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Shiva | Shiva | Shiva (;, ISO:, ), also known as Mahadeva (), is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Shaivism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism. | Shiva (sanskrit IAST : ; devanagari : ; transcrit parfois par "Çiva", « le bon, celui qui porte bonheur ») est un dieu hindou, membre de la Trimūrti avec Brahmā et Vishnou. Shiva est quelquefois considéré comme le dieu du yoga et est représenté en tant que yogi qui possède la connaissance universelle, suprême et absolue, voire dans un état « au-delà de la connaissance ». Doté d'un grand pouvoir, il mène une vie de sage sur le mont Kailash. | [
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San Marino | Saint-Marin | San Marino (, ), officially the Republic of San Marino (), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (), is a country in Southern Europe completely enclosed by Italy. | Saint-Marin, en forme longue la sérénissime république de Saint-Marin ou république de Saint-Marin (en italien :'ou'ou "), est un micro-État européen enclavé à l'intérieur de l'Italie. Il est le troisième plus petit État d'Europe après le Vatican et Monaco, et le cinquième au monde après ces deux mêmes États, Nauru et Tuvalu. C’est aussi la plus ancienne république au monde existante de manière continue jusqu'à aujourd'hui, avec un système constitutionnel qui remonte au. | [
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Salaryman | Salaryman | A is a salaried worker and, more specifically, a Japanese white-collar worker who shows overriding loyalty and commitment to the corporation where he works. | Dans la culture japonaise, il est généralement considéré comme plus important de travailler pour le bien de la société tout entière que pour soi-même. Les "salarymen" sont censés travailler de longues journées avec beaucoup d'heures supplémentaires, et participer à des activités entre collègues après le travail telles que les soirées "nomikai", le karaoké et les hostess bars. Le "salaryman" entre généralement dans l'entreprise lors d'un recrutement groupé de nouveaux diplômés et y reste toute sa vie. | [
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Ska | Ska | Ska (; ) is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. It combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. Ska is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off beat. It was developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems to play American rhythm and blues and then began recording their own songs. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods. Later it became popular with many skinheads. | Le ska est un style musical ayant émergé en Jamaïque à la fin des années 1950. Il se caractérise par un son rythmé et reconnaissable au contretemps marqué par la guitare, les claviers et parfois les cuivres. Il est diffusé internationalement grâce notamment au label Island Records de Chris Blackwell. Laurel Aitken, Toots & The Maytals ou encore Desmond Dekker & The Aces et The Skatalites ont été des pionniers de ce style musical. | [
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Shibuya | Shibuya | Shibuya (渋谷 "Shibuya-ku") is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. A major commercial and business centre, it houses the two busiest railway stations in the world, Shinjuku Station (southern half) and Shibuya Station. | En même temps qu'au nom de l'arrondissement, le nom « Shibuya » se rapporte à la gare et au quartier d'affaires autour de la gare. La gare de Shibuya est une des plus fréquentées dans la région de Tokyo, ce qui est particulièrement visible au niveau du "Shibuya Crossing". L'arrondissement de Shibuya est connu comme un centre de la mode et c'est un quartier bien animé. Un symbole de ce quartier pour les jeunes est la tour 109, qui renferme une centaine de boutiques consacrées aux dernières tendances de la mode. D'autres quartiers importants composent l'arrondissement de Shibuya : Daikanyama, Ebisu, Harajuku, Hiroo, Sendagaya, Omotesandō et Yoyogi. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Second | Seconde (temps) | The second (symbol: s, abbreviation: sec) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) (French: Système International d’unités), commonly understood and historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each. Analog clocks and watches often have sixty tick marks on their faces, representing seconds (and minutes), and a "second hand" to mark the passage of time in seconds. Digital clocks and watches often have a two-digit seconds counter. The second is also part of several other units of measurement like meters per second for velocity, meters per second per second for acceleration, and cycles per second for frequency. | La seconde est une unité de mesure du temps de symbole s (sans point abréviatif). Qualitativement, elle est d'une durée égale à la soixantième partie de la minute, la minute étant elle-même la soixantième partie de l'heure. C'est d'ailleurs l'étymologie du mot qui provient de la francisation écourtée de l’expression en latin médiéval, qui signifie littéralement "minute de second rang", c’est-à-dire "seconde division de l’heure". | [
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Satoru Iwata | Satoru Iwata | Born in Sapporo, Japan, Iwata expressed interest in video games from an early age and created his first simple game while in high school. He majored in computer science at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1980, he joined the game developer HAL Laboratory while attending the university. During his early years at HAL Laboratory he worked as a programmer and closely collaborated with Nintendo, producing his first commercial game in 1983. Notable titles to which he contributed at HAL include "EarthBound" and the "Kirby" series. Following a downturn and near-bankruptcy, Iwata became the president of HAL Laboratory in 1993 at the insistence of Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi and brought financial stability to the company. In the following years, he assisted in the development of the "Pokémon" and "Super Smash Bros." series. Iwata joined Nintendo as the head of its corporate-planning division in 2000. | , né le à Sapporo, île d'Hokkaidō, et mort le à Kyoto, était un développeur puis producteur de jeu vidéo et chef d'entreprise japonais, président de HAL Laboratory de 1993 à 2000 puis de la société de jeu vidéo Nintendo de 2002 à sa mort en 2015. | [
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Sport in Mexico | Sport au Mexique | The most popular sport in Mexico currently is association football followed by boxing. However, there are regional variations: for example, baseball is the most popular sport in the northwest and the southeast of the country. Basketball, American football and bull riding (called "Jaripeo") are also popular. The tradition of bullfighting remains strong in Mexico. | Au Mexique, le sport est très diversifié et au fil des années, plusieurs personnalités ont excellé, tant au niveau national qu’international, dans les sports professionnels et amateurs. En outre, le pays a accueilli différents événements de classe mondiale, notamment deux coupes du monde de football (1970 et 1986) et les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1968. Il hébergera également une partie des matchs de la coupe du monde de football de 2026, en partenariat avec les États-Unis et la Canada. | [
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Spirituality | Spiritualité | The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various connotations can be found alongside each other. Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man", oriented at "the image of God" as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world. The term was used within early Christianity to refer to a life oriented toward the Holy Spirit and broadened during the Late Middle Ages to include mental aspects of life. | La notion de spiritualité (du latin ecclésiastique "spiritualitas") comporte aujourd'hui des acceptions différentes selon le contexte de son usage. Elle se rattache conventionnellement, en Occident, à la religion dans la perspective de l'être humain en relation avec des êtres supérieurs (dieux, démons) et le salut de l'âme. Elle se rapporte, d'un point de vue philosophique, à l'opposition de la matière et de l'esprit (voir problème corps-esprit) ou encore de l'intériorité et de l'extériorité. | [
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Senegal | Sénégal | Senegal (; ; Wolof: Senegaal), officially the Republic of Senegal (; Wolof: Réewum Senegaal), is a country in West Africa. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast, and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal also surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar. | Le Sénégal, en forme longue la république du Sénégal, est un État d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Il est bordé par l'océan Atlantique à l'Ouest, la Mauritanie au nord-nord-est, le Mali à l'Est-Sud-Est, la Guinée au Sud-Est et la Guinée-Bissau au Sud-Sud-Ouest. | [
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Sudan | Soudan | Sudan (; "as-Sūdān"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( "Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān"), is a country in Northeast Africa. Bordered by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, the Central African Republic to the southwest, South Sudan to the south, Ethiopia to the southeast, Eritrea to the east, and the Red Sea to the northeast. Sudan has a population of 43 million (2018 estimate) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), making it Africa's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world. It was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area before the 2011 South Sudan's secession. Sudan's history goes back to the Pharaonic period, witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( 2500 BC–1500 BC), the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( 1500 BC–1070 BC) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( 785 BC–350 AD), which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia, with the latter two lasting until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads. From the 16th–19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north. This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation. | Le Soudan ( ; en '), en forme longue la république du Soudan ( '), est un pays africain. Le pays est bordé par la Libye au nord-ouest, l’Égypte au nord, la mer Rouge à l'est-nord-est, l'Érythrée à l'est, l'Éthiopie à l'est-sud-est, le Soudan du Sud au sud, la République centrafricaine au sud-ouest et le Tchad à l'ouest. Les langues officielles du pays sont l’arabe, et depuis peu (2005), l'anglais. | [
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Sami languages | Langues sames | Sámi languages (), in English also rendered as Sami and Saami, are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Sámi people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden and extreme north-western Russia). There are, depending on the nature and terms of division, ten or more Sami languages. Several spellings have been used for the Sámi languages, including "Sámi", "Sami", "Saami", "Saame", "Sámic", "Samic" and "Saamic", as well as the exonyms "Lappish" and "Lappic". The last two, along with the term "Lapp", are now often considered pejorative. | Le same (ou « lapon », terme d'origine scandinave), dénommé sámegiella ou sápmelaš ou encore sápmi ou sámi, est une langue qui fait partie de la famille des langues finno-ougriennes. Il est parlé par environ Samis exclusivement en Laponie, une vaste région transnationale allant du centre de la Suède à l'extrémité de la péninsule de Kola (Russie), en passant par le nord de la Norvège et de la Finlande. | [
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Immune system | Système immunitaire | The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, there are two major subsystems of the immune system: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Both subsystems use humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity to perform their functions. In humans, the blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system, which protects the brain. | Le système immunitaire d'un organisme est un système biologique complexe constitué d'un ensemble coordonné d'éléments de reconnaissance et de défense qui discrimine le soi du non-soi. Il est hérité à la naissance, mais autonome, adaptatif et doué d'une grande plasticité, il évolue ensuite au gré des contacts qu'il a avec des microbes ou substances environnementales étrangères au corps. | [
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Sarcophagus | Sarcophage | A sarcophagus (plural sarcophagi) is a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried. The word "sarcophagus" comes from the Greek'meaning "flesh", and'meaning "to eat"; hence "sarcophagus" means "flesh-eating", from the phrase "lithos sarkophagos" ( ), "flesh-eating stone". The word also came to refer to a particular kind of limestone that was thought to rapidly facilitate the decomposition of the flesh of corpses contained within it due to the chemical properties of the limestone itself. | Un sarcophage est une cuve destinée à recueillir un cadavre ou un cercueil. Le plus souvent sculpté dans la pierre et placé au-dessus du sol, il est parfois enterré. Comme objet funéraire, le sarcophage est présent dans des cultures et civilisations diverses et éloignées les unes des autres ; il ne semble donc lié à aucun courant religieux particulier. | [
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SNCF | Société nationale des chemins de fer français | The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF, "French National Railway Company") is France's national state-owned railway company. Founded in 1938, it operates the country's national rail traffic along with Monaco, including the TGV, on France's high-speed rail network. Its functions include operation of railway services for passengers and freight, and maintenance and signalling of rail infrastructure. The railway network consists of about of route, of which are high-speed lines and electrified. About 14,000 trains are operated daily. | La Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF) est l'entreprise ferroviaire publique française, officiellement créée par convention entre l'État et les compagnies de chemin de fer préexistantes, en application du décret-loi du. Elle est notamment présente dans les domaines du transport de voyageurs, du transport de marchandises et réalise la gestion, l'exploitation et la maintenance du réseau ferré national appartenant à l'État. | [
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Subset | Inclusion (mathématiques) | In mathematics, a set "A" is a subset of a set "B", or equivalently "B" is a superset of "A", if "A" is contained in "B". That is, all elements of "A" are also elements of "B". "A" and "B" may be equal; if they are unequal, then "A" is a proper subset of "B". The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion or sometimes containment. "A" is a subset of "B" may also be expressed as "B" includes "A", or "A" is included in "B". | En mathématiques, l’inclusion est une relation d'ordre entre ensembles. On dit qu'un ensemble est inclus dans un ensemble si tous les éléments de sont aussi éléments de. On dit dans ce cas que est un sous-ensemble ou une partie de, ou encore que est sur-ensemble de. | [
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Syntax | Syntaxe | In linguistics, syntax () is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences (sentence structure) in a given language, usually including word order. The term "syntax" is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes. The goal of many syntacticians is to discover the syntactic rules common to all languages. | La syntaxe est, à l'origine, la branche de la linguistique qui étudie la façon dont les mots se combinent pour former des phrases ou des énoncés dans une langue. | [
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Steganography | Stéganographie | Steganography ( ) is the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video. The word "steganography" comes from New Latin "steganographia", which combines the Greek words "steganós" (), meaning "covered or concealed", and "-graphia" () meaning "writing". | La stéganographie est l'art de la dissimulation : son objet est de faire passer inaperçu un message dans un autre message. Elle se distingue de la cryptographie, « art du secret », qui cherche à rendre un message inintelligible à autre que qui-de-droit. Pour prendre une métaphore, la stéganographie consisterait à enterrer son argent dans son jardin là où la cryptographie consisterait à l'enfermer dans un coffre-fort — cela dit, rien n'empêche de combiner les deux techniques, de même que l'on peut enterrer un coffre dans son jardin. | [
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Fuzzy set | Ensemble flou | In mathematics, fuzzy sets (a.k.a. uncertain sets) are somewhat like sets whose elements have degrees of membership. Fuzzy sets were introduced independently by Lotfi A. Zadeh and in 1965 as an extension of the classical notion of set. At the same time, defined a more general kind of structure called an L-relation, which he studied in an abstract algebraic context. Fuzzy relations, which are used now in different areas, such as linguistics, decision-making, and clustering, are special cases of "L"-relations when "L" is the unit interval [0, 1]. | La théorie des sous-ensembles flous est une théorie mathématique du domaine de l’algèbre abstraite. Elle a été développée par Lotfi Zadeh en 1965 afin de représenter mathématiquement l'imprécision relative à certaines classes d'objets et sert de fondement à la logique floue. | [
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Earth Summit 2002 | Sommet mondial sur le développement durable | The World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, took place in South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. It was convened to discuss [sustainable development] organizations, 10 years after the first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. (It was therefore also informally nicknamed "Rio+10".) | Le Sommet mondial sur le développement durable, aussi appelé sommet de la Terre de Johannesbourg ou sommet de Johannesbourg, s'est tenu du 26 août au, à Johannesbourg en Afrique du Sud. Sommet mondial du développement durable organisé par les Nations unies, il a réuni plus de cent chefs d'État et environ 60 000 personnes, parmi lesquelles des délégués, des représentants d'ONG, des journalistes et des entreprises. | [
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Sopdet | Sothis | Sopdet is the ancient Egyptian name of the star Sirius and its personification as an Egyptian goddess. Known to the Greeks as Sothis, she was conflated with Isis as a goddess and Anubis as a god. | Sopdet (Sôpdit ou Sépédet) est une déesse égyptienne, son nom en grec est Sothis. Personnification divine de l'étoile Sirius (l'étoile du Chien en grec), elle symbolise l'arrivée de la crue annuelle du Nil qui coïncidait autrefois avec l'apparition de l'étoile au début du mois de juillet (le "lever héliaque" - en août à l'époque actuelle du fait de la précession des équinoxes). Cette crue annuelle étant indispensable pour fertiliser les terres arides des rives du Nil (par l'apport en eau et en limon), Sothis a été naturellement associée à la fertilité et à la prospérité à partir de la. | [
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Hippocratic Oath | Serment d'Hippocrate | The Hippocratic Oath is an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards. The oath is the earliest expression of medical ethics in the Western world, establishing several principles of medical ethics which remain of paramount significance today. These include the principles of medical confidentiality and non-maleficence. As the seminal articulation of certain principles that continue to guide and inform medical practice, the ancient text is of more than historic and symbolic value. Swearing a modified form of the oath remains a rite of passage for medical graduates in many countries. | Le serment d'Hippocrate est un serment traditionnellement prêté par les médecins en Occident avant de commencer à exercer. Le texte original de ce serment, probablement rédigé au, appartient aux textes de la Collection hippocratique, traditionnellement attribués au médecin grec Hippocrate. Le serment d'Hippocrate peut être considéré comme le texte fondateur de la déontologie médicale. | [
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Expert system | Système expert | In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI) software. An expert system is divided into two subsystems: the inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules. The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging abilities. | Un système expert est un outil capable de reproduire les mécanismes cognitifs d'un expert, dans un domaine particulier. Il s'agit de l'une des voies tentant d'aboutir à l'intelligence artificielle. | [
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The Society of the Spectacle | La Société du spectacle (livre) | The Society of the Spectacle () is a 1967 work of philosophy and Marxist critical theory by Guy Debord, in which the author develops and presents the concept of the Spectacle. The book is considered a seminal text for the Situationist movement. Debord published a follow-up book "Comments on the Society of the Spectacle" in 1988. | La Société du spectacle est un essai de Guy Debord publié initialement le chez Buchet/Chastel. Le livre connut un fort retentissement après les événements de Mai 68. | [
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Seville | Séville | Seville (; ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. | Séville (en ) est une ville du Sud de l’Espagne, capitale de la province de Séville et de la communauté autonome d’Andalousie. | [
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Semantics | Sémantique | Semantics (from "sēmantikós", "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning in language, programming languages, formal logic, and semiotics. It is concerned with the relationship between "signifiers"—like words, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what they stand for in reality, their denotation. | La sémantique est une branche de la linguistique qui étudie les signifiés, ce dont on parle, ce que l'on veut énoncer. Sa branche symétrique, la syntaxe, concerne pour sa part le signifiant, sa forme, sa langue, sa graphie, sa grammaire ; c'est la forme de l'énoncé. En particulier, la sémantique possède plusieurs objets d'étude : | [
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Sigmund Freud | Sigmund Freud | Sigmund Freud ( ; ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. | Sigmund Freud ou ( : ), né Sigismund Schlomo Freud le à Freiberg (Empire d'Autriche) et mort le à Londres, est un neurologue autrichien, fondateur de la psychanalyse. | [
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Saturn | Saturne (planète) | Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine times that of Earth. It only has one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle. | Saturne est la sixième planète du Système solaire par ordre de distance au Soleil et la deuxième après Jupiter tant par sa taille que par sa masse. | [
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Satellite navigation | Système de positionnement par satellites | A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few centimeters to metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to high precision, which allows time synchronisation. These uses are collectively known as Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated. | Un système de positionnement par satellites également désigné sous le sigle GNSS (pour "Géolocalisation et Navigation par un Système de Satellites"). est un ensemble de composants reposant sur une constellation de satellites artificiels permettant de fournir à un utilisateur par l’intermédiaire d'un récepteur portable de petite taille sa position 3D, sa vitesse 3D et l'heure. Cette catégorie de système de géopositionnement se caractérise par une précision métrique, sa couverture mondiale et la compacité des terminaux, mais également par sa sensibilité aux obstacles présents entre le terminal récepteur et les satellites. Certains systèmes d'augmentation et de fiabilisation de portée régionale ou mondiales, gratuits ou payants, permettent de fiabiliser le système et d'améliorer les performances (DGPS, EGNOS, " (A-GNSS)). | [
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World War II | Seconde Guerre mondiale | World War II (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World WarII was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. Tens of millions of people died during the conflict due to genocides (including the Holocaust), premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict which included the use of terror bombing, strategic bombing and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. | La Seconde Guerre mondiale, ou Deuxième Guerre mondiale, est un conflit armé à l'échelle planétaire qui dure du au. Ce conflit oppose schématiquement les Alliés et l’Axe. | [
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Electoral system | Système électoral | An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Political electoral systems are organized by governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted (electoral method), limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the outcome. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. | Le système électoral, mode de scrutin, système de vote ou régime électoral, désigne tout type de processus permettant l'expression du choix d'un corps électoral donné, souvent la désignation d'élus pour exercer un mandat en tant que représentants de ce corps (élection), ou moins souvent le choix direct (référendum) d'une option parmi plusieurs. | [
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Sound system (DJ) | Sound system | A sound system is a group of DJs and audio engineers contributing and working together as one, playing and producing music over a large PA system or sound reinforcement system, typically for a dance event or party. | Au sens strict, le terme « sound system » (en français « système de sonorisation » transportable, aussi parfois appelé discomobile selon le contexte) désigne le matériel de sonorisation utilisé lors d'une fête ou d'un concert. | [
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Soul music | Musique soul | Soul music (often referred to simply as soul) is a popular music genre that originated in the African American community throughout the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa. | La musique soul, ou simplement soul, est une musique populaire afro-américaine ayant émergé à la fin des années 1950 aux États-Unis, dérivée, entre autres, du gospel et du rhythm and blues. Elle est considérée par certains comme un retour du rhythm and blues aux racines dont il est issu : le gospel (musique d’église). | [
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Studio One (record label) | Studio One | Studio One is one of Jamaica's most renowned record labels and recording studios; it has been described as the Motown of Jamaica. The record label was involved with most of the major music movements in Jamaica during the 1960s and 1970s, including ska, rocksteady, reggae, dub and dancehall. | Studio One est un label discographique créé à Kingston en 1962 par le producteur jamaïcain Clement Seymour Dodd, dit Coxsone. | [
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Stanisław Lem | Stanislas Lem | Stanisław Herman Lem (; 12 or 13 September 1921 – 27 March 2006) was a Polish writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism. He is also known for satire and humor in his works. Lem's books have been translated into 41 languages and have sold over 45 million copies. From the 1950s to 2000s, he published many books, both science fiction and philosophical/futurological. Worldwide, he is best known as the author of the 1961 novel "Solaris", which has been made into a feature film three times. In 1976, Theodore Sturgeon wrote that Lem was the most widely read science fiction writer in the world. The total print of Lem's books is over 30 million copies. | Stanisław Herman Lem, francisé en Stanislas Lem, né le à Lviv (aujourd'hui en Ukraine, Lwów en polonais) et mort le à Cracovie, en Pologne, est un écrivain de science-fiction polonais. Son œuvre, traduite en, caractérisée par l'étendue de sa palette, est construite autour d'une vision critique du comportement humain. Stanislas Lem est également l'un des écrivains polonais les plus traduits aux côtés de Gombrowicz et Sienkiewicz. "Solaris" est sans doute son roman le plus célèbre et a été porté au cinéma par Andreï Tarkovski en 1972 puis par Steven Soderbergh en 2002. Certains de ses romans mêlent récit d'anticipation et intrigue policière, notamment dans "Le Rhume" ("Katar", 1976). | [
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Syncretism | Syncrétisme | Syncretism is the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought. Syncretism involves the merging or assimilation of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thus asserting an underlying unity and allowing for an inclusive approach to other faiths. Syncretism also occurs commonly in expressions of arts and culture (known as eclecticism) as well as politics (syncretic politics). | Un syncrétisme est un mélange d'influences. Le terme de syncrétisme vient du mot grec signifiant. Initialement appliqué à une coalition guerrière, il s'est étendu à toutes formes de rassemblement de doctrines disparates, et est surtout utilisé à propos de religion. | [
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Sun Microsystems | Sun Microsystems | Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun for short) was an American company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services and created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, ZFS, the Network File System (NFS), and SPARC. Sun contributed significantly to the evolution of several key computing technologies, among them Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982. At its height, the Sun headquarters were in Santa Clara, California (part of Silicon Valley), on the former west campus of the Agnews Developmental Center. | Le, est racheté par. Avant son rachat, le chiffre d’affaires de l’entreprise était de de dollars pour l'année fiscale 2007-2008 et l’effectif d’environ (2006). était présent dans plus de (2005). | [
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Straight edge | Straight edge | Straight edge (sometimes abbreviated sXe or signified by XXX or X) is a subculture of hardcore punk whose adherents refrain from using alcohol, tobacco and other recreational drugs, in reaction to the excesses of punk subculture. For some, this extends to refraining from engaging in promiscuous sex, to following a vegetarian or vegan diet, and to not using caffeine or prescription drugs. The term "straight edge" was adopted from the 1981 song "Straight Edge" by the hardcore punk band Minor Threat. | Le est une sous-culture et un sous-genre musical du punk hardcore dont les adhérents ne consomment ni alcool, ni tabac et autres drogues récréatives. C'était une réaction directe au dévoiement de la révolution sexuelle, à l'hédonisme destructeur et aux excès associés au punk rock. Pour certains, cela s'étend à ne pas s'engager dans la promiscuité sexuelle, à suivre un régime végétarien ou végétalien et à ne pas consommer de caféine ou de médicaments. Le terme a été adopté et popularisé à partir de la chanson "" du groupe de punk hardcore des années 1980 Minor Threat. | [
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Sacred | Sacré | Something that is sacred is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity or considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspiring awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a "sacred artifact" that is venerated and blessed), or places ("sacred ground"). | Le sacré est une notion d'anthropologie culturelle permettant à une société humaine de créer une séparation ou une opposition axiologique entre les différents éléments qui composent, définissent ou représentent son monde : objets, actes, espaces, parties du corps, valeurs, etc. Le sacré fait signe vers ce qui est mis en dehors des choses ordinaires, banales, communes ; il s'oppose essentiellement au profane, mais aussi à l'utilitaire. Les Français ont tendance à se référer au sacre d'un roi, tandis que les Anglais parlent en général de son couronnement (coronation), à la manière des Allemands (die Krônung, quoique les Allemands mentionnent plus volontiers die Weihe que les Anglais the consecration ou the sacring)1. | [
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Super Mario Sunshine | Super Mario Sunshine | Super Mario Sunshine is a 2002 3D platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. It was the second 3D platformer in the "Super Mario" series, following "Super Mario 64" (1996). | Cet épisode retrace les aventures du héros Mario sur l'île Delfino. Accompagné de la Princesse Peach, Papy Champi (qui fait ici sa première apparition) et de quelques Toads, pour ce qui devait être de simples vacances, il est de nouveau confronté à Bowser et Bowser Jr. (qui fait lui aussi sa première apparition). Pour les empêcher d'accomplir leurs plans, Mario se fait aider par J.E.T., un appareil créé par le professeur K. Tastroff. | [
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol | The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a communication protocol for electronic mail transmission. As an Internet standard, SMTP was first defined in 1982 by, and updated in 2008 by to Extended SMTP additions, which is the protocol variety in widespread use today. Mail servers and other message transfer agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages. Proprietary systems such as Microsoft Exchange and IBM Notes and webmail systems such as Outlook.com, Gmail and Yahoo! Mail may use non-standard protocols internally, but all use SMTP when sending to or receiving email from outside their own systems. SMTP servers commonly use the Transmission Control Protocol on port number 25. | SMTP est un protocole assez simple (comme son nom l'indique). On commence par spécifier l'expéditeur du message, puis le ou les destinataires d'un message, puis, en général après avoir vérifié leur existence, le corps du message est transféré. Il est possible de tester un serveur SMTP en utilisant la commande telnet sur le port 25 d'un serveur distant. | [
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Surrealism | Surréalisme | Surrealism was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of uncommon imagery. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes, sometimes with photographic precision, creating strange creatures from everyday objects, and developing painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Its aim was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or "surreality." | Le surréalisme est un mouvement artistique du, comprenant l’ensemble des procédés de création et d’expression (peinture, dessin, musique, cinéma, littérature...) utilisant toutes les forces psychiques (automatisme, rêve, inconscient) libérées du contrôle de la raison et en lutte contre les valeurs reçues. Il est caractérisé par sa transdisciplinarité (peinture, objet, collage, cinéma, costume...) et l'importante collaboration entre ses membres. | [
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Tigrinya language | Tigrigna | The Tigrinya language (also spelled Tigrigna) is a Semitic language most widely spoken in Eritrea and in the northern part of Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, Tigrinya is spoken in the Tigray region. It is also spoken by groups of emigrants from these regions. | Le tigrigna, également écrit tigrinya ou tigriña (en tigrigna : ትግርኛ "tigriññā" ; en alphabet phonétique international : ) est une langue chamito-sémitique appartenant à la famille des langues sémitiques et parlée essentiellement au nord-est de la Corne de l'Afrique. C'est la langue officielle de l'Érythrée et, en Éthiopie, de l'État régional du Tigray. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Standard Model | Modèle standard de la physique des particules | The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, and not including the gravitational force) in the universe, as well as classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists around the world, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, confirmation of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy. | Le modèle standard de la physique des particules est une théorie qui concerne l'électromagnétisme, les interactions nucléaires faible et forte, et la classification de toutes les particules subatomiques connues. Elle a été développée pendant la deuxième moitié du, dans une initiative collaborative mondiale, sur les bases de la mécanique quantique. La formulation actuelle a été finalisée au milieu des années 1970 à la suite de la confirmation expérimentale des quarks. Depuis, les découvertes du quark top (1995), du neutrino tauique (2000) et du boson de Higgs (2012) ont donné encore plus de crédibilité au modèle standard. Toutes les particules du modèle standard ont désormais été observées expérimentalement. Par son succès à expliquer une large variété de résultats expérimentaux, le modèle standard est parfois vu comme une « théorie de presque tout ». | [
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Skinhead | Skinhead | A skinhead is a member of a subculture originated among working class youths in London, England, in the 1960s and soon spread to other parts of the United Kingdom, with a second working class skinhead movement emerging worldwide in the 1980s. Motivated by social alienation and working class solidarity, skinheads (often shortened to "skins") are defined by their close-cropped or shaven heads and working-class clothing such as Dr. Martens and steel toe work boots, braces, high rise and varying length straight-leg jeans, and button-down collar shirts, usually slim fitting in check or plain. The movement reached a peak during the 1960s, experienced a revival in the 1980s, and, since then, has endured in multiple contexts worldwide. | Skinhead (des mots anglais "skin" « peau » et "head" « tête » : « cuir chevelu – à nu ») désigne à l'origine un jeune prolétaire britannique aux cheveux tondus ou non. Le phénomène skinhead est né au Royaume-Uni à la fin des années 1960. Il est une évolution de la mouvance "modernist" (les "mods"). En évoluant et en se diversifiant la culture Skinhead va adopter divers styles musicaux. Si au début leur culture musicale emprunte principalement à leurs ainés Mods la soul américaine et le ska, à partir de 1967 les Skinheads accompagnent l'explosion du rocksteady et du reggae naissant, dont l'impact en Grande-Bretagne en font les principaux amateurs en dehors de la communauté immigrée. Avec les années 1970, le Glam Rock vient s'ajouter à cet engouement, puis le retour des skinheads à partir de 1978 accompagne la naissance d'une partie de la scène Punk Rock puis de la Oi!. Il est à noter que le Hardcore punk aux U.S.A est un style qui est adopté par les skinheads dès le début des années 1980 (avec Agnostic Front, Warzone ou The Abused par exemple). | [
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Tarn-et-Garonne | Tarn-et-Garonne | Tarn-et-Garonne (; ) is a department Southwestern France. It is traversed by the rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name. This area was originally part of the former provinces of Quercy and Languedoc. The department was created in 1808 by Napoleon, with territory being taken from the departments of Lot, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers and Aveyron. | Le département de Tarn-et-Garonne ( en français standard, et localement ; "Tarn e Garona" en occitan) est un département français appartenant à la région Occitanie. Il tire son nom du fleuve Garonne et de son affluent le Tarn. | [
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Telecommunication | Télécommunications | Telecommunication is the exchange of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology. It is transmitted through a transmission medium, such as over physical media, for example, over electrical cable, or via electromagnetic radiation through space such as radio or light. Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. Since the Latin term "communicatio" is considered the social process of information exchange, the term telecommunications is often used in its plural form because it involves many different technologies. | Les télécommunications sont définies comme la transmission à distance d’informations avec des moyens à base d'électronique et d'informatique et de transmission filaire, optique ou électromagnétique. Ce terme a un sens plus large que son acception équivalente officielle « communication électronique ». Elles se distinguent ainsi de la poste qui transmet des informations ou des objets sous forme physique. | [
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Sorting algorithm | Algorithme de tri | In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most frequently used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the efficiency of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) that require input data to be in sorted lists. Sorting is also often useful for canonicalizing data and for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output of any sorting algorithm must satisfy two conditions: | Un algorithme de tri est, en informatique ou en mathématiques, un algorithme qui permet d'organiser une collection d'objets selon une relation d'ordre déterminée. Les objets à trier sont des éléments d'un ensemble muni d'un ordre total. Il est par exemple fréquent de trier des entiers selon la relation d'ordre usuelle « est inférieur ou égal à ». Les algorithmes de tri sont utilisés dans de très nombreuses situations. Ils sont en particulier utiles à de nombreux algorithmes plus complexes dont certains algorithmes de recherche, comme la recherche dichotomique. Ils peuvent également servir pour mettre des données sous forme canonique ou les rendre plus lisibles pour l'utilisateur. | [
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Tiramisu | Tiramisu | Tiramisu (from the Italian language, spelled "tiramisù",, meaning "pick me up" or "cheer me up") is a coffee-flavoured Italian dessert. It is made of ladyfingers (savoiardi) dipped in coffee, layered with a whipped mixture of eggs, sugar and mascarpone cheese, flavoured with cocoa. The recipe has been adapted into many varieties of cakes and other desserts. Its origins are often disputed among Italian regions Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia. | Le tiramisu (de l'italien « "" », du vénitien « "tiramesù" », littéralement « tire-moi vers le haut », « remonte-moi le moral », « redonne-moi des forces ») est une pâtisserie et un dessert traditionnel de la cuisine italienne. | [
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Stephen King | Stephen King | Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, crime, science-fiction, and fantasy novels. His books have sold more than 350 million copies, and many have been adapted into films, television series, miniseries, and comic books. He has published 61 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, and six non-fiction books. He has written approximately 200 short stories, most of which have been published in book collections. | Stephen King est un écrivain américain né le à Portland (Maine). Il publie son premier roman en 1974 et devient rapidement célèbre pour ses contributions dans le domaine de l'horreur mais écrit également des livres relevant d'autres genres comme le fantastique, la fantasy, la science-fiction et le roman policier. Tout au long de sa carrière, il écrit et publie plus de, dont sept sous le nom de plume de Richard Bachman, et plus de, dont plus de la moitié sont réunies dans dix recueils de nouvelles. Après son grave accident en 1999, il ralentit son rythme d'écriture. Ses livres se sont vendus à plus de d'exemplaires à travers le monde et il établit de nouveaux records de ventes dans le domaine de l'édition durant les années 1980, décennie où sa popularité atteint son apogée. | [
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Takeshi Kitano | Takeshi Kitano | Kitano rose to prominence in the 1970s as one half of the comedy duo "Two Beat", before going solo and becoming one of the three biggest comedians in the country. After several small acting roles, he made his directorial debut with 1989's "Violent Cop" and garnered international acclaim for "Sonatine" (1993). He was not widely accepted as an accomplished director in Japan until "Hana-bi" won the Golden Lion in 1997. In October 2017, Kitano completed his "Outrage" crime trilogy with the release of "Outrage Coda". | , également connu sous le nom de scène de, est un cinéaste, acteur, animateur de télévision, humoriste, artiste-peintre, plasticien, écrivain, poète, chanteur et designer de jeu vidéo japonais, né le dans le quartier d'Umejima dans l'arrondissement d'Adachi à Tokyo. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Transceiver | Émetteur-récepteur | In radio communication, a transceiver is a device that is able to both transmit and receive information through a transmission medium. It is a combination of a "trans"mitter and a re"ceiver", hence the name "transceiver". Transmission is usually accomplished via radio waves, but communications satellites, wired connections, and optical fiber systems can also be used. | Un émetteur-récepteur est un équipement électronique combinant un récepteur et un émetteur qui partagent des circuits communs. Les anglophones disent « "transceiver" », contraction de « "TRANSmitter" » (« émetteur ») et de « "reCEIVER" » (« récepteur »). Ce mot est parfois francisé en « "transcepteur" ». Il est utilisé dans plusieurs contextes. | [
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Quantum field theory | Théorie quantique des champs | In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics, but "not" general relativity's description of gravity. QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. | La théorie quantique des champs est une approche en physique théorique pour construire des modèles décrivant l'évolution des particules, en particulier leur apparition ou disparition lors des processus d'interaction. Il ne s'agit donc pas d'une seule théorie, mais plutôt d'un cadre théorique, qui tire son nom de la combinaison entre la notion classique de champ et des principes et outils de la mécanique quantique (relativiste). Selon cette approche, l'attention est portée non pas sur des particules, mais sur des champs, pénétrant l'espace et considérés comme plus fondamentaux. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Tourism in France | Tourisme en France | Tourism in France directly contributed 79.8 billion euros to gross domestic product, 30% of which comes from international visitors and 70% from domestic tourism spending. The total contribution of travel and tourism represents 9.7% of GDP and supports 2.9 million jobs (10.9% of employment) in the country. Tourism contributes significantly to the balance of payments. | Le tourisme en France est un secteur économique de ce pays. Il s'agit d'une activité importante, aussi bien pour les Français qui choisissent d'y passer leurs vacances, que pour les étrangers qui viennent y faire un séjour. Selon des chiffres de l'Organisation mondiale du tourisme, depuis les années 1990, la France est devenue la première destination touristique au monde (89 millions d'arrivées de touristes internationaux en 2017), mais est à la sixième place pour ce qui concerne les présences dans les hôtels, avec 140 millions de nuits, après les États-Unis, la Chine, l'Espagne, l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni, et à la troisième place (derrière les États-Unis et l'Espagne) en matière de recettes tirées du tourisme international jusqu'en 2015, année qui la voit descendre à la quatrième place derrière la Chine. | [
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Sexism | Sexisme | Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster sexual harassment, rape, and other forms of sexual violence. Gender discrimination may encompass sexism, and is discrimination toward people based on their gender identity or their gender or sex differences. Gender discrimination is especially defined in terms of workplace inequality. It may arise from social or cultural customs and norms. | Le sexisme désigne l'ensemble des préjugés ou des discriminations reposant sur le sexe ou, par extension, sur le genre d'une personne. Il s'étend au concept de stéréotype et de rôle de genre, pouvant comprendre la croyance qu'un sexe ou qu'un genre serait intrinsèquement supérieur à l'autre. Dans sa forme extrême, il peut encourager le harcèlement sexuel, le viol ou toute autre forme de violence sexuelle. Le sexisme évoque également la discrimination de genre sous la forme des inégalités homme-femme. | [
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Thích Nhất Hạnh | Thích Nhất Hạnh | Thích Nhất Hạnh (; ; born as Nguyễn Xuân Bảo on October 11, 1926) is a Vietnamese Thiền Buddhist monk and peace activist, founder of the Plum Village Tradition. | Thích Nhất Hạnh ("Nhất Hạnh", en vietnamien, "Thích" étant un titre), né Nguyễn Xuân Bảo le à Huế, dans la province de Thừa Thiên-Huế, Vietnam, est un moine bouddhiste vietnamien militant pour la paix. Il est un des initiateurs du bouddhisme zen en Occident les plus connus. Les autres initiateurs du bouddhisme en Occident sont master Chin Kung, Hsing Yun. | [
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Tarn (department) | Tarn (département) | Tarn ( or ; ) is a department located in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Tarn River, it had a population of 386,448 as of 2016. Its prefecture and largest city is Albi. The inhabitants of Tarn are known, in French, as "Tarnais" and "Tarnaises". | Le Tarn est un département français de la région Occitanie, traversé par la rivière Tarn qui lui a donné son nom. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 81. Les habitants sont nommés les Tarnais et Tarnaises. La préfecture est Albi, et l'unique sous-préfecture est Castres. Le département fait partie de l'académie de Toulouse sur le plan scolaire et dépend de la cour d'appel de Toulouse sur le plan judiciaire. | [
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Scientific management | Taylorisme | Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes to management. Scientific management is sometimes known as Taylorism after its founder, Frederick Winslow Taylor. | Le taylorisme – du nom de son inventeur, l'ingénieur américain Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) – désigne la forme d'organisation scientifique du travail (OST) définie par lui et ses disciples à partir des années 1880. | [
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Bubastis | Tell Basta | Bubastis (Bohairic Coptic: "Poubasti"; Greek: "Boubastis" or "Boubastos"), also known in Arabic as Tell-Basta or in Egyptian as Per-Bast, was an Ancient Egyptian city. Bubastis is often identified with the biblical "Pi-Beseth" ( "py-bst", Ezekiel 30:17). It was the capital of its own nome, located along the River Nile in the Delta region of Lower Egypt, and notable as a center of worship for the feline goddess Bastet, and therefore the principal depository in Egypt of mummies of cats. | Tell Basta est le nom arabe de la ville antique de Per Bast(et) (en égyptien) que les Grecs nommeront Boubastis. L'actuelle ville de Zagazig se trouve juste au nord-ouest du site de Tell Basta. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Disk read-and-write head | Tête inductive | Disk read/write heads are the small parts of a disk drive which move above the disk platter and transform the platter's magnetic field into electrical current (read the disk) or, vice versa, transform electrical current into magnetic field (write the disk). The heads have gone through a number of changes over the years. | La tête inductive est l'un des trois types de têtes de lecture existant sur les disques durs. Pour exécuter les fonctions de lecture et d'écriture, le système à tête inductive n'est constitué que d'un seul électroaimant. | [
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Tape head | Tête de lecture à technologie GMR | A tape head is a type of transducer used in tape recorders to convert electrical signals to magnetic fluctuations and vice versa. They can also be used to read credit/debit/gift cards because the strip of magnetic tape on the back of a credit card stores data the same way that other magnetic tapes do. Cassettes, reel-to-reel tapes, 8-tracks, VHS tapes, and even floppy disks and modern hard drive disks all use the same principle of physics to store and read back information. The medium is magnetized in a pattern. It then moves at a constant speed over an electromagnet. Since the moving tape is carrying a changing magnetic field with it, it induces a varying voltage across the head. That voltage can then be amplified and connected to speakers in the case of audio, or measured and sorted into '1's and zeroes in the case of digital data. | La tête GMR (de l'anglais "") signifiant magnétorésistance géante en français, est l’un des trois types de têtes de lecture existant sur les disques durs. | [
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Trimurti | Trimūrti | The Trimūrti (; Sanskrit: त्रिमूर्ति "", "three forms") is the triple deity of supreme divinity in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified as a triad of deities, typically Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer, though individual denominations may vary from that particular line-up. The legendary yogi Dattatreya is often treated as not only one of the 24 avatars of Vishnu, but also of Shiva and Brahma as well in a single three-headed body. | Dans l'hindouisme, la Trimūrti (devanagari : त्रिमूर्ति), "trois formes" en sanskrit, est la partie manifestée de la divinité suprême qui se fait triple pour présider aux différents états de l'univers. | [
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Surface finishing | Traitement de surface | Surface finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item to achieve a certain property. Finishing processes may be employed to: improve appearance, adhesion or wettability, solderability, corrosion resistance, tarnish resistance, chemical resistance, wear resistance, hardness, modify electrical conductivity, remove burrs and other surface flaws, and control the surface friction. In limited cases some of these techniques can be used to restore original dimensions to salvage or repair an item. An unfinished surface is often called "mill finish". | Un traitement de surface (TTS) est une opération mécanique, chimique, électrochimique ou physique qui a pour conséquence de modifier l'aspect ou la fonction de la surface des matériaux afin de l'adapter à des conditions d'utilisation données. Les traitements de surface jouent un rôle éminent dans le domaine de la tribologie (voir traitements anti-usure). | [
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Samuel Beckett | Samuel Beckett | Samuel Barclay Beckett (; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish novelist, playwright, short story writer, theatre director, poet, and literary translator. A resident of Paris for most of his adult life, he wrote in both French and English. | Samuel Barclay Beckett, né le à Foxrock (Dublin) et mort le à Paris, est un écrivain, poète et dramaturge irlandais d'expression principalement française et anglaise, récipiendaire du prix Nobel de littérature en 1969. | [
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Heat treating | Traitement thermique d'un métal | Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve the desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching. Although the term "heat treatment" applies only to processes where the heating and cooling are done for the specific purpose of altering properties intentionally, heating and cooling often occur incidentally during other manufacturing processes such as hot forming or welding. | Le traitement thermique d'une pièce de métal consiste à lui faire subir des transformations de structure grâce à des cycles prédéterminés de chauffage et de refroidissement afin d'en améliorer les caractéristiques mécaniques : dureté, ductilité, limite d'élasticité | [
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Trip hop | Trip hop | Trip hop (sometimes used synonymously with "downtempo") is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. It has been described as "a fusion of hip hop and electronica until neither genre is recognizable", and may incorporate a variety of styles, including funk, dub, soul, psychedelia, R&B, and house, as well as other forms of electronic music. Trip hop can be highly experimental. | Le trip hop est un genre musical ayant émergé au début des années 1990, dans la région de Bristol. Dérivé de la -acid house, le terme est utilisé par la presse spécialisée britannique et les médias pour décrire une variante plus expérimentale du breakbeat inspirée de la soul, du funk et du jazz. Le genre est décrit comme un, et comme | [
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The Shining (novel) | Shining, l'enfant lumière | The Shining is a horror novel by American author Stephen King. Published in 1977, it is King's third published novel and first hardback bestseller: the success of the book firmly established King as a preeminent author in the horror genre. The setting and characters are influenced by King's personal experiences, including both his visit to The Stanley Hotel in 1974 and his recovery from alcoholism. The novel was adapted into a 1980 film of the same name and was later followed by a sequel, "Doctor Sleep", published in 2013. | , l'enfant lumière (titre original : "") est un roman d'horreur écrit par Stephen King et publié en 1977. Cet ouvrage, le troisième qu’il publie, l’établit comme une figure importante du genre fantastique. Le roman a été publié pour la première fois en France sous le titre de "L'Enfant lumière" mais la dénomination "Shining" a par la suite été retenue pour les éditions ultérieures. | [
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Soil texture | Texture du sol | Soil texture is a classification instrument used both in the field and laboratory to determine soil classes based on their physical texture. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method. Soil texture has agricultural applications such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the soil to environmental and management conditions such as drought or calcium (lime) requirements. Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. The USDA soil taxonomy and WRB soil classification systems use 12 textural classes whereas the UK-ADAS system uses 11. These classifications are based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. | La texture du sol correspond à la répartition dans ce sol des minéraux par catégorie de grosseur (en fait, diamètre des particules supposées sphériques) indépendamment de la nature et de la composition de ces minéraux. La texture du sol ne tient pas compte du calcaire et de la matière organique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Thoth | Thot | Thoth (; from "", borrowed from, the reflex of "[He] is like the Ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. His feminine counterpart was Seshat, and his wife was Ma'at. He was the god of wisdom, writing, hieroglyphs, science, magic, art, judgment, and the dead. | Thot (en grec ancien, de l'égyptien ancien "Djehouty") est dans la mythologie égyptienne le dieu lunaire de Khemenou (Hermopolis Magna) en Moyenne-Égypte. | [
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Television | Télévision | Television (TV), sometimes shortened to tele or telly, is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a television set, a television show, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports. | La télévision est un ensemble de techniques destinées à émettre et recevoir des séquences audiovisuelles, appelées programme télévisé (émissions, films et séquences publicitaires). Le contenu de ces programmes peut être décrit selon des procédés analogiques ou numériques tandis que leur transmission peut se faire par ondes radioélectriques ou par réseau câblé. | [
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Digital terrestrial television | Télévision numérique terrestre | Digital terrestrial television (DTTV or DTT, or DTTB with "broadcasting") is a technology for terrestrial television in which land-based (terrestrial) television stations broadcast television content by radio waves to televisions in consumers' residences in a digital format. DTTV is a major technological advance over the previous analog television, and has largely replaced analog which had been in common use since the middle of the 20th century. Test broadcasts began in 1998 with the changeover to DTTV (aka Analog Switchoff (ASO) or Digital Switchover (DSO)) beginning in 2006 and is now complete in many countries. The advantages of "digital" terrestrial television are similar to those obtained by digitising platforms such as cable TV, satellite, and telecommunications: more efficient use of limited radio spectrum bandwidth, provision of more television channels than analog, better quality images, and potentially lower operating costs for broadcasters (after the initial upgrade costs). | La télévision numérique terrestre (TNT) est une évolution technique en matière de télédiffusion, fondée sur la diffusion de signaux de télévision numérique par un réseau de réémetteurs hertziens terrestres. Par rapport à la télévision analogique terrestre à laquelle elle se substitue, la télévision numérique terrestre permet de réduire l'occupation du spectre électromagnétique grâce à l'utilisation de modulations plus efficaces, d'obtenir une meilleure qualité d'image, ainsi que de réduire les coûts d'exploitation pour la diffusion et la transmission une fois les coûts de mise à niveau amortis. La télévision numérique "terrestre" est à comparer à la télévision numérique reçue par câble ou par satellite (TNS). Dans ce dernier cas, la diffusion ne se fait pas par le réseau des émetteurs terrestres mais via un satellite (d'où l'utilisation d'antennes paraboliques au lieu d'une antenne de télévision classique dite antenne « râteau »). | [
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Tim Burton | Tim Burton | Timothy Walter Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American director, producer, artist, writer, and animator. He is known for his gothic fantasy and horror films such as "Beetlejuice" (1988), "Edward Scissorhands" (1990), "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (1993), "Ed Wood" (1994), "Sleepy Hollow" (1999), "Corpse Bride" (2005), "" (2007), "Dark Shadows" (2012), and "Frankenweenie" (2012). He is also known for blockbuster films, such as the adventure-comedy "Pee-wee's Big Adventure" (1985), the superhero films "Batman" (1989) and its sequel, "Batman Returns" (1992), the sci-fi film "Planet of the Apes" (2001), the fantasy-drama "Big Fish" (2003), the musical adventure film "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (2005), the fantasy film "Alice in Wonderland" (2010), and the film adaptation of "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children" (2016). | Tim Burton est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma américain, né le à Burbank (Californie). Adepte du fantastique et influencé par Edgar Allan Poe, il est largement reconnu comme étant bon conteur et graphiste. Il est révélé au grand public en signant la mise en scène de "" (1988), "Batman" (1989), "Edward aux mains d’argent" (1990) et "" (1992). | [
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Terminative case | Terminatif | In morphology, the terminative case (abbreviated ) is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action. | En linguistique, le terminatif est un cas grammatical présent dans certaines langues, exprimant la limite spatiale ou temporelle, le point ultime d'un déplacement ou d'une période de temps. Il correspond à la préposition française "jusqu'à". | [
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Transport | Transport | Transport (commonly used in the U.K.), or transportation (used in the U.S.), is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. In other words, the action of transport is defined as a particular movement of an organism or thing from a point A (a place in space) to a point B. Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations. | Le transport est le déplacement d'objets, de marchandises, ou d'individus (humains ou animaux) d'un endroit à un autre. Les modes de transport incluent l'aviation, le chemin de fer, le transport routier, le transport maritime, le transport par câble, l'acheminement par pipeline et le transport spatial. Le mode dépend également du type de véhicule ou d'infrastructure utilisé. Les moyens de transport peuvent inclure les véhicules à propulsion humaine, l'automobile, la moto, le scooter, le bus, le métro, le tramway, le train, le camion, la marche à pied, l'ascenseur, l'hélicoptère, le bateau ou l'avion Le type de transport peut se caractériser par son appartenance au secteur public ou privé. | [
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Tinos | Tinos | Tinos ( ) is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. It is located in the Cyclades archipelago. In antiquity, Tinos was also known as Ophiussa (from "ophis", Greek for snake) and Hydroessa (from "hydor", Greek for water). The closest islands are Andros, Delos, and Mykonos. It has a land area of and a 2011 census population of 8,636 inhabitants. | Tinos (en ) est une île du nord des Cyclades grecques, dans la mer Égée méridionale. Elle se situe entre Andros et Mykonos. Son port principal et sa capitale, Tinos, est dominé par l'imposant rocher de l'Exombourgo (). Ses habitants sont appelés les "Tiniotes". | [
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Tsui Hark | Tsui Hark | Tsui Hark (,, born 15 February 1950), born Tsui Man-kong, is a Hong Kong film director, producer and screenwriter. Tsui has directed several influential Hong Kong films such as "Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain" (1983), the "Once Upon a Time in China" film series (1991–1997) and "The Blade" (1995). Tsui also has been a prolific writer and (a very hands-on) producer; his productions include "A Better Tomorrow" (1986), "A Chinese Ghost Story" (1987), "The Killer" (1989), "The Legend of the Swordsman" (1992), "The Wicked City" (1992), "Iron Monkey" (1993) and "Black Mask" (1996). He is viewed as a major figure in the Golden Age of Hong Kong cinema and is regarded by critics as "one of the masters of Asian cinematography". | Tsui Hark (徐克, né le sous le nom de Tsui Man-kong) est un réalisateur, producteur, scénariste et acteur hongkongais considéré comme une figure prédominante de la Nouvelle Vague hongkongaise. | [
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Tricky (musician) | Tricky | Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws (born 27 January 1968), better known by his stage name Tricky, is an English record producer, rapper and actor. Born and raised in Bristol, he began his career as an early collaborator of Massive Attack before embarking on a solo career with his debut album, "Maxinquaye", in 1995. The release won Tricky popular acclaim and marked the beginning of a lengthy collaborative partnership with vocalist Martina Topley-Bird. He released four more studio albums before the end of the decade, including "Pre-Millennium Tension" and the pseudonymous "Nearly God", both in 1996. He has gone on to release eight studio albums since 2000, most recently "Ununiform" (2017). | Tricky, de son vrai nom Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws, est un musicien britannique, né le. Il est considéré comme un des piliers du trip hop, mouvement musical des années 1990 et il mélange notamment rock, hip-hop, musique électronique et musique soul. Son premier album, "Maxinquaye", a été nommé pour le Mercury Prize et fut élu album de l’année par la revue musicale NME. Il fut membre de Massive Attack mais il quitte le groupe en 1994 après la sortie de l'album "Protection". | [
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French Open | Internationaux de France de tennis | The French Open (), also called Roland-Garros (), is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France, beginning in late May each year, except 2020, which is planned to begin in late September due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The venue is named after the French aviator Roland Garros. It is the premier clay court tennis championship tournament in the world and the second of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three being the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. The French Open is currently the only Grand Slam tournament held on clay, and it is the conclusion of the spring clay court season. Before the Australian Open and the US Open were converted into hardcourt, the French Open was the lone non-grass tournament. Between the seven rounds needed for a championship, the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men's singles matches, the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world. | Les Internationaux de France, ou Tournoi de Roland-Garros, ou plus simplement Roland-Garros par métonymie, est un tournoi de tennis sur terre battue créé en 1925 et qui se tient annuellement depuis 1928 à Paris, dans le stade Roland-Garros. Il succède au "Championnat de France" créé en 1891. Organisé par la Fédération française de tennis (FFT), il se déroule sur la dernière semaine de mai et la première semaine de juin. Il est l'un des quatre tournois du Grand Chelem, le deuxième dans le calendrier après l'Open d'Australie en janvier. Suivent le tournoi de Wimbledon, dernière semaine de juin et première semaine de juillet, puis l'US Open en août. Dans le monde du tennis à majorité anglophone, le tournoi est aussi connu sous le nom de "" depuis 1968, première année de l'ère Open. | [
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Theatre | Théâtre | Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron, "a place for viewing"), itself from θεάομαι (theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe"). | Le théâtre () est à la fois l'art de la représentation d'un drame ou d'une comédie, un genre littéraire particulier, et l'édifice dans lequel se déroulent les spectacles de théâtre. On parle aussi de genre dramatique. | [
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Strasbourg | Strasbourg | Strasbourg (,, ;, ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin department. | Strasbourg ( ) est une commune française située dans le département du Bas-Rhin. Préfecture du département, elle est également, depuis le, le chef-lieu de la région Grand Est. Capitale de la région historique d'Alsace, la ville est bordée par le Rhin et frontalière avec l'Allemagne. | [
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Tsunami | Tsunami | A ( ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide. For this reason, it is often referred to as a tidal wave, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. | Un tsunami (en japonais, « vague du port ») est une série d'ondes de très grande période se propageant à travers un milieu aquatique (océan, mer ou lac), issues du brusque mouvement d'un grand volume d'eau, provoqué généralement par un séisme, un glissement de terrain sous-marin ou une explosion volcanique, et pouvant se transformer, en atteignant les côtes, en vagues destructrices déferlantes de très grande hauteur. | [
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Evolution | Évolution (biologie) | Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of mutation, genetic recombination and other sources of genetic variation. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population. It is this process of evolution that has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules. | En biologie, l’évolution est la transformation du monde vivant au cours du temps, qui se manifeste par des changements phénotypiques des organismes à travers les générations. Ces changements généralement graduels (mais pouvant être rapides ou lents) peuvent aboutir, à partir d’une seule espèce (dite « espèce-mère »), à la formation de nouvelles variétés périphériques devenant progressivement des « espèces-filles ». Inversement, la fusion de deux lignées par hybridation ou par symbiogenèse entre deux populations d'espèces différentes peuvent produire une troisième espèce nouvelle. L’évolution explique la biodiversité sur Terre. L’histoire des espèces peut ainsi être pensée et représentée sous la forme d’un arbre phylogénétique et d’autres schémas et modèles, qui permettent de comprendre le phénomène de l’évolution. | [
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Tantō | Tantō | A is one of the traditionally made Japanese swords () that were worn by the samurai class of feudal Japan. The tantō dates to the Heian period, when it was mainly used as a weapon but evolved in design over the years to become more ornate. Tantō were used in traditional martial arts (tantojutsu). The term has seen a resurgence in the West since the 1980s as a point style of modern tactical knives, designed for piercing or stabbing. | Le est un couteau japonais légèrement courbe à un seul tranchant dont la taille de la lame est inférieure à (un "shaku" en vérité, unité de mesure des longueurs japonaises). | [
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TeX | TeX | TeX (, see below), stylized within the system as TeX, is a typesetting system (or a "formatting system") which was designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978. TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex mathematical formulae; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems. | TeX est un système logiciel libre de composition de documents, indépendant du matériel utilisé pour la visualisation ou l'impression. Il fut créé à partir de 1977 par le mathématicien et informaticien Donald Knuth, excédé par la piètre qualité de la typographie des logiciels d'édition de l'époque. Il est principalement conçu pour l'édition de documents techniques et est largement utilisé par les scientifiques, particulièrement en mathématiques, physique, bio-informatique, astronomie et informatique. Il est également extensible et permet notamment l'édition de documents plus complexes (affiches, plaquettes publicitaires, partitions musicales...). TeX vient de, début du mot (« art, science », en grec ancien), et se prononce // ou //, au choix. On écrit parfois au lieu de TeX, le logiciel permettant les mises en forme correspondant au logo. | [
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Tanzania | Tanzanie | Tanzania (, ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania (), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. | La Tanzanie, en forme longue la république unie de Tanzanie ou république-unie de Tanzanie, en swahili et, en anglais et, est un pays d'Afrique de l'Est situé en bordure de l'océan Indien, dans la partie tropicale de l'hémisphère sud. Il est entouré au nord par le Kenya et l'Ouganda, à l'ouest par le Rwanda, le Burundi et la République démocratique du Congo, au sud-ouest par la Zambie et le Malawi et au sud par le Mozambique. Le pays couvre et compte d'habitants en 2018, essentiellement bantous. Sa capitale est Dodoma, située dans l'intérieur des terres, mais le principal pôle économique est l'ancienne capitale Dar es Salam, située sur la côte. Les langues officielles sont le swahili et l'anglais mais l'arabe est aussi parlé notamment dans les îles de Zanzibar et Pemba. | [
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Train | Train | A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of connected vehicles that generally run along a railroad (or railway) track to transport passengers or cargo (also known as "freight" or "goods"). The word "train" comes from the Old French "trahiner", derived from the Latin "trahere" meaning "to pull" or "to draw". | Le train est un matériel roulant ferroviaire assurant le transport de personnes ou de marchandises sur une ligne de chemin de fer. Par extension, on appelle train le service que constitue chacun de ces transports, réguliers ou non. Le train est un mode de transport, s'effectuant sur voie ferrée. | [
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Tibet | Tibet | Tibet (; ; ) is a region in East Asia covering much of the Tibetan Plateau spanning about 2.5 million km. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa, and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of. The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level. | Le Tibet, ou anciennement Thibet, (, ) est une région de plateau située au nord de l'Himalaya en Asie, habitée traditionnellement par les Tibétains et d'autres groupes ethniques (Monbas, Qiang et Lhobas) et comportant également une population importante de Hans et de Huis. Le Tibet est le plateau habité le plus élevé de la planète, avec une altitude moyenne de. | [
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Tokugawa Ieyasu | Tokugawa Ieyasu | Son of a minor daimyo, Tokugawa once lived as a hostage, on behalf of his father, under another Daimyo. He later succeeded as daimyo after his father's death, serving as vassal and general under Oda Nobunaga, building up his strength. After Oda's death, Tokugawa was briefly a rival of fellow Oda subordinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi, before declaring allegiance to Toyotomi and fighting on his behalf. Under Toyotomi, Tokugawa was relocated to the Kanto plains in eastern Japan, away from the Toyotomi power base in Osaka. He built his castle in the fishing village of Edo (now Tokyo). He was to become the most powerful daimyo and the most senior officer under the Toyotomi regime. | Il est le dernier des trois unificateurs du Japon de l'époque Sengoku, après Oda Nobunaga et Toyotomi Hideyoshi (aussi nommé « Hashiba »). | [
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Agrippa d'Aubigné | Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné | Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné (8 February 155229 April 1630) was a French poet, soldier, propagandist and chronicler. His epic poem "Les Tragiques" (1616) is widely regarded as his masterpiece. In a book about his Catholic contemporary Jean de La Ceppède, English poet Keith Bosley has called d'Aubigné, "the epic poet of the Protestant cause," during the French Wars of Religion. Bosley added, however, that after d'Aubigné's death, he, "was forgotten until the Romantics rediscovered him." | Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné, né d’Aubigny (le véritable nom était d'Aubigny, mais par erreur, ce nom fut transcrit en d'Aubigné) le au château de Saint-Maury près de Pons, en Saintonge, et mort le à Genève, est un homme de guerre, un écrivain controversiste et poète baroque français. Il est notamment connu pour "Les Tragiques", poème héroïque racontant les persécutions subies par les protestants. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
TGV | TGV | The TGV (, "high-speed train") is France's intercity high-speed rail service, operated by the SNCF, the state-owned national rail operator. The SNCF started working on a high-speed rail network in 1966 and later presented the project to President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing who approved it. Originally designed as turbotrains to be powered by gas turbines, TGV prototypes evolved into electric trains with the 1973 oil crisis. In 1976 the SNCF ordered 87 high-speed trains from GEC-Alsthom. Following the inaugural service between Paris and Lyon in 1981 on the LGV Sud-Est (LGV for "Ligne à Grande Vitesse"; "high-speed line"), the network, centered on Paris, has expanded to connect major cities across France (including the likes of Marseille, Lille, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Rennes, Montpellier) and in neighbouring countries on a combination of high-speed and conventional lines. The TGV network in France carries about 110 million passengers a year. | Un TGV (sigle de train à grande vitesse) est un train de conception française alimenté par caténaire et propulsé par des moteurs électriques, atteignant régulièrement la vitesse de sur des lignes à grande vitesse (LGV). | [
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Telugu language | Télougou | Telugu (;, ) is the most spoken Dravidian language. It is spoken predominantly in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana (where it is official) and in the Union Territories of Puducherry (Yanam) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands by the Telugu people. It stands alongside Hindi and English as one of the few languages with primary official language status in more than one Indian state. Telugu is also a linguistic minority in the states of Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India by the country's government. | Le télougou () est une langue dravidienne du sud de l'Inde. Il est parlé dans les États d'Andhra Pradesh et du Telangana, où il a le statut de langue officielle, ainsi qu'à Yanaon (territoire de Pondichéry), dans l'arrière-pays tamoul, à l'est du Karnataka, au Maharashtra, en Orissa. Il existe une diaspora télougoue en Birmanie, en Malaisie, à Maurice, en Arabie saoudite, dans les émirats du Golfe, en Afrique du Sud, aux îles Fidji, en Amérique du Nord, au Royaume-Uni et en France. En 2011, en Inde, personnes avaient le télougou comme langue maternelle dont en Andhra Pradesh. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Periodic table | Tableau périodique des éléments | The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have metals on the left and nonmetals on the right. The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours. Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers: for example, group 17 elements are the halogens; and group 18 are the noble gases. Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals. | Le tableau périodique des éléments, également appelé tableau ou table de Mendeleïev, classification périodique des éléments ou simplement tableau périodique, représente tous les éléments chimiques, ordonnés par numéro atomique croissant et organisés en fonction de leur configuration électronique, laquelle sous-tend leurs propriétés chimiques. | [
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Tamil language | Tamoul | Tamil (; "", ) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and by the Tamil diaspora and Sri Lankan Moors. Tamil is an official language in three countries: India, Sri Lanka and Singapore. In India, it is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry. Furthermore, Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. | Le tamoul ou le tamil (, ), est une langue dravidienne originaire du Sud de l'Inde parlée par les Tamouls. Elle est la langue officielle de l'État du Tamil Nadu en Inde du sud, et l'une des langues officielles du territoire de Pondichéry (Inde), du Sri Lanka et de Singapour. Elle est aussi parlée par la diaspora tamoule aux Fidji, en Malaisie, en Birmanie, en Afrique du Sud, à l'île Maurice, à l'Ile de La Réunion, mais aussi en Europe, en Amérique du Nord et en Océanie (notamment en Australie). Le nombre total de locuteurs est évalué à 74 millions, d'après l'édition de 1999 du, dont 61 millions en Inde. Proportionnellement, c’est la langue la plus utilisée en Inde par ses locuteurs sur Internet (42 % des tamilophones utilisent Internet). | [
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Evenks | Evenks | The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym "Ewenkī(l)") are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognised as one of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 38,396 (2010 census). In China, the Evenki form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognised by the People's Republic of China, with a population of 30,875 (2010 census). There are 537 Evenks in Mongolia (2015 census) called "Khamnigan" in Mongolian language. | Les Evenks ou Ewenkis (russe : ; ) constituent l'un des peuples Toungouses de Sibérie (Russie et Nord-Est de la Chine). Leur langue est une langue toungouse, l'evenki. Les Evenks forment au total une population d'environ. Les Evenks ne pratiquent pas tous la même religion ; certains pratiquent le lamaïsme, d'autres sont orthodoxes et d'autres encore restent dans un système animiste articulé autour du chamanisme. Ils constituent également l'une des nationalités de Chine où, selon le recensement de 2000, ils seraient autour de. | [
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2 Tone Records | 2 Tone Records | 2 Tone Records was an English record label that mostly released ska and reggae-influenced music with a punk rock and pop music overtone. It was founded by Jerry Dammers of the Specials and backed by Chrysalis Records. | 2 Tone Records est un label de musique britannique créé en 1979 par le fondateur des Specials Jerry Dammers, avec comme têtes de file The Specials, Madness, The Beat, The Selecter, Bad Manners. | [
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Chechen language | Tchétchène | Chechen (,, ) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by more than 1.4 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Europe, Russia, Jordan, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) and Georgia. | Le tchétchène (' /'en tchétchène) est une langue appartenant au groupe nakh (tchétchène, ingouche et bats), langues caucasiennes du nord-est. Il est parlé principalement par les Tchétchènes en Tchétchénie et par la diaspora tchétchène à travers le monde. | [
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Subsets and Splits