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Cryptozoology | Cryptozoologie | Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that aims to prove the existence of entities from the folklore record, such as Bigfoot, the chupacabra, or Mokele-mbembe. Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as "cryptids", a term coined by the subculture. Because it does not follow the scientific method, cryptozoology is considered a pseudoscience by the academic world: it is neither a branch of zoology nor folkloristics. It was originally founded in the 1950s by zoologists Bernard Heuvelmans and Ivan T. Sanderson. | La cryptozoologie (du grec ancien, « caché »,, « animal », et, « étude », soit « étude des animaux cachés ») désigne la recherche des animaux dont l'existence ne peut pas être prouvée de manière irréfutable. Ces formes animales sont appelées cryptides. Bernard Heuvelmans, son fondateur la décrit comme ""L'étude scientifique des animaux cachés, soit des formes animales encore inconnues pour lesquelles sont seulement disponibles des preuves testimoniales ou circonstancielles, ou des preuves matérielles considérées comme insuffisantes par d'aucuns"» | [
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Leap year | Année bissextile | A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year that contains an additional day (or, in the case of a lunisolar calendar, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year or seasonal year. Because astronomical events and seasons do not repeat in a whole number of days, calendars that have the same number of days in each year drift over time with respect to the event that the year is supposed to track. By inserting (called "intercalating" in technical terminology) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. A year that is not a leap year is a common year. | Une année bissextile (ou un an bissextil) est une année comportant 366 jours au lieu de 365 jours pour une année régulière. Le jour supplémentaire, le, est placé après le dernier jour de ce mois qui compte habituellement 28 jours dans le calendrier grégorien. Sauf cas particuliers précisés ci-après, les années sont bissextiles tous les quatre ans. L'année 2020 est bissextile et les années 2024 et 2028 le seront aussi. | [
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Liège Province | Province de Liège | Liège (; ; ; ) is the easternmost province of Wallonia and Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the north) the Dutch province of Limburg, the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, Diekirch in Luxembourg, and the Walloon provinces Luxembourg, Namur and Walloon Brabant, as well as the Flemish provinces of Flemish Brabant and Limburg. | La province de Liège (, ) est une province belge située dans l'Est de la Région wallonne ; elle est placée sous la tutelle de cette dernière. | [
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Thalys | Thalys | Thalys (French: ) is a French-Belgian high-speed train operator originally built around the LGV Nord high-speed line between Paris and Brussels. This track is shared with Eurostar trains that go from Paris, Brussels or Amsterdam to London via Lille and the Channel Tunnel and with French domestic TGV trains. Thalys also serves Amsterdam (via the HSL-Zuid, a service part of NS International) and Cologne. Its system is managed by Thalys International — 70% SNCF, 30% NMBS/SNCB — and operated by THI Factory — 60% SNCF, 40% NMBS/SNCB. | Thalys International est un consortium d'entreprises ferroviaires de transport de passagers entre la France, la Belgique, l'Allemagne et les Pays-Bas autour de l'axe Paris – Bruxelles. Thalys est également une marque commerciale déposée franco-belge. | [
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Millimetre | Millimètre | The millimetre (international spelling; SI unit symbol mm) or millimeter (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousandth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Therefore, there are one thousand millimetres in a metre. There are ten millimetres in a centimetre. | Un millimètre (symbole mm ) est une unité de longueur dérivé du mètre. Sa valeur est égale à un millième de mètre. | [
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Lanthanide | Lanthanide | The lanthanide () or lanthanoid () series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements. | Les lanthanides sont une famille du tableau périodique comprenant les allant du lanthane () au lutécium (). Avec le scandium et l'yttrium, ces éléments font partie des terres rares. Ils tirent leur nom du lanthane, premier de la famille, en raison de leurs propriétés chimiques très semblables à ce dernier, du moins pour les plus légers d'entre eux. On les désigne parfois sous le symbole chimique collectif Ln, qui représente alors n'importe quel lanthanide. Ce sont tous des éléments du, hormis le lutécium, qui appartient au. Ils forment tous des cations trivalents Ln dont la chimie est très largement déterminée par leur rayon ionique, qui décroît régulièrement du lanthane au lutécium. | [
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The Elder Scrolls: Arena | The Elder Scrolls: Arena | The Elder Scrolls: Arena is an action role-playing video game developed and published by Bethesda Softworks. The first game in the "Elder Scrolls" series, it was released for MS-DOS on March 25, 1994. Like its sequels, "Arena" takes place on the continent of Tamriel, complete with wilderness, dungeons, and a spell creation system that allows players to mix various spell effects. | Il s'agit du premier opus de la série "The Elder Scrolls", auquel "" (1996), "" (2002), "" (2006), et "" (2011), ainsi qu'un certain nombre de spin-offs, allaient succéder. | [
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Governor-General of India | Gouverneur général des Indes | The Governor-General of India (from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom and after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of ‘Governor-general of the Presidency of Fort William’. The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "governor-general of India". | Le gouverneur général des Indes ou, de 1858 à 1947, le vice-roi et gouverneur général des Indes () était le représentant de la Couronne britannique en Inde pendant la domination britannique puis, de 1947 à 1950, le représentant du monarque dans le dominion de l'Inde. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Halogen | Halogène | The halogens () are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). The artificially created element 117, tennessine (Ts), may also be a halogen. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, this group is known as group 17. | Les halogènes sont les éléments chimiques du (colonne) du tableau périodique, anciennement appelé groupe A : ce sont le fluor F, le chlore Cl, le brome Br, l’iode I, l’astate At et le tennesse Ts. Ces deux derniers éléments étant très radioactifs, le tennesse étant même synthétique, seuls les quatre premiers sont bien caractérisés, et forment une famille d'éléments chimiques homonyme aux propriétés très homogènes : particulièrement électronégatifs, ils sont chimiquement très réactifs, leur réactivité décroissant lorsque leur numéro atomique augmente ; le fluor est ainsi le plus réactif d'entre eux, formant des composés avec tous les autres éléments chimiques connus hormis l'hélium et le néon. L'astate appartient au "groupe" des halogènes mais non à la "famille" des halogènes, étant plutôt classé parmi les métalloïdes compte tenu de ses propriétés physiques davantage métalliques que celles de l'iode ; l'astate peut être vu comme appartenant à la fois à la famille des halogènes et à celle des métalloïdes. Quant au tennesse, il n'a été produit qu'à raison de quelques atomes à la durée de vie très brève — la période radioactive des isotopes Ts et Ts est de l'ordre de et respectivement — de sorte que ses propriétés physiques et chimiques macroscopiques sont inconnues : il n'est donc rangé dans aucune famille d'éléments. | [
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Provins | Provins | Provins () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Provins, a town of medieval fairs, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. | Provins ( ) est une commune française située à soixante-dix-sept kilomètres au sud-est de Paris, sous-préfecture du département de Seine-et-Marne dans la région Île-de-France. Elle est le chef-lieu de l'arrondissement et du canton. Ses habitants sont appelés les Provinois. | [
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Wuhan | Wuhan | Wuhan (, ) is the capital city of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China. It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China, with a population of over 11 million, the ninth most populous Chinese city and one of the nine National Central Cities of China. | Wuhan ( ) est la capitale de la province du Hubei, en Chine située en Chine centrale. Avec d’habitants "intra-muros" (en 2018) et une municipalité de plus de onze millions d'habitants, c'est la septième ville la plus peuplée du pays et la deuxième plus grande zone urbaine de l'intérieur, après Chongqing. Wuhan est située dans une plaine alluviale dépourvue de relief. La ville est une plaque tournante du transport, avec des dizaines de lignes de chemin de fer, de routes et d'autoroutes la reliant au reste du pays. Située sur le cours moyen du fleuve Yangzi, mais à une faible altitude (environ ) au regard de son éloignement des côtes du Pacifique (env. ), elle dispose d'un grand port fluvial ( de tonnes de fret, un million de conteneurs). La ville a le statut administratif de ville sous-provinciale qui lui donne une complète autonomie dans le domaine économique. | [
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Fontainebleau | Fontainebleau | Fontainebleau (; ) is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located south-southeast of the centre of Paris. Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department, and it is the seat of the "arrondissement" of Fontainebleau. The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region; it is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself. | Fontainebleau ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de Seine-et-Marne en région Île-de-France, à au sud-est de Paris. | [
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Lake Geneva | Léman | Lake Geneva ( or, rarely ; ) is a deep lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France. It is one of the largest lakes in Western Europe and the largest on the course of the Rhône. Of it 59.53% () comes under the jurisdiction of Switzerland (cantons of Vaud, Geneva, and Valais), and 40.47% () under France (department of Haute-Savoie). | Le Léman ( ), appelé aussi lac de Genève, ou par tautologie lac Léman, est un lac d'origine glaciaire situé en Suisse et en France ; par sa superficie, c'est le plus grand lac alpin et subalpin d'Europe. | [
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Capacitance | Capacité électrique | Capacitance is the ratio of the change in electric charge of a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential. There are two closely related notions of capacitance: "self capacitance" and "mutual capacitance". Any object that can be electrically charged exhibits "self capacitance". A material with a large self capacitance holds more electric charge at a given voltage than one with low capacitance. The notion of "mutual capacitance" is particularly important for understanding the operations of the capacitor, one of the three elementary linear electronic components (along with resistors and inductors). | En électricité et en électronique, la capacité représente la quantité de charges électriques portées par un accumulateur, un condensateur ou un conducteur pour une tension donnée. | [
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Topicalization | Thématisation | Topicalization is a mechanism of syntax that establishes an expression as the sentence or clause topic by having it appear at the front of the sentence or clause (as opposed to in a canonical position further to the right). Topicalization often results in a discontinuity and is thus one of a number of established discontinuity types (the other three being "wh"-fronting, scrambling, and extraposition). Topicalization is also used as a constituency test; an expression that can be topicalized is deemed a constituent. The topicalization of arguments in English is rare, whereas circumstantial adjuncts are often topicalized. Most languages allow topicalization, and in some languages, topicalization occurs much more frequently and/or in a much less marked manner than in English. Topicalization in English has also received attention in the pragmatics literature. | En linguistique, on appelle thématisation (dans la tradition terminologique francophone) ou topicalisation (dans la tradition terminologique anglophone) un procédé langagier consistant à mettre en position de thème (en anglais "topic") un élément ou un groupe d'éléments qui composent la phrase. Selon la définition structuraliste, le thème est à opposer au rhème dans le sens où le rhème représente un propos « nouveau » alors que le thème représente le cadre général du discours. | [
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Permittivity | Permittivité | In electromagnetism, the absolute permittivity, often simply called permittivity and denoted by the Greek letter "ε" (epsilon), is a measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric. A material with high permittivity polarizes more in response to an applied electric field than a material with low permittivity, thereby storing more energy in the material. In electrostatics, the permittivity plays an important role in determining the capacitance of a capacitor. | La permittivité, plus précisément permittivité diélectrique, est une propriété physique qui décrit la réponse d'un milieu donné à un champ électrique appliqué. | [
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Moroccan Goumier | Goumiers marocains | The Moroccan Goumiers () were indigenous Moroccan soldiers who served in auxiliary units attached to the French Army of Africa, between 1908 and 1956. While nominally in the service of the Sultan of Morocco, they served under French officers, including as part of the Free French Forces. | Les goumiers marocains étaient des soldats appartenant à des "goums", unités d’infanterie légères de l'armée d'Afrique composées de troupes autochtones marocaines sous encadrement essentiellement français. Ces unités ont existé de 1908 à 1956. | [
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Stone–Weierstrass theorem | Théorème de Stone-Weierstrass | In mathematical analysis, the Weierstrass approximation theorem states that every continuous function defined on a closed interval can be uniformly approximated as closely as desired by a polynomial function. Because polynomials are among the simplest functions, and because computers can directly evaluate polynomials, this theorem has both practical and theoretical relevance, especially in polynomial interpolation. The original version of this result was established by Karl Weierstrass in 1885 using the Weierstrass transform. | En mathématiques, le théorème de Stone-Weierstrass est une généralisation du théorème d'approximation de Weierstrass en analyse réelle, selon lequel toute fonction continue définie sur un segment peut être approchée uniformément par des fonctions polynomiales. | [
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Noisiel | Noisiel | Noisiel is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, from the center of Paris. | Noisiel ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de Seine-et-Marne en région Île-de-France. Elle fait partie de la banlieue est parisienne et de la ville nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée. | [
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Meaux | Meaux | Meaux () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is east-northeast of the center of Paris. | Meaux ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de Seine-et-Marne en région Île-de-France. Avec au dernier recensement, Meaux est la commune la plus peuplée du département de Seine-et-Marne. | [
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Gaston Leroux | Gaston Leroux | Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux (6 May 186815 April 1927) was a French journalist and author of detective fiction. In the English-speaking world, he is best known for writing the novel "The Phantom of the Opera" ("Le Fantôme de l'Opéra", 1910), which has been made into several film and stage productions of the same name, notably the 1925 film starring Lon Chaney, and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical. His novel "The Mystery of the Yellow Room" is one of the most celebrated locked-room mysteries. | Gaston Leroux est un romancier français, né le à Paris (arr.) et mort le à Nice (Alpes-Maritimes). Il est surtout connu pour ses romans policiers empreints de fantastique. | [
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Francium | Francium | Francium is a chemical element with the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. Prior to its discovery, it was referred to as eka-caesium. It is extremely radioactive; its most stable isotope, francium-223 (originally called actinium K after the natural decay chain it appears in), has a half-life of only 22 minutes. It is the second-most electropositive element, behind only caesium, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element (after astatine). The isotopes of francium decay quickly into astatine, radium, and radon. The electronic structure of a francium atom is [Rn] 7s, and so the element is classed as an alkali metal. | Le francium, connu pendant un temps sous les noms d'éka-césium et actinium K, est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 87, de symbole Fr. C'est un métal alcalin radioactif de masse atomique 223. Il a été nommé en hommage à la France par Marguerite Perey. | [
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Notre-Dame de Paris | Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris | Notre-Dame de Paris (; meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), referred to simply as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the 4th arrondissement of Paris. The cathedral was consecrated to the Virgin Mary and considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. Its pioneering use of the rib vault and flying buttress, its enormous and colourful rose windows, as well as the naturalism and abundance of its sculptural decoration set it apart from the earlier Romanesque style. Major components that make Notre Dame stand out include one of the world's largest organs and its immense church bells. | La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, communément appelée Notre-Dame, est l'un des monuments les plus emblématiques de Paris et de la France, située sur l'île de la Cité, et un lieu de culte catholique, siège de l'archidiocèse de Paris, dédiée à la Vierge Marie. | [
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Caesium | Césium | Caesium (IUPAC spelling) (also spelled cesium in American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-golden alkali metal with a melting point of, which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. The most reactive of all metals, it is pyrophoric and reacts with water even at. It is the least electronegative element, with a value of 0.79 on the Pauling scale. It has only one stable isotope, caesium-133. Caesium is mined mostly from pollucite, while the radioisotopes, especially caesium-137, a fission product, are extracted from waste produced by nuclear reactors. | Le césium, ou cæsium, est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 55, de symbole Cs. Dans les conditions standard, le corps simple césium est un métal mou et ductile, blanc ou argenté à doré. Son point de fusion () est proche de la température ambiante et du corps humain (CNTP), à laquelle il peut demeurer à l'état liquide par surfusion ; le césium partage cette propriété avec le gallium et le rubidium, le mercure étant le seul métal pur liquide et s'évaporant à température ambiante. | [
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British Raj | Raj britannique | The British Raj (; from "rāj", literally, "rule" in Sanskrit and Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, called the princely states. The region as a whole was never officially referred to as the Indian Empire. | Le Raj britannique (en ) est le régime colonial britannique qu'a connu le sous-continent indien de 1858 à 1947. Le Raj débuta en 1858 par le transfert des possessions de la Compagnie des Indes orientales à la Couronne britannique en la personne de la reine Victoria, proclamée impératrice des Indes en 1876. Il s'étendit principalement sur les territoires qui forment aujourd'hui l'Inde, le Pakistan et le Bangladesh, ainsi que sur la Birmanie jusqu'en 1937, regroupant des provinces sous administration directe et des États princiers sous suzeraineté. Le Raj était dirigé par un vice-roi désigné par le gouvernement du Royaume-Uni. | [
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Apollo 13 (film) | Apollo 13 (film) | Apollo 13 is a 1995 American space docudrama film directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Ed Harris, and Gary Sinise. The screenplay by William Broyles Jr. and Al Reinert dramatizes the aborted 1970 Apollo 13 lunar mission and is an adaptation of the 1994 book "Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13" by astronaut Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger. The film depicts astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise aboard Apollo 13 for America's third Moon landing mission. En route, an on-board explosion deprives their spacecraft of most of its oxygen supply and electric power, forcing NASA's flight controllers to abort the Moon landing, and turning the mission into a struggle to get the three men home safely. | Apollo 13 est un film catastrophe américain réalisé par Ron Howard, sorti en 1995. Il s'agit d'une adaptation du livre "Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13" (1994), écrit par James « Jim » Lovell, qui fut le commandant de la mission spatiale Apollo 13, et Jeffrey Kluger. | [
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Éric Tabarly | Éric Tabarly | Éric Marcel Guy Tabarly (24 July 1931 – 13 June 1998) was a French Navy officer and yachtsman. He was a member of the Yacht Club de France. | Éric Tabarly est un navigateur français, né le à Nantes et mort en mer d'Irlande le à la suite d'une chute à la mer. | [
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Avicenna | Avicenne | Ibn Sina (), also known as Abu Ali Sina (), Pur Sina (), and often known in the West as Avicenna (; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age, and the father of early modern medicine. Avicenna is also called "the most influential philosopher of the pre-modern era". He was a Peripatetic philosopher influenced by Aristotelian philosophy. Of the 450 works he is believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine. | Abu ʾAli al-Husayn Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Sina, ou Ibn Sīnā, dit Avicenne (en persan et arabe : ابن سینا), né le à Afshéna, près de Boukhara, dans la province de Transoxiane (actuel Ouzbékistan) et mort en à Hamadan (Iran), est un philosophe et médecin médiéval persan, de religion musulmane. Rédigeant principalement en arabe classique, il s'intéressa à de nombreuses sciences, comme l'astronomie, l'alchimie, et la psychologie. | [
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Rallying | Rallye automobile | Rally is a form of motorsport that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars. It is distinguished by not running on a circuit, but instead in a point-to-point format in which participants and their co-drivers drive between set control points (special stages), leaving at regular intervals from one or more start points. Rallies may be won by pure speed within the stages or alternatively by driving to a predetermined ideal journey time within the stages. | Le rallye est une discipline de sport automobile. Initialement défi de rassemblement pour aristocrates aisés ("rallier" un lieu, verbe repris par les Anglo-Saxons qui en ont fait "rallye"), la discipline a beaucoup évolué pour devenir une course de vitesse. Les rallyes modernes ont pour particularité de ne pas se pratiquer sur un circuit mais sur des routes fermées au public pour l'occasion. Les épreuves se déroulent sur différents types de terrain (terre, neige, asphalte, etc), et sont composées de plusieurs étapes (parfois courues de nuit), avec une suite d'épreuves allant d'un point à un autre. Les épreuves chronométrées sont appelées épreuves spéciales, les parties non chronométrées sont appelées étapes de liaison. | [
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Highlander (film) | Highlander | Highlander is a 1986 British fantasy action-adventure film directed by Russell Mulcahy and based on a story by Gregory Widen. It stars Christopher Lambert, Sean Connery, Clancy Brown, and Roxanne Hart. The film chronicles the climax of an ages-old battle among immortal warriors, depicted through interwoven past and present-day storylines. | Basé sur une histoire de Gregory Widen, le film met en vedette Christopher Lambert, Sean Connery, Clancy Brown et Roxanne Hart. Le film raconte l’apogée d’une bataille séculaire entre guerriers immortels, illustrée par des histoires entremêlées du passé et du présent. | [
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Henry V of England | Henri V (roi d'Angleterre) | Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422. Despite his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in the Hundred Years' War against France made England one of the strongest military powers in Europe. Immortalised in Shakespeare's "Henriad" plays, Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior kings of medieval England. | , né le à Monmouth dans la principauté de Galles et mort le au château de Vincennes (France), duc de Cornouailles et de Lancastre, est roi d'Angleterre de 1413 à 1422. Il est le second monarque issu de la maison de Lancastre qui a succédé aux Plantagenêt. | [
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Chengyu | Chengyu | Chengyu () are a type of traditional Chinese idiomatic expression, most of which consist of four characters. "Chengyu" were widely used in Classical Chinese and are still common in vernacular Chinese writing and in the spoken language today. According to the most stringent definition, there are about 5,000 "chéngyǔ" in the Chinese language, though some dictionaries list over 20,000. "Chéngyǔ" are considered the collected wisdom of the Chinese culture, and contain the experiences, moral concepts, and admonishments from previous generations of Chinese. Nowadays, "chéngyǔ" still play an important role in Chinese conversations and education. Chinese idioms are one of four types of formulaic expressions (熟语, "shuyu"), which also include collocations (惯用语), two-part allegorical sayings (歇后语), and proverbs (谚语). | Le chengyu () est une forme d'idiotisme ( ou ) issue du chinois classique et la forme la plus répandue du chinois courant. Il en existe toutefois d'autre formes, voir proverbes chinois. comme le guanyongyu (), le ou le xiehouyu (), que l'on regroupe parfois en français sous le terme de proverbe chinois. On rencontre également cette forme sous le nom de « catachrèse quadrisyllabique ». | [
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Ming dynasty | Dynastie Ming | The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662. | La dynastie Ming () est une lignée d'empereurs qui a régné sur la Chine de 1368 à 1644. La dynastie Ming fut la dernière dynastie chinoise dominée par les Han. Elle parvint au pouvoir après l'effondrement de la dynastie Yuan dominée par les Mongols, et dura jusqu'à la prise de sa capitale Pékin en 1644 lors de la rébellion menée par Li Zicheng, qui fut rapidement supplanté par la dynastie Qing mandchoue. Des régimes loyaux au trône Ming (collectivement appelés Ming du Sud) existèrent jusqu'en 1662, année de leur soumission définitive aux Qing. | [
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Perseus (constellation) | Persée (constellation) | Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky, being named after the Greek mythological hero Perseus. It is one of the 48 ancient constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and among the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is located near several other constellations named after ancient Greek legends surrounding Perseus, including Andromeda to the west and Cassiopeia to the north. Perseus is also bordered by Aries and Taurus to the south, Auriga to the east, Camelopardalis to the north, and Triangulum to the west. Some star atlases during the early 19th century also depicted Perseus holding the disembodied head of Medusa, whose asterism was named together as "Perseus et Caput Medusae"; however, this never came into popular usage. | Persée est une constellation de l’hémisphère nord. Relativement grande, elle possède plusieurs étoiles brillantes, dont l’étoile variable Algol (β Persei). | [
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Melting point | Point de fusion | The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa. | Le point de fusion ou la température de fusion d'un corps représente la température à une pression donnée, à laquelle un élément pur ou un composé chimique fond c'est-à-dire passe de l'état solide à l'état liquide. Le point de congélation (ou point de solidification selon les matériaux) est la température de la transition inverse. Elle est habituellement mesurée sous pression atmosphérique normale (1 atmosphère) et il y a coexistence entre états solide et liquide entre ces deux points. Pour une substance pure, les points de fusion et de congélation sont théoriquement égaux et constants à pression fixe. Le point de fusion/congélation le plus connu est probablement celui de l'eau (), celui-ci ayant été pris comme zéro de l'échelle centigrade, souvent confondue avec l'échelle Celsius. | [
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Honorary citizenship of the United States | Citoyen d'honneur des États-Unis | A person of exceptional merit, a non-United States citizen, may be declared an honorary citizen of the United States by an Act of Congress or by a proclamation issued by the President of the United States, pursuant to authorization granted by Congress. | Un citoyen d'honneur des États-Unis est un titre décerné, à la demande du Congrès par le président des États-Unis, à une personnalité étrangère. Cette attribution est symbolique et elle ne requiert aucun serment de la personne concernée, ni n'accorde de droit ou privilège particuliers. Elle ne donne notamment pas d'accès automatique au territoire américain. | [
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Coccinellidae | Coccinellidae | Coccinellidae () is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03 to 0.71 inches). The family is commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in Britain and other parts of the English-speaking world. Entomologists prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles as these insects are not classified as true bugs. | Les Coccinellidae, en français coccinellidés, sont une famille d'insectes de l'ordre des coléoptères, appelés aussi coccinelles, ou encore familièrement ou régionalement bêtes à bon Dieu ou pernettes. Ce taxon monophylétique regroupe environ réparties dans le monde entier. | [
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Forrest Gump | Forrest Gump | Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth. It is based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson and Sally Field. The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump (Hanks), a slow-witted but kind-hearted man from Alabama who witnesses and unwittingly influences several defining historical events in the 20th century United States. The film differs substantially from the novel. | Forrest Gump est une comédie dramatique américaine réalisée par Robert Zemeckis, sortie en 1994. Il s’agit de l'adaptation du roman du même nom de Winston Groom (1986). | [
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Mustard (condiment) | Moutarde (condiment) | Mustard is a condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white/yellow mustard, "Sinapis alba"; brown mustard, "Brassica juncea"; or black mustard, "Brassica nigra"). | La moutarde (du latin "", « moût ardent ») est un condiment préparé à partir des graines d'une plante de la famille des "Brassicaceae", appelée aussi moutarde. Ces graines sont petites, d'un diamètre approximatif de. Leur coloration varie entre le blanc jaunâtre et le noir selon les espèces et participent à la teinte du condiment. | [
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Épernay | Épernay | Épernay () is a commune in the Marne department in northern France. Épernay is located some 130 km north-east of Paris on the main line of the Eastern railway to Strasbourg. The town sits on the left bank of the Marne at the extremity of the Cubry valley which crosses it. | Épernay est une commune française située dans le département de la Marne, dans la nouvelle région du Grand Est. La commune est divisée en deux cantons. Épernay est le chef-lieu et comptait en 2016. C'est la la plus peuplée de la Marne derrière Reims et Châlons-en-Champagne. Elle est le centre de la communauté de communes Épernay Pays de Champagne. | [
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Functional analysis | Analyse fonctionnelle (mathématiques) | Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (e.g. inner product, norm, topology, etc.) and the linear functions defined on these spaces and respecting these structures in a suitable sense. The historical roots of functional analysis lie in the study of spaces of functions and the formulation of properties of transformations of functions such as the Fourier transform as transformations defining continuous, unitary etc. operators between function spaces. This point of view turned out to be particularly useful for the study of differential and integral equations. | L'analyse fonctionnelle est la branche des mathématiques et plus particulièrement de l'analyse qui étudie les espaces de fonctions. Elle prend ses racines historiques dans l'étude des transformations telles que la transformation de Fourier et dans l'étude des équations différentielles ou intégro-différentielles. | [
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Actinide | Actinide | The actinide or actinoid (IUPAC nomenclature) series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium. | Les actinides sont une famille du tableau périodique comprenant les 15 éléments chimiques allant de l'actinium () au lawrencium (). Ces métaux lourds tirent leur nom de l'actinium, premier de la famille, en raison de leurs propriétés chimiques apparentées. On les désigne parfois sous le symbole chimique collectif An, qui représente alors n'importe quel actinide. Ce sont tous des éléments du bloc f, hormis le lawrencium, qui appartient au bloc d. Contrairement aux lanthanides, qui appartiennent également au bloc f, les actinides présentent un nombre de valences sensiblement plus variable. Ils ont tous un rayon atomique et un rayon ionique élevés, et leurs propriétés physiques sont particulièrement diversifiées. Ainsi, alors que les actinides de numéro atomique élevé se comportent chimiquement comme des lanthanides, ceux du début de la famille, allant du thorium au neptunium, ont une chimie évoquant par certains aspects celle des métaux de transition. | [
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The Police | The Police | The Police were an English rock band formed in London in 1977. For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting (lead vocals, bass guitar), Andy Summers (guitar), and Stewart Copeland (drums, percussion). The Police became globally popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Emerging in the British new wave scene, they played a style of rock influenced by punk, reggae, and jazz. Considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the U.S., in 1983 "Rolling Stone" labelled them "the first British New Wave act to break through in America on a grand scale, and possibly the biggest band in the world." The Police disbanded in 1986, but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008. | The Police est un groupe rock britannique, originaire de Londres, en Angleterre. Il est issu de la génération new wave et post-punk, et formé par les Britanniques Sting au chant et à la basse et Andy Summers à la guitare électrique, ainsi que l'Américain Stewart Copeland à la batterie. Summers a rapidement remplacé en 1977 le Français Henry Padovani. Le groupe est très populaire vers la fin des années 1970 et au début des années 1980 grâce à leur musique rock, mélangeant jazz, punk et reggae. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Lemmings 2: The Tribes | Lemmings 2: The Tribes | Lemmings 2: The Tribes is a puzzle video game released in 1993, the sequel to "Lemmings". As with the original, it was developed by DMA Design and published by Psygnosis. The gameplay remains mostly the same as the original game, requiring the player to lead a certain number of lemmings to their exit by giving them the appropriate "skills". | Lemmings 2: The Tribes est un jeu vidéo de réflexion développé par DMA Design et édité par Psygnosis en 1993. | [
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Tom Hanks | Tom Hanks | Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. Known for both his comedic and dramatic roles, Hanks is one of the most popular and recognizable film stars worldwide, and is widely regarded as an American cultural icon. Hanks' films have grossed more than $4.9 billion in North America and more than $9.96 billion worldwide, making him the fifth-highest-grossing actor in North America. | Tom Hanks est un acteur, réalisateur et producteur de cinéma américain, né le à Concord en Californie. Il est devenu célèbre avec le film "Splash", avant de connaître la consécration avec "Philadelphia" et "Forrest Gump", qui lui valurent chacun l'Oscar du meilleur acteur. La quasi-totalité de ses films suivants obtint de grands succès, comme "Apollo 13", "Il faut sauver le soldat Ryan," la saga "Toy Story" et "La Ligne verte". Il est souvent comparé à James Stewart, et son talent reconnu lui a permis de devenir l'un des acteurs fétiches des réalisateurs Steven Spielberg, Robert Zemeckis et Ron Howard. | [
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Audiovisual | Audiovisuel | Audiovisual (AV) is electronic media possessing both a sound and a visual component, such as slide-tape presentations, films, television programs, corporate conferencing, church services and live theater productions. | L’audiovisuel désigne à la fois les matériels, techniques et méthodes d'information, de communication ou d'enseignement associant le son et l'image. | [
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Nonmetal | Non-métal | In chemistry, a nonmetal (or non-metal) is a chemical element that mostly lacks the characteristics of a metal. Physically, a nonmetal tends to have a relatively low melting point, boiling point, and density. A nonmetal is typically brittle when solid and usually has poor thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. Chemically, nonmetals tend to have relatively high ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. They gain or share electrons when they react with other elements and chemical compounds. Seventeen elements are generally classified as nonmetals: most are gases (hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon and radon); one is a liquid (bromine); and a few are solids (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine). Metalloids such as boron, silicon, and germanium are sometimes counted as nonmetals. | Un non-métal est un élément chimique dont les atomes du corps simple sont unis par des liaisons covalentes ou des liaisons intermoléculaires, et non par des liaisons métalliques. Ce sont de bons isolants électriques et thermiques, pour la plupart très volatils, caractérisés par une masse volumique plus faible et des températures de changement d'état généralement bien plus basses que celles des métaux, à l'exception notable du carbone. Leur énergie d'ionisation et leur électronégativité sont élevées, leurs oxydes sont acides, et ils forment des liaisons ioniques avec les métaux, acquérant ou mettant en commun des électrons lorsqu'ils réagissent avec d'autres éléments ou d'autres composés. À l'état solide, ils présentent des surfaces ternes ou faiblement brillantes (bien que celles de l'iode aient des reflets métalliques), sont plutôt fragiles et cassants (à l'exception notable du carbone diamant), et sont dépourvus de l'élasticité, de la malléabilité et de la ductilité caractéristiques des métaux. | [
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Chinese cuisine | Cuisine chinoise | Chinese cuisine is an important part of Chinese culture, which includes cuisine originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Overseas Chinese who have settled in other parts of the world. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many other cuisines in Asia, with modifications made to cater to local palates. Chinese food staples such as rice, soy sauce, noodles, tea, and tofu, and utensils such as chopsticks and the wok, can now be found worldwide. | La cuisine chinoise () est une des plus réputées au monde, et sans doute celle qui comporte le plus de variations. Il faut plutôt parler des cuisines chinoises car l’aspect régional est fondamental. Malgré une continuité remarquable dans l’histoire de cette cuisine, l’apparition de cuisines régionales telles que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui est un phénomène assez récent, datant souvent du. La première grande division régionale est celle du blé, plus anciennement du millet au nord et du riz au sud. | [
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Malcolm Lowry | Malcolm Lowry | Clarence Malcolm Lowry (; 28 July 1909 – 26 June 1957) was an English poet and novelist who is best known for his 1947 novel "Under the Volcano", which was voted No. 11 in the Modern Library 100 Best Novels list. | Malcolm Lowry, né le à New Brighton, en Angleterre et mort le à, dans le Sussex, est un poète et romancier britannique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Planetary nebula | Nébuleuse planétaire | A planetary nebula, abbreviated as PN or plural PNe, is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives. | Une nébuleuse planétaire est un objet astronomique qui ressemble à un disque d'aspect nébuleux lorsqu'il est observé à basse résolution. En raison de cet aspect, semblable à celui des planètes, l'adjectif « planétaire » lui a été attaché, et il a été depuis maintenu pour conserver l'uniformité historique. À partir d'observations plus détaillées (en particulier spectroscopiques), on sait maintenant que les nébuleuses planétaires n'ont en fait aucun rapport avec les planètes. | [
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Tommi Mäkinen | Tommi Mäkinen | Tommi Antero Mäkinen (; born 26 June 1964) is a Finnish racing executive and former driver. He is the team principal of the Toyota Gazoo Racing team, which competes in the World Rally Championship (WRC). | Tommi Mäkinen, né le à Jyväskylän maalaiskunta (village de Puuppola), est un pilote de rallye finlandais, surnommé "The Flying Finn". Marié et père de deux enfants, il partage sa vie familiale entre Monaco et Jyväskylä depuis 1999. | [
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Prescott Bush | Prescott Bush | Prescott Sheldon Bush (May 15, 1895 – October 8, 1972) was an American banker as a Wall Street executive investment banker, he represented Connecticut in the from 1952 of the Bush family, he was the father of Vice President and President, and the paternal grandfather of Texas Governor and President and Florida Governor | Prescott Sheldon Bush,, né le et mort le, est un homme d'affaires et politique américain, membre du Parti républicain et sénateur fédéral pour Connecticut de 1953 à 1963. | [
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Transition metal | Métal de transition | In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible definitions: English chemist Charles Bury (1890–1968) first used the word "transition" in this context in 1921, when he referred to a "transition series of elements" during the change of an inner layer of electrons (for example "n" = 3 in the 4th row of the periodic table) from a stable group of 8 to one of 18, or from 18 to 32. These elements are now known as the d-block. | Un métal de transition, ou élément de transition, est, selon la définition de l'IUPAC, « un élément chimique dont les atomes ont une sous-couche électronique "d" incomplète, ou qui peuvent former des cations dont la sous-couche électronique "d" est incomplète ». Cette définition correspond à des éléments partageant un ensemble de propriétés communes. Comme tous les métaux, ce sont de bons conducteurs de l'électricité. Ils sont solides dans les conditions normales de température et de pression, avec une masse volumique et une température de fusion élevées. Ils ont le plus souvent des propriétés catalytiques remarquables, aussi bien sous leur forme atomique que sous leur forme ionique. Ils peuvent former une grande variété d'espèces ioniques dans une gamme d'états d'oxydation étendue, grâce à la faible différence d'énergie entre ces différents états d'oxydation, ce qui donne lieu à des complexes diversement colorés en raison des différentes transitions électroniques au sein de la sous-couche "d" incomplète. Ils sont également susceptibles de former de nombreux composés paramagnétiques sous l'effet d'électrons non appariés dans la sous-couche "d". | [
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Cult | Secte | In modern English, a cult is a social group that is defined by its unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or by its common interest in a particular personality, object or goal. This sense of the term is controversial, having divergent definitions both in popular culture and academia, and has also been an ongoing source of contention among scholars across several fields of study. It is usually considered pejorative. | Le mot « secte » désigne d'abord un ensemble d'individus plus ou moins important qui s'est détaché d'un enseignement officiel philosophique, religieux ou politique pour créer leur propre doctrine, mais le terme a pris dans plusieurs langues, et particulièrement en français, une dimension péjorative voire polémique, et tend à y désigner à présent un groupe ou une organisation, souvent mais pas nécessairement à caractère religieux, dont les croyances, les pratiques ou le comportement sont jugés obscurs, inquiétants ou nocifs par le reste de la société. | [
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Qin dynasty | Dynastie Qin | The Qin dynasty (, ) was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), the dynasty was founded by Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States. Its 15 years was the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history, consisting of only two emperors, but inaugurated an imperial system that lasted from 221 BC, with interruption and adaptation, until 1912 AD. | La dynastie Qin () est la première dynastie impériale de la Chine, qui dure de 221 à C'est la conquête des six États issus de la chute de la dynastie Zhou par l'État de Qin, conquête unifiant "de facto" le pays, qui l'installe au pouvoir. Les quatorze années de règne de son fondateur, Qin Shi Huang, le premier empereur de l'histoire de la Chine, et de son fils Qin Er Shi, représentent, malgré cette brièveté, un tournant capital dans l'histoire nationale : cette courte période inaugure l'ère impériale qui voit se succéder de nombreuses autres dynasties jusqu'à la chute des Qing en 1912 avec la proclamation de la république. | [
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Montenegro | Monténégro | Montenegro (;, is a country of South and Southeast Europe on the coast of the Balkans. It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, and Croatia to the west. Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 (2011 census). Its capital, Podgorica, is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country. Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital. | Le Monténégro (en monténégrin : "", en cyrillique : Црна Гора, ) est un pays des Balkans, en Europe du Sud, bordé par la mer Adriatique et frontalier de la Croatie, de la Bosnie-Herzégovine, de la Serbie, du Kosovo et de l'Albanie. La capitale est Podgorica (), l'ancienne capitale royale est Cetinje qui détient également le titre de « capitale du trône » ("prestonica"). Le Monténégro a déposé sa candidature d'adhésion à l'Union européenne en 2008. | [
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Ferret | Furet | The ferret ("Mustela putorius furo") is the domesticated form of the European polecat, a mammal belonging to the same genus as the weasel, "Mustela", in the family Mustelidae. Their fur is typically brown, black, white, or mixed. They have an average length of, including a tail, weigh about, and have a natural lifespan of 7 to 10 years. Ferrets are sexually dimorphic predators, with males being substantially larger than females. | Le furet (Mustela putorius furo) est un mustélidé exclusivement domestique du genre "Mustela", genre qui comprend également la belette, l'hermine et le vison. C'est une sous-espèce de "Mustela putorius" domestiquée au cours du et qui n'existe pas naturellement à l'état sauvage. Traditionnellement utilisé pour la chasse aux rongeurs près des habitations et au lapin dans les terriers, le furet est également élevé pour sa fourrure et comme animal de laboratoire. Il est de nos jours essentiellement apprécié comme animal de compagnie. | [
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Basque Country (greater region) | Pays basque | The Basque Country (; ; ) is the name given to the home of the Basque people. The Basque country is located in the western Pyrenees, straddling the border between France and Spain on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. "Euskal Herria" is the oldest documented Basque name for the area they inhabit, dating from the 16th century. | Le Pays basque ou, soit le pays de la langue basque (l'), est un territoire de traditions (anciennes, renouvelées, ou nouvelles), de cultures et d'histoire basque, terre traditionnelle du peuple autochtone des Basques dont la langue basque est parlée par 28,4 % de la population et comprise par 44,8 %. Appelé au Moyen Âge Vasconie et très probablement Cantabrie à l’époque romaine, il s'étend de l'Èbre à l'Adour, sur deux pays, l'Espagne principalement et la France, à cheval sur l'extrémité occidentale de la chaîne des Pyrénées, et est baigné par le golfe de Gascogne. | [
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Serbia and Montenegro | Serbie-et-Monténégro | Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Србија и Црна Гора / "Srbija i Crna Gora", SCG), officially the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна Заједница Србија и Црна Гора / "Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora"), was a country in Southeast Europe. It was created from the two remaining republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after its breakup in 1992. | La Communauté d'États de Serbie-et-Monténégro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора/Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora) est une ancienne république fédérale d'Europe située dans la péninsule balkanique. Elle était constituée de la République de Serbie (incluant les provinces autonomes du Kosovo et de Voïvodine) et de la République du Monténégro (cette dernière donnait à la fédération son accès à la mer Adriatique). Elle avait une frontière commune avec l'Albanie, l'ancienne république yougoslave de Macédoine (auj. Macédoine du Nord), la Bulgarie, la Roumanie, la Hongrie, la Croatie et la Bosnie-Herzégovine. | [
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Rudyard Kipling | Rudyard Kipling | Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist. He was born in India, which inspired much of his work. | Rudyard Kipling, né à Bombay, en Inde britannique, le et mort à Londres, le, est un écrivain britannique. Ses ouvrages pour la jeunesse ont connu dès leur parution un succès qui ne s'est jamais démenti, notamment "Le Livre de la jungle" (1894), "Le Second Livre de la jungle" (1895), "Histoires comme ça" (1902), "Puck, lutin de la colline" (1906). Il est également l'auteur du roman "Kim" (1901), de poèmes ("Mandalay" (1890), "Gunga Din" (1890) et "Tu seras un homme, mon fils" (1910) sont parmi les plus célèbres) et de nouvelles, dont "L'Homme qui voulut être roi" (1888) et le recueil "Simples contes des collines" (1888). Il a été considéré comme un, un précurseur de la science-fiction et l'un des plus grands auteurs de la littérature de jeunesse. Son œuvre manifeste un talent pour la narration qui s'est exprimé dans des formes variées. | [
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Precedent | Règle du précédent | A precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. Common-law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules, so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis (a Latin phrase with the literal meaning of ""Let the decision stand""). Common-law precedent is a third kind of law, on equal footing with statutory law (that is, statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies) and subordinate legislation (that is, regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies, in the form of delegated legislation (in UK parlance) or regulatory law (in US parlance)). | La règle du précédent ou (latin : « rester sur la décision ») est une règle de droit s'appliquant particulièrement dans les pays de common law. Cette doctrine veut que les arrêts des juridictions supérieures font jurisprudence et que les principes généraux du droit dégagés par cette jurisprudence sont des règles prétoriennes obligatoires pour toutes les juridictions inférieures. Bien que moins importants dans les pays de droits de tradition civiliste, les arrêts des hautes instances font jurisprudence et sont respectés par les juridictions inférieures à condition qu'ils soient conformes à la jurisprudence constante. Selon la Cour suprême de Louisiane, un État dans lequel le droit est inspiré du Code napoléonien, la différence entre le'et la jurisprudence constante résiderait dans le fait qu'une seule décision jurisprudentielle peut suffire à fonder la règle du ', tandis qu'il faudrait une série de décisions cohérentes pour fonder une règle de jurisprudence constante. La différence est donc essentiellement de degré, plutôt que de nature. Cette règle n'empêche toutefois pas des revirements de jurisprudence constante. | [
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Republican Party (United States) | Parti républicain (États-Unis) | The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with its main rival, the Democratic Party. | Le Parti républicain (, également surnommé et abrégé en GOP) est l'un des deux grands partis politiques américains contemporains. Il est fondé le par des dissidents nordistes du Parti whig et du Parti démocrate, opposés au Kansas-Nebraska Act et à l'expansion de l'esclavage mais aussi aux revendications souverainistes de plusieurs États du Sud. Élu en 1860, Abraham Lincoln a été le premier président républicain. | [
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Mika Häkkinen | Mika Häkkinen | Mika Pauli Häkkinen (; born 28 September 1968), nicknamed "The Flying Finn", is a Finnish former racing driver. He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion, driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls. Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies. | Mika Pauli Häkkinen, né le à Vantaa en Finlande, est un pilote automobile finlandais qui a remporté le titre de champion du monde de Formule 1 en 1998 et 1999. Il remporte ses deux championnats avec McLaren-Mercedes en relevant à chaque fois le défi posé par Michael Schumacher et Ferrari, contre qui il ferraille encore en 2000 quand le pilote allemand apporte à son écurie son premier titre des pilotes en 21 ans. Le 4 novembre 2007, il annonce la fin de sa carrière, à 39 ans, après trois saisons en DTM. En 2008, il est nommé membre de la "Laureus World Sports Academy". | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hölder's inequality | Inégalité de Hölder | In mathematical analysis, Hölder's inequality, named after Otto Hölder, is a fundamental inequality between integrals and an indispensable tool for the study of spaces. | En analyse, l’inégalité de Hölder, ainsi nommée en l'honneur de Otto Hölder, est une inégalité fondamentale relative aux espaces de fonctions, comme les espaces de suites. C'est une généralisation de l'inégalité de Cauchy-Schwarz. Il existe une formulation de l'inégalité utilisée en mathématiques discrètes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cauchy–Schwarz inequality | Inégalité de Cauchy-Schwarz | In mathematics, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, also known as the Cauchy–Bunyakovsky–Schwarz inequality, is a useful inequality encountered in many different settings, such as linear algebra, analysis, probability theory, vector algebra and other areas. It is considered to be one of the most important inequalities in all of mathematics. | En mathématiques, l'inégalité de Cauchy-Schwarz (ICS), aussi appelée inégalité de Schwarz, ou encore inégalité de Cauchy-Bunyakovski-Schwarz, se rencontre dans de nombreux domaines tels que l'algèbre linéaire, l'analyse avec les séries et en intégration. | [
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Bob Morane | Bob Morane | Bob Morane is a series of adventure books in French, featuring an eponymous protagonist, created by French-speaking Belgian novelist Henri Vernes, the pseudonym of Charles-Henri Dewisme. More than 200 novels have been written since his introduction in 1953, the iconic covers illustrated by artists such as Pierre Joubert, Henri Lievens, William Vance, Claude Pascal, Antonio Parras, Patrice Sanahujas, Felicísimo Coria and René Follet. | Bob Morane est le héros d'une série de romans créée en décembre 1953 par le romancier belge Henri Vernes pour la collection de poche « Marabout Junior » publiée par l'éditeur verviétois André Gérard. Ces romans furent par la suite adaptés en bandes dessinées. | [
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A Girl Asleep | Une jeune fille assoupie | A Girl Asleep (Dutch: "Slapend meisje"), also known as A Woman Asleep, A Woman Asleep at Table, and A Maid Asleep, is a painting by the Dutch master Johannes Vermeer, 1657. It is housed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and may not be lent elsewhere under the terms of the donor's bequest. | Une jeune fille assoupie ("") est un tableau de Johannes Vermeer peint vers 1657, exposé au Metropolitan Museum of Art de New York (huile sur toile, ). | [
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Stereoscopy | Stéréoscopie | Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopics, or stereo imaging) is a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. The word "stereoscopy" derives. Any stereoscopic image is called a stereogram. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair of stereo images which could be viewed using a stereoscope. | La stéréoscopie (du grec "stéréo-" : solide, "-scope" : vision) est l'ensemble des techniques mises en œuvre pour reproduire une perception du relief à partir de deux images planes. | [
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Saint-John Perse | Saint-John Perse | Saint-John Perse (; also Saint-Leger Leger, ; pseudonyms of Alexis Leger) (31 May 1887 – 20 September 1975) was a French poet-diplomat, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1960 "for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry." He was a major French diplomat from 1914 to 1940, after which he lived primarily in the United States until 1967. | Alexis Leger, dit Saint-John Perse, né le à Pointe-à-Pitre et mort le à Hyères, est un poète, écrivain et diplomate français, lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1960. | [
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Bordeaux wine | Vignoble de Bordeaux | A Bordeaux wine is any wine produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France. Bordeaux is centered on the city of Bordeaux, on the Garonne River. To the north of the city the Dordogne River joins the Garonne forming the broad estuary called the Gironde and covering the whole area of the Gironde department, with a total vineyard area of over 120,000 hectares, making it the largest wine growing area in France. Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of Bordeaux wine, ranging from large quantities of everyday table wine, to some of the most expensive and prestigious wines in the world. The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (sometimes called "claret" in Britain), with sweet white wines (most notably Sauternes), dry whites, and (in much smaller quantities) rosé and sparkling wines (Crémant de Bordeaux) collectively making up the remainder. Bordeaux wine is made by more than 8,500 producers or "châteaux". There are 54 appellations of Bordeaux wine. | Le vignoble de Bordeaux est le vignoble regroupant toutes les vignes du département de la Gironde, dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Certains vins qui y sont produits sont parmi les plus réputés et les plus chers du monde, faisant du bordeaux une référence mondiale. | [
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Sega | Sega | Sega was founded by American businessmen Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as on June 3, 1960; shortly after, the company acquired the assets of its predecessor, Service Games of Japan. Five years later, the company became known as Sega Enterprises, Ltd., after acquiring Rosen Enterprises, an importer of coin-operated games. Sega developed its first coin-operated game, "Periscope", in the late 1960s. Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969. Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s, Sega began to develop video game consoles, starting with the SG-1000 and Master System but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System. In 1984, Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation. | Sega est également un fabricant de consoles de jeux vidéo, mais à la suite de l'échec commercial de la console de salon Saturn ainsi qu'à l'indifférence du public envers la Dreamcast, la société se retire de ce marché à la date du pour se consacrer exclusivement au développement de jeux et à l'arcade. | [
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Barium | Baryum | Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. Its hydroxide, known in pre-modern times as baryta, does not occur as a mineral, but can be prepared by heating barium carbonate. | Le baryum est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 56, de symbole Ba. L'oxyde de baryum a été découvert en 1774 par Carl Wilhelm Scheele dans des minerais de dioxyde de manganèse. Il est isolé en 1808 par l'Anglais Sir Humphry Davy, puis purifié par Guntz en 1901. Le mot "baryum" a été forgé à partir du grec | [
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Nicolaes Maes | Nicolas Maes | Nicolaes Maes (January 1634 – 24 December 1693 (buried)) was a Dutch painter known for his genre scenes, portraits, religious compositions and the occasional still life. A pupil of Rembrandt in Amsterdam, he returned to work in his native city Dordrecht for 20 years. In the latter part of his career he returned to Amsterdam where he became the leading portrait painter of his time. Maes contributed to the development of genre painting in the Netherlands and was the most prominent portrait painter working in Amsterdam in the final three decennia of the 17th century. | Nicolas Maes (ou Nicolaes), né à Dordrecht en et mort à Amsterdam le, est un peintre hollandais connu pour ses scènes de genre intimes et ses portraits. | [
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Rules of chess | Règles du jeu d'échecs | The rules of chess (also known as the laws of chess) are rules governing the play of the game of chess. While the exact origins of chess are unclear, modern rules first took form during the Middle Ages. The rules continued to be slightly modified until the early 19th century, when they reached essentially their current form. The rules also varied somewhat from place to place. Today, the standard rules are set by FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the international governing body for chess. Slight modifications are made by some national organizations for their own purposes. There are variations of the rules for fast chess, correspondence chess, online chess, and Chess960. | Les règles du jeu d'échecs officielles sont fixées par la Fédération internationale des échecs. Il existe de nombreuses variantes du jeu d'échecs, dans lesquelles les règles peuvent varier plus ou moins. Les compétitions se conforment aux règles officielles du jeu d'échecs. | [
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Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune | Prélude à l'Après-midi d'un faune | Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (""L." 86"), known in English as Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, is a symphonic poem for orchestra by Claude Debussy, approximately 10 minutes in duration. It was composed in 1894 and first performed in Paris on 22 December 1894, conducted by Gustave Doret. The flute solo was played by Georges Barrère. | Le Prélude à l'Après-midi d'un faune, en mi majeur, sous-titré "Églogue pour orchestre d'après Stéphane Mallarmé", est une œuvre symphonique de Claude Debussy, composée entre 1892 et 1894. | [
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Till Lindemann | Till Lindemann | Till Lindemann (; born 4 January 1963) is a German singer, songwriter, musician, actor, and poet. He is best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein and the German-Swedish duo Lindemann. | Till Lindemann, né le à Leipzig en Saxe, est un auteur, compositeur, chanteur, acteur et poète allemand. Il est connu pour être le chanteur du groupe de metal industriel allemand Rammstein et effectue également depuis 2015 une carrière solo au sein du duo homonyme Lindemann. Il a d'abord été un espoir sportif de la natation est-allemande mais s'est blessé un muscle abdominal et s'est ensuite reconverti dans la musique. | [
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Canterbury | Canterbury | Canterbury (, ) is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, situated in the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, England. It lies on the River Stour. | Canterbury, ou en français Cantorbéry, est une petite cité du Kent, dans l'extrémité sud-est de l'Angleterre, sur la rivière Stour, à de Londres. Le dernier recensement, en 2011, lui attribue habitants. | [
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Lemmings (video game) | Lemmings (jeu vidéo, 1991) | Lemmings is a puzzle-platformer video game originally developed by DMA Design in Dundee, Scotland and published by Psygnosis for the Amiga in 1991 and later ported for numerous other platforms. The game was programmed by Russell Kay, Mike Dailly and David Jones, and was inspired by a simple animation that Dailly created while experimenting with Deluxe Paint. | Lemmings est un jeu vidéo de réflexion développé par le studio écossais DMA Design, aujourd'hui Rockstar North et édité par Psygnosis en 1991. Le projet est mené par Dave Jones. | [
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Johannes Vermeer | Johannes Vermeer | Johannes Vermeer (, October 1632 – December 1675), in original Dutch Jan Vermeer van Delft, was a Dutch Baroque Period painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle class life. During his lifetime, he was a moderately successful provincial genre painter, recognized in Delft and The Hague. Nonetheless, he produced relatively few paintings and evidently was not wealthy, leaving his wife and children in debt at his death. | Johannes ou Jan Van der Meer, dit Vermeer ou Vermeer de Delft, baptisé à Delft le, et inhumé dans cette même ville le, est un peintre baroque néerlandais (Provinces-Unies). | [
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Bruges | Bruges | Bruges (, ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country, and the seventh largest city of the country by population. | Bruges (prononcé ;,, ) est une ville de Belgique située en Région flamande, chef-lieu et plus grande ville de la province de Flandre-Occidentale. | [
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Baghdad | Bagdad | Baghdad (;, ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as hosting a multiethnic and multireligious environment, garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Centre of Learning". | Bagdad ou Baghdad (en / "baġdād") est la capitale de l’Irak et de la province de Bagdad. Elle est située au centre-Est du pays et est traversée par le Tigre. Ses habitants s'appellent les Bagdadiens. | [
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Sega Genesis | Mega Drive | The Sega Genesis, known as the outside North America, is a 16-bit fourth-generation home video game console developed and sold by Sega. The Genesis is Sega's third console and the successor to the Master System. Sega released it as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988, and later as the Genesis in North America in 1989. In 1990, it was distributed as the Mega Drive by Virgin Mastertronic in Europe, Ozisoft in Australasia, and Tec Toy in Brazil. In South Korea, it was distributed by Samsung as the Super Gam*Boy and later the Super Aladdin Boy. | La, ou Genesis en Amérique du Nord, est une console de jeux vidéo de quatrième génération conçue et commercialisée par le constructeur japonais Sega Enterprises, Ltd. La Mega Drive est la troisième console de Sega, elle succède à la Master System. Sega sort d'abord la console au Japon sous le nom de Mega Drive en 1988, la console est ensuite lancée en 1989 en Amérique du Nord, renommée Genesis sur ce territoire. En 1990, la console sort dans la plupart des autres territoires en tant que Mega Drive. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pavo (constellation) | Paon (constellation) | Pavo is a constellation in the southern sky whose name is Latin for "peacock." Pavo first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas "Uranometria" of 1603, and was likely conceived by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille gave its stars Bayer designations in 1756. The constellations Pavo, Grus, Phoenix and Tucana are collectively known as the "Southern Birds". | Le Paon est une constellation de l'hémisphère sud, peu lumineuse à l'exception d'une étoile de première magnitude. Il s'agit de l'une des constellations les plus méridionales de la voûte céleste et elle est quasiment invisible au nord de l'Équateur. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Triangulum Australe | Triangle austral | Triangulum Australe is a small constellation in the far Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name is Latin for "the southern triangle", which distinguishes it from Triangulum in the northern sky and is derived from the almost equilateral pattern of its three brightest stars. It was first depicted on a celestial globe as Triangulus Antarcticus by Petrus Plancius in 1589, and later with more accuracy and its current name by Johann Bayer in his 1603 "Uranometria". The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and gave the brighter stars their Bayer designations in 1756. | Le Triangle austral est une petite constellation de l'hémisphère sud dont les trois étoiles les plus lumineuses, de deuxième et troisième magnitude apparente, forment approximativement un triangle équilatéral. | [
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Geostationary orbit | Orbite géostationnaire | A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit above Earth's equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation. | L'orbite géostationnaire, abrégée GEO ("") est une orbite circulaire autour de la Terre caractérisée par une inclinaison orbitale nulle (donc une orbite dans le plan équatorial), et une période orbitale (durée d'une orbite) égale à la période de rotation de la Terre. Un objet placé sur une orbite géostationnaire reste en permanence au-dessus du même point de l'équateur. | [
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Measure (mathematics) | Mesure (mathématiques) | In mathematical analysis, a measure on a set is a systematic way to assign a number to each suitable subset of that set, intuitively interpreted as its size. In this sense, a measure is a generalization of the concepts of length, area, and volume. A particularly important example is the Lebesgue measure on a Euclidean space, which assigns the conventional length, area, and volume of Euclidean geometry to suitable subsets of the -dimensional Euclidean space. For instance, the Lebesgue measure of the interval in the real numbers is its length in the everyday sense of the word, specifically, 1. | En mathématiques, une mesure positive (ou simplement mesure quand il n'y a pas de risque de confusion) est une fonction qui associe une grandeur numérique à certains sous-ensembles d'un ensemble donné. Il s'agit d'un important concept en analyse et en théorie des probabilités. | [
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Argument (linguistics) | Actant | In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate, the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its auxiliaries. In this regard, the "complement" is a closely related concept. Most predicates take one, two, or three arguments. A predicate and its arguments form a "predicate-argument structure". The discussion of predicates and arguments is associated most with (content) verbs and noun phrases (NPs), although other syntactic categories can also be construed as predicates and as arguments. Arguments must be distinguished from adjuncts. While a predicate needs its arguments to complete its meaning, the adjuncts that appear with a predicate are optional; they are not necessary to complete the meaning of the predicate. Most theories of syntax and semantics acknowledge arguments and adjuncts, although the terminology varies, and the distinction is generally believed to exist in all languages. Dependency grammars sometimes call arguments "actants", following Tesnière (1959). | En grammaire, un actant (ou argument en grammaire générative) est un élément syntaxique nominal imposé par la valence de certaines classes lexicales : le verbe principalement, mais aussi le nom, l'adjectif, la préposition... Un actant se situe dans le "schéma actanciel" qui décrit l'organisation syntaxique nécessaire à certains mots dotés d'une valence afin qu'ils soient "saturés". Ces termes doivent déterminer un "procès", ou contenu sémantique du prédicat capable de transformer le thème, qu'il indique un processus ("se reposer", "travailler", "tousser", etc.) ou bien une action ("casser", "donner", "chanter", etc.). | [
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Group (periodic table) | Groupe du tableau périodique | In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table; the f-block columns (between groups 3 and 4) are not numbered. The elements in a group have similar physical or chemical characteristics of the outermost electron shells of their atoms (i.e., the same core charge), because most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron. | Un groupe du tableau périodique comprend les éléments chimiques d'une même colonne du tableau périodique. Le tableau standard est constitué de, tandis que les colonnes contenant les éléments du bloc f ne sont pas numérotées. Les électrons de valence des éléments d'un même groupe partagent la même configuration électronique, ce qui leur confère des propriétés chimiques et physiques semblables. | [
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Wade–Giles | Romanisation Wade-Giles | Wade–Giles () is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Francis Wade, during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert A. Giles's "Chinese–English Dictionary" of 1892. | Le Wade-Giles, parfois abrégé en Wade, est une romanisation du chinois mandarin. Il a été développé d'après un système créé par Thomas Wade au milieu du et modifié par Herbert Giles dans son dictionnaire chinois-anglais de 1912. Il a été le principal système de transcription dans le monde anglophone pendant la majeure partie du. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Laozi | Lao Tseu | Lao Tzu ( or ), also rendered as Laozi (; ; ; commonly translated as "Old Master") and Lao-Tze (), was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the "Tao Te Ching", the founder of philosophical Taoism, and a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions. | Lao Tseu ou Laozi ou Lao Zi (), plus communément appelé en Chine Tàishàng lǎojūn (), de son vrai nom Li Er (), aurait été un sage chinois et, selon la tradition, un contemporain de Confucius (milieu du – milieu du, fin de la période des Printemps et Automnes). Il est considéré "a posteriori" comme le père fondateur du taoïsme. Il serait né dans le pays de Chu du royaume des Zhou et serait parti pour une retraite spirituelle vers l’ouest de la Chine actuelle avec une destination inconnue. Les informations historiques le concernant sont rares et incertaines et sa biographie se développe à partir de la dynastie Han, essentiellement à partir d’éléments surnaturels et religieux ; quelques chercheurs sceptiques estiment depuis la fin du qu'il s’agit d’un personnage fictif ou composite, et non proprement historique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Plumb bob | Fil à plomb | A plumb bob, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical or horizontal datum. | Le fil à plomb est un outil constitué d'un fil lesté utilisé pour obtenir des verticales (ou du moins la direction de la pesanteur à un endroit précis). | [
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Sailing ship | Voilier | A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships, employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Some ships carry square sails on each mast—the brig and full-rigged ship, said to be "ship-rigged" when there are three or more masts. Others carry only fore-and-aft sails on each mast—schooners. Still others employ a combination of square and fore-and aft sails, including the barque, barquentine, and brigantine. Sailing ships developed differently in Asia, which produced the junk and dhow—vessels that incorporated innovations absent in European ships of the time. Technically in the Age of Sail a ship was a specific type of vessel, with a bowsprit and three masts, each of which consists of a lower, top, and topgallant mast. | Un voilier est un bateau à voiles (pièces de tissu), propulsé par la force du vent. Historiquement, le voilier a été le premier moyen de transport à moyenne et longue distance. Les voiliers transportaient les marchandises, les passagers, le courrier. Ils étaient utilisés pour la pêche en mer, les activités militaires et les batailles navales. | [
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Radium | Radium | Radium is a chemical element with the symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily reacts with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) on exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (RaN). All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226, which has a half-life of 1600 years and decays into radon gas (specifically the isotope radon-222). When radium decays, ionizing radiation is a product, which can excite fluorescent chemicals and cause radioluminescence. | Le radium est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 88, de symbole Ra. Il est d'un aspect parfaitement blanc mais il noircit lors de son exposition à l'air libre. Le radium est un métal alcalino-terreux présent en très faible quantité dans les minerais d'uranium. Il est extrêmement radioactif, la demi-vie de son isotope le plus stable (Ra) étant de. Il fournit du radon comme produit de désintégration. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Planck constant | Constante de Planck | The Planck constant, or Planck's constant is the quantum of electromagnetic action that relates a photon's energy to its frequency. The Planck constant multiplied by a photon's frequency is equal to a photon's energy. The Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant denoted as formula_1, and of fundamental importance in quantum mechanics. In metrology it is used to define the kilogram in SI units. | En physique, la constante de Planck, notée formula_1, est utilisée pour décrire la taille des quanta. Nommée d'après le physicien Max Planck, cette constante joue un rôle central dans la mécanique quantique. Elle relie notamment l’énergie d’un photon (formula_2) à sa fréquence formula_3 ou sa pulsation formula_4 : formula_5. Elle est, depuis le 20 mai 2019, à la base de la définition du kilogramme. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Chamaeleon | Caméléon (constellation) | Chamaeleon () is a small constellation in the southern sky. It is named after the chameleon, a kind of lizard. It was first defined in the 16th century. | Le Caméléon est une constellation de l'hémisphère sud. Il s'agit de plusieurs étoiles pâles que l'on a reliées entre elles pour former un caméléon très peu perceptible. | [
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Gothic art | Art gothique | Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Southern and Central Europe, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, before being subsumed into Renaissance art. Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, are typically used to define the periods in art in all media, although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace. | L’art gothique ou art français (en latin francigenum opus) est une période artistique s'étendant sur environ quatre cents ans, qui s'est développée à partir de la seconde partie du Moyen Âge en France puis en Europe occidentale. | [
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