidetrip to visit Iglesia de San Pedro (Church of St. Peter) in Cantabria, located in the area of Rucoba de LImpias, in Santander, Spain. In this village church, an image of the Holy Christ of Agony, or also known as Christ of Limpias, has been much venerated by pilgrims from all over the world.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe church was built at the beginning of the 17th century in late Gothic and Renaissance style, under the guidance of a master of the time - Francisco de Hazas. In 1664, a Baroque doorway was added to the structure.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe fa\u00e7ade - which is made of limestone - was the work of Diego V\u00e9lez de Palacio. Next to the entrance door are two columns, one on each side. Above the columns are circular pediments with statues of St. Peter and St. Paul, and at the center above the main door is Santiago (Saint James the Great, the brother of John the Apostle) .\nThe fa\u00e7ade of Iglesia de San Pedro, Cantabria", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nProminent in the interior of the church are the three naves that are equal in height, with the center nave wider than the side ones. They are separated by cylindrical pillars that are covered with rib vaults.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nOn the altars are decorative and religious elements that date back from the 16th to the 18th century. The main altar piece - that of Christ of Limpias, made of polychrome wood carving with the Sorrowful Virgin Mary on one side and the apostle John on the other, in Rococo style dating back to 1777 - are Andalusian art works from either Cadiz or Seville.\nOn the side chapels, there are the statue of the archdeacon - Fernando de Palacio and the tomb of General Don Antonio Cirilo de Rivero in marble.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe main altar at the center of the three naves\nThe figures above the main altar are life-size, and the crucifix is believed to have been the work of Pedro de Mena, who passed away in 1693. In the course of time, the crucifix was given to the church by Fr. Diego de la Piedra Secadura, a native of Limpias who was born in 1916.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nJesus on the cross is a depiction of the suffering of our Lord in the final moments of his crucifixion. Measuring six feet tall, the body of our Lord is clothed with a loin cloth held in place by a rope. His feet are on top of each other, pierced by a single nail.\nHis index and middle fingers on both hands which are nailed to the cross look like He is giving a final blessing, with His eyes looking towards heaven.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nMiracles have been attributed to this image of Christ since 1919. Here are some accounts as published in this website: https://www.miraclesofthechurch.com/2010/10/miraculous-crucifix-of-limpias-jesus.html\nThe First Miracle -The eyes of Jesus on the crucifix miraculously come alive", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe first recorded miracle involving this crucifix took place in 1914, five years before the grand miracles of 1919. The recipient of the favor was Don Antonio Lopez, a monk belonging to the Order of the Pauline Fathers who conducted a college in Limpias. His entire account reads as follows:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201cOne day in the month of August, 1914, I went into the parish church of Limpias, by order of my friend D. Gregorio Bringas, to fix the electric light over the high altar. In order to be able to work more comfortably I put two large cases on the altar, and on them a ladder, the ends of which I leaned against the wall that serves as a background to the figure of the Crucified One.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"After I had worked for two hours, in order to rest myself a little I began to clean the figure so that it could be seen more clearly. My head was on a level with the Head of the Christ, and at a distance of only a couple of feet from it. It was a lovely day and through the window in the sanctuary a flood of light streamed into the church and lit up the whole altar", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nAs I was gazing at the crucifix with the closest attention, I noticed with astonishment that Our Lord's eyes were gradually closing, and for five minutes I saw them quite closed.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"Overwhelmed with fright at such an unexpected spectacle, I could still hardly quite believe what I saw, and was about to come down from the ladder. Notwithstand\u00acing, my bewilderment was so great that my strength suddenly failed me; I lost my balance, fainted, and fell from the ladder onto the edge of the altar itself and down the steps into the sanctuary.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"After I had somewhat recovered, I was convinced from where I lay that the eyes of the figure on the crucifix were still closed. I pulled myself together hastily and went out in order to relate what had happened, and also to be medically examined, for my whole body was in great pain from the fall.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"A few minutes after I had left the church I met the sacristan, who was just going to ring the Angelus, as it was twelve o'clock noon. When he saw me so agitated and covered with dust he asked if anything had happened to me. I told him what had occurred, whereupon he said he was not surprised as he had already heard that the Santo Cristo had closed His eyes on one other occasion, and that it was probably brought about by the working of some interior mechanism.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"I asked him to collect the tools together and to put away the ladder, and generally to tidy up everything again. Then when I reached the college I told the Fathers the whole of the above incident. I was examined, but no wounds were found on my body and no broken bones, only a few bruises of slight importance.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"Thinking that the movement I had observed in the eyes of the figure was to be attributed in any case to a mechanism, I attached no further importance to the vision, but tried, however, to find out on what occasion this fact had already been observed, but without success, as no one could give me any information whatsoever about the matter.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"Since then I have often cleaned the crucifix, and at the same time examined it minutely, and am convinced that there is neither a spring nor any other mechanism on it. What is more, the eyes were so firmly fixed that even by pressing hard with one's fingers they could not be made to move in the least, nor could they be turned in any direction, as I have proved myself again and again.\u201d", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nFather Antonio Lopez wrote the above account of his experience at the request of his superiors, and then kept the matter to himself. It was only on March 16, 1920, a year after the many miracles of 1919, that the above declaration was made public.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nWhen the miracles attributed to the image of the Holy Christ of Agony (Christ of Limpias) were happening, religious fervor among the village people and the surrounding areas was waning and the church was practically deserted. To bring the miracles to the attention of the local people, the parish priest - Rev. Thomas Echevarria organized a mission", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nHe applied to the Capuchin monastery at Montehano, not too far from Santander, and he was assigned two priests - Friar Anselmo de Jalon and Friar Agatangelo de San Miguel - to help him out.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" On the last day of the mission, Sunday, March 30, while the Archpriest D. Eduardo Miqueli was celebrating Holy Mass, both missionaries were occupied in the confessional. Fr. Agatangelo, however, delivered the day's sermon based on the words, \"My son, give me thy heart.\" (Prov. 23:26). While he was speaking, a girl of about 12 entered the confessional of Fr. Jalon and told him that the eyes of Christ on the cross were closed", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThinking that this was the product of the child's imagination, the priest ignored her claim until other children also came to him with the same message. After Fr. Agatangelo finished the address and was about to return to his confessional, Fr. Jalon approached him and told him of the children's claim. Both priests then looked at the crucifix but saw nothing unusual. Presently a man in the congregation shouted for everyone to look upon the crucifix", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nIn a few moments the people confirmed with great excitement what the children had seen. Some of the people began crying, others shouted that they had seen a miracle, others fell to their knees in prayer while others called out to God for mercy.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"After the parish priest was called from the sacristy and was told that the eyes of the Crucified were opening and closing and that the figure was turning His gaze from side to side, he, too, fell on his knees to pray. But his prayer was soon interrupted by many of the people who declared that the figure was perspiring and that Fr. Jalon should climb up to the crucifix to verify it. When a ladder was produced, Fr. Jalon climbed up and saw that the perspiration covered the figure's neck and chest", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nAfter touching the neck, he looked upon his fingers that were wet with the fluid. As verification of what had taken place, he showed his moistened fingers to the congregation. Once again agitation and excitement gripped the people so that it was a long time before they were calmed.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"None of the priests saw the movements of the eyes, but Fr. Agatangelo later saw the miracle several times when he prayed alone in the church at night.\nA report of all that had taken place was given by the Archpriest D. Eduardo to the bishop of Santander on April 2, 1919. This report was later published in the Boletin Eclesiastico of the diocese of Santander.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"The second set of public apparitions first took place on Palm Sunday, April 13, 1919, when two prominent men of Limpias approached the altar. Speaking of hallucination and mass hysteria as they looked upon the crucifix, one of them suddenly pointed upward and fell to his knees. At once the other man also fell to his knees, crying for mercy and proclaiming his belief in the miracle.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"The third apparitions took place on Easter Sunday, April 20, in the presence of a group of nuns known as the Daughters of the Cross who conducted a girls' school in Limpias. They saw both the eyes and lips of the Santo Cristo move. At this time some of their students also saw the miracle, as did a group of people who were reciting the Holy Rosary. Their experience was quickly reported to the parish priest. The manifestations were repeated almost daily from April 24.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nOnce again, the church came to life when the people from Limpias and the neighboring towns came after hearing about the miracles.\nReverend Baron Von Kleist reports that:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c 'Many said that the Saviour looked at them; at some in a kindly manner, and at others gravely, and at yet others with a penetrating and stern glance", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nMany of them saw tears in His eyes; others noticed that drops of blood ran down from the temples pierced by the crown of thorns; some saw froth on His lips and sweat on His body; others again saw how He turned His eyes from side to side, and let His gaze pass over the whole assembly of people; or how, at the Benediction, He made a movement of the eyes as if giving the blessing; how at the same time He moved the thorn-crowned head from one side to the other", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nOthers had the impression that a deep, submissive sigh was wrested from His breast, some believed they saw Him whisper- in short, the most varied manifestations were observed on this crucifix.' \u201d", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nOne of the prominent citizens to witness a miracle was Don Adolfo Arenaza. His testimony was published in the newspaper - La Gazeta del Norte (in Bilbao) - on May 5, 1919. Here is his account:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"He reported that he joined a procession going to Limpias in order to visit the crucifix. While looking through his field-glasses he saw the movement of the eyes four times. He further stated that it could not have been an effect of the light nor an hallucination, since people saw the miracle from all parts of the church. He then asked, \"Does Our Lord really move His eyes ... I am rather of the opinion that He really does move them, for I have seen it myself.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe miraculous accounts had spread to all of Spain and in the United States. There was a journalist who was able to witness the movement of the eyes and the mouth of Jesus.\n\u201c 'I could perceive two movements of the jawbone, as if He were saying two syllables with His lips. I shut my eyes quite tight and asked myself: \"What will He have said?\" The answer was not long in coming, for in my innermost self I clearly heard the significant and blessed words, \"Love Me!\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThere were more than 8,000 testimonies given by people from all walks of life who had witness miracles of Christ of Limpias. 2,500 of these were sworn on oath.\nA Capuchin monk - Fr. Celestino Maria de Pozuelo- in his report stated: \" ... The face presented a vivid expression of pain: the body was a bluish colour, as if it had received cruel blows, and was bathed in perspiration. . .\"\nTestimonies from more members of the religious:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"Father Valentin Incio of Gijon tells that he visited Limpias on August 4, 1919 and joined a group of pilgrims who wen; witnessing the miracle. There were 30 to 40 people, two other priests, 10 sailors and a woman who was crying with emotion. Father Incio wrote:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c 'At first Our Lord seemed to be alive; His head then preserved its customary position and His countenance the natural expression, but His eyes were full of life and looked about in different directions... Then His gaze was directed towards the centre, where the sailors stood, whom He contemplated for a long time; then He looked to the left towards the sacristy with a remarkably stern glance which He retained for some time. Now came the most touching moment of all", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nJesus looked at all of us, but so gently and kindly, so expressively, so lovingly and divinely, that we fell on our knees and wept and adored Christ. .. Then Our Lord continued to move His eyelids and eyes, which shone as if they were full of tears; then He moved His lips gently as if He were saying something or praying", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nAt the same time the above mentioned lady who was beside me, saw the Master trying to move His arms and striving to get them loose from the Cross.' Signing their names to this statement were the three priests, nine of the sailors and the lady.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" 'The Coadjutor of St. Nicholas Church in Valencia, Father Paulino Girbes, relates in his statement of September 15, 1919 that he was in the company of two bishops and 18 priests when they knelt before the crucifix:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" '... We all saw the face of the Santo Cristo become sadder, paler, and more bluish-looking. The mouth also was wider open than usual. The eyes gave a gentle glance now at the bishops and then in the direction of the sacristy. The features at the same time took on the expression of a man who is in his death-struggle. That lasted a long time. I could not restrain my tears and began to weep; the others were similarly affected...\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" 'Father Joseph Einsenlohr submitted his statement on June 18, 1921. After offering Holy Mass at the altar below the crucifix, he sat in the church to attend the Mass being offered by another priest. He wrote:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c 'After the Santo Cristo moved His head and eyes for a certain time He began to pull at the shoulders, to writhe and to bend, as a man does when he is nailed alive to a cross. Everything was in motion, only the hands and feet remained nailed fast. In the end the whole body relaxed as if exhausted, then took up its natural position again with the head and eyes turned up in the direction of heaven. This whole scene of the dying Saviour lasted from the Sanctus until after the priest's Communion...' \u201d", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" 'A Capuchin monk named Father Antonio Maria de Torrelavega visited the crucifix on September 11, 1919, he saw blood streaming from the left corner of Our Lord's mouth. The next day, he:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c '.... observed anew, only still more frequently, the movement of the eyes, and saw, too, once more that blood was flowing down from the corner of the mouth ... Several times He also looked at me. Now I felt as if my whole being were shaken violently ... I stood up, therefore, and changed places three or four times, always observing, however, the same manifestations ..", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nAt about two o'clock, as I was kneeling in one of the central benches, I saw the Santo Cristo gazing at me again, and this so affected me that I had to hold on tight to the bench, as my strength was beginning to fail me ... I noticed that the countenance changed colour and became bluish and sad. Many other persons who were kneeling round me also observed this ... Now I verify it; there is no doubt the Santo Cristo moves His eyes. During my visit I saw the movement of the eyes about fifty times...' \u201c", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" 'Father Manuel Cubi, an author, lecturer and confessor of the Church del Pilar in Saragossa, Spain gave his statement on December 24, 1919. In the company of a group of people, he saw the Santo Cristo in a death agony.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c '\u2026One had the impression that Our Lord was trying to loosen Himself from the cross with violent convulsive movements; one thought to hear the death-rattle in His throat. Then He raised His head, turned His eyes, and closed His mouth. Now and then I saw His tongue and teeth ... For nearly half an hour He showed us how much we had cost Him, and what He had suffered for us during His abandonment and thirst on the cross.\u201d", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nStatements from physicians who were, initially, skeptical and out to disprove the miracles and come up with scientific reasons to explain the \"hysteria\":", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" A report made by Dr. Penamaria was published in the paper \u201cLa Montana\u201d dated May, 1920. The doctor described what seemed to him to be \"...a re-enactment of Christ's death on the Cross.\" He writes that after witnessing the movement of the statue's eyes and mouth, and after changing locations in the church to verify the miracle, he prayed for a more distinctive proof, something more extraordinary \"..", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nthat would leave no scope to further doubt, and would give me positive grounds for His miracle, so that I might also proclaim it to all and sundry, and defend it against every opponent, even at the risk of losing my life.\" He then writes:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201cThis request seemed pleasing to Our Lord ... A moment later His mouth was twisted sharply to the left, His glassy, pain-filled eyes gazed up to heaven with the sad expression of those eyes that look and yet do not see. His lead-colored lips appeared to tremble; the muscles of the neck and breast were contracted and made breathing forced and laboured. His truly Hippocratic features showed the keenest pangs of death", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nHis arms seemed to be trying to get loose from the cross with convulsive backward and forward movements, and showed clearly the piercing agony that the nails caused in His hands at each movement. Then followed the indrawing of a breath, then a second ... a third ... I do not know how many... always with painful oppression; then a frightful spasm, as with someone who is suffocating and struggling for air, at which the mouth and nose were opened wide", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nNow fol\u00aclows an outpouring of blood, fluid, frothing, that runs over the under-lip, and which the Saviour sucks up with His bluish, quivering tongue, that He slowly and gently passes two or three times in succession over the lower lip; then an instant of slight repose, another slow breath ..", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nnow the nose becomes pointed, the lips are drawn together rhythmically, and then extend, the bluish cheek-bones project, the chest expands and contracts vio\u00aclently after which His head sinks limply on His breast, so that the back of the head can be seen distinctly. Then ... He expires! . . . I have tried to describe in out\u00acline what I saw during more than two hours...\u201d", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" An extraordinary revelation was observed by Dr. D. Pedro Cuesta in August, 1920. The doctor first tells that he was in the company of a priest, a doctor and a married couple. In the morning, during Holy Mass, his companions saw the miraculous movements but he did not, even though he moved from one position in the church to another. That afternoon he was persuaded to return to the church and saw this astounding revelation.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\" 'When I fixed my gaze for the third or fourth time on the figure I noticed that the fleshy parts entirely disappeared, so that only the skin still remained, a skeleton on which I could have made anatomical studies. The head was completely dried up, until it, like the skin that I had seen, totally vanished. After I had not seen the figure at all for some time it reappeared, but as if mummified, until later on it was also restored by degrees in its fleshy parts", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nYes, I observed clearly the formation of a hypertrophy (enlargement) of the head, which then also extended to the remaining parts of the body. Each of these apparitions was repeated twice.", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"At the last stage of the second development I could no longer control myself, but cried out in terror and fled out of the church. A cowardly fear had taken possession of me, whereas I had never before known fear-let my description not be set down to exaggeration ... I, who was never ill, thought I should die on the spot. The instinct of self-preservation drove me out of the church or I should have had to be carried out as a corpse", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nSo I stumbled out of the church and confessed with my whole heart to the people standing outside: By my reputation as a physician and on my word of honour, I take my oath to what I state herewith, and which I will also certify and ratify with my blood.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c 'As I was praying before the crucifix of the Santo Cristo, He looked at me lovingly for nearly a minute ... then Christ raised His head, which then remained in quite a peaceful attitude. The muscles of the neck relaxed ... the eyes were at the same time wide open and turned upwards ..", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nthere ensued a violent inhalation with straining of the muscles of the neck, whereby the musculus cleidomastoideus especially stood out, and furthermore the musculi pectorales, the scalenus anterior, and the accessory respiratory muscles, with a considerable dilation of the intercostal spaces, as in the case, for example at the last struggle after mortal wounds ... For a moment He appeared on the point of death ... then He resumed His customary expression, as the artist had given it to the figure ..", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nI must add that during the whole of that afternoon I saw the figure a reddish colour. The following day it was a yellowish or lead colour, as with a dying person ...\u201d", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n'There is also a report of a non-believer who was a medical student named D. Heriberto de la Villa. His testimony was published in the paper \u201cDel Pueblo Astur\u201d on July 8, 1919. He first strongly declares that: \" ... auto-suggestion is quite out of the question, for I did not believe in the miracle when I went.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nHe later went into the church at the urging of a friend and saw the movement of the eyes and mouth. Doubting what he was seeing, he changed his location in the church to better study the movements and then saw the crucifix of Limpias:", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c. . . gaze upon me with a terrible look full of anger, which makes me shudder, and I cannot help but bow my head ... I look up again and see how He is looking to the right, bowing His head, and turns it to the right, so that I can see the crown of thorns from behind ... Once again he turns on me the same angry look which makes such a deep impression upon me that I see myself obliged to leave the church.\"\nLater that day he returned to the church and saw that,", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\u201c... little by little the breast and face became dark blue, the eyes move to the right and left, upwards and down, the mouth opens somewhat, as if He were breathing with difficulty. This I saw for fifteen to twenty minutes ... I also noticed that above the left eyebrow a wound formed, out of which a drop of blood flowed over the eyebrows, and remained stationary by the eyelids. After that I saw another drop of blood fall from the crown of thorns and flow over the face", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nI could distinctly discern it, for it was very red and contrasted with the dark blue colour of the face. Then I saw a quantity of blood drip from the crown of thorns onto the shoulder, but without touching the face. He opened His mouth wide, out of which a white matter like froth welled. At this moment a Dominican priest mounted the pulpit, whereupon Christ gazed steadily at him for five or six minutes ...\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"When the preacher ended with the words: \"and now, Santo Cristo, give us Thy blessing,\" Christ opened His eyes and mouth, smiling, and bowed His head, as if He wished to give the benediction in reality. At this moment someone who was standing near me asked me if I would venture to swear on oath to what I saw ..", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThen I recognized that Christ wanted to prove to me the truth of what I saw; He opened His mouth again, out of which froth and blood streamed in great quantity and flowed out of the comers of the mouth quite distinctly ... Thereafter I believed that it was now my duty to swear upon oath to what I had seen, and I did so in the sacristy of the church.\u201d", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"As noted above, most of those who saw the miracle instinctively felt the need to change locations within the church in order to verify what they had witnessed. For some, the miracle took place the first time they entered the church, but might not have taken place sometime later. For others, the miracle did not take place the first time, but occurred later in the day. Some did not see the miracle at all", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nAs one witness testified: \"The fact that these manifestations are seen by some, by others not, cannot be explained by the laws that are prescribed for nature.\"", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\n\"The official position of the Catholic Church concerning the miraculous events at Limpias: Bishop Sanchez de Castro, the Bishop of Santander, in whose diocese Limpias belongs, introduced a canonical process on July 18, 1920 in which Rome was notified of the miraculous cures and manifestations. One year and one day later, a plenary indulgence was granted for a period of seven years to all the faithful who visit the holy crucifix.\n-Lord Jesus Crucified, have mercy on us!", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nBy 1921, it was estimated that the number of visitors who came to Limpias had exceeded the number of pilgrims who had visited Lourdes. Among them were members of the royalty, politicians, church dignitaries from foreign, Christian nations. Today, pilgrims still come to Limpias, but in much smaller numbers.\nAround Paris: Wholesale Fabric District, Montmartre\nDiscovering where the wholesale fabric district in Paris was by sheer chance. I found this by just walking and walking around, after v...", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe Veneration of the Crown of Thorns, Notre Dame de Paris, France\nThe relics of the Passion of Christ at the Notre Dame de Paris - including a piece of the cross, two nails and the Holy Crown of Thorns ...\nAround Paris: Museum Visit - Petit Palais\nFor the tourist, as well as the locals, one of the best deals in Paris is to visit the Petit Palais - admission is free, except for the ...\nIn the Kitchen: BACALAO a la Italiana", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nWhat a big hit my Bacalao a la Italiana was during our Christmas-day luncheon. I learned how to make this from a high school classmate when...\nSunday Brunch at the H\u00f4tel Plaza Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e, Paris\nL'H\u00f4tel Plaza Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e Paris is a 5 star luxury hotel situated on Avenue Montaigne. The hotel is owned by the Sultan of Brunei and it is...\nUnique Finds at the Legazpi Sunday Market, Makati City, Philippines", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nThe Legazpi Sunday Market has grown to become one of my favorite markets to visit, each time I go to the Philippines. I first discovered th...\nSan Juan Capistrano, Part 1: Christmas at the Mission\nIt's a season to be spent with family and friends. On the occasion of a visiting friend, we included \"Christmas at the Mission\"...\nIn Crowded Rome for the Beatification of Pope John Paul II", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nLast weekend, in Rome, the mood was jubilant and over a million people came to attend the beatification of John Paul II. I was o...\nAround Paris: Church Visit - Eglise de la Madeleine\nGoing to a church is somewhat like going to a museum, when you are sight-seeing. Take the case of l'Eglise de la Madeleine ( the Church...\nartisanale (2)\narugula (1)\nAvenue Montaigne (3)\nBecca Godinez (1)\nCDG (1)\nchampagne region (1)\nChristmas Markets (8)\ncoffee shop (1)\nColumbus Avenue (1)\nDjango Reinhardt (1)", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nDomitians Stadium (1)\nDrummer Boy (1)\nelm tree (1)\nexperimental cooking (1)\nEyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcano (1)\nFritata (1)\nHeritage Forum (1)\nJASMS (1)\njet plane (1)\nl'as du falafel (1)\nL'Hay-les-Roses (1)\nLa Fontana Dei Fuimi (1)\nla marais (1)\nle Palais Garnier (1)\nleftovers (1)\nMarche de Noel (1)\nsoy sauce (1)\nsunny-side up egg (1)\nTaquitos (1)\nTurrones (1)\nTwice-Cooked Adobo style (1)\nVal de Marne (1)\nWay of the Cross (2)\nIn the Kitchen: Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/ My...", "Spaghetti Bolognes alla Checca/My Visit to Bologna, Italy\nHoly Christ of Agony (Limpias Christo) at Iglesia ...\n\u00a9 Copyright Ms. Ellaneous 2011. All rights reserved.. Travel theme. 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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://sg.news.yahoo.com/chile-president-investigated-pandora-papers-215536446.html

Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak

["Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nChile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nChilean prosecutors have opened an investigation into President Sebastian Pinera over the sale of a mining company through a firm owned by his children, which appeared in the Pandora Papers leaks (AFP/JAVIER TORRES)\n35th and 37th president of Chile", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nThe Chilean public prosecutor's office on Friday opened an investigation into President Sebastian Pinera over the sale of a mining company through a firm owned by his children, which appeared in the Pandora Papers leaks.\nAttorney General Jorge Abbott opened the probe after the Pandora Papers revealed the sale of the Dominga mining company by a firm \"linked to the family of President Pinera,\" said Marta Herrera, head of the anti-corruption unit in the public prosecutor's office.", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nPinera hit out at the move, claiming he had already been absolved of any guilt in a 2017 investigation.\n\"I have full confidence that the courts, as they have already done, will confirm there were no irregularities and also my total innocence,\" said Pinera.\nThe sale of the mine to one of Pinera's closest friends dates to 2010, during his previous term as president.", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\n\"As president of Chile I have never, never carried out any action nor management related to Dominga Mining,\" added Pinera, who took no questions from journalists.\nHerrera said the public prosecutor's office took the decision to investigate because of the possibility that the deal involved \"bribery, eventual tax crimes, matters that will all ultimately be the subject of an investigation.\"\nThe case is due to be led by the public prosecutor in the region of Valparaiso, to the north of the capital Santiago.", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nHerrera said bribery convictions carried a prison sentence of five years.\nAccording to an investigation by two local media, CIPER and LaBot that are part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) that produced the so-called Pandora Papers, Dominga was sold to businessman Carlos Alberto Delano, a friend of Pinera's, for $152 million in a deal carried out in the British Virgin Islands, a well-known tax haven.", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nThe investigation found that the payment was due to be staggered over three instalments with a clause that stated the final instalment was dependent on \"not establishing an area of environmental protection in the area of the mining company's operations, as environmentalists are demanding.\"\nAccording to the investigation, the Pinera government did not create a protected area around the site of the mine in question.\n- 'Public knowledge' -", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nOn Monday, Pinera denied that there was any conflict of interest in the mine's sale.\nHe insisted that he knew nothing of the deal, because during his first presidency from 2010-14 he said he put the administration of his assets in blind trusts.\n\"The decision of the administration of these assets to sell Dominga Mine in 2010, which I was not informed about, was precisely to avoid any trace of conflict of interests,\" said conservative Pinera, a 71-year-old billionaire.", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nHe said the information contained in the Pandora Papers was \"not new\" and has been public knowledge since 2017.\n\"It was also investigated in depth by the public ministry and resolved by the courts of justice,\" he added.\nHowever, on Friday Herrera said the sale of the Dominga mine was not actually \"expressly included\" in the case that was shelved in 2017.\nDominga owns two open-air mines in the Atacama desert, 500 kilometers north of Santiago, that are yet to be exploited.", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nA mining project to do so was approved by a regional court but has yet to be ratified in the supreme court due to appeals.\nThe project included the construction of a cargo port close to an archipelago that is home to a national park reserve where protected species live, including 80 percent of the world's population of Humboldt penguins.", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nDuring his first presidency, Pinera announced the cancellation of the construction of a thermoelectric plant close to the Dominga mine, but took no more steps to protect the area.\nfj/dga/bc/bgs\nBuckingham Palace was forced to disclose Queen Elizabeth II had stayed overnight in hospital after The Sun newspaper broke the story\nMonthly school fees for PRs, international students to increase by up to $150 in 2022, 2023", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nMonthly school fees for Singapore PRs and international students in government and government-aided schools are set to increase by up to $150 for the next two years.\nIsolated and unpaid, Mongolian coal drivers queue at Chinese border\nSnaking across the barren Mongolian desert, a convoy crawls along the once-busy highway to the Chinese border -- its truckers desperate to finally deliver their cargo of coal after months of brutal Covid-19 delays and no pay. AND SOUNDBITES", "Chile president investigated after Pandora Papers leak\nIAF's Mirage 2000 Aircraft Crashes in Madhya Pradesh's Bhind, Pilot Injured\nThe IAF said that the aircraft \"experienced a technical malfunction during a training sortie\" on Thursday morning.\nNew Zealand sets 90% vaccine target to end lockdown\nNew Zealand set a 90-percent vaccination target Friday for scrapping lockdowns as Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern unveiled a plan to open up despite the stubborn grip of the Delta variant."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

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The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir

["The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nBackdrop and Hostilities\nThe Constitutional Position\nOn 15 August 1947 , the independent `dominions' of India and Pakistan were born and the rule of the British Crown over the Princely States in the sub-continent ended. The Government of India soon declared that it considered the States free only to join India or Pakistan and not to remain independent. But Mr. Jinnah, speaking for Pakistan, gave it as his opinion that they were fully empowered to remain independent of both if the rulers so wished.", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir decided to postpone a decision on the problem of accession, and to have a Standstill Agreement with both India and Pakistan . The Maharaja in telegrams made an offer of a Standstill Agreement in identical terms to both India and Pakistan on 12 August 1947 . However, the State signed a Standstill Agreement only with Pakistan , and no agreement was executed with the Government of India prior to the State's accession to India on 26 October 1947", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe postal and telegraph facilities in the State were placed under the control of the Pakistan Government, which promised to continue the existing arrangements by which the State imported wheat, cloth, ammunition, kerosene oil and petrol from West Punjab .", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nVery soon however, these amicable relations deteriorated. August saw a hideous wave of communal rioting in the whole of the Punjab . Thousands of Hindus and Sikhs were butchered in West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province and their women abducted; thousands of Muslims suffered the same fate in East Punjab . Millions of refugees poured out from both, traveling in huge columns. The State of Jammu and Kashmir at first remained a heaven for the victims for either side", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe people of the State irrespective of religion, maintained their traditional harmony and stuck to the idea of communal brotherhood. The State in fact became a corridor for the passage of Muslim refugees westward and the Hindu and Sikh refugees eastward. But, these refugees did not fail to excite their co- religionists in the State by the stories of their sufferings, and even tried to wreak their vengeance within the State on the co-religionists of those who had wronged them.", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nUnits of the State's army, commanded by Major - General Scott, tried their best to prevent the communal fracas and to punish those responsible for them. But when they took action against some Muslim trouble-makers in the Punch area, newspapers and leaders of the Muslim League in West Punjab declared that the Maharaja's Dogra troops were murdering and terrorising the innocent Muslims of the state", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nOn 29 August, the Maharaja of Kashmir received a telegram from one Raja Yakub Khan on behalf of the people of Hazara, alleging attacks on Muslims in Punch and threatening : \"We are ready to enter the State fully equipped to fight with your forces. You are requested to ease the situation soon, otherwise be ready to bear the consequences.\" About the beginning of September, raids began to take place from Pakistan into the border area of the State", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nOn 03 September, a band of raiders, several hundred strong, attacked the village of Kotha, 27 km south-east of Jammu , and when chased by troops of State army, fled back into Pakistan . At the same time, another band of 500 raiders armed with service rifles of .303 calibre attacked some Hindu refugees and the State petrol reservoir at Chak Haria, 10 km south of Samba", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nOn 4 September, General Scott wired to the State Government at Srinagar, \"Reliable reports state that on the 2nd and 3rd September, 1947, a band of up to 400 armed Sattis- Muslim residents mainly in Kahuta Tehsil of Rawalpindi district were infiltrating into the State over the river Jhelum from Pakistan in the area of Owen, eleven miles (18 km) east of kahuta. Their purpose is looting and attacking minority communities in the State\"", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe Prime Minister of the State sent a telegram the same day to the Chief Minister of West Punjab and Deputy Commissioner of Rawalpindi, informing them of these raids and requesting measures to prevent the infiltration of raiders. The Deputy Commissioner of Rawalpindi replied denying the facts. The raids continued, with Pak army patrols intruding into the State on 6 September and 13 September", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nOn 17 September, a band of 400 armed raiders was met about 19 km south-east of Ranbirsinghpura and retreated into Pakistan after exchanging fire with the State's armed police. On 22 September, further raids were reported from a place 10 km south-east of Samba. In the area of Punch also, trouble continued, and the State forces were compelled to deal with it with a heavy hand", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe cry then went up that the Maharaja was trying to preserve his despotism by ruthlessly putting down the movement of democratic freedom among his subjects.", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nSheikh Abdullah, the leader of the National Conference, which was the biggest political party, was opposed to communalism, and his influence over the masses was undisputed. So, to help in curbing the wave of communal fury, Sheikh Abdullah was released from prison on 29 September 1947 . But instead of improving, the situation took a turn for the worse. On 4 October, an airplane was seen flying back and forth between Kohala and Palandri, obviously engaged in military reconnaissance of the area", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe same day about 400 raiders armed with tommy guns and bombs surrounded Chirala. Feverish movement of uniformed men carried in mechanical transport was noticed across the Pakistan border. Concentrations of tribal warriors were reported from Abbotabad. The raiders were now giving battle to the small contingents of the State Force near Chirala and Bagh in Rawalkot area", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nOn 10 October, more raids took place in the Jammu area and during night of 11 / 12 October armed raiders crossed the river Jhelum from Hazara and entered Punch area. The raiders were not only better armed now, but were frequently assisted by batches of men in Pakistan Army's uniform", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nLight machine guns and communication by wireless had begun to appear in the raider bands, while their probes over a wide arc of the frontier succeeded in splitting up the State Force into penny-packets strung out all along the border. The State's army was being gradually immobilised, and its capacity for coherent strategic action destroyed. The stage was being set for the open invasion of Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan.", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe invasion of Kashmir was meticulously planned, carefully timed and executed. An effective economic blockade, orchestrated communal disharmony and preliminary operations set the stage for the launch of 'Operation Gulmarg'. Pakistani raiders attacked small garrisons of the state forces in the beginning of October. The attacks over a wide area succeeded in splitting the state forces into penny packets. The state army was being gradually immobilized and its capacity for a coherent strategic action destroyed", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe situation deteriorated rapidly. The stage was thus set for the entry of raiders into the valley, and execution of the final phase of the plan, i.e. capture of Srinagar . This phase commenced in the last week of October, which left the Maharaja with no choice other than to accede with India to get the aid of India.", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThe military set up in J&K comprised of a Army HQ at Srinagar and four brigades. Brigadier Rajendra Singh, Chief of Staff of the J&K State Force, headed the Army HQ. The four brigades were the Jammu Brigade, the Kashmir Brigade, the Mirpur Brigade and the Punch Brigade. These four brigades, between them had only eight infantry battalions. The State Force had no artillery or armour", "The Constitutional Position and Background of the Problem of Acession of Jammu and Kashmir\nThis small force was charged with the responsibility of looking after the 500 kilometer long mountainous border from Gilgit to Suchetgarh. Troops were stretched all along this border in occupying posts in varying strengths."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://ca.bookshop.org/books/freedom-through-education/9780816671304

Freedom Through Education: A

["Freedom Through Education: A\nFreedom Through Education was first published in 1939. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions.February 15, 1939To the People of Minnesota:Knowing President Coffman as well as I did, I know he would have deprecated any elaborate eulogy of his work in and for the University of Minnesota", "Freedom Through Education: A\nI know also that he welcomed always any opportunity to present his though about it and his reflections on the changing world that conditioned the flexible and forward-looking policy he thought the University should pursue. In the pages here published by the University are embodied some of his last and most suggestive thinking about the problems that concerned him always", "Freedom Through Education: A\nThey were prepared in large part in the year he used to rebuild his health and to formulate his ideas, free from the discursive and unending tasks of a university presidency. Of that year he in his last public address said:\". . . I am almost convinced that it would be a good thing if the administrative officers of the university, certainly the president, were compelled to take a leave of absence once every fife years", "Freedom Through Education: A\nTheir strength would be renewed and they would have ample opportunity, free from the restraints and responsibilities of office, to read, to reflect on education, and to visit other educational institutions . . .\"Here were give voice to his thinking in the full faith that the works of men who are really builders are the reflection of their thinking.This booklet is also a memorial tribute that he would not deny us the right to pay to him and the work he did as an educator", "Freedom Through Education: A\nHis labors at Minnesota were so conceived and so carried on that they have a significance beyond the boundaries of the state and beyond the days of their doing.It is with profound appreciation of the importance of the contributions that Lotus Delta Coffman made to the University of Minnesota, and with deep admiration for the extent of his influence, that the Regents of the University of Minnesota issue Freedom Through Education as a tribute to him.Guy Stanton Ford,President"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.theindianpaper.com/this-movement-is-sponsored-by-political-parties-and-institutions-of-punjab/

Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics

["Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nHomePunjab Hariyana'This movement is sponsored by political parties and institutions of Punjab'\n\u2018This movement is sponsored by political parties and institutions of Punjab\u2019", "Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nHe openly lashed out at Haryana Chief Minister Manohar Lal Kisan Andolan and said that this movement belongs to the farmers of Punjab. The farmers of Haryana did not participate in this. He alleged that some unwanted elements have entered into this movement, whose audio and video we have, some institutions and political parties of Punjab are purifying the movement. Some people are cooking political loaves in the name of farmers. Everything will come out after this movement", "Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nHe said that we have some audio in which the people involved in the movement are saying that when they can do this for Indira, then why can\u2019t they do that of Modi.", "Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nChief Minister Manohar Lal Gurgaon freedom fighter recently arrived to preside over the monthly meeting of the Troubleshooting Committee. During this time, several MLAs were present including BJP MP from Gurgaon Rao Inderjit Singh. Talking to media persons after the meeting said that political parties of Punjab have played an important role in the farmers\u2019 movement and many institutions of Punjab have also been ahead in instigating this movement.\nKhattar said \u2013 we also have audio clues", "Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nResponding to the question of farmer agitation asked to Chief Minister Manohar Lal, he said that he has got some audio clues in which some such things have come to light, which are being investigated. At the same time, in response to contact with Punjab Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh, he said that three times he tried to contact himself and many times there was an attempt to contact him through the office too, but he did not talk", "Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nHe said that this has happened for the first time in the last 6 years, otherwise whenever he used to call earlier, he used to talk even when he was busy.", "Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nHe said that the work being done to bake political loaves in the name of the farmer is unfortunate and also condemnable. Chief Minister Manohar Lal made it clear that the farmers of Haryana were not involved in this movement, so he thanked the farmers of Haryana. The Chief Minister said that some people of Punjab Chief Minister\u2019s Office are organizing this movement. There is also evidence that he had hanged the I-card. He also thanked the Haryana Police and said that the police acted with great restraint", "Punjab Political Parties Sponsoring Farmers' Movement, Allege Misuse of Farmers' Plight for Politics\nThe Chief Minister said that this matter can be resolved by negotiation, for this, the Union Ministers have openly invited the farmers leaders to tell how many people can join the conversation, they can also change it as far as the date is concerned. Huh."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://orderofpreachersindependent.org/2013/04/05/saint-vincent-ferrer-c-o-p-2/

Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.

["Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nSaint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nBorn into a noble, pious family headed by the Englishman William Ferrer and the Spanish woman Constantia Miguel, Saint Vincent\u2019s career of miracle-working began early. Prodigies attended his birth and baptism on the same day at Valencia, and, at age 5, he cured a neighbor child of a serious illness. These gifts and his natural beauty of person and character made him the center of attention very early in life.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHis parents instilled into Vincent an intense devotion to our Lord and His Mother and a great love of the poor. He fasted regularly each Wednesday and Friday on bread and water from early childhood, abstained from meat, and learned to deny himself extravagances in order to provide alms for necessities. When his parents saw that Vincent looked upon the poor as the members of Christ and that he treated them with the greatest affection and charity, they made him the dispenser of their bountiful alms", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nVincent began his classical studies at the age of 8, philosophy at 12, and his theological studies at age 14. As everyone expected, he entered the Dominican priory of Valencia and received the habit on February 5, 1367. So angelic was his appearance and so holy his actions, that no other course seemed possible to him than to dedicate his life to God.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nNo sooner had he made his choice of vocation than the devil attacked him with the most dreadful temptations. Even his parents, who had encouraged his vocation, pleaded with him to leave the monastery and become a secular priest. By prayer and faith, especially prayer to Our Lady and his guardian angel, Vincent triumphed over his difficulties and finished his novitiate.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHe was sent to Barcelona to study and was appointed reader in philosophy at Lerida, the most famous university in Catalonia, before he was 21. While there he published two treatises (Dialectic suppositions was one) that were well received.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nIn 1373, he was sent to Barcelona to preach, despite the fact that he held only deacon\u2019s orders. The city, laid low by a famine, was desperately awaiting overdue shipments of corn. Vincent foretold in a sermon that the ships would come before night, and although he was rebuked by his superior for making such a prediction, the ships arrived that day. The joyful people rushed to the priory to acclaim Vincent a prophet. The prior, however, thought it would be wise to transfer him away from such adulation.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nAnother story tells us that some street urchins drew his attention to one of their gang who was stretched out in the dust, pretending to be dead, near the port of Grao: \u201cHe\u2019s dead, bring him back to life!\u201d they cried.\n\u201cAh,\u201d replied Vincent, \u201che was playing dead but the, look, he did die.\u201d This is how one definitely nails a lie: by regarding it as a truth. And it turned out to be true, the boy was quite dead. Everyone was gripped with fear. They implored Vincent to do something. God did. He raised him up.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nIn 1376, Vincent was transferred to Toulouse for a year, and continued his education. Having made a particular study of Scripture and Hebrew, Vincent was well-equipped to preach to the Jews. He was ordained a priest at Barcelona in 1379, and became a member of Pedro (Peter) Cardinal de Luna\u2019s court\u2013the beginning of a long friendship that was to end in grief for both of them", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\n(Cardinal de Luna had voted for Pope Urban VI in 1378, but convinced that the election had been invalid, joined a group of cardinals who elected Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII later in the same year; thus, creating a schism and the line of Avignon popes.)", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nAfter being recalled to his own country, Vincent preached very successfully at the cathedral in Valencia from 1385-1390, and became famed for his eloquence and effectiveness at converting Jews\u2013Rabbi Paul of Burgos, the future bishop of Cartagena was one of Vincent\u2019s 30,000 Jewish and Moorish converts\u2013and reviving the faith of those who had lapsed", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHis numerous miracles, the strength and beauty of his voice, the purity and clarity of his doctrine, combined to make his preaching effective, based as it was on a firm foundation of prayer.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nOf course, Vincent\u2019s success as a preacher drew the envy of others and earned him slander and calumny. His colleagues believed that they could make amends for the calumny by making him prior of their monastery in Valencia. He did withdraw for a time into obscurity", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nBut he was recalled to preach the Lenten sermons of 1381 in Valencia, and he could not refuse to employ the gift of speech which drew to him the good and simple people as well as the captious pastors, the canons, and the skeptical savants of the Church.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nPeter de Luna, a stubborn and ambitious cardinal, made Vincent part of his baggage, so to speak; because from 1390 on, Vincent preached wherever Peter de Luna happened to be, including the court of Avignon, where Vincent enjoyed the advantage of being confessor to the pope, when Peter de Luna became the antipope Benedict XIII in 1394.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nTwo evils cried out for remedy in Saint Vincent\u2019s day: the moral laxity left by the great plague, and the scandal of the papal schism. In regard to the first, he preached tirelessly against the evils of the time. That he espoused the cause of the wrong man in the papal disagreement is no argument against Vincent\u2019s sanctity; at the time, and in the midst of such confusion, it was almost impossible to tell who was right and who was wrong", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nThe memorable thing is that he labored, with all the strength he could muster, to bring order out of chaos. Eventually, Vincent came to believe that his friend\u2019s claims were false and urged de Luna to reconcile himself to Urban VI.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHe acted as confessor to Queen Yolanda of Aragon from 1391 to 1395. He was accused to the Inquisition of heresy because he taught that Judas had performed penance, but the charge was dismissed by the antipope Benedict XIII, who burned the Inquisition\u2019s dossier on Vincent and made him his confessor.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nBenedict offered Vincent a bishopric, but refused it. Distressed by the great schism and by Benedict\u2019s unyielding position, he advised him to confer with his Roman rival. Benedict refused. Reluctantly, Vincent was obliged to abandon de Luna in 1398. The strain of this conflict between friendship and truth caused Vincent to become dangerously ill in 1398", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nDuring his illness, he experienced a vision in which Christ and Saints Dominic and Francis instructed him to preach penance whenever and wherever he was needed, and he was miraculously cured.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nAfter recovering, he pleaded to be allowed to devote himself to missionary work. He preached in Carpetras, Arles, Aix, and Marseilles, with huge crowds in attendance. Between 1401 and 1403, the saint was preaching in the Dauphin\u00e9, in Savoy, and in the Alpine valleys: he continued on to Lucerne, Lausanne, Tarentaise, Grenoble, and Turin. He was such an effective speaker that, although he spoke only Spanish, he was thought by many to be multilingual (the gift of tongues?)", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHis brother Boniface was the prior of the Grande Chartreuse, and as a result of Vincent\u2019s preaching, several notable subjects entered the monastery.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nMiracles were attributed to him. In 1405, Vincent was in Genoa and preached against the fantastic head-dresses worn by the Ligurian ladies, and they were modified\u2013\u201cthe greatest of all his marvelous deeds, reports one of his biographers. From Genoa, he caught a ship to Flanders. Later, in the Netherlands, an hour each day was scheduled for his cures", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nIn Catalonia, his prayer restored the withered limbs of a crippled boy, deemed incurable by his physicians, named John Soler, who later became the bishop of Barcelona. In Salamanca in 1412, he raised a dead man to life. Perhaps the greatest miracle occurred in the Dauphin\u00e9, in an area called Vaupute, or Valley of Corruption. The natives there were so savage that no minister would visit them", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nVincent, ever ready to suffer all things to gain souls, joyfully risked his life among these abandoned wretches, converted them all from their errors and vices. Thereafter, the name of the valley was changed to Valpure, or Valley of Purity, a name that it has retained.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHe preached indefatigably, supplementing his natural gifts with the supernatural power of God, obtained through his fasting, prayers, and penance. Such was the fame of Vincent\u2019s missions, that King Henry IV of England sent a courtier to him with a letter entreating him to preach in his dominions. The king sent one of his own ships to fetch him from the coast of France, and received him with the greatest honors", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nThe saint having employed some time in giving the king wholesome advice both for himself and his subjects, preached in the chief towns of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Returning to France, he did the same, from Gascony to Picardy.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nThe preaching of Saint Vincent became a strange but marvelously effective process. He attracted to himself hundreds of people\u2013at one time, more than 10,000\u2013who followed him from place to place in the garb of pilgrims. The priests of the company sang Mass daily, chanted the Divine Office, and dispensed the sacraments to those converted by Vincent\u2019s preaching. Men and women travelled in separate companies, chanting litanies and prayers as they went barefoot along the road from city to city", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nThe message of his preaching was penance, the Last Judgment, and eternity. Like another John the Baptist\u2013who was also likened to an angel, as Saint Vincent is in popular art\u2013he went through the wilderness crying out to the people to make straight the paths of the Lord. Fearing the judgment, if for no other reason, sinners listened to his startling sermons, and the most obstinate were led by him to cast off sin and love God", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHe worked countless miracles, some of which are remembered today in the proverbs of Spain. Among his converts were Saint Bernardine of Siena and Margaret of Savoy.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHe returned to Spain in 1407. Despite the fact that Granada was under Moorish rule, he preached successfully, and thousands of Jews and Moors were said to have been converted and requested baptism. His sermons were often held in the open air because the churches were too small for all those who wished to hear him.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nIn 1414 the Council of Constance attempted the end the Great Schism, which had grown since 1409 with three claimants to the papal throne. The council deposed John XXIII, and demanded the resignation of Benedict XIII and Gregory XII so that a new election could be held. Gregory was willing, but Benedict was stubborn. Again, Vincent tried to persuade Benedict to abdicate. Again, he failed", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nBut Vincent, who acted as a judge in the Compromise of Caspe to resolve the royal succession, influenced the election of Ferdinand as king of Castile. Still a friend of Benedict (Peter de Luna), King Ferdinand, basing his actions on Vincent\u2019s opinion on the issue, engineered Benedict\u2019s deposition in 1416, which ended the Western Schism.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\n(It is interesting to note that the edicts of the Council of Constance were thrown out by the succeeding pope. The council had mandated councils every ten years and claimed that such convocations had precedence over the pope.)", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nHis book, Treatise on the Spiritual Life is still of value to earnest souls. In it he writes: \u201cDo you desire to study to your advantage", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\n? Let devotion accompany all your studies, and study less to make yourself learned than to become a saint. Consult God more than your books, and ask him, with humility, to make you understand what you read. Study fatigues and drains the mind and heart. Go from time to time to refresh them at the feet of Jesus Christ under his cross. Some moments of repose in his sacred wounds give fresh vigor and new lights", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nInterrupt your application by short, but fervent and ejaculatory prayers: never begin or end your study but by prayer. Science is a gift of the Father of lights; do not therefore consider it as barely the work of your own mind or industry.\u201d", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nIt seems that Vincent practiced what he preached. He always composed his sermons at the foot of a crucifix, both to beg light from Christ crucified, and to draw from that object sentiments with which to animate his listeners to penance and the love of God.", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nSaint Vincent also preached to Saint Colette and her nuns, and it was she who told him that he would die in France. Indeed, Vincent spent his last three years in France, mainly in Normandy and Brittany, and he died on the Wednesday of Holy Week in Vannes, Brittany, after returning from a preaching trip to Nantes. The day of his burial was a great popular feast with a procession, music, sermons, songs, miracles, and even minor brawls.\nBorn: 1350 at Valencia, Spain", "Saint Vincent Ferrer, C.O.P.\nDied: April 5th in 1419 at Vannes, Brittany , France\nCanonized: 1458\nPatronage: brick makers; builders; Calamonaci, Italy; construction workers; pavement workers; plumbers; tile makers\nRepresentation: cardinal\u2019s hat; Dominican preacher with a flame on his hand; Dominican preacher with a flame on his head; Dominican holding an open book while preaching; Dominican with a cardinal\u2019s hat; Dominican with a crucifix; Dominican with wings; flame; pulpit; trumpet\nDay and Night ~ by Fr. Bryan Wolf"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.hialeahfl.gov/872/Human-Traffic

Human Trafficking: A Crime of Exploitation Affecting Every Community in the United States

["Human Trafficking: A Crime of Exploitation Affecting Every Community in the United States\nHuman trafficking is a crime involving the exploitation of someone for the purposes of compelled labor or a commercial sex act through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Human trafficking affects individuals across the world, including here in the United States, and is commonly regarded as one of the most pressing human rights issues of our time. Human trafficking affects every community in the United States across age, gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic backgrounds.", "Human Trafficking: A Crime of Exploitation Affecting Every Community in the United States\nSex trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age.", "Human Trafficking: A Crime of Exploitation Affecting Every Community in the United States\nLabor trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.\nElements of Human Trafficking\nTraffickers Target"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://iadllaw.org/2019/10/iadl-resolution-on-iraq/

IADL Resolution on Iraq

["IADL Resolution on Iraq\nIADL Resolution on Iraq\nTaking note of the latest peaceful demonstrations of the Iraqi people since the beginning of October 2019, who are calling for a new general election under UN supervision and an end to the unprecedented corruption, unlawful killing, disappearances, torture, detention without trials and calling for the punishment criminals after fair trials;", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nNoting that these demonstrations are large and peaceful and that their demands are not merely for economic reforms but for increasing the space of democracy;\nNoting that the Government of Iraq continues to ignore these lawful and legitimate demands by making promises which it is incapable of fulfilling,", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nNoting that the Iraqi Parliament issued so-called \u201corders,\u201d to deal with some of the demands when in fact neither law nor constitution provide for such orders, which shows total disregard of the demands and intelligence;\nAware of the high level of pilferage and corruption that puts Iraq at the bottom of the list of Transparency International while children are eating from rubbish bins in an otherwise a wealthy country;", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nAnd further aware of the full responsibility of the United States and Western powers for this situation as a whole, including the destruction of Iraq\u2019s infrastructure, the killing of its people, the occupation of Iraqi land, the confiscation and plunder of its resources and the promotion of sectarianism and division in Iraq;\nExtremely concerned at the high level of casualties that have reached hundreds of deaths and thousands of injured; and\nDisturbed by the subdued international response;", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nThe International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL):\nStrongly condemns, in the name of its members in 80 countries, the use of brutal force by the Government of Iraq against the Iraqi civilian population;\nConsiders any use of force by the Government, the militias or any armed group is the responsibility of the Government.", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nExpresses its serious concern about the abuse of the human rights of the Iraqi people to participate in demonstrations and calls on the Government to fully respect the wishes of the people of Iraq expressed by the demonstrators;\nCalls on the UN to use its authority to make clear that the use of force against civilians is contrary to the UN Charter and requests that the UN Secretary General bring this matter to the attention of the Security Council;", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nCalls for the urgent establishment of a UN investigating commission in respect of the killing of civilians;\nCalls on all governments, particularly the U.S., UK and other countries that took part in the destruction of Iraq, to carry out their legal obligations towards their victims, namely, the people of Iraq, by paying the reparations and damages that they owe to the people of Iraq to the suffering they have caused and ending their occupation of Iraq;", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nFurther demands that the U.S., U.K. and other countries that took part in the destruction of Iraq to fully and completely withdraw from Iraq and respect the right of the Iraqi people to self-determination as they are obliged to do under the UN Charter. This is their obligation not only in Iraq but in order to achieve just and lasting peace throughout the region and the world;", "IADL Resolution on Iraq\nNotes that these countries are complicit in the Iraqi government\u2019s use of force against the people of Iraq and that they have a legal obligation to desist from that complicity;\nCalls on the European Community countries to abide by their obligations to refrain from the arms trade or weapons trade that contributes to the violation of human rights."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://opwdublincommemorative.ie/war-memorial/history/the-second-world-war/

The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations

["The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nThe Second World War\nThe Second World War affected the Irish National War Memorial Gardens in two ways; it delayed their opening to the public, and it demanded some sort of new commemoration, of those Irish people who had fought in this new World War. The latter was complicated by the fact that Ireland had remained neutral.\nThe park and gardens were completed in full in early February 1938, but they had yet to open to the public, or be used for Armistice celebrations.", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nMr Connolly then stated that there had been dissatisfaction in the Legion regarding the opening of the Park, and asked when it was to be officially opened to the public. Both Mr Jameson and General Maurice pointed out to him that the Park was a National one, to which the Government had subscribed half the Funds. It had been completed on the 4th of this month, and was now under the control of the Government", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nSo far as the date of opening the Park to the Public was concerned, it was a matter entirely for the Government to decide. Mr Jameson stated that under the Agreement, the Park would be handed over to the Trustees for 7 days in each year, and that in future years it was hoped to hold the Armistice Day Ceremonies there.", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nAlthough the new government under de Valera and Fianna F\u00e1il (in office from February 1932) continued to support the building of the park and gardens, it scaled back significantly on commemorative activities within Ireland. From 1933, the government did not take part in Armistice Day celebrations, and legally restricted the wearing of uniforms, the selling of poppies, and the flying of Union Jacks", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nThere was much controversy over commemorative events abroad (such as the erection of the Munster Memorial Cross at Ypres), and the lack of involvement or representation of the Irish government at them. The Armistice Day celebrations themselves moved from venue to venue within Dublin, while the War Memorial Gardens were being built. The large crowds that attended meant that there was inevitable disorder, and events were moved from College Green, to Stephen\u2019s Green, to the Phoenix Park, through the 1920s", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nFrom 1930 onwards, they were held in the Phoenix Park. It was the eventual plan to hold them in the newly-constructed Gardens, but this did not happen immediately.", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nThe Committee and Legion requested use of the Gardens for Armistice Day in 1937, but there were concerns that the Gardens themselves might be at risk. Armistice Day was becoming more and more seen as a British celebration, and attracted destructive behaviour by radical nationalists, such as the explosion of the statue of George II in Stephen\u2019s Green in 1928 and again (permanently this time) earlier that very year, in 1937", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nMuch of the same concerns surrounded the issue of the Gardens being giving a formal opening. In the end, the 1937 request was cancelled, ostensibly to protect the newly-planted trees and shrubs from the crowds that would attend, and commemorative celebrations remained in the Phoenix Park for the time being.", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nUnder pressure from various fronts, particularly the British Legion, a formal opening was eventually agreed between de Valera and the Memorial Committee. It was to take place in summer 1939, and the rest of 1938 saw preparations being made for this. The guest list, though full of opportunity for political missteps, was all settled in early April 1939. The event was to take place on the 30th of July (see newspaper clipping on previous page)", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nRumours of war and worse, rumours of conscription being applied in Northern Ireland, however, made de Valera rethink these plans, and they were postponed. Armistice Day celebrations did eventually take place in the Gardens in 1940, and continued to take place there after that, but the formal opening never materialised.", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nIn 1945, the minutes of the Memorial Committee were still discussing sending a representation to government to petition the allowing of the public to enter and use the park and gardens. However there was now a new topic on the table, that of the commemoration of those Irish lost in the Second World War. The first mention of this is reproduced in the photograph below (the Chairman usually signed the minutes at the next meeting, which in this case was the following year).", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nThe following year it was decided that funds which had been collected in 1919 could not legally be used to commemorate anything other than the 1914-18 war. For the next forty years, the matter was shelved. Then, during the restoration period (below) the issue was raised once more at a Committee meeting \u2013 should the dates 1939-1945 be added to the Memorial", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\n? The question was deferred until 1989, when it was raised again. This time it was answered with another \u2013 should those Irishmen who died in the Korean War, and on United Nations Service, also be remembered?", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nIt was around this time that the idea of benches presented to the park by regimental associations was talked about. Some were put in place with the dates of both wars inscribed on them, something that was complained about by Brendan Daly TD. The Committee resolved to leave them in place until a more official communication had been received. A month later, the seats were severely vandalised, and had to be removed to OPW Furniture section for repair", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nThey were later installed in the grounds of Leopardstown Park Hospital (a hospital which had traditionally cared for ex-servicemen).", "The Second World War and its Impact on Irish Commemorations\nIn 1992 the issue was broached again, with an idea that another cross be commissioned in honour of those who fell in the Second World War, and that it be placed in one of the bookrooms. This plan went no farther than discussion. However, later that year, the idea that the dates 1939-1945 be inscribed on the Great Cross itself, in the same Lutyens script, was re-introduced. The OPW agreed, and the inscription was added.\nReturn to Main History Page"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://tvmultiversity.blogspot.com/2014_01_01_archive.html

TV Multiversity: January 2014

["TV Multiversity: January 2014\nThe handling of American Indians and American Indian subject matter within the context of commercial U.S. cinema is objectively racist at all levels, an observation which extends to television as well as film. In this vein it is linked closely to literature, both fictional and non-fictional, upon which may if not most movie scripts are at least loosely based", "TV Multiversity: January 2014\nIn a very real sense, it is fair to observe that all modes of projecting concepts and images of the Indian before the contemporary American public fit the same mold, and do so for the same fundamental 'real world' reasons. This essay will attempt to come to grips with both the method and the motivation for this, albeit within a given medium and examining a somewhat restricted range of the tactics employed", "TV Multiversity: January 2014\nThe medium selected for this purpose is commercial cinema, the technique examined that of stereotypic projection. The matter divides itself somewhat automatically into three major categories of emphasis. These may be elucidated as follows."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://literaryenglish.com/introduction-and-summary-of-the-old-man-and-the-sea/

Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea

["Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nDescribe a Person\nIntroduction and Summary of the Old Man and the Sea\nDecember 19, 2020 September 30, 2020 by Sana\nIn this article you will learn about introduction to the The Old Man and the Sea, Introduction to author; Earnest Hemingway, and summary of The Old Man and the Sea.\nThe Old Man and the Sea: An Introduction\nErnest Hemingway (July, 1899 \u2013 July, 1961)\nSummary of \u201cThe Old Man and the Sea\u201d\nArticles related to \u201cThe Old Man and the Sea\u201d", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nThe Old Man and the Sea is a short novel, based on three-day journey of an old man, to catch a big fish. Ernest Hemingway wrote it in 1951, published in 1952. The Old Man and the Sea is his last chief fictional work. It is a heroic novel, and it deals with the concepts of aging, self-identification, and commitment. The novel was an immediate success and is still famous worldwide. It has been adapted into film three times, one of which was animated", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nErnest Hemingway, the author of this novel, was an American. He was a sportsman, journalist, and writer of fiction and nonfiction. His iceberg theory, writing in an economical and minimalistic style, influenced the fictional writing of 20th century. He was born in 1899, and was second of the six siblings. Hemingway had adventurous and happening life. He was an ambulance driver in World War I and was present as a journalist in World War II. He married four times and had four children", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nThe story revolves around the central character, Santiago. He has gone straight 84 days, without catching a single fish. Due to this, the people have started seeing him as \u2018salao\u2019, the worst of unluckiness. He is considered so unlucky that the young boy, Manolin, who was his apprentice, is stopped by his parents to go for fishing with Santiago anymore. However, Manolin has admiration for Santiago and sees him as a mentor. Therefore, Manolin visits Santiago each night at his shack", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nThey talk about American baseball, Manolin prepares food, and they just enjoy each other\u2019s company. One day, Santiago tells Manolin that the following day; he will go far out into the Gulf Stream to fish. He is confident that the unluckiness, that has attached itself to him, is going to wash away with this venture.", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nOn the start of 85th day of unluckiness, the old man does what he decided to do. He goes far off into the Gulf Stream and very optimistically waits for his big catch. At noon, Santiago sees that a big fish, which he identifies as a marlin, has taken his bait. Filled with joy, he tries to pull the marlin, but instead, the marlin pulls the old man with his boat. He tries to tie the cord with the boat but fails. The marlin keeps on pulling the boat all through the day and night, for two days", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nIn all this, trying to hold on to the fish, the old man gets badly injured and exhausted. Every time the marlin pulls hard, his hands end up getting more wounded. However, just like the marlin, he does not give up.", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nThe old man admires the marlin for it staying true to its nature and struggling for freedom. He feels like the marlin is partner in his pain, suffering, and also in his strength. Finally, on the third day of old man\u2019s struggling to keep the marlin, the fish tires and gives in. It starts to circle around his skiff. Santiago, with all that he has in him, pulls the fish and manages to kill it with a harpoon", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nHe ties the fish to the side of the skiff and finally, after days of unimaginable struggle, aims for home. Santiago is happy and proud of himself that he has managed to catch a fish that would have a great price, and feed a lot of people. However, he is also concerned that his eaters will be unworthy of it because of its greatness.", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nJust within some time, due to scent of marlin\u2019s blood, sharks gather round. They start to tear flesh away from marlin. Santiago manages to drive away a few but loses his harpoon as a result. Then as more sharks keep coming, he makes another harpoon by putting his knife into an oar. He kills several sharks and scares many away. However, still filled with hunger, the sharks keep coming and stealing the flesh off of the marlin", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nIn the end, they leave nothing but the shell of marlin, which too only consisted of mainly its backbone, head, and tail. Santiago feels defeated at the loss of his precious opponent. He feels like his entire struggle, and labour ended in vain and he lost. He tells the sharks too that they have destroyed him and his dreams. He even blames himself for going too far.", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nSantiago reaches the shore, crushed with the labour of past three days. With very little that was left in him, he carries his stuff and struggles towards his shack. He leaves the skeleton of the martin, which he had very arduously caught, behind. He thinks that it is of no use to him now. Santiago makes it to his shack and just collapses on his bed. He goes into a deep slumber and becomes oblivious to everything. Now on the shore, where his boat is, fishermen gather round", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nThey see the skeleton of the marlin attached to it and measure it. It turns out to be 18 feet (5.5 m) from nose to tail. The fish appears to be the biggest that the village had ever seen. The fishermen tell Manolin to tell the old man how sorry they are over their rude behaviour.", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nManolin gets teary when he sees the old man alive, but injured. The old man tells Manolin that he lost again but Manolin assures him that everything was fine. He brings him coffee and newspapers. They chat and agree on going fishing together again. Some tourists that same day see the marlin\u2019s skeleton and mistake it as a shark. Now in the shack, the old man goes back to his sleep and dreams of lions that he had seen in his youth when he was in Africa. (1)", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nAbout Authoress: The article \u201cIntroduction and summary of The Old Man and the Sea\u201d was written by Sayeda Javaria. ([email protected]).\nMain characters and their analysis in \u201cThe Old Man and the sea\u201d\nTheme of the novel \u201cThe Old man and the sea\u201d\nSymbolism in \u201cThe old man and the sea\u201d\nQuotations used in the novel \u201cThe old man and the sea\u201d\nBackground to Literature\nPrologue to Canterbury Tales\nMetaphysical Poetry\nLiterary English\nDifference Between Speak and Talk & Say and Tell\nQuiz on Use of etc.", "Introduction and Summary of The Old Man and the Sea\nTake a Quiz on Determiner\nTake a Quiz on Interjection\nTake a Quiz on Adjective\nBecome an Online English Tutor\nGreek Literature\nJohn Donne Poetry\nLanguage Teaching Methods\nName Poetry\nOedipus Trilogy: Sophocles\nPrologue to the Canterbury Tales\nPunctuation marks\nQuiz Tests\nWilliam Davies\n\u00a9 Literary English 2021"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.macnn.com/articles/08/08/14/revos.portable.dab.tuner/

No title found

["No title found\nUK audio company Revo has announced the Pico RadioStation, a new DAB radio tuner. Aside from DAB and FM radio broadcasts, the Pico is also designed to stream computer and Internet content through a LAN connection. Particularly important may be compatibility with DAB+, an improved radio standard with error correction and support for AAC+ compression. The Pico is said to be one of the first portable tuners with the technology, although it is nearly 6.6 inches tall.", "No title found\nThe device is additionally claimed to be \"splashproof\" for use in bathrooms and kitchens, and capable of running for 12 hours on a lithium-ion battery. Connection options include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, a 3.5mm headphone jack and RCA line-out. The tuner should ship to the UK in September, at a cost of ?170 ($318)."]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/007008100K41.htm

70 ILCS 810/41

["70 ILCS 810/41\nSec. 41. For the purpose of constructing and maintaining and caring for any such zoological park and the buildings and grounds thereof and of securing and displaying zoological collections thereon the corporate authorities of any forest preserve district are authorized to levy annually a tax of not to exceed .035% of value as equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue, upon all the taxable property in the district", "70 ILCS 810/41\nThis tax shall be levied and collected in the same manner as the general taxes of the forest preserve district and shall be in addition to the maximum of all other taxes and tax rates which the district is now or may hereafter be authorized to levy upon the aggregate valuation of all taxable property within the district and shall be exclusive of and in addition to the maximum amount and rate of taxes the district is now or may hereafter be authorized to levy under this Act or under any other law which may limit the amount of tax which the district may levy for general purposes"]

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RedPajama-Data-V2

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/ethics-of-labor-immigration-policy/861F0ED56C9F83A5AE9DB868FF3C78AD

The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core

["The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nThe Ethics of Labor Immigration...\nCited by 12\nPagano, Dario 2016. Il lavoro dei minori stranieri non accompagnati. Sfruttamento economico e forme di vulnerabilit\u00e0. PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', p. 69.\nMoney, Jeannette 2015. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. p. 1.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nMunck, Ronaldo and Hyland, Mary 2014. Migration, regional integration and social transformation: A North\u2013South comparative approach. Global Social Policy: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy and Social Development, Vol. 14, Issue. 1, p. 32.\nTrask, Bahira Sherif 2013. Locating Multiethnic Families in a Globalizing World. Family Relations, Vol. 62, Issue. 1, p. 17.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nGill, Nick Caletr\u00edo, Javier and Mason, Victoria 2011. Introduction: Mobilities and Forced Migration. Mobilities, Vol. 6, Issue. 3, p. 301.\nDean, Hartley 2011. The Ethics of Migrant Welfare. Ethics and Social Welfare, Vol. 5, Issue. 1, p. 18.\nBartram, David 2010. International Migration, Open Borders Debates, and Happiness. International Studies Review, Vol. 12, Issue. 3, p. 339.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nGill, Nick 2010. New state-theoretic approaches to asylum and refugee geographies. Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 34, Issue. 5, p. 626.\nBartram, David 2010. The normative foundations of \u2018policy implications\u2019: reflections on international labour migration. Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 24, Issue. 2, p. 355.\nColeman, David A. 2009. Comments on Migration in an Interconnected World, New Directions for Action. Center for Migration Studies special issues, Vol. 22, Issue. 1, p. 21.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nV. Bergem, Knut 2006. Migration et politique au Moyen-Orient. p. 61.\nColeman, David and Rowthorn, Robert 2004. The Economic Effects of Immigration into the United Kingdom. Population and Development Review, Vol. 30, Issue. 4, p. 579.\nFebruary 2004 , pp. 69-102\nThe Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy\nMartin Ruhs (a1) and Ha-Joon Chang (a2)", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nMartin Ruhs is Senior Labour Market Economist at the ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS), University of Oxford. He can be reached at [email protected].\nHa-Joon Chang is Assistant Director of Development Studies at the Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Cambridge. He can be reached at [email protected].\nPublished online: 09 March 2004", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nThis article examines the key ethical questions in the design of labor immigration programs. We propose a two-dimensional matrix of ethical space that isolates a number of different ethical frameworks on the basis of the degree of consequentialism they allow and the moral standing they accord to noncitizens", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nWe argue for the rejection of extreme ethical frameworks and propose criteria that should guide national policymakers in their choice and application of a framework within the ethical subspace of moderate consequentialism and moderate moral standing for noncitizens. To translate these \u201cethical guidelines\u201d for the design of labor immigration programs into policy practice, we advocate new types of temporary foreign worker programs", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nIn contrast to many existing and past guest worker policies, the programs that we propose would more actively promote the interests of migrant workers and sending countries by more clearly defining, and more effectively enforcing, certain core rights of migrant workers.For their helpful comments, we would like to thank Manolo Abella, Rainer Baub\u00f6ck, Thomas Br\u00e4uninger, Wayne Cornelius, Clare Fox, David Heer, Jessica Heynis, Robert Holton, Eddie Hyland, Miles Kahler, Alan Kessler, Christian Klamler, Christoph Kuzmics, Phil Martin, Gail McElroy, Robert McLaughlin, Onora O'Neill, Nalini Persram, Thomas Pogge, Carlos Rodriguez, Robert Rowthorn, John Sender, Patrick Taran, Takeyuki Tsuda, Patrick Weil, two anonymous referees, and especially the editors of this journal", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nMartin Ruhs gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Cambridge European Trust, the Cambridge Political Economy Society Trust, the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies at the University of California-San Diego, and the Policy Institute at Trinity College Dublin. Most of this article was written while Martin Ruhs was a Ph.D", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\ncandidate at the Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Cambridge, and a Visiting Research Fellow at both the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies at the University of California-San Diego, and the Policy Institute at Trinity College Dublin. Ha-Joon Chang wishes to thank the Korea Research Foundation for its research support through the BK21 program at the Department of Economics, Korea University, where he was a Visiting Research Professor when the manuscript was completed.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\n\u00a9 2004 The IO Foundation and Cambridge University Press\nAdelman, Irma, and J. Edward Taylor. 1990. Is Structural Adjustment with a Human Face Possible? The Case of Mexico. Journal of Development Studies 26 (3):387\u2013407.\nAnderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.\nAvineri, Shlomo, and Avner de-Shalit, eds. 1992. Communitarianism and Individualism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nBean, Frank D., et al. 1988. Undocumented Mexican Immigrants and the Earnings of Other Workers in the United States. Demography 25 (1):35\u201352.\nBeitz, Charles. 1983. Cosmopolitan Ideals and National Sentiment. The Journal of Philosophy 80 (10):591\u2013600.\nBorjas, George J. 1995. The Economic Benefits from Immigration. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (2):3\u201322.\nBorjas, George J. 2001. Does Immigration Grease the Wheels of the Labour Market? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1:69\u2013133.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nBorjas, George J., Richard B. Freeman, Lawrence F. Katz. 1997. How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labour Market Outcomes? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1:1\u201390.\nCaney, Simon. 1998. Cosmopolitanism, Realism and the National Interest. In The Legal and Moral Aspects of International Trade, edited by Geraint Parry, Asif Qureshi, and Hillel Steiner, 29\u201344. London: Routledge.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nCard, David. 1990. The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43 (2):245\u201357.\nCard, David. 2001. Immigrant Inflows, Native Outflows, and the Local Labour Market Impacts of Higher Immigration. Journal of Labor Economics 19 (1):22\u201364.\nCarens, Joseph H. 1987. Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders. The Review of Politics 49 (2):251\u201373.", "The Ethics of Labor Immigration Policy | International Organization | Cambridge Core\nCarens, Joseph H. 1996. 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RedPajama-Data-V2