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Team Work and Management Evaluation Essay Table of Contents 1. The Nut Island Problems 2. The Alpha Chip Success 3. “Managing” Teams 4. The Prism Chip Secret 5. Works Cited The Nut Island Problems Paul Levy describes the team of Nut Island sewage treatment plant as that of “every manager’s dream” created through proper recruitment practices (51). The author defines the Nut Island Effect as a “destructive organizational dynamic” of a “vicious spiral” defined by mutual misunderstandings between the team and the managerial staff (Levy 52). The team’s efficiency and self-management have caused their senior managers to take these for granted. As a result, the managers began to ignore the team’s suggestions, warnings, and troubles. Consequently, the team grew more consolidated, but at the same time more distant from the managerial staff as the misunderstandings progressed. The team believed that the managers are unable to assist or advise them while the managers thought that the lack of complaints mean that no intervention is needed. Levy points out that the complications connected to this kind of mismanagement are not necessarily immediately apparent; yet, they are inescapable (52). Naturally, both parties would be held responsible for the problem. The following implications of the problem could be taken into account nowadays. Self-management in teams has proved to increase the team and, eventually, the organization’s productivity (Millikin, Hom and Manz 697). Therefore, the core problem within the Nut Island effect (the isolation of the team) needs to be avoided without suppressing the team’s initiative. Communication between the managers and the employees needs to be created (Riggio and Reichard 178). Levy suggests his strategy of achieving this effect that includes several stages of mutual integration of the managerial staff, team, and other organizational bodies. The Alpha Chip Success The success of ALPHA Chip appears to be the result of the ALPHA team’s work and team management. As Katz points out, the astonishing results the team has achieved are the consequences of numerous factors, but the characteristics of the team have been most important. Those included the motivation of the groups that had “lost”, the qualities of the members (goal-oriented, reflection-oriented, hard-working, talented), and the unity and integrity of the team that was not a “collection of team-playing individuals – they were a collection of talented individual contributors willing to play together as a team” (Katz 145). In fact, the behavior of this team reminds one of Raelin’s concept of leaderful practice when leadership is distributed across the team, and every of them is capable of participating in the management process (195-199). Dobberpuhl’s method of “selling” the innovation seems to have developed as he realized that the sponsors wanted to see actual results and, most importantly, to be impressed. While clout does appear to be important in most aspects of business, the innovation stage seems to have particularly significant chances of overcoming this obstacle. “Managing” Teams The two presented stories show the examples of successful and unsuccessful team management. Apart from that, the examples are very different in nature. It is well-known that self-management is especially important for innovation and creativity workers similar to those in the second story (Mládková 179). But is the same true for other kinds of workers? As Katz points out, it is characteristic of the situations similar to the ALPHA case to be originating from the team’s suggestions (147). In other cases, such a model can be unsuccessful. Therefore, the management of teams, especially when renegade activities are concerned, requires careful consideration of the risks and benefits. The problem depends on particular circumstances. The Prism Chip Secret It can be suggested that secretly keeping working on a project after it is canceled is extremely risky. Indeed, neither success nor the appreciation of the company’s management is guaranteed. It appears logical that such a decision also requires careful consideration of risks and potential advantages. I believe that honesty is the best strategy for team-managers relationships in most cases. Works Cited Katz, Ralph. “How a team at Digital Equipment designed the ‘Alpha’ chip.” The Human Side of Managing Technological Innovation . Ed. Ralph Katz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 137-148. Print. Levy, Paul. “The Nut Island Effect: When Good Teams Go Wrong”. Harvard Business Review at Large (March 2001): 51-59. Print. Millikin, John, Peter Hom, and Charles Manz. “Self-Management Competencies In Self-Managing Teams: Their Impact On Multi-Team System Productivity.” The Leadership Quarterly 21.5 (2010): 687-702. Elsevier BV . Web. Mládková, Ludmila. “Knowledge Workers And The Principle Of 3S (Self-Management, Self-Organization, Self-Control)”. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 181 (2015): 178-184. Elsevier BV. Web. Raelin, J. “From Leadership-As-Practice To Leaderful Practice”. Leadership 7.2 (2011): 195-211. SAGE Publications . Web. Riggio, Ronald E., and Rebecca J. Reichard. “The Emotional And Social Intelligences Of Effective Leadership.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 23.2 (2008): 169-185. Emerald . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Hybrid Distribution Strategy’s Benefits and Threats Report Manufacturers have the aim of reaching out to customers and consumers. They have products that they need to supply. They have to develop a distribution channel to reach the end-users of their products. The markets have changed because of competition. Thus, organizations have had to employ as many distribution channels as possible. A majority of the companies have adopted the hybrid distribution channel as the best option for selling their products and services. A hybrid distribution channel is an arrangement where a firm has multiple systems or channels for delivering goods and services to the end-users (Dent 252). The channels may have a central location of authority or may be left to the channel members to decide the best option. The channels have to satisfy the needs of the diverse market segments (Thakran and Verma 132). The main reason for the increased distribution channel is the desire to increase market share and reduce costs. The multichannel system enables firms to adapt to changing customer needs. They also get acquainted with the consumers shopping patterns. A single channel may not be useful to a company that has a range of products (Kotler and Armstrong 312). The firm has to apply the hybrid distribution channel. Some companies have manufacturing trends that exceed their current distribution channel. When the existing outlets are saturated, the company can use the extra channels to sell its products. Additional channels enable the manufacturer to segment the market accordingly. It can then focus its energies on particular sections and improve its competitiveness (Lu and Xie 506). In the hybrid distribution system, combinations of distinct channels perform the distribution tasks. The channels have to meet the needs of different market segments. They deliver product variations. For instance, several channels may target one market segment. It increases the chances of selling a product because of the different channels. The mobile, internet, and store channels may target a segment, and each of them makes sales that would have otherwise not sold if there was only one channel. The internet has become one of the most simplified ways of reaching out to customers through very many gadgets and different channels (Kotler 365). Management of the hybrid functions is usually within the firm to groups of individuals or coalitions. They are formally or informally part of a particular distribution. It creates harmony amongst marketers. Hybrid channels create conflicts within the organization. The channels may put pressure on the scarce resources available in the company. The capital, personnel, and products may not be readily available to suffice the needs of the channel demands. The channels may also develop conflicting objectives and hence begin focusing on internal squabbles (Kotler 365). It may leave the customer stranded because of the concentration shifts from the client to competition within the company. Some of the conflicting issues revolve around the pricing strategy, budget allocation, and customer assignments. The promotional aspects may also affect channel conflicts in a negative way. Competition may be healthy when it ensures the scarce resources go into beneficial plans (Thakran and Verma 132). However, the conflicts may cause the management to find amicable solutions that maximize channel performance. Channel completion may be construed by another to be doing activities that deny one the desired advantage in the market (Lee 412). It may be a competition for resources between channel coalitions or competition for markets. The conflicts may also be those that are just perceived by channel alliances. Hybrid distribution channels are important to firms. They help build a sales force that is competitive. They also increase customer satisfaction. Works Cited Dent, Julian. Distribution Channels . London: Kogan Page, 2011. Print. Kotler, Philip, and Gary Armstrong. Principles of Marketing . Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012. Print. Kotler, Philip. Marketing Management . Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2009. Print. Lee, Geuk. Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology . Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. Print. Lu, Ying, and Junping Xie. “Inventory Decision in Hybrid Distribution Channels Involving Partial Postponement Strategy.” Information Technology J. 12.24 (2013): 8256-8262. Print. Thakran, K., and R. Verma. “The Emergence of Hybrid Online Distribution Channels in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality.” Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 54.3 (2013): 240-247. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Sophie Scholl and the White Rose Report The Sophie Scholl and the White Rose was a book written by Annete Dumbach and Jud Newborn. It is a well researched and presented book that account for the honor and bravery that was shown by young German students and their philosophy professor. These students were up against Nazism and the Nationalist Socialist movement. This was during the Second World War. The group was involved in the distribution of leaflets that encouraged people to oppose the regime of Adolf Hitler. The leaflets campaign was from June 1942 to February 1943. Unfortunately, the six core members of the group were apprehended by the German police and arrested. In 1943, these members faced execution by decapitation. For instance, in 1945, there was the prosecution of one of the key members of the group. Hans Conrad Leipelt was executed for having participated in the distribution of Leaflet 6 in the town of Hamburg, Germany. The main theme in the book is the fight against oppression. In the book, we see students trying to come up with strategies that could end the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. This period marked the darkest days in Europe. Most of the oppression was seen during the deportation of the Jews in 1942. When the Jews were deported, Hans, Jurgen, Sophie and Alexander decided to do something about the oppression of the Nazi regime. They decided to buy a typewriter and a duplicating machine. Hans and Alex wrote the first leaflet bearing the heading, “Leaflets of The White Rose. As members of The White Rose, the four did work hard, day and night, in secrecy. They produced thousands of leaflets from unknown locations in Germany. These leaflets were send to scholars and medics. In order to divert attention from their activities, Sophie used to buy stamps, as well as paper from different locations. In the book, the theme of oppression is shown when people who are against the tyranny in the country are arrested and executed. A typical example is Sophie Scholl who is executed for her stand against Jewish deportation. Here, we see her being arrested, interrogated, imprisoned, tried and executed by the government. Additionally, the arrest, trial and execution of Christoph Probst and Hans show the oppression that was going on at that time. The killing of more than 100,000 people in Germany showed that there was oppression. The Nazis killed mainly the handicapped, as well as the ones with generic disorders. To the Nazis, people with generic disorders were degenerates and were, therefore, not worthy living. The major weakness of the book is that it has concentrated so much on only one character at the expense of others. The character, Sophie Scholl, takes a central part of the book despite there being other main character. For instance, her brother Hans also plays a critical role in the fight against Nazi. However, most attention in the book focuses on Sophie. For instance, after they were done with printing the leaflets, no one was ready to do the distribution. Thereafter, we see Hans accepting to do the distribution and he was ready to take responsibility. Sophie only comes in assist in the distribution of leaflets. The best quote that sums up this work is “ I am, now as before, of the opinion that I did the best that I could do for my nation. I therefore do not regret my conduct and will bear the consequences that result from my conduct” . This shows how the students were willing to sacrifice for the good of the country. They were ready to take responsibility of whatever they did, as well as what authorities could say. Works Cited Dumbach, Annette, & Newborn, Jud. Sophie Scholl and the White Rose . New York: Oneworld Publications, 2007. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Criminologist Advisor as Profession Proposal Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Goals and Objectives of the Bill 3. Possible Solutions for the Bill 4. Justification for Why the Bill Should Be Approved or Not 5. Recommendations and the Reasons for Recommendations 6. The Bill and Its Effectiveness Introduction The comprehension of criminal justice remains a foremost consideration before individuals, entities, or agencies understand any given crime. In this case, the crime whose maximum term is to be doubled is that of armed robbery. There is an overwhelming legal evidence to comprehend specific crimes in their totalities before defining their criminal/justice aspects. From this observation, it is clear that all personalities involved in the definition of any criminal justice must consider the different contexts in which the commission of a specific crime might occur within the population. Thus, it is appropriate that any policy-making within the criminal justice must depend on the criminological theory. This must occur, regardless of the legal knowledge of the makers. Goals and Objectives of the Bill The chief objective of this bill is to double the highest prison period for any person found guilty of armed robbery. There is a legal observation from this statement that the bill tends to create a very punitive manner of dealing with armed robbers within the general society. It creates a high standard for punishment of the offenders and scares potential criminals to stay off the act. The bill aims to create a legal base of severely punishing the offenders involved in armed robbery. Possible Solutions for the Bill The bill must first understand the criminal etiology process in order to draw any penology on the particular crime. The bill must be treated or handled with a lot of caution as just increasing the severity of the punishment for such offenders might not necessarily lead to a change in criminal trends or engagement. A considerable period of research and engagement of various stakeholders including the public has to be done for the legislatures to have an informed decision concerning the bill. Moreover, caution should be taken for the bill not to major so much on punitive aspects rather than character transformation of such offenders. Justification for Why the Bill Should Be Approved or Not A critical analysis of the bill indicates that it should never be approved. This is because it lacks the proper definition and consideration of criminal etiology. Moreover, there is lack of effective stakeholder engagement in the process. The bill also lacks the basic scientific analysis of the situations under which the described crime may be conducted. There is also the absence of critical descriptions, assumptions, as well as explanations that describe the process under which the bill emanates. Recommendations and the Reasons for Recommendations The legislators must be patient to consult the stakeholders and be pertinent with the various criminological theories applicable to this particular bill. This is because the issues about etiology, assumptions, and descriptions are not properly articulated or presented in the bill. Instead, the bill should be amended to stress more on the rehabilitative and transformative measures meant for such offenders rather than engaging them in severe punishments. This is because institution of legal severe punishment measures do not necessarily replicate into total deterrence from an act or behavior change. The Bill and Its Effectiveness The bill is bad and is likely to be rendered ineffective due to numerous pitfalls it contains (already highlighted). This is basically because it does not meet the legal requirements and transformative clauses able to ensure effective character transformation and rehabilitation of the offenders. It is crucial to understand such provision in the context of criminology. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“Winter Dreams” Story by F. Scott Fitzgerald Term Paper Dexter Green the protagonist in the story has dreams of being elite as he mingles with American elites at the Golf club during summer. His emotions and dreams get the best of him as he even refuses to be treated as inferior by Miss Judy Jones, a lady who presents to him the picture of being an American elite. In the summer he serves as a caddy at a local golf club. He finds the spring depressing because he knows that something dismal has to happen in spring. Fall makes him display idiotic behavior where he imagines commanding an army and repeating sentences while making gestures to the army. Dexter is attracted to Judy Jones because of her beauty and charm. He sees in her a world glittering in happiness and promises. The girl determines most of his decisions in the story. He quits a nice job for someone his age at that particular area for reasons of fear for inferiority feelings brought about by caddying for young Miss Jones. Dexter imagines having a relationship with her which would bring him everything that the elite lifestyle can offer. When Dexter learns of Judy’s marriage he becomes excited at first, then he loses his excitement when he learns that she has lost her beauty and that she is constantly abused by the husband. He then realizes that it was just a dream that he had that made him think he loved her. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
It is defined as “the practice of getting the right thing to the right place at the right time” (Sonmez et al., 2016, 27). The authors focus on the importance of delivering food where necessary because as of 2014, more than 14 percent of the American population did not have a trustworthy food provider. At the same time, about thirty percent of agricultural production is wasted every year in America (Sonmez et al., 2016, 27). Some hunger relief agencies attempted to combine the issues of food insecurity and product waste. Moreover, scholars joined this partnership of food banks and gleaners to introduce some analytical instruments to support their volunteer attempts. The researchers created a company that included the Food Bank of the Southern Tier, the Boston Area Gleaners, and scientists engaged in the operations management or sustainable food systems (Sonmez et al., 2016). The company created a model of stochastic optimization for gleaning activity provided by volunteers. The focus of the research is on the Food Bank activity. The creation of “hunger-free communities” was among the objectives of bank activity (Sonmez et al., 2016, 28). The purpose of model development was the optimization of gleaning to increase the volume of gathered food. The research revealed that a set schedule of gleaning activities provides the growth of the collected food at first. Nevertheless, this growth is not stable since both the donations and volunteers’ availability are uncertain. Moreover, the system of informing volunteers on gleaning possibilities is not perfect. During the investigation, volunteers were informed by email. Nevertheless, in this case, this initiative continues development, a more efficient system will be necessary. A curious finding of the research is that even with the growth of volunteers by 33 percent the increase in gleaning apples was only between 10 and 20 percent (Sonmez et al., 2016, 30). Moreover, the same decrease in the number of volunteers resulted in smaller losses (from 18 to 27 percent) of apple gleaning (Sonmez et al., 2016, 30). Analysis of the Situation and Actions The article analyses the problem of sustainable food supply within the agricultural industry of the United States. In such conditions, there is a problem of lost crops. It happens due to the use of machines to collect crops or the inability of farmers to harvest without losses. Thus, some activities are necessary to prevent this situation and use all crops grown. Gleaning with the involvement of volunteers is suggested as one of the possible activities to reduce the loss of crops and increase the volume of gathered products. The situation when farms do not harvest about 6-7 percent of their crops is considered unacceptable by hunger-relief companies (Sonmez et al., 2016, 27). Thus, they initiate volunteer activities aimed at the improvement of such a situation. Many farmers are ready to donate their leftover crops to gleaning organizations. These crops can be taken to hunger relief agencies to be distributed among the people in need. The only problem is the harvesting and transportation which have to be paid. In this case, gleaning organizations by themselves cannot cope with the situation. They need some analytical instruments and financial support which can be provided in cooperation with a bank. Thus, banks and gleaning organization unions can solve the issues with mutual efforts. Then example of a partnership in the research proves the efficiency of such initiatives. The cooperation of a bank with gleaning organizations managed to attract more volunteers to gleaning and thus increase the volume of gathered crops. However, this model cannot be a part of a supply chain due to some reasons. First of all, gleaning companies are not guaranteed with donations. It is the choice of farmers either to donate or not. Secondly, volunteers as a workforce are uncertain as well. Their participation is difficult to predict. Moreover, the effectiveness of volunteers in gleaning is still not justified. Thus, the increase in the number of volunteers does not necessarily result in the growth of crops gleaned (Sonmez et al., 2016). The way-out for gleaning organizations is to include farms that are eager to donate into their network. The farmers can be interested in such cooperation because they will not need to worry about the lost crops. Also, a database of volunteers can be created. It can save time when a group of people is needed. Still, it does not guarantee the sustainability of this supply chain. On the whole, a cooperative approach to harvesting extra crops can contribute to the development of the supply chain and its sustainability. It is a way-out for the agricultural industry of the United States and a valuable contribution to the national nutrition program. The stochastic optimization approach suggested in the article provides a model that can be applied for supply chain management in the agricultural industry of the United States. It is a profitable initiative since it involves a volunteer workforce, contributes to the increase of food security, and helps to provide the people in need with food. Reference Sonmez, E., Lee, D., Gomez, M., Fan, X., Caldwell, L., Thompson, N.R., & Knoeles, M. (2016). There for the picking. Industrial and Science Engineering at Work, 48 (8), 26-30. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The El Paso Marathon’ Efficient Communication Essay (Critical Writing) Abstract Sports events are undeservedly ignored as the tools for improving the process of multicultural communication despite the obvious opportunities that they can offer. A closer analysis of the recent EL PASO Marathon will reveal that the latter, in fact, has served as a boost for the process of intercultural communication to become more natural and to remove the obstacles that usually stand in the way of communication between representatives of different cultures. It is assumed that the combination of verbal and nonverbal communication elements, emotions (both positive and negative), and the emphasis on the values supported by the EL PASO Marathon (i.e., physical fitness and a healthy lifestyle) provide a strong basis for productive communication to commence. Thesis Statement Research suggests that sport events in general and the el Paso Marathon in particular should be encouraged and used as the tool for promoting multiculturalism, because the communication process, which people are involved into when watching the event, incorporates active sharing of emotions and the use of not only modern media but also traditional one, therefore, including both verbal and nonverbal elements of communication. Introduction: EL PASO Marathon The EL PASO Marathon is a sports event held annually in order to “promote health and fitness in the community, brings tourism to the region of El Paso and provides support to local and national non-profit organizations” (The EL PASO Marathon Foundation, 2015, para. 1), according to the official mission statement of the organization. Presentation Rationale The increasing pace of the globalization process leads to the necessity for accepting the concept of multiculturalism and, thus, engaging in a multicultural communication process (Beebe, Beebe & Ivy, 2015, p. 145). Despite the seeming simplicity of the task, the participants of the supposedly simple communication process have faced a range of obstacles based on misunderstandings, cultural bias, prejudices, etc. (Steers, Nardon & Sanchez-Runde, 2013, p. 217). More importantly, the differences in communication traditions, including the means of emotions delivery, the ways of getting a message across, the choice of words for rendering specific concepts, etc. pose a great impediment to the communication process among cultures. Sport, in its turn, seems to have a universal language of emotions, which most people are capable of understanding and speaking disregarding the specifics of their culture (Alleyne, 2011, p. 77). Therefore, the need to check the assumption that the EL PASO Marathon and similar events contribute to the improvement of the communication process emerges (Appendix A). Purpose The purpose of the study concerns exploring the communication opportunities that sports events have to offer using the recent EL PASO Marathon as an example. In addition, an analysis of the effect of emotions, which the viewers of sports events experience, on the communication process, will be carried out. It is assumed that even negative emotions contribute to an efficient communication process due to their intensity, therefore, helping overcome cultural issues in general and the notorious culture clash in particular (Santo & Mildner, 2010, p. 220). Audience The paper will target primarily students and scholars. However, the general audience may also find this study on emotions, sports, and the EL PASO Marathon engaging. Significance The presentation is considered to have a medium significance as an academic study. Although no major discoveries will be made in the process, an important tool in promoting multiculturalism and intercultural communication will be discussed. Therefore, the study in question may assist in addressing some cultural conflicts that can be observed in a modern global society. Three Questions 1. How will the analysis be carried out? 2. How will the success of the communication processes be evaluated? 3. Are there any limitations to the analysis? Possible Responses 1. The analysis will be conducted by evaluating the behavior of people discussing the recent EL PASO Marathon. 2. The number of positive conversations will be compared to the number of negative ones. Not all cultures will be represented in the process of analysis. Reference List Alleyne, M. D. (2011). Anti-racism and multiculturalism: Studies in international communication . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Beebe, S. A., Beebe, S. J. & Ivy, D. K. (2015). Communication: Principles for a lifetime (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Santo, C. & Mildner, G. (2010). Sport and public policy: Social, political, and economic perspectives. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Steers, R. M., Nardon, L. & Sanchez-Runde, C. J. (2013). Management across cultures: Developing global competencies . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. The EL PASO Marathon Foundation. (2015). About us . Web. Appendix A: Visual Aid El Paso Marathon. (2014). What’s up . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Marijuana’s Negative Effects and Advantages Essay Table of Contents 1. Origin of Marijuana 2. History of Marijuana 3. Negative effects of marijuana use 4. Advantages of marijuana 5. References Origin of Marijuana Marijuana is a drug obtained from a plant called cannabis sativa. Another name for cannabis sativa is hemp. The plant was grown in the United States of America for agricultural purposes during the colonial period up to the beginning of the 20 th century. The plant was used in the manufacture of birdseed, clothes, lacquer, and ropes. Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug among the youths and adults in the United States and other countries in the world. As noted by Iversen (2001), the drug originated from China. History of Marijuana Marijuana has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for long. Its use dates back in 3727 BC and it originated from China. Marijuana was considered to be a poisonous drug but it was used in the treatment of rheumatism, absent-mindedness, and malaria among other diseases that were widely spread. From China, the drug made its way to India where it was used for recreational purposes. In addition, marijuana was widely used by Muslims as a recreational drug because the Koran condemns alcohol consumption. The use of marijuana later spread to other continents gradually. From India, the use of marijuana spread to North Africa and Europe. Finally, Spain introduced Marijuana in the United States in 1545. The drug became the most widely used in the United States and by 1611; it was planted as a staple crop (Joy, Watson & Benson, 1999). Negative effects of marijuana use According to Iversen (2001), the use of marijuana is a health hazard. Once smoked, marijuana is absorbed in the blood stream where it lowers the pressure of the blood and at the same time increases the rate at which the heart beats. Pulse rate may go up to 20 to 50 times beyond the normal rate or even more if it is used in combination with other drugs. Researchers have found that low blood pressure and high pulse rate puts marijuana users at a greater risk of heart attack, which is likely to take place within the first hour of smoking than normal people. There are high chances of conducting chest illnesses like heavy coughing and lung infections. Its users may develop a stinking mouth. Studies have also shown that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compound contained in the drug lowers the immune system of the body making the body weak to resist diseases. This makes its users vulnerable to other diseases. For pregnant mothers who indulge in the use of the drug, chances of giving birth to abnormal children are high. Miscarriages and premature births are also common. Mental disorders like insanity are associated with marijuana use (Joy, Watson & Benson, 1999). According to Joy, Watson and Benson (1999), marijuana is associated with risky sexual behaviors that put an individual at the risk of conducting sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and HIV aids. Drug users fall as victims of rape where they force other people into sex. Drug consumption increases school dropout rate among students. Mainly, drug users perform poorly in school, the outcome that makes them quit while reducing the levels of education in the society. Finally, marijuana users tend to be violent. Some do not carry out their roles in the family like provision of basic needs. Marijuana is expensive and its addicts spend large sums of money on its purchase, the money that could have been use for other useful purposes in the family. Advantages of marijuana Studies conducted by American Association for Cancer Research show that marijuana is used in the treatment of many diseases like cancer, glaucoma, Ritalin, cramp, and discomfort during menstrual cycle among other diseases. It is also used to relieve stress (Iversen, 2001). As much as the use of marijuana is beneficial, its side effects are also dangerous. Consumption of marijuana in large contents should be discouraged and avoided. If it has to be used, the user should follow the doctor’s prescriptions on how, when, and how much to take it to avoid its negative effects. References Iversen, L. (2001). The science of marijuana , London: Oxford University Press. Joy, E., Watson J. & Benson, A. (1999). Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base . New York, NY: National Academies Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Main Theme of the Poem “The Wound-Dresser” Essay Abstract “The Wound-Dresser” by Whitman is one of the poems of the “Drum-Taps” cycle. This poem begins with a question that young people ask the main character – a bent older man who saw the war with his own eyes. They ask which of the glorious military actions and fierce battles the older man remembered best and most vividly (The Wound-Dresser). They ask to tell about the war in the way that only young and naive people can – as about something great and magnificent. The older man remembers the war in a completely different way. The answer is that it was not the sieges and battles that were etched into the older man’s memory but the groans and screams of the wounded, the last breath of dying soldiers. War is, first of all, death and fear, cruelty and pain, behind which courage and glory are hidden; this is the answer to the question. The main focus of this poem and the cycle as a whole are Whitman’s memories, impressions, and arguments associated with the Civil War. This poem also traces the threads of humanism, mercy, and compassion for one’s neighbor. Love and care for the unfortunate injured young people, who were permanently crippled by the war, come to the fore. This poem also pays great attention to the incredible devotion and dedication of the main character, who, without hesitation, would give his life for any of his patients (The Wound-Dresser). The doctor’s fatherly love for patients, his excellent care, and his strength of spirit will not leave the reader indifferent. Thus, the central theme of this poem is the horrors of war and the human compassion and power of the heart that oppose them. Analysis of the Poem “When I Was Small” Dickinson’s work is one of the brightest pages in the history of world women’s literature. The theme of this poem is the unity of souls who were reunited after death. The author states that it is possible to find something positive even in death because it allowed the mother and child to be together again. We will not be alone even in death because our relatives and friends who have already left the mortal world are waiting for us there. The main image of this poem is the image of a Mother and Son couple and the idea of Paradise, where they both went. The poetess does not question the existence of Paradise because the theme of religion and faith are among the central ones in her work. Dickinson’s image of Paradise is where lost souls finally meet and where there is no place for pride or human fears. For this poem, Dickinson is characterized by a pulsating rhythm (she puts no commas, using dashes extensively to highlight rhythmic segments within a line). This form is generated not by the inability to write smoothly and not by the desire to stand out, but by the desire to highlight the very grain of thought-without a husk and without a shiny shell. In this poem, the author does not use two words, if one is enough, and combines tangible things with abstract ideas. The metaphor “Till Bullets clipt an Angle And He passed quickly round” seems interesting since it creates a feeling that the son opened his way to Paradise by shooting through the vault of heaven (When I was small, a woman died). Dickinson’s incomplete rhymes, irregularities of style, convulsive changes of rhythm, and the very unevenness of this poem are perceived as a metaphor for the surrounding life. References The Wound-Dresser . (n.d.). Poetry Foundation. When I was small, a woman died. (n.d.). Poeticous. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
As per instructions, we formed a group of four members consisting of the following individuals: Vicky Phan, Tom Tchung Tu Lay, Sultan Alanazi and Risto Jon Angeloski. A suggestion was raised that we select someone to head the group but after careful deliberation, we came to the agreement that being a small team, all members should be regarded as equals and as such there was no point in appointing a group leader. Overall as a group, we worked fine and the cohesion among members was superb. We did not hold regular meetings but we made creditable steps every single time we met. Most of these meetings were brief discussions that we mostly held after class. The primary reason as to why we could not find better times to sit as a group was that all the group members had previous work commitments and because of the disparity in the units we take, we all had different class schedules. However, we were under regular communication with each other via e-mail, text messages and phone calls; media through which we were able to comfortably share tasks and ideas. At one point we had to engage in group chats over the internet, an experience that helped us exposed us to creative methods of using available technology in the attainment of educational objectives. After initial discussions, the group decided that the best way to tackle this assignment was that every group member prepare a draft of the entire assignment. The reason for this was that it would have been extremely difficult to divide the work evenly based on the complexity of the topic question. The method that we chose also ensured that each member had an idea of the other members’ thought patterns as well as the compounding effect of enabling all of us to generate a concrete understanding of the subject matter. This was a factor that immensely increased our combined group knowledge and intelligence. After preparing the drafts, we then sat down and each member presented his/her findings. We then actively debated the presentations while pointing out the shortfalls and even adding more information to drafts that did not sufficiently exhaust certain points. We also had to select a method for how the information would be collated. As a group, we decided that one person should combine all the work completed by individual members and prepare a final draft, with group members volunteering to complete areas of the assignment where more in-depth information was needed. The core factor that united us as a team was that all decisions were made with every group member present. Each member was given a chance to air his/her views and no meeting was closed without each member satisfactorily voicing his/her concerns. At no point were decisions made without the consent of each and every group member. The members were all open-minded and whenever contention arose we discussed the possible options and arrived at the best possible option. We came to the agreement that the final draft of the assignment had to be complete and ready for presentation to the assessment panel by a certain date and time, and we all applied ourselves fully to see the realization of this objective. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Existential Problems of Aging Essay Aging is a natural biological process. Since time immemorial, the elderly were held in respect and awe by the younger adults in every human society. In modern times, this social equation has undergone a dramatic change. In a fast-paced competitive world, the elderly are being increasingly seen as an unwanted and social liability. Advancement in medical science has increased life expectancy worldwide. According to Sigg (2005), “Demographic forecasts show that, in roughly 50 years’ time, the percentage of over-60s in industrialized countries will have virtually doubled, from 20 percent to 35 percent of the overall population”(3). Price (2005), states that in the United States “the ratio of the population over 65 to the population 20 to 64 will rise by 85% between 2005 and 2045”(2). This demographic ‘time bomb’ coupled with changing social mores have increased the degree of difficulty for the aged to live the remaining parts of their life with the dignity that they deserve. This essay attempts to encapsulate the problems faced by the aged in coping with their lives, ranging from injury prevention strategies, issues of poly-pharmacy, socio-economic conditions, and psychological needs. Aging can be explained under two main processes, namely biological aging, and psychological aging. Biological aging is fairly straightforward to understand because as the body ages, motor movements and muscular movements become sluggish as also does the functioning of vital organs such as the kidneys, liver, and heart. The strategies implemented for the aged to cope with the biological effects of aging are many. Currie (2007), states that “Researchers have explored several other individual prevention strategies, including fall prevention clinics, exercise interventions with leg strengthening (e.g., Tai Chi), vitamin D supplements, home visits for safety evaluations, cataract surgery, and cardiac pacing.”(9). Other experts even include interesting variations to help prevent the aged from getting injured. According to Verghese (2008), “Traditional Indigenous games now feature in the recreational programs of Logan’s aged care facilities as a low impact and strength-building activity to prevent falls” (1). The psychological aspects of aging are however more difficult to handle or define as they include insignificant parts, the cultural aspects. Generally, people over 65 are considered psychologically elderly. A popular misconception of the aged being feeble-minded and useless together with social isolation greatly accelerates the mental degeneration of the elderly leading to Dementia, Depression, and Delirium as some common psychological problems. A sudden change from employment to no employment increases the feeling of uselessness which manifests in medication dependency and drug and alcohol usage. According to Linjakumpu (2003), the “World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum use of 3 to 4 drugs by older persons (WHO 1987). This limit is commonly exceeded by the home-dwelling elderly according to clinical experience” (21). Polypharmacy abuse included the use of psychotropic drugs such as anxiolytics, hypnotics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants in increasing dosages by the elderly. The economic condition of the elderly also brings into sharp focus the discrepancies of their situation. Statistical studies the world over have shown that the elderly are a disadvantaged segment of the population economically. According to Bosworth& Burtless (1998): The poverty rate jumps sharply for people who are over age 70 in the United Kingdom and the United States. The estimates are also very sensitive to the use of the 40 or 50 percent of median income as the poverty threshold, implying that significant numbers of the elderly are poor or near-poor” (18). Thus on every count, the scales are tipped heavily against the elderly who deserve better. The aged, just as other segments of the society require human company, friends, relatives, and a healthy social environment. A sure way to strengthen the psychological aspects is to encourage the elderly to continue contributing positively to society. Harnessing internet-based work-at-home jobs for the aged is one such avenue. Remunerations generated from such work would add greatly to the self-esteem of the elderly and could help stave off psychological problems. Transformation of institutional management style in an old age home is the first step towards making such institutions more conducive for their residents. It must be realized by the staff that their jobs are something special and not just another chore. The staffs have to walk that ‘extra mile’ to make the institutions a success. Nursing the aged is a specialized subject. It is not the job of any trained nurse, but the task of a nurse trained in caring for the elderly, which requires specialized syllabi and training expertise. Along with the training comes the ability for the nurses to empathize with their residents. Hence, not only should the staff be professionally qualified, but should also have a suitable psychological profile. A genial, gentle, and mature nurse with adequate professional skills is more conducive than a super-efficient, professionally brilliant but personally cold personality. What must therefore be understood by one and all is that everyone will grow old and maybe in a similar position one day. Therefore, to give the aged their dignity, their right to a productive remaining life should be the guiding principle for Health Care professionals, institutions, and the society as a whole. References Bosworth, Barry & Burtless, Gary. (1998). “Economic Resources of the Elderly: A Comparative Analysis”. Web. Currie,Leanne. (2007). “Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses”. Chapter 10. Web. Linjakumpu, Tarja. (2003). “ Drug Use Among the Home-dwelling Elderly ”. Web. Price, Lee. (2005). “Economic Conditions Affecting Social Security and the Merits of Pre –funding”. Web. Sigg, Ronald. (2005). “A Gobal Overview On Social Security in the Age of Longevity”. Web. Verghese, Paul. (2008). “Queensland Stay on Your Feet”. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The History of Yoga Essay The origins of yoga are now traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization that existed during the period between 3300 and 1300 before the Common Era (Clark 3). This argument is based on archeological findings, namely the depictions of postures that resemble some of positions that are now used in yoga (Clark 3). However, the first textual mentioning of this word appears only in the Vedic period. This evidence can show that yoga was a combination of mental, spiritual, and spiritual practices that could help a person improve his/her health and achieve liberation from many worldly desires. The classical works about this method were written during the rule of the Maurya Empire (Wasserman 7). The classical period can be distinguished because the main principles of this teaching were established during this time. For instance, one can speak about the idea of five abstentions or pratyahara which can be translated as the withdrawal of a person’s senses (Wasserman 7). At that stage, the practitioners of yoga did not separate spiritual and physical exercises. So, this period is an important landmark that can be identified. Moreover, one can speak about the Middle Ages which were marked by the emergence of many yoga schools. For instance, it is possible to mention Bhakti Movement, Tantra, Hatha Yoga, and many others. To a great extent, these schools of yoga continue to play an important role nowadays. In particular, much attention should be paid to Hatha Yoga which is very popular in the United States. On the whole, one can say yoga remained a primarily Indian cultural practice before the nineteenth century. At that time, many westerners began to take interest in the culture of India. Yoga appealed to many people because they were willing to find an alternative to Western cultures. For instance, one can mention Karl Kellner who established one of the first schools of yoga (Vad 157). However, the boom of yoga in western countries can be traced back to the early eighties when various practitioners were able to highlight the health benefits of yoga (Vad 157). Yet, they did not speak about the spiritual aspects of yoga. This is one of the details that one should keep in mind. To a great extent, the increasing popularity of yoga can be explained by the increasing immigration of many Hindu people to other countries such as the United Kingdom or the United States (Vad 157). To a great extent, they contributed to the spread of their spiritual, mental, and physical practices. This is one of the issues that can be identified. At present, yoga is practiced in countries that have different cultures, languages, economies, and so forth. Certainly, one cannot speak about the boom of yoga. However, many people regularly take interest in these teachings on physical and mental health. It is quite possible that in the future, yoga will still appeal to many people. Overall, this discussion suggests that in the course of its history, yoga has passed through several transformations. In particular, this set of physical and spiritual exercises has become a part of the global culture. It is practiced in a great number of countries that are culturally related with India. However, these practitioners can eliminate the spiritual and mental elements of yoga. This is one of the main aspects that can be identified. Works Cited Clark, Mathew. The Origins and Practices of Yoga: A Weeny Introduction , Delhi: Lulu, 2010. Print. Vad, Vik. Six Months in India: Yoga in Its Original Context , Delhi: Austin Ashram, 2010. Print. Wasserman, Nancy. The Weiser Concise Guide to Yoga for Magick , New York: Weiser Books, 2007. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Global English Effect on Arabic Language, Culture and Identity Proposal Essay The world has started to undergo all kinds of influences connected to the process of globalisation many decades ago. The boundaries between counties get vague, communication and interactions become more active, travelling is a usual part of modern humans’ lives. The tragic events, which happened on the eleventh of September in 2001, have made a huge impact on the whole world, touched many people and affected the economical, social, political and cultural environment. Arabic culture has experienced many changes connected to those tragic events. The world dominated by the English language and American business has made the Arabic traditions and language adjust and adapt to the newly occurring relationships. The scientists have explored various processes that started in the field of Arabic education and especially language studies. The goals of the research were to reveal the changes that happened in the educational system of Arabic countries after the events of 9/11 (Dahbi, 2004). Main question explored during the researches was about the relationship between the new western model of education and the traditional Islamic model (Rabasa, Vaxman, Larson and Macum, 2004). Another aim of these researches was to find out the popularity and frequency of use of English language among Arabic population compared to the use of native languages. Based on the research papers I have reviewed for my work, I have decided to propose a research of the popularity of English language as a subject in Arabic schools nowadays. I would like to explore how the events of 9/11 impacted the number of schools studying English as a necessary discipline, how the number of students learning English changed, what it used to be before 2001 and what it is now. Some Arabic countries are very ambitious and prosperous; they have started to experience the process and consequences of globalisation long ago. From the research work by Elyas it is known that the educational system in Arabic countries was modernised in order to provide the countries’ interaction with the rest of the world (2002). The goals of my research are to find out how the changes in educational system in Arabic countries influenced the methodology of teaching English and the popularity of English language as a subject. Subsidiary questions might include: * How did the number of students willing to study English as a foreign language change after 2001? * How did the style of teaching English change? * What kinds of topics appeared in English language textbooks? * How did the number of schools suggesting English as a necessary discipline? * How did the modernisation of educational system influence the way English language is being taught in Arabic schools? * Is there a difference between the changes that happened in more advanced Arabic countries and the ones in poor Arabic countries? The method that is going to be used during the research is deductive or “top-down” method, as we already have a theory based on the researches conducted by Warschauer, El Said and Zohry providing the knowledge about the types of knowledge the young specialists and internet users have to possess in order to be successful as workers (2002). The research is going to explore the types of knowledge people receive in schools as a base of their future development as potential employees. Besides, to provide qualitative approach inductive method is going to be used in order to allow the research produce new theories and hypotheses. The data needed for the research could be collected from reviewing the textbooks and teaching programs popular in Arabic countries, topics for discussion they suggest, interviews with Arabic teachers and students, statistical information. The forms of data that will be collected during the research are going to be narrative and numeric. Holistic and statistical analyses are going to be applied. The research is designed to have a closer look at the events happening in the Arabic educational systems, as they are both the moving force and the result of social changes and cultural development. These changes are meaningful because Arabic countries are a big part of the modern world; changes happening in Arabic mentality come directly from the changes in up-bringing and education, these metamorphoses could significantly influence the environment in the whole world. This is why the research is important – it provides better understanding of the processes happening in Arabic culture, it offers a fresh look to the new model of Arabic social culture, introduces the world to the knowledge that would not occur to many people without the research works of this kind. In the modern world multiple aspects of Arabic culture and society attract a lot of public attention. Various factors and processes are being researched. To my mind, the educational system is one of the bases that form the contemporary collective image of all Arabic cultures. In the world that is so interested in all the changes happening there, the research in the sphere of education is going to be interesting and useful. Reference List Elyas, T. (2002). The Attitude and the Impact of the American English as a Global Language within the Saudi Education System. Novitas-ROYAL, 2 (1), 28-48. Dahbi, M. English and Arabic After 9/11. (2004). The Modern Language Journal, 88 (4), 628-631 Rabasa, A. Vaxman, M., Larson E. V., Marcum, C. Y. (2004). The Muslim World after 9/11. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. Warschauer, M., El Said, G. R., Zohry, A. G. (2006). Language Choice Online: Globalisation and Identity in Egypt. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 7 (4). | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Soldier Treatment in “Regeneration” by Pat Barker Essay In Regeneration by Pat Barker, Rivers has several different patients. Even though all of them come from different backgrounds and have different stories, they all share one problem. All of these patients have been severely traumatized by the events they had encountered while being soldiers. Their experiences are truly horrific, and thus their shock has very serious causes. They have been sent to Rivers, who specializes in treating the problem they suffer from—shell-shock. In particular, one of the patients, Siegfried Sassoon, is requested by his commanders to be returned to service. In other words, it is the duty of Rivers to “fix” Sassoon so that his opposition to the military service and the war in general are transformed. Rivers is hesitant about his mission because the last thing he wants to do is force the soldier’s recovery from shell-shock. That said, his treatment includes non-invasive methods, getting to know the patients, close contact, trust, and conversations. However, the methods of Yealland are very different. This professional relies on electroshock—a painful treatment that forces patients to overcome their trauma in a short time and return to service. Yealland claims that some patients are unwilling to recover and handle their psychological problems, and that is why his therapy is universally helpful. In terms of effectiveness, from the perspective of the military commanders, the methods of Yealland are more efficient because they seem to achieve the desired results quickly and result in returning the soldiers to duty. At the same time, if the effectiveness stands for benefit to the patients, the therapy used by Rivers is more helpful because it helps the soldiers handle their trauma naturally without shocking them yet again. However, during times of war, state officials do not have the interests of the individual soldiers in mind, and will readily sacrifice them in order to achieve military success. That is why, according to the morals of the times of war, Yealland’s electroshock therapy is the most effective approach to solving the problem of PTSD among the soldiers who are physically suitable to continue their military service. However, according to humanistic morality, this approach is ultimately harmful. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V Coursework Table of Contents 1. What I think about the changes 2. Beneficiaries 3. Advantages of the changes 4. Disadvantages of the changes 5. References What I think about the changes I think that the changes contained in the DSM-V manual have been effected at the right time when parents need to understand various categories and information with regard to mental disorders. The changes reflect the amount of research that has been invested into understanding psychiatric disorders. The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) were previously known by three distinct forms, i.e. autistic disorder, asperger’s disorder and PDD-NOS (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Currently, term intellectual disability is being used, instead of mental retardation, to refer to neurodevelopmental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This is a key change that shows how professionals understand the aetiology and progression of various disorders contained in the manual. The changes have also affected the psychotic and bipolar disorders classifications. The changes have put into consideration severity levels of ASDs, and this is crucial for the management of the conditions (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Beneficiaries There are three major categories of beneficiaries of the changes in DSM-V. First, parents caring for children with ASDs are better informed, and they are able to seek the best management options from healthcare providers. For instance, a parent could study the information about a particular mental problem and discuss with a practitioner the options available for the management (Frances & Widiger, 2012). Second, affected children will benefit from the changes made in the publication. They will receive better healthcare based on better diagnosis and classification achieved through the changes adopted. Third, clinicians will have a better formal platform for the diagnosis of disorders associated with brain functions. Clinicians will follow specific criteria that must be utilized to offer quality diagnosis. Healthcare providers will use the relevant labels and code that are crucial for making claims to health insurance firms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The pace at which clinicians will adopt the changes contained in the diagnosis manual will greatly impact the benefits achieved by both parents and patients (Frances & Widiger, 2012; Matson, Belva, Horovitz, Kozlowski & Bamburg, 2012; Mattila et al., 2011). Advantages of the changes The changes in DSM-V have advantages that will result in improved healthcare. First, the changes adopted by DSM-V have been achieved through progressive research that is important for understanding different psychiatric disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The categories are crucial in conducting evidence-based research that is aimed at deciphering symptoms and other factors associated with various disorders. Second, the changes support differential diagnosis. Previously, there was a high probability of misdiagnosing an individual with a mental disorder. However, the changes contained in DSM-V provide lengthy sections that contain information about various many brain disorders that affect children (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The details enable healthcare providers to narrow down diagnoses and distinguish abnormal mental functions. An order of key questions is used by clinicians to identify a specific disorder affecting an individual (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Disadvantages of the changes There have been concerns that DSM-V publication contains diagnostic criteria that have a cultural bias. Specifically, the manual is oriented toward Anglo-Americans (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Thus, it does not put into consideration what is considered the norm within other ethnic groups in the US (Matson et al., 2012). Another disadvantage is that the changes in DSM-V perpetuate dehumanization because individuals can be labelled with mental pathologies by aligning their symptoms with categories of disorders contained in the manual. This process of diagnosis may not enable clinicians to view clients as unique individuals with unique personalities and problems. References American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5 th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing Frances, A. J., & Widiger, T. (2012). Psychiatric diagnosis: lessons from the DSM-V past and cautions for the DSM-5 future. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 109-130. Matson, J. L., Belva, B. C., Horovitz, M., Kozlowski, A. M., & Bamburg, J. W. (2012). Comparing symptoms of autism spectrum disorders in a developmentally disabled adult population using the current DSM-V-TR diagnostic criteria and the proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities , 24 (4), 403-414. Mattila, M. L., Kielinen, M., Linna, S. L., Jussila, K., Ebeling, H., Bloigu, R.,… & Moilanen, I. (2011). Autism Spectrum Disorders According to DSM-V-TR and Comparison With DSM-5 Draft Criteria: An Epidemiological Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , n.d. 50 (6), 583-592. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Summary 2. Forms of Democracy 3. Democratic Requirements 4. Homosexuality 5. Bibliography 6. Footnotes Summary Democracy can be defined as a governance system that holds rulers accountable for their actions, while in public offices, this office holder’s access to office happens through competitive electioneering and this is what makes the difference between democratic and nondemocratic regimes. There must be written rules that inform of a constitution to govern and regulate office bearer’s actions as well as that of citizens. This body of laws calls for rulers to make publicly binding decisions and for them to work properly, they must be institutions to implement what has been decided. It is the rulers’ efforts and policies that determine the democratic ratings. It is not all regimes that are democratic or even attempt to follow these principles; many other forms of iron fist governance like dictatorial, autocratic, authoritarian systems exist. Forms of Democracy Democracy exists in two major forms there is the liberal democracy which is a very capitalistic economic approach in nature while the other form is a socialist democracy that embraces economic aspects like subsidies and collective property ownership. However, neither can be said to be more democratic than the other, the difference in their approach on economy. Either democracy should be practiced in moderation to avert a situation where democratic principles would be undermined by either too stringent or very lax rules. Competition is the key to defining the condition of democracy. The citizens will always make options between the competing sides in an elective contest. For democracy to be thriving there must be fair elections that are tallied honestly. Democracy is also identified with the rule of the majority; therefore, the ruling side must have more than half of the cast votes. There should be cooperation between all the actors in order to have harmony and achieve the set democratic and economic goals. The kind of representation in a democracy is based on constituencies, though in the real sense what matters is the functional interests whereby leaders will align themselves in line with those in the same school of thought. Democratic Requirements For a democracy to thrive there must be amongst others, control over government decisions, there should be regular free and fair elections, all adults should have right to vote, and still any willing adult should be allowed to contest. One important thing is freedom as there should be no any form of threat, harassment or intimidation on either the electorate or the elected leaders and most important no body should be victimized because of their political opinion. The writer tells us not to expect too much from democracies or overate them since it doesn’t mean that they are more administrative or economically efficient as compared to other forms of governance. It is not always that democracies will exhibit order, or the best form of stability. The kind of squabbles evident in other forms of governance will always manifest themselves in democracies. That means its not always that democracy will result to peace 1 . Homosexuality An article in the Daily Nation 29th January 2011. Statistics indicate that 25% of all new HIV infections in Kenya are related to homosexuality, thus making it a critical area in the fight against the spread of HIV Aids in Kenya. I conquer with the writer of the article about gays, there is usually a lot of stigmas that are associated with them and this is a stumbling block in the war against Aids since they cannot openly seek help on some matters of sexuality. Considering that homosexuality is illegal, gays will even shy away from seeking medical help in case of sexually transmitted illnesses for fear of reprimand encouraging their spread. Therefore, the government should not bury its head in the sand; it must first recognize and reach the gay community so as to fight the spread of the scourge together. Bibliography Gleditsch, Petter. Democracy and Peace. International Peace Research institute. “ Sage Publications .” 29 (1992): 369-376. Web. Footnotes 1. Gleditsch, Petter. Democracy and Peace. International Peace Research institute. “ Sage Publications .” 29 (1992): 369-376. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
She focuses on the LGBTQ community and the fact that currently, too little attention is paid to the elimination of discrimination against black men and women. In her interview, Collins gives examples of various series, and television programs that show not only black people but also the LGBTQ community. She provides examples of the fact that it was forbidden for gays and lesbians to marry until recently, and when this ban was lifted, society, in her opinion, became better. Nevertheless, the author does not provide practical solutions to the issue of racism and discrimination of the LGBTQ community. Collins does not offer possible solutions in her opinion for the elimination of the case that worries her so much. It would be interesting to study further articles by the author in which she will consider her policy of working on the eradication of racial and sexual discrimination. The purpose of this interview is to demonstrate the author’s attitude to the sexuality of black people and racial discrimination. The author refers to her own opinion and her works written earlier. The source reflects different ethnic groups, and the issue of discrimination is based precisely on the difference between black and white people. The author is a professor at the University of Maryland and the creator of many respected research papers. Racial discrimination and negative attitude towards the LGBTQ community are essential and acute and push my perspective. The text is aimed at anyone who wants to understand the existing problem in detail. The work was first published in 2004, but later the author continued to study the topic and wrote more recent works. Updating the information is not an obstacle since the problem is still relevant. It cannot be said that the author has provided evidence of his judgments since the text still expresses more of the author’s own opinion concerning the problem. Reference Collins, P. H. (2004). Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism . Routledge. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Psychoanalysis and the Adlerian Theory Comparison Essay Psychoanalysis and the Adlerian theory are some of the most influential existing psychological theories, and both are used by therapists and counselors in their practice. After briefly explaining the crux of both theories, this paper considers the similarities and differences between them. According to psychoanalytic theory, individuals, to a large extent, are influenced by their unconscious self, which includes their past experiences; the currently existing psychological problems are viewed as rooted in the repressed emotions and unresolved issues of the past (Cooper & Dryden, 2016). Psychoanalysts, therefore, attempt to assist their clients by bringing out some unconscious material, mainly childhood experiences, and work with it, reconstructing, discussing, and analyzing it, to help the client reach wholeness and self-realization (Cooper & Dryden, 2016; Corey, 2013). On the other hand, the Adlerian theory accepts the assumption that the acts and motivations of individuals are caused by social factors, but that people are responsible for their own beliefs, actions, and feelings, and that their actions are motivated by their aims for the future rather than influenced by their past (Corey, 2013). Adlerian therapists focus on helping individuals become aware of and change their erroneous beliefs about the self and the others, and thus, transform their life for the better (Corey, 2013). It is easy to see that both theories attempt to identify some psychological nuances of an individual that cause him/her to act in a wrong way, and to help the person to more fully realize themselves (Corey, 2013). However, while psychoanalysts believe that people’s problems are rooted in their past psychological trauma, Adlerians state that problems of individuals originate in wrong views and resulting wrong behaviors. Also, psychoanalysts, believing that the unconscious is the main source of one’s actions, view one as not fully in control of oneself, whereas Adlerians state that one is responsible for their opinions and actions. In addition, while psychoanalysts are convinced that actions of people are caused by their repressed past experiences, Adlerians consider future goals to be what prompts them to act in particular ways (Corey, 2013). On the whole, both psychoanalytic and Adlerian theories are used by modern therapists. Despite the differences between the theories, both of them have proven to be successful if used in the practice of psychotherapy (Corey, 2013). References Cooper, M., & Dryden, W. (Eds.). (2016). The handbook of pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy . Croydon, UK: CPI Group. Corey, G. (2013). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
What are the benefits of IS for individual and community? Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Benefits of IS for individual 3. Benefits of IS for community 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Business managers have the responsibility of assessing benefits of implementing technology in their organizations. Most business managers would consider both benefits and costs of implementing Information Systems during assessment. Benefits are usually considered in terms of cost saved or increased revenue for the organization. Benefits can be either tangible or intangible. The former is measurable while the latter is not. In most cases, community benefits are usually intangible. On the other hand, individual benefits are usually tangible. This paper will explore the benefits of Information Systems to individuals. Moreover, it will also explore its benefits to the community (Sylvain 1). Benefits of IS for individual Business individuals consider benefits in terms of cost saved or increased revenue. This is quite common with business managers who consider implementing information systems in their organizations. Information systems present numerous benefits to individuals. These include automation, cost savings, self-service, decision-making, adaptability, real-time information, custom formats, and custom information, among others. Business environment requires expedition of activities and accuracy of information. This can only be provided by Information Systems (IS). For instance, a sales manager would see the overall picture for future decision making from sales data. Information Systems provide an individual with custom information, which is essential for decision-making. Information Systems provide an individual with information in custom formats, which is easy to utilize. This is vital for expedition and coordination purposes. Information Systems also provide individuals with real time information. This is very essential in manufacturing firms since production personnel get real-time information for further actions. This can help in situations that require rapid interventions. For instance, whenever there is mechanical failure, Information Systems converts data into useful information for the individual concerned (Sylvain 1). Information System is also essential in providing adaptability. This is possible since its individual parts can be upgraded without serious disruptions to activities. This is essential in ensuring continuity of activities even during installations or upgrades. In addition, it provides flexibility required for smooth running of business activities. Information Systems also reduce errors, this is necessary for making informed decision. In essence, it aids an individual in decision-making. Information System is tailored to provide self-service to customers or employees. This is important in management of business activities as it reduces tasks that an individual should perform. In addition, Information Systems brings about automation of tasks, which saves time and money for the individual concerned. This happens through reduction on the number of administrative workers thereby saving one on extra wages. Moreover, Information Systems can save on costs through electronic communication and record keeping, among others (Baltzan, Phillips, Lynch, and Blakely 112). Benefits of IS for community Information System (IS) is also important to the community. It provides numerous benefits to communities in terms of information sharing, communication, entertainment, learning, self-service, time saving, cost sharing, interaction, automation, adaptability, networking, and community initiatives, among others. Information System is essential to the community as it provides a platform for sharing information. Through the platform, information can be transferred and shared among community members. This is essential in enabling effective communication within the community. This is an intangible benefit but of great importance to communities. Moreover, the cost of sharing information between members for a given community from different areas is greatly reduced when Information System is implemented. A business community can share information on goods and services to provide easy understanding and trade. This also saves time since Information Systems is automated. Moreover, the cost of sharing valuable business information is greatly reduced for the concerned business community. Information System (IS) is important to the community since it can provide the community with a common platform for entertainment/leisure and learning. These benefits are important to any community because technology brings about various advancements that help improve their skills. Information Systems (IS) also provides the community with flexibility to upgrade and install its system without notable disruptions. This is essential in enabling execution of indispensible activities during upgrades and installations. Moreover, Information System (IS) is important in providing the community with the required information whenever necessary. In addition, it provides error-free information that can help the community in making informed decision. Information System is important in providing the community worth crucial facilities such as data in healthcare settings, communal settings, and community initiatives. These are important in expediting process of activities within the community. Effective communication is essential to any given group; Information Systems provide various modes of communication at reduced prices, which saves on the cost of filing, and communication. Information System is therefore necessary for any community for effective communication and sharing of information (Sylvain 1). Conclusion Information System is both important to individuals and the community. It provides both sets of people with various tangible and intangible benefits. Community services cannot be offered effectively without use of Information Systems. Information Systems reduces the cost of storing information for use by both individuals and the community. Moreover, it provides a platform for interaction, sharing and networking between communities and individuals. This is important for smooth execution of activities in businesses. Moreover, it offers self-service, which reduces the cost of production considerably. Information System is essential for provisions of crucial data for healthcare and learning services to the community (Sylvain 1). Works Cited Baltzan, Paige, Phillips Amy, Lynch Kathy, and Blakely Peter. Business Driven Information Systems . Sydney: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009. Print. Sylvain, Roy. Tangible Benefits of Information Systems . 28 Jan. 2013. Web. < https://smallbusiness.chron.com/tangible-benefits-information-systems-50155.html >. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The South Dakota Legislature on Texting and Driving Essay Prewriting Assignment Topic The topic of this article is texting and driving. According to the authors of the article, the South Dakota Legislature needs to acknowledge the perils of texting and driving and place a ban on the practice. The article then outlines the reasons behind this argument. Angle My argument is that a ban on texting and driving is not enough to overturn the current developments. The state should instead direct its efforts towards educating the public about the dangers of texting and driving. This awareness campaign should mostly focus on teenagers and other youthful drivers. Purpose The purpose of my letter is to highlight the other aspects of texting and driving campaigns that could have a more significant effect than imposing a ban on texting. For instance, the State of South Dakota is not necessarily neglectful through its inaction. Audience The letter is addressed to all South Dakota residents as well as all stakeholders of safe driving. However, my letter makes specific reference to teenagers and youthful drivers because these groups are closer to the issue of texting and driving. Personal Experience I have a friend who was involved in a car accident while he was driving and texting. He hid this information from investigators but revealed it to me in confidence. Given the scope of the accident, he was lucky to have survived. He also revealed to me that he was not explicitly aware of the dangers of texting and driving. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive awareness campaign like the one for drinking and driving. Context The blame on the South Dakota legislature is unwarranted because there are other stakeholders of drunk driving, including the traffic department, activist groups, and other road users. Therefore, the call for a ban on texting and driving should be a concerted effort from all involved stakeholders. The national wide ban on texting and driving represents the part the government has to play. The rest of the efforts should be from other stakeholders. Letter to the Editor on Ban on Texting and Driving in South Dakota I am writing this letter in response to the Sioux City Journal’s article titled “Our Opinion: It’s time for a tough ban on texting while driving in S.D..” The article was authored by the journal’s joint editorial board. The article is a timely response to the rising instances of road accidents involving texting and driving. However, I feel that the sole blame on the South Dakota legislature is misplaced. From my perspective, a legal ban on texting and driving will not have a significant impact on the vice, and concerted efforts from various stakeholders could yield better results. Lack of harsh legislation on texting and driving does not necessarily translate to high instances of this practice. It is important to note that the National Safety Council’s statistics do not only reflect on the situation in South Dakota but the whole country (Journal Editorial Board, 2014). Therefore, the authors of this article cannot link the alleged inaction of the legislature to the rising cases of texting and driving. In some instances, it has been noted that states with the harshest texting and driving laws record the most instances of this vice (Harrison, 2013). Therefore, the authors of this article ought to have addressed the issue from a broader perspective. For instance, are instances of texting and driving higher in South Dakota compared to other states? According to current statistics, South Dakota is not even among the top 25 states when it comes to accidents related to texting and driving. The focus should be on how to manage and create awareness about texting and driving instead of implementing bans. The spirit of democracy and good governance dictates that governments conduct enough awareness campaigns before coming up with primary laws. I have come across individuals who wonder why texting and driving should be a crime. Their reasoning is enabled by the fact that there is very little public awareness concerning texting and driving. Most people, especially those under twenty-one years of age view, bans on texting and driving as criticism against their driving techniques (Harrison, 2013). Therefore, there is a need to conduct comprehensive public campaigns about the dangers of texting and driving. The authors of this article should consider pushing for public awareness campaigns before calling for a comprehensive ban on texting and driving. Furthermore, the article does not refer to any research on texting and driving in South Dakota, and this suggests that there is none yet. Finally, there is no sufficient input from other safe driving stakeholders to highlight the seriousness of this issue. Bans on texting and driving in most of the other states have been preceded by activism and joint efforts against the practice. This has not been the case in South Dakota. The state is only following through with the trends in other states. For instance, in the past South Dakota has engaged in a massive campaign against drunk driving but not against texting and driving. It is not enough or appropriate to implement a ban on texting and driving without considering other relevant factors. The authors of this article need to recognize the state’s specific needs and trends. The effectiveness of a ban also depends on the level of public awareness in the issue. There is no need to effect legislation just because other states have done so. References Harrison, M. A. (2013). College students’ prevalence and perceptions of text messaging while driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention , 43 (4), 1516-1520. Journal Editorial Board. (2014). Our Opinion: It’s time for tough ban on texting while driving in S.D. Sioux City Journal, 3 (2), 1-2. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Database structures of Abu Dhabi Airport Essay This paper describes the different database structures used in various functional departments of Abu Dhabi Airport. This paper will begin by identifying four database structures used in at least four functional departments of Abu Dhabi Airport. After that, it will discuss how Abu Dhabi Airport benefits from the identified database structures. This paper will then discuss the types of transaction processing that are possible with these databases. In addition, this paper will highlight how such database structures can be connected or linked, and the benefits and problems associated with this procedure. Abu Dhabi Airport has eight different functional departments, and they include supportive services department, Air Navigation services department, Strategic and International Affairs department, Safety Affairs department, Air Accident Investigation department, Security Affairs department, Procurement Department, and Planning and Development Department. The supportive services department is the chief database center of Abu Dhabi International Airport. As a result, it has the organization’s database dictionary. A database dictionary contains the logical structure of the organization’s information. All other departments gather relevant information such as clients’ information, orders, bookings, or security details from the Support Services department. On the other hand, the Planning and Development department has a database structure which stores information of all the investors and business partners. In addition, this department keeps all relevant information related to planning and development. The list of all investors and business associates is also stored in the procurement department. The procurement department also stores information of the current and future projects (Procurement Department, 2012). Moreover, Strategic and International Affairs has a database structure which stores data related to all international business associates. This department also has a database structure with relevant information on potential threats to the organization’s international affairs, international relations, and operations. Abu Dhabi Airport relies heavily on the database structures present in its different functional departments. First, the supportive services department has all the critical information required in the monitoring and running of the airport (Abu Dhabi News, 2012). This department has database structures which store all the organization’s critical data. As the information center of the organization, the supportive services department necessitates the functioning of all other departments. As a result, the Airport can operate even if other departments have problems with their database structures. The procurement department is another key department. Since it is involved in the management of procurement goods, works, and services, the database structure in this department helps to document all the current and future projects. Thus, other departments like the Planning and Development department can easily track all the developmental activities that are ongoing or those that are yet to commence. On the other hand, Abu Dhabi airport relies heavily on the database structure present in the Planning and Development department. This is because this department has crucial information on of all the investors and business partners. Such information enables the organization to stay in touch with its key business partners and also plan its activities accordingly. Furthermore, the database structures present in the Strategic and International ensures that the organization stays in touch with its international business partners. In addition, the database structures in this department help in the identification of potential risks to the international affairs of the organization. Looking at the database in the procurement department, it is evident that online transaction processing is commonly used. Potential contractors often submit their application fee via the department’s online transaction processing. In addition, the supportive services department uses online transaction processing to handle online payments. This is very essential when clients submit payment for various services including flight tickets. On the other hand, the database structures present in the Strategic and International Affairs rely heavily on online analytical processing. This is exceptionally essential in building business intelligence. Online analytical processing is used in database structures of the Planning and Development department (Qatar News, 2011). This also assists the department to gather business intelligence. Most of the Airport’s database structures are linked via the internet (ACI, 2011). As a result, information from all the departments can be accessed through computer networking. Such networking is exceptionally beneficial to the airport’s performance and decision making processes. Linking the department’ data structures saves time. The airport’s staffs do not need to move from one department to the other in order to collect the necessary information; rather, they can locate the intended information by simply logging into the prospective database structures. This has been necessitated through the use of the internet. Connecting the various databases from the airport’s departments provides each department with timely information essential in decision making. Such connection also enables other departments to plan for their activities. It minimizes workload, delays, and improves the overall efficiency of the functional departments. Such connection has its own demerits. Sometimes the internet’s service provider encounters technical problems which at times hinder internet connectivity. Such connection might also lead to the sharing of confidential information. In addition, it may lead to the loss of company secretes and plans. Furthermore, such connections might compromise the airport’s operations in case one of the department’s database structures is misleading. Delays may also be experienced during system failure. References Abu Dhabi News (2012). Flying from the Best Airport in the Middle East . Web. Airports Council International (ACI). (2011). Abu Dhabi International Airport. Web. Procurement Department. (2012). Procurement and Tenders. Web. Qatar News. (2011). Etihad Airways to Ho Chi Minh City. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Compare of Goodmark and Miller&Segal Articles Essay Domestic violence victims are protected by federal and state laws and can seek relief in criminal or civil courts. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is among the regulations that ensure additional resources are provided effectively to violence victims. However, successful law implementation can be challenged by individual or political factors. The purpose of this paper is to compare articles regarding how the ability of law enforcement can be limited. Leigh Goodmark addresses the decriminalization of domestic violence. According to the author, the US took a path towards criminalizing domestic violence and has continued to follow it, using various legal systems (Goodmark, 2017). As a result, scholars argue that the trend towards the criminalization of domestic violence saw a surge in mass incarceration, creating a societal problem (Goodmark, 2017). The article highlights how political and social issues impact the execution of domestic violence laws. Miller and Segal (2019) in the second article, question whether women in the police force impact crime reporting policies and domestic violence escalation. According to Miller and Segal (2019), women’s involvement in law enforcement has geared significant influence. In most cases, women are the common victims of violence at home and confide easily to female officers. In both articles, the central idea concerning law enforcement abilities highlights the key areas where legal institutions and the government could effectively address domestic violence issues. Goodmark (2017) informs that positioning domestic violence as a noncriminal act is not the right approach. Similarly, Miller and Segal (2019) advise that increasing the female police force enhances law enforcement relating to domestic violence at an individual level. Thus, to counter social crimes in the community, more female police can support law reinforcement. However, the article by Goodmark (2017) is politics-based, informing of two conflicting issues facing the criminal justice system. The decision on whether domestic violence should be decriminalized is subject to political debate, proposers asserting a relief on mass incarceration (Goodmark, 2017). The article by Miller and Segal (2019) looks at law enforcement’s approach from an individual perspective. The authors infer that, without female police officers in the policing system, crime reporting would likely reduce because victims will retaliate from opening up to male officers. In summary, implementing domestic violence laws is a crucial step to protecting vulnerable individuals in the communities. Studies reveal that some political and individual forces can limits regulatory practices, requiring alternative approaches and reinforcements. At the enforcement stage, careful consideration of the identified factors is paramount. Federal and state laws on domestic violence are clear on objectives, and strategies to mitigate limiting factors should be carried for maximum effectiveness. References Goodmark, L. (2017). Should domestic violence be decriminalized? Harvard Journal of Law and Gender , 40 (1). 53-113. Web. Miller, A. R., & Segal, C. (2019). Do female officers improve law enforcement quality? Effects on crime reporting and domestic violence. The Review of Economic Studies , 86 (5), 2220-2247. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Healthcare Facility Planning and Design Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Facility planning 2. Case Study 3. Conclusion 4. Reference Facility planning In the process of coming up with a design for a health facility it is important to keep in mind that time is evolving and that constructed structures tend to be permanent and hence taking into consideration the fact that needs associated with health facilities tend to change with time. It is important to take into consideration the present nature of the workspace, design, structure, technology and the flow of work (Sonja, 2011).. Having innovative design techniques is invaluable as far as the support rendered to the patients is concerned, it also adds a lot to delivery of quality service. It is important to pinpoint various models of procurement and get advice on the one that fits the requirements of that health facility. In the process of acquiring a design for a health facility it important to consider management and determine what action to take to effect effective use of the facility in the facility, when designing cater for the issue of control infection (Sonja, 2011).. It is inevitable that change is part of health care, therefore embedding the emerging technologies into the design of a health care brings the competitive advantage as far as health services are concerned. Putting health care in the future perspective, then unmatched answers to health problems will be greatly achieved. Hence putting a plan that will host technological developments of the future. Putting up a plan that will host advancing technology and also adapting emerging trends into existence is key to a successful design for a health facility. In the quest for achieving effective technology, it should not be at the expense of the best practices in relation to current leading health care providers and also understanding fully the implications of reforms associated with health care. Putting all these consideration together then there is no doubt that the final design shall indeed translate into good financial return (Sonja, 2011). Case Study I did have a chance to be a contributor within a team of designers in Illinois that under took a three unit room project in Plantine. The project involved an upgrade to host a state of the art cyberknife facility. It’s a technology that is characterized by robotic tools. This technology is an alternative to the convectional method of surgery which treats tumors associated with cancer or otherwise, located in any part of the body. This technology is accurate considering the fact that it implements the same technique used by guided missile to the exact location of a tumor. The main objective was not only to bring confidence to the patient but also incorporate advancements in technology into an already operational hospital space. Plantin Illinois cyberknife facility also required renovation for an x-ray facility that was existent before, to be able to host a main 1,550 squared foot vault for treatment. 1,000,000, pounds of bricks made from tubes containing lead were used in the construction process to offer shielding to the cyberknife system, the system is placed on a 35” (inch) slab of concrete. Due to the height that was required for the structure and the radiation, renovations regarding the patients floor that were above (the upper floor) of the facility was necessary, in the exterior of the room a monitoring room was implemented. The space used to host the cyberknife is about 155 square-feet. The two rooms had underground cable carrying power, a main control station, a compressing pump for back-up service and a full-wall casing. To make the patients feel comfortable, an interior design team came up with natural paintings that brought a natural theme with a calming and warm effect. The facility does serve members of Plantin community as well as others that come from as far as different state, since this facility is a first of its kind. The facility is and will continue to serve patients that have developed cancer that is as a result of cancer or non-cancer related. The accuracy of the equipment and its efficiency is unmatched, so far the facility a sees a lot of support from members of paltin and an increasing number of patient that prefer its service, advised or even referred to the facility. Conclusion From the a carefully considered design the facility has achieved its objective of satisfying both the patient which in turn has lead to good returns. It has proved that a careful and a well thought plan for designing a health facility is crucial and especially when putting into consideration emerging trends (Sonja, 2011). Reference Sonja, M. (2011). Cutting edge healthcare facility design. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
JD Wetherspoon Company’s Product Strategy Report Introduction JD Wetherspoon is a pub that was founded by a 24-year-old law student in 1979. Tim Martin, the founder, developed a desire to open his own pub due to a poor display of standards by the local pubs. The pub’s strategy at that time was to offer an array of real ales. Following its massive growth, this company went public in 1994. Tim Martin being the majority shareholder. Currently, the company owns over 640 pubs throughout the United Kingdom (Hassanien & Dale 2010). The major driving point of JD Wetherspoon is the ability to retain total control of all the affiliate pubs. Due to this outstanding feature, the company has managed to maintain a clear standard throughout all the pubs. JD Wetherspoon’s Products JD Wetherspoon has an array of products and services available for the customers. Alcohol is the main drink that is served in these pubs. The company has introduced incentives for the customers with the aim of attracting them to buy their beer. For instance, the company sells its soft drinks at a much lower price in comparison to other companies (Kew & Stredwick 2005). The company has made capital gains by enjoying the economies of scale. In essence, the company is able to negotiate huge discounts gained from bulk purchasing. Huge discounts enable it to reduce the final price making it easy for customers to consider this pub. High sales turnover drives up the profit margins leading to huge profits. Friendly prices accompanied by a safe and welcoming environment are major factors that have led to growth (Hassanien & Dale 2010). Rapid growth has enabled the company to venture into lodges and nightclubs. JD Wetherspoon’s emphasis on training and great facilities has played a major role in sustaining growth. In addition to soft drinks, the company has created a niche in the food industry. Improvements on the menu have played a significant role in upward growth. In line with quality service, customers have found it easy to relax in these pubs because of the friendly and ambient atmosphere. JD Wetherspoon pubs do not play loud music or entertain jukeboxes. As a result, the environment within the pub is quite enjoyable. JD Wetherspoon pubs are normally larger than the average pub. Furthermore, the company outlets ensure that customers can access food all day long within a non-smoking area. Television viewing is allowed during major sporting events. During the other days, the television or music is not allowed within the pub. The company records high bar sales followed by the sales generated from food. The company also runs Lloyd No. 1, which is a venture that targets the cocktail drinking market. The company’s strategic objective has made major contributions to the entire growth. In essence, the company has created a platform that appeals to the entire family through the nature of operations (Hassanien & Dale 2010). In addition, the firm’s focus on what customers want has played a critical role in establishing its presence in the pub industry. Conclusion Strategy is a significant factor when managing a competitive company. Recent reports indicate a marked growth in terms of profits generated by the company. Based on the analysis generated, JD Wetherspoon is a company that is making gains by focusing on diversifying its products. In addition, the company’s pricing system has increased the sales turnover leading to sustained profits. Reference List Hassanien, A & Dale, C 2010, Hospitality Business Development , Routledge, New York. Kew, J & Stredwick, J 2005, Business Environment: Managing in a Strategic Context , CIPD Publishing, London. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Athens Put Socrates and Philosophy on Trial Essay Introduction Philosophy is an ancient field of study that entails systematic study of knowledge, nature, existence, reality, mind, and reason through logical and rational arguments. Philosophers use logical and rational arguments when explaining their perception of life and their existence. For centuries, humans have been accumulating knowledge about their existence in a bid to understand the nature of life. In Athens, Socrates was the most prominent philosopher who examined the lives of Athenians and found that they were groping in the darkness of ignorance since they did not understand their existence. Thus, Socrates argued that ‘unexamined life is not worth living’ after observing the how the Athenians lived. As he tried to enlighten the people, Athenians leaders observed that Socrates was spoiling the minds of the youths, and thus guilty of using his philosophies inappropriately. Hence, this essay argues that Athenian leaders put Socrates and his philosophy on trial, for they did not like to examine and assess their lives using philosophy. Unexamined Life Socrates was an Athenian philosopher who made a significant contribution to the development of the Western philosophy. Although Socrates was one of the wisest men in Athens, he considered himself as ignorant. He argued that gaining wisdom only begins when one understands own ignorance as it forms the basis of knowledge. During his life, Socrates observed that Athenians lived miserable lives since they could not understand the essence of life. Thus, Socrates decided to examine the lives of the Athenians and teach the youths on how to attain better lives as he envisioned. According to Socrates, ‘unexamined life is not worth living’ because people are groping in the dark, and thus unable to attain real meaning of life or live worthy lives. Therefore, Socrates talked to Athenians while examining their lives and teaching youths on how to gain wisdom and live worthy lives. Socrates used the Allegory of the Cave to describe how Athenians are groping in the darkness without hope of attaining real meaning of life. In the allegory, Socrates argues that Athenians are seeing illusions in life and taking them as reality, just as prisoners in the cave assumed that shadows are real people walking across the wall. The prisoners in the cave have accustomed to the shadows until they could not differentiate reality and illusions. In this view, Socrates asserts that philosophers like him are among people who have come out of the cave and are able to differentiate reality and illusions. Hence, the work of Socrates was to enlighten the Athenians so that they can transform their understanding of life from cave illusions to the reality in the world. Although Socrates tried to enlighten the youths, Athenian leaders had a different perception. The Athenian leaders perceived that Socrates was spoiling the minds of the youths with philosophical doctrines that are against laws and regulations of the Athenian empire. In essence, what Socrates did was to examine the lives of the Athenians in a bid to enhance their understanding of life and resolution of issues affecting their lives. Despite Socrates’ important role in enlightening the youth, the Athenian leaders charged Socrates and dismissed his philosophy as destructive. In response, Socrates protested that the jury did set the penalty very high that he could not afford to pay, and thus putting him and his philosophy on trial. Despite his plea and protest, the jury still sentenced Socrates to death. In the course of examining the lives of the Athenians, Socrates also questioned the existence of the piety. Socrates analyzed Euthyphro concept and asserted that the gods love pious things and hate impious things. In his argument about piety, Socrates came up with the Euthyphro dilemma since he wondered whether the gods loves pious things or the gods make things pious by loving them. Socrates believed that things are pious on their own and independent of the gods. Hence, piety is an inherent attribute of things and not gods. The Euthyphro dilemma attracted massive criticisms from Athenians because it touched on a sensitive matter about the Athenian gods and their deity roles. If god cannot make anything pious, it means they have no ability to transform the lives of people from impiety to piety. Such dilemma made the Athenians charge Socrates for introducing new doctrines that are against their gods. Hence, Athenians accused Socrates of introducing foreign gods while relegating Athenian gods. Conclusion Socrates was a noble philosopher who examined the lives of the Athenians and realized that they were ignorant about life. According his assessment, Socrates argued that ‘unexamined life is not worth living’ because people grope while searching for the real meaning of life. Despite the fact that Socrates examined the lives of youths and taught them, Athenian leaders accused him of corrupting their minds while introducing foreign gods. Eventually, the jury sentenced Socrates to death for alleged destructive teachings and impious philosophy. Thus, the Athenians put Socrates and his philosophy on trial when they sentenced him to death and rejected his philosophy as destructive. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
In the last decade, the focus has shifted from considering the benefits and risks of internationalization to studying the strategies of international companies operating and developing. However, it should be remembered that globalization acts as a kind of institutional environment for global companies, characterized by high uncertainty and risks and a non-monotonous, dynamic nature. The main incentive for the globalization and internationalization of the company is a significant expansion of market opportunities, both production, and trade. This is also connected with the benefits gained from implementing an international strategy, namely the growth of the company’s market, economies of scale and learning, and, of course, the advantages of new locations. Many companies from developing countries such as China, India, and Taiwan are active in global value chains in high-tech sectors of the economy (Stallkamp & Schotter, 2019). However, this fact leads to the fact that there is the broadest range of problems inherent in international companies in these countries. For example, emerging markets often have inadequate government oversight and regulation levels, leading to global companies’ unethical and criminal trading practices. For example, a typical example of this is the exploitation of cheap local labor to make production more affordable for international businesses (Mashan, 2021). This is morally and ethically appalling in the extreme but will have dire consequences for the company in the future. Given the benefits of international diversification, some firms choose not to expand internationally for several reasons. The most common of these is the reluctance to go beyond the domestic market of their homeland (Paul & Mas, 2019). This suggests either an unwillingness to face the risks of globalization or an initial calculation of opportunities, taking into account only the company’s home market factors. Moreover, an important reason for the rejection of globalization may be the awareness of problems faced with a foreign market, its characteristics, and potential consumers’ culture, religion, and customs. Thus, the global strategy has its colossal advantages and disadvantages that can push the company away from this approach. References Paul, J., & Mas, E. (2019). Toward a 7-P framework for international marketing . Journal of Strategic Marketing , 28 (8), 681–701. Web. Stallkamp, M., & Schotter, A. P. J. (2019). Platforms without borders? The international strategies of digital platform firms . Global Strategy Journal , 11 (1), 58–80. Web. Mashan, T. (2021). “Dear Nike, just don’t do it!”: A transnational digital connective action on the issue of forced Uyghur labor at Nike sweatshops in China (No. 272). Central Asia Program. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
National Intelligence Manager Process in Managing IC-Wide Resources Evaluation Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Assessment of the NIM Process in Risk Management 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The primary mission of the National Intelligence Managers (NIMs) teams is to serve as consolidating and integrating power for a national intelligence investigation, collection, plans, and measures within Intelligence competencies and performance. The NIM process promotes complex solutions to deal with critical IC mission and enterprise opportunities, challenges, and gaps. Such a management process is focused on engaging the broad spectrum of IC expertise, well-timed response to policies’ standards, determining knowledge deficiencies, and efficient management of collection and analysis. In addition, it aims at managing functions and resources according to prioritized and contingency precedencies of national security. The Assessment of the NIM Process in Risk Management In terms of global threat management and prevention, the NIMs serve as a delegated authority within ODNI (Office of the Director of National Intelligence). According to UMUC, its management approach enables the IC to leverage Community-wide knowledge about particular countries and issues, timely react to policymakers’ Intelligence needs, and determine a lack of expertise within the Community. As such, the ODNI’s designation of a NIM South Asia/Afghanistan-Pakistan allows the intelligence community to attract a broad range of resources and opportunities to counteract the Administration’s particularly pressing national security challenges. Furthermore, the NIM process is pivotal for ODNI since it is responsible for coordinating all the operations related to its portfolios. The national intelligence managers perform the critical functions as senior advisors for DNI (Director of National Intelligence) in terms of community control and coordination of their specific operational area. They provide the whole set of informational needs concerning their mission area by maintaining high-level relations with the Intelligence, policymaking, and warfare communities. The NIMs also design and implement Unifying Intelligence Strategies, schemes, and campaigning to incorporate the community’s activities. Another responsibility implies integrating the IC’s collection, analysis, counterespionage, and financial approach. The NIM process proves its effectiveness in addressing the global threat environment to provide warning and situational awareness by adhering to the aspects defined by the Director of National Intelligence Mission Managers (2005), such as: * understanding of customer requirements concerning the assigned objectives; * setting the collection and analysis priorities for a referral to the NIM Board; * forming integrated collection strategies against assigned objectives; * determining collection disparities and state of analysis; * identifying unmet needs according to the assigned goals. Nevertheless, political risk became a vital and complicated challenge in the twenty-first century. Apart from national governments that lead the business environment, there is a significant number the political risk from other players. These include “individuals wielding cell phones, local officials issuing city ordinances, terrorists detonating truck bombs, UN officials administering sanctions, and others” (Rice & Zegart, 2018, para. 2). Nowadays, the political risk might significantly affect modern enterprises. Rice & Zegart (2018) identified the critical competencies of companies that surpass risk management, such as understanding, analyzing, mitigating, and responding. The companies that are at the cutting edge of managing global political risk commonly create internal threat-assessment groups by engaging former intelligence and policing specialists to track the real-time political climate. Conclusion The NIM process is an efficient approach to managing IC-wide resources and addressing the global threat environment. However, the new century provides constant challenges, as well as for the business enterprises that interact with the former IC agents. The strategic risk affects the IC’s ability to give adequate intelligence for the decision-making policies on national security issues. The global threat environment can challenge the IC’s capacity to control events and alert policymakers of all evolving situations. Therefore, the IC and NIMs should be focused on new approaches to determine better and communicate areas to face risks and maintain a proactive and flexible position against emerging threats. References Director of National Intelligence Mission Managers. (2005). Intelligence community policy memorandum . Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Rice, C., & Zegart, A. (2018). Managing 21st-century political risk . Harvard Business Review. Web. UMUC. Managing Global Threats . Lecture. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Rome’s Most Impressive Architectural or Engineering Accomplishment Essay Many would not dispute the fact that even nowadays, the Romans’ structures represent the glory of their verse. Not only were the Romans possessing great ideas, but also they were capable of implementing breathtaking structures and inventions. For example, those structures are Roman Roads, Roman waterwork, the creation of waterproof concrete, and enormous buildings like the Pantheon or the Colosseum. The ancient Romans were accomplished engineers who made significant contributions to the industry. They created a vast network of roads that attached towns across their empire. Moreover, they also constructed aqueducts and bridges using arches as supports. Whilst the Colosseum and the Pantheon symbolized the greatness and power of The Roman Empire, the roadways outlined how tremendous and resourceful it was. There is a rather great chance that the discussion about the most impressive and significant structure may well long forever. The aqueducts were some of the most valuable arrangements for the life supply. The immense Colosseum is one of the most remarkable constructions that have ever been built because “the engineering behind it is absolutely astonishing” (Smarthistory 00:01:49-00:01:53). However, without roads, which were the easiest ways of transportation of the materials, necessary items, and people, it would have been tough to accomplish all the ideas and structures. Even now, people sometimes may assume that all roads in Europe lead to Rome. Inevitably, the streets and waterways that surrounded and connected the Empire to the outer world were used for trade. Additionally, the Romans possessed outstanding marine technology for their time. Nonetheless, their road network was accessible and was sometimes the only option for travel or delivering commodities for legions at war. Thus, these facts cascade into the conclusion that the roads were one of the most valuable and significant possessions in the Rome Empire. In conclusion, while both the large structures and different inventions embody the enormous abilities of the Romans, the highways outline how resourceful were and emphasize how much power over the world they maintained. The Roman army was one of the highways’ beneficiaries. They traveled long distances in a short period in the struggle against their rebellious enemies. Overall, shipping goods, trading, delivering materials, and transferring armies were unbelievably tedious without mere roads. Work Cited “Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater).” YouTube , uploaded by Smarthistory, 2012. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Sometimes it seems that conveying the idea of the story without distorting it or suggesting a slightest deviation from the topic is completely impossible. Analyzing the text “Help Those Who Help, Not Hurt, Themselves”, one can notice a number of fallacies to mark. Although the idea of the text is quite clear, certain issues might cause quite an example of a common misunderstanding. A good example of a typical fallacy in the text is the metaphor that links the homeless people to the homeless animals, in the given case, the squirrels in the park. Calling both of them homeless, the author thus allows the following suggestions: the people are homeless; the squirrels are as well. Saying that the government gives the homeless financial support, the author of the text thus allows the supposition that the government provides financial support for squirrels as well, which is obviously not true. The example of the fallacy driven above can be classified as a typical formal fallacy that presupposes a conclusion based on false logical considerations. An obviously erroneous train of thoughts, this leads to a conflict within the text, making it somewhat ridiculous and thus hindering the understanding of its purport. Another example of fallacy in the given text is the typical verbal fallacy; to be more precise, it is what must be called a straw man – the peculiar means of distorting the truth. A verbal fallacy, it can possibly lead to certain confusions as well. Assuming that all homeless people are poor, the government considers that they must be assisted in the same way as the poor – namely, by providing them with the financial help that is sufficient to sustain their life and keep them away from leading a vagrant lifestyle. However, it is obvious that such assumption is not a single inch closer to the truth. The last, but not the least, is the so-called ad populum. As the author of the text emphasizes, the society is completely guilt-ridden, which results in the fact that the society starts feeding beggars. Logically, this can be positioned rather as a false attempt to call for the people’s feeling of compassion instead of really helping people cope with the problem. It is obvious that, trying to solve the issue concerning the beggars in the country, the government is applying to the publics mercy, asking them to help those in need. However, regarding the state of the beggars, one can see clearly that these are the alms given to them only make the situation worse. Getting used to the charity, these people forget how to earn for a living, which means that they will never be able to return to the society. Thus, it must be admitted that in the given case, there is a misconception commonly known as ad populum taking place. it must be mentioned that fallacies are of considerable impact on the result of the argument. Once using inconsistent arguments, one inevitably loses the argument. Unless the ideas driven for the discussion are well developed and thought-out, the result of the debates will be a failure. Therefore, considering the facts and the circumstances, one has to take special care of the basic facts and evidence available. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Maersk Line Company’s Social Media Success Factors Case Study Maersk Line’s key drivers of success Maersk Line was successful in social media because it used a powerful approach to achieve the targeted goals. For instance, the company treated social media as a powerful tool for communicating and interacting with more potential customers. The company understood that more people were using social media platforms than ever before. The company’s ability to identify this opportunity led to success. The firm used customized approaches for every social media platform. The company selected and communicated the most desirable message to the targeted stakeholders. For example, the company used LinkedIn to support the company’s business model. Facebook was aimed at connecting with different customers and followers across the globe. Maersk has been telling all its stories to the targeted stakeholders. Such stories have managed to attract more followers on social media. The company’s initial focus on its internal workers made it easier to attract more people. The firm was also keen to target both its customers and business partners. These approaches explain why Maersk Line has succeeded in social media. Several drivers or forces explain why Maersk has been successful. Jonathan Wichmann’s efforts at the company led to a new social model that worked effectively. He considered four areas in order to make the strategy successful. These included internal usage, sales, customer service, and communications. The company’s mission was to get closer to every customer and stakeholder. Several media platforms were selected to achieve the targeted goals. A customized approach was used for every social media platform. The decision to share all stories (negative and positive) was a critical driver of success. Wichmann’s approach to transparency has been another key driving factor towards recording positive results. Maersk Line’s execution of its social media plan and platforms Maersk Line’s execution of its social media plan was successful because it followed an effective approach. From the very beginning, Jonathan Wichmann focused on the best approaches to increase the number of likes on social media. By so doing, the social media boss attracted more people from all corners of the world. Throughout the journey, Wichmann ignored the use of social media for marketing purposes. This was not part of the agenda because it would affect the targeted goals. The decision to create customized approaches for each social media platform explains why the initiative succeeded. The targeted social media platforms have specific users. This knowledge made it easier for the company to have the best messages and interactions on each platform. Several positive practices are notable from this case study. For example, the firm chose to inform more followers about every positive and negative story. The strategy was appropriate towards supporting the company’s social media mission. The head of social media encouraged the employees at the company to support the agenda. These employees played a positive role towards supporting the targeted mission. The firm targeted both its business partners and customers. Every participant on social media has always been treated as a stakeholder. The firm ensured that social media was mainly used for communication and engagement with different followers. This approach to social media is appropriate and worth emulating. Companies that want to improve their online presence should consider similar approaches in order to realize their potentials. This case study shows clearly that Maersk Line is ready to take the agenda further and connect with more potential customers. The development will support a new marketing strategy and eventually make the company more profitable. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Contemporary Biosocial Criminology Report Crime is very difficult to explain and many criminologists have attempted to explain crime but none has come up with conclusive evidence about crime. Criminologists are accused of failing to achieve their goal because they are not willing to try new methods that are found in fundamental sciences (Beaver & Walsh 2008). The biosocial method incorporates the help offered by the fundamental sciences. It integrates the traditional methods used in criminology with approaches used in biological sciences. Anyone who would have tried to bring up the question of using biological sciences in criminology would only have been met with opposition and derision. This was because sociology was used in training most criminologists and sociology denies claims made by other disciplines concerning crime. Furthermore most criminologists had poor training in biology and few were interested in changing their view point in criminology by learning other methods outside what they learnt in school. This was sad because biological sciences in ten years have helped in understanding of behavior than sociology has done for about fifty years (Beaver & Walsh 2008). Nevertheless some criminologists are willing to embrace other disciplines to understand criminal behavior. The society set the stage for a crime to occur but crimes are executed by human beings who have genes, blood and brains and this entails biology. Not only does biosocial comes recognize the role the environment plays in influencing human behavior but also that the environment acts on different human materials. Therefore biosocial shows how similar environmental aspects influence human beings differently (Beaver & Walsh 2008). Biosocial criminology is dynamic in that it explains human behavior in the different paths of development. Things that were meaningful at one point in their life may become meaningless for example approval from peers. On the other hand things that meant little to them previously may become very important to them later. The approach goes further, gives explanations why the changes occur at one point of their lives and not others. In addition the approach explains how different individuals are affected by these changes differently. Unlike traditional criminology theories that are static. They entail the notion that criminal behavior once initiated in a human being it will become self perpetuating and thus continuous (Beaver & Walsh 2008). From research done criminal behavior has continuity. Antisocial behavior observed in childhood can be traced even in childhood. Researches done over a long period of time have shown that criminal behavior over continues over time. From the research it was observed that children involved in criminal behavior were more likely than those who did not have childhood delinquency to become adult offenders. Childhood delinquency acts as a prerequisite for criminal behavior later in adulthood. Stability was also observed between early belligerent behavior and criminality later in adulthood. The continuity in criminal behavior was observed across many countries therefore this can be said to be a universal behavior pattern. Wright (2008) noted that social bonds formed for self control in childhood resulted into bonds later into adulthood and if there was childhood delinquency in the childhood social bonds it a sign of adulthood offending. Later Wright (2008) found that social bonds and self control are connected when it comes to crime and those with low self esteem formed the bonds to make them feel that they were in control. To them crime was a way of showing that they are in control. Continuity in criminal behavior is associated with negative opportunities for engaging in crime that adulthood permits. The young adults are lured into crime in the labor market and later they are convicted. While in incarceration they do not change their behavior which is always the intention of sending offenders to state correction centers. While in jail they learn new ways of doing crime when they join jail gangs and after they are released they continue the criminal behavior. This group finds it hard to find a job due to their felony history and if they are lucky to their job stability is reduced (Beaver & Walsh, 2008). Criminal behavior is related to our genetic make up as well as the environment. Children who develop in violent environment are more likely to become violent later in life. This is because they expect people to treat them with violence and they therefore behave accordingly because this is the only way they know from what they have observed day in day out. Experiences in childhood organizes the brain development and the neural pathways laid down at this early stage are not altered later thus the child develops with a brain that is ready to be influenced by any antisocial behavior (Beaver & Walsh, 2008). Therefore violence and brain is related. Adult criminal behavior in most cases needs a childhood that was antisocial though not all anti social children become adult offenders. However stability is attributed to genetic makeup and environment that remain stable over a period of life that may lead one to the path of crime. The biological and social processes in a human being become consistent and thus they are replicated throughout one’s life though changes may occur that may move a person from one path to another. It can therefore be said that one may start on a wrong path when young and stay on that course. References Beaver, K.M. & Walsh, A. (2008). Contemporary Biosocial Criminology: New Directions in Theory and Research , New York: Taylor & Francis Wright, J. Tibbetts, S. & Daigle, S. (2008). Criminals in the Making: Criminality across the life course, Los Angeles CA: SAGE. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Commercial Advertising Impact on Child Obesity Report Introduction There have been increased cases of child obesity across the globe over the past few decades. Children are increasingly engaging in inactive behaviour (such as watching television) and spending less time on exercising (Chou, Rashad and Grossman 3). Research Question * Does commercial advertising of foods contributes to the epidemic of obesity among children? Hypotheses * Null hypothesis, H 0 : Commercial advertising of foods does not contribute to the epidemic of obesity among children * Alternative hypothesis, H 1 : Commercial advertising of foods contributes to the epidemic of obesity among children Table 1: Prevalence of children overweight Country Year of Survey Age Range (Years) Prevalence of overweight (%) 1996 prevalence (adjusted at 0.5% pa) Australia 1995 7-11 19.4 19.9 USA 1991 6-11 23.5 26.0 UK 1996 6-15 19.6 19.6 France 2000 7-9 18.1 16.1 Germany 1995 7-11 15.6 16.1 Denmark 1997 7-11 14 13.5 Finland 1999 12 15.8 14.3 Greece 2002 7-12 20.5 17.5 Netherlands 1997 7-11 12.8 12.3 Sweden 2000 9-11 18 16 Table 2: Average number of advertisements per 20 h on children’s television (surveyed in February 1996) Country Total Food Sweet/fatty Healthier Other foods Non-food advertisements Entertainment All obesogenic advertisements advertisements foods foods Australia 589 231 192 0 39 358 147 339 USA 484 215 210 0 5 269 218 428 UK 331 194 154 0 40 137 30 184 France 330 164 141 7 16 166 79 220 Germany 279 115 90 11 14 164 61 151 Denmark 250 95 60 14 21 155 65 125 Finland 248 116 95 15 6 132 27 122 Greece 233 140 136 0 4 93 0 136 Netherlands 91 77 77 0 0 14 14 91 Sweden 337 7 5 1 4 26 12 17 Prediction Commercial advertising of foods contributes to the epidemic of obesity among children. Data From the data presented in table 1 above, children in the age bracket 6-11 years among all the ten countries sampled had a certain level of obesity. For example, United States had the highest level of obesity preference in children of age category 6-11 years. Greece and Australia had the second and third highest level of obesity preference represented by a score of 20.5 percent and 19.4 percent respectively. The evidence presented shows that there is link between advertisement and obesity preference among children of all age categories. For example, children in United States watched on a 20 hour average 210 sweet and fatty foods advertisements. Children in Greece and Australia watched on a 20 hour average 136 and 192 sweet and fatty foods advertisements respectively. Children in the Netherlands had a low exposure (77) to sweet and fatty foods advertisements. In a similar way, it will be noted that children who spent more hours watching sweet and fatty foods advertisements had a high obesity preference. Children exposed to long periods of sweet and fatty foods advertisements had a high obesity preference. In all the countries surveyed, children were exposed to short periods of advertisements targeting healthy foods (Lobstein and Dibb 3). Conclusion We can conclude that exposure of children of all age categories to sweet and fatty foods advertisements contributes to high obesity preference. Children with the highest obesity preference (Americans with 23.5%) were also exposed to sweet and fatty foods advertisements for long periods (210 on a 20 hour average). Children with short periods of sweet and fatty foods advertisements had a low level of obesity preference. Works Cited Chou, Shin-Yi, Inas Rashad, and Michael Grossman. Fast-food restaurant advertising on television and its influence on childhood obesity . No. w11879. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. Web. Lobstein, Tim, and Sue Dibb. “Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight.” Obesity reviews 6.3 (2005): 203-208. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Theoretical Underpinnings of Human Resource Development Essay Table of Contents 1. What are the theoretical underpinnings of HRD? 2. How have these theoretical underpinnings shaped HRD? 3. Looking forward, where do you believe the field is headed? 4. Reference List What are the theoretical underpinnings of HRD? The following are the three main theoretical underpinnings of Human Resource Development i.e. economic theory, system theory and the psychological theory. The economic theory of Human Resource Development is concerned with the allocation of scarce resources to the most efficient needs. According to research which was done by Weinberger (1998), Human Resource Development has both costs and benefits and therefore, a choice has to be made in order to satisfy all the wants. Human Resource Development is aimed at providing an organization with the financial advantage. Human capital is the key ingredients that are available for producing goods and services. This implies that an organization must continually invest in human capital in order to influence its financial benefits. Investment in human capital can exist in form of enhancing their skills, knowledge and physical wellbeing (Swanson, 2009, Pg. 203). The skills and knowledge that employees have are of major economic value to the firm since they influence the productivity. Employees thus act as the organization’s competitive advantage and therefore, the organization should embark on investing in its human capital (Weinberger, 1998, P.11-16). Psychological theory of HRD is concerned with the manner in which the employees interact with the environment and with each other. The interaction between the employees and the environment determines their behaviors, attitudes and values. According to this theory, HRD should aim at overcoming individual limitations, help individuals meet their personal goals and enhance creation of synergy. Usually, every one within the organization is expected to act towards realizing the goals and objectives of the organization (Weinberger, 1998, P.11-16). System theory of HRD views an organization as a system that is organized to attain set objectives. According to this theory, an organization has inputs, outputs and processes that are involved in the realization of its objectives or in carrying out its activities. The inputs refers to the aspects that enables an organization to operate e.g. manpower, raw materials, finance e.t.c. Processes entails the policies and operations that are followed in an organization. Outputs entail the processing results in an organization e.g. the employees’ performance. HRD must thus strive to understand how the systems interact within the organization for the organizational duties to be carried out effectively and efficiently (Weinberger, 1998, Pg.11-16). How have these theoretical underpinnings shaped HRD? These theoretical underpinnings have enhanced the concept of workplace learning. They have shaped HRD by unleashing human expertise. This in turn plays an important role of enabling people to perform their work faster, cheaper and better. Workplace learning enables an organization to compete successfully with others in a global economy as it provides the employees with more skills and education to perform their work effectively. Today’s workplace calls for employees to posses more generic skills such as communication skills, problem solving and decision making among others (International Labor Office, 2000, Pg.14). The theoretical underpinnings have shaped the HRD in that they have eliminated the employees’ skills gap. They have in turn enhanced competitiveness and productivity. Employers are thus concerned with matching the employee’s skills and the job requirement skills. For organizations to perform well there is need for the HR managers to higher reliable employers who have higher problem solving skills. The three theoretical underpinnings have therefore enabled the Human Resource Development professionals to enhance the skills and knowledge of employees and in turn enhance the firm’s effectiveness. Successful companies across the globe have realized that their success is attributed to their human capital. These theoretical underpinnings have shaped HRD by making it development oriented. HRD professionals across the globe are now focusing on developing the potential of the human resources in order for them to perform their organizational duties well and to attain the overall objectives. The HRD professionals strive to help human resources realize their full potential. This plays an important role in ensuring that human resources are competent (Sims, 2006, Pg.18). Looking forward, where do you believe the field is headed? Human Resource Development is not an old discipline as opposed to many fields such as career development. The HRD is yet to acquire some of the attributes that are required for a profession, that is, it is yet to achieve the global standards. This implies that the future of HRD is characterized with numerous challenges. Some of the challenges that the HRD may experience in the future includes technological innovation among others (CIPD, 2002, Pg.49). In order for the Human Resource Development field to be ahead of the game, there is need to consider investing in knowledge economy. Knowledge economy will allow the HRD professionals to run those activities that are current and up to date. It will also enable the professionals to make business decisions on time. With the global economy increasingly being changed into a knowledge economy, there is need for the HRD professionals to be proactive. HRD professionals should aim at designing an organizational curriculum that offers the employees a greater learning environment. The HRD professionals should create a learning environment that allows employees to fully exploit their potential and also participate in a range of knowledge work (CIPD, 2002, Pg.49). Reference List CIPD. (2002). Training in the knowledge economy . London: CIPD Publishing. International Labor Office. (2000). Training for employment: social inclusion, productivity and youth employment: human resources training and development: vocational guidance and vocational training, Issue 5 . Geneva: International Labor Organization. Sims, R. (2006). Human resource development: today and tomorrow . New Delhi: IAP. Swanson, R. A. (2009). Foundations of Human Resource Development: Easy read Large Bold Edition . London: ReadHowYouWant.com. Weinberger, L.1998. Commonly held theories of Human Resource Development.Vol.1.Issue No.1 . London: Routledge. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Appendix 1 2. Appendix 2 3. Appendix 3 4. Works Cited Byzantine art is characterized as “dazzling in its virtuoso techniques and coloristic effects” and the art historians call it “a mirror of the pomp and splendor characteristic of Byzantium’s elaborate ceremonials at court and in church”(Laiou and Marguire 83). Unfortunately, time is merciless and we have been “robbed” of a considerable portion of the art and culture of Byzantium (Laiou and Marguire 83). However, the extant masterpieces created at the time of the Byzantium Empire can tell contemporary people a lot about social, economical, and political situation in the Empire. Thus, the works of art present the concept of the emperor as the embodiment of state and divine power, placing him below Christ in the hierarchy of power but above other influential personalities as, for instance, empresses. Since the predominant themes of art in Byzantium were religious and imperial themes, the importance of the emperor for art is unquestionable. Hoffman states that Byzantine artists expected the emperor “to conform to a number of revered models” and the most important and influential “of the virtuous prototypes was Christ himself” while the emperor’s duty was to imitate Christ on the earth (290). Since the primary source of divine power is Christ while the emperor is its secular bearer who has God-given right to rule (Kleiner 237), the emperor is depicted in lower status than Christ. Considering the example of the Barberini ivory, Louvre, (Appendix 1), it is possible to state that it demonstrates the power of the emperor Justinian riding “a rearing horse accompanied by personifications of Victory and Earth” (Kleiner 323). On the upper panel, Christ is depicted blessing Justinian. Thus, though endowed and led by divine power, Justinian is still depicted in lower status than Christ. Besides, lower status of the emperor in comparison with Christ can be observed when considering “mosaic panel with Christ, Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, and Zoe” in St Sophia, Constantinople (Cormack 127) (Appendix 2). The dominance of Christ may be proven by his placing in the center of the mosaic above other figures while the emperor is placed “in pride … at Christ’s right hand holding a purse” (Cormack 128). Thus, the emperor is depicted as the keeper of the wealth of the Empire. The same mosaic depicts the position of empress in Byzatuim. Zoe, Constantine’s wife, is placed on Christ’s left and she “lower[s] down [more] than her husband” and the empress is holding the document of donation (Cormack 128). This act of lowering symbolizes her inferior position in comparison with the husband. The mosaic “Theodora and Attendants” in San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy (Appendix 3), depicts the empress who is waiting “to follow the emperor’s procession” that also proves her submissiveness to the emperor (Kleiner 240). However, on the whole, empresses also shared high status in art, as Wheeler states, the empress Theodora was a figure “too powerful … for the artist to ignore” (164). Drawing a conclusion, it is possible to state that the high status of the Byzantine emperor can be easily traced with the help of Byzantine art. Mosaics, ivories and other masterpieces that have remained intact up to the present depict emperors as the embodiment of divine power on earth. However, Christ is shown as the divinity, blessing the emperors but being ultimately superior to them as Christ is always placed either on the upper panel or in the center of the mosaic. As for empresses, they are recognized as influential figures, but lower than their husbands in the hierarchy of power. Appendix 1 Barberini Ivory, Louvre. Appendix 2 Mosaic panel with Christ, Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, and Zoe, St Sophia, Constantinople. Appendix 3 Theodora and Attendants. Mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. Works Cited Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art . NY: Oxford University Press, 2000. Hoffman, Eva Rose F. Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. Kleiner, Fred S . Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History . USA: Cengage Learning EMEA, 2008. Kleiner, Fred S . Gardner’s Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective. USA: Cengage Learning, 2009. Laiou, Angeliki E., and Henry Marguire. Byzantium, a World Civilization . Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1992. Wheeler, Bonnie. Representations of the Feminine in the Middle Ages . Sawston: Boydell & Brewer, 1995. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
This essay examines the various challenges posed by Globalization and whether Globalization has rendered the state system obsolete. Globalization and advancements in communications have made economic transactions virtual. International treaties, laws, agreements and deregulation now allow greater access to citizens to move freely across the world challenging traditional ideas of sovereignty, national identities as well as concepts of security shaped by realist and neorealist assumptions (Steans 66). Take for example security, since criminals and terrorists are no longer constrained by geography and operate anywhere in the world using the internet to transfer funds, recruit members and carry out operations, they defy national sovereignties. Sovereign laws cannot be applied as the perpetrators of crimes are located elsewhere. Stateless organizations and multinationals now have the capacity to challenge government economies and money used by such non-state actors subverts national bureaucracies. Naim has identified five wars that globalization has produced namely wars against Drugs, arms trafficking, alien smuggling, money laundering and counterfeit goods (64). Since criminals can freely move around the world, states need to frame a new set of laws and update the existing framework of international and national laws that have far too many loopholes to counter the threat from the above stated five wars. This may require a change in laws regarding sovereignty, greater cooperation and regulation amongst nations (Naim 66). Globalization has also internationalized skilled labor and people possessing specialist skills can find work and legitimacy anywhere. Multinational companies too have benefited as their operations now span the globe, where at times their clout becomes greater than the host countries since some of them are linked to national security of powerful states, oil companies being one such example. In the realm of sports, soccer players are traded globally by soccer clubs and thus have become trans-national cultural products that have universal acceptance (Foer 72-75). Despite the serious challenges posed by Globalization, the construct of modern nation states with clearly defined geographical boundaries, shared ethnicity, religions, cultures, values and customs still require state specific laws, armies and police to ensure physical security of its people. Take the example of the ‘European Union’ where each nation state continues to maintain its identity despite attempts at homogenizing laws, currency and administrative procedures. The globalization paradigm calls for a ‘universalization’ of human rights, which is not likely to happen as Sashi Tharoor has pointed out that perceptions of Confucian, Vedic and African cultures are far removed from the Western ideals of human rights (Tharoor 185). In conclusion it can be reiterated that though globalization has undoubtedly increased the challenges for the governments’ world wide making it easier for criminals to operate freely, the relevance of the current state system will continue albeit with greater cooperation and change in international laws to deal with the positive and negative challenges of globalization. Works Cited Foer, Franklin. “Soccer vs. McWorld.” Jackson, Robert. Annual Editions: Global Issues 05/06. NY: Dushkin, 2006. 72-76. Naim, Moises. “Five Wars of Globalization.” Jackson, Robert. Annual Editions: Global Issues 05/06. NY: Dushkin, 2006. 61-66. Steans, Jill. Gender and International Relations. NY: Rutger University Press, 2006. Tharoor, Shashi. “Are Human Rights Universal?” Jackson, Robert. Annual Editions: Global Issues 05/06. NY: Dushkin, 2006. 185-188. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Introduction: Pecos Bill as a Tall Tale Character 2. Summary of Pecos Bill 3. Interpretations of Pecos Bill 4. My Own Interpretation of Pecos Bill 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction: Pecos Bill as a Tall Tale Character Pecos Bill is probably the most famous American tall tale character. A tall tale is a story that can be true or invented but is anyway hard to believe. Pecos Bill is a story about the adventures of a cowboy who was raised by coyotes. With time, this boy understood that he is not an animal but a human, and he got a chance to change his life with coyotes and continued his life with people. The first stories about Pecos Bill were written by Edward O’Reilly and published in 1917. Since then, lots of writers presented their ideas as for the facts of Bill’s biography, and almost every plot attracts readers’ attention in its own way. Stephen Krensky is one of the authors who present his version of the Bill’s story. The summary of his work will be presented in this paper. To my mind, this Pecos Bill tall tale version touches numerous psychological aspects that help to improve children’s lives and their comprehension of this world. Pacos Bill is the story that teaches not to be afraid of difficulties, be friendly, and not to envy people. Summary of Pecos Bill Nowadays, there are lots of variations of Bill’s story. The summary of all those stories is the same. A boy was lost by his parents in the process of traveling and was found and grew up by coyotes, and then became one of the most powerful and famous cowboys among people. However, many writers cannot come to the same conclusion concerning the matter of Bill’s death. Some of the stories tell that Bill laughed himself to death when he saw another cowboy in very strange and funny clothes. Other stories inform that he “washed down a meal of barbed wire with nitroglycerin” (Haxen, 55). Interpretations of Pecos Bill Bruno Bettelheim was one of the most famous child psychologists and writers in the middle of the 1900s. His The Uses of Enchantment is a beautiful work that may help to analyze the story about the cowboy Bill. This psychologist admits that folktales are created to help modern children to grow up and comprehend what it means to become a hero without any outside help. Pecos Bill, who is able to use his powers, his knowledge, and abilities, becomes influential and known. That is why, according to a child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim, Pecos Bill may be considered as a somewhat successful story for children and their perception of the world. Another professor in psychology and a critique of folktales is Jack David Zipes. He underlines that tall tales should present more reliable information about US history and the development of the events in the form of fiction (Zipes, 193). Pecos Bill’s tall tale introduces several quire exciting facts about the West; this is why Jack Zipes regarded Pecos Bill as a powerful and useful fairy tale for children. My Own Interpretation of Pecos Bill After reading the story about this cowboy, I cannot but admire the courage of this person, his desire to live and develop. To my mind, the legend of Pecos Bill is one of the most powerful from the psychological aspects, because it teaches the reader to accept the situation as it is, but not try to change it in accordance with personal preferences. Of course, it is just a fiction, but still, even grown-ups can find much interesting in it. When a little boy finds himself around the coyotes, he does not scare and does not cry. Such a reaction causes respect for coyotes, and they accept him as a member of their own family. If we look closer at this story, it is possible to realize that any respect may be gained in much more difficult situations, which happen to people. It is necessary to demonstrate one’s power and will. Conclusion Along with Paul Bunyan, John Henry, Joe Magarac and others, Pecos Bill is a very famous American tall tale character. The adventures of this fictional cowboy are described and shown in numerous books, movies, and cartoons. In summary, Bill’s stories make up a significant part of child literature that may become educative for grown-ups. Numerous interpretations of the story prove how significant the story of Bill is for modern society. That is why people should pay more attention to literature for kids to become an important part of this world. Works Cited Haxen, Walter. High-Interest Reading. Columbus, Ohio: School Specialty Publishing, 1999. Zipes, Jack, D. Speaking out: Storytelling and Creative Drama for Children . New York: Routledge, 2004. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Essay There is a common social belief that generally women are better parents than men and the previous experiences show that this has led to certain consequences. Of course, it would be brutal and unreasonable to state that there are no males, who can raise the children better than females, therefore I will not say that in all cases women are better parents than men, as ideally, the child should get the equal attention from both parents in order to get the proper upbringing, but in the majority of cases it is possible to say so. In the given paper I will prove the established before the statement that in most cases women are better parents than men. In order to be reasonable and just it is necessary to regard the weak and the strong sides of both parties concerning this dispute, and how those weaknesses and advantages may affect the child. The fathers are traditionally imagined to be the money earners, who spend all their time working in order to provide their family with the necessary costs for living. Therefore, one can suggest that they do not have enough spare time for the upbringing of their kids, thus the latter ones may psychologically feel themselves short of fathers’ participation in their affairs, attention, love, and care. But nowadays, certain social changes appeared in society, and women can be seen earning money from the early morning till the late night as well as men. So, it might be suggested that the above-described situation, when the child is left without care and attention, can also happen with the female parent. Nevertheless, looking around, one may firmly assert that still, the majority of the working parents are males; therefore, they can not spend enough time communicating with their children. Because of historical and social reasons, women are likely to be regarded as much more forgiving and caring than men. Of course, it would be wrong to state that males are incapable of having such inner qualities, as everything depends on the personality of the parent. In some cases, women’s parents can act with their children even worth than strangers. But, nevertheless, the various polls and public opinions proved that females are likely to forgiving and caring. One may assert that those qualities are necessary, especially when dealing with the kids who unintentionally get into trouble, and they are afraid to tell their parents about that because of the fear that they will not understand and forgive them. In this case, the female parent is capable of providing her kid with the necessary understanding and forgiveness, which helps to avoid the psychological trauma in childhood, and thus, problems in the future that could have been caused by such trauma. The men tend to be stricter with discipline and demand this from their children. This personal quality is also defined by historical and social factors. It is impossible to state that the discipline is unnecessary, but one may suggest that it is not a crucial element in the upbringing process. It even can be stated that the blind parent’s request for discipline from the child, may lead to psychological trauma, because the kid may become unsociable and reserved. Therefore, one may suggest that the discipline should be not very strict, but mixed with understanding and penetration of the parents, and women fit perfectly for the fulfillment of this task. Another sad, but demonstrative example in defense of the view that females are better parents than males, is the issue of single mothers and fathers. It can not be stated that the men are not capable of bringing up their children perfectly, as numerous experiences showed that single fathers created happy and comfortable family conditions for their kids. Nevertheless, it is a well-known fact that in the majority of divorce cases, courts decide in favor of women, but maintain visits from men. Of course, everything depends on the particular circumstances in every single case. But one can firmly agree with this, because of all of the above-provided arguments, moreover, one considers the visits of men (fathers) as a necessary condition for the mental health of the children, in order to avoid some future confusions or uncomfortable situations, and therefore, probable psychological traumas. Following this, one may say that even in families, where children have both mother and father, the participation of parents in the upbringing process is not equal. Of course, every single case depends on various circumstances and shades, but as the practice shows, the common social belief that generally women are better parents than men seems to be rather convincing. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Groups of Global Health Overview Research Paper Table of Contents 1. First Group 2. Second Group 3. Third Group 4. References First Group The most recognized global causes of fatalities of children are birth-related conditions and respiratory infection. Furthermore, malaria (especially in Africa), diarrhea, and nutrition which is also contributing factor. These communicable illnesses justify more than half of the deaths of all children. The most communicable illness killers have related in all world health organization regions apart from malaria; it is estimated that 94 percent of these deaths occur in Africa regions and 53 percent deaths of the under-fives are caused by under nutrition-related conditions (Barnes, 1999). Neonatal deaths globally consist of about 40 percent of all children’s deaths. The main death causes are rigorous infections such as pneumonia or sepsis, diarrhea, and tetanus. In addition birth complication cases such asphyxia, premature birth and low birth weight, and other complicated congenital conditions. Every year it is estimated that at least 18 million infants are born with low weight. Yearly About ninety percent of these deaths occur in third world countries and more than 1/2 of these deaths occur in large countries for instance: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China, the remaining occur in developed countries (Barnes,1999). Every year almost two hundred and eighty thousand deaths of children below the age of five years are caused by road accidents, fire outbreaks, falling, sinking in dip water and pools, poisoning, and other incidences of accidental. Other factors, for instance, war or violence cause virtually fourteen thousand deaths of children less than five. The causal factors of deaths differ broadly by region and time as a result of variations in climatic conditions and outbreaks of war conflict. Furthermore, infectious diseases such as malaria (which is the main cause of high mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa), HIV/AID S, and measles cause nearly 535,000 deaths of children below fives years of age. Annually whooping cough which is easily eliminated through vaccination cause nearly 290,000 deaths of the under-fives, especially in developing countries. Meningitis and the deadly Tuberculosis usually cause almost one hundred thousand mortalities of children under the age of five years. In addition syphilis, hepatitis B and C, diphtheria, dengue fever, and intestinal parasitic worms are contributing factors leading to under-fives deaths. 400,000 deaths of the under-fives yearly are caused by non-communicable diseases, for instance, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, and neuropsychiatry disorders. Finally, yearly, nearly 200, 000 deaths of the under-fives are caused by nutritional deficiencies such as lack of micronutrients and vitamin A, and protein-energy deficiencies (Barnes, 1999). About one-fifth deaths of Infants’ deaths mainly result from congenital deformations, malformation Disorders s, and chromosomal abnormalities. Low birth weight and gestation disorders are also causal factors of infants’ deaths. furthermore Sudden death infants syndrome, maternal complications of pregnancy, placenta membranes and cord complications, accidental injuries, Bacterial sepsis and respiratory distress of the newborn, circulator system illness, birth asphyxia, and Intrauterine hypoxia are the leading causes of infant deaths, hence accounting for about 68 percent deaths of infant (Barnes,1999). Nutrition is the art and science of providing an individual with a healthy diet that helps in sustaining life. While child health is a state in which the child is growing well without merely experiencing disease conditions (Levine, 2008). For parents to keep their offspring’s healthy proper hygiene measures should be put in place, for instance, parents washing their hands before handling children hence preventing communicable diseases, in addition, children’s utensils and clothes should be keep kept clean, and their rooms kept clean also and properly lighted. Furthermore, exercise is very healthy for growing children and avoiding accidental injuries. Second Group Health is defined as a state of complete mental, social and physical comfort of being and without merely the absence of infirmity or disease. While Public health is the art and science of preventing illness, protracting life, and promoting health intervention strategies. Global health is the state of the health status of the world (Levine, 2008). Epidemiological studies are used to evaluate and plan strategies to avert diseases that are affecting the whole world, hence helping in eradicating and reducing the burden and complications of the disease. Third Group In recent research studies carried out globally, 2.5milion deaths of the under-fives have to be caused by diarrhea. In addition, It is approximated that 23 and 22 percent of deaths of the under-fives in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa resulted from diarrhea diseases. Since 1980 public health preventive measures strategies have been put in place to reduce the burden of diarrhea diseases, for instance; proper management and disposal of human wastes. Protection of water source and treatment, promotion of hygiene measures through education, and use of vaccines to prevent diarrhea disease (Bedford, 2005). Recommendation measures on diarrhea diseases * Proper management and disposal of human wastes * Promotion of hygiene practices in homes. * Breastfeeding * Protection and treatment of water resources * vaccination References Barnes, D. (1999). Leading causes of child deaths globally. Washington D.C: Bass. Bedford, M. (2005) Public health impacts of Diarrhea. London: Sage. Levine, C. (2008). Nutrition and Health. Washington: Global health publishers. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
With the rise in the levels of agency among general audiences, the importance of issues associated with environmentalism has risen, hence the increase in the popularity of Greenpeace USA, one of the largest environmentalist organizations. Located in Washington, D.C., Greenpeace has contributed to a rise in awareness about the need to preserve wildlife and unique habitats that are currently termed as endangered (Greenpeace, 2020). Helping the species that face extinction to survive and thrive, Greenpeace has been the face of the environmentalism movement. Action Plan In order to make an even greater difference in the modern world, where the role of production and, therefore, the performance of numerous industries and their negative impact on the environment, has increased, Greenpeace will need a strong action plan. Currently, the company will have to focus on building awareness in a subtle yet effective manner. For this purpose, the organization will have to utilize social media tools in order to grab the audience’s attention. In addition, the development of applications that will allow engaging citizens into the conservation of the environment, such as the tools tracking their environmental footprint, will be needed (Alam, Nilan, & Leahy, 2019; Hawken, 2007). Moreover, Greenpeace will have to attract funding by outlining its progress, including the effects made of the D-Town Farm and other Greenpeace’s projects. By raising the attention and investment of citizens, Greenpeace will be able to create more communities such as the Damascus citizens group (‘Damascus citizens for sustainability,’ n.d.). Overall, the rise in the levels of awareness is expected to occur as a result of a massive media campaign. In addition, Greenpeace may need to emphasize the necessity to address environmental issues in light of the current range of health concerns, namely, the effects of the pandemic. References 1. Alam, M., Nilan, P., & Leahy, T. (2019). Learning from Greenpeace: Activist habitus in a local struggle. Electronic Green Journal, 1 (42), pp. 1-18. 2. Damascus citizens for sustainability . (n.d.). Web. 3. Greenpeace. (2020). About us . Web. 4. Hawken, P. (2007). Blessed unrest: How the largest movement in the world came into being, and why no one saw it coming . New York: Penguin Books | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Human lives and safety depend on the disaster management cycle, which is improved and facilitated under the Healthy People 2020 objectives (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2016). Nurses play a pivotal role in addressing disasters, both human-made and natural, since they are professionally trained to respond quickly and competently to the health challenges imposed by an emergency. In a scenario of an earthquake, nursing staff must be aware of the stages of disaster management and disaster preparedness in particular. An earthquake is a natural disaster that might induce significant material and health damage by its destructing forces. In managing earthquake cases, nurses should follow the four stages of disaster management, namely prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2016). However, preparedness predetermines the effectiveness of all the consecutive stages in the cycle. The essential steps of nursing disaster preparedness include personal preparedness, professional preparedness, and community preparedness. According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2016), the personal preparedness of nurses is a stepping stone of disaster management since the ability of healthcare professionals to preserve their safety and functioning helps save the lives of the community. Professional preparedness entails the knowledge, awareness, and practical skills necessary to ensure the safe evacuation of people in an earthquake and provide competent and timely health care through triage and proper management. Finally, community preparedness also depends on the competencies of nurses since it includes healthcare-informed response planning and coordination of all involved stakeholders (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2016). Thus, preparedness is an essential element in the disaster management cycle, the role of nurses in which is crucial. In summation, nurses’ preparedness to respond to a disaster predetermines the success of the rescuing operations and the well-being and survival rate of the victims. In the case of an earthquake, nurses must ensure personal preparedness, professional preparedness, and community preparedness. These steps will allow for proper planning of response to emergency and smooth implementation of the planned rescuing and healthcare procedures aimed to save people’s lives. Reference Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2016). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community (9 th ed.). Elsevier Mosby. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Poverty Policy Recommendations Essay Table of Contents 1. Summary 2. Poverty in Pakistan 3. Policy Recommendation 4. Conclusion 5. References Summary Poverty remains one of the challenges many people in undeveloped nations experience. Most of the affected community members will lack the relevant resources and finances to have a decent life. Such victims tend to have reduced income levels and are unable to meet their basic needs. This paper examines the poverty situation in Pakistan and provides appropriate recommendations that can guide the government to overcome this problem. Poverty in Pakistan In Pakistan, poverty is a predicament that affects the experiences and lives of many people. This country has been recording manmade and natural calamities that make it impossible for most citizens to engage in income-generating activities. The Balochistan Drought Needs Assessment (BDNA) report of 2019 revealed that around 24 percent of the country’s population was living below the indicated poverty line (“Poverty Data,” n.d.). Around 31 percent of the citizens in rural regions and 13 percent of urban dwellers will be unable to overcome the problem (International Labour Organization, 2016). These findings reveal that poverty is a problematic issue that the Pakistani government needs to address using appropriate strategies. Poverty may impact a country in many different ways. For example, the findings by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) observed that 38.8 percent of Pakistan’s population was poor with the most affected individuals being those in rural regions (“Poverty Data,” n.d.). The report also indicated that around 20.5 percent of the citizens were undernourished (Khan et al., 2015). Some factors have been associated with this national problem affecting many people in the country. For instance, the 2017-2018 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Labor Force indicated that 45 percent of the citizens lacked basic education or were illiterate (“Poverty Data,” n.d.). Women were affected by this problem at around 63 percent (“Poverty Data,” n.d.). All of the mentioned above provide evidence that poverty is a severe issue and should be addressed properly. Policy Recommendation Different leaders have considered several policies and initiatives in the past to tackle the problem of poverty and empower more people to lead better lives. For instance, the Pakistan People’s Party introduced the famous Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) Act to provide funds to eligible members of the society (Khan et al., 2015). This policy initiative was intended to support more people who lacked financial resources and protect the wider population against the challenges of transient poverty. This program has managed to support over 1.7 million families since its introduction (Khan et al., 2015). Despite the efforts and goals of the pioneers of this initiative, the country’s poverty level has only reduced slightly. A new recommended policy has the potential to address the current situation and make it easier for more people to lead high-quality lives. The suggestion should combine various elements that are related to the current problem of poverty. The first one is to ensure that the proposed policy provides incentives and platforms through which more people will have access to education (Khan et al., 2015). The initiative needs to focus on both young individuals and adults. Children will acquire skills that will guide them throughout their lives and get new job opportunities (International Labour Organization, 2016). Adults will benefit from the presented competencies to start their businesses and overcome the challenge of poverty. The case of the United States presents powerful insights for pursuing such a program. For instance, the government has invested heavily in the Child Care and Development Block Grant and the Strong Start for America’s Children Act to meet the educational needs of more children (Singh & Chudasama, 2020). This strategy has been improving the economic mobility of many people within the past three decades. Pakistan stands a chance to benefit from similar initiatives and achieve its business aims. The main assumption is that the government has adequate funds and resources to support educational attainment. The proposed policy should consider the need to create sustainable jobs and opportunities that can allow more people to earn competitive salaries or wages. The government can invest heavily in the manufacturing and service industries, equip more citizens with computer skills, and rebuild infrastructure (“Poverty Data,” n.d.). The support presented to various sectors of the economy will ensure that more people have access to new job opportunities. The combination of these two strategies will meet the demands of the unemployed who will be able to provide food to their children and other family members. The emerging assumption is that most people will be willing to identify and apply for new job openings. The result is that more individuals will be in a position to transform their lives. Failure to seek such jobs is that the process might be counterproductive and increase poverty levels (Singh & Chudasama, 2020). Fortunately, the British government has been relying on this approach to reduce unemployment and ensure that more people earn competitive salaries. Conclusion The above discussion has identified poverty as a major challenge affecting many people in Pakistan. The government can consider the proposed suggestions and examine the cases of Britain and the United States to provide adequate education to more citizens. The relevant departments can collaborate to ensure that more people can get good-paying and sustainable jobs. The described policy will make it possible for this nation to record reduced poverty levels. References Poverty data: Pakistan . (n.d.). Asian Development Bank. 2020, Web. International Labour Organization. (2016). World employment social outlook 2016: Transforming jobs to end poverty [PDF document]. Web. Khan, A., Naveed, A., Samman, E., Sarwar, M. B., & Hoy, C. (2015). Progress under scrutiny: Poverty reduction in Pakistan [PDF document]. Web. Singh, P. K., & Chudasama, H. (2020). Evaluating poverty alleviation strategies in a developing country. PLoS ONE , 15 (1), e0227176. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Ethical Principles and Concepts in Counseling Essay In counseling, compliance with ethical standards is critical since the negligence or violation thereof may cause a tremendously adverse effect on a client’s progress. However, in the cases that require sacrificing ethical principles for the sake of customers’ well-being, some ethical principles need to be ignored (Cottone et al. 145). One of the most common situations that demand a counselor to dismiss ethical standards involves the dilemma regarding the notion of veracity. Implying that a counselor has to be fully open and truthful in their interactions with clients and colleagues, the specified principle can be ignored once group or family counseling is provided. In the described scenario, telling the complete truth to all parties involved may entail disclosing personal information about specific members to which they may object (Corey et al. 206). Therefore, unless all participants are privy to a specific piece of information or have given their full consent to sharing personal data in the setting of group counseling, a counselor will have to bend the principles of veracity in order to meet the standards for non-disclosure. It is worth noting that the decision to violate the concept of veracity should be made only under special circumstances that imply possible harm to clients if the information is disclosed. Therefore, any other instances will require utilizing the concept of veracity and telling the full truth. The significance of veracity as the foundational mechanism I building relationships between a counselor and a patient lies in the development of trust that the specified notion provides. Therefore, it can only be bent in situations that suggest immediate harm unless the information is concealed. The notions of privacy, confidentiality, and privilege are central to the process of counseling and have to be adhered to so that rapport could be established between a patient and a counselor. Being the constituents of the code of a counselor’s ethics, the three notions in question have quite a number of points of contact, simultaneously retaining unique characteristics that set them aside from each other. Due to the nuanced nature of the specified elements and the subtle connections that they share, they can be used to advance the relationships between a counselor and a patient, encouraging the latter to engage in the process of managing their emotional and psychological concerns. The principle of privacy is supported by the constitutional standards that entitle every citizen to have the right to control the management of their personal data and the disclosure thereof. Therefore, privacy can be seen as the legal interpretation of the subject matter. In turn, confidentiality implies a professional stance on managing clients’ information and suggests that a counselor should promise to keep it concealed from any third parties (Corey et al. 207). The difference between privacy and confidentiality is often misconstrued by clients, which leads to legal conflicts (Corey et al. 205). Finally, privilege refers to a patient’s right to decide which piece of information should be deemed as confidential (Corey et al. 207). Understanding the difference between the specified concepts is critical for a counselor. By grasping teach of the three notions and delineating these differences, one will be able to meet customers’ needs concerning their privacy and personal safety, ensuring that the process of counseling occurs naturally and uninhibitedly. Since a client is very vulnerable in the counseling environment, it is the job of a counselor to reduce the level of stress and anxiety by maintaining the client’s dignity, which can be achieved by keeping sensitive data private. Therefore, knowing the three concepts mentioned above will allow a counselor to locate sensitive information and keep it contained. Works Cited Corey, Gerald, et al. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions (SAB 240 Substance Abuse Issues in Client Service). 8th ed., 2011. Cotton, Robert Rocco, et al. Ethics and Decision Making in Counseling and Psychotherapy . 4th ed., Springer Publishing Company, 2016. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Male Archetypes in Advertising Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Archetypes in advertising 3. Image analysis 4. References Introduction According to the Jungian archetypes, the anima and the animus archetypes come out clearly in the chapter introduction. From the introduction, both the feminine image in a male’s psyche as well as the masculine image in a female’s psyche are presented. The boy is presented as strong while the girl is only resented as pretty. Archetypes in advertising In advertising, there are twelve commonly used archetypes. When used in marketing these archetypes are used varyingly in levels ranging from level one to three (Furnham, 2008, p. 13). The levels represent complexity and appeal in an advert. The archetypes include the innocent, they explore, the sage, the outlaw, the hero, the magician, the regular person, the lover, the jester, the caregiver, the creator, and the ruler. In the media nowadays, images of the male archetypes comprise the content of many commercials. In the marketing archetypes listed above, more often than not, the male personality is used to depict it. Any advertisement that needs to portray themes that include exerting control, radicals changing the system, the transformation of the world, use of strength to change the world, and journeying through the world uses the male character. Men are portrayed as being in charge, self-contained and more often than not they are left alone. Many times the characters of the products that need to be advertised dictate the marketer’s choice of the archetype to be used. If the products are targeting the male clientele, then the male archetypes typically apply. There are other products that may be meant for clientele for both genders but will still adopt the male archetype because of the need they will satisfy. For instance, movie posters mostly adopt the male archetype when they are active or violence-oriented. Males represent strength and any products that are meant to connect with clientele on the basis of strength will use the male archetypes. Image analysis The Armored Knight image perhaps best brings out the male sexuality and self-identity through the exploitation of the male archetype. The contemporary media is full of male archetypes that connect men’s psychological syndrome and commercial exploitation of corporations. The Armored Knight image represents the warrior who wins female favors and elevated ego through violence against other men. Though not put explicitly, many advertisements seem to symbolize the favors and self-esteem ego through ownership of the products they offer. The strength that the men represent is subtly captured through the money or economic strength the men have (Solomon, 2010, p. 48). In this Armored Knight image content, the rewards that these men are presented with come in the form of female beauty. These girls are presented as the ultimate prices for the achieving male. The Armored Knight image in other words presents men as the ones in charge and the custodians of strength. Considering the strength that people put to achieve success, male strength is the only archetype that is better placed to capture it. Through that, it connects with the intent of any commercial that may be so themed. The male archetype that is presented in the image reinforces the macho image that is represented by men and just like the story at the beginning of the chapter implies, women are only recognized for their beauty and caregivers as well as “objects” of comfort. References Furnham, A. (2008). Head & heart management: managing attitudes, beliefs and behaviors . NY: Routledge. Solomon, R.M. (2010). Consumer behavior: buying, having, and being . New York: Sage Publications. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Major Factors Affecting Future of the Tourism Industry in UK Essay This essay provides a critical analysis of the major developments that guide the future growth of tour and travel industry. It forms a discussion of the major factors affecting future of the tourism industry in United Kingdom, through study of factors that cause current effects. The research problem is an analysis of prospective effects and developments on future tourism particularly in United Kingdom, in relation to various international tourism industries. The study is significant due to the reason that there are various dynamic global approaches towards tourism and recently embraced technologies. The analysis also covers issue of economical impact of tourism practices to United Kingdom. This calls for an examination of what determines future outcomes and anticipatable changes. Lastly, the research topic addresses the issue of new and anticipated strategies to secure the future of the industry. This means that the main purpose of this study is to evaluate various effects on future of tourism industry in United Kingdom. Some of the issues emerging from the study involve responsibility and conservation care accorded to natural and cultural heritage at various destinations. Secondly, the research will analyse aviation practices and effects on culture and ecology. Lastly, the study forms a critic on decisions and visions of tourism industry. People especially in the U.K. lack rationale or reason for visiting a chosen destiny. This is a major concern to future tourism because there is poor promotion of excellent local destinies. According to Urry (2002, p.59) and Theobald (1998, p.22), Tourism Council surveys indicates that most UK tourists do not considering possible personal gains or benefits of local visits. Availability of resources often determines travelling plans and choices. In line with Urry’s analysis (2002, p.59), tourists are willing to venture deeper into meaning and discover foreign cultural experiences. The new trend is thus a possible prediction for appreciation and support for distinctive local cultures considering the major commercial industries in UK. People lack rationale for local tourism. As Whittingdale predicts (2007, p.36), analysis of tourism trends in the UK shows that people are forced into ‘geo-local’ tourism due to high economic costs. Ability to take into account purpose before travel would thus increase local travel. Low local tourism cause despair, but future predictions, shows that number of local visitors is increasing steadily. Haven-Tang and Jones’ view on tourism SMEs in UK (2005, p.293) and Appiah-Adu et al study (2000, p.96) presents purpose of quality service delivery and competition in the industry. Predicted local tourism is a major boost to alternative means of travel. As stated by Lumsdon and Page, (2004, p.100), the escalating costs of travel calls for alternative and cheaper means. If people can appreciate their locally available tourist destinations, then increased use of cheaper means of transport such as trains would emerge. Forsyth (1995, p.210) Burns and Novelli’s literature (2007, p.212), indicate that the future of tourism industry in UK depends on sustainability measures. Local tourism will definitely foster future support for better investments for alternative low-costs means of transport. Today, climate and ecosystem changes have devastating impact on the tourism industry. Current analysis indicates that UK travellers are concern with comfort, security and alternatives means (Cooper, 2005, p.14). This is a great threat to the future of tourism. There is negligence over the issue of managing tourists. If environmental costs exceed the economical gain, then in future, administrators need to place more focus on types of tourism practices for maximum economical, social and environmental gains. There are high hopes that the future of tourism will be sustainable and cultural ideal. Current major threat involves lack of enough support for local uniqueness and distinctiveness. Utopia destiny is a collection of ideas for a sustainable future. According to Cooper (2005, p.14), “ideal tourist destiny sparks ideas that are more creative and inspiring.” References Appiah-Adu, K., Fyall, A., & Singh, S. April 2000 . Marketing Culture and Customer Retention in the Tourism Industry . [Online] The Service Industries Journal, Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 95 – 113. Web. Burns, P., & Novelli, M. 2007. Tourism and politics: global frameworks and local realities . Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd. Cooper, C.P. et al. 2005. Tourism: Principles and Practice . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Forsyth, T. 1995 . Business attitudes to sustainable tourism: Self-regulation in the UK outgoing tourism industry . Web. London, UK Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Volume 3, Issue 4 1995 , pages 210 – 231. Web. Haven-Tang, C., & Jones E. 2005. Tourism SMEs, service quality, and destination competitiveness . Oxford, UK: CABI Publishers. Lumsdon, L., And Page, S. (2004). Tourism and transport: Issues and Agenda for the new millennium . Oxford, UK: Elsevier Publishers. Theobald, W. (998). Global Tourism . (Second Ed). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers. Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze (2 nd Ed). London: Sage. Whittingdale, J. (October 23, 2007). Tourism: Report, together with formal minutes, House of Commons, Media and Sports Committee. Vol 2. London: The Stationery Office. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Counterfeit Educational Credentials by Brody and Ezell Case Study In this article, Brody and Ezell explore the issue of counterfeit educational credentials that have existed for many years and whose proliferation has been fueled by technological advancements and weak legislation. One of the requirements for employment is the possession of legitimate educational credentials from a recognized institution of learning. Employers verify them by validating degrees and official transcripts. However, many prospective employees have learned how to obtain fraudulent certificates to land the jobs of their dreams. Many company investigators are unable to determine whether the credentials are legit or fake because advanced technologies are used to produce certificates that look legit from recognized institutions. The authors note that the widespread production of counterfeit credentials has been fueled by technological advancements and the proliferation of fraudulent institutions that offer online degrees. Diploma and degree mills are the two main online sources of counterfeit academic qualifications. The problem has existed for many years and has persisted in contemporary society because of technological advancements. DipScam was the largest US federal effort to eradicate the problem of counterfeit academic documents that ended in 1991. It attained positive results because it reduced the number of degree mills significantly. However, the problem came back with the advent of the Internet. Governments across the world have a difficult time addressing the issue because diploma ad degree mills use advanced technologies to hide their identities. The authors state that the US government does not take the matter seriously because it is neither a violent nor a matter of national security. However, the consequences of using counterfeit documents to get employment or enter the United States are good enough reasons for the government to take the matter seriously. The authors argue that counterfeit credentials have several downsides. They devalue legitimate ones, encourage fraud, and pose risks to clients especially in careers such as medicine. Also, unqualified medical practitioners risk the lives of their clients because of the lack of knowledge regarding the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Bogus credentials are a risk to national security because many people use them to enter the United States posing as students. Degree and diploma mills are earning millions of dollars from individuals who are too lazy to dedicate their time and resources to study. To fight counterfeit credentials, many states provide lists of accredited schools that are allowed to offer degrees and diplomas. For example, any college offering credentials in the state of Oregon must be accredited by the Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization. On the other hand, several bills have been enacted to protect the integrity of higher education degrees. For example, a bill introduced by Betty McCollum aims to fight degree mills by calling on the government to develop uniform standards of determining the legitimacy of degrees, diplomas, and certificates. If passed, the bill will require foreign students to possess admission letters from valid institutions. Moreover, prospective employees will be required to possess credentials from eligible institutions. The government offers resources that help people in checking whether their degrees are valid. The United States Department of Education and the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers provide information that helps in the validation of educational credentials. It is unethical and illegal for people to further their careers using phony documents at the expense of their employers. The authors suggest the dedication of sufficient resources in the performance of thorough backgrounds and validation of credentials presented by prospective employees to ensure that they were obtained from accredited institutions of learning. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Substance Abuse in African American Women Essay The issue of substance abuse is widespread over the world. Various drug addictions became a vast ongoing problem among people over the globe (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). Despite the fact that substance misapplication happens worldwide, there is a limited number of studies that scrutinize drug misuse by African Americans. In particular, there is a lack of investigations devoted to the substance abuse of African American women. It is interesting to examine what substances this minority group misuse, what the premises are for it, and to which consequences it may lead. Over the recent period, African American scholars have started to be concerned about substance abuse in African American society. It has been reported that African Americans are more likely to misuse drugs and alcohol. In addition, they are more likely to have the highest rate of emergencies connected with drug overuse (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). In particular, African American women tend to suffer from an increased rate of abusing drugs and alcoholic drinks. Moreover, according to the statistics, Black women are 2-4 times more involved in substance overuse in comparison to white women (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). One of the reasons why African American women misuse different substances is discrimination. Black women start to be addicted to various drugs and alcohol because of personal traumas connected with race, racist issues, and discriminational violence (Allen et al., 2019). It was also reported that most of the women who have substance addiction do not have a formal education (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). Therefore, it leads to the higher consumption of multiple substances. Various private experiences also can matter in the investigation of this issue. For example, there are cases when parents of the current substance users were addicted to drugs or alcohol. Interestingly, it constitutes 73 percent of traumatic experiences in childhood. In addition, there are also high rates from 20 to 50 percent of childhood physical or sexual abuse for African American women (Blakey, 2016). One more finding is that 34.1 percent of African American women were subjected to adult sexual abuse compared with white women (Blakey, 2016). Later, this substance addiction can be transmitted from the mother to the child and may affect the kid as well. Concerning treatment, it was reported that traditional substance abuse treatment methods showed poor results for African American women (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). It can be connected to various issues, including public and personal. For instance, it may be social oppression, racial disparities, cultural backgrounds, and emotional traumas. Therefore, there is a strong need to use alternative ways of treatment. Many studies have proposed the appeal to spiritual methods, as African American nation is one of the most religious people involved in spirituality to a high degree (Blount, LaGuardia, & Fitzpatrick, 2021). In addition, many investigations informed that spiritual practices could help to leave abuse addictions (Blakey, 2016). Furthermore, the finding is that the African American women who relied on God and were highly impacted by belief managed to overcome psychological consequences and personal stress (Blakey, 2016). To sum up, there are various premises and outcomes for African American women involved in substance abuse. It is clearly seen that different early experiences from parents, and racist issues influence the Black women who use drugs and alcohol. One possible solution may be the spiritual treatment and establishment of religious relationships because this method already manifested itself as one of the most effective ways to overcome various addictions, including substance abuse. References Allen, A. M., Wang, Y., Chae, D. H., Price, M. M., Powell, W., Steed, T. C.,… Woods‐Giscombe, C. L. (2019). Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: exploring an integrative stress‐coping model among African American women. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1457 (1), 104–127. Web. Blakey, J. M. (2016). The Role of Spirituality in Helping African American Women with Histories of Trauma and Substance Abuse Heal and Recover. Social Work & Christianity Journal of the North American Association of Christians in Social Work, 43 (1), 1–5. Blount, T. N., LaGuardia, A. C., & Fitzpatrick, D. C. (2021). African American Women’s Substance Use Recovery Experiences: A Phenomenological Inquiry. Counseling and Values , 66 (1), 92–110. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Problems Associated With a Rape Shield Law Essay Description of the sources According to Tuerkheimer (1989), the federal government passed the rape shield laws in order to control the cross-examination about a witness’s sexual past. These laws have been passed in 48 states, and are divided into four classes namely: Michign, California, Arkansas and Federal approaches. Tuerkheimer xamines the problems posed by shield laws, such as reputation evidence, rebuttal proof and constitutionality issues. As a result, the author suggests the endorsement of concession based on the proof of prior sxual conduct by a witness in a case involving rape, in the event that the defendant’s constitutional rights were at a risk. The author further examines the reluctance with which prosecutors tackle rape cases that are not violent, and the cross-examnation process that requires inquiries to be made on past consensual sexual activities of the complaining witness. A process that leads to publication of the private aspect of the witness, which in turn results in the reluctance of rape victims reporting the crimes. Casarino (1996) examines the possibilities for litigating acquaintance rape cases in the civil courts as a measure to prevent under-reporting of such cases. The civil courts are aimed at encouraging rape victims to speak out. Their reluctance could be attributed to exposure of personal life in criminal courts due to shortcomings in the shield laws. The author also examines the process of civil suits, and the procedural merits and limitations of such suits in rape cases. In his note, Anderson (2001) examines the conditioning of rape victims’ vindiction on sexual virtue, whereby the rape defendant can provide evidence that the witness was unchaste, prior to the assault, with the view to discrediting her testimony. Rape shield law preventing the defendant from admitting complainant’s sexual history was passed in the 1980s, though Anderson identifies the shield as having loopholes, which are used in cases where the witness is seen as promscuous. According to Anderson (2001), the loopholes in the shield relay sexual history evidence in instances when the witness has had prior sexual encounters with the defendant, when the defendant asserts that he assumed that the complainant has given her consent, or when the complainant has in the past involved herself in prostitution, or other promiscuity. He suggests that the rape victims should be protected from the harmful legal procedures that dig into their previous sexual lives. In the journal article “Regulating Consensual Sex with Minors: Defining a Role for Statutory Rape”, Oberman examines the increasing rate of teenagers engaging in sexual practices. In his study, he identifies the challenges posed in criminal justice as a result of minors engaging in sexual activities. He identifies that about 50% of teenagers in the united states have sexual intercourse by the time they turn sixteen, which makes thepractice illicit since the age of consent in many states is sixteen. As a result, every sexual encounter of the minors constitutes to statutory rape, which can be translated to about 7.49 million incidents of statutory rape, annually. Concerns about the law with this kind of rape are raised since it is impracticle to prosecute all the cases involving sexual intercourse of teenagers below the age of sixteen. Society also deems this behavior as typical of adolescents, and some view it as necessary in their development; as a result, it becomes a challenge to view the trend as criminal. Davis (1984) looks at the problems faced by rape victims, leading to their reluctance when reporting and prosecuting the offense. This reluctance is because the complainant feels like the defendant, due to admission of evidence of her sexual history, which is admissible, despite its insignificance to the matters at trial. He also examines the attempts made to decrease such problems encountered when reporting and prosecuting cases of rape, such as the passing of statutes that limit the introduction of evidence of the victim’s previous sexual conduct. References Anderson, M. J. (2001). From Chastity Requirement To Sexuality License: Sexual Consent and a New Rape Shield Law. George Washington Law Review, Forthcoming . Casarino, C. (1996). Civil Remedies in Acquaintance Rape Cases. BU Pub Int Law Journal , 185, 197-198. Davis, E. M. (1984). Rape Shield Statutes: Legislative Responses to Probative Dangers. Journal of Urban & Contemporary Law , 29(1), 129. Oberman, M. (2000). Regulating Consensual Sex with Minors: Defining a Role for Statutory Rape. Symposium on Urban Girls: Legal Issues Facing Adolescents and Teens , 703, 721–722. Tuerkheimer, F. (1989). Reassessment and Redefinition of Rape Shield Laws. Ohio State Law Journal , 50(4), 1245-1274. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Roman Aristocratic Ethos, Values and Goals Report (Assessment) “From innocence is inborn dignity, from dignity honour, from honour the right to command, from the right to command liberty” Scipio Aemilianus. The emergency of Roman ‘nobilis’ status provided broad privileges to the people belonging to the ancient state elite; Roman nobility were characterized by central positions in the political and social spheres of ancient life. Foreign policy and military matters were conducted with the involvement of the Roman elite. Roman nobility and the senate were in the middle of Empire affairs. The first characteristics of the nobility appeared to be described from the period of Roman Greece, when the Roman Empire won the battle of Corinth and made the capital Byzantium city. The roman nobles were considered to be the principle political opponents participating in all kinds of political affairs. The society of ancient Rome included the division between patricians and plebs; patricians were the members of the privileged class having dominant rights within state affairs though they could be poor; the plebeian were characterized by rich and well educated status. Both classes belonged to the roman nobility in ancient time being changed and developed with wars and low procreation. (Dupont, 1994) It is necessary to underline the fact that Roman nobility was characterized by having three names as Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus who was referred to the roman noblemen of ancient period. Scipio’s educational background was a traditional one being based on a Greek pattern. From the very youth he was surrounded by Greek teachers and sculptors who gave him the notes of their culture that is why Scipio’s literature interests were aimed at Greek elements. Scipio was recognized by the members of Roman society for his public activities; he was unscrupulous and ruthless in politics having hard character and personal bravery. Scipio’s military talents were demonstrated through his exploits in Africa (149-148 BC), two victories and successful propaganda making him a skilled orator. The characteristics of Scipio’s activities and personal features give an opportunity to demonstrate a bright example of a nobleman representative of the ancient Rome. Scipio’s ambitions were similar to those of many Roman nobles; his genuine patriotism, ambitions and over-confidence allowed to prove that he was worthy of being a part of the noble society. (Astin, 1967) The third century demonstrated the mixture of wealthy blebs and patrician families making new form of aristocracy. The most important values of the roman noblemen can be highlighted through their participation in political affairs and military activities characterizing them as patriotic, ambitious and resistant leaders of the Roman Empire. (Adcock, Roman Political Ideas and Practice) The Scipionic Epitaphs demonstrate ancient inscriptions characterizing nobility of 200 BC. In the first two epitaphs the qualities of warrior characters are illustrated: 1 fuit, consol censor aidilis quei fuit apud vos Taurasia Cisauna / Samnio cepit, subigit omne Loucanam opsidesque abdoucit… Inscriptions III, IV and V have the signs of political significance and leadership characterizing the role of nobility in military affairs. 2 L. Corneli. L.f. P. / Scipio quaist./ tr. mil. annos / gnatus XXXIII / mortuos. The principle difference lies in the way of values presentation; personal qualities are transformed into strong character and achievements demonstrated as a true representative of Roman nobility. Epitaph VII, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, discloses the address of the nobleman to show his political and military achievements through the failure: By my good conduct I heaped virtues on the virtues of my clan; I begat a family and sought to equal the exploits of my father. The words underline the events of 135 BC and a slight note of political failure in the conducted activities. (The Scipionic Epitaphs, 1968) Roman nobility could contain not only the members of privileged class but also representatives of ordinary society who demonstrated their noble features through activities and ambitious nature. Though the nobility was merely privileged in ancient Roman Empire, they could not participate in any kind of commercial activities; the principle goal was to demonstrate their qualities in political and military affairs which made them belong to the Roman elite of the period. Inscriptions and ancient documents prove the status of the noblemen and their achievements aimed at state prosperity. The representatives of elite should not compulsory be wealthy though they were not to participate in ay trade activities and try to be involved in commercial cooperation; this restriction differed aristocracy from ordinary society providing them with special privileges in the election system and other political affairs. The ‘nobility’ in ancient period reflected the elements of the Greek culture; Roman nobility had a special status not only in political and social sphere, but in religious as well. It is important to underline the fact that in the Roman Empire representatives of the nobility had to be deeply involved in religious activities demonstrating hereditary loyalty to the Roman Church. (Scullard, 2002) The analysis of the Roman elite, nobility and aristocracy gives an opportunity to recognize the principle values and features to be obtained by its representatives and the roles to be performed by them in the Roman political and military sphere. References Adcock, F. E. Roman Political Ideas and Practice. Sixth Series. The University of Michigan Press. Astin, A. E. 1967. Scipio Aemilianus. Oxford; At the Clarendon Press. Dupont, F. 1994. Daly Life in Ancient Rome. Wiley-Blackwell. Granrud, J. E. 2008. Roman Constitutional History, 753-44 BC. BiblioBazaar, LLC. Scullard, H. H. 2002. A History of the Roman world, 753 to 146 BC. Edition 4, Routledge. The Scipionic Epitaphs, 1968. 1. He took Taurasia and Cisauna from Samnium; he overcame all the Lucanian land and brought hostages therefrom 2. Lucius Cornelius Scipio, son of Lucius, grandson of Publius, quaestor, tribune of soldiers. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Labor Management Relation Act of 1947 Essay Table of Contents 1. About the Act 2. The Act’s Provisions 3. Policy and purpose declaration 4. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service 5. Roles of management, representatives, and employees 6. National Labor Management Panel 7. Lending or payment 8. Labor management 9. Progress Development About the Act The Taft- Hartley Act or Labor Management Relations Act (1947) terminated the “closed shop” requirement where people were required to join unions before being employed. The Act’s Provisions The Labor Management Relations Act (1947) prevented unions from participating in biased labor practices. The Federal Mediation Service was established as the substitute method through which labor disputes could be settled. The Act made authorizations to the president to declare a “cooling off” period. This would take place for sixty days and during this period, there would be no strikes. The strikes specified during this period included industrial strikes and those that affected national security, safety and health. Another provision barred unions from making direct contributions to politicians. However, contributions could be made through distinct political action committees. Employers were not supposed to loan or give funds to any union. This also included the union’s welfare and officials. Policy and purpose declaration According to the act, it was US policy to promote an unchanging and comprehensive peace. Moreover, the Act would enhance the overall nation’s safety, health, and welfare. Tranquility would be promoted between workers and employers since disputes would be solved via collective bargaining and conferences. There would be advancements to collective bargaining where sufficient and whole government facilities would be available for intercession, conciliation, and intentional arbitration. This would ensure that employee representatives and employers abided by the agreements regarding workplace conditions, hours and pay rate. Moreover, controversies would be settled through mutual agreement. Disagreements that were related to collective bargaining treaties would be reduced or prevented through easy accessibility to sufficient and full governmental facilities. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service To ensure that the rights of laborers were catered for adequately, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the goals of the Act were met. The president would appoint the director. The president would seek the Senate’s consent and advice to enable him accomplish this. The director was not required to involve in other employments, vocation, or business. The director had the authority to elect clericals, mediators, conciliators, as well as other personnel who would assist in executing other roles stipulated in the Act. The Act authorized the director to plan for all expenditures. The director was permitted to establish regional offices in places where labor disagreements were likely to occur. The director was supposed to make yearly reports to the Congress. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service was initiated as a separate US government’s agency with the objective of reducing or preventing the consequences of labor- management disputes. This was in regard to free commerce flow and would be accomplished though voluntary arbitration, conciliation, and mediation. Roles of management, representatives, and employees The management, employee representatives, and employees had equal roles in preventing disputes. Their principal role was preventing and solving disputes. There was a need to reduce and prevent labor disputes, which resulted to ineffective commerce. Efforts would be made to maintain and effect treaties in regard to employees’ welfare. Amendments would be made whenever necessary. Conferences would be arranged promptly whenever there were disputes. Whenever disputes were not solved amicably, meetings would be arranged by the service for mediation. National Labor Management Panel The National Labor Management Panel would be composed of 12 members. Each member would stay in office for a period of three years. The key role of the twelve members was intervening whenever there was industrial controversies, particularly controversies that interfered with the overall welfare of the nation. The panel would also engage in voluntary adjustment and mediation. Therefore, the National Labor Management Panel had a key role in ensuring the successful implementation of the Act’s goals. Lending or payment Employers or groups of employers were barred from delivering, lending, paying, and engaging in any financial issues with representatives, labor organizations, committees, and employees. Moreover, it was illegal to for employers to engage in activities where money was demanded or requested. The available motor vehicles were not to be used for illegal activities. Exceptions were only allowed when the labor organization was involved. Labor union’s funds was not to be misused so as to benefit laborers. Labor management There will be the establishment and management of committees at the industry, area, and plant level. The Act will assist in establishing the committees. The committees will have a key role in promoting labor management linkages. As a result, there will be better communication and relationship, which will reduce labor disputes. The Act would permit involvement in grants and contracts only when the committee participated in labor organizations. Progress Development Labor Management Relation Act was replaced by Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (Landrum- Griffin Act). The Landrum- Griffin Act permitted members of the union to sue unions, have a say in union affairs, and regulate escalation of dues. The Act was used many times by presidents in a bid to end labor strikes. Out of the thirty five times that the Act was invoked, it was successful thirty three times. This implies the effectiveness of the Act. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
All citizens have equal rights and opportunities of expressing their views. 1 The notion of democracy was promoted by the United States of America. Democracy, an important component of US foreign policy, aims at promoting America’s basic values like human rights in order to create a stable, prosperous, and peaceful global environment that would enable it to pursue its national interests. America believes that when all nations are governed democratically, they will be able to fight international terrorism, secure peace, deter aggression, promote economic development, uphold human rights, and expand open market. Although democracy may be considered as a fair form of governance, its application may not yield positive results in all countries. 2 The perception of democracy varies basing on political, cultural, and religious aspects of each country. For instance, the perception of democracy in America is different from the Syria’s perspective. According to Professor Alexander Tyler, there are eight stages of democracy. 3 “These are rescue of the masses from bondage to spiritual faith, from spiritual faith to great courage, from courage to liberty, from liberty to abundance, from abundance to complacency, from complacency to apathy, from apathy to dependence, and eventually from dependence back to bondage”. 4 In nature, democracy is dynamic and its application does not necessarily result in good life but returns people to the manacles of bondage that it purports to deliver them from. 5 People have different political, religious, and cultural backgrounds and their understanding of democracy may differ. As such, it may either promote stability or threaten the existing peace. In Western Europe countries, democracy enhances peace and stability because it enables people to air their opinion in a liberalized manner. In contrast, democracy in some countries such as Saudi Arabia may cause instability. 6 Since democracy involves garnering majority of the votes in order to ascend to the position of political leadership, minority groups that cannot manage to get enough votes to propel them to influential political positions may resort to other means of attaining power, which may result in instability. For instance, terrorist groups such as Al-Qaida long for political power so that they can impose their religious ideologies on the masses but because they are unpopular with the masses, they may engage in violence in order to achieve their goals. 7 Although some countries such as U.S.A may consider democracy as the best way of governance, democratic reforms in some countries may be detrimental to their national interests. For example, America may not support full democratic reforms in Saudi Arabia because influential Islamic groups may ascend to power and establish anti American policies. In addition, these groups may advance extreme religious ideologies that may transform the democratic process that propelled them into power to a dictatorial form of governance. 8 Democracy cannot be achieved immediately. This is because of cultural and political variations among Nations. To attain democratic reforms, there should be a consensus among different political groups in order to reach an agreement on politics and leadership. For instance, in Middle East, democracy can be achieved if Islamist, secular groups, and the ruling elites agree on the means of sharing power and how they can impose their ideologies on the masses. To achieve this, a slow progress is needed in to ensure that each group is represented and catered for in the democratization process. In conclusion, application of democracy cannot be achieved effectively because of political and cultural background of different countries. Global Democracy can only be attained if there is a consensus among different political groups. Bibliography Davenport, Christian. State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace. Cambridge :Cambridge University Press, 2007. Dunn,John. Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD , Oxford University Press, 1994. Elster, Jon. Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Hook, Steven . U.S. Foreign Policy: The Paradoxnof World Power .New York:CQ Press, 2006. Morgan, Patrick. International Security: Problems and Solution . Boston: McGraw Hills Publishers, 2006. Willard, Charles. Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Footnotes 1. Steven, Hook. U.S. Foreign Policy: The Paradoxnof World Power . (New York:CQ Press,2006) 423. 2. Patrick,Morgan. International Security: Problems and Solution . (Boston: McGraw Hills Publishers, 2006) 146. 3. Jon,Elster.. Deliberative Democracy. (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998) 77. 4. John,Dunn. Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 5. Charles,Willard, Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,2006), 87. 6. Christian,Davenport, State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace (Cambridge :Cambridge University Press,2007), 97. 7. Steven, Hook, U.S. Foreign Policy: The Paradoxnof World Power (New York:CQ Press,2006), 414. 8. Patrick,Morgan , International Security: Problems and Solution (Boston: McGraw Hills Publishers, 2006), 230. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Risk Analysis in Engieering Research Paper Risk analysis involves a process of defining and measuring the potential loss likely to occur because of natural or human caused adverse events. The consequences of risks may be loss of human life or loss of property. Risks may also lead to adverse health impact and damage to the environmental conditions. Risk analysis characterizes, manages, and informs about the existence and magnitude of potential losses likely to be caused by several uncertainties associated with a project, a business or the life of an individual. With the rapid growth in technology and engineering applications, there is the need to adopt improved systems of working. This adaptability of systems to function in line with the requirements of external and internal environments has lead to emergence of progressively complex systems. These systems are intelligent and they function more independently giving rise to multiple chances of harming the health, safety, and environmental conditions. It also has a potential financial implication if something goes wrong. This characteristic feature of working with new and improved system underpins the importance of analyzing the risks associated with any project or business. The opportunities available for people to earn more and live a longer life have become the cause of worry and consequently it has exerted a pressure on the manufacturers, policymakers and regulators to ensure that the systems, products and technologies aid people to live safe and healthy (Modarres, 2006). They also are expected not to affect the environment. Therefore, the need for demonstrating safety in the complex system has formulated the required approaches to formal risk analysis. One of the ways to categorize risk is by consequence categories. Health risk, safety risk, security risk, financial risk and environmental risk are all risk categories which are based on the consequence (Ayyub, 2003, p 101). In order to perform risk comparisons it is essential that the risks are categorized. Quantitative risk analysis involves a numerical determination of the probabilities of various adverse events, whereas the qualitative risk analysis defines the various threats in order to determine the extent of vulnerabilities. Qualitative risk analysis also enables devising countermeasures for meeting the eventuality of an event occurring. It is also possible to use a hybrid method combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. Under this mixed method a selected combination of qualitative and quantitative methods are used based on the availability of information (Meritt, 1999). The objective of mixed method is to minimize the metrics to be collected and is also less numerically intensive. An effective risk management employs a number of techniques, methods and tools for assessing the likely consequences of risks. These include “trade-off analysis, cost-benefit analysis, risk effectiveness, multiattribute decision analysis and predictive future analysis”. These tools have the main advantage of enabling a better decision-making environment by continually assessing the risk and deciding on the significance of risks based on magnitude. It also helps in identifying the strategies for averting, controlling or minimizing the risks. The economic-based methods for assessing the risk are made use of by assigning monetary values to the net benefits which is measured in terms of risk reduction. Some of the economic methods used are benefit-cost analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis and risk-effectiveness analysis. The review of the available literature indicates that risk assessment can be performed in a better way using quantitative analysis, since it involves numerical determination of the probabilities of various adverse events (Meritt, 1999). However, the method is expensive and time-consuming in the context of assessing the cost-effectiveness of rehabilitation of spoilt coal mine areas making the research beyond a workable proposition. Therefore this analysis will be conducted using a mixed analysis method which is easy to accomplish. The quantitative data available from the previous studies can be used along with a qualitative analysis to complete the assessment. Work Plan The concept of risk management based on effective risk assessment using a mixed analysis method will be used to assess the risk and cost-effectiveness of rehabilitating open cut coal mine spoil areas during the semester. The basic ideas about risk and risk assessment techniques and tools provided an insight into the work that needs to be undertaken in the semester. Wherever possible quantitative details will be collected for analyzing the associated risks and cost-effectiveness of rehabilitating the spoil areas will be determined for taking decisions to continue with the efforts. This primer has provided an idea as to the way in which the risk assessment can be proceeded with. Bibliography 1. Ayyub, B.M., 2003. Risk Analysis in Engineering and Economics Volume 174 . New York: CRC Press. 2. Meritt, J.W., 1999. A Method for Quantitative Risk Analysis . [Online] Web. 3. Modarres, M., 2006. Risk Analysis in Engieering: Techniques, Tools, and Trends Volume 174 . New York: CRC Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Electronic Consultations Trend During the Covid-19 Pandemic Essay The coronavirus outbreak has had a profound impact on the entire planet. COVID-19 became one of the most serious challenges faced by the global community, disrupting normal processes across various industries and changing the lives of millions of people. However, while most areas of human activity saw a strong pandemic-conditioned impact, its effect on the healthcare system has been particularly serious. The global medical infrastructure and workers showed a consolidated effort at the time of a previously unseen healthcare crisis. The magnitude of the situation became a major stressor for the system, forming a highly difficult environment. However, in addition to the direct impact of the pandemic on the population, COVID-19 had other disrupting repercussions. Following the response protocols implemented by the authorities in an attempt to contain the virus, direct personal contact had to be reduced to a minimum. This principle included the patient interaction in medical settings, especially for non-urgent cases. Under these circumstances, electronic consultations became an emerging healthcare trend. This format entails an array of challenges for the system, as well as opportunities. Nevertheless, the former are to be addressed effectively for the latter to reveal themselves. First of all, while the format of telemedicine is not a new phenomenon, its implementation had never been full-scale prior to the pandemic. As in many other sectors, COVID-19 changed the rules of the industry, leading to an unprecedented prevalence of remote medical interactions. For many people, the novelty of the format became a major drawback. Indeed, the effectiveness of telemedicine is not a proven nor well-established concept in the minds of the population. Therefore, for the patients, it may have been associated with decreased quality of care (Gadzinski et al., 2020). In this regard, overcoming prejudices and creating a favorable image of the format became the primary challenge for the system. Electronic consultations have been introduced for both COVID patients and other cases to reduce the risks of the virus contraction. In the present situation, the widespread use of telemedicine has become a necessity, but it has the potential to improve the prevalence of the format in the long term. This way, more patients will benefit from affordable and efficient electronic consultations in the post-COVID age, especially in non-serious cases, thus reducing the workload of the system. At the same time, the format of electronic consultations faced another impediment in the form of the population’s digital literacy. This barrier has been observed across other spheres, in which remote communication became the norm, such as education. Within the healthcare system, the lack of digital literacy encompassed both medical professionals and their patients. Indeed, as stated by Hong et al. (2020), electronic consultations are highly demanding from the technological perspective. In addition to a stable connection and high-quality video equipment, they require a certain degree of computer knowledge from the users on both ends. The necessity of ensuring such consultations prompted medical professionals and their patients to improve their digital literacy, which is a positive development in the long term. In addition, the emerging prevalence of telemedicine became an impetus for the companies that develop high-tech solutions in the spheres of medicine and telecommunications. State-of-the-art applications and Internet-based technologies became available for all participants of the healthcare system, which is a highly beneficial development (Sust, 2020). Such trends reflect the opportunities that emerge in the time of crisis and help to build a better post-COVID future of healthcare. Ultimately, the necessity of electronic consultations entailed major challenges for the healthcare systems. Most patients and medical professionals were not familiar with the modern remote solutions, which instilled a degree of mistrust. In addition, electronic consultations imposed additional requirements in terms of technological preparedness and digital literacies. However, the age of COVID prompted patients and practitioners to update their knowledge of the contemporary solutions, transforming the crisis into the time of new opportunities. References Gadzinski, A. J., Andino, J. J., Odisho, A. Y., Watts, K. L., Gore, J. L., & Ellimoottil, C. (2020). Telemedicine and econsults for hospitalized patients during COVID-19. Urology, 141 , 12–14. Web. Hong, Z., Li, N., Li, D., Li, B., Ziong, W., Lu, L., Li, W., & Zhou, D. (2020). Telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences from Western China. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22 (5). Web. Sust, P. P., Solans, O., Fajardo, J. C., Peralta, M. M., Rodenas, P., Gabalda, J., Eroles, L. G., Comella, A., Munoz, C. V., Ribes, J. S., Monfa, R. R., & Piera-Jimenez, J. (2020). Turning the crisis into an opportunity: Digital health strategies deployed during the COVID-19 outbreak. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6 (2). Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Abstract 2. One character that is flat 3. One character that is round 4. One character that is Dynamic 5. Reference Abstract “What you pawn I will redeem” is a short story about an Indian who shows extra ordinary strength in a tough time. Jackson the main character in the story is a homeless Indian who is on a quest to get back his grandmother’s regalia. This story has many interesting characters that collectively make the story an intriguing one. (Porter, 2006) Been a homeless Indian in Seattle is enough problems but when you are faced with the task of raising nearly one thousand dollars in 24 hours it compounds a person’s problems. Jackson the central character was determined to get back his grandmother’s stolen regalia at the pawn shop but his care free friends always led him astray. In the course of the story, the narrator tell how he spent any money he got on alcohol with his friends. Though he got the regalia at the end of the story but that was due to the sympathy of the pawnbroker who felt he had been through enough trouble. In this essay, we would be identifying and analyzing the various characters in the story. One character that is flat Jackson’s friends in the story can be described as the flat and rigid characters throughout the entire story. Jackson was on the quest to save his grandmother’s regalia at the pawn shop and he indulged in different ventures to get the money the pawnbroker had requested. But rather than be encouraged and motivated by his friends, they instead led him astray. (Porter, 2006) The friends are described as been rigid because all the wanted throughout the course of the story was to have fun at the expense Jackson’s happiness. Perhaps if Jackson’s friends were not included in the story there would have been no humor in the story. He would have simply saved and paid the pawnbroker. Jackson’s friends as characters added humor to the entire story. There carefree attitude made the story hilarious. (Porter, 2006) One character that is round The pawnbroker can be described as a round character in this story due to his complex attitude. The pawnbroker had initially insisted that Jackson had to come up with the sum of $999 before lunch time. This had prompted Jackson to plot different ways of coming up with the money. (Porter, 2006) However, Jackson spent whatever he was able to raise on food and drinks for his friends. At the end, the same pawnbroker who had insisted that Jackson came up with the money within a stipulated time frame changed his mind. This character enhances this story in a very positive way. If the pawnbroker had not given Jackson a time frame, he would have possibly been relaxed. The entire story is about showing strength in the face of adversaries and the pawnbroker made Jackson realize his potential. (Porter, 2006) One character that is Dynamic Jackson can be defined as the dynamic character in the story due to various reasons. His youthful exuberance and carefree attitude even in tough situations go a long way to show his type of person. At the beginning of the story, Jackson went to the pawn shop with his two friends where he saw the regalia he believed belonged to his grandmother. He wanted the regalia back in the family but the pawnbroker asked him to get $999 within a short time frame. (Porter, 2006) This prompted him to devise ways to get the money rather than work for it. But after going through all that, he ends up spending the money on food and drinks. This change in character makes Jackson a very dynamic character. Jackson’s attitude was meaningful and believable. His character is meaningful because he went extra miles trying to get his grandmother’s regalia back. It is also believable for a person to squander money he/she saved for something. Jackson squandered the money due to the influence of his friends. (Porter, 2006) Reference Porter, S. (2006) 30/30: Thirty American stories from the Last Thirty years. Purdue University: Longman | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Strategic and Consistent Advertising Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. What advertising? 3. Modern advertising and the media landscape in 2011 4. Advertising approaches 5. Impact of modern advertising on culture 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Introduction The producers and distributors of goods and services often compete for the loyalty of the existing buyers. A business cannot be successful if it does not attract and retain loyal consumers. This calls for strategic and consistent advertising. What advertising? When companies notify consumers about new products they are advertising. When companies tell consumers about new features of a product or recent changes they are advertising. Advertising can be defined as the system that promotes products – goods and services to the willing consumers. It aims at building people’s attention towards the products and service on sale. Excellent advertising translates into improved sales and the resulting profitability of companies (Petley, 2004, p.4). Modern advertising and the media landscape in 2011 The marketing business is more difficult in 2011 than it has been in the previous years. This is because of the growing knowledge by the population that consumes the existing products and services. The stiff competition existing between providers who deal in the same goods and services completes the factors. Advertising agencies and marketing teams today makes use of the cheap methods of advertising through the print and audio media. The advances in technology have aided the development of advertising business to a new dimension in the recent times. The vital problem of modern advertising has to do with too much clutter and the creation of adverts that become detached from peoples conscious needs. The quest to make more in order to convince has caused some businesses to suffer substantial losses in advertising expenditure. Modern advertising has moved from just focusing on the products to the entire media programming. Advertising approaches Modern advertising has become bigger than just being part of the atmosphere. Advertising has grown to be the atmosphere itself. It has become a popular world culture. The entire marketing industry structure got rebranded. The present selling machineries are more focused at getting to the target customers than before. The world of marketing got revolutionized by the concept of emotional branding. The aim of advertising today does not have to do with product placement in the market. Modern advertisers’ goal has to do with filling the gap in every customer. Relevant advertising approaches today are those that appeal to the five physical senses of every customer. There is a shift from just creating brands to building brand movements. The methodologies used have to be comprehensible and elegant. They should be able to create devotion and loyalty among the consumers. The language used must be relevant and effective. It must represent the implied needs of the target customers. It must not ignore culture and other coded structures. Impact of modern advertising on culture Modern advertising and the amount of media it gets are wrong in one way or the other. Pressing to raise loyal customers is like creating a cultic movement. Sooner or later, the customer’s begin to feel let down and cut out. It is not sustainable. The impact this amount of media has on kids and the social philosophy is worrying. Advertising robes kids of basic cultural values such as hard work, integrity and vision. The sensual language most of the adverts use and the images they assume are a powerful damage to cultural practices and ideals. Conclusion Modern advertising managers and agencies will do well if they consider the inherent needs of the customers. The adverts must not ignore customer’s culture. Works Cited Petley, Julian. Advertising. Minnesota: Smart Apple Media, 2004. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Developing Grand Strategies Essay It goes without saying that any multinational company faces a set of challenges in the local and international market in the course of time; the only ability to meet those challenges in a constructive way that would benefit the company performance in the short and long run is to do that strategically. The company management has to assess the current position in the market and think of wiser ways to utilize resources and costs, as well as the opportunities for the future expansion. Hence, the grand strategies designed within the company top’ executives may help not only to retain the competitive position of the company, but to enhance it and to gain the competitive advantage in the strategically essential market areas. However, before responding to the needs of global management and international expansion, one should evidently take a proper case of securing the company’s position in the local market, since it represents the sound basis for further development. In case it is weak, the company is unlikely to achieve further success. This fact is also supported by the opinions of Bartlett, Ghoshal and Beamish (2008): “By responding to country level heterogeneity through local adaptation of products, services, and processes, a company can reap benefits in three fundamental areas: market share, price realization, and competitive position” (Bartlett, Ghoshal, & Beamish, 2008, p. 81). The strategic need of taking care about the local capacity is also evident from the simulation outcomes: as soon as the Oz! Сompany faced intense competition from the side of cheap Asian toys, and the increasing consolidation of toy industry at the domestic market, the administration decided not to strive for global dominance, but to consolidate its equity and retain its competitive position in the Quadrant I of the Competitive Position Matrix: strong competitive position under the conditions of rapid market growth (Developing Grand Strategies, 2010). Another strategy chosen by Oz! in response to the growing consumption through online stores launched by the Banzai America company may be called a grand strategy: it helped the company regain its strong competitive position in the market (Developing Grand Strategies, 2010). By means of acquiring the online shop and focusing on a new category of goods in which the customers showed their agile interest the Oz! company achieved the following goal: it provided coordinated services to global consumers (Bartlett, Ghoshal, & Beamish, 2008). In addition, the company managed to respond to the evolving needs of the community that include raising volumes of online shopping, which helped Oz! obtain a serious share of the online toy shop market. Finally, the strategy adopted by Oz! in the situation of an ethical dilemma about the Buggs toy turned out highly successful because of the deep insight into the potential financial impact of the problem. The company administration decided to sell off a part of chain assets and to continue to focus on the current product lines without pursuing the attempts to enter the market of other toy categories. This strategy allowed Oz! to generate liquidity and to face the crisis with more flexibility in resources (Developing Grand Strategies, 2010). It was a wise and successful balancing act because of the risk reduction strategy employed in a critical situation (Bartlett, Ghoshal, & Beamish, 2008). The administration of Oz! could not help realizing that the scandal about Buggs would entail serious financial consequences for the company. Hence, they ensured maneuver force for themselves and managed to retain the majority of their capacities. As one can see from the present case study, the pursuit of achieving and retaining global presence is a complex strategic action. In order to secure the position in the international market, a company should initially focus on its local strengths and optimize resource and cost allocation. In cases of crisis or ethical problems, companies should provide more flexibility for their assets and respond to the crisis correspondingly. The strategic implications should be regarded both in the short and long run as they are likely to have to profound impact on the company performance and will affect its competitive position both in the local and international markets. References Bartlett, C.A., Ghoshal, S., & Beamish, P. (2008). Transnational Management: Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross−Border Management . (5 th ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Developing Grand Strategies (2010). Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Test-Taking Strategy in Learning Disabled Students Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Test-taking strategy 3. Splash 4. Processes of splash 5. Measuring successful implementation of splash strategy 6. References Introduction It is estimated that there are over 650 million children living with disabilities in the world.150 million, among them, suffer from a learning disorder. These children do not live a normal life, and the majority is excluded from participating in their social life. They face challenges as many are unable to attend school, get jobs, and enjoy social life and bring up a family. They are disadvantaged in accessing social amenities like transport and shops. Students with difficulty in learning have various challenges that affect their day-to-day learning activities. They have a problem with processing information, the ability to control, and make conscious decisions, and some do not even hope to take tests. It should be noted that if well-managed, children with a learning disability are usually successful in post-secondary education (“Study and Test-Taking Strategies for Kids with Learning Difficulties,” n.d.) Test-taking strategy The main challenge that is experienced by students having learning difficulty is developing a strategy for taking up a test because they lack skills in the organization, understanding and may suffer from memory lapses. They also lack self-consciousness and awareness. Many of these learners do not know how to manage time. Teachers have a duty and responsibility for teaching these students strategies that can improve their testing abilities. Splash strategy is one method that has been designed to help such learners tackle tests with ease. Splash The best way to help a student with a learning disability is by helping him/her tests wise. Test wise is defined as the ability of a learner to manipulate the situation, characteristics, and formats of a test to gain high scores. It involves creating situations in the test-taking process to score highly. Being test wise helps a learner in making plans on how to attack question which in turn helps in time management (Reid, 2006). Splash highlights some of these plans of managing tests. Processes of splash Splash is designed to help students with learning disabilities to tackle questions more appropriately. Though this process involves mainly questions with multiple choices; it can also be instrumental in essays. Skimming the entire test should be the first process. This helps the learner get a general idea of the questions. By skimming the whole paper, the student has a general overview of how many questions the paper entails. The learner is also expected to have an idea of the type of questions which help him/her be more prepared. Planning is the second step which helps the learner develop a strategy of handling the test. The learner focuses on time management at this point. This helps him/her in arranging the question in order with an aim of answering the appropriately. The student is expected to begin with the questions he/she is sure of, leaving behind the difficult ones. This process is vital because a learner can gauge his/her performance even before the results are out. The learner is bound to have more self-confidence in tackling the difficult question when he is able to answer a lot of simple ones. However, this can easily demoralize learners who are not able to answer many simple questions. Leaving difficult questions is another process of test taking strategies. This process involves skipping difficult tasks in order to come back to them after completing the simple tasks. This generally helps the learner know more about the question that will first be tackled among the difficult questions. A fairy simple question among the difficult ones will be the first to be tackled. Attacking the known questions is a process that is geared towards enabling the learner to answer all the questions he is sure of. The main aim of this process is to help the learner score highly and manage his time wisely. Systematic guess is the process that comes after all the above mentioned processes have been exhausted. Students are advised to attempt difficult questions by giving appropriate and best guesses to them. Systematic guess improves the chances of scoring a point on difficult questions, hence improving the chances of adding scores to simple questions. A student with learning disorder should be reminded that all answers are in the paper. House Cleaning is the last process which suggests the learner take few minutes to have a final look at the whole paper to ensure that all the instructions are well followed. This time is to ensure that names, admission numbers and all the computer forms have been filled. Measuring successful implementation of splash strategy It is believed that any child can learn regardless of the disability. It is important for a teacher to analyze completed tasks to evaluate whether the strategy achieved its goals. The splash strategy will be able to give feedback spontaneously. This makes it easy to know whether objectives were met or not. (Mastropieri & Shrugs, 2010). Completed assignments should be checked to get students’ strengths and weaknesses. Errors should critically be analyzed to determine whether they are related to carelessness, misplaced application or lack of content. If a child scores highly when using splash, then it is an indication that the strategy can be adopted. References Mastropieri, M.A., & Scruggs, T.E. (2010). The inclusive classroom: strategies for effective instruction . Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill. Reid, Robert, and Torri Ortiz Lienemann. (2006). Strategy instruction for students with learning disabilities . New York: Guilford Press. “Study and Test-Taking Strategies for Kids with Learning Difficulties” (n.d.). GreatSchools – Public and Private School Ratings, Reviews and Parent Community . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Analysis of Schools of Thought in China Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Legalism 3. Confucianism 4. Daoism 5. Conclusion Introduction During the Axial Age, China experienced difficult times of discord, hunger, and death. In response to suffering, people began looking for a new life purpose, meaning, and way to build a new society. These efforts led to the creation of three influential schools of thought – Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Despite the significant differences between schools, they became influential in Chinese society and introduced changes. Legalism Legalism was based on the views of the School of Law and proposed the idea that people are essentially evil creatures. Based on a nature of people, Legalism offered authoritarian governance through laws, punishments, and a strong leader who could restore order. The direction provided more answers and solutions to the country’s problems than other schools, gaining a significant influence. The impact of Legalism united the country, contributed to the power of the Qin dynasty, and supported the reign of the first emperor. Although the wars ceased, the school had negative consequences – totalitarianism, which established robust control over the population and severe penalties for misconduct. Nevertheless, even after the emperor’s death, China remained united, and Legalism was the basis for the rule of other dynasties, establishing political and social order. Moreover, the rulers, guided by the teachings, were able to expand China’s influence and establish trade relations with other peoples, changing the country’s economic life. Confucianism This school originates from the teachings of Confucius, whose life is shrouded in myths. The school is based on the assumption that people occupying a specific place in the social hierarchy should strive in the best way to fulfill their role. Confucianism also emphasizes the importance of an attentive and respectful attitude towards people if a person expects much the same. Confucianism also established rules regarding the relationships of different types, in which mainly the superior should care about the inferior; for example, the rulers should treat their subjects well. These views changed the political life of China when the Han dynasty came to power and united the features of Legalism and Confucianism. Economically, the direction promoted farming and education but vilified merchants treating them as lower class. Confucianism had the most significant influence on social life, guiding the population until the 20th century, notably establishing a superior-inferior relationship. The negative effect, in this case, was manifested in the establishment of a patriarchal society. Daoism This direction emphasizes the existence of Dao force, or “The Way” in the universe, which is everything. Daoism also calls on people to return to nature and abandon artificial civilization. However, the direction had a disadvantage – it did not offer an answer to China’s adversity, and its application mainly focused on attempts to manage the Dao to improve life. However, guided by Dao, people changed their social life – they were inclined to stay in the flow, do their job, and not do foolish things. The economic influence was not so significant in the considered period, but Taoism showed its impact during the Yellow Turban Rebellion in political life. Conclusion Thus, Legalism, Confucianism, and Taoism became influential schools of thought in China during the Axial Age. Although they are based on contrasting teachings, each direction was embedded in the country’s political, economic, and social life. Schools arose in response to chaos, destruction, and wars in China. Still, only Legalism gave solutions to the problem, becoming a guide for the ruling dynasties and changing the country’s policy. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
It’s an element that is widely used by different ethnic communities to define them. Culture can be expressed in different versions and this includes music, dances, food, arts, child naming methods and even dressing code. A cultural event therefore is the one that comprises of a live music performance, drama, dance, art work demonstration, and food display as well as poetry recitation. It can as well be a visit to a museum or art gallery In Los –Angeles, culture is highly appreciated and different ethnic groups use it to define themselves in various events and occasions. These events include Cuban music festivals, festival of Philippine art and culture, French Bastille day festival, Chinese and Vietnamese New Year event, Ecuadorean festival, the Bengali festival and Asian Pacific Islander Lotus festival. I happen to have attended such a cultural event in Los Angelous during this semester and I learnt much about the culture. This event goes by the name Anatolian Cultures and food festival. It is an art and cultural occasion that includes concerts, live performance, salsas, art craft, trade fairs and food. The event is usually attended by people from different countries and continents. It is a four days event which is held annually in different locations. This year the event will take place in OC Fairgrounds from the 16 th to 19 th of May, 2013. During the event period visitors use the civilizations path to transit the festival area, which has 14 gates. Each of these gates represents different civilizations. Throughout history Anatolia has been a support for these civilizations. There is assembling of three dimensional big-size reproductions representing the five cities of Anatolia, which has panoramic backgrounds. Demonstrations and displays of traditional handcrafts such as calligraphy, filigree, arts of water marbling and hand woven carpets are done by artisans from Turkey during the fourth day of the festival. The Traditional coffeehouse ensures that visitors enjoy themselves with glasses of tea or a cup of the Turkish coffee. This coffeehouse is located at the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul which is able to house 130 booths with art exhibits, handcrafts and food. Visitors are given an opportunity to enjoy different types of foods (like desserts, the world famous tough and the stretchy Maras’s ice-cream) from several cultures. The warm and incredible welcome of the Turkish citizens adds spice to this event and helps the visitors to be more enthusiastic throughout the festival. My unforgettable memories during this festival are the excellent and different kind of food offered, the superb art work displayed, lovely and enjoyable music played, different dancing styles enhanced, the attractive and stylist attires worn during the event and the diversity of languages used by both the citizens and the visitors. This visit enabled helped me understand the diverse offering of artistic displays and culture in Las Angelous.It broadened my horizons and gave me an exclusive insight to my culture and a global aspect of the diverse cultural practices in the world at large. In conclusion, every one of us is entitled in culture appreciation, since this is a tool that helps us understand ourselves better and appreciate who we are. Attending this event will enable me understand various cultural heritage and have the opportunity to taste their food. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Quality of Life and Community Action in Puerto Rico Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main Body 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Introduction The economical and political well being is the best activity, which shows the whole situation in the country and is the basis for the judgments about the quality of life of people in the country. Country usually tries to provide different actions with the aim to improve people’s lives, to make it better and happier. The quality of people’s life is a very informative activity, which may tell a lot about the whole community and country in general. Puerto Rico is one of the countries, which cares about its citizens and their quality of life on the governmental level. Puerto Rico is one of the most developed countries on the Caribbean. Its political and economical position was absolutely different in various historical periods of its existence. The quality of people’s life in the country depends on different factors which have the economical value. Openness of its economy for financing from the other countries, good institutions which create the powerful structure of country’s organization, the policies which work on the measuring of the corruption, the increase of the physical capital per worker and the strong agricultural systems are the factors which help to provide the citizens of the country with the high level of quality of life (Collins, Bosworth, & Soto-Class, 2006). Main Body Nevertheless, in spite of the factors, which improve people’s life in the country, there are still a lot of those which should be improved and those which make people’s life more difficult. Medical car is one of the most important facilities for citizens of every country. The problem with the medal care in Puerto Rico is one of the main factors which make the quality of life lower. The question about qualitative medical care stands very sharp for poor and socially marginalized communities. Government tries to make something for improvements (different social programs take place), but the problems make it impossible to consider Puerto Rico as the country with high level of quality of live (Reich et al, 2007). Grosfoguel (2003) insists that providing two measures will make it possible to increase the quality of life of people, that is “the construction of monorail systems in the major cities and a train route throughout the whole island” (p. 72). Grosfoguel (2003) is also sure that these measures will help to improve people’s quality of life by “eradicating traffic jams, lowering pollution levels, and indirectly increasing salaries due to the decrease in car expenses” (p. 72). The implementation of these, from the first sight unimportant, factors may be a great contribution to the well being of citizens of Puerto Rico. The problem of violence exists in every community, but Puerto Rico has never been the country with the high level of crimes committed. The statistics show that the status of Puerto Rico as the criminal country became to take up the highest position for the last several years and now occupies the fifth position of the violence rate in the world (Epstein, 2008). These activities make the quality of life worse, but Puerto Rico’s government makes all possible in order to make people’s life safety, health and wealthy. Conclusion In conclusion, Puerto Rico is the country with great potential and powerful political and economical potential, and the country comes in the direction of developing and improving this potential and to make people’s lives better in all spheres of life. The quality of people’s life in the country is the direct reflection of the well being of the whole country, so to be the powerful and developing country on the international arena, Puerto Rico should care about its citizens. Reference List Collins, S. M., Bosworth, B., & Soto-Class, M. A. (2006). The economy of Puerto Rico: restoring growth . Brookings Institution Press, Washington. Epstein, I. (2008). The Greenwood encyclopedia of children’s issues worldwide . Greenwood Publishing Group, New York. Grosfoguel, R. (2003). Colonial subjects: Puerto Ricans in a global perspective . University of California Press, California. Reich, S. M., Riemer, M., Prilleltensky, I., & Montero, M. (2007). International community psychology: history and theories . Springer, New York. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Promoting Products and Services through the Integrated Marketing Communication Research Paper Integrated marketing communication is a systematic process of managing good customer relations through effective communication. The process tries to ensure all procedures of communication and messages received are interlinked together. It mainly deals with interlinking all promotions tools in order to create harmonious relationship between the customers and the stakeholder. Blizzard is cream product meant for people of all walks of life. It has been in the market for over 25 years now. Due to its long stay in the market, the product needs to adopt a unique marketing approach that would ensure that its market share remains with the targeted group. Various techniques of communication should be applied in order to increase its audience and to reach as many customers as possible. Based on the stage of development of the product in the life-cycle of the product, the following combination of media approaches will be of great use to marketing Blizzard. Use of media such as radio and television which are mostly used by many people this will ensure that a wide group of people will be reached by the information. Magazines and newspapers which have a wide popularity should be applied as a mean of communication, this will ensure that must people will read about the product also a lot of information about the product will be given in details. Internet is another good means of communication that can effectively be used to reach many youths across the nation. The use of internet will enable the company to reach even those outside the locality of dairy Queens as far as sales are concerned. The advertisement by use of the internet can also incorporate social media which would promote the awareness of the product among the youths as they are known to be heavy consumers of the social media. To promote the product, it is important to adopt a marketing approach that will ensure that the product achieves the targeted sales. The marketing mix that will be appropriate for the product will utilize four tools of the traditional five tools of marketing mix. The four tools as identified by Armstrong and Kotler, (2009), are advertising, sales promotion, public relations and finally direct marketing. Personal selling is not appropriate due to the small units of the product in question. To promote the product it should be marketed to the specified niche whereby all efforts are concentrated towards the likes of the identified group. Blizzards do well among the youths, young couples and young families. The product shall therefore be marketed to this group by use of trendy adverts that captures the attention of the identified group. The advertisement shall be used to promote a good relationship of the target customers and the products. To promote public relations, the company can also sponsor various events that the target groups are expected to attend. This would improve the product image among the people. In such events, the company can also use sales promotion to ensure that the overall performance of the product is good. As noted by Immonen, (2008), a good marketing mix must be able to address the desires of majority of the customers. The identified marketing mix meets this criterion as it focuses mostly on what will please the target group. The identified approaches also may be aligned to the fast moving members of generation Y as well as young youths who are main consumers of the identified product. With such an approach, Dairy Queen can remain sure that the relevance of the identified product in the market remains high. References Armstrong, G., A. and Kotler, P. (2009). Marketing: an introduction . 9 th Ed. New York: Cengage Immonen, A. (2008). Product Lifecycle Management. New York: Springer. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Entering Deviance and Early Intervention Essay How people first become deviant is a question that many people, including scholars and policymakers, have often asked. Generally, those who are labeled to have deviant behavior are those who, in one way or the other has failed to conform to socio-cultural reinforced norms. According to Becker’s Interactionist Theory of Labeling, people often commit acts which do not conform to cultural norms without getting involved in a protracted pattern of deviant activity (Orcutt, 1983). However, initially, they do not get caught while performing their nonconformity acts, and therefore this behavior remains secret. Those who are around the person do not even suspect the individual of such deviant activities. Finally, when the person is caught, he or she is labeled as a deviant by the members of the society. Consequently, people’s reactions towards this individual now only focus on this identity that had been identified. This causes the person to continue rebelling against the cultural norms or to withdraw from participating in generally accepted societal activities or interacting with other members of the society, and as a result, continue developing the deviant acts by disobeying societal norms and rules as part of his or her personality. As a result, such people begin to develop a deviant career. That is, they are likely to be cut off from participating in more conventional groups. Other members of society get an excuse to deny the individual the opportunity to participate in conventional activities and to interact with them (Douglas & Waksler, 1982). Thus, the person drifts into unconventional, as well as marginal activities or occupations which best match his or her behaviors or aspirations, which are the deviant activities. Consequently, the person increasingly involves him/herself with others who have the same deviant behaviors or in organized deviant groups (gangs). Since the members of these groups share similar deviant subculture, the persons form a self-identity, and this gives him or her the justification and rationalization to advance his/her deviant activities (Clinard & Meier, 1968). While in the early to mid periods of my adolescence, I had seriously disrespected adults and even my peers. Those who were mostly on the receiving end were my teachers, as I constantly disobeyed them in almost every way. Even some of my peers had stopped associating with me as I sometimes used abusive language on them or fought against them. However, it took the intervention of two teachers and my parents to help me overcome that deviant behavior. I had to be counseled together with my parents, and slowly I started to develop a close relationship with my parents, teachers, and a few peers, and that is what changed me. Being close to these people really helped me understand the sense of respecting others. People first become deviant when they are not properly socialized and given the right guidance by their parents and those around them. Again, the social environments to which people are exposed can determine an individual’s abnormal behavior development. The social environment and social group that one interacts with influences their opinions, views, and reactions towards the cultural norms (Jensen, 2007). They, therefore, internalize what they think is best for them as they develop their personality since they are not guided. Some of what they internalize could be wrong in themselves. I believe that proper monitoring of a child, especially who he or she hangs up with, counseling and guidance as well as the provision of positive reinforcement to bad behavior identified, could effectively help prevent going down these paths. Parents have to be careful about the kinds of videos their children watch so as to ensure that they do not get access to videos that expose them to deviant activities. They also have to advise their children on the type of personalities to hang out with. This could have prevented Slim Iceberg from involving with pimps. Education provided by the teachers should also aim at understanding the social and emotional problems which learners face and help them overcome such problems and development stages. Advertising campaigns also need to portray positive behavior and achievements and not those who exhibit bad behavior as part of their advertisement campaigns. Finally, social movements need to provide programs and activities which enable people to interact and develop positive behavior. They should organize activities that encourage people to come together, share their problems, and find possible solutions to challenges that affect all those who attend their programs. Reference List Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (1968). Sociology of deviant behavior . Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. Douglas, J. D., & Waksler, F. C. (1982). The sociology of deviance: An introduction . Boston: Little, Brown. Jensen, G. F. (2007). The path of the devil: early modern witch hunts . New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Orcutt, J. D. (1983). Analyzing deviance . Chicago: Dorsey Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Academically Competitive Atmosphere Essay As a student, there are dreams galore and ambitions unlimited. There is a desire to be successful and famous. Consequently, there is a strong perception in the student community that an academically competitive atmosphere is the catalyst for this ultimate achievement. There are extreme opinions on this school of thought. However, as a student, I tend to more than agree with it. Academics provide a relevant and useful foundation to the students for the pursuit of learning activities. They orient the student’s mindset rationally. The student gets a better understanding of the world around him/her and tries to apply this logic in the conceptual comprehension of other events as well. Academics hold the key to inculcating virtues of responsibility and integrity. Both these factors become significant decisive forces in shaping a student’s future. A sense of competition in the academic atmosphere triggers growth by way of better performance and results. An academically competitive atmosphere creates space for critical inquiry and debate. In their endeavor to shine and outshine, students widen their horizons to ideate and deliver better. This is a very favorable trend to encourage social interaction and development. In their effort to compete and do well, the students communicate with their peers to have a broader view on every issue. The students constantly try to excel, which makes them realize the value of hard work and perseverance. The competitive environment fosters a sense of keen involvement in all the tasks a student undertakes. It creates benchmarks that help in upgrading the quality standards of the education system, its perpetrators as well as its recipients. This further stimulates a consistent ambiance of momentum and action. There is no room for inertia that puts them in the requisite mode in the era of cutthroat competition and corporate warfare. An academically competitive atmosphere is very vibrant and motivating for the students. The desire to excel and pursue higher learning activities spurs an amazing sense of high self-esteem and confidence among them. Competition is a factor in education. On a global scale, national education systems intending to bring out the best in the next generation encourage competition among students by scholarships. The scholarship system is a very significant method to enable students from different strata of society to pursue their academic means and achieve success. An atmosphere of academic competitiveness is also conducive to the development of new skills and abilities. There is a continuous motivation to diversify and improve. As a small example, when a student is rewarded for pursuing academics with jest and fervor, there are others who develop the drive to get more serious about their studies and career. This commitment incites the stimulus for continuous work on various frontiers and develops intellectual ability. Despite these merits, an academically competitive atmosphere should be evaluated periodically so that real benefits do not get lost. There should be efforts for both preventive and corrective actions in case it starts becoming cumbersome and complicated in its effects on students. However, one major highlight of a competitive environment is that it breeds excellence. The feeling of competition often converts even the so-called mediocre into a go-getter. The best part is that go-getters carry this streak forward as they shape their careers and lives. In the words of the American athlete Lou Brock, ‘Competition is what keeps me playing the psychological warfare of matching skill against skill and wit against wit.’ References Competition – Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
10 Ways to Stretch Your Marketing Budget Essay (Article) The article under analysis dwells upon effective marketing strategies applicable for small businesses. The author provides ten tips which can help save money spent on advertising campaigns. It is possible to note that the major idea of the article is to make entrepreneurs understand that they should use appropriate marketing strategies instead of trying to adopt other businesses’ approaches and methods. One of the most effective strategies provided by the author is paying partners on time. This helps develop a positive image among the existing partners (Bly). A lot of entrepreneurs ignore this aspect and think investing into marketing is more important than timely payments. Nonetheless, an appropriate image among partners is favorable for a business and positively affects its development. Another important point provided is to get “maximum” out of materials available (Bly). This is a common mistake as lots of entrepreneurs think they need more materials and more new texts and images to promote their products. Therefore, lots of businesses accumulate numerous leaflets, posters, brochures, pictures and never use them. Admittedly, this is a waste of money and time as materials (especially texts and pictures) can be reused several times. There is no need to hire photographers, copywriters and marketing consultants to develop new materials if nothing brand new is produced. Entrepreneurs can slightly modify content they already have. It is also important to consider hiring a full-time marketing manager or assistant. Bly notes that addressing consultants is often costly. Some entrepreneurs think they only need marketing assistant when a new product is produced or when a new marketing strategy is needed. However, the marketing manager or assistant is the person who creates new strategies and makes sure the strategies are implemented properly. This person also makes sure the strategies are efficient. It is also stressed that entrepreneurs tend to adopt strategies used by other businesses. This is ineffective and can be harmful for a business. Bly emphasizes that different markets have different needs. This is an important point to remember. If a small business starts using strategies of a huge corporation, the former will soon go bankrupt. It is important to remember that small businesses have rather limited funds. Bly also reveals another common mistake entrepreneurs make. It is rather tempting to create an image of a successful and big business. However, the image of a company should be corresponding. Thus, clients may develop a distorted image of a business and the entrepreneur will be unable to meet their expectations, which will negatively affect the business. Finally, Bly also provides a number of examples of using materials more effectively. The strategies provided are easy to implement and are very effective. Thus, lots of people fail to minimize their expenses and their marketing budgets are far too big. However, being more efficient, when it comes to marketing, will help business reduce their expenditure and become more competitive. To sum up, it is possible to note that Bly provides a number of effective methods which can help make marketing more efficient. It is always rather difficult for small businesses to develop effective marketing strategies as they are often on a tight budget. Though, it is clear that marketing can be effective and inexpensive. The article in question helps entrepreneurs find new ways and fosters their creativity in developing marketing budgets. Works Cited Bly, Robert W. “10 Ways to Stretch Your Marketing Budget.” Entrepreneur , 2010. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Issue of Ethics in Mediation Essay Mediation is a technology for resolving disputes and disagreements through the participation of a third party. Usually, the mediator is an impartial and neutral party who should help to work out a certain solution in the dispute. The importance of the role of such a negotiator is to facilitate it, that is, to work together with both sides of the dispute. However, there are a number of ethical issues that surround mediators. The ethical issues are the truthfulness, impartiality, and trust of the mediator, which directly affects the positive or negative resolution of the conflict. Taking into account everything that happens in the workplace, it becomes important to have a mediator who can be trusted. The mediator does not solve the conflict, he only helps the parties to come to a common solution and directs the entire negotiation process. The duties of this position include conducting mediation fairly, avoiding conflicts of interest, and following the procedure (Field et al., 2020). In the workplace, various disputes often arise, which can manifest themselves in negotiation processes with other organizations or parties. Since each of these parties is interested in benefiting from the decision, a third independent party is needed. The intermediary must take a responsible approach to their task and have a certain level of trust. The parties involved in the dispute cannot but trust the impartiality of the mediator, since the result depends on him. It is important for the mediator to avoid conflicts of interest, as it is his duty to help the parties reach a mutually beneficial solution. Thus, directing the negotiation process, the mediator must have a certain level of trust. The parties should not suspect the mediator of bias. References Field, R., & Crowe, J. (2020). Mediation Ethics: From Theory to Practice . Edward Elgar Publishing. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities Essay Financial statements are important since they represent a business entity. They comprise “income statement, balance sheet, statement of earnings, statement of changes in financial position, and the cash flow statement” (Siddiqui, 2014, para. 4). Thus, they reflect such aspects as the financial position, business entity’s performance, or alterations in its financial position during the reported period. Financial statements make a useful source of information for the stakeholders interested in a business entity because they need some grounds to make financial decisions. Financial statements’ analysis can be interesting for investors, creditors, company management, and regulatory authorities (“Financial statement analysis,” 2017). Financial analysis helps to reveal the existing strengths and weaknesses of a company (Siddiqui, 2014). The study of the financial statement allows making conclusions about the efficiency, profitability, and liquidity solvency of a business entity. Moreover, analysis of recent financial statements for a definite period of time can be used to forecast the future performance of a business entity (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2014). However, it is important to consider macro- and microeconomic factors that would influence the performance of a company. Frequently, ratios are used to present a company’s performance. The major general groups of ratios used in financial statement analysis include liquidity, activity, leverage, and profitability ratios (“Financial statement analysis,” 2017). Still, some problems can possibly appear during financial statement analysis. First of all, they deal with comparability between financial periods. A problem can appear in case the company changed its accounts, and some information for the previous periods is not available and thus cannot be compared. Secondly, there can be a problem in comparing different companies because they provide different ratios. On the whole, the financial statement is a useful document, but it should be created carefully and consider many significant factors. References Brigham, E.F., & Ehrhardt, M.C. (2014). Financial management: Theory & practice (14th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Financial statement analysis. (2017). Web. Siddiqui, F. (2014). Financial analysis: A short note on tools and techniques of financial analysis. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Why Good Leaders Make You Feel Safe Essay (Movie Review) Trust is one of the key conditions for the participants of the global market to cooperate. No matter what an organization’s mission and vision are, the only possible way for it to be profitable is to create a hierarchy, in which its members could trust each other and be loyal to their co-workers. In his lecture, Simon Sinek shows the advantages of pushing the concept of trust between a company leader and an employee to the extreme degree. By drawing parallels between the global market and a battlefield, Sinek claims that the trust and compassion, which he believes to be the building blocks of a strong and efficient organization: “We call them leaders, because they take the risk before everybody else does” (Sinek, n. d., 00:11.08). Sinek claims that it is only by developing the relationships, which are based on respect and trust that an organization may succeed and that the proper principles of organizational behavior can be established. In other words, Sinek considers responsibility, both professional and personal ones, the key feature of a true leader. There is no need to stress that the ideas suggested by Simon Sinek, though doubtlessly interesting and thought provoking, have a number of problems. First and most obvious, the very concept of devotion and trust, which he describes, is pretty much idealistic and can hardly emerge in everyday environment. More to the point, the air of competitiveness, which the entire concept of business and corporate development is shot through, is most likely to make a solid obstacle on the way of planting the ideas of trust and compassion into employees. In other words, the environment, in which the ideas of compassion and collaboration valued by the narrator so high can be established, is barely impossible to create in the realm of the 21 st century market relationships. Therefore, I disagree with the statement that planting the relationships based on mutual trust and compassion is possible in the environment of a global market. More to the point, I will even go further by claiming that such a drastic change of corporate relationships is unnecessary. The principles that most of the advanced companies are run by nowadays are perfectly fine; with a focus on the key stakeholders and their interests, an organization is likely to shape its mission and vision so that the relationships between the company leader and the staff could involve mutual trust and respect. An employee working for an average modern company hardly needs any stronger link with the company; after all, it is necessary to bear in mind that business relationships are based primarily on receiving a financial benefit rather than on forming a strong personal connection with the leader of the organization. In other words, in the realm of the 21 st century market, it is crucial that business relationships should not be mixed with friendship and trust. While the latter two can be included into the process of business communication, market relationships may exist without the relationships based on devotion. Bringing the concept of mutual trust and dedication to each other into the business environment is an idealist concept. Finding the theory that supports my position regarding the issue is, in fact, much easier than locating the one that can be used as the foundation for Simon Sinek’s concept of developing trust and “being a parent” (Sinek, n. d., 00:06.34) to the employees. The lack of theories, which support the trust based hierarchy within a company can be explained by the fact that the very essence of market based relationships concerns solely providing services to the end customer, while the reconsideration of the role of the corporate values, mission, vision and the relationships between the staff, the managers and the leaders of an enterprise can be viewed as a comparatively recent addition to the standard set of theoretical postulates. Indeed, the theory known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which partially supports my opinion, has been reigning for quite long in economy. With the development of the global market, the world has switched to the Rational Choice Theory, which put a stronger emphasis onto the HR management and the leader–employee relationships, yet still recognized the need for the leader to create certain connection with the employees for the latter to feel appreciated and, therefore, motivated for excelling in their job. After all, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which has been the basis for the economic and financial strategies of state governments, major corporations and local SMEs, shows that physiological needs are at the top of people’s priority lists, whereas the values related to self-actualization are clearly ranked the lowest. The payoff function, which the Rational Choice Theory puts so much emphasis on, is the key to understanding the preferences of the agents of business and market relationships, and it shows that the members of market and business relationships are much more interested in the outcome of the actions and negotiations that they carry out than in the relationships, which they form with their partners in the course of these negotiations. Thus, in the real world, the ideas suggested by Sinek can only be applied after being made less straightforward and uncompromising. Reference List Sinek, S. (n. d.). Why good leaders make you feel safe. Ideas worth spreading . | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Moreover, women are much more likely to get serious injuries incompatible with life Also, in the same conditions, a representative of the fair sex has an average chance of dying in an accident by 20% higher than men. This is due to the fact that male mannequins are used in crash tests of cars, which represent only the male body structure. In a car accident, the chance for a woman to be injured more seriously than a man is 50%, and the average injury is as much as 71% more. Also, in the same conditions, a representative of the fair sex has an average chance of dying in an accident by 20% higher than men. It is wrong to consider the female body as a reduced copy of the male one. This is an elementary ignorance of the school biology course. Women have much lower bone density and muscle tissue volume. Accordingly, any blow during an accident turns into major injuries for them. Women also tend to sit closer to the dashboard because they usually have a smaller height and leg length than men. For the same reason, they have to hold their backs vertically in tension to see the dimensions of the car and the road situation. Such a deliberate deviation from the norm of sitting in the driver’s seat means that a woman during an accident finds herself in a completely different position than a man, and her entire lower body becomes more vulnerable to injury. By way of conclusion, similar differences in the consequences of an accident for the male and female body can be called a dozen more. But, so far, manufacturers in 9 out of 10 cases are developing cars using only male mannequins in crash tests. Therefore, when selecting a car for purchase, it is necessary to study its crash test ratings, but remember that these indicators work mainly for men. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Suitability of the Death Penalty Essay Introduction People’s behaviours are controlled by laws that ensure that they respect the rights of other people while enjoying the freedom granted to them by their constitutions. Those that cannot obey laws are punished according to the degree of their crimes. Criminal justice systems have established various ways of categorising crimes according to their severity and intentions. Minor offenders face lenient criminal sentences while capital offenders face major ones like life imprisonment or the death penalty. This essay explores the suitability of the capital punishment as an effective way of deterring other criminals from committing heinous crimes. This punishment is an appropriate method of keeping capital crimes at bay due to the following advantages associated with it. Capital punishment refers to all sentences that are granted to criminals to ensure they serve maximum time in prison. They include the death sentence or life sentences that are common in most developed nations. This is an effective way of punishing capital offenders and deterring other criminals from committing similar crimes due to the following reasons. First, it is necessary to state that people fear death. In addition, they fear being denied the freedom to associate with their friends, family members and the public. Therefore, once they witness other criminals being sentenced to life imprisonment they will never wish to go through the same experience. It is true that people learn from what their friends experience and thus criminals will not want to go through the same pain experienced by those who commit capital crimes. They will desist from committing these crimes and they may even stop their criminal activities. This punishment deters other criminals from committing capital crimes. Secondly, this punishment ensures that criminals do not get in touch with the rest of the population. This means that other petty offenders and would be criminals will not be taught these crimes. It is necessary to state that bad company will not be entertained in the society since these criminals will be in prison or dead. There will be no one to teach other people about these crimes. This will ensure that there will be no capital offenders or they will be less compared to if this sentence is not implemented. Socialisation is one way that young people learn different things from other members of the society. When a criminal is allowed lenient punishments, the person will go back to the society after serving their sentences and they will commit similar crimes again. Lastly, this sentence is a punishment and not a rehabilitation project and once it is administered there is no way the criminal will come back to life. This means that the probability of a similar crime to be committed is zero. It is important to state that when a person dies the process cannot be reversed. Therefore, it has no equal and people will always tend to move away from people associated with murder and capital crimes. This punishment will ensure other criminals desist from committing capital crimes. Conclusion Capital punishments were designed to deter people from committing capital crimes like murder, robbery with violence, child molestation, and rape. The sentence discourages people from committing the above crimes since they fear death. It is a painful experience and criminals sentenced will never get opportunities to influence others to commit these crimes. Therefore, this is a good way of ensuring heinous crimes are not committed in the society. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
David Herbert Lawrence’s “Piano” Poem Essay In D.H. Lawrence’s poem “Piano,” the reader is invited to experience one of the speaker’s most precious memories. Based upon the information provided in the poem, the speaker is listening to a woman sing, perhaps within a concert hall or some form of echoing space. The tonal quality of the woman’s voice sends the speaker of the poem into a child-time memory that is not actually a single event, but a compilation of impressions throughout the Sundays of his childhood. In his memory, he remembers sitting warm and comfortable within the parlor on cold days, singing songs with his family while his mother played along on her piano. The tone of the poem is wistful as the speaker relates his memories and is somewhat irritated by the constant interruption of the present day. However, closer examination of the poem causes one to begin questioning the source of the irritation, whether it is the interruption of the music into the memory, or the memory into the music. The poem ends with a touch of situational irony as it is made clear that the speaker is not weeping in an emotional response to the present-day singer as might be assumed by an observer, but is instead moved by his own sense of loss as he remembers his childhood. These ideas are conveyed to the reader through the speaker’s choice of imagery. The concept that sound quality is the trigger for the speaker’s powerful memory is expressed through his choice of syntax in relating it to his childhood memory. The woman sings to him “in the dusk” (1), suggesting a person that cannot be clearly seen. It is also assumed as a result that the voice is at least relatively bodiless, in that it cannot be positively related to the portion of the figure that can be discerned. This is very much like the impressions that might be gained by “a child sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings” (3) who calmly watches “the small, poised feet of a mother” (4) as she presses on the pedals of the instrument and hears her voice above him, around him and through him as she sings. This image conveys a sense of protected warmth and comfort making a clear connection between the safety of the womb, with the all-powerful voice of the mother up above, and the child under the piano. This is strongly contrasted against the continuously interfering outer world of the present, which is again introduced in the second stanza with the specific term ‘insidious’, something that entraps or beguiles, and the idea that the sound “Betrays me back” (6). The present is a world of constant interference, betrayal and unprotected interaction with the outside world. The hyperbole of this second stanza is brought to its emotional height as the speaker tells us “the heart of me weeps to belong / To the old Sunday evenings at home” (6-7), pulling strongly at the nostalgic sentiments of wishing to be safely childlike again, wishing again to be protected from the slings and arrows of the real world. As the sound of the present works upon his mind, the speaker finds it difficult to forget family gatherings with everyone singing together, the “tinkling piano as our guide” (8). Here, too, the idea that the parlor served as a surrogate womb for the family, keeping them safe from the desperate coldness of outside is again brought forward “with winter outside / And hymns in the cozy parlor” (7-8). As in the second stanza, so does the third stanza continue to contrast the outside present world with the comforting and womb-like interior of his childhood memories, making it clear that the speaker is struggling between the two time periods but not clear where he would rather be until his word choice is examined in closer detail. The theme of the poem seems to be the struggle of the adult versus the child as the speaker struggles against losing his adult reason to his emotional childhood. The unexpected effect of the woman’s singing inspires an emotional response in him connected with a particularly poignant and cherished childhood memory. Because of its importance to his own sense of safety and security, the speaker is unable to ignore the memory triggered by the present experience “in spite of me” (5). By continuously moving between the safety and warmth of childhood with the irritation in his inability to remain in the present, words such as ‘insidious’ and ‘betray’ suggest the direction of the struggle is to retain control of reason and adulthood. This is supported as the speaker berates himself for allowing his ‘manhood’ to become lost in the ‘glamour’. These suggest that while he experiences a strong emotional reaction to the music he hears because of the memories invoked by it, this experience is not necessarily viewed as a positive event because of the way in which he loses control over his adult abilities. Yet, despite his best attempts to return to the present, he continues to be pulled back in time and eventually must concede his emasculation by the sound. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Comparing Windows With Linux Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Makers of the Operating systems 3. Booting 4. Flexibility 5. Cost 6. Security 7. References Introduction An operating system is a very important component of a computer. The operating system has three purposes. The first purpose is to control the computer hardware. The second one is the management of the multitasking ability of a computer while the third one is to service computer programs. There are very many types of computer operating systems, the most famous one being windows. Windows is facing stiff competition from another operating system called Linux. What are the differences between windows and Linux? Makers of the Operating systems To start with, all the types of windows are made by Microsoft while different varieties of Linux are made by different companies like Slack ware and Mandrake among others. The other difference is that windows is a closed source operating system while Linux is open. This means that it is easy to make adjustments and modifications on Linux which can make the computer perform better. Linux can be customized in different ways that enable functionalities like sharing of files and networking. Windows cannot be customized in any way which means that it is not user friendly. Booting When it comes to booting, windows can only boot from one place which is the partition. This is in contrast to the more flexible Linux that can boot from a logical partition and an extension. The flexibility of Linux is evident in its ability to store data in home directory unlike windows that stores data anywhere in the system. This makes migration from one computer to the other using windows very difficult. Migration in Linux is very easy because all the files are together. Linux is so flexible that it is possible to upgrade one version to another. This migration does not affect data and settings. Flexibility The other difference between windows and Linux is that Linux is more secure than windows because the former is not attacked by virus. The open source nature of Linux is the one that keeps it safe because this nature enables fast fixing of viral holes. Windows has higher chances of exploits and lower levels of security and that is why it is highly susceptible to viruses (Haag & Cummings2004). Cost Linux, being an open software is available free of charge while windows is very expensive. With Windows, chances of falling into legal trouble are high because it is easy to violate copyright. Accessing Linux is easier than accessing windows because the later uses secret codes and formats that are costly to unlock. Windows is usually founded on DOS while Linux is founded on UNIX which means that Windows GUI is restricted by the marketing standards of the maker. However, for Linux, its GUI is standardized and this implies that there are no marketing restrictions. Security Finally, when it comes to features of network, the two operating systems differ radically. Network features usually provide a platform for development for an operating system because they enhance data processing capabilities. Linux is more advanced in network features and can be used as a scientific work station unlike Windows which can only be used for the general, less complex business applications. However, Windows has a more polished appearance when compared with Linux. Its network components are also less intellectual meaning that many games for kids are likely to be windows based. Linux usually holds more intellectual capacities and it does not have much avenue for computer games. In conclusion, it is important to note that between Windows and Linux, Linux is the most user friendly operating system and it is also more advanced, more flexible and more secure than windows References Haag, S, & Cummings, M (2004). Management Information Systems. NY: McGraw-Hill | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Sorting and classifying 2. Patterns and sequences 3. Pattern creation and ordering 4. References Sorting and classifying Early patterning experiences are extremely significant for young learners in terms of their mathematical development (Papic, 2007). Patterning helps in arranging as well as classifying items, which helps our children to think sensibly and be able to relate the rules. Moreover, patterning teaches the children about relationships and attributes. This exercise provides children with models that help in organizing things in the actual world, example is putting the blocks together (Tucker, 2002). Initially, children learn to contrast things, then categorize them. Children are capable of learning how to organize items by focusing on characteristics of the objects, and then focus on objects that are not included. As a justification to why they are not included, children can practice grouping objects based on observable uniqueness. By doing so, they are gathering concepts that will form a basis, which will help in understanding mathematical functions (Saw, 2002). Patterns and sequences Patterns and sequences ease the process of understanding concepts in mathematics; which is the basis for solving difficult problems in mathematics and functions too (Waters, 2001). Patterns help to identify similarities and be able to formulate number predictions. Learning the basic number patterns helps a student understand functions better, and these functions explain why there is an association between different quantities (Ginsburg, 1993). What assists students in categorizing minor numbers from the bigger ones is sequence teaching, which also helps them in adding and subtracting. Therefore, an understanding array of numbers helps in solving difficult mathematical problems. Pattern creation and ordering With pattern creation and ordering, children learn to place objects in sequence and compare them accordingly. When children are able to compare and order objects, they are able to compare different numbers, ordering them from ascending to descending (Charlesworth, 2010). Therefore, it is easier for them to learn how to work out compound mathematical problems in the future. Children will be able to add up, and subtract as well as arrange numbers in order. References Charlesworth, R. &. (2010). Ordering,seriation and patterning in Math &Science for young children. In R. &. Charlesworth, Ordering,seriation and patterning in Math &Science for young children (pp. 240-256). New York: Thomson Delmar Learning. Ginsburg, H. P. (1993). Mathematics in the early years. In H. P. Ginsburg, Young childrenconstruction of mathematics:observation of everyday activies (pp. 88-99). New York: Macmillan. Papic, M. &. (2007). The growth of mathematical partening. Mathematics:Essential Research and practice , 591-600. Saw, J. M. (2002). Sorting,Classifying and patterning:Critical to mathematical understanding in Kindergarten. New York : Houghton Mifflin. Tucker, B. A. (2002). Teaching mathematics to ALL children. New Jersey: Merril Prentice Hall. Waters, J. (2001). Mathematical setting in early childhood. Queensland university of technology , 2 (50, 565-572. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Aristotle’s Ethical Theory Essay Virtues results from human actions as perception of moral character of a person emanates from various activities he/she does. Human actions and activities aim at attainment of excellence, which is a virtue in every aspect of life. Synchronized actions focus on achieving one or more objectives as ends of excellence. The difference between plants or animals and human being is the rational principle. The rational principle makes human being have ability to make decisions and act in a particular way. Through thoughts, human being can coordinate actions that determine ethics because actions underscore ethics. For instance, the goodness or badness of ‘a good player’ or ‘a bad player’, are descriptions of the act of playing, and they portray virtues of players. Actions are imperative in achieving virtues since no one can have virtues by mere theoretical understanding of what ethics are. Due to diversity and degree of actions, it is very complicated to attribute certain actions to specific virtues, thus humans do not have stable character traits. There are two types of virtues, moral and intellectual virtues; moral virtues emanate from habits, while intellectual virtue is an innate characteristic that undergoes transformation in the course of life due to learning and experience. Nature gives primary moral virtues and through perfection by habitual activities, one attains a set of given moral virtues. Therefore, habituation is a process of achieving ethics because learning and continued exercising is fundamental in achieving excellence in a certain field. For example, one becomes a runner by running, likewise, people become ‘good’ when they do good or ‘bad’ by doing bad deeds. The emphasis here is that, actions have direct relation with virtues for virtues cannot occur without actions. Consequently, some actions underscore certain virtues. Interestingly, same action produces both a virtue and vice. For instance, in the act of playing there are both good and bad players. This shows that, deficiency or excess of an action results into vices, while intermediate actions give virtues. Some actions such as killing have no virtues, and therefore, if actions only determine moral virtues, there could be indefinite virtues in society proving that humans do not have stable characters. The assertion that human beings do not have stable characteristics poses a serious threat to ethical theories because it demands continued teaching of morality. If human moral values changes constantly due the influence of actions, then it is a daunting task to control moral virtues. The weakness of philosophical theories is that they are mere intellectual theories void actions or activities, which require habitual practice as a process of achieving moral virtues. Ethical theories need to incorporate flexible models that have actions to gather the unstable characters of humans. Since humans do not have stable character traits, ethical theories provide basis of the understanding moral virtues, but achieving the virtues demands actions. Knowing what actions give certain moral virtues enables one to pursue morality by habitually exercising them. However, one should also know that excesses or deficiencies of actions will result into vices and moderation of actions is vital in achieving desired virtues. Pleasures and pains accompany pursuit of actions because excessive pleasures results into overindulgence, which is a vice, while too much pain results into great fear, which is also a vice. Hence, moderation of actions enables one to achieve moral virtues, though it is hard to determine what are the actions, and the extent of exercising them. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Communication in Learning Mathematics Coursework It is apparent from numerous studies that the role of effective communication between teachers and students is one of the key factors of providing a high-quality education (Clements & Sarama 2014; Pehmer, Gröschner, & Seidel 2015; Franke et al. 2015). In particular, the role of talk, especially in the field of mathematics, has been widely recognized. For example, the study by Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen and Drijvers (2014) explores the application of the domain-specific learning theory, while Taylor (2017) elaborates on the use of the transformative learning theory. The purpose of this paper is to observe how the contribution of learning theories can facilitate the process of teaching mathematics at school. Analysis of The Children’s Mathematical Learning It is evident that mathematics is one of the principal subjects in the contemporary educational system. As it is mentioned by Clements and Sarama (2014), the use of talk in the educational processes is a part of the complex of instructional issues, which are typical of contemporary math teachers. Particularly, it is stated that “teachers with more connectionist orientations were more likely to be highly effective” than those who use a more authoritative type of talk (Clements & Sarama 2014, p. 256). The authors also point out that it is essential to develop individual approaches to different students because children’s “math ability” is not distributed equally. Therefore, selecting the appropriate type of talk is the part of developing an effective teaching strategy. The Role of Teacher’s and Children’s Talk in the Learning Process Further, it is essential to elaborate on the role of talk more particularly. The article by O’Connor, Michaels, and Chapin (2015) is focused on this topic, as the authors attempt to testify the credibility of the teacher talk’s importance of the educational process. By assessing the results of the controlled classroom study, the authors come to the conclusion that there are four principal long-term positive effects of implementing talk-based teaching strategies in the classroom: building the identity of “community of learners,” developing self-efficacy and “communicative stamina,” as well as mastering practical skills in explaining and thinking (O’Connor, Michaels, & Chapin 2015, p. 13). In overall, the study confirms the positive impact of the talk in the classroom. The Impact of the Studied Concept on Future Practice It is also essential to mention the impact of the studied concept in my future practice. It should be observed that since the talk influences the process of learning mathematics to such a vast extent, I might implement it in my practice. However, the study by O’Connor, Michaels, and Chapin (2015) also suggests that the application of this method does guarantee positive results. As efficient communication appears to be the basis of this approach, it is essential to employ various approaches to children with different educational needs. Integration of Theory and Practice Finally, it is of high importance to discuss the integration of theory and practice in the process of teaching mathematics. Two learning theories were previously mentioned in the paper, and, arguably, the domain-specific learning theory, which is elaborated in the study by Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen and Drijvers (2014), could be efficiently integrated with practice. According to the authors, the basic premise of this theory is that realistic situations, which are proposed by the teacher, “serve as a source for initiating the development of mathematical concepts, tools, and procedures and as a context in which students can in a later stage apply their mathematical knowledge” (Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen & Drijvers 2015, p. 521). Therefore, it appears that this theory is the most suitable for the integration with practice. Reference List Clements, DH & Sarama, J 2014, Learning and teaching early math: The learning trajectories approach . Routledge. Franke, ML, Turrou, AC, Webb, NM, Ing, M, Wong, J, Shin, N & Fernandez, C 2015, ‘Student engagement with others’ mathematical ideas: The role of teacher invitation and support moves’, The Elementary School Journal , vol. 116, no. 1, pp.126-148. O’Connor, C, Michaels, S & Chapin, S 2015, ‘Scaling down” to explore the role of talk in learning: From district intervention to controlled classroom study’. Web. Pehmer, AK, Gröschner, A & Seidel, T 2015, ‘How teacher professional development regarding classroom dialogue affects students’ higher-order learning’, Teaching and Teacher Education , vol. 47, pp.108-119. Taylor, EW 2017, Transformative learning theory. In Transformative Learning Meets Bildung (pp. 17-29). SensePublishers, Rotterdam. Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, M & Drijvers, P 2014, Realistic mathematics education. In Encyclopedia of mathematics education (pp. 521-525). Springer, Dordrecht. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Women in Human Services Management Essay (Article) Presenting a summary of the article The article Women in Human Services Management cites key issues affecting women in their pursuit of managerial positions. Moreover, the study shows that although women seeking managerial roles have increased in numbers of late, the laws developed to champion for workplace equality and ensure visibility in managerial positions has not been beneficial to them; in fact, these laws have surged their challenges. Conversely, Women in Human Services Management points out that women aspiring to be in managerial positions have increased tremendously. Overall, there is about 42 percent of women in administrative, managerial, and executive positions and a further 5 percent are in top managerial positions presently. Similarly, in the social work profession, they account for about 80 percent of direct social work practice. Despite this high percentage, they are still being underrepresented in general administration and managerial roles. Highlighting aspects of the study that interest you the most What interests the writer is the survival techniques women use when advancing in managerial roles. As the study illustrate, woman use strategies such as creating external networks, crafting stress management skills among others to navigate these obstacles. They feel these strategies are important if they want to advance in managerial positions. Providing sufficient detail to understand the overall study, its contribution, and its limitations This study affirms the statement that women encounter barriers in their pursuit of managerial positions in organizations. These barriers have inhibited them from ascending to managerial positions. However, to ease these challenges, they have developed both individual and organizational strategies to enable them to achieve their goals. Though these strategies have been essential in augmenting their efforts, the organization’s environment, in terms of training and skill acquisition, has not been favorable for them. Summarizing research background and the main research questions The study shows that, for the last 20 years, more research has focused on women entering the managerial roles in organizations. Similarly, other studies have examined women in management about their gender. This study build’s on the earlier research done in the same field. The study aimed to determine the educational and professional backgrounds of women in managerial positions within human service organizations, identify barriers and problems that women encounter when moving up the managerial hierarchy, and explore specific strategies that women managers use to survive the demands of the organization’s life. Theoretical background Thompson and Marley (1999) cite the major obstacles that cause a ‘glass ceiling’ when advancing in administrative and managerial positions. The researcher explores factors such as individual and organizational as the key impediments limiting women from advancing in their career aspirations. Specific individual factors that Thompson and Marley (1999) cite are self-concept and family and career issues, whereas, he cites difficulties involved in interacting with peers and subordinates as institutional barriers. Summarizing research process: how to research sampling and data collecting Thompson and Marley (1999) used a small purposive sample. The population was composed of women between the ages of 28 to 72. The researcher’s main goal was to identify women currently holding middle or upper management positions in human services agencies. Thompson and Marley (1999) used interviews to collect data from the respondents. Summarizing major findings Thompson and Marley (1999) indicate that women face several barriers in their pursuit of managerial positions. They further classify these barriers into two groups, that is, individual and structural barriers. Individual barriers include factors such as; lack of self-confidence, family and career issues, limited educational opportunities. On the other hand, they recognize organizational barriers to be; interaction with peers and subordinates, sexist male organization’s and workplace policies and practices. Conclusion and implication of the research Thompson and Marley (1999) cite that entry into management roles is achieved through a combination of experiences, opportunities, and formal education offered by an organization. Thus, it is not pegged on experience and educational qualifications. Similarly, more research is needed to be done to evaluate women in top managerial positions and how they embrace opportunities created by the organization’s structures regarding advancing their careers. Strength and weakness of the research The research has shown that women advancing in managerial positions encounter many challenges. Similarly, Thompson and Marley (1999) have achieved the goal of validating the challenges that women encounter during the process of managing their careers. Thompson and Marley (1999) indicate that women use individual and organizational strategies to assist them in advance in managerial positions. However, organizational support has been a critical barrier in their efforts towards achieving their ultimate goal. This is because they do not provide them with training opportunities towards advancing their skills. Reference List Thompson, J.J., and Marley, M. A. (1999).Women in Human Services Management, Administration in Social Work , 23(2), 17-31. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“Performance Evaluation Will Not Die, but It Should” by Kevin R. Murphy Report (Assessment) An article by Kevin R. Murphy suggests that regularly evaluating employee performance is an expensive and worthless practice, and it is impossible to disagree with this opinion. There are a number of reasons for this, but one of the most important is that annual, quarterly, and any other evaluations are overloaded with indicators that are retrospective in nature and are not relevant to the present. Performance evaluations are the time for feedback between management and departments, but in the traditional approach, this time is used to analyse events in the past. Regular Performance Evaluations It is worth noting that performance evaluations are a biased practice due to the fact that it is impossible to apply the same approach to all employees. Moreover, evaluating people relative to each other base five or ten is pointless. It is important that during the assessment, management focuses on what was done well and what was bad, but these indicators were discussed during the work process in the first place. Therefore, what is the point of discussing what matters only for the past while it is necessary to think about what will happen in the future? Evaluation almost always takes place at the level of the company or that of a specific department or group of employees, which inevitably leads to conflicts as the personnel are divided into categories. Interestingly, not all organisations adhere to the traditional approach and experiment with the format. For instance, some companies introduce a performance evaluation essay in which an employee needs to present their vision of their work. In particular, they are asked to evaluate factors such as changes achieved since the last review, what problems and interesting tasks they had to solve and how successful they were, what goals the employees set for themselves and what are the achievements. After analysing their productivity, the employee sends this essay to their manager, which allows the two to communicate more substantively during the evaluation. However, what problem does this discussion solve? This is a tedious and time-consuming bureaucratic process in which companies all over the world continue to engage instead of transforming leadership and its interaction with the workforce. Implications for Practice If evaluating the performance of the personnel does not make much sense, the inevitable question arises of how to give employees feedback or influence their productivity. The system of motivation and productivity improvement depends on the size of the company; however, it is possible to identify certain approaches that can be considered universal. In particular, employees need to be paid an adequate salary, and it is essential to abandon the outdated bonus system. Regarding the latter, it should be noted that bonuses undermine the morale employees since they may not meet their expectations or surpass them, which in the long run, will produce the same result. Many employees often expect bonuses, and this is the driving force that pushes them to commit themselves to their duties more. Companies should not give bonuses because it is a lose-lose situation: management demoralises an employee if their bonus is less than what they expect, and they raise their expectations if they surpass employee’s expectations only to have their expectations violated when it eventually ends up being lower than their ever-loftier expectations. Needless to say, bonuses hurt creativity. The problem is that the majority of work is either knowledge-based or creative. Bonus incentives make employees overly reductive and narrow-minded. Instead of bonuses, leadership needs to revise employees’ salaries on time. It is necessary to focus on leadership and not on obsolete bureaucratic practices. This way, work will bring more pleasure and will be less formal, and the team will be grateful. As Kevin R. Murphy suggested, to have an impact on employee productivity, managers need to redouble their daily management efforts. This involves regular conversations with subordinates and a daily, unbiased assessment of their work. This will allow improving the quality of their work in the online mode rather than retrospectively. If the work is accompanied by a constant dialogue, the assessment of performance will become simpler and will not be a source of stress for employees. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the views of peers since they are a good source of information. Concluding Points Regardless of what has been discussed above, each company should develop its own approach to how to get the most out of its employees. Each organisation has a unique structure, and the method ideally suited for one company may not work in the same way for another organisation since there are no universal truths in the business world. However, it may be stated for certain, and it is a fact that performance evaluations are a waste of resources and time while the efforts should be reoriented towards constant feedback loops. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Social Networking – Twitter Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Cultural Effects of Social Networks 3. Social impacts of SNSs 4. Potential effects of SNSs on Face-to-Face Interactions 5. Cultural Values and SNSs 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction The evolution of social networking sites (SNSs) has arguably strengthened social ties and created an environment of connectedness unseen with traditional forms of communication. Before the advent of social networking, people relied on the traditional forms of communication such as telephones to stay in touch with family and friends. Social networking sites including Twitter allow individuals to foster strong ties between friends as well as exchange news or views on public issues. In this context, social networks provide a new cultural frontier allowing people to stay connected, both locally and globally. The social networks raise concerns over their impacts upon cultural and social institutions. However, the regular exchanges, besides allowing people to connect with the society, foster norms and trust, which are the key elements of any community life. Social networking sites are powerful tools for increasing public participation on social and cultural issues. Cultural Effects of Social Networks Social networking sites (SNSs), given their nature, facilitate the strengthening of social bonds and enhance access to cultural norms central to community life. For instance, twitter, through the ‘tweets’ feature allows individuals to monitor the activities of the friends, community, and family closely, thus maintaining an online connection similar to offline relationships. In workplace settings, twitter and other SNS, allow sharing of vital information and comments about the organization. However, this raises security concerns with regard to information shared. Culturally, the management and employees sometimes share insights and thoughts about organizational and marketing issues through the social networks. The SNSs represent a shift in the organization of communities by focusing primarily on individual interests. Unlike other online websites, SNSs according to Stern and Dillman (2006), “are structured with the individual at the center of their own community” (p. 417), which mirrors the offline culture of most communities. However, of most concern is the privacy of the profile data. Twitter allows sharing of personal information with “followers” only. Still, the public nature of SNSs and the ability of a stranger to access such data raise serious security concerns. Additionally, an individual can assume different online and offline identities or include wrong information especially people with open profiles, which affect offline relationships and friendship. Social impacts of SNSs Unlike other communication media, SNSs have led to increased public participation particularly in the community and political issues affecting them. By creating trust, bridging online, and offline relationships, SNSs encourage participation of the public on various discussions, forums and civic participation including mass protests. Of importance is the capacity of SNSs to create an online community with common interests or ideas and have much influence on social capital. In addition, the SNSs such as twitter allow sharing of information and pictures of social and political events. Thus, the SNSs serve to bond the social capital through friends and online communities. Online interactions and regular exchange of information improve self-esteem and results to the high life satisfaction for individuals with low self-esteem (Stern, & Dillman, 2006, p. 409). However, SNSs sometimes affect negatively on social relationships when individuals adopt different online and offline identities. In twitter, an individual can choose to end a friendship through the “un friend” option. This normally arises when there is breach of trust and can affect even offline relationships. Potential effects of SNSs on Face-to-Face Interactions SNSs have allowed individuals to establish relationships with others outside their social group. Most online relationships are based on shared interests, as opposed to shared geography. This implies that the online friends are less likely to meet, which means that online interactions will eventually replace the face-to-face interactions. Stern and Dillman argue that, SNSs such as twitter usually allow individuals to maintain the existing offline relationships, as opposed to making new friends (2006, p. 411). This means that individuals will most often interact online to share ideas or chat as opposed to interacting face-to-face. Additionally, online friends have common offline activities, which they can conveniently chat about as opposed to interacting face-to-face. (Stern, & Dillman, 2006, p. 417). In this context, twitter and other SNSs enable users to interact with friends in circumstances where they are unable to socialize offline especially due to distance. Thus, users will more likely resort to online socialization with peers over face-to-face interactions in such situations. Cultural Values and SNSs Normally, online relationships are a reflection of offline interactions. In this regard, cultural values are not compromised by online interactions, as the offline friends constitute the majority of an individual’s online friends. Since the SNSs essentially comprise of a community or “followers” in Twitter bound by common interests, the cultural values of social trust, social engagement and social ties are reinforced by SNSs. However, SNSs at the same time challenges privacy of information, leads to addiction, affects socialization and causes disintegration of many relationships. Conclusion Social networking sites such as twitter have significantly enhanced social ties compared to traditional communication forms. Due to their ease of usage, there is a high likelihood that they will replace face-to-face interactions. Looking into the future, SNSs are fast evolving along with the advancement in technology. Given their impact upon social engagement, SNSs will be a useful tool of expanding democracy and enhancing civic participation. However, privacy of personal data remains a serious concern. Reference List Stern, M., & Dillman, D. (2006). Community participation, social ties, and use of the internet. City & Community, 5 (4), 409-424. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Carl Hempel and His Theory Essay Carl Hempel has been the challenge to the theories of confirmation that had been laid down in the past concerning natural science through quantitative degrees of confirmation of hypothesis and evidence. His scientific explanations were deductive nomological models and deductive arguments. In his explanation, the conclusion of the argument is of true intention whereas in the past the conclusion was meant to only convince but not to provide the truth of the case, in systematizing his data he was able to propose quantitative measures of power. The inductive logic was abandoned by Hempel as his emphasis was strongly on the problems of logical positivism more so those concerning the criteria verification as he reiterated the logical positivist’s science analysis to empirical sociology of science analysis. In the analysis for the logical model, he takes a case why the priest is thought to cause childbed fever when he enters the sick person’s ward with the bell rang or not rang, there was also another perception that the crowding led to the mortality was not the case according to him he argued that pragmatic aspects were not taken into consideration and that such features required scientific backing in terms of laws and facts. He described a fundamental theory as a true statement with quantifiers that are not removable and there are no present constants. He also added that logical consequences which are derivatives of generalized terms and statements are sources of derived theory. He argued that scientific theories are universal statements used which are expressed by generalized properties which are justifiable by facts, and are constant at all times, and do not change with time and space. However there are laws which true under certain limited conditions such as the sun and its planets hence a clear cut difference between the fundamental theory(no restrictions involved) and a derived theory that has reference to individual bodies is observed, thus the scientific laws are not theories to make predictions from but genuine and reliable statements which describe the realistic and provable with a point of view. Carl Hempel stated that prediction and explanation have the same structure logically and explanation can forecast a valid explanation which can be used to justify scientific explanations in deductive and nomological modeled accounts. He faced inductive explanation in the statistical laws in which he gave a high probability which was not consequences of logical premises which is a law cover. The laws are determiners of statistical laws and which are administrable. To confirm the paradoxes of confirmation in his research Hempel used the statement (x) in which (Rx-Bx) was supported by the statement (Ra&Ba) and said if P1 and P2 are logically equivalent statements then O1 confirms P1 and O2 supports P2. Hempel uses the measurement of mass to describe physical quantities that are defined by concluding that when two bodies have the same and that different bodies haze different masses and if balanced their masses remain constant and if one has a greater mass than the other5 then they cannot reach to an equilibrium that’s why the difference in the weight of bodies results from. The quantum leaps to the wrong and the Carl Hempel theories are all the same thing as both of them present scientists as persons who can research their events in the field and can present conclusive points which can be proved with the facts available in the field. The book also presents scientists as persons who can present uniform conclusions to their investigations without any kind of theories that are trying to present themselves which are not only wrong but wrong as they do not present the real thing about the nature of the science and its philosophy. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Concepts of Decision Making Essay (Article) Decision making is the most important and critical role that a manager must make as a routine duty. In the employee recruitment several decisions must be made at each stage of the recruitment process. Kahneman and Tversky suggest that, “During decision making the steps to be followed include: identification of opportunities, searching of alternative courses of action, evaluation of the alternatives, choosing from the alternatives and implementation of the chosen course of action” (23). In a given selection process various decisions points have been considered but probably much more were not looked into. First decision to be made is the design of the advertisement that should attract qualified interested candidates for consideration. This decision must also take into account which advertisement channel should be used, that is the media chosen should be one that can reach the targeted and qualified candidates. In the advertisement the job description and any required professional and personality traits must be categorically stated (Kahneman and Tversky 67). Secondly, decisions must also be made as on which type of recruitment would be appropriate; internal or external recruitment method. This decision looks into whether the required skill can be found from among the organisation employees or from outside the organisation. The selection will also depend on the motive of the firm and the cost the organisation is ready to incur in the recruitment process. Kenper and Tregoe, claim that another important decision that must be considered in the staffing processes is the time (34). Time must be of great essence as it will determine when a new employee is to join the organisation. This decision depends on the manpower need as per the organisations activities. During the staffing process some factors about the candidates should also be considered. They include: diversity, culture of the applicant, gender together with race. In the selection criteria consideration as to the retention of the hired candidate is factored. Retention needs help to minimise the cost of high employee turnover that may lead to increase of organisations staffing cost. During selection, the decision on references is crucial as it is through this that the candidate’s previous performance and capabilities are determined. This performance must be matched with the job requirement to ensure it is applicable with the job requirement. The right number of personnel requirement has to be looked into. This number is based on the evaluation of the number of vacancies and any other need that may demand further consideration. Moreover development decisions integration is to be focused. This decision identifies the opportunities for career growth and upward mobility of an employee in the organisation. The decision is determined by the candidate’s ability to learn and improve his skills together with the improvement of actual performance. The human resource department has to come up with the premises for measuring performance and identifying the growth ability in the organisation. Industrial decisions are also a vital factor for making staffing decisions. Since organisations operate in a competitive environment they need to monitor the trend and rapid changes around thus making staffing decisions essential. Organisation has to consider the industry’s remuneration rates and working conditions. This will assist in the design of the contract agreement and condition. Finally, decisions on the posting, orientation and rewards for the employees are made. This decision acquaints the picked candidate with the motivation and knowledge needed to start executing the organisational mandate. Human resource department has the duty to attract and employ candidates who can improve the efficiency and organisations performance. Work Cited Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. Choice, Values, Frames. London: The Cambridge University Press. 2000. Print. Kenper, Charles and Tregoe, Benjamin. The Rational Manager: A Systematic approach to solving and decision making. New York: McGrawl-Hill. 1995. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Women in Roman Society Essay The roman empire was considered one of the most known and influencial empires of the ancient world.They are also behind many of todays most modern technologies and civilisations. In ancient world, the role of women in every society was well defined though very controversial in many societies.In ancient Rome,Noble women were considered a lot freer than their Greek counterparts.They were accorded citizenship and enjoyed a lot of freedom outside politics. On the contrary however, these women were not allowed to contest for political office or take part in elections (Bauman, 1998). Despite this disadvantage however, women enjoyed alternative freedom economically and could even air their opinions on politics. It is difficult to curve out the general role of women in ancient Rome for the reason that their statuses were widely varied; there were women of little influence like poor fish mongers to wealthy daughters of politicians who were more likely to leav a legacy during their time. The wealthy women had slaves do all their household chores including daily routines like washing their female master’s hands and face.The slaves would also bathe their masters and spend hours fixing their nails, hair and eyes. The wealthy women on the other hand spent most of their time relaxing, commanding slaves and planning amusement parties for their husbands and themselves. In regular households, the women were taksed with bringing up the children and house keeping. It is also worth noting that since there was no means of family planning, the women bore many children and were pregnant most of their adult lives. Men worked in the fields until about noon and spent the afternoons relaxing with fellow men at entertainment spots. It was believed among the Romans that women be under a man as their guradian owing to their weakness in physique. A womans guradian would thus be her father during her early life before she got married and later her husband in marriage. In the event that the father died before the woman was old enough to get married, then a relative would be assigned to be her guardian by her father in will or by a government offficial. In terms of education, girls and boys enjoyed the same treatment but only until the end of primary education. Upon completion of primary education, only daughters of aristocratic families went on with their schooling. The rest of the women would be trained in singing and dancing. In this culture, marriages were arranged. Bride price had to be paid by the groom’s family and its value was determined by the perceived social status of his family. The marriages were arranged much earlier than they would occur. The women were betrothed at a very early age and bred to an age where they would then be handed over to their husbands. The betrothed women were forced to live lives with a limited social circle because perceived flirting with any other man other than the ones they were betrothed to was deemed ill manners. The roman women gained a lot of freedom upon marriage and were treated like their husbands companions unlike the Greeks who oppressed their wives (Roman Society, 2004). The wives shared with their husbands in authority over their slaves and children. They also enjoyed the right to visitors, shopping and movement. Despite all this freedom enjoyed by the roman woman, there were a few unwritten laws that governed her behaviour both in public and private. A Roman woman was expected to sit upright while attending parties with her husband. In addition, she would only be allowed to take grape juice while her husband enjoyed wine and could recline his seat to relax. The rules on wine were later to be relaxed allowing the woman to join her husband in enjoying wine. This era made the roman women some of the least oppressed at that time in the world (Women in Roman Society, 2006). In this world of oppression particularly towards slaves, there were only a hand full of women who worked as doctors, hair dressers and nurses. It has been reported that there were some female gladiators who fought in an arena for the amusement of crowds. Female gladiators however did not have helmets on during these reported fights. From the information gathered above, it is very hard to draw a clear line that would define the role of a roman woman. It is in fact easier to define the different roles of different women with different social and family statuses. Perhaps it would be even easier to categorise the women in order to understand their roles better. There were the wealthy and powerful women who had power over slaves and entire households and did nothing but be served and plan parties with their friends. Secondly is the woman in the average household who enjoyed some freedom but still had to do all the house keeping and ensure that her house was in order. The last group to be observed is the class of slaves. Even in an empire where women enjoyed relative liberty, slaves continued to be oppressed and were forced to do hard jobs including petty tasks like washing their master’s faces and bathing fellow women. Reference List Bauman, Richard.1998. Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, Introduction , New York: Questia Roman Society . 2004. On-line. Web. Women in Roman Society . 2006. On-line. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Creative Ideas of CA Lottery Promotion Essay The California State Lottery started its life on October 3, 1985, and since that time, millions of people bought the tickets driven by the desire to win. Although many people can lose their money, they still believe in a good result. And I think such a position is understandable. When people see that a few plastic balls and faith are able to change their life, they want to try it. Nowadays, the CA lottery includes several games starting from the random number generator to the mock horse racing game. I agree with the promotion of the CA lottery due to its interesting ideas and creative solutions. When people hear about new millionaires who just won money with the help of the CA Lottery and see the various advertisements, they want to try this magic solution to financial problems. One of the guests on TV-show said, “I’m gonna buy a car and take the kids to Disneyland.” So, people consider this lottery as a way of making the desires true. In the beginning, the CA Lottery offered game Scratchers and weekly Lotto. Today, the company developed many other games in order to involve more people and to increase their chances of winning. Thus, today CL Lotto offers such games as Daily 3, Daily 4, Daily Derby, Fantasy 5, and Super Lotto Plus. Every game has its own style and characteristics; however, all of them are based on the idea of purchase tickets and win money. As for me, I see the idea of several games within one Lottery as a good method of involvement of the audience and the development of this business. People who like to try their luck in a fight against faith can choose to draw games where a random number generator determines who will win. Daily 3 and Daily 4 that cost only $1 per game include a random choice of computer. Obviously, everyone can spend only 1 dollar, taking into consideration the idea that this dollar may bring thousands or millions. Daily Derby seems a creative idea based on mock horse racing. I think people choose this game for its original way of playing when one is able to choose horses and race time, not just wait for a combination chosen by the computer. Fantasy 5 is the most popular game among all CA Lottery’s games. Until 2010, one who bought 5 tickets was able to get an opportunity to take part in the Make Me A Millionaire TV-show, as one got a ticket to ask for a second chance. Such an opportunity was a good advertisement for the CA Lottery that helped attract the attention of thousands of citizens. However, this drawing was canceled and since 2010, players get tickets with codes that can be used at web-site in order to get an access to a weekly drawing. Moreover, one can notice that promotion of CA Lottery includes not only draw games, but also traditional drawing games. Thus, SupperLotto Plus uses traditional drawing mechanisms where numbers are selected form a set of balls without help of computer. Lately, CA Lottery together with Warner Bros. Records developed a new promotion that includes an opportunity to win music-related goods such as concert tickets, downloads and so on. CA Lottery tries to improve its traditional games, creating new methods of playing. Thereby, I agree with promotion of this company which is one of the most popular and famous lotteries in the country. Such position is a confirmation that its promotion goes well. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Image of Ravens and Crows in Different Cultures Essay Ravens and crows have been a huge part of human culture since ancient times. Large black birds evoked a powerful response in the collective subconscious of various human collectives. They were revered and feared since ancient time, considered messengers of gods or spirits of the dead. Modern day media also honors these birds. The image bred by these concepts is largely unrepresentative of them. The image of ravens and crows has been different across different cultures. Scandinavian pagans honored ravens as messengers of Odin and symbols of wisdom. Ancient Greeks though ravens to be familiars of Apollo. During middle ages, the image of ravens became grimmer. Carrion birds, which fed on victims of plagues and multiple wars, represented death and everything connected to it. Another powerful image of raven originates in Victorian England. The story of the Tower Ravens is a beautiful tale speaking of the ravens as the guardians of England. The legend was thought to originate from the times of Charles II, but was proven to be created in the 19 th century (Sax 2010). The most influential raven-related poem was also created by Edgar Allan Poe in the 19 th century. The poem defined the image of ravens in modern culture. The bird since has been used as a symbol of death, mysticism and impending doom. Many modern movies solidified that image. In Omen 2 the antichrist has a raven as his spirit animal. The Crow is probably the movie which most promoted the dark image of crows in the 20 th century. The death of Brandon Lee during the filming only added to the over the top grimness of the picture and further associated the crows with death and disaster. All of those legends and works of art have built a very peculiar image of crows in the eyes of the public. They became associated with powers that be, messengers of gods or devils, mystical and mysterious creatures. Their image is largely negative in the modern day as most people think of them as carrion eaters. The image is regularly solidified as every medieval-themed movie aiming to create a darker atmosphere uses imagery of ravens feeding on corpses. That is a misconception. The word “crow” covers forty-eight different species of birds. Some of them are indeed carrion eaters, but many others, like jackdaws, are omnivores. That diversity explains the variety of images of crows across different cultures. The basis for the mystical allure of crows is surprisingly simple. Those birds are highly social and have developed a sort of culture of their own (Marzluff and Angell 2005). They are capable of learning from each other maintaining knowledge within their population. That culture is closely related to humans in ways scientist do not yet fully understand. Humans have affected crows as much as crows have affected ravens. Us growing crops, for example, changed the lives of many crow societies by giving them new ways to feed. Those types of connections give some ground to the perception of crows as mysterious and mystical, as they behave in ways no other bird does. Another image of crows in the humanity’s subconscious is that of a wise bird. That is based on from crows being inventive. The crows are, in fact, intelligent enough to use tools (Weir et al. 2002). That, combined with their ability to preserve knowledge within their societies, makes that perception justifiable. One example of such perception is the Association of Old Crows – an organization of electronic warfare specialists. The radar and communication specialist were codenamed “Ravens” during the Second World War. They were nicknamed “Crows”, hence the name of the Association. The image of ravens and crows in human culture is diverse. They were revered and feared for the most of human history. The modern day image of crows became much more one-sided as people living in cities see more crows in movies than in real life. And moviemakers are all too glad to abuse the image of a dreadful carrion eater, which is unrepresentative of all the variety of crow species. Citations Marzluff JM, Angell T. 2005. Cultural coevolution: how the human bond with crows and ravens extends theory and raises new questions. J of Ecol Anthropol. 9(1): 69-75. Sax B. 2010. The Tower Ravens: invented tradition, fakelore, or modern myth. Storytell. Self. Soc. 6(3): 231-240. Weir A, Chappell J, Kacelnik A. 2002. Shaping of hooks in new caledonian crows. Science J. 297(5583):981-981. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Personal Model of Leadership Research Paper Introduction This personal model aims at creating a conceptual map from an individual perspective. Leadership is a process of social influence in which one person can influence the behavior of others. It is, therefore, apparent that there must be the leader and followers (Clark, 2003). The leader must be influential and directive to the people. This implies that the leader must understand the followers’ behaviors. There are different leadership techniques that include authoritative, motivational, persuasive and democratic leadership. In democratic leadership, group members can contribute to the group proceedings. Consequently, group leadership will depend on cognitive behavioral therapy and leadership style to modify behaviors. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [CBT] It is a psychotherapeutic approach that evaluates the cause of failure in a group (Lencioni, 2002). The leader should encourage teamwork and give directions like a counselor. This ensures that the decisions do not incorporate personal interests. A responsible leader is time observant and does not misuse resources. I would allow the members to participate and make implementations on the group proceedings. Participation could be facilitated by arguments and discussions. This aspect motivates members towards achieving the group’s goals. CBT acknowledges that some behaviors can be controlled through irrational thoughts only. Consequently, I would appraise collaborative techniques to bring to enhance free interactions. Since group therapy aims at addressing the group problems, I would select specified strategies to solve subject issues. These incorporate encouraging teamwork, use of education strategy, and hiring external experts to identify the problem. Their specialty allows them to identify a remedy. Participation in collaborative relations will enable the groups to handle large problems and find solutions. Therefore, I would evaluate members to identify the remedy of a group’s problem without making a personal judgment. Additionally, I realized that there are different behaviors in a group. Addictive behavior arises from the environment of interaction. A person may address some subjects or issues and neglect others. Most of these behaviors are informal, voluntary, generated behaviorally, set by the management or dependent on personal preferences. The other behaviors incorporate rules, values, and policies. Rules refer to mandatory guidelines that I would exercise in the group. Values are the aspects that I would expect from each group member. Policies state how the group followers should be treated. Therefore, I would be complacent when evaluating whether a problem relates to compulsive or addictive behavior. Leadership Style In a group, it is apparent that democratic leadership is quite effective. This is because the members can participate in decision making. This cultivates a culture of responsibility, handwork and members determination. Responsible members will always strive towards solving the group’s problem (Shivers, 1980). Development becomes evident when the problems are solved. For this development to survive, the followers must be ready to equip it with the requirement. Consequently, everyone must attain the willingness and readiness to arouse solutions for development. Democratic leadership will be the most appropriate strategy for a group aiming at solving problems. Conceptual Map (CM) The relevance of CM to Personal Model Lencioni (2002) retaliated that group management must have a definite goal. This map narrows down the ideas presented in the previous personal paragraphs. It was identified that compulsive and addictive behaviors arise from ignorance and repeated exposure. Consequently, the exposure has been directed towards creating interactions and influencing behaviors. In this way, a member cannot make decisions independently. S/He is influenced by the group members. Motivational and collaborative facilitation will discourage personal interests. Allowing members to participate in discussions and arguments facilitates democratic leadership. Also, this will enhance interactions between members. Furthermore, evaluation allows the leader to evaluate the members’ behaviors. Finally, the organization of the group will be controlled by the rules and policies that direct members towards proper group behaviors. References Clark, C. C. (2003). American Holistic Nurses’ Association guide to common chronic conditions self-care options to complement your doctor’s advice . Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. Lencioni, P. (2002). The five dysfunctions of a team: a leadership fable . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Shivers, J. S. (1980). Recreational leadership: group dynamics and interpersonal behavior . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Book Co. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Historical Development of Insurance Essay Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. History of insurance 3. What is insurance 4. Insurance on the global scale 5. Conclusion 6. References Abstract Insurance in an economic term that is defined as a form of risk management that is used to be prepared against a greater economic loss in the future. The equitable transfer of the risk of a loss is insurance and the transfer occurs between two entities. Risk management is a practice to control risk and to manage the losses that might occur in the future. This is the paper that shall be briefly discussing the history of insurance along with the needs of insurance that has been realized in the past. History of insurance History of insurance outlines the development of the laws in a market to ensure that there is lesser risk with the economies. The beginning of the human society is marked with the beginning of the insurance. Chinese and Babylonians practiced the concept of insurance since the 2 nd and the 3 rd millennia BC (Baldwin, 2001). Achaemenian monarchs were the first ones who started insuring there people and the insurance registration were carried out in the government offices. The insurance tradition was followed every Nowruz year, which is also known as the beginning of every Iranian year. The Greeks and Romans established the idea of health and life insurance in 600 A.D when the benevolent societies were created which paid for the funeral expenses. The Romans first introduced the concept of burial insurance. In the 14 th century, the insurance contacts were invented in Genoa (Vollbrecht, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001). Contemporary insurance goes back to the Great Fire in London in 1666, that destroyed 13,200 houses leading Nicholas Barbon start insurance on buildings. In the 19 th century, the concept of accident insurance came into life. the first insurance company in America was created in 1732 in South Carolina while health insurance policies were first instituted in the beginning of the 20 th century. It has been realized that there is a need for the federal and regulatory systems for the insurance in order to strengthen the policies. What is insurance In terms of law and economics, the insurance is a form of risk management that helps in making preparations in case of the major economic losses in the future. There is a relocation of risk between two individuals or corporations in exchange of a payment and the indemnity is thought to be a minor deficiency as compared to the future potentially significant economic loss. Insurer, the company selling the insurance makes sure that the greater number of clients is increased and the clients realize the importance of insurance (Rubin, 2000). Insurance on the global scale In the year of 1759, it has been observed that Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia sponsored the first insurance company in Europe. Massachusetts was the first state to start the insurance by law in 1837 and to maintenance of the reserves. The great Chicago fire emphasized the need of insurance in 1871 (Wagner, and Baker, 2005). These fires struck the denser cities that caused the greater losses. The Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1897 required British organizations to insure their employees so as to provide them the security against any work-related accidents. Since the 19 th century, it has been seen that there is an increase in the interest of the states to ensure that the health insurances are provided to the employees. The need has been realized since the 1980s when there were many natural disasters causing major damages in the cities. In the 17 th and 18 th century, the British economy was growing. With an increase in the commerce, there was an increase in risk. All the growing companies in this case were chartered with the insurance companies as all the progress was going against the insurance industry. Thereby the first American insurance company was founded in South Carolina and it was seen that the insurance business flourished in Philadelphian and New York afterwards (OECD, 2002). Conclusion In the pages of history, it can be seen that the main need of insurance was realized by the major economic damages to the people in the states and the places that were damaged by great catastrophic disasters. In addition to this the employees who were injured during the industrial accidents were also a part of the concern thereby it was realized that the risk management is necessary which lead to an increase in the aware best of the insurance companies on the global scale. References Anonymous. (2002). Insurance solvency supervisión: OECD country profiles . OECD Publishing. Baldwin, G. B. (2001). The new life insurance investment advisor . Edition 2. McGraw-Hill Professional. Rubin, W. H. (2000). Dictionary of insurance terms, Barron’s business guides, Business Dictionaries Series, Barron’s Educational Series, Barron’s Business Dictionaries. Edition 4. Barron’s. Vollbrecht, J., and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2001). Policy issues in insurance: insurance regulation liberalization and financial convergence, Volume 3 of Insurance and pensions, Volume 3 of Policy issues in insurance, Emerging economies transition, Volume 3 of Public Health in Action, Policy Issues in Insurance: Insurance Regulation Liberalization and Financial Convergence . OECD Publishing. Wagner, G, and Baker, T (2005). Tort law and liability insurance, Volume 16 of Tort and insurance law . Springer. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Savings and Investment Central Formulas in Economics Report Economy is the science dealing with numerous formulas and equations that allow people monitor the development of the human societies and separate organizations within it. The terms like private, public, and national saving, investment, and equilibrium real interest rate are central to economy. The calculation of the private saving (PrS) of Ecoland can thus be carried out on the basis of the formula that extracts consumption (C) from the total disposable income (Y – T) (Hondroyiannis, 2006): PrS = (Y – T) – C; Given the Ecoland figures according to which the total income before taxes (Y) equals 10,000, consumption amounts to 6,000, taxes reach the level of 1,500, and the expenditures (G) equal 1,700, the private saving will be as follows: PrS = (10,000 – 1,500) – 6,000 = 2,500 Another important notion to define is the public saving (PbS), which is in the essence the difference between the taxes paid by the company and its expenditures (Mankiw, 2008). In Ecoland, public saving will be calculated according to the following formula: PbS = T – G Given the above figures according to which Ecoland’s expenditures amount to 1,700 and taxes reach the level of 1,500, the public saving will be: PbS = 1,500 – 1,700 = – 200 The deficient public saving illustrates the problem in the finance of Ecoland, which needs to pay more attention to its financial policies and especially to expenditures (Mankiw, 2008). However, the national saving (NS) of Ecoland balances the relation between the private and public savings being the sum of the latter (Mankiw, 2008): NS = PrS + PbS Having calculated the PrS and PbS, we can now state that the national saving of Ecoland amounts to 2,300 according to the formula: NS = 2,500 + (-200) = 2,300 Further on, the equilibrium interest rate should be calculated using the formula according to which first the investment rate of Ecoland should be defined (Ferguson, 2004). As far as Y (total income before taxes) equals 10,000 being the sum of expenditures (G), consumption (C), and investment (I), we can present it in the following equation: Y = C + G + I, where C = 6,000 and G = 1,700 Accordingly, to calculate I we need to extract the sum of consumption and expenditures from the Y total. Thus, I = Y – (C + G) I = 10,000 – (6,000 + 1,700) = 10,000 – 7,700 = 2,300 Thus, given the Ecoland investment amount at the level of 2,300, it is now possible to reverse the governmentally used equation for the investment function to calculate the interest rates used at Ecoland. In the equation I = 3,300 – 100r, r is used to reflect the very interest rate we are interested in. So, to calculate this interest rate, i. e. the equilibrium real interest rate we need to extract the sum of the investment from the total assumed to the average income level of Ecoland (Ferguson, 2004). Accordingly, the equation to calculate the equilibrium real interest rate will look as follows: If I = 3,300 – 100r, then 100r = 3,300 – I Having considered the Ecoland investment and calculated it at the level of 2,300, w can clarify the equation for it to look as follows: 2,300 = 3,300 – 100r 100r = 3,300 – 2,300 100r = 1000 r = 1000/100 = 10 Thus, equilibrium real interest rate of Ecoland is 10% as can be seen from the equations used by the government to calculate the company’s investment and from the calculations of private, public, and national savings. References 1. Ferguson, W. R. (2004). Equilibrium Real Interest Rate: Theory and Application. Retrieved August 20, 2009, from The Federal Reserve Board. 2. Hondroyiannis, G. (2006). Private saving determinants in European countries: A panel cointegration approach. The Social Science Journal, 43(4), 553 – 569. 3. Mankiw, G. (2008). Principles of Economics. South-Western College Pub; 5 edition. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
This research will dwell upon the more profound analysis of the company’s history. In the following sections, I will investigate the questions related to (1) the origins of CSA; (2) the company’s rapid growth associated with foreign investments; and (3) the review of air deregulation and competition between Chinese airlines. The Company’s Origins and Ways to Independence First of all, it is essential to consider the path which the company had to take to become one of the most successful airlines in the Asian region and, later, throughout the whole world. The history of Chinese civil aviation began in 1949 when the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) was created with the help of the United States (Wang et al. 14). However, five years later, the Chinese Civil Aviation Bureau (CAB) emerged from the integration of CNAC with the Sino-Soviet Joint Stock Company (“History of China Southern Airlines Ltd.”). Later, CAB served as the basis for the creation of Chinese Southern Airlines. However, in April 1962, CAB became the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) (“History of China Southern Airlines Ltd.”). The next twenty years were dedicated to gaining independence from Soviet influence along with a re-orientation to British and American jets instead of Soviet ones. However, it was not until 1984 that the Chinese Government decided to reorganize CAAC into four regional divisions: Southern, Southern, Southwestern, and Northwestern (“History of China Southern Airlines Ltd.”). This reorganization aimed to create a more liberalized domestic flight market. The southern division of CAAC was cleared for international flights due to the commercial and political importance of Guangzhou. Therefore, in 1988 CAAC was granted autonomy for China Southern. Despite the fact that CAAC was partially in control of the company’s internal affairs (for example, purchasing of aircraft), China Southern began to grow as an independent business. By the beginning of the 90s, the company’s rapid growth had increased the demand for new investments. Foreign Investments as the Driving Factor for Further Growth By the mid-90s, the Chinese government realized the inevitability of the extension of international affairs due to the growing globalization process. Therefore, it granted foreign investors access to its airlines in 1994 (“History of China Southern Airlines Ltd.”). China Southern Airlines was among the first companies to begin negotiations with the United States. CSA needed additional capital to extend its business and distance itself from other less profitable Chinese airlines. The company succeeded since the sales doubled in 1994, but the expenditures related to the company’s growth brought the overall profit down. Nevertheless, CSA continued to expand its business by purchasing new aircraft and adding international and domestic routes to its schedule (“History of China Southern Airlines Ltd.”). Even though the company took a significant loss for the first time since its establishment (approximately 775 million dollars) in 1998, the company continued to grow and improve. During its history, CSA has shown an immense ability to balance between the requirements of the socialist regime and the competitive demands of the international market. Air Deregulation, Domestic Competition, and Current State of the Company Further, it is essential to touch upon the question of air deregulation and domestic competition in China. During 1997-1999, the restructuring of the Chinese domestic economy and the Asian Financial Crisis caused an overall downturn for Chinese airlines (Wang et al. 14). Demand was in decline, the competition was intense, and debt-to-asset ratios were significantly higher (Wang et al. 14). Therefore, the Chinese government decided to implement the policy of consolidation, and thus the “Big Three” state-owned airline group was created in 2002 (Wang et al. 14). It is possible to note that this decision was beneficial for the Chinese economy and the growth of the competitive market. China Southern Airlines was included in the “Big Three” group, and since then has only strengthened its position as one of the most prominent competitors in the market. As Wang et al. observe, the “Big Three” companies are “the most competitive airlines and they dominate the aviation market on trunk air routes and at core airports” (22). Also, it is worth mentioning that CSA is in the top-3 of Chinese companies according to the index of civil aviation safety efficiency (Cui and Li 58). Conclusions First of all, it is evident that the China Southern Airlines company has a significantly long history, from its formation through to its success. Secondly, CSA was one of the first Chinese airlines to seek investment from foreign parties, most notably the United States. This policy enabled the company to grow and extend its influence. Despite some economic downturns in the late 90s, the company continued to be competitive in the market. Thirdly, the role of the government in supporting CSA is immense because the Chinese government has helped to consolidate the domestic airline market. Finally, according to the latest studies, the company is among the “most technically and environmentally efficient airlines in the industry” (Arjomandi and Seufert 143). Works Cited Arjomandi, Amir, and Juergen Heinz Seufert. “An evaluation of the world’s major airlines’ technical and environmental performance.” Economic Modelling, vol. 41, 2014, pp. 133-144. Cui, Qiang, and Ye Li. “The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies.” Safety science, vol. 75, 2015, pp. 56-63. “ Company Profile .” China Southern Airlines Co. Ltd. , 2018. Web. “ History of China Southern Airlines Ltd. ” Funding Universe, 2018. Web. Wang, Jiaoe, David Bonilla, and David Banister. “Air deregulation in China and its impact on airline competition 1994–2012.” Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 50, 2016, pp. 12-23. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Microsoft Corporation Is Facing Antitrust Claims Essay On May 18, 1998, Microsoft, the largest computer software manufacturer in the world was sued on a number of antitrust allegations. The allegations ranged from violation of various sections of the Sherman Antitrust Act to Microsoft illegally attempting to monopolize the internet browser market. It was also alleged that Microsoft had illegally monopolized the operating systems market for personal computers whereby it had anti-competitively bundled its windows operating system with its Internet browser, Internet Explorer. These allegations arose due to Microsoft which had monopoly power misusing the market influence it possessed in order to dominate the market. It was also alleged that Microsoft had made some anti-competitive and illegal contractual arrangements with various internet service providers and computer manufacturers and was also involved with other illegal actions and also discouraged its competitors to penetrate into the market through the utilization of application barriers hence creating a monopoly in a bid to strengthen its grip on monopolizing the market (U.S. Department of Labor n.d.). The United States department of justice petitioned the District court to find in civil contempt the Microsoft Corporation. Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson issued an injunction that stopped the putting together of windows and internet explorer. This preliminary injunction was however overruled by DC Circuit Court of Appeals on May 12, 1998 citing that the 1995 consent decree did not apply to windows 98. “The argument for this course of action was that, the limited competence of courts to evaluate high-tech product design and the high cost of error should make them wary of second-guessing the claimed benefits of a particular design decision’’ (DeCarlo, 2003). On issuing his ‘conclusions of law’ Judge Jackson on April 3, stated that Microsoft was guilty of an anti-competitive tying of Internet Explorer with windows and also liable for monopolization but also found that Microsoft did not hinder the distribution of Netscape through its contracts. Judge Jackson on June 2000 found that, Microsoft enjoys the largest and most stable market share thus having a monopoly; it also used its power as a monopoly to eliminate its competitors from accessing personal computers’ operating systems, Microsoft’s actions were also deemed to have harmed consumers. The judge also found that the antitrust market is the personal computer operating systems market for the computers that are compatible with Intel. The judge also noted that the ‘applications barrier to entry,’ is what protected Microsoft’s monopoly. Judge Jackson also observed that despite the fact that its contracts had various anti-competitive implications, Microsoft was however not guilty of any anti-competitive contracts that would hinder Netscape’s distribution (Mallor et al 2010). In my opinion, should Microsoft windows split with internet explorer, the company would be at a disadvantage since it would suffer a hefty loss which they had previously enjoyed good sales from. This would in turn give a fighting chance to the other players in the field to gather up a market share from Microsoft which would hurt their profits and control of the market and should the ruling on bundling not be reversed, Microsoft could easily loose grip of their customers. Due to antitrust uncertainty, Microsoft has also had a 40% drop in their stock price. The other issue at hand is the continuous antitrust lawsuits that Microsoft is about to face in the near future should the ruling be withheld and this is a key factor that spells a series of other antitrust lawsuits against other key players in the computer industry. References DeCarlo, D. (2003). Exclusive remedy in a nutshell. CBS Interactive, Inc . Web. Mallor, J., Barnes, A., Bowers, T. & Langvardt, A. (2010). Business law: The ethical, global and e-commerce environment . New York:, NY: McGraw Hill/Irwin. U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Occupational safety & health administration . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Cloud Computing in Organisational Processes Essay Cloud computing and supply relationship management First of all, it must be noted that the evolution of information technologies is strongly associated with cloud computing. The term cloud has a symbolical meaning; it is associated with IT-related capabilities a variety of companies use. The extremely high demands of consumers and enterprises require new powerful IT-resources to be used. Thus, cloud computing allows immediate reacting to customers’ and organisations’ requirements regardless of time and location. Cloud computing gives companies an opportunity to process information in a quick manner; therefore, the new technology seems to facilitate the process of cooperation between organisations and their suppliers. The dynamic nature of the cloud provides companies and their suppliers with an ability to concentrate on their core goals and save time. Many organisations use a new form in computation with their suppliers because of their greater flexibility, manageability and reusability. The cloud and customer relationship management (CRM) When discussing cloud computing in relation to customers, it is necessary to state that the technology is recognised to be rather beneficial within CRM. One of the most appropriate examples, which can be used to explain how the cloud works in CMR, is an American company Amazon. com . Thus, when analysing the benefits of the technology, one can probably notice that due to cloud computing capabilities, “every user’s interests are monitored and stored, and responsive sales and marketing efforts are conducted not in a way that irritates the user by being pushy and overaggressive, but by carefully responding to the consumer’s precise interests” ( Cloud Computing and Consumerism 2012, para. 2). In other words, one can conclude that a new form of computation is widely used to satisfy the needs of an individual. As far as the cloud impacts on marketing efforts in a positive way, it becomes evident that it also affects consumers’ behaviours. The technology allows easy purchase options and therefore, stimulates people’s buying attitude or buying habits. The benefits of cloud computing in relation to customers Cloud computing is considered to be beneficial to customers due to a wide range of reasons, which most important involve cost-reduction, increased efficiency, flexibility, security gains, and reliability. Challenges organisations and customers can face when using the cloud. Challenges, which organisations can face when using the cloud are mostly associated with security and privacy issues. These include vendor security, data location, provider viability, compliance, reputation sharing, isolation and segregation, and management interface. To prevent risks, organisations are to take into consideration data classification, notification, backup, authentication, encryption, monitor, and vulnerability assessment ( Monthly Security Tips 2011, para. 5). Customers’ challenges can include multi-tenancy problems, service-oriented upsets and self-healing failures. Conclusion Although cloud computing is recognised to be one of the most convenient ways to process various information and allows fast reacting to customers’ and organisations’ requirements, there is a strong need to remember about a wide range of challenges organisations and customers can face. It is extremely important to test cloud-based software in order to avoid a variety of problems. Security and measurement testing, integration testing, on-demand testing, and scalability and performance testing can prevent challenges appearance (Gao et al. 2011, p. 16). References: ‘Cloud Computing and Consumerism’ , 2012, Alaska.edu. Web. Gao, J, Bai, X & Tsai, W 2011, ‘Cloud Testing – Issues, Challenges, Needs and Practice’, An International Journal (SEIJ) , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-23. ‘Monthly Security Tips’, 2011, The University of Arizona. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Food Security Policy Brief Problem Solution Essay Malnutrition and work capacity Malnutrition can be described as the condition that emerges as a result of few or no nutrients. It threatens the physical well-being of the people. Work capacity refers to the capability to keep on repeating quality effort that is high. Food security can be defined as the accessibility of food and nutrients for the provision of energy and maintenance in order to lead a good life that is healthy and active at all times. When food insecurity is high, it becomes hard for people to live comfortable lives. For instance in the case of Hurricanes in Nicaragua, a poor country in America, hurricanes have impacted the residents negatively as it has caused deaths, displaced people and buildings, damaged crops and wiped out fruit trees. The infrastructure of the community in the affected region is seriously destroyed, and the subsidence farmers have no otherwise since the land for agriculture is already flooded. This destruction has led to food insecurity in the country especially in the affected region. As the international donor, there are measures I should take to ensure that the country gets both short term and long term solutions. The short time solution, in the provision of food security, is the support from the Red Cross with support from the local authorities, SINAPRED, Catholic Church and the world food program. Support from other nations is critical at the moment. The long term solution is that the FAO (food agriculture organization) with the support of other nations should launch a project that is aimed at improving productivity of the association of local farmers and also to provide food security to households. Learning and training programs in production, processing and marketing is also of immense importance as it will help them improve prospects of income. I will urge the government to support this idea. There are 3 themes in entitlement approach that emphasize on an element that provide linkage between the hunger of individuals and the global balance of food which include; states hunger, the world food market and the conflicts between net sellers and net buyers both internationally and nationally. As for the case of endowment and hunger or power to purchase food at the current market price, it is clear that if the value of goods in a country is low hunger can easily strike. The hurricanes have affected the production of food in Nicaragua. Trade is also affected because there will be no agriculture due to over flooding of the agricultural land. I will urge the government to trade with other countries. I urge the government of this country to develop and implement policies that will prevent food insecurity. The policy proposal should ensure food availability, investment of infrastructure in the rehab, job issues, disaster preparedness, technology, and crop insurance, investment in an age-micro-livestock and crops cash transfer. A policy that ensures that food is available at all times should be developed and implemented by the government of Nicaragua. This will ensure that there will be no cases of malnutrition, death cases among many more. A policy that will instrument investment of infrastructure in the rehab should be established. The rural areas are known for the supply of food since there is enough land and conducive climate and environment for agriculture. This will ensure that there will be no food insecurity. Job policy should also be looked at to ensure that people in Niagara will change their standards of living. A policy that will ensure that the people of Niagara are knowledgeable enough to predict occurrences of disasters should be established. This will ensure that people are taught and trained through programs in production, processing and marketing is also of considerable importance as it will help them improve prospects of income. A policy that ensures that the emerging technology is integrated with agriculture or in any source of food provision is vital too. The crop insurance policy is extremely critical in places that are vulnerable to disasters, so it should be established to help farmers not to incur losses in case of disasters. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Personal Public Awareness Campaign Essay The issue of privatizing municipal services still brings debates over its efficiency. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of fire prevention efforts of the private sector in the United States and the reason why the fire prevention system in some countries is still controlled by the government. The main advantage that can be mentioned when speaking about the privatization of public services in general and fire prevention, in particular, is the cost reduction. “Fire protection switching to private contract firefighting saved 20% to 50%.” (Savas, 2000, p. 156). As the fire prevention services can be characterized by long periods of downtime, one of the means of cost reduction is the use of a mixed force of full-time and reservist firefighters (so that fewer full-time salaries need to be paid). The disadvantages that the privatization could bring are mostly connected to the services’ quality as the cost-reduction approach must be always in balance with the quality of such vital services. Therefore the potential disadvantages could include: * Decrease in Service Quality * Loss of Control * Higher Cost of Financing Privatization * Depreciation of Assets The reasons that some countries keep total control over the fire prevention systems could be various. One of the reasons that could be mentioned is the fear of monopoly by large private corporations, due to the absence of competitiveness in which the government could lose control over the quality of the services delivered or the prices that could be established. On contrary, another reason that could occur when the government controls the municipal services, in general, is due to the lack of local economically developed private sector and at the same time the reluctance of the government to involve foreign companies in this process. Works Cited Guardiano, J. R., Haarmeyer, D., & Poole, Jr, R. W. (1992). Fire Protection Privatization:A Cost-Effective Approach to Public Safety (Vol. 152). Savas, E. S. (2000). Privatization and Public-Private Partnerships. New York: Chatham House. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Nelson Mandela is one of the most notable statesmen and politicians. Mandela was the first African to be democratically elected as president in the post-apartheid South Africa. Mandela also provided sober-minded leadership to South Africans during the country’s struggle for independence. Other than being an astute leader, Mandela is also one of the most prolific critical thinkers of all time. Critical thinking has several definitions but to most people, it is the art of being able to think rationally and clearly. Critical thinkers exhibit a number of skills including the ability to grasp the connection between several logical ideas (Facione 23). In addition, logical thinkers have the ability to systematically solve problems, identify the ideas that are most relevant, and reflect on their own conclusions and beliefs. As a critical thinker, Mandela was able to lead the fight for independence, dismantle the apartheid institutions, and lead his country into a path of economic prosperity. This paper discusses Mandela, the critical thinker using examples from his life. One of the aspects that make Mandela a critical thinker is his ability to reflect on ideas, beliefs, arguments, and conclusions. Mandela once told his biographer about the parable of the man who went around the world looking for the perfect wife to no avail. After going around the world in vain, the man went back home. However, on his way home he met his ‘perfect bride’. Later on, the man learned that his perfect wife had lived next door to him the whole time. His biographer wondered what Mandela wanted to teach with this parable. Was the lesson that you do not need to travel far and wide to look for anything, or you that needed to travel and experience several alternatives before appreciating what you have? When the biographer posed this question to Mandela, he told him that both of these lessons could be learned from the story. Furthermore, there were no “simple answers to the most difficult questions and various problems have many causes, not just one” (Stengel 103). This was Mandela the critical thinker. Another trait of avid critical thinkers is their ability to consider opposing claims. In his biography, it is noted that Mandela advocated for non-violence during the fight for independence. However, another faction within his ANC Party was opposed to this tactic and advocated for armed struggle. When Mandela was asked whether he supported the push for armed struggle, he answered by saying ‘yes and no’ (Stengel 210). Mandela’s biographer notes that Mandela often considered both sides of an argument. Critical thinkers are known for their ability to understand the meaning of situations, data, rules, beliefs, and conventions. As a lawyer, Nelson Mandela exhibited the ability to make interpretations. For instance, during his trial in Rivonia, Mandela recognized that nothing could make him abandon his fight for democracy, not even death (Mandela 80). Mandela died in December of 2013 aged 95 and left behind a rich legacy of critical thinking. His biography tells the story of a man who saw the world differently. To Mandela, yes and no were not the only possible answers to a question, sometimes it was both. Mandela’s ability to recognize what the priorities were was of great benefit both to himself and his fellow countrymen. Works Cited Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking: What it is and Why it Counts , Millbrae, CA: California Academic Press, 2004. Print. Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela , New York, NY: Hachette Digital, 2008. Print. Stengel, Richard. Nelson Mandela: Portrait of an Extraordinary Man , New York, NY: Random House, 2012. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Concepts of the Rise and fall of the Babylonian and Egyptian Empires Compare & Contrast Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Rise and fall of Babylonia 3. The Rise and fall of Egypt 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Historically many nations that people took to be superior fell due to many varying reasons. A good example is the Roman Empire, which historically people considered very superior and mighty. In addition, another great empire that rose and fell was the Greece Empire, which historically individuals consider as one of the origins of civilization. This is never different even in present times, where some countries that people perceived to be superior are falling and new empires rising. For example, the once called the Soviet Union broke down into different states that are fighting with much political, social and economic turmoil (Ames Para. 1-2). Majority of past empires ruled great territories, but simple mistakes and weaknesses led to their downfall. For example, majority of regions in the Middle East were under the rule of the Babylonians, whereby king Nebuchadnezzar had great powers, hence dictated everything he perceived as right for the people. The Rise and fall of Babylonia The past Babylonia is an empire that people knew to be mighty, rich, and harsh. Babylonia rose to power after destruction of the Assyrian empire. Its capital city (Babylon) was strategically located to the southern region of river Euphrates, hence making it a tower of power. The country had immense riches, and due to its monumental outlook that made many people respect it for they took it as a biblical center. Babylonia’s success is in most cases attributed to its strong leaders such as Napololassar and Nebuchadnezzar, who ruled Babylonia, hence helping it defeat its oppressors such as Assyria. During Napololassar’s rule, he helped Babylonia defeat its enemies by taking many treasures from countries he defeated. After his rule, Nebuchadnezzar inherited the kingdom hence developing it further using riches obtained during his father’s reign (Ancient Babylonia: history of Babylonia Para. 3-13). Even after Nebuchadnezzar’s fall, other incoming leaders embraced the same principles he used in ruling, hence making Babylonia more successful. In addition to immense wealth grabbed from other nations, many civilizations helped Babylonia rise to the top, because many countries considered it a center of civilization, hence accorded it a lot of respect. Adoption of better flood control mechanisms, gave the Sumer people a chance to develop their agriculture, which to larger extents promoted its economy. On the other hand, expansion of agriculture made Babylonia to expand its trade, production and manufacturing industry. Another main contributor to Babylonia’s rising was the unification of its people and strong support they accorded their army. Nebuchadnezzar used most of the prisoners captured during war as slaves to help in building his empire, hence providing free and enough labor to accomplish his projects. To protect his country Nebuchadnezzar constructed a tall wall to safeguard his capital city, which acted as the main store of Babylonia’s wealth. These wealth helped Nebuchadnezzar to rule Babylonia, for it promoted Babylonia’s economy (Lendering p.1). Although this was the case, this oppressive rule never lasted for long after Nebuchadnezzar’s demise. Its downfall began with the killing of king Belshazaar, and the destruction of the Babylon wall by the Persians and the Medes. The blocking of the Euphrates River made it hard for Babylonians to continue with their flourishing agricultural activities. In addition, effects of the war, capturing of Babylonia’s cities, and destruction of the Babylon’s walls by the Syrians made the situation worse for Babylonia, hence leading to its downfall (The rise of Babylonian world power p.1). The Rise and fall of Egypt As history depicts most developments in Egypt resulted from agricultural developments embraced by early Egyptians. Most farmers in Egypt previously were hunters and gatherers but their migration to river Nile’s Banks gave them an opportunity to practice substantial agriculture. In addition to agriculture, the Egyptian empire rose due to many other innovations in science and mathematics. These innovations led to the construction of monuments and other beautiful scenery, which up to date acts as tourist attraction centers. As was the case in Babylon, Egypt had also strong leaders such as King Menes, who made sure Egyptians acted with one voice. Due to embracing of correct ruling procedures, instances of wars were low, hence making the country to thrive economically (Globusz p.1). The unification of the Egyptian kingdom lasted only during the old kingdom. Divisions in the first intermediate period weakened the unification of the Egypt Empire making it susceptible to attacks from its enemies. During this period, also many calamities such as floods affected the empire, causing food problems. Other factors that contributed t the fall of the Egyptian empire include poor ruling skills by some of its leaders, a case resembling Babylonia. Attacks from Persian and Syria soldiers saw the downfall of the Pharaoh’s kingdoms, hence further destruction of the kingdom. This is because leaders such as Ramsey III misused most of the empires resources on war affecting negatively the empire’s economy. Economic impacts saw the empire lack funds to pay its workers and the army. Lack of pay caused an increase in insecurity making the empire weaker. After the death of Alexander the great, the empire fell far apart because his leadership acted as a unification factor (Radine, Rush and Stengle p.1). Conclusion In conclusion, both the Egypt and the Babylonia Empires fell due to poor ruling schemes, whereby most of its leaders misused power accorded to them through oppression. Works Cited Ames, Richard. Rise and fall of nations . Tomorrow’s World 4.4 (2002). Web. Ancient Babylonia: History of Babylonia . 2009. Web. Globusz. The rise and the fall of Egypt. 2010. Web. Lendering, Jona. Babylonia Empire. Ancient warfare magazine. 2009. Web. Radine, Mike, Rush, Rutherman, and Stengle, Laura. The decline and fall of ancient Egypt, 2005. Web. The rise of the Babylonian world power. 2009. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Cyberbullying Policies for Schools Report Cases of cyberbullying are on the rise, especially among high school children. Cyberbullying involves sending images or text messages through the internet or mobile phones that are intended to hurt other people. To curb the practice, it is necessary to implement policies that have strict guidelines on the use of mobile phones and the internet. Schools should monitor students and create anti-cyberbullying committees to deal with students who engage in the practice. Committees should monitor the use of the internet by students and control content that students access. Teachers should educate students on the causes of cyberbullying, prevention measures, and ways to report it to relevant authorities. It is also necessary to restrict the use of mobile phones and the internet on school premises. For example, students should use the internet for academic research only. Schools should also contact internet service providers for advice on ways to curb cyberbullying. An effective policy should stop students from participating in the practice by establishing stringent punishment guidelines. Schools should establish harsh punishments for students who participate in cyberbullying. For example, the punishment could include suspension from school or dismissal. Dismissal is a good enough reason to stop students from participating in illegal activity. The most important aspect of an anti-cyberbullying policy is regulation. Schools and parents should make sure that they are aware of what children are doing on the internet at all times. Besides, they should monitor how much time children spend online and regulate the content they access. Monitoring children and reducing time spent online will encourage them to use time constructively. Victims of cyberbullying should be punished severely to demonstrate to other students the school’s commitment to eradicate the vice. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Health Problems in Developing Countries Essay The objective of this article is to examine the posited solutions to health challenges in developing countries. Appraising this contest of approaches is critical since good health directly impacts economic growth by having a healthy workforce and indirectly raising the total factor productivity. However, according to the overall health indicators, the health situation in developing countries is in a dire state. Therefore, it is imperative to study the prevailing views on the health policies that work to identify what should be done to solve this problem. Obeng-Odoom (2012) argues that disease, poor health, and the type of interventions to improve them create typical costs and opportunities. Three predominant views on the subject emphasize privatization, strengthening, and ‘NGOisation’ of the healthcare system. First, advocates of a state-oriented perspective hold that resolving the crisis in healthcare by funding the system is all that should be done to remedy the Third World health crisis. Second, supporters of privatization and ‘NGOisation’ argue that these organizations are keener about mobilizing money rather than people and undermine the state’s role since they operate undemocratically and top-down. Lastly, the author contends that solving this health crisis should go beyond civil society, the market, and the state to reconsider policies that help reduce social inequality and poverty, such as the distribution of wealth and income in the country. Obeng-Odoom provides a debatable issue in terms of ‘NGOisation,’ privatization, and state strengthening of the health system to remedy the problems that exist in the sector. First, the article notes that better health outcomes are associated with higher health expenditure because omission and commission errors are amplified where money is scarce (Obeng-Odoom, 2012). Another issue presented by the author is that funders are often criticized for failing to coordinate efforts to support the needy. Consequently, this has prompted the prerequisite to implementing Sector Wide Approaches (SWAPs). Finally, Obeng-Odoom (2012) debates that instead of working with civil society, state and privatization strategies, policies to thin the social inequality and poverty gap are more practical in reducing health issues in Third World countries. Therefore, more focus should be put on the nature of food and eating habits of the poor to improve their life expectancy. Obeng-Odoom (2012) presents well-formulated evidence to show that a state-led strategy and the civil society and market view of the healthcare system of developing nations are deficient. The aforementioned perspectives gloss over the primary drivers of health that generally lie outside the system. On the contrary, the author vouches for poverty and poor health, which are mutually reinforcing and drive cumulative and circular causation forces. Based on this study, misrepresentation of the state of the health crisis in Third World countries makes the prevailing community, market, and state frameworks constitute health in reverse case or an illness requiring a cure in extreme cases (Obeng-Odoom, 2012). However, improving the situation should not be reduced to one perspective that wins over the rest. Instead, the key idea is that most impediments to achieving well-being and good health lie outside the healthcare system and are linked to social class, affecting social inequality and poverty levels. I agree with Obeng-Odoom (2012) that health policy is more effective because it targets the aforementioned dynamics. A just change in how stakeholders perceive the problem will go a long way in formulating practical solutions. Reference Obeng-Odoom, F. (2012). Health, wealth and poverty in developing countries: Beyond the State, market, and civil society. Health Sociology Review , 21(2), 156–164. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
‘Letters to a Young Teacher’ by J. Kozol Review Annotated Bibliography Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Major points covered in the book 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The book ‘ Letters to a young teacher’ by J.Kozol provides readers with an outlay of the most influential persons in the lives of children, which has a significant influence in related fields. The book provides an insight into the practices that embody the field of education. The book carries the reader through the fascinating things that happen in a classroom. The author, tells us of his own experience with children in an inner-city school in Boston. It interests the reader to read more in order to find out what happened in this true story. Kozols’ response to a teacher’s call provides the reader with an in-depth experience of reality in schools. Major points covered in the book This book replicates an inner-city classroom scene that Kozol frequented. Francesca was the teacher of the inner-city school class. She had maintained a high standard of education. This is evident in how she handled her students. Kozol talks passionately of Francesca and her students. In this book, Kozol criticizes the education system for a number of things. The standardized test in schools is one issue. A child may go to a school with all hopes only to end up frustrated by the education system that rates the school poorly. Resources end up in the higher-ranked schools ignoring the lower-level schools. This punishes the innocent children who are eager to learn. Some schools bribe or buy exams with the help of parents so as their schools rated high. The bribing issue flaws the examination system. The education system does not give a chance to teachers to exercise their teaching skills well. Teachers are always anxious to know how the children will perform. They concentrate on grades and leave out vital issues required in learning. There may be many rules on what should be taught and what should not. Some teachers may be frustrated to the point of leaving the profession. The pay in the public schools is low. This is in comparison to that offered by private schools. The teachers sacrifice to make sure the children have a good quality education. There are parents who opt to take their children to private schools. Private schools are expensive, and not all parents can afford them. Admission to these schools is strict and restricted. They may question which schools the child was in before. More money goes to these private schools leaving public schools in a bad state. Kozol speaks of the neglect of public schools. Children start off bright and excited but end up frustrated by the education system. Racism is present in African-American schools. The disease thought to belong to the last century still resurfaces now and then. A child and any other individual are subject to equal treatment. Every individual has a right to fair treatment. The world is in a constant struggle to maintain equity. There are movements set up that advocate for human rights, equal and fair treatment. The author does not leave us with criticisms but a sense of joy. There is the exciting part in the teaching that leaves a smile on both the child and the teacher. The joy of watching a child learn and develop the required skills is immense. It is much easier to instill discipline in happy kids than those that are bitter from injustices. When Kozol speaks of this book, one can see the joy of working with children. It shows why he did frequent the class at Boston. It is a lesson to teachers to embrace teaching with joy. There is beauty in watching a child develop skills slowly to become a skillful teacher. There are many prominent leaders who still remember those teachers who taught them basic writing, reading and listening skills. The reader learns to appreciate the teaching profession. The world would not be a better place if a teacher did not teach that scientist, president, doctor, driver, police officer, cook, president, and teacher. Conclusion It is unquestionable that the issues put across by the writer have a significant lesson not only in the field of education but also in individuals’ lives. Kozol brings to attention the issue of inequality. If children institutions segregate children, there is a high possibility that the practice is in society too. Using his own personal experience, the author captures the reader’s attention. This enhances the vital issues in the book. A teacher leaves an unforgettable experience in the life of an individual. If teachers had not taught great leaders, they would not be holding those offices. They would not know how to speak in public let alone listen to the people. The current generation relies on the new technologies that lead to social media. This means less time to read works of influential thinkers and emulate their examples. This generation draws their inspiration from the media for getting the humble surroundings of a classroom that can create a story and be an inspiration to many. References Kozol, J. (2007). Letters to a young teacher. New York: Random House/Crown. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Challenges of a Paperless Office Presentation Introduction * Some studies suggest that paper consumption continues to grow unabatedly with severe environmental impacts (Georgesku, Tugui and Dumitriu, 2008). * The use of paper has created modern business bureaucracy, but paper is also an important instrument for critical business agreements. * Most offices have excess papers. * Technologies continue to show that businesses can abandon papers. * Industry professionals predicted ‘the paperless office’ in 1970s. Some facts about paper usages? * An average office person uses 10000 sheets of copy paper every year. * The USA consumes over 30% of the world’s paper. * More than 40% of wood pulp is used in paper production. * It costs the US over $25-35B in filing, storing, and retrieving paper every year. * On average, people can copy a document up to 9 times. * Over 5% of paper documents get lost and 7.5% are misfiled. The growth in paper consumption per head, Kg/year (Georgesku et al., 2008) Challenges of going paperless * Maintaining a paperless office is expensive. * Electronic communications require both parties to have relevant software and hardware. * Most business communications with partners and individual are still paper-based. * Possible costs and loss of productivity when going paperless. * Inability to adopt change policies may hinder the process. * Technological challenges, particularly compatible software, file format, and system stability. * Lack of appropriate skills to use new technologies for paperless office. * Some uses of paper will never disappear. Inhibitive costs of a paperless office. Benefits of paperless office * Most documents are already in electronic formats. * It will reduce costs of printing, filing, paper production, shipping. * It saves the environment. * Availability of office space for other uses. * Enhanced staff productivity. * It saves time on filing, locating, and retrieving paper documents. * Therefore, employees should adopt paperless office and realize these benefits. Profitability for paperless office (Georgesku et al., 2008). Reference Georgesku, M., Tugui, A., and Dumitriu, F. (2008). Challenges For The Quality Of Information In The Paperless Office . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Elements of Modern Fiction Essay Modernism refers to a strong shift from the traditional ways of thinking or perceiving. It signifies a separation of the two where peoples’ perception of things changes. It takes into account the ‘thinking’ aspect of individuals stressing on the unconscious observable self. It is characterized by a pronounced response against what has been laid down ranging from politics through religion to the society. A modernist holds that peoples’ perceptions are the determinant of the nature of everything and hence, no fixed certainty about them. They assert that the future is imaginary while the past is completely far from them. Modern fictions on the other hand are contemporary literature works founded on purely imaginations. It opens up the world from all angles, philosophically, politically, theoretically, just to mention a few. It erases the realist view of it by people. Modern fiction constitutes quite a number elements ranging from time and realism to openness. This overview checks these into details. Time and realism is a crucial element of modern literature. “Time, in Modernist literature, may take the reader through a day in the life of a narrator, whereas in Realism, the reader is taken into a year in the life of the characters” (Childs 25). This shows that this notion of time and as applied in literature is not chronological but recurrent. It takes place in a free will manner. The cyclic notion of time in a fiction arises when a novelist takes readers through an unorganized literary journey. As he/she encounters images, he/she is unable to predict which will follow. What is expected may even fail to be realized in the unfolding of the entire fiction. Free will and the discovery of the subconscious is also a result of this notion. The writer gives the reader a chance to go beyond him/herself through thoughts entering into the thoughts of others where he/she has the free will of discovering how they operate both in their minds as well as in their subconscious. The life of people in and out of the presence of God is more of a theoretical supposition resulting from modernisms. Another element of modern fiction is openness. It stands out as an aesthetic following the writer’s presentation of their works, novels, encounters, and poems. This element distinguishes the modern fiction from any other that has ever existed. It addresses openness on the issues of family, masculinity and feminism, the mind, not sparing bisexuality. This on the other hand has led to an increased use of imagery in modern fiction, which has added beauty in the works of the authors. Following the introduction of this element in literature, the significant difference between the modern and the previous fictions arouses doubts, a case that has led to the shift on study. The shifts in politics influences modern fiction to a larger extend. It depicts the changes in the social life, which ranges from country-town through personal-public to land-industry. There is also a significant change in the area of development and the peoples’ view of life, which is evident from Carl Max capitalism views. In conclusion, modern fiction centers on the notions of doubt of spiritual or governmental institutions, individuality, and the skepticism of certainty. It makes a move from realism addressing the relevant shifts in both history and the society employing the element of openness as well as time and realism. Works Cited Childs, Peter. “Modernism: The New Critical Idiom” London: Continuum, 2007. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Introduction 2. Biblical Worldview 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction A worldview is an implicit factor that impacts a person’s beliefs, morality, and the way they approach decision-making. It defines how individuals answer the questions about the world around them and bout their purpose. This paper reflects on the issue of worldview and the foundations of the Christian worldview. Biblical Worldview I would define a biblical worldview as the way any person sees the world around them. The foundation or authority of a Biblical worldview is the Bible since it reflects the main values and moral standards. Through the Scriptures, God communicated the basis of the Christian worldview to the people (“Reading & study,” n.d.). A Liberty University student can go about developing a better Biblical worldview outside of class by learning more about the foundations from this worldview and how different people interpret it or use it to make decisions in their day-to-day lives. A worldview affects a person’s understanding of their purpose because it is a blueprint of their values. For example, Christians respect other people and will choose to live their life in a way, which is consistent with what is said in the Scriptures, unlike atheists. For me, some of the goals of my school life are to develop a more cohesive understanding of the world and myself through learning. Having a Biblical worldview can positively impact these goals by providing a framework for achieving them. Moreover, my Biblical worldview shapes my purpose for pursuing education by encouraging me to get a comprehension of Christianity and the way it views the world. Based on the “Diversity at Liberty” video, culture is what shapes a person’s way of life. People from different cultures may have varied beliefs and traditions that impact the way they live their lives or approach decision-making (“Diversity and global awareness,” n.d.). However, one can work with people from different cultures by accepting that different viewpoint exist. A Biblical worldview can further propel this since the Bible clearly outlines that all people are a reflection of the image of God. This means that they should be respected and treated with respect. To effectively engage with others, it is vital to use Christian values. Conclusion Overall, this paper reflects on some of the aspects of a Biblical worldview. From the textbook reading, this assignment, and the videos, I learned about the impact that a worldview has on every aspect of a person’s life – their way of making decisions, understanding of purpose, and interactions with others. References Diversity and global awareness. (n.d.). Web. Reading & study. (n.d.). Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Process of E-Communication Report (Assessment) Communication is the process of transmitting the information. E-communication is a mode of communication that involves the use of a computer to convey the message mainly through websites or using electronic documents. To be able to successfully pass on information from one place to another using e-communication, the main efforts come from the sender and receiver of the message. Just like any other mode of communication, e-communication is also prone to errors (Berlo 98). This is because the receiver of the message may misinterpret the message if it is not clear and not to the point. This always leads to confusion and it also means that the sender wastes his/her efforts and he may likely miss the opportunity if the message is misinterpreted. This means that the sender and the receiver must understand the message passed for communication to be successful. This paper describes four questions based on e-communication. These days, for communication to be successful there must be a sender whose role in e-communication is to ensure that the message conveyed is simple, clear, and leads to the point to enable the receiver to correctly interpret the message without confusion. This will help avoid miss communication. Before sending the message through e-communication, the sender must have full knowledge of the receiver. This is because failure to know whom the message is being sent to may results in a misunderstanding when the message is delivered. On the other hand, the receiver is the person that receives the message and whose role in e-communication is to determine and interpret what is contained in the message received. After knowing the kind of message you want to pass across, it will be easy to determine the type of tool to use for communication. Knowing the receiver will also help you in deciding the type of communication tool to use for e-communication (Schramm 120). For instance, you might decide to call a person if you are aware of their schedule or you might decide to use an email if the message is professional. The urgency of the message and the need for quick feedback or response can also help in determining the type of communication tool to be used for e-communication. In a professional environment, some of the channels you can consider to use to pass your information across are the use of LCD screens, plasma, and window decals (Barnlund 110). However, in a social environment, you may consider using social network sites such as Facebook and Twitter where you are free to use any kind of language to communicate. Knowing the receiver or the decoder will help you know what to expect from them. For example, you can expect a quick response from a professional email service while on the other hand, if it is someone whom you consider a friend or enemy, they can take forever to respond to an email. In such cases, it will be best to consider the face-to-face discussion in case you need a quick response. Another example is a professional environment, first impression means a lot, there is no way you can use slang when sending an email or making a phone call. The receiver of the message may interpret your message or intentions. However, in a social environment where you are using a social network, you are free to use slang and type message with caps lock on. Works Cited Barnlund, Darwin. A transactional model of communication . New Jersey: Arron’s Educational Series, 2008. Print. Berlo, David. The process of communication . New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston Publishers, 2011. Print. Schramm, White. How e-communication works . Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2010. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Role of Family in Treating Juvenile Offenders Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Families teach their children to control their behavior, how to act in public, what is right and what is wrong. Lack of attention towards children often leads to problems. Following factors are often found in the probation reports: no father in the household, living with grandmother, father in jail, subject of neglect and abuse, living in foster care homes (Corriero, 2006). Juveniles often learn about criminal activities while not being supervised by adults. Main body The family cannot be left out from the whole process of treatment. Because of lack of communication, sometimes parents believe that their child is a victim of prejudice and has been wrongfully accused (Garfinkel & Nelson, 2004). Parents are afraid of possible damage to their careers because treatment takes a lot of time. Parents of juvenile offenders are often illegal immigrants or offenders themselves. There are huge differences between motherless and fatherless children, and they may end up on different tracks (Tanenhaus, 2004). It means that there always must be a father or mother figure for the successful development of a child. Sometimes the language barrier is a problem because a translation of documents is not provided. Parents should be present at the adjudication hearing to better understand the feelings of victims and harm done to them (Lim, 2014). It is not an easy task because some parents can’t deal with their child’s behavior and need some psychological help themselves. Parents are not properly guided on how they can help their children most of the time, even if they wish to do so. It is not surprising that “among many identified factors for delinquency the most catalogued ones include biological taint, broken or otherwise defective homes, faulty family interactions and bad companions” (Humera & Rafique, 2011, p. 33). That means that development of an adolescent criminal can be stopped in early stages if families pay enough attention towards their offspring. Parents must be involved in every step of the treatment to achieve the best result. They should visit therapy sessions and conferences together. Families must request regular meetings with their children. Even a quick call is enough for juveniles to feel the presence of their relatives. One of the most effective methods of juvenile offender treatment is the multi-systematic therapy, which was developed by Family Services Research Center (FSRC); it is an approach that centers on interactions between the people and their surroundings. This method is highly individualized and allows parents and community to help with the treatment of the juvenile offender. Rowland (2009) claims that “after each meeting with a family, the parole counselor completes detailed progress notes about the goals of the session and the progress made towards those goals” (p. 62). Family therapy should be encouraged; it is used to train juvenile offenders and their parents to change their behavior. Families must offer full support to their children when they return from a facility. Conclusion In conclusion, children and parents must be informed of their rights and should understand them. During the process of treatment, offenders and their families must accept their family roles, develop a trust in each other and build an alliance (Rowland, 2009). Feeling the presence of close people is one of the main aspects of successful recovery. Therefore, treatment of a juvenile offender is a collective effort that is why every member of the family must be fully committed to achieving best results. References Corriero, M. (2006). Judging Children As Children : A Proposal for a Juvenile Justice System . Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Garfinkel, L. F., & Nelson, R. (2004). Promoting better interaction between juvenile court, schools, and parents. Reclaiming Children and Youth , 13(1), 26-28. Humera, A. S., & Rafique, R. (2011). Remembered relationship with parents, aggression and self esteem of juvenile prisoners. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychology , 10(2), 31-53. Lim, H. (2014). Juvenile justice . Singapore: Academy Publishing. Rowland, M. K. (2009). Family-Based Reintegration : Effective Interventions for Juveniles on Parole . El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. Tanenhaus, D. S. (2004). Juvenile Justice in the Making . Cary, NC: Oxford University Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The History of Hip-Hop Culture in the United States Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main text 3. Conclusion 4. Works cited Introduction The history of hip-hop culture starts at the time when social instability in the United States was dumped by the Cold War and social intolerance. The latter seems to reflect the real thing about the way rappers and “prophets” of hip-hop urge to demonstrate their outrage. It is a recitative form of a song in which sorrows and joys experienced mainly by the Black half of the American society. Thus, more attention should be paid to those who created this genre in music and developed it into the way it sounds today. Main text The discography which is represented in the 3 rd disc gives a scope of understanding of the main things which worried rappers at the time. Here one should notice the themes of murder and unfair attitudes of the authority toward “street children,” so to speak. Cypress Hill is perhaps one of the most famous gangster-rap bands. In the song How I could just kill a man he highlights the following rhymes: “And my magnum takin out some puto’s” (ohhla). Digable Planets are more dedicated to the evolution of street music in the United States in Cool Like That : “Like sixties funky worms with waves and perms” (ohhla). Such notes of pride and joy (when music plays) make one think over the real soul of a rapper. Public Enemy by Fight The Power wanted t prescribe some democratic values the band secures in their songs: “Our freedom of speech is freedom or death” (ohhla). Here comes Snoop Doggy Dogg and Dr.Dre with Nuthin’ But a G Thang. This song takes notice of a willingness of such eminent rappers to illuminate what drives rappers for real: “And I’mma continue to put the rap down, put the mac down” (ohhla.com). MC Hammer, on the other hand, sings about the scene from Bible when Moses faced with God. Thus, the main theme is that “U Can’t Touch This” (ohhla). To continue, Geto Boys through the lyrics in My Mind’s Playing Tricks On Me incorporate the idea of doubtful actions on a doubtful way of an ordinary man living on the street unpampered by the charms of life: “I live by the sword” (ohhla). Ice Cube in No Vaseline makes some assumptions on reasons for personal rage: “I put that on my mama and my dead homeys” (ohhla). That is the thing in question – he wants racial justice when betrayal takes place. Guys in Digital Underground are more inclined to have fun by insolent actions everywhere they appear. In The Humpty Dance it sounds like that: “The Humpty Dance is your chance to do the hump” (ohhla). It is not that different pursuant to OutKast and their song Crumblin’ Erb. The guys are likely to sing about objective reality indicating everything that goes wrong: “I run my lyrics the way y’all wanna hear ’em” (ohhla.com). The whole idea of hip-hop does not simply come down to rage, violence, or murders. Here the features of love to a girl are predominant as well. Just like it does Common Sense in I Used To Love Her. It is about the relationships which come out to be: “And what I loved most she had so much soul” (ohhla). Conclusion On the whole the list of the songs which are included into the 3 rd disc compilation encompasses the overall evaluation of the main themes for lyrics. In this respect the main ones are violence (Stop the Violence Movement), rage (Cypress Hill), social hatred (Ice Cube), faith (MC Hammer), love (Common Sense), piece (Queen Latifa), joy (Vanilla Ice), and sorrow (Tupac). Works cited Abe, Daudi. Seattle Central: Community College. 2010. Web. Ohhla. The Original Hip Hop Lyrics Archive. 2010. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
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