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Perche | Perche (province) | Perche () (French: "le Perche") is a former province of France, known historically for its forests and, for the past two centuries, for the Percheron draft horse breed. Until the French Revolution, Perche was bounded by four ancient territories of northwestern France: the provinces of Maine, Normandy, and Orléanais, and the region of Beauce. Afterwards it was absorbed into the present-day departments of Orne and Eure-et-Loir, with small parts in the neighboring departments of Eure, Loir-et-Cher, and Sarthe. | Le Perche est une ancienne province de la France. Sa capitale fut selon les époques Corbon, Bellême, Mortagne ou Nogent-le-Rotrou. | [
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Pope Benedict V | Benoît V | Pope Benedict V (; died 4 July 965) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 22 May to 23 June 964, in opposition to Leo VIII. He was overthrown by Emperor Otto I. His brief pontificate occurred at the end of a period known as the "Saeculum obscurum". | , dit" Grammaticus" (« le Grammairien ») († Hambourg, Allemagne, le ), fut 132 pape selon la liste de l’"Annuario pontificio" du 22 mai 964 jusqu'à sa déposition le 23 juin suivant. | [
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Paul Bocuse | Paul Bocuse | Paul Bocuse (; 11 February 1926 – 20 January 2018) was a French chef based in Lyon who was known for the high quality of his restaurants and his innovative approaches to cuisine. | Paul Bocuse, né le et mort le dans son Auberge du Pont de Collonges, à Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or, près de Lyon, est un chef cuisinier français. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Carl Jung | Carl Gustav Jung | Carl Gustav Jung (, ; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's work was influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, and religious studies. Jung worked as a research scientist at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler. During this time, he came to the attention of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. The two men conducted a lengthy correspondence and collaborated, for a while, on a joint vision of human psychology. | Carl Gustav Jung ( ) est un médecin psychiatre suisse né le à Kesswil (canton de Thurgovie) et mort le à Küsnacht (canton de Zurich), en Suisse alémanique. | [
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Flag of Finland | Drapeau de la Finlande | The flag of Finland (, ), also called "siniristilippu" ("Blue Cross Flag"), dates from the beginning of the 20th century. On a white background, it features a blue Nordic cross, which represents Christianity. | Le drapeau de la Finlande, en (en ), date de 1918 et se fonde sur le modèle du drapeau du Danemark. Il représente la croix scandinave bleue sur un fond blanc. | [
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Flag of Monaco | Drapeau de Monaco | The flag of Monaco () is the national flag of the Principality of Monaco. It has two equal horizontal bands, of red (top) and white (bottom), both of which have been the heraldic colours of the House of Grimaldi since at least 1339. The present bicolour design was adopted on 4 April 1881, under Charles III. | Le drapeau de Monaco est composé de deux bandes horizontales de même largeur, une rouge et l'autre blanche. Le dessin actuel date de 1881 mais ses couleurs ont été choisies dès le par la famille Grimaldi. Il est confirmé dans l' de la constitution de Monaco de 1962. Hormis les nuances de couleur et les proportions, il est identique au drapeau de l'Indonésie, à celui de la Hesse ou encore au "Rot un Wiss" historique alsacien. | [
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Vicky the Viking | Vic le Viking | Vicky the Viking, known as in Germany and Austria and in Japan, is a German-Austrian-Japanese animated television series which tells the adventures of Vicky, a young Viking boy who uses his wits to help his Viking fellows. It is based on the novel "Vicke Viking" (1963) written by the Swedish author Runer Jonsson. It premiered on the German TV channel ZDF on 31 January 1974 but aired in various countries. In 2013–2014, the series also existed in 3D animation produced by Studio 100. | Au Québec, la série a été diffusée à partir du à la Télévision de Radio-Canada, et en France, à partir du sur TF1. | [
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Normans | Normands | The Normans (Norman: "Normaunds"; ; ; Old Norse: "Norðmaðr") were an ethnic group that arose from contact between Norse Viking settlers of a region in France, named Normandy after them, and indigenous Franks and Gallo-Romans. The settlements in France followed a series of raids on the French coast mainly from Denmark — although some came from Norway and Iceland as well — and gained political legitimacy when the Viking leader Rollo agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries. | Si les Normands sont actuellement les habitants de la Normandie, le terme désigne aussi historiquement les habitants du duché de Normandie. | [
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Flag of Hungary | Drapeau de la Hongrie | The flag of Hungary () is a horizontal tricolour of red, white and green. In this exact form, it has been the official flag of Hungary since 23 May 1957. The flag's form originates from national republican movements of the 18th and 19th centuries, while its colours are from the Middle Ages. The current Hungarian tricolour flag is the same as the republican movement flag of the United Kingdom (used since 1816) and the colours in that form were already used at least since the coronation of Leopold II in 1790, predating the first use of the Italian Tricolour in 1797. | Le drapeau de la Hongrie est le drapeau civil, le drapeau d'État, le pavillon marchand et le pavillon d'État de la Hongrie. Il est composé de trois bandes horizontales rouge (dessus), blanche et verte. | [
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Hägar the Horrible | Hägar Dünor | Hägar the Horrible is the title and main character of an American comic strip created by cartoonist Dik Browne, and syndicated by King Features Syndicate. It first appeared in February 1973, and was an immediate success. Since Browne's retirement in 1988 (and subsequent death), his son Chris Browne has continued the strip., "Hägar" is distributed to 1,900 newspapers in 56 countries and translated into 12 languages. The strip is a caricature commenting on modern-day life in the United States through a loose interpretation of Viking Age Scandinavian life. | Hägar Dünor ou Hägar Dünor le Viking ("Hägar the Horrible") est un comic strip américain créé par l'auteur Dik Browne pour le King Features Syndicate, dont la première prépublication date le avant d'en publier en album par Tempo Books en 1974. À la retraite du créateur en 1988, son fils Chris Browne poursuit la série en 1989. | [
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Flag of the Netherlands | Drapeau des Pays-Bas | The flag of the Netherlands () is a horizontal tricolour of red, white, and blue. The current design originates as a variant of the late 16th century orange-white-blue "Prinsenvlag" ("Prince's Flag"), evolving in the early 17th century as the red-white-blue "Statenvlag" ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the States-General of the Dutch Republic, making the Dutch flag perhaps the oldest tricolour flag in continuous use. It has inspired the Russian and French flags. During the economic crisis of 1930s the old Prince's Flag with the colour orange gained some popularity among some people. To end the confusion, the colours red, white and blue and its official status as the national flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands were reaffirmed by royal decree on 19 February 1937. | Le drapeau des Pays-Bas est un drapeau à trois bandes horizontales rouge, blanc, bleu. Il est dérivé du premier drapeau choisi comme emblème national, le "Prinsenvlag" ou « bannière des princes », dès avant la création officielle du pays, pendant la révolte qui devait libérer le territoire alors occupé par les espagnols. Il reprend l'organisation et les couleurs, sauf le rouge, d'un drapeau non officiel plus ancien qui est finalement redevenu le drapeau national néerlandais.À ne pas confondre avec le drapeau luxembourgeois. | [
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Functional programming | Programmation fonctionnelle | In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that each return a value, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which change the state of the program or world. | La programmation fonctionnelle est un paradigme de programmation de type déclaratif qui considère le calcul en tant qu'évaluation de fonctions mathématiques. | [
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Vikings | Vikings | Vikings were the Norse people from southern Scandinavia (in present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden) who from the late 8th to late 11th centuries raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of Europe, and explored westwards to Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. In modern English and other vernaculars, the term also commonly includes the inhabitants of Norse home communities during this period. This period of Nordic military, mercantile and demographic expansion had a profound impact on the early medieval history of Scandinavia, the British Isles, France, Estonia, Kievan Rus' and Sicily. | Les Vikings (, au pluriel "") sont des explorateurs, commerçants, pillards mais aussi pirates scandinaves au cours d’une période s’étendant du, communément nommée « Âge des Vikings ». Par extension, on emploie le terme en français pour désigner la civilisation scandinave de l'âge du fer tardif, c'est-à-dire à partir de la fin du à l'. Ils sont souvent appelés "Normands", c'est-à-dire étymologiquement « hommes du Nord », dans la bibliographie ancienne. | [
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Near East | Proche-Orient | The Near East is a Eurocentric geographical term which roughly encompasses a transcontinental region comprising Western Asia, Turkey (both Anatolia and East Thrace), and Egypt (which is mostly located in North Africa). Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in American English and has been replaced by the terms "Middle East", which includes Egypt, and Western Asia, which includes Transcaucasia. | Le Proche-Orient est une région pouvant couvrir, selon les acceptions, une partie de l'Asie et de l'Afrique depuis le Sud-Est du bassin Levantin (partie orientale de la mer Méditerranée), jusqu'aux plateaux iranien. L'appellation de « Moyen-Orient » est quant à elle d'origine américaine (""), a un sens plus large ou identique selon le point de vue adopté ( ci-dessous). Il est aussi concurrencé par le terme « Asie de l'Ouest ». | [
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Riex | Riex | Riex is a former municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron. The municipalities of Cully, Epesses, Grandvaux, Riex and Villette (Lavaux) merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Bourg-en-Lavaux. | Riex est une localité de la commune de Bourg-en-Lavaux et une ancienne commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de Lavaux-Oron. | [
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Toul | Toul | Toul () is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. | Toul est une commune française localisée dans le département de Meurthe-et-Moselle (54). Située en Lorraine, la commune fait partie de la région administrative Grand Est. Ancienne principauté épiscopale du Saint-Empire romain germanique, Toul passe sous le contrôle de la France en 1552, au cours du voyage d'Allemagne, avant d'être définitivement annexée en 1648, en vertu du traité de Westphalie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Googol | Gogol (nombre) | A googol is the large number 10. In decimal notation, it is written as the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeroes: 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. | En mathématiques, un gogol (parfois orthographié "googol") est l'entier naturel dont la représentation décimale s'écrit avec le chiffre 1 suivi de 100 zéros (soit 10) : | [
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Juggling | Jonglerie | Juggling is a physical skill, performed by a juggler, involving the manipulation of objects for recreation, entertainment, art or sport. The most recognizable form of juggling is toss juggling. Juggling can be the manipulation of one object or many objects at the same time, most often using one or two hands but also possible with feet. Jugglers often refer to the objects they juggle as props. The most common props are balls, clubs, or rings. Some jugglers use more dramatic objects such as knives, fire torches or chainsaws. The term "juggling" can also commonly refer to other prop-based manipulation skills, such as diabolo, plate spinning, devil sticks, poi, cigar boxes, contact juggling, hooping, yo-yo, and hat manipulation. | La jonglerie, souvent appelée jonglage ou encore jongle, est un exercice d'adresse qui consiste dans son sens le plus strict à lancer, rattraper et relancer de manière continue des objets en l’air. Elle peut être un jeu, un sport, un art ou encore un rite religieux. L’acception que l’on donne au mot peut varier selon les pays ou les pratiquants, prenant en compte la seule manipulation d’objets ou l’ensemble du spectacle que l’artiste donne. De ce fait on en donne souvent une définition plus large qui inclut toutes les manipulations d’objets demandant de l’entraînement. La part artistique de la jonglerie pouvant être importante, l’expression corporelle et le côté théâtral comptent souvent autant que la performance pure. | [
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Pliny the Elder | Pline l'Ancien | Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24–79), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, a naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic "Naturalis Historia" ("Natural History"), which became an editorial model for encyclopedias. He spent most of his spare time studying, writing, and investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field. | Pline l’Ancien (en latin "Gaius Plinius Secundus"), né en 23 à "Novum Comum" (l'actuelle Côme) dans le nord de l'Italie (en Gaule Transpadane) et mort en 79, à Stabies (), près de Pompéi, lors de l'éruption du Vésuve, est un écrivain et naturaliste romain du, auteur d'une monumentale encyclopédie intitulée "Histoire naturelle" (vers 77). | [
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Cartagena, Spain | Carthagène (Espagne) | Cartagena (; ) is a Spanish city and a major naval station located in the Region of Murcia, by the Mediterranean coast, south-eastern Spain. As of January 2018, it has a population of 213,943 inhabitants, being the region's second-largest municipality and the country's sixth-largest non-provincial-capital city. The metropolitan area of Cartagena, known as "Campo de Cartagena", has a population of 409,586 inhabitants. | Carthagène est une ville espagnole située en bordure de la mer Méditerranée dans la communauté autonome de la région de Murcie, dont c'est la capitale législative. Elle compte habitants, ce qui en fait la vingt-quatrième ville espagnole au niveau de la population (la sixième parmi celles qui ne sont pas capitales de province), répartis sur un territoire communal de. La ville se trouve au sud de la plaine dénommée "Campo de Cartagena", espace naturel qui fait partie de son aire métropolitaine, laquelle comprend une population totale de. | [
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Nikolai Gogol | Nicolas Gogol | Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (; ; ; – ) was a Russian dramatist of Ukrainian origin. Although Gogol was considered by his contemporaries to be one of the preeminent figures of the natural school of Russian literary realism, later critics have found in his work a fundamentally romantic sensibility, with strains of surrealism and the grotesque ("The Nose", "Viy", "The Overcoat", "Nevsky Prospekt"). His early works, such as "Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka", were influenced by his Ukrainian upbringing, Ukrainian culture and folklore. His later writing satirised political corruption in the Russian Empire ("The Government Inspector", "Dead Souls"). The novel "Taras Bulba" (1835) and the play "Marriage" (1842), along with the short stories "Diary of a Madman", "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich", "The Portrait" and "The Carriage", are also among his best-known works. | Nicolas Vassiliévitch Gogol (en, "Nikolaï Vassilievitch Gogol" ; en, "Mykola Vassyliovytch Hohol") est un romancier, nouvelliste, dramaturge, poète et critique littéraire russe d'origine ukrainienne, né à Sorotchintsy dans le gouvernement de Poltava (Empire russe) le et mort à Moscou le. Il est considéré comme l'un des écrivains classiques de la littérature russe. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ECHELON | Echelon | ECHELON, originally a secret government code name, is a surveillance program (signals intelligence/SIGINT collection and analysis network) operated by the United States with the aid of four other signatory states to the UKUSA Security Agreement: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, also known as the Five Eyes. | Echelon est un nom de code utilisé pendant de nombreuses années par les services de renseignements des États-Unis pour désigner une base d'interception des satellites de télécommunications commerciaux. Par extension, le réseau Echelon désigne le système mondial d'interception des communications privées et publiques (SIGINT), élaboré par les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni, le Canada, l’Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande dans le cadre du traité UKUSA. | [
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Captain (armed forces) | Capitaine (grade militaire) | The army rank of captain (from the French "capitaine") is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers. The rank is also used by some air forces and marine forces. Today, a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery (or United States Army cavalry troop or Commonwealth squadron). In the Chinese People's Liberation Army, a captain may also command a company, or be the second-in-command of a battalion. | La catastrophe de Seveso est une catastrophe écologique et sanitaire qui s'est produite en juillet 1976, dans le nord de l'Italie. Un nuage d'herbicide contenant des produits toxiques s'échappe d'une usine chimique, et contamine les alentours, provoquant à la fois des hospitalisations pour les enfants des communes voisines, dont celle de Seveso, et la mort de plusieurs dizaines de milliers d'animaux d'élevage. | [
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Beaufort cheese | Beaufort (fromage) | Beaufort () is a firm, raw cow's milk cheese associated with the gruyère family. An Alpine cheese, it is produced in Beaufortain, Tarentaise valley and Maurienne, which are located in the Savoie region of the French Alps. | Beaufort (//) est l'appellation d'origine d'un fromage au lait cru de vache, à pâte pressée cuite, élaboré en Savoie en France. La production du lait et sa transformation s'effectuent dans une aire comprenant la région du Beaufortain d'où il tire son nom. Il est formé en meule à talon légèrement concave. L'appellation beaufort est préservée commercialement via une Appellation d'origine protégée. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Seveso disaster | Catastrophe de Seveso | The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident that occurred around 12:37 pm on July 10, 1976 in a small chemical manufacturing plant approximately north of Milan in the Lombardy region of Italy. It resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations, which gave rise to numerous scientific studies and standardized industrial safety regulations. The EU industrial safety regulations are known as the Seveso II Directive. | Le terme Capitaine du latin "caput, capitis" « tête » évoque le commandement. Il est utilisé dans de nombreux domaines. | [
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Keiretsu | Keiretsu | A is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings. In the legal sense, it is a type of informal business group that are loosely organized alliances within the social world of Japan's business community. The "keiretsu" maintained dominance over the Japanese economy for the second half of the 20th century, and, to a lesser extent, continues to do so in the early 21st century. | , ou zaki est un terme japonais désignant un ensemble d'entreprises, de domaines variés, entretenant entre elles des participations croisées. Avant les années 1950, on parlait de "zaibatsu" mais ces dernières furent démantelées lors de la période d'occupation du Japon, puisque leurs forts liens avec le militarisme japonais impérial, au sein d'un complexe militaro-industriel, avaient été démontrés. | [
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Contract manufacturer | Sous-traitance en France | A contract manufacturer ("CM") is a manufacturer that contracts with a firm for components or products. It is a form of outsourcing. A contract manufacturer performing packaging operations is called copacker or a "contract packager". | La sous-traitance est un contrat par lequel une entreprise demande à une autre entreprise de réaliser tout ou une partie de ce que l'entreprise cliente devait réaliser et fournir à sa propre clientèle. L'entreprise qui réalise est appelée sous-traitante. La sous-traitance peut concerner un produit (appareil électronique), des travaux (maçonnerie), ou une prestation physique (transport) ou encore intellectuelle (programmation informatique). | [
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Daimyo | Daimyo | From the "Shugo" of the Muromachi period through the Sengoku to the daimyo of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history. The backgrounds of daimyo also varied considerably; while some daimyo clans, notably the Mōri, Shimazu and Hosokawa, were cadet branches of the Imperial family or were descended from the "kuge", other daimyo were promoted from the ranks of the samurai, notably during the Edo period. | Un est un titre nobiliaire japonais. Ce terme désigne les principaux gouverneurs de provinces issus de la classe militaire qui régnaient sur le Japon sous les ordres du shogun, de l’époque de Muromachi (1336-1573), à celle d’Edo (1603-1868). | [
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Tipu Sultan | Tipû Sâhib | Tipu Sultan (born Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu, 20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799), also known as "Tipu Sahab" or the Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore and a pioneer of rocket artillery. He introduced a number of administrative innovations during his rule, including a new coinage system and calendar, and a new land revenue system which initiated the growth of the Mysore silk industry. He expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual "Fathul Mujahidin". He deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, including the Battle of Pollilur and Siege of Seringapatam. He also embarked on an ambitious economic development program that established Mysore as a major economic power, with some of the world's highest real wages and living standards in the late 18th century. | Tipû Sâhib, également connu sous le nom de Tipû Sultân ( — ) fut sultan de Mysore à partir de 1782 et l'un des principaux opposants à l'installation du pouvoir britannique en Inde ce qui lui valut le surnom de « tigre de Mysore ». | [
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Technopole | Technopole | Technopole refers to a center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based quaternary industry. The term was coined by Allen J. Scott in 1990 to describe regions in Southern California which showed a rapid growth in high technology fields. This term now has a broader scope to describe regions worldwide dedicated to technological innovation. The components of a technopole usually comprise local firms, universities, financial institutions and public research organizations. Technopoles may be developed by the private sector or by the co-operation or partnership between the public and private sectors. Governments of all levels promote them as a panacea for economies hurt by economic restructuring. Large corporations and small business operate within these high technology areas. Networking between companies is important and made possible by technological advances. Technopoles are combined technological and business centers specifically established around recognized educational and research institutes. | La technopole ou le technopôle est une aire urbaine concentrant des activités de haute-technologie. Le mot apparaît dans la littérature depuis la fin des années 1970. Rapidement, un débat s'est engagé sur l'orthographe et le genre du mot. L'Académie française a opté en 1988 pour "la technopole" (cité des techniques) d'une part, et le "pôle de technologie" d'autre part. | [
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Julio Cortázar | Julio Cortázar | Julio Cortázar, born Julio Florencio Cortázar ; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an Argentine novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the Latin American Boom, Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Hispanic readers and writers in America and Europe. | Julio Florencio Cortázar Descotte (), né le à Ixelles (Belgique) et mort le à Paris, est un écrivain argentin de Buenos Aires, auteur de romans et de nouvelles (tous en langue espagnole), établi en France en 1951 et qui, tout en conservant sa nationalité argentine, acquiert aussi la nationalité française vers la fin de sa vie, en 1981, comme acte de protestation contre la dictature militaire argentine de l'époque. | [
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Arrondissements of Lyon | Arrondissements de Lyon | The nine arrondissements of Lyon are the administrative divisions of the City of Lyon. Unlike the spiral pattern of the arrondissements of Paris, or the meandering pattern of those in Marseille, the layout in Lyon is more idiosyncratic. This is for historical reasons: following the annexation of the communes of, La Croix-Rousse and Vaise in 1852, the newly enlarged city was divided into 5 arrondissements, which originally spiralled out anticlockwise from the "Hôtel de Ville" (Town Hall); however, as the city's population expanded, it became necessary to split certain arrondissements, giving rise to today's seemingly random pattern. | La ville de Lyon est l'une des trois communes françaises actuellement divisées en arrondissements municipaux (avec Paris et Marseille). La création des premiers arrondissements de Lyon date du. | [
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Peshawar | Peshawar | Peshawar ( "Pēx̌awar" ; ; ; ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and its largest city. It is the sixth-largest in Pakistan. Peshawar is also the largest Pashtun-majority city in Pakistan. Situated in the broad Valley of Peshawar near the eastern end of the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest cities in South Asia. | Peshawar (ourdou : پشاور ; pachto : پښور) est une ville d'environ deux millions d'habitants située dans le nord du Pakistan, à l'extrémité orientale de la passe de Khyber. Elle est la capitale de la province de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa et sixième plus grande ville du pays. | [
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Fritz Haber | Fritz Haber | Fritz Haber (; 9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. This invention is of importance for the large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives. The food production for half the world's current population involves this method for producing nitrogen fertilizers. Haber, along with Max Born, proposed the Born–Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid. | Fritz Haber (né le à Breslau, Allemagne (aujourd'hui Wrocław, en Pologne) - mort le 29 janvier 1934 à Bâle, Suisse) est un chimiste allemand qui a reçu le prix Nobel de chimie de 1918 pour ses travaux sur la synthèse de l'ammoniac, importante pour la fabrication d'engrais et d'explosifs. Il est également considéré comme le « père de l'arme chimique » pour ses travaux sur le dichlore et d'autres gaz toxiques largement utilisés pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. D'origine juive, il fut contraint à l'exil en 1933 et mourut sur le chemin de Bâle en Suisse. | [
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Vendée Globe | Vendée Globe | The Vendée Globe is a single-handed (solo) non-stop yacht race around the world without assistance. The race was founded by Philippe Jeantot in 1989, and since 1992 has taken place every four years. It is named after the Département of Vendée, in France, where the race starts and ends. The Vendée Globe is considered an extreme quest of individual endurance and the ultimate test in ocean racing. | Le Vendée Globe est une course à la voile, autour du monde, en solitaire, sans escale et sans assistance, sur des voiliers monocoques IMOCA. Cette course française réputée se déroule tous les quatre ans depuis la édition, le départ ayant lieu au mois de novembre aux Sables-d'Olonne en Vendée (France), le retour ayant lieu au même endroit. D'après une idée originale de Titouan Lamazou, elle a été créée par le navigateur Philippe Jeantot, avec l'aide de Philippe de Villiers. La première édition a eu lieu en 1989. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pontiff | Pontife | A pontiff (from Latin "pontifex") was, in Roman antiquity, a member of the most illustrious of the colleges of priests of the Roman religion, the College of Pontiffs. The term "pontiff" was later applied to any high or chief priest and, in Roman Catholic ecclesiastical usage, to a bishop and more particularly to the Bishop of Rome, the Pope or "Roman Pontiff". | Le terme pontife, du latin "pontifex", étymologiquement « qui fait le pont (sacré) », est utilisé dans la Rome antique pour désigner les membres de l'un des quatre collèges sacerdotaux de la religion romaine, le collège pontifical. Ce titre désigne actuellement, par extension, une personne revêtue d’un ministère sacré, le ministre d’une religion. | [
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Duchy of Normandy | Duché de Normandie | The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo. The duchy was named for its inhabitants, the Normans. | Le duché de Normandie est un duché féodal du royaume de France qui a existé de 911 à 1469, d'abord comme principauté largement autonome, puis après sa conquête par le roi de France en 1204, comme partie du domaine royal ou comme apanage. Louis XI supprime le duché en 1469. Toutefois, il subsiste pour sa partie insulaire (les îles Anglo-Normandes) comme dépendance de la couronne britannique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Vodka | Vodka | Vodka (,, ) is a clear distilled alcoholic beverage with different varieties originating in Poland and Russia. It is composed primarily of water and ethanol, but sometimes with traces of impurities and flavorings. Traditionally it is made by distilling the liquid from cereal grains that have been fermented, with potatoes arising as a substitute in more recent times, and some modern brands using fruits or sugar as the base. | La vodka (du polonais : "wódka", russe : "водка") est une boisson alcoolisée incolore titrant environ 40 degrés. L'origine de cette eau-de-vie se situerait en Pologne, selon les sources. | [
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Flag of France | Drapeau de la France | The flag of France () is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red. It is known to English speakers as the French Tricolour or simply the Tricolour (). The Tricolour has become one of the most influential flags in history, with its three-colour scheme being copied by many other nations, both in Europe and the rest of the world. | Le drapeau de la France, drapeau tricolore bleu, blanc, rouge, également appelé « drapeau ou pavillon tricolore », est l’emblème et le drapeau national de la République française. Il est le drapeau de la France sans interruption depuis 1830. Il est mentionné dans l’article 2 de la Constitution française de 1958. Ce drapeau aux proportions « 2:3 » (deux tiers, deux pour la hauteur, trois pour la longueur) est composé de trois bandes verticales bleue, blanche et rouge de largeurs et de longueurs égales. | [
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History of cryptography | Histoire de la cryptologie | Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classic cryptography — that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex mechanical and electromechanical machines, such as the Enigma rotor machine, provided more sophisticated and efficient means of encryption; and the subsequent introduction of electronics and computing has allowed elaborate schemes of still greater complexity, most of which are entirely unsuited to pen and paper. | Cet article résume l’histoire de la cryptologie de l’Antiquité à aujourd'hui. La cryptologie regroupe à la fois la cryptographie, associée aux techniques de chiffrement d’un message clair, et la cryptanalyse qui concerne l’analyse et le décryptage du message codé. | [
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Flag of Iraq | Drapeau de l'Irak | The flag of Iraq () includes the three equal horizontal red, white, and black stripes of the Arab Liberation flag. | Le drapeau de l'Irak est le drapeau civil, le drapeau d'État et le pavillon national de la République d’Irak. Il est composé de trois bandes horizontales rouge (dessus), blanche et noire, reprenant ainsi les couleurs panarabes, frappées de la devise "Allah akbar" (« Dieu est [le] plus grand »). La calligraphie est coufique (de la ville de Koufa, près de Nadjaf). | [
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Flag of Luxembourg | Drapeau du Luxembourg | The flag of Luxembourg (,, ) consists of three horizontal stripes, red, white and blue, and can be in 1:2 or 3:5 ratio. It was first used between 1845 and 1848 and officially adopted in 1993. It is informally called in the country, "«rout, wäiß, blo»" ("red, white, blue"). | Le drapeau du Luxembourg est constitué de 10 bandes égales blanche et bleu ciel (alternant blanc et bleu ciel) disposées horizontalement, avec un lion rouge rampant à queue fourchue, armé, lampassé, et couronné d'or présent au milieu. Il est présent sur le sol luxembourgeois mais pas dans le monde. Celui présent dans le monde est le drapeau horizontal Rouge, Blanc et Bleu ciel (à trois bandes horizontales rouge, blanc et bleu ciel). | [
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Flag of Nepal | Drapeau du Népal | The national flag of Nepal () is the world's only non-quadrilateral flag that acts as both the state flag and civil flag of a sovereign nation. The flag is a simplified combination of two single pennons (or pennants), known as a double-pennon. Its crimson red is the symbol of bravery and it also represents the color of the rhododendron, Nepal's national flower, while the blue border is the color of peace. Until 1962, the flag's emblems, the sun and the crescent moon, had human faces, but they were removed to modernize the flag. | Le drapeau du Népal est le drapeau national de la République démocratique fédérale du Népal. Il est le seul parmi les drapeaux nationaux qui ne soit pas rectangulaire et à être plus haut que large. Le drapeau est une combinaison de deux Pennon. Ils incarnent les hautes altitudes de l'Himalaya ainsi que les deux religions les plus présentes au Népal, l'Hindouisme et le Bouddhisme. Le rouge cramoisi est la couleur nationale du pays. Il représente la bravoure des Népalais ainsi que le Rhododendron, la fleur nationale. La bordure bleue, comme un voile entourant le pays, symbolise la paix et l'harmonie. | [
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Pantheon (religion) | Panthéon | A pantheon (from Greek πάνθεον "pantheon", literally "(a temple) of all gods", "of or common to all gods" from πᾶν "pan-" "all" and θεός "theos" "god") is the particular set of all gods of any individual polytheistic religion, mythology, or tradition. | Le Panthéon est un temple que les Grecs et les Romains consacraient à certains de leurs dieux, par exemple le Panthéon de Rome, dédié à tous les dieux. Ce terme désigne aussi l'ensemble des dieux d'une mythologie ou d'une religion. En grec ancien, ("pãn") signifie « tout » et ("theos"), « dieu ». | [
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Flag of South Korea | Drapeau de la Corée du Sud | The flag of South Korea, also known as the Taegukgi (also spelled as "Taegeukgi", ), has three parts: a white rectangular background, a red and blue Taegeuk in its center, and four black trigrams one toward each corner. The first pattern of Taegukgi was made by Kojong. Flags similar to the current Taegeukgi were used as the national flags of Korea by the Joseon dynasty, the Korean Empire, and by the Korean exile government during Japanese rule. It has continued to be used as a national flag even after the establishment of the South Korean state on August 15, 1948. | Le drapeau de la Corée du Sud est le drapeau national et le pavillon national de la République de Corée. | [
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Flag of Portugal | Drapeau du Portugal | The flag of Portugal () is a rectangular bicolour with a field divided into green on the hoist, and red on the fly. The lesser version of the national coat of arms (i.e. armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) is centered over the colour boundary at equal distance from the upper and lower edges. On 30 June 1911, less than a year after the downfall of the constitutional monarchy, this design was officially adopted for the new national flag of the First Portuguese Republic, after selection by a special commission whose members included Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, João Chagas and Abel Botelho. | Le drapeau du Portugal (en portugais ) est actuellement de couleurs verte et rouge sur la séparation desquelles se trouvent une sphère armillaire et les armoiries du pays. Le drapeau actuel est le drapeau républicain qui a succédé en 1911 à l'ancien drapeau bleu et blanc. C'est un des nombreux drapeaux au dessin décentré vers la hampe. | [
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Villette, Vaud | Villette (Lavaux) | Villette is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron. The municipalities of Cully, Epesses, Grandvaux, Riex and Villette (Lavaux) merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Bourg-en-Lavaux. | Villette est une localité de la commune de Bourg-en-Lavaux et une ancienne commune suisse du canton de Vaud, située dans le district de Lavaux-Oron au bord du lac Léman. | [
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Léon Foucault | Léon Foucault | Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (,, ; 18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for his demonstration of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation. He also made an early measurement of the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and is credited with naming the gyroscope. | Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, né à Paris le et mort à Paris le, est un physicien et astronome français. | [
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Flag of Poland | Drapeau de la Pologne | The flag of Poland (Polish: "flaga Polski") consists of two horizontal stripes of equal width, the upper one white and the lower one red. The two colours are defined in the Polish constitution as the national colours. A variant of the flag with the national coat of arms in the middle of the white stripe is legally reserved for official use abroad and at sea. A similar flag with the addition of a swallow-tail is used as the naval ensign of Poland. | Le drapeau de la Pologne est l'un des symboles nationaux de la République de Pologne. Conformément à la loi du relative au blason, aux couleurs et à l'hymne de la République de la Pologne et aux sceaux nationaux, il s'agit d'un tissu rectangulaire paré des couleurs nationales arrangées en deux bandes horizontales de surface égale, la première blanche et la seconde rouge. Ces deux couleurs sont définies dans la Constitution polonaise comme les couleurs nationales. Deux versions du drapeau existent, avec ou sans les armoiries de la Pologne au milieu de la bande blanche. La version défacée, avec les armoiries, est réservée par la loi aux usages officiels à l'étranger ou en mer. L'enseigne navale est quant à elle un drapeau similaire avec une échancrure au milieu à l'extrémité droite. | [
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Colosseum | Colisée | The Colosseum or Coliseum ( ), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (; or "Colosseo" ), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete, it was the largest amphitheatre ever built at the time and held 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir, Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name "(Flavius)". | Le Colisée, à l'origine amphithéâtre Flavien (Colosseo en italien), est un immense amphithéâtre ovoïde situé dans le centre de la ville de Rome, entre l'Esquilin et le Cælius, le plus grand jamais construit dans l'Empire romain. Il est l'une des plus grandes œuvres de l'architecture et de l'ingénierie romaines. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky | Constantin Tsiolkovski | Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (; 19 September 1935) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory. Along with the French Robert Esnault-Pelterie, the German Hermann Oberth and the American Robert H. Goddard, he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry and astronautics. His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko and contributed to the success of the Soviet space program. | Constantin Édouardovitch Tsiolkovski (en ), né le à, dans la région de Riazan et mort le à Kalouga, est un scientifique russe puis soviétique considéré comme le père et le théoricien de la cosmonautique moderne. | [
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Scheme (programming language) | Scheme | Scheme is a minimalist dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages. Scheme consists of a small standard core with powerful tools for language extension. | Le but des créateurs du langage était d'épurer le Lisp en conservant les aspects essentiels, la flexibilité et la puissance expressive. Scheme a donc une syntaxe extrêmement simple, avec un nombre très limité de mots-clés. Comme en Lisp, la notation préfixée permet de s'affranchir d'une précédence des opérateurs. De plus, la puissance des macros de Scheme lui permet de s'adapter à n'importe quel problème, notamment de le rendre orienté objet et donc multi-paradigme. | [
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Hayao Miyazaki | Hayao Miyazaki | Born in Bunkyō ward of Tokyo, Miyazaki expressed interest in manga and animation from an early age, and he joined Toei Animation in 1963. During his early years at Toei Animation he worked as an in-between artist and later collaborated with director Isao Takahata. Notable films to which Miyazaki contributed at Toei include "Doggie March" and "Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon". He provided key animation to other films at Toei, such as "Puss in Boots" and "Animal Treasure Island", before moving to A-Pro in 1971, where he co-directed "Lupin the Third Part I" alongside Takahata. After moving to Zuiyō Eizō (later known as Nippon Animation) in 1973, Miyazaki worked as an animator on "World Masterpiece Theater", and directed the television series "Future Boy Conan". He joined Telecom Animation Film/Tokyo Movie Shinsha in 1979 to direct his first feature films, "The Castle of Cagliostro" in 1979 and "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" in 1984, as well as the television series "Sherlock Hound". | , né le à Tokyo, est un dessinateur, réalisateur et producteur de films d'animation japonais, cofondateur du Studio Ghibli avec Isao Takahata. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pleiades | Pléiades (astronomie) | The Pleiades (, ), also known as the Seven Sisters and Messier 45, are an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars in the north-west of the constellation Taurus. It is among the star clusters nearest to Earth and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky. | Les Pléiades, ou amas M45, sont un amas ouvert d'étoiles qui s'observe depuis les deux hémisphères, dans la constellation du Taureau. | [
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Astronaut | Astronaute | An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists and tourists. | Un astronaute, également appelé cosmonaute pour les Russes ou spationaute pour les Français ou d'autres termes selon les pays, est le membre de l'équipage d'un véhicule spatial. Les astronautes étaient choisis initialement parmi les pilotes militaires. Les critères de recrutement ont évolué par la suite et, si une bonne condition physique est toujours nécessaire, l'accent est désormais mis sur l'équilibre psychologique, la compétence technique ou scientifique selon le poste occupé et la capacité à s'exprimer dans les langues des principales nations spatiales (anglais, russe). Séjourner dans l'espace reste encore un privilège rare puisque après d'activité spatiale seules un peu plus de avaient séjourné dans l'espace, en moyenne à deux reprises, dont une cinquantaine de femmes. Le premier homme à être allé dans l'espace est Youri Gagarine en 1961 et deux ans plus tard, Valentina Terechkova fut la première femme. | [
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Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité | Compagnies républicaines de sécurité | The Compagnies républicaines de sécurité (, "Republican Security Companies"), abbreviated CRS, are the general reserve of the French National Police. They are primarily involved in general security missions but the task for which they are best known is crowd and riot control. | Les Compagnies républicaines de sécurité, couramment désignées par leur sigle CRS, forment un corps spécialisé de la Police nationale en France. Leur domaine d'intervention est le maintien ou le rétablissement de l'ordre public et la sécurité générale mais elles participent également à la sécurité routière, au secours en montagne ou sur les plages ainsi qu'à la plupart des missions de la Police nationale. Elles ont été créées le 8 décembre 1944. | [
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National Police (France) | Police nationale (France) | The National Police (), formerly known as the, is one of two national police forces, along with the National Gendarmerie, and the main civil law enforcement agency of France, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. The other main agency is the military, with primary jurisdiction in smaller towns and rural and border areas. The National Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and has about 145,699 employees (in April 2008). Young French citizens can fulfill the mandatory service "Service national universel (SNU)" in the police force. | En France, la Police nationale est une police d'État. Elle est rattachée au ministère de l'Intérieur. Les policiers titulaires et stagiaires qui la composent sont des fonctionnaires de l'État. | [
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Kiki's Delivery Service | Kiki la petite sorcière | "Kiki's Delivery Service" was released in Japan on July 29, 1989, and won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize. It was the first film released under a 15-year distribution partnership between The Walt Disney Company and Studio Ghibli; Buena Vista Home Video recorded an English dub in 1997, which premiered in United States theaters at the Seattle International Film Festival on May 23, 1998. The film was released on home video in the U.S. and Canada on September 1, 1998. | Kiki, le personnage principal, est une jeune sorcière qui quitte le foyer familial à treize ans pour s’établir seule dans une nouvelle ville d’apparence européenne. Elle y crée un service de livraison rapide par les airs, car son seul réel pouvoir magique est sa faculté de voler, et fait de nombreuses rencontres qui l’aident dans son intégration et son apprentissage de l’indépendance. Bien que Kiki soit une sorcière, le film est centré sur les vicissitudes du quotidien d’une jeune adolescente qui doit appréhender ses propres capacités pour trouver sa place dans une nouvelle communauté, des thèmes chers au réalisateur. | [
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Sturmabteilung | Sturmabteilung | The (SA; ), literally Storm Detachment, was the Nazi Party's original paramilitary wing. It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s. Its primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies, disrupting the meetings of opposing parties, fighting against the paramilitary units of the opposing parties, especially the Red Front Fighters League () of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), and intimidating Romani, trade unionists, and, especially, Jews – for instance, during the 1933 Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses. | La (littéralement section d’assaut, de "Sturm" « tempête » ou militairement « assaut » et "Abteilung" signifiant « détachement, section »), abrégée en SA, est une organisation paramilitaire du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands (le NSDAP ou « parti nazi »), organisation dont est ensuite issue la SS. La SA joua un rôle important dans l'accès au pouvoir d’Adolf Hitler en 1933. À partir de 1934, et après l'élimination de ses principaux dirigeants durant la nuit des Longs Couteaux, la SA ne joue plus aucun rôle politique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hermann Oberth | Hermann Oberth | Hermann Julius Oberth (; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with the French Robert Esnault-Pelterie, the Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and the American Robert Goddard. | Hermann Oberth (né le à Hermannstadt (actuellement Sibiu) en Transylvanie, Roumanie, où son père était médecin et mort le à Nuremberg, Allemagne) est un physicien austro-hongrois de souche saxonne de Transylvanie, spécialiste de l'astronautique, considéré comme l'un des pères fondateurs du vol spatial, aux côtés du Russe Constantin Tsiolkovski et de l'Américain Robert Goddard. De langue maternelle allemande, il n'en sera pas moins citoyen du monde mobile en offrant ses services et ses talents en Roumanie, en Allemagne et aux États-Unis. | [
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National Gendarmerie | Gendarmerie nationale (France) | The National Gendarmerie ( ) is one of two national police forces of France, along with the National Police. It is a branch of the French Armed Forces placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior—with additional duties to the Ministry of Defense. Its area of responsibility includes smaller towns, rural and suburban areas, while the, a civilian force, is in charge of cities and their centres. Because of its military status, the Gendarmerie also fulfills a range of military and defense missions. The Gendarmes have a cybercrime division. The force has a strength of more than 100,000 personnel, as of 2014. | La Gendarmerie nationale est une force armée française chargée des missions de police et placée sous la tutelle du ministère de l'Intérieur. Contrairement aux policiers, ses membres sont des militaires. Héritière de la Maréchaussée, la Gendarmerie est l'une des plus anciennes institutions françaises. De nombreux pays dans le monde ont adopté le principe d'une force de police à statut militaire directement inspirée par la Gendarmerie française. | [
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Eugen Sänger | Eugen Sänger | Eugen Sänger (22 September 1905 – 10 February 1964) was an Austrian aerospace engineer best known for his contributions to lifting body and ramjet technology. | Eugène Sänger (né le à Preßnitz en ex-Autriche-Hongrie et mort le à Berlin) était un ingénieur aéronautique autrichien et fut un des pionniers de l'astronautique, surtout connu pour ses recherches sur le corps portant et le statoréacteur. | [
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Adolphe Sax | Adolphe Sax | Antoine-Joseph "Adolphe" Sax (; 6 November 1814 – 7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who created the saxophone in the early 1840s, patenting it in 1846. He also invented the saxotromba, saxhorn and saxtuba. He played the flute and clarinet. | Antoine-Joseph Sax, mieux connu sous le nom d'Adolphe Sax, né le à Dinant, en Belgique, et mort le à Paris, est un facteur d'instrument de musique belge, surtout connu pour avoir inventé le saxophone et le saxhorn. | [
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Lift-to-drag ratio | Finesse (aérodynamique) | In aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio (or L/D ratio) is the amount of lift generated by a wing or vehicle, divided by the aerodynamic drag it creates by moving through air. A greater or more favorable L/D ratio is typically one of the major goals of aircraft design; since a particular aircraft's required lift is set by its weight, delivering that lift with lower drag results directly in better fuel economy in aircraft, climb performance, and glide ratio. | La finesse est une caractéristique aérodynamique définie comme le rapport entre la portance et la traînée. Elle est souvent désignée par le terme de langue anglaise signifiant, c'est-à-dire rapport portance/traînée en français. | [
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Morihei Ueshiba | Morihei Ueshiba | The son of a landowner from Tanabe, Ueshiba studied a number of martial arts in his youth, and served in the Japanese Army during the Russo-Japanese War. After being discharged in 1907, he moved to Hokkaidō as the head of a pioneer settlement; here he met and studied with Takeda Sōkaku, the founder of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu. On leaving Hokkaido in 1919, Ueshiba joined the Ōmoto-kyō movement, a Shinto sect, in Ayabe, where he served as a martial arts instructor and opened his first dojo. He accompanied the head of the Ōmoto-kyō group, Onisaburo Deguchi, on an expedition to Mongolia in 1924, where they were captured by Chinese troops and returned to Japan. The following year, he had a profound spiritual experience, stating that, "a golden spirit sprang up from the ground, veiled my body, and changed my body into a golden one." After this experience, his martial arts skill appeared to be greatly increased. | Après avoir contribué à la militarisation des esprits dans les années 1930 en développant l’aïkibudo dans les écoles militaires et divers lieux de pouvoir, sa quête personnelle ainsi que le traumatisme lié à la défaite japonaise de 1945 l’amenèrent à modifier son approche martiale en « voie de l’harmonie », rejetant toute idée de compétition suivant en cela les paroles de l’empereur Hirohito lors de son allocution en 1945 : « Nous avons résolu d’ouvrir la voie à une ère de paix grandiose pour toutes les générations à venir ». Ainsi, l’aïkido fut le premier art martial à être de nouveau autorisé par les autorités américaines d’occupation dès 1948. | [
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Rollo | Rollon | Rollo (; ; ; – ) was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy, a region in northern France. He is sometimes called the first Duke of Normandy. His son and grandson, William Longsword and Richard I, used the titles "count" (Latin or ) and "prince" (), respectively. His great-grandson Richard II was the first to officially use the title of Duke of Normandy. | Rollon (mort vers 932) est le chef viking à l'origine du duché de Normandie. En, en contrepartie de l'arrêt de ses pillages, il reçoit du roi Charles le Simple un territoire autour de Rouen. Environ cent ans plus tard, cette concession deviendra le duché de Normandie. Il est assez difficile de fixer la trame de la vie de Rollon, car elle est également l'objet de récits légendaires. | [
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Swastika | Svastika | The swastika or sauwastika as a character, 卐 ("right-facing" or "clockwise") or 卍 ("left-facing" or "counterclockwise") respectively is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon in the cultures of Eurasia. It is used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. In the Western world, it was a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck until the 1930s when the right-facing form 卐 became a feature of Nazi symbolism as an emblem of the Aryan race. As a result of World War II and the Holocaust, many people in the West still strongly associate it with Nazism and antisemitism. | Le svastika ou swastika, 卐, mot sanskrit dérivé de "su" (« bien ») et de "asti" (« il est ») ("ka" étant un suffixe adjectival), avec la variante orthographique sauvastika parfois attribuée à son symétrique 卍, est un symbole que l'on retrouve en Europe (y compris dans l'art chrétien), en Afrique, en Océanie, aux Amériques (Amérique précolombienne chez les Mayas et amérindiens Navajos et Kunas) et en Asie jusqu'en Extrême-Orient. Il apparaît à l'époque néolithique pour la première fois dans la préécriture de la culture de Vinča. Cette ubiquité temporelle et spatiale lui a parfois valu le nom de « symbole universel ». On peut le décrire comme une croix composée de quatre potences prenant chacune la forme d'un "gamma" grec en capitale (Γ), d'où le nom de croix gammée qui lui est parfois donné. | [
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Castres | Castres | Castres (; "Castras" in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan) is a commune, and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France. It lies in the former French province of Languedoc. | Castres est une commune française, unique sous-préfecture du département du Tarn et chef-lieu de l'arrondissement de Castres, en région Occitanie. | [
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Zebda | Zebda | Zebda is a French music group from Toulouse (France) known for its political activism and its wide variety of musical styles. The group, which was formed in 1985, consisted of seven musicians of diverse nationalities, and the themes of much of their music involved political and social justice, the status of immigrants and minorities in France, and the inhabitants of the French "banlieues", or suburbs. Zebda earned widespread recognition, as well as several awards, for its 1998 single "Tomber la chemise" ("Take Off Your Shirt"). In 2001, the band spearheaded an independent political party that won over 12% of the first-round vote in Toulouse's municipal elections. The group disbanded in 2003 but reformed in 2011. | Zebda est un groupe français de musique d’influences diverses, originaire de Toulouse et actif principalement du début des années 1990 à 2003. Groupe militant et engagé, notamment auprès du "Tactikollectif", Zebda remporta un grand succès auprès du public et des critiques avec les albums "Le Bruit et l'Odeur" (1995) et surtout "Essence ordinaire" (1998) pour lequel ils reçurent de nombreuses distinctions. Après quelques années d'arrêt, au cours desquelles les membres du groupe s'investissent dans des projets en solo, le groupe se reforme en 2008. | [
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Georges-Eugène Haussmann | Georges Eugène Haussmann | Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known as Baron Haussmann (; 27 March 180911 January 1891), was a French official who served as prefect of Seine (1853–1870), chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive urban renewal program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris commonly referred to as Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Critics forced his resignation for extravagance, but his vision of the city still dominates central Paris. | Georges Eugène Haussmann, communément appelé le baron Haussmann, né le à Paris et mort le dans la même ville, est un haut fonctionnaire et homme politique français. | [
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Slug | Limace | Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word "slug" is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semislugs (this is in contrast to the common name "snail", which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that the animal can fully retract its soft parts into the shell). | Limace est un nom vernaculaire ambigu désignant en français certains gastéropodes sans coquille externe appartenant à l'infra-ordre des stylommatophores. Les limaces mesurent de. Comme les autres stylommatophora, elles ont quatre tentacules dont deux qui ont des yeux. Les autres sont utilisés pour capter les odeurs et sont sensibles aux goûts. Elles peuvent être phytophages ou carnivores. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Overhead line | Caténaire | An overhead line or overhead wire is used to transmit electrical energy to electric trains, trolleybuses or trams. It is known variously as: | Une caténaire est un ensemble de câbles porteurs et de fils conducteurs destinés à l’alimentation des moyens de transports électriques à captage du courant par dispositif aérien. Les câbles porteurs sont en bronze ou en aluminium-acier, quant aux fils conducteurs, ils sont en cuivre pur à 98%, ou en cuivre allié à l'étain ou au magnésium. La caténaire permet de faire circuler la plupart des trains et des trams, mais aussi les trolleybus. Certains manèges forains d'auto-tamponneuses sont également par alimentation électrique aérienne. | [
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Treaty of Brétigny | Traité de Brétigny | The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good). In retrospect, it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) as well as the height of English power on the Continent. | Le traité de Brétigny, également connu sous le nom de traité de Calais, est conclu le, au château de Brétigny, un hameau de la commune de Sours près de Chartres, entre les plénipotentiaires du roi Édouard III d'Angleterre et ceux de Charles, fils du roi Jean II de France. | [
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Ram Mohan Roy | Râm Mohan Roy | Raja Ram Mohan Roy (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a social-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent. He was given the title of Raja by Akbar II, the Mughal emperor. His influence was apparent in the fields of politics, public administration, education and religion. He was known for his efforts to abolish the practices of sati and child marriage. Ram Mohan Roy has been called the "father of modern India" and the "father of the Indian renaissance". | Râm Mohan Roy (Radhanagore, près de Calcutta, Bengale-Occidental, - Stapleton, près de Bristol, ) est le fondateur du Brahmo Samaj, un des premiers mouvements de réforme de l'hindouisme dont l'influence fut évidente dans les domaines de la politique, de l'administration publique et de l'éducation aussi bien que de la religion. | [
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Fribourg | Fribourg (ville suisse) | ' (; or ) or'(also called "Freiburg im Üechtland" or for disambiguation from Freiburg im Breisgau; ; or ; ) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district La Sarine. It is located on both sides of the river Saane/Sarine, on the Swiss Plateau, and is a major economic, administrative and educational center on the cultural border between German and French Switzerland (Romandy). Its Old City, one of the best-maintained in Switzerland, sits on a small rocky hill above the valley of the Sarine. | Fribourg ("Freiburg" en allemand) est une ville et une commune suisse du canton de Fribourg, sur la Sarine. Elle est la capitale du canton de Fribourg et le chef-lieu du district de la Sarine. | [
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Company (military unit) | Compagnie (militaire) | A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 80–150 soldiers and usually commanded by a major or a captain. Most companies are formed of three to six platoons, although the exact number may vary by country, unit type, and structure. | La compagnie est une unité militaire qui, de nos jours, représente un groupe de cent à deux cent cinquante soldats. Dans la plupart des armées, la compagnie, commandée par un officier subalterne du grade de capitaine — ou parfois par un officier du grade immédiatement supérieur (commandant, chef de bataillon, major, etc.) — est la plus petite unité administrative autonome au sein d'une formation plus large (régiment, bataillon, groupement, etc.). Unité de combat ou de soutien, la compagnie est la composante de base d'une force armée et le commandement d'une compagnie — ou d'un escadron qui est l'équivalent de la compagnie dans certaines armes — est une étape très importante dans la carrière d'un officier. Enfin, de nombreuses organisations non-militaires (police, pompiers, etc.) sont également organisées en compagnies sur le modèle militaire. | [
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Chevauchée | Chevauchée | A chevauchée (, "promenade" or "horse charge", depending on context) was a raiding method of medieval warfare for weakening the enemy, primarily by burning and pillaging enemy territory in order to reduce the productivity of a region, as opposed to siege warfare or wars of conquest. The use of the chevauchée declined at the end of the 14th century as the focus of warfare turned to sieges. | Pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, les expéditions anglaises furent appelées chevauchées. Il s'agissait de longs raids dévastateurs sur plusieurs centaines de kilomètres et sur un front de plusieurs kilomètres. | [
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Zakat | Zakât | Zakat ( ', "that which purifies", also Zakat al-mal, "zakat on wealth", or Zakah"') is a form of alms-giving treated in Islam as a religious obligation or tax, which, by Quranic ranking, is next after prayer ("salat") in importance. | La zakât ou zakat ou zakaat ( "zakāt") ; mot arabe traduit par « aumône légale » est le troisième des piliers de l'islam après l'attestation de foi et la prière. | [
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Progressive rock | Rock progressif | Progressive rock (shortened as prog; sometimes called art rock, classical rock or symphonic rock) is a broad genre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid- to late 1960s. Initially termed "progressive pop", the style was an outgrowth of psychedelic bands who abandoned standard pop traditions in favour of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz, folk, or classical music. Additional elements contributed to its "progressive" label: lyrics were more poetic, technology was harnessed for new sounds, music approached the condition of "art", and the studio, rather than the stage, became the focus of musical activity, which often involved creating music for listening rather than dancing. | Le rock progressif, ou sous sa forme abrégée prog rock, est un sous-genre de la musique rock, qui a émergé au Royaume-Uni vers la fin de la décennie 1960, se développant progressivement en Europe, puis dans le monde entier, durant la décennie suivante. Tirant son origine du rock psychédélique, ce courant a pour particularité de conférer au rock une plus grande crédibilité artistique. Il se caractérise par l'éloignement du format de la musique populaire au profit de de techniques musicales et instrumentales plus associées aux musiques jazz et classique. | [
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Software framework | Framework | In computer programming, a software framework is an abstraction in which software providing generic functionality can be selectively changed by additional user-written code, thus providing application-specific software. It provides a standard way to build and deploy applications and is a universal, reusable software environment that provides particular functionality as part of a larger software platform to facilitate development of software applications, products and solutions. Software frameworks may include support programs, compilers, code libraries, tool sets, and application programming interfaces (APIs) that bring together all the different components to enable development of a project or system. | En programmation informatique, un (appelé aussi infrastructure logicielle, socle d'applications, infrastructure de développement, ou cadre d'applications au Canada) désigne un ensemble cohérent de composants logiciels structurels, qui sert à créer les fondations ainsi que les grandes lignes de tout ou d’une partie d'un logiciel (architecture). Un " se distingue d'une simple bibliothèque logicielle principalement par : | [
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Minos | Minos | In Greek mythology, Minos (;,, ) was the first King of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus's creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by the Minotaur. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in the underworld. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Minos (en grec ancien / ), fils de Zeus et d'Europe (la fille d’Agénor), est un roi légendaire de Crète. Son nom a été donné à la civilisation minoenne, qui fleurit en Crète au cours du | [
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Zürich | Zurich | Zürich (; ; ; ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2020 the municipality has 434,335 inhabitants, the urban area (agglomeration) 1.315 million (2009) and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million (2011). Zürich is a hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country. | Zurich ( ou ) (allemand : "Zürich", suisse allemand : "Züri", en Suisse, italien : "Zurigo", romanche : "Turitg" ) est une cité alémanique de Suisse, capitale du canton de Zurich. Même si l'allemand est la langue officielle, les Zurichois parlent le "Züritüütsch", un dialecte de l'alémanique qui emprunte d'ailleurs certains termes à d'autres langues en plus de l'allemand dont le français, l'italien, ou encore l'anglais. C'est une cité très cosmopolite, comptant plus de d'étrangers. Dans son article intitulé « World's most expensive place to live is... » du 15 février 2012, "The Economist" classe Zurich comme étant la ville la plus chère au monde. Depuis, la ville occupe régulièrement la deuxième place dans le classement du journal britannique, juste derrière Hong Kong. Le cabinet Mercer la classe parmi les dix premières de 221 villes dans le monde en 2019 pour sa qualité de vie, ensemble avec Genève et Bâle. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Orange (fruit) | Orange (fruit) | The orange is the fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae (see list of plants known as orange); it primarily refers to "Citrus" × "sinensis", which is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related "Citrus × aurantium", referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. | L'orange ou orange douce est le fruit de l'oranger "(Citrus sinensis" L.) de la famille des Rutacées. Comme pour tous les agrumes, il s'agit d'une forme particulière de baie appelée hespéride. Il existe plusieurs variétés d’oranges classées en quatre groupes variétaux. | [
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Geneva | Genève | Geneva ( ; ; ; ; ; ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. | Genève est une ville suisse située à l’extrémité sud-ouest du Léman. Elle est la deuxième ville plus peuplée de Suisse après Zurich. Elle est le chef-lieu et la commune la plus peuplée du canton de Genève (GE). En décembre 2019, la ville comptait. Son aire métropolitaine, ou aire urbaine, forme une agglomération transfrontalière : le « Grand Genève », qui s'étend sur le canton de Vaud et les départements français de l'Ain et de la Haute-Savoie, pour une population totale en janvier 2015 de. L'agglomération genevoise "stricto sensu" compte dans sa partie suisse au janvier 2016, selon l'Office fédéral de la statistique. L'emblème de la ville est son jet d'eau culminant à. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Bertrand Cantat | Bertrand Cantat | Bertrand Cantat (born 5 March 1964) is a French musician and former frontman of rock band Noir Désir. In 2003, he was convicted of murder ("murder with indirect intent" - "dolus eventualis") of French actress Marie Trintignant. He returned to Noir Désir after his release from prison in 2007, playing with the group until it disbanded in 2010. | Bertrand Cantat, né le à Pau dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, est un chanteur et musicien français. Il devient chanteur du groupe Noir Désir, qui rencontre un grand succès de la fin des années 1980 au début des années 2000. Durant ces années, Cantat est connu pour son écriture poétique, ses interprétations puissantes et son engagement à l'extrême-gauche. | [
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Ainu people | Aïnous (ethnie du Japon et de Russie) | The Ainu or the Aynu (Ainu: アィヌ, "Aynu", Аину; Japanese:, "Ainu"; Russian:, "Áĭny"), also known as the Ezo (蝦夷) in the historical Japanese texts, are an East Asian ethnic group indigenous to Japan (Hokkaidō and formerly North-Eastern Honshū) and Russia (Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Khabarovsk Krai and the Kamchatka Peninsula). | Les, aussi appelés, constituent une population vivant dans le Nord du Japon et à l'extrême Est de la Russie. Vers -1300, leurs ancêtres auraient migré vers Hokkaidō, les îles Kouriles, l'île de Sakhaline et le sud de la péninsule du Kamtchatka, soit avant les peuples de "Wa" qui sont les ancêtres culturels du peuple Yamato, formant l'essentiel des Japonais actuels, arrivés par l'île de Honshū (vraisemblablement depuis la Corée). | [
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Cockroach | Blattaria | Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, which also includes termites. About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. About four species are well known as pests. | Les blattes et les termites appartiennent à l'ordre des blattoptères (Blattodea). La classification de ces groupes est encore sujette à différentes hypothèses. L'une d'entre elles voudrait qu'ils soient inclus avec les mantes dans l'ordre des Dictyoptera. D'autres voudraient les séparer complètement, les blattes faisant partie de l'ordre des Blattodea et les termites de l'ordre des Isoptera. Cependant, les dernières recherches sur la génétique de ces groupes suggèrent qu'ils ont évolué d'un ancêtre commun et qu'ils sont ainsi fortement liés. | [
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Noir Désir | Noir Désir | Noir Désir (, "Black Desire") were a French rock band from Bordeaux. They were active during the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, and have had two albums certified double platinum in France and three certified gold. They have been an influence on numerous French musicians including Cali, Louise Attaque and Miossec. While active, the band consisted of Bertrand Cantat (vocals, guitar), Serge Teyssot-Gay (guitar), Jean-Paul Roy (bass guitar) and Denis Barthe (drums). | Noir Désir est un groupe de rock français, originaire de Bordeaux, en Gironde. Formé dans les années 1980, et dissout en 2010, il se compose de Bertrand Cantat (chant, guitare et harmonica), Denis Barthe (batterie), Serge Teyssot-Gay (guitare) et Frédéric Vidalenc (basse) remplacé par Jean-Paul Roy à partir de 1996. | [
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Trigun | Trigun | Both manga were adapted into an anime television series in 1998. Madhouse animated the TV series which aired on TV Tokyo from April 1, 1998 to September 30, 1998, totaling 26 episodes. The show aired in the United States starting in 2003, as part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block. | Le manga a été adapté en série animée en 1998, et en film d'animation en 2010. Une suite nommée "Trigun Maximum" a par la suite vu le jour. | [
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Pineapple | Ananas | The pineapple ("Ananas comosus") is a tropical plant with an edible fruit and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous to South America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Further, it is the third most important tropical fruit in world production. In the 20th century, Hawaii was a dominant producer of pineapples, especially for the US; however, by 2016, Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines accounted for nearly one-third of the world's production of pineapples. | L'ananas (Ananas comosus) est une plante xérophyte, originaire d'Amérique du Sud, plus spécifiquement du Paraguay, du nord-est de l'Argentine et sud du Brésil. Il est connu principalement pour son fruit comestible, qui est en réalité un fruit composé. Le mot ananas vient du tupi-guarani "naná naná", qui signifie « parfum des parfums ». Le terme ananas est également un nom vernaculaire ambigu qui peut désigner plusieurs autres espèces de "Bromeliaceae", pas à peu comestibles comme l'espèce "Glomeropitcairnia penduliflora" désignée par les termes « ananas sauvage », « ananas bois » et « zananas mawon », ou encore plusieurs espèces du genre botanique "Ananas" comme "Ananas bracteatus" sous les noms d'« ananas sauvage » et « ananas marron ». | [
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Deep-sky object | Objet du ciel profond | A deep-sky object (DSO) is any astronomical object that is not an individual star or Solar System object (such as Sun, Moon, planet, comet, etc.). The classification is used for the most part by amateur astronomers to denote visually observed faint naked eye and telescopic objects such as star clusters, nebulae and galaxies. This distinction is practical and technical, implying a variety of instruments and techniques appropriate to observation, and does not distinguish the nature of the object itself. | En astronomie, les objets du ciel profond sont les objets du ciel nocturne autres que ceux du Système solaire (les planètes, les comètes et les astéroïdes), les étoiles simples et les étoiles multiples. Généralement ces objets ne sont pas visibles à l'œil nu, mais les plus brillants d'entre eux peuvent être vus avec un petit télescope ou même avec de bonnes jumelles. | [
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Declination | Déclinaison (astronomie) | In astronomy, declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) is one of the two angles that locate a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system, the other being hour angle. Declination's angle is measured north or south of the celestial equator, along the hour circle passing through the point in question. | En astronomie, la déclinaison (δ, "d" ou "dec") est avec l’ascension droite une des coordonnées utilisées en coordonnées équatoriales. On l’utilise également en coordonnées horaires. | [
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Berserk (manga) | Berserk (manga) | The manga has been adapted into a twenty-five episode anime TV series covering the series' "Golden Age" arc by Oriental Light and Magic, which aired from October 1997 to March 1998. A trilogy of films, "", was released beginning in 2012. A second anime TV adaptation was broadcast in 2016 and 2017 for a total of twenty-four episodes. | Le manga est adapté en série d'animation de 25 épisodes entre octobre 1997 et mars 1998 par le studio OLM. Une trilogie de films d'animation produite par Studio 4°C est sortie entre 2012 et 2013. Une nouvelle adaptation animée a été diffusée entre juillet 2016 et juin 2017 par les studios GEMBA et Millepensee. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Right ascension | Ascension droite | Right ascension (abbreviated RA; symbol ) is the angular distance of a particular point measured eastward along the celestial equator from the Sun at the March equinox to the (hour circle of the) point in question above the earth. When paired with declination, these astronomical coordinates specify the location of a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system. | En astronomie, l'ascension droite, notée "a", "α", AD (en français) ou RA (en anglais, pour "Right Ascension"), est un des deux termes associés au système de coordonnées équatoriales avec la déclinaison. Elle est l'équivalent sur la sphère céleste de la longitude terrestre. Tout comme la longitude d'un lieu mesure l'angle (la distance est ou ouest mesurée sur l'équateur terrestre) entre le méridien de ce lieu et un méridien de référence appelé aussi "méridien principal", l'ascension droite d'un astre mesure l'angle (la distance mesurée sur l'équateur céleste) entre le cercle horaire de cet astre et un cercle horaire de référence. Ce dernier angle est toutefois calculé, à la différence de la longitude sur la Terre, toujours dans le sens direct, c'est-à-dire en sens croissant vers l'est. | [
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