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Ficus benghalensis | Figuier des banians | Ficus benghalensis, commonly known as the banyan, banyan fig and Indian banyan, is a tree native to the Indian Subcontinent. Specimens in India are among the largest trees in the world by canopy coverage. | Le figuier des banians ou banian de l'Inde, est un arbre appartenant au genre "Ficus" de la famille des Moracées. Il doit son nom à la caste des marchands, les banians. La graphie anglaise banyan est souvent utilisée. | [
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Macadam | Macadam (route) | Macadam is a type of road construction, pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones are placed in shallow lifts and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state of the art at that point. | Le macadam est une technique de revêtement des chaussées, développée par l'Écossais John Loudon McAdam vers 1820. Le processus de réfection des routes avec le macadam se nomme la macadamisation. | [
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Varaha | Varâha | Varaha (,, 'boar') is the avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu, in the form of a boar. Varaha is listed as third in the Dashavatara, the ten principal avatars of Vishnu. | Dans l'hindouisme, Varâha () est le troisième avatar de Vishnou : celui-ci s'incarna en sanglier pour vaincre Hiranyaksha, un asura (démon) qui avait entraîné la terre au plus profond des océans, à l'issue d'une bataille de mille ans. Varâha releva alors la terre (Bhumidevi) au bout de ses défenses. | [
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Matsya | Matsya | Matsya (, lit. "fish") is an avatar or incarnation of the Hindu deity Vishnu. With literary origins in the Yajurveda (Shatapatha Brahmana), Matsya is often associated with post-Vedic literature such as the Puranas which entail legends describing the rescue of Vaivasvata Manu from a deluge and that of the four Vedas stolen by a demon named Haygriva. Matsya is listed as the first incarnation of the Dashavatara, the ten principal avatars of Vishnu. | Dans l'hindouisme, Matsya () est le premier avatar du dieu Vishnou de la Trimūrti. D'après le "Shatapatha-brâhmana", sous la forme d'un petit poisson trouvé dans une rivière, Matsya dit à Manu de construire un bateau pour survivre au déluge. Arrivé sur le rivage, Manu le fit et Matsya, devenu un grand poisson, le conduisit vers des terres émergées dans l'Himalaya, à Manali dans la vallée de Kulu, Himachal Pradesh, en Inde. Ainsi, il sauva Manu, sa famille et un grand nombre d'animaux. L'humanité survécut ainsi. | [
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James Naismith | James Naismith | James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, Christian chaplain, sports coach, and innovator. The same year he left Canada for Springfield, Massachusetts, he invented the game of basketball. He wrote the original basketball rule book and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Tournament (1939). | James Naismith (né le à Almonte (Ontario) et mort le à Lawrence (Kansas)) est un professeur de médecine canadien naturalisé américain. Il est surtout connu comme étant l'inventeur du basket-ball. | [
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Weather | Temps (météorologie) | Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the lowest level of the atmosphere, the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. | Le temps est l'ensemble des conditions physiques des basses couches de l'atmosphère à un moment précis et en un point précis. Sont communément associées au temps les conditions météorologiques dont les effets peuvent être directement ressentis - ennuagement ou rayonnement solaire, température, vent, précipitations et également visibilité. L'étude et la prévision du temps s'appellent la météorologie. | [
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Security (finance) | Valeur mobilière | A security is a tradable financial asset. The term commonly refers to any form of financial instrument, but its legal definition varies by jurisdiction. In some countries and languages the term "security" is commonly used in day-to-day parlance to mean any form of financial instrument, even though the underlying legal and regulatory regime may not have such a broad definition. In some jurisdictions the term specifically excludes financial instruments other than equities and fixed income instruments. In some jurisdictions it includes some instruments that are close to equities and fixed income, e.g., equity warrants. | Une valeur mobilière est une catégorie de titres financiers, qui peut être soit un titre de propriété (action), soit un titre de créance (obligation), et qui confère des droits standardisés (droit au même coupon ou dividende, cotée sur la même ligne en bourse, etc., pour une émission donnée ayant le même montant nominal). | [
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Ficus | Ficus | Ficus ( or ) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. The common fig ("F. carica") is a temperate species native to southwest Asia and the Mediterranean region (from Afghanistan to Portugal), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its fruit, also referred to as figs. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses. | Ficus est un genre dans la famille des "Moraceae", représenté par des arbres, des arbustes ou des lianes. Avec plus de 750 espèces connues il s'agit, avec "Dorstenia", d'un des principaux genres de sa famille. Ce sont principalement des plantes tropicales dont toutes ont en commun de produire des inflorescences et infrutescences particulières, les sycones ou figues. | [
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Chaussee | Chaussée | Chaussee (;, "shosse") is an historic term used in German-speaking countries for early, metalled, rural highways, designed by road engineers, as opposed to the hitherto, traditional, unpaved country roads. The term is no longer used in modern road construction in Western Europe, but survives in road names and is used by historians. In Eastern Europe and the post Soviet states it remains a generic term for a common paved highway outside of built-up areas, but they may transition into prospekts within towns and cities. | La chaussée est la partie d'une voie de communication affectée à la circulation des véhicules. Au Moyen Âge, les routes importantes étaient recouvertes de cailloux et pierre liés à la chaux, terme qui a donné le mot chaussée. | [
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Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art | Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain de Strasbourg | The Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS, Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art) is an art museum in Strasbourg, France, which was founded in 1973 and opened in its own building in November 1998. | Le musée d'Art moderne et contemporain de Strasbourg (MAMCS) a été inauguré par Catherine Trautmann, alors ministre de la Culture et ancien maire de Strasbourg, en. Il est construit, par l'architecte Adrien Fainsilber, sur la rive gauche de l'Ill, face au siège du conseil général du Bas-Rhin et à proximité du barrage Vauban et du quartier pittoresque de la Petite France. La place Jean-Arp, sur laquelle s'ouvre le musée, accueille également sur sa partie nord l'École nationale d'administration, installée dans l'ancienne prison Sainte-Marguerite. | [
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Ragtime | Ragtime | Ragtime – also spelled rag-time or rag time – is a musical style that enjoyed its peak popularity between 1895 and 1919. Its cardinal trait is its syncopated or "ragged" rhythm. | Le ragtime (parfois écrit rag-time) est un genre musical ayant émergé aux États-Unis, extrêmement populaire entre 1897 et 1918. Le cake-walk et les musiques de salon adoptent une forme primitive de ragtime, mais l'émergence du ragtime est généralement située en 1897, année où sont publiées plusieurs compositions importantes de ragtime (communément appelées "rags"). Le plus célèbre compositeur de ragtime est Scott Joplin. | [
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Commodore International | Commodore International | Commodore International (other names include Commodore International Limited, or just simply Commodore) was an American home computer and electronics manufacturer founded by Jack Tramiel. Commodore International (CI), along with its subsidiary Commodore Business Machines (CBM), participated in the development of the home–personal computer industry in the 1970s and 1980s. The company developed and marketed the world's best-selling desktop computer, the Commodore 64 (1982), and released its Amiga computer line in July 1985. With quarterly sales ending 1983 of $49 million (equivalent to $ million in ), Commodore was one of the world's largest personal computer manufacturers. | Commodore Business Machines Ltd (CBM) est une société d'électronique d'origine américaine qui s'est rendue célèbre pour ses calculatrices électroniques (comme la P-50 ou la PR-100) et ses micro-ordinateurs jusqu'en 1994. Après une brève réapparition sur le marché des PC de jeu en 2007, la marque est acquise sous licence en 2010 par deux jeunes entrepreneurs pour devenir Commodore USA en Floride, jusqu'en 2013. Le, deux entrepreneurs italiens rachètent les droits et raniment CBM à Londres, pour la fabrication de téléphones mobiles. | [
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Girolamo Frescobaldi | Girolamo Frescobaldi | Girolamo Alessandro Frescobaldi (; also Gerolamo, Girolimo, and Geronimo Alissandro; September, 15831 March 1643) was a musician from the Duchy of Ferrara, in what is now northern Italy. He was one of the most important composers of keyboard music in the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. A child prodigy, Frescobaldi studied under Luzzasco Luzzaschi in Ferrara, but was influenced by many composers, including Ascanio Mayone, Giovanni Maria Trabaci, and Claudio Merulo. Girolamo Frescobaldi was appointed organist of St. Peter's Basilica, a focal point of power for the Cappella Giulia (a musical organisation), from 21 July 1608 until 1628 and again from 1634 until his death. | Girolamo Frescobaldi, né à Ferrare (Italie) le et mort à Rome, le, est un compositeur, claveciniste et organiste italien. | [
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Exchange (organized market) | Bourse (économie) | An exchange, or bourse also known as a trading exchange or trading venue, is an organized market where (especially) tradable securities, commodities, foreign exchange, futures, and options contracts are sold and bought. | Une bourse, au sens économique et financier, est une institution, privée ou publique, qui permet de découvrir et d'afficher le prix d'actifs standardisés et d'en faciliter (d'apparier) les échanges dans des conditions de sécurité satisfaisante pour l'acheteur et le vendeur. Une bourse abrite un marché réglementé et organisé dont la présence est permanente, contrairement à un marché (de campagne par exemple) dont la présence est éphémère mais dont les fonctions sont voisines. Elle s'insère dans une chaîne logistique complexe de passation des ordres, de clearing des ordres et de livraison des titres (ou autres). | [
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Lauraceae | Lauraceae | The flowering plant family Lauraceae, the laurels, includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur mainly in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America. Many are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but some, such as "Sassafras", are deciduous, or include both deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, especially in tropical and temperate climates. The genus "Cassytha" is unique in the Lauraceae in that its members are parasitic vines. | La famille des Lauraceae (Lauracées) regroupe des plantes angiospermes de divergence ancienne, famille qui comprend plus de espèces réparties en une cinquantaine de genres. | [
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Music of China | Musique chinoise | Music of China refers to the music of the Chinese people, which may be the music of the Han Chinese as well as other ethnic minorities within mainland China. It also includes music produced by people of Chinese origin in some territories outside mainland China using traditional Chinese instruments or in the Chinese language. It covers a highly diverse range of music from the traditional to the modern. | La musique chinoise est une forme essentielle de l'art chinois, très ancienne et très variée. Elle s'est développée indépendamment des musiques de l'Ouest asiatique, généralement modales (maqâm turco-arabe, dastgâh persan ou râga indien), bien qu'elles aient eu une influence par certains instruments (comme le yangqin). Elle est également influencée par les peuples d'Asie centrale (Turcs et Mongols) avec le erhu (), instrument omniprésent. Les religions de la Chine déjà variées ont subi l'influence du bouddhisme qui fut syncrétisé avec le confucianisme et le taoïsme pour former le chan (禅), que l'on appelle zen au Japon, les régions traditionnellement plus animistes ou chamanistes ont également subi l'influence d'autres religions. Certaines régions de la Chine ont par exemple évolué vers l'Islam et l'on retrouve aujourd'hui des mosquées sur l'ensemble du territoire chinois, ils se sont donc imprégnés et enrichis de nombreuses cultures voisines, comme la majorité des cultures. En raison de l'ampleur du territoire, les musiques chinoises englobent des types de musiques régionales très variées. | [
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Piperaceae | Piperaceae | The Piperaceae, also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 13 genera. The vast majority of peppers can be found within the two main genera: "Piper" (2000 species) and "Peperomia" (1600 species). | La famille des Piperaceae (Pipéracées) est une famille de plante dicotylédones de divergence ancienne. Ce sont des arbustes, des lianes ou des petits arbres des régions tropicales. | [
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Transport in France | Transport en France | Transportation in France relies on one of the densest networks in the world with 146 km of road and 6.2 km of rail lines per 100 km. It is built as a web with Paris at its center. Rail, road, air and water are all widely developed forms of transportation in France. | La France a un réseau dense et maillé de de route et de voies ferrées pour ; les réseaux de transport sont pour la plupart structurés « en toile d’araignée » avec Paris pour cœur. La totalité des rues, routes et parkings en France occupe une surface de. | [
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Black pepper | Poivrier noir | Black pepper ("Piper nigrum") is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, known as a peppercorn, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. When fresh and fully mature, the fruit is about in diameter and dark red, and contains a single seed, like all drupes. Peppercorns and the ground pepper derived from them may be described simply as "pepper", or more precisely as "black pepper" (cooked and dried unripe fruit), "green pepper" (dried unripe fruit), or "white pepper" (ripe fruit seeds). | Le Poivrier noir ou Poivre noir (Piper nigrum) est une liane de la famille des Pipéracées originaire de la côte de Malabar. Cette plante est cultivée dans la zone tropicale pour ses baies qui donnent une épice recherchée : le poivre. | [
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Michel Piccoli | Michel Piccoli | Jacques Daniel Michel Piccoli (27 December 1925 – 12 May 2020) was a French actor, producer and film director with a career spanning 70 years. | Michel Piccoli, nom de scène de Jacques Daniel Michel Piccoli, né le à Paris (Seine), et mort le à Saint-Philbert-sur-Risle, dans l'Eure, est un acteur français de cinéma et de théâtre. | [
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Arnaud de Cervole | Arnaud de Cervole | Arnaud de Cervole, also "de Cervolles", "de Cervolle", "Arnaut de Cervole" or "Arnold of Cervoles" ("c." 1300 – 25 May 1366), known as l'Archiprêtre (The Archpriest), was a French mercenary soldier and Brigand of the Hundred Years War in the 14th century. | Arnaud Regnaud de Cervole (vers 1320 - 1366) ou Regnault de Cervole ou Arnaud de Cervole ou Arnaud de Servolle ou l'Archiprêtre ou l'Archiprêtre de Vélines, lieutenant général du roi en Berry et en Nivernais, conseiller du duc de Bourgogne et chambellan du roi Charles V, est l’un des grands capitaines de la première phase de la guerre de Cent Ans et le chef de l’une des redoutables grandes compagnies. | [
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War and Peace | Guerre et Paix | War and Peace (pre-reform Russian: ; post-reform ) is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published serially, then published in its entirety in 1869. It is regarded as one of Tolstoy's finest literary achievements and remains a classic of world literature. | Guerre et Paix ou La Guerre et la Paix (en, "Voïna i mir" ; ) est un roman de l'écrivain russe Léon Tolstoï. | [
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Public transport | Transport en commun | Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or mass transit) is a system of transport, in contrast to private transport, for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip. Examples of public transport include city buses, trolleybuses, trams (or light rail) and passenger trains, rapid transit (metro/subway/underground, etc.) and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail. High-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. | Le transport en commun ou transport public est un mode de transport consistant à transporter plusieurs personnes ensemble sur un même trajet. Il est généralement accessible en contrepartie d'un titre de transport comme un billet, un ticket ou une carte. Néanmoins il peut être mis à disposition du public à titre gracieux dans certaines circonstances (pic de pollution par exemple). | [
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Suite (music) | Suite (musique) | A suite, in Western classical music and jazz, is an ordered set of instrumental or orchestral/concert band pieces. It originated in the late 14th century as a pairing of dance tunes and grew in scope to comprise up to five dances, sometimes with a prelude, by the early 17th century. The separate movements were often thematically and tonally linked. The term can also be used to refer to similar forms in other musical traditions, such as the Turkish fasıl and the Arab nuubaat. | Une suite, en musique, est un ensemble ordonné de pièces instrumentales ou orchestrales jouées en concert plutôt qu'en accompagnement ; elles peuvent être extraites d'un opéra ("Les Indes galantes"), d'un ballet ("Casse-noisette"), d'une musique de scène destinée à une pièce de théâtre ("L'Arlésienne") ou à un film ("Lieutenant Kijé") ; elles peuvent aussi être une pièce originale ("Suite Holberg", "Les Planètes"). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
François Couperin | François Couperin | François Couperin (; 10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. He was known as "Couperin le Grand" ("Couperin the Great") to distinguish him from other members of the musically talented Couperin family. | François Couperin, né le à Paris et mort le à Paris, est un compositeur français, organiste et claveciniste. Il est surnommé « Couperin le Grand » pour le distinguer d'autres membres de cette famille qui compte de nombreux musiciens. | [
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Linguistic typology | Typologie linguistique | Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. Its subdisciplines include, but are not limited to: qualitative typology, which deals with the issue of comparing languages and within-language variance; quantitative typology, which deals with the distribution of structural patterns in the world’s languages; theoretical typology, which explains these distributions; syntactic typology, which deals with word order, word form, word grammar and word choice; and lexical typology, which deals with language vocabulary. | La typologie linguistique est une méthode de classification des langues en fonction de plusieurs critères grammaticaux et linguistiques et non en fonction de leurs familles génétiques. Par ailleurs, les parlées dans le monde n'ont pas toutes un système différent. Des schémas communs à des langues X ou Y existent mais n'ont pas de liens génétiques ou historiques. L'observation de ces schémas permet d'établir une typologie. | [
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Tram | Tramway | A tram (in North America streetcar or trolley) is a rail vehicle that runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets; some include segments of segregated right-of-way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways. Historically the term electric street railways was also used in the United States. In the United States, the term "tram" has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains, which are unrelated to other kinds of trams. | Le tramway (), plus couramment le tram, est une forme de transport en commun urbain ou interurbain à roues en acier circulant sur des voies ferrées équipées de rails plats, et qui est soit implanté en site propre, soit encastré à l'aide de rails à gorge dans la voirie routière. | [
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Amborella | Amborella trichopoda | Amborella is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborellales and contains a single species, Amborella trichopoda. "Amborella" is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses consistently place it as the sister group to all other flowering plants. | Amborella trichopoda est une espèce de plante endémique des forêts pluvieuses de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Cette espèce appartient à la lignée la plus primitive des plantes à fleurs actuelles. | [
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Noun | Nom (grammaire) | A noun (from Latin "nōmen", literally 'name') is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. However, "noun" is not a semantic category, so that it cannot be characterized in terms of its meaning. Thus, actions and states of existence can also be expressed by verbs, qualities by adjectives, and places by adverbs. Linguistically, a noun is a member of a large, open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. | En grammaire, le nom ou substantif est une des principales natures de mots dans lesquelles se classent les lemmes (unités autonomes du lexique) d'une langue. Les noms forment une classe ouverte qui peut librement s'enrichir de nouveaux mots. Comme les autres natures de mots, le nom peut être défini à la fois sur des critères sémantiques, morphologiques et syntaxiques, à des degrés divers suivant les langues et les théories linguistiques. | [
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Sex doll | Poupée sexuelle | A sex doll (also love doll or blowup doll) is a type of sex toy in the size and shape of a sexual partner for aid in masturbation. The sex doll may consist of an entire body with face, or just a head, pelvis or other partial body, with the accessories (vagina, anus, mouth, penis) for sexual stimulation. The parts are sometimes vibrating and may be removable or interchangeable. Sex dolls exist in many forms, but are distinguished from sex robots, which are anthropomorphic creations designed to be able to exhibit more complex interactions. | Une poupée sexuelle est un jouet sexuel imitant le corps humain et permettant de pratiquer une masturbation. La plupart des poupées sont des mannequins représentant le corps d'une femme, et sont destinées à un public masculin. | [
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Jean-Philippe Rameau | Jean-Philippe Rameau | Jean-Philippe Rameau (; – ) was one of the most important French composers and music theorists of the 18th century. He replaced Jean-Baptiste Lully as the dominant composer of French opera and is also considered the leading French composer for the harpsichord of his time, alongside François Couperin. | Jean-Philippe Rameau est un compositeur français et théoricien de la musique, né le à Dijon et mort le à Paris. | [
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Biome | Biome | A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes are distinct biological communities that have formed in response to a shared physical climate. "Biome" is a broader term than "habitat"; any biome can comprise a variety of habitats. | Un biome (du grec βίος, "bios", "bio" = vie), appelé aussi macroécosystème, aire biotique, écozone ou encore écorégion (terme dont le sens est souvent confondu avec biote), est un ensemble d'écosystèmes caractéristique d'une aire biogéographique et nommé à partir de la végétation et des espèces animales qui y prédominent et y sont adaptées. Il est l'expression des conditions écologiques du lieu à l'échelle régionale ou continentale : le climat qui induit le sol, les deux induisant eux-mêmes les conditions écologiques auxquelles vont répondre les communautés des plantes et des animaux du biome en question. | [
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Ivo of Kermartin | Yves Hélory de Kermartin | Ivo of Kermartin, T.O.S.F. (17 October 1253 – 19 May 1303), also known Yvo, Yves, or Ives (and in Breton as Erwan, Iwan, Youenn or Eozenn, depending on the region, and known as Yves Hélory (also "Helori" or "Heloury") in French), was a parish priest among the poor of Louannec, the only one of his station to be canonized in the Middle Ages. He is the patron of Brittany, lawyers and abandoned children. His feast day is 19 May. Poetically, he is referred to as "Advocate of the Poor". | Yves Hélory de Kermartin, ou Yves de Tréguier, ou saint Yves dans la tradition catholique, est un prêtre et official du diocèse de Tréguier, né probablement vers au manoir de Kermartin à Minihy, dans le Duché de Bretagne, et décédé au même endroit le. | [
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Magnolia | Magnolia | Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. It is named after French botanist Pierre Magnol. | Les magnolias ou magnoliers "(Magnolia" L., 1753) forment un genre de plantes à fleurs, de la famille des magnoliacées, qui comprend environ cent dix espèces, essentiellement des arbres et arbustes, des régions tempérées chaudes. | [
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Baroque music | Musique baroque | Baroque music ( or ) is a period or style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. This era followed the Renaissance music era, and was followed in turn by the Classical era, with the galant style marking the transition between Baroque and Classical eras. The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Overlapping in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of the "classical music" canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and listened to. The term "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word "barroco", meaning "misshapen pearl". Key composers of the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, George Frideric Handel, Claudio Monteverdi, Domenico Scarlatti, Alessandro Scarlatti, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Arcangelo Corelli, François Couperin, Giuseppe Tartini, Heinrich Schütz, Dieterich Buxtehude, and others. | Le baroque couvre une grande période dans l’histoire de la musique et de l'opéra. Il s’étend du début du jusqu'au milieu du, de façon plus ou moins uniforme selon les pays. De façon nécessairement schématique, l’esthétique et l’inspiration baroques succèdent à celles de la Renaissance, apogée du contrepoint et de la polymélodie, et précèdent celles du classicisme, naissance d'éléments discursifs et rationnels, comme la phrase musicale ponctuée comme dans l'architecture. Les « figures » musicales baroques sont soutenues par une basse continue très stable. Nous pouvons dire que nous sommes à la jonction entre contrepoint et harmonie. | [
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Pseudocode | Pseudo-code | In computer science, pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. It uses the structural conventions of a normal programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading. Pseudocode typically omits details that are essential for machine understanding of the algorithm, such as variable declarations, system-specific code and some subroutines. The programming language is augmented with natural language description details, where convenient, or with compact mathematical notation. The purpose of using pseudocode is that it is easier for people to understand than conventional programming language code, and that it is an efficient and environment-independent description of the key principles of an algorithm. It is commonly used in textbooks and scientific publications that are documenting various algorithms, and also in planning of computer program development, for sketching out the structure of the program before the actual coding takes place. | En programmation, le pseudo-code, également appelé LDA (pour Langage de Description d'Algorithmes) est une façon de décrire un algorithme en langage "presque naturel", sans référence à un langage de programmation en particulier. | [
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Charles Bronson | Charles Bronson | Charles Bronson (born Charles Dennis Buchinsky; November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was often cast in the role of a police officer, gunfighter, or vigilante in revenge-oriented plot lines, had long-term collaborations with film directors Michael Winner and J. Lee Thompson, and appeared in fifteen films with his second wife Jill Ireland. | Charles Dennis Buchinsky (en ), dit Charles Bronson, est un acteur américain, né le à Ehrenfeld (Pennsylvanie) et mort le à Los Angeles (Californie). | [
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Stratford-upon-Avon | Stratford-upon-Avon | Stratford-upon-Avon (), commonly known as just Stratford, is a market town and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon District, in the county of Warwickshire, England, on the River Avon, north west of London, south east of Birmingham, and south west of Warwick. The estimated population in 2007 was 25,505, increasing to 27,445 at the 2011 Census. | Stratford-upon-Avon est une ville du centre de l'Angleterre, dans le comté du Warwickshire, où William Shakespeare est né en 1564. Il y revint en 1611, assez riche et célèbre pour s'offrir des armoiries et passa les dernières années de sa vie dans sa maison de New Place. En sa mémoire, une ville du Canada a été appelée Stratford. | [
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Prelude (music) | Prélude | A prelude ( or ""; ; ; ) is a short piece of music, the form of which may vary from piece to piece. The prelude may be thought of as a preface. While, during the Baroque era, for example, it may have served as an introduction to succeeding movements of a work that were usually longer and more complex, it may also have been a stand-alone piece of work during the Romantic era. It generally features a small number of rhythmic and melodic motifs that recur through the piece. Stylistically, the prelude is improvisatory in nature. The prelude also may refer to an overture, particularly to those seen in an opera or an oratorio. | Un prélude est un genre de musique instrumentale et sert généralement d'introduction. Le prélude apparaît dans une grande variété de fonctions et, d'une grande liberté d'écriture ne présente, "a priori", pas de forme, caractère ou tempo. Il est isolé, ou forme diptyque avec une autre pièce (prélude et fugue) ou il intègre un genre plus vaste ("suite", sonate baroque de Corelli). | [
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Algebraic number | Nombre algébrique | An algebraic number is any complex number (including real numbers) that is a root of a non-zero polynomial (that is, a value which causes the polynomial to equal 0) in one variable with rational coefficients (or equivalently – by clearing denominators – with integer coefficients). All integers and rational numbers are algebraic, as are all roots of integers. There are real and complex numbers that are not algebraic, such as and. These numbers are called transcendental numbers. While the set of complex numbers is uncountable, the set of algebraic numbers is countable and has measure zero in the Lebesgue measure as a subset of the complex numbers, and in this sense almost all complex numbers are transcendental. | Un nombre algébrique, en mathématiques, est un nombre complexe solution d'une équation polynomiale à coefficients dans le corps formula_1 des rationnels (autrement dit racine d'un polynôme non nul). | [
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] | [
250008,
992,
11610,
144,
17995,
7928,
944,
4,
22,
48909,
446,
192,
36806,
4,
437,
51,
11610,
99115,
29806,
104,
25,
1811,
393,
5490,
2320,
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1935,
253,
552,
4240,
11044,
35066,
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50686,
26168,
115187,
224,
6,
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15,
34773,
674,
854,
673,
33647,
104,
25,
309,
35874,
196865,
13,
351,
87610,
194,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Transcendental number | Nombre transcendant | In mathematics, a transcendental number is a complex number that is not algebraic—that is, not a root (i.e., solution) of a nonzero polynomial equation with integer or equivalently rational coefficients. The most popular transcendental numbers are and "e". | En mathématiques, un nombre transcendant sur les rationnels est un nombre réel ou complexe qui n'est racine d'aucune équation polynomialeformula_1où est un entier naturel et les coefficients sont des rationnels dont au moins un est non nul, ou encore (en multipliant ces rationnels par un dénominateur commun) qui n'est racine d'aucun polynôme non nul à coefficients entiers. Un nombre réel ou complexe est donc transcendant si et seulement s’il n'est pas algébrique. | [
250004,
250054,
581,
9351,
44,
30145,
329,
5633,
1803,
58,
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42845,
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30145,
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2208,
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2749,
27781,
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53697,
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153939,
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32380,
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105950,
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31461,
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4806,
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28166,
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1771,
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621,
54529,
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51,
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26038,
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3525,
55300,
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214,
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11730,
21673,
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65042,
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133840,
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23936,
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4488,
98,
92319,
6,
99091,
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192617,
3173,
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2499,
14012,
111,
459,
1970,
8962,
4432,
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194,
581,
5423,
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71013,
78458,
54241,
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5,
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70,
35874,
1687,
15403,
7,
678,
168487,
552,
4240,
11044,
35066,
621,
54529,
2886,
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16792,
12638,
6044,
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15403,
1556,
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4171,
1290,
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10750,
23534,
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2773,
101935,
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2940,
127298,
2843,
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27140,
101935,
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621,
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69941,
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48768,
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Gavrilo Princip | Gavrilo Princip | Gavrilo Princip (, ; 25 July 189428 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb member of Young Bosnia who sought an end to Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the age of 19, he assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and the Archduke's wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated as a nationalist secret society, which initiated the July Crisis and led to the outbreak of World War I. | Gavrilo Princip (en serbe cyrillique :, "Prinntsip"), parfois francisé en Gabriel Princip voire Gabriel Principe, né le () à Obljaj (vilayet de Bosnie sous administration austro-hongroise, actuelle Bosnie-Herzégovine) et mort le à Terezín, alors "" (Bohême, Autriche-Hongrie), est un étudiant serbe de Bosnie, qui était nationaliste yougoslave de Jeune Bosnie. Il est connu pour avoir assassiné l’archiduc François-Ferdinand, le dimanche <time></time>, "casus belli" de la Première Guerre mondiale : l'Autriche-Hongrie réagit à l'attentat en formulant un ultimatum à l'encontre du Royaume de Serbie, en accord avec son allié allemand. Les exigences austro-hongroises étant jugées inacceptables par les Serbes, ceux-ci rejettent l'ultimatum, ce qui conduit l'Autriche-Hongrie à déclarer la guerre à la Serbie. Ce conflit local provoque l'activation d'une série d'alliances entre les grandes puissances européennes qui les entraînent sur la voie de la guerre. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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Composting toilet | Toilettes sèches | A composting toilet is a type of dry toilet that treats human excreta by a biological process called composting. This process leads to the decomposition of organic matter and turns human excreta into compost-like material but does not destroy all pathogens. Composting is carried out by microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) under controlled aerobic conditions. Most composting toilets use no water for flushing and are therefore called "dry toilets". | Les toilettes sèches, aussi appelées toilettes à compost, toilettes à litière (sèche) ou TLB (toilettes à litière biomaîtrisée), sont des toilettes qui n'utilisent pas d'eau. Il est donc possible de récupérer les excréments pour en faire du compost ou de la biométhanisation. | [
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Occam's razor | Rasoir d'Ockham | Occam's razor, Ockham's razor, Ocham's razor () or law of parsimony () is the problem-solving principle that "entities should not be multiplied without necessity." The idea is attributed to English Franciscan friar William of Ockham ( 1287–1347), a scholastic philosopher and theologian who used a preference for simplicity to defend the idea of divine miracles. It is variously paraphrased by statements like "the simplest solution is most likely the right one". This philosophical razor advocates that when presented with competing hypotheses about the same prediction, one should select the solution with the fewest assumptions, and that this is not meant to be a way of choosing between hypotheses that make different predictions. | Le rasoir d'Ockham ou rasoir d'Occam est un principe de raisonnement philosophique entrant dans les concepts de rationalisme et de nominalisme. Le terme vient de « raser » qui, en philosophie, signifie « éliminer des explications improbables d'un phénomène » et du philosophe du Guillaume d'Ockham. | [
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Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot | Sadi Carnot (physicien) | "Sous-lieutenant" Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (; 1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French mechanical engineer in the French Army, military scientist and physicist, often described as the "father of thermodynamics." Like Copernicus, he published only one book, the "Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire" (Paris, 1824), in which he expressed, at the age of 27 years, the first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of heat engines. In this work he laid the foundations of an entirely new discipline, thermodynamics. Carnot's work attracted little attention during his lifetime, but it was later used by Rudolf Clausius and Lord Kelvin to formalize the second law of thermodynamics and define the concept of entropy. | Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, né le à Paris et mort le à Ivry-sur-Seine ou à Paris, usuellement appelé Sadi Carnot, est un physicien et ingénieur français. | [
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Empress Matilda | Mathilde l'Emperesse | Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 110210 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was one of the claimants to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband into Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy. Matilda and Henry V had no children, and when he died in 1125, the imperial crown was claimed by his rival Lothair of Supplinburg. | Mathilde l'Emperesse est une princesse de la maison de Normandie née vers le, probablement à Sutton Courtenay dans l'Oxfordshire, et morte le à Rouen, en Normandie. Impératrice du Saint-Empire romain germanique, elle revendique le trône du royaume d'Angleterre contre Étienne de Blois. Leur lutte, une longue guerre civile surnommée « l'Anarchie », dure de 1135 à 1153. | [
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Economy of Vietnam | Économie du Viêt Nam | The economy of Vietnam is a socialist-oriented market economy, which is the 44th-largest in the world as measured by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and 27th-largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). Vietnam is a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the World Trade Organization. | L'économie du Viêt Nam enregistre, depuis la fin des années 1980, une croissance économique de plus en plus affirmée, suite aux années difficiles dues à la guerre du Viêt Nam. | [
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Jacques Champion de Chambonnières | Jacques Champion de Chambonnières | Jacques Champion de Chambonnières (Jacques Champion, commonly referred to as Chambonnières) (c. 1601/2 – 1672) was a French harpsichordist, dancer and composer. Born into a musical family, Chambonnières made an illustrious career as court harpsichordist in Paris and was considered by many of his contemporaries to be one of the greatest musicians in Europe. However, late in life Chambonnières gradually fell out of favor at the court and lost his position. He died in poverty, but at an advanced age, and not before publishing a number of his works. Today Chambonnières is considered one of the greatest representatives of the early French harpsichord school. | Jacques Champion de Chambonnières est un compositeur et claveciniste français (vers 1601-1672). Il porta son art à un haut degré de perfection et de raffinement et il est considéré comme le fondateur de l'École française de clavecin. | [
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Nemesis (hypothetical star) | Némésis (étoile hypothétique) | Nemesis is a hypothetical red dwarf or brown dwarf, originally postulated in 1984 to be orbiting the Sun at a distance of about 95,000 AU (1.5 light-years), somewhat beyond the Oort cloud, to explain a perceived cycle of mass extinctions in the geological record, which seem to occur more often at intervals of 26 million years., more than 1800 brown dwarfs have been identified. There are actually fewer brown dwarfs in our cosmic neighborhood than previously thought. Rather than one star for every brown dwarf, there may be as many as six stars for every brown dwarf. The majority of solar-type stars are single. The previous idea stated half or perhaps most stellar systems were binary, trinary, or multiple-star systems associated with clusters of stars, rather than the single-star systems that tend to be seen most often. In a 2017 paper, Sarah Sadavoy and Steven Stahler argued that the Sun was likely part of a binary system at the time of its formation, leading them to suggest "there probably was a Nemesis, a long time ago". Such a star would have separated from this binary system over four billion years ago, meaning it could not be responsible for the more recent perceived cycle of mass extinctions, Douglas Vakoch told "Business Insider", adding that "If the sun really was part of a binary star system in its early days, its early twin deserves a benign name like Companion, rather than the threatening Nemesis." | Némésis, ou Sol B en nom systématique, est une étoile hypothétique formant avec le Soleil un système binaire à très longue période. Il s'agirait d'une étoile très peu lumineuse, voire d'une naine brune non détectée. L'existence potentielle d'un tel objet est aujourd'hui réfutée, car les relevés (en particulier dans l'infrarouge) auraient déjà détecté cet objet s'il existait. | [
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Medicinal plants | Plante médicinale | Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defence against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals. Numerous phytochemicals with potential or established biological activity have been identified. However, since a single plant contains widely diverse phytochemicals, the effects of using a whole plant as medicine are uncertain. Further, the phytochemical content and pharmacological actions, if any, of many plants having medicinal potential remain unassessed by rigorous scientific research to define efficacy and safety. | Une plante médicinale est une plante utilisée pour ses propriétés particulières bénéfiques pour la santé humaine, voire animale. D'abord appelées à partir du Moyen Âge en médecine médiévale, elles sont aujourd'hui définies par la pharmacopée française ( éd., 2012) comme une. Une est (entre autres) une plante ou une partie de plante, utilisées en l’état, soit le plus souvent sous forme desséchée, soit à l’état frais ("Ph. eur.", éd., 01/2010:1433). | [
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Louis Couperin | Louis Couperin | Louis Couperin (; – 29 August 1661) was a French Baroque composer and performer. He was born in Chaumes-en-Brie and moved to Paris in 1650–1651 with the help of Jacques Champion de Chambonnières. Couperin worked as organist of the Church of St. Gervais in Paris and as musician at the court. He quickly became one of the most prominent Parisian musicians, establishing himself as a harpsichordist, organist, and violist, but his career was cut short by his early death at the age of thirty-five. | Le pashmînâ est une fibre textile obtenue à partir de poils de chèvres. Elle constitue la meilleure qualité de tissus en cachemire, et il y est parfois fait référence en tant que « l'or en fibre ». Le terme pashmina vient du "pashmina" signifiant lainage ou étoffe de laine, ce mot dérive de "pashm" signifiant laine. | [
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Passiflora | Passiflore | Passiflora, known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family Passifloraceae. | Passiflora est un genre de plantes, les passiflores, de plus de 530 espèces de la famille des "Passifloraceae". Ce sont des plantes grimpantes aux fleurs spectaculaires, mais leur abondance n'est garantie que dans les régions au climat doux. | [
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Alexander Fleming | Alexander Fleming | Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould "Penicillium rubens" in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. | Alexander Fleming est un médecin, biologiste et pharmacologue britannique né le à Darvel, Ayrshire en Écosse et mort le à Londres. Il a publié de nombreux articles concernant la bactériologie, l'immunologie et la chimiothérapie. | [
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Pashmina | Pashmînâ | Pashmina refers to a fine variant of spun cashmere, the animal-hair fibre forming the downy undercoat of the Changthangi goat. The word "pashm" means "wool" in Persian, but in Kashmir, "pashm" referred to the raw unspun wool of domesticated Changthangi goats. In common parlance today, pashmina may refer either to the material or to the variant of the Kashmir shawl that is made from it. Both generic cashmere and "pashmina" come from the same goat, but generic cashmere ranges from 12–21 microns in diameter, whereas "pashmina" refers only to those fibres that range from 12–16 microns. | Byzance (en grec ancien /, en latin "Byzantium") est une ancienne cité grecque, capitale de la Thrace, située à l'entrée du Bosphore sous une partie de l'actuelle Istanbul. La cité a été reconstruite par Constantin I et, renommée Constantinople en 330, elle est devenue la capitale de l'Empire romain, puis de l'Empire romain d'Orient et enfin de l'Empire ottoman à partir de 1453 (date de la prise de la ville par les Turcs). Elle fut rebaptisée Istanbul en 1930. | [
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Mohair | Mohair | Mohair (pronounced ) is a fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat (not to be confused with the Angora rabbit, which produces Angora wool). Both durable and resilient, mohair is notable for its high luster and sheen, and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities to a textile. Mohair takes dye exceptionally well. It feels warm in winter as it has excellent insulating properties, while its moisture-wicking properties allow it to remain cool in summer. It is durable, naturally elastic, flame-resistant and crease-resistant. It is considered a luxury fiber, like cashmere, angora, and silk, and can be more expensive than most sheep's wool. | Le mohair est une laine fabriquée à partir de la toison de la chèvre angora, chèvre dont on connaissait l'existence au Tibet 2000 ans av. J.-C. et chez les Sumériens au. L’appellation de cette chèvre « angora » en français est due à sa présence en Anatolie et à l'ancien nom de la ville d'Ankara. Elle est caractérisée par l’alliance d'une bonne capacité d'isolant thermique (du froid comme du chaud) et d'une très grande légèreté. | [
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Byzantium | Byzance | Byzantium ( or Byzantion; (, ) was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and is now Istanbul. The Greek name "Byzantion" and its Latinization "Byzantium" continued to be used as a name of Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was colonized by the Greeks from Megara in 657 BC, and remained primarily Greek-speaking until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in AD 1453. | Louis Couperin est un musicien (claveciniste, organiste, gambiste, compositeur) français né à Chaumes-en-Brie vers 1626 et mort à Paris le. | [
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Alpaca | Alpaga | The alpaca ("Vicugna pacos") is a species of South American camelid descended from the vicuña. It is similar to, and often confused with, the llama. However, alpacas are often noticeably smaller than llamas. The two animals are closely related and can successfully cross-breed. Alpacas and llamas are related to the guanaco. There are two breeds of alpaca: the Suri alpaca and the Huacaya alpaca. | Lalpaga (Vicugna pacos) ou l'alpaguette ("femelle alpaga)" est un mammifère domestique de la famille des camélidés. Alors qu'on a longtemps considéré qu'il était très proche du guanaco, une étude de 2001 a montré qu'il avait un ancêtre commun plus récent avec la vigogne qu'avec le guanaco. | [
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Angora wool | Angora | Angora hair or Angora fibre refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. While the names of the source animals are similar, Angora fibre is distinct from mohair, which comes from the Angora goat. Angora fibre is also distinct from cashmere, which comes from the cashmere goat. Angora is known for its softness, thin fibres, and what knitters refer to as a halo (fluffiness). It is also known for its silky texture. It is much warmer and lighter than wool due to the hollow core of the angora fibre. It also gives them their characteristic floating feel. | L’angora est un pelage long et soyeux que l'on trouve chez plusieurs espèces d'animaux dont une mutation génétique naturelle, affectant la fourrure, fait pousser celle-ci plus rapidement et plus abondamment que la moyenne. Comme l'albinisme, cette mutation peut survenir chez un individu sauvage, mais elle est le plus souvent sélectionnée et perpétuée en élevage pour constituer des races utiles à l'homme (lapin, mouton, chèvre...) ou d'agrément (chat, hamster...). On peut éventuellement tisser ces longs poils pour obtenir une fibre de laine du même nom, le plus souvent des lapins angoras. Le nom vient de la forme ancienne du toponyme porté par la ville turque d'Ankara. | [
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Conan the Barbarian | Conan le Barbare | Conan the Barbarian (also known as Conan the Cimmerian) is a fictional sword and sorcery hero who originated in pulp magazines and has since been adapted to books, comics, several films (including "Conan the Barbarian" and "Conan the Destroyer"), television programs (animated and live-action), video games, role-playing games, and other media. The character was created by writer Robert E. Howard in 1932 for a series of fantasy stories published in "Weird Tales" magazine. | Conan le Barbare ou Conan le Cimmérien est un personnage de fiction, dont la première nouvelle a été écrite par Robert E. Howard en 1932, et dont les histoires ont été initialement publiées au cours des années 1930 dans le pulp "Weird Tales". C'est avec ces récits (et ceux de "Kull, le roi barbare", trois ans auparavant) que Howard a donné naissance à la forme moderne du genre littéraire de l'heroic-fantasy. | [
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Ottoman Empire | Empire ottoman | The Ottoman Empire (; ', literally "The Sublime Ottoman State"; Modern Turkish:'or ""; ) was a state and caliphate that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin, it was Persianised in terms of language, culture, literature and habits. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror. | LEmpire ottoman (en / "devlet-i ʿaliyye-i ʿosmâniyye", littéralement « l'État ottoman exalté » ; en ou '), connu historiquement en Europe de l'Ouest comme l'Empire turc, la Turquie ottomane ou simplement la Turquie, est un empire fondé à la fin du au nord-ouest de l'Anatolie, dans la commune de Söğüt (actuelle province de Bilecik), par le chef tribal oghouze. Après 1354, les Ottomans sont entrés en Europe, et, avec la conquête des Balkans, le Beylik ottoman s'est transformé en un empire trans-continental. Après l'avoir encerclé et réduit à sa capitale et à quelques lambeaux, les Ottomans ont mis fin à l'Empire byzantin en 1453 par la conquête de Constantinople sous le règne du sultan. | [
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Jean-Henri d'Anglebert | Jean-Henri d'Anglebert | Jean-Henri d'Anglebert (baptized 1 April 1629 – 23 April 1691) was a French composer, harpsichordist and organist. He was one of the foremost keyboard composers of his day. | Jean-Henry d'Anglebert (ou Danglebert), né à Bar-le-Duc le, mort à Paris le, est un musicien français, claveciniste et compositeur. | [
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Smog | Smog | Smog is a type of intense air pollution. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century, and is a contraction (portmanteau) of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog; its opacity, and odor. The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, ozone, smoke and other particulates. Man-made smog is derived from coal combustion emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions. | Le smog est une brume brunâtre épaisse, provenant d'un mélange de polluants atmosphériques, qui limite la visibilité dans l’atmosphère. Il est constitué surtout de particules fines et d'ozone. Le smog est associé à plusieurs effets néfastes pour la santé et pour l'environnement. | [
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The Terminator | Terminator | The Terminator is a 1984 American science fiction film directed by James Cameron. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator, a cyborg assassin sent back in time from 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor (Linda Hamilton), whose son will one day become a savior against machines in a post-apocalyptic future. Michael Biehn plays Kyle Reese, a reverent soldier sent back in time to protect Sarah. The screenplay is credited to Cameron and producer Gale Anne Hurd, while co-writer William Wisher Jr. received a credit for additional dialogue. Executive producers John Daly and Derek Gibson of Hemdale Film Corporation were instrumental in financing and production. | Traitant du voyage dans le temps et de la menace que pourraient faire naître des robots créés par une superintelligence issue de la singularité technologique, ce film est devenu l'un des classiques du cinéma d’action et d’anticipation des années 1980. Si son succès commercial ou critique est resté incertain jusqu'à sa sortie en salles, "Terminator" fut néanmoins en tête du box-office américain pendant deux semaines et a aidé à lancer la carrière cinématographique de Cameron, et à consolider celle de Schwarzenegger, confortant son statut de star du film d'action acquis en 1982 avec le film "Conan le Barbare". | [
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Cathode | Cathode | A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device. This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic "CCD" for "Cathode Current Departs". A conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the conventional current flow. Consequently, the mnemonic "cathode current departs" also means that electrons flow "into" the device's cathode from the external circuit. | La cathode d'un appareil passif parcouru par un courant continu est l'électrode d'où, en sens conventionnel, sort le courant (en courant électronique, électrode où entrent les électrons). Par exemple, pour une diode, c'est l'électrode reliée au pôle négatif du générateur. Pour une pile électrique faisant office de générateur, c'est l'électrode positive. | [
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10 | 10 (nombre) | 10 (ten) is an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11. Ten is the base of the decimal numeral system, by far the most common system of denoting numbers in both spoken and written language. The reason for the choice of ten is assumed to be that humans have ten fingers (digits). | Le nombre dix est l'entier naturel qui suit neuf et précède onze. Dix est le nombre de doigts de mains qu'un être humain possède généralement. Ce nombre occupe une place importante dans le calcul numérique traditionnel et la vie quotidienne car il a été choisi comme base pour le système de numération écrite. Ainsi s'écrit-il, dans le système décimal, 10 ou 1(un)0(zéro), ce qui signifie qu'il est composé d"'une" dizaine et de "zéro" unité. | [
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Convention on the Future of Europe | Convention sur l'avenir de l'Europe | The Convention on the Future of the European Union, also known as the European Convention, was a body established by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. Inspired by the Philadelphia Convention that led to the adoption of the United States federal Constitution, its purpose was to produce a draft constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt. The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. See History of the European Constitution for developments after this point. | La Convention sur l'avenir de l'Europe, ou Convention européenne est une convention, c'est-à-dire une institution provisoire, créée à l'issue du Conseil européen de Laeken en décembre 2001. | [
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Electrode | Électrode | An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air). The word was coined by William Whewell at the request of the scientist Michael Faraday from two Greek words: "elektron", meaning amber (from which the word electricity is derived), and "hodos", a way. | Une électrode est un conducteur électronique, ou ionique (ex. verre) captant ou libérant des électrons Les électrodes interviennent dans les systèmes générateurs de courant (comme les piles) et dans les électrolyses, dont le système est récepteur de courant. | [
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René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle | René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle | René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (November 22, 1643 – March 19, 1687) was a 17th-century French explorer and fur trader in North America. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. He is best known for an early 1682 expedition in which he canoed the lower Mississippi River from the mouth of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France. | René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle est né à Rouen, province de Normandie, le et mort assassiné le près de Navasota, au sud-ouest de la colonie française de Louisiane, dans l’actuel État américain du Texas. | [
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Sylvester Stallone | Sylvester Stallone | Sylvester Enzio Stallone (; born Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone, July 6, 1946) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, producer and artist. | Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone, dit Sylvester Stallone, né le à New York, dans le quartier de Hell's Kitchen, dans l'État de New York, aux (États-Unis), est un acteur, réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma américain. | [
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Meal voucher | Titre restaurant | A meal voucher or luncheon voucher is a voucher for a meal given to employees as an employee benefit, allowing them to eat at outside restaurants, typically for lunch. In many countries, meal vouchers have had favorable tax treatment. Vouchers are typically in the form of paper tickets but are gradually being replaced by electronic vouchers in the form of a special payment card. | Le titre-restaurant (parfois aussi appelé chèque-repas en Belgique) est un moyen de paiement scriptural « affecté », c'est-à-dire qu'il ne peut être utilisé que pour payer des produits alimentaires dans les restaurants, la grande et la petite distribution. Il est souvent désigné par le terme « Ticket Restaurant », qui est une marque déposée de la société Edenred utilisable pour désigner les seuls titres émis par cette société. La société Groupe Up propose, quant à elle, des chèques-repas sur une carte de paiement électronique qui devient progressivement la norme. | [
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Liberty | Liberté | Broadly speaking, liberty is the ability to do as one pleases. In modern politics, liberty is the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behaviour, or political views. In philosophy, liberty involves free will as contrasted with determinism. In theology, liberty is freedom from the effects of "sin, spiritual servitude, [or] worldly ties". Sometimes liberty is differentiated from freedom by using the word "freedom" primarily, if not exclusively, to mean the ability to do as one wills and what one has the power to do; and using the word "liberty" to mean the absence of arbitrary restraints, taking into account the rights of all involved. In this sense, the exercise of liberty is subject to capability and limited by the rights of others. Thus liberty entails the responsible use of freedom under the rule of law without depriving anyone else of their freedom. Freedom is more broad in that it represents a total lack of restraint or the unrestrained ability to fulfill one's desires. For example, a person can have the freedom to murder, but not have the liberty to murder, as the latter example deprives others of their right not to be harmed. Liberty can be taken away as a form of punishment. In many countries, people can be deprived of their liberty if they are convicted of criminal acts. | De façon générale, la liberté est un concept qui désigne la possibilité d'action ou de mouvement.<br>En mécanique par exemple, on parle de degrés de liberté pour comptabiliser les mouvements possibles d'une pièce. | [
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Aalst, Belgium | Alost | Aalst (;, Brabantian: "Oilsjt") is a city and municipality on the Dender River, northwest from Brussels in the Flemish province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the city of Aalst itself and the villages of Baardegem, Erembodegem, Gijzegem, Herdersem, Hofstade, Meldert, Moorsel and Nieuwerkerken. Aalst is crossed by the Molenbeek-Ter Erpenbeek in Aalst and Hofstade. The current mayor of Aalst is Christoph D'Haese, from the New-Flemish Alliance party. The town has a long-standing (folkloric) feud with Dendermonde (north along the river), which dates from the Middle Ages. | Alost ( ; en dialecte local : ) est une ville dans le Denderstreek située en Région flamande, chef-lieu d'arrondissement en province de Flandre-Orientale sur la Dendre et sur le Molenbeek-Ter Erpenbeek. Elle se trouve à mi-chemin entre Bruxelles et Gand (dans la zone la plus densément peuplée de Belgique), et est le centre d'une conurbation (avec les communes de Erpe-Mere, Haaltert, Lede et Denderleeuw) comptant environ. | [
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Cosmic ray | Rayonnement cosmique | Cosmic rays are high-energy protons and atomic nuclei which move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the sun, from outside of the solar system, and from distant galaxies. Upon impact with the Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface. Data from the Fermi Space Telescope (2013) have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernova explosions of stars. Active galactic nuclei also appear to produce cosmic rays, based on observations of neutrinos and gamma rays from blazar TXS 0506+056 in 2018. | Le rayonnement cosmique est le flux de noyaux atomiques et de particules de haute énergie (c'est-à-dire relativistes) qui circulent dans le milieu interstellaire. La source de ce rayonnement se situe selon les cas dans le Soleil, à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur de notre galaxie. Certaines astroparticules qui composent le rayonnement cosmique ont une énergie qui dépasse et qui n'est expliquée par aucun processus physique identifié. Le rayonnement cosmique est principalement constitué de particules chargées : protons (88 %), noyaux d'hélium (9 %), antiprotons, électrons, positrons et particules neutres (rayons gamma, neutrinos et neutrons). | [
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Address Resolution Protocol | Address Resolution Protocol | The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite. ARP was defined in 1982 by, which is Internet Standard STD 37. | L’ (ARP, protocole de résolution d’adresse) est un protocole utilisé pour traduire une adresse de protocole de couche réseau (typiquement une adresse IPv4) en une adresse de protocole de couche de liaison (typiquement une adresse MAC). Il se situe à l’interface entre la couche réseau ( du modèle OSI) et la couche de liaison ( du modèle OSI). | [
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol | The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used on Internet Protocol networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with other IP networks. A DHCP server enables computers to request IP addresses and networking parameters automatically from the Internet service provider (ISP), reducing the need for a network administrator or a user to manually assign IP addresses to all network devices. In the absence of a DHCP server, a computer or other device on the network needs to be manually assigned an IP address, or to assign itself an APIPA address, which will not enable it to communicate outside its local subnet. | La conception initiale d’IP supposait la préconfiguration de chaque ordinateur connecté au réseau avec les paramètres TCP/IP adéquats : c’est l’adressage "statique" (nommée également "IP fixe"). Sur des réseaux de grandes dimensions ou étendues, où des modifications interviennent souvent, l’adressage statique engendre une lourde charge de maintenance et des risques d’erreurs. En outre, les adresses assignées ne peuvent être utilisées si l’ordinateur qui détient cette charge n’est pas en service : un cas typique où ceci pose problème est celui des fournisseurs d’accès à internet (FAI ou ISP en anglais), qui ont en général plus de clients que d’adresses IP à leur disposition, mais dont les clients ne sont jamais tous connectés en même temps. | [
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El Niño | El Niño | El Niño (; ) is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including the area off the Pacific coast of South America. The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific. El Niño phases are known to occur close to four years, however, records demonstrate that the cycles have lasted between two and seven years. During the development of El Niño, rainfall develops between September–November. The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific. The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall. | ' est une conséquence régionale d'une perturbation dans la circulation atmosphérique générale entre les pôles et l'équateur. Son apparition déplace les zones de précipitations vers l'Est dans l’océan Pacifique et empêche la remontée d'eau froide le long de la côte de l’Amérique du Sud, ce qui coupe la source de nutriments pour la faune de ces eaux et nuit considérablement à l’industrie de la pêche. Sans que toutes les relations physiques soient encore expliquées,'fait partie des anomalies dans la circulation qui peuvent dérouter les cyclones tropicaux de leurs routes habituelles, déplacer les zones de précipitations et de sécheresse ainsi que changer localement le niveau de la mer par le changement de la pression moyenne. Cependant, à mesure de leur éloignement du bassin Pacifique, les relations entre ces effets sont moins connues. | [
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James Cook | James Cook | James Cook (7 November 172814 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. | James Cook est un navigateur, explorateur et cartographe britannique, né le ( selon le calendrier grégorien) à Marton (Middlesbrough) et mort le à Hawaï. | [
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DARPA | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency | The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. | La (DARPA) (« Agence pour les projets de recherche avancée de défense ») est une agence du département de la Défense des États-Unis chargée de la recherche et développement des nouvelles technologies destinées à un usage militaire. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, la DARPA a été à l'origine du développement de nombreuses technologies qui ont eu des conséquences considérables dans le monde entier dont les réseaux informatiques (notamment l'ARPANET qui a fini par devenir Internet) et le NLS (sigle représentant, en anglais, l'expression « », en français, littéralement, « système en ligne ») qui a été à la fois le premier système hypertexte et un précurseur important des interfaces graphiques devenues omniprésentes de nos jours. | [
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Marquess | Marquis | A marquess (;, ) is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies.also in The Republic Of Savairita islands off the cost of the Mediterranean Sea.The term is also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in Imperial China and Imperial Japan. The German language equivalent is Margrave. | Marquis est un titre de noblesse dont l'importance a varié au cours de l'histoire. Le marquis est avant tout un comte, mais le fief qu'il administre, le marquisat, est proche d'une frontière du royaume. Ainsi, afin de parer à toute invasion, le marquis est doté de pouvoirs militaires qui lui permettent de par lui-même de lever une armée, sans attendre l'ordre du Roi ou du Duc, ce qui lui permet de réagir rapidement lorsque la frontière de son comté ou marquisat se trouve menacée. | [
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Kanak people | Kanak | Kanak (French spelling until 1984: Canaque) are the indigenous Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific. According to the 2014 census, they make up 39.1% of the total population with around 105,000 people. | Le peuple kanak (parfois nommé canaque en français) est un peuple autochtone mélanésien français de Nouvelle-Calédonie dans le Pacifique Sud. Il constitue la population majoritaire de la province Nord (73,8 %) et de la province des îles Loyauté (96,6 %). | [
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Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne | Saint-Gaudens | Saint-Gaudens (; ) is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. Saint-Gaudens lies at an altitude of on a ledge overlooking the valley of the Garonne. It faces the Pyrenees and is a natural crossroads for routes between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Toulouse and the Val d'Aran in Catalonia. | Saint-Gaudens (prononcé []) est une commune française située dans le département de la Haute-Garonne, dont elle est sous-préfecture, en région Occitanie. | [
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Duchy of Burgundy | Duché de Bourgogne | The Duchy of Burgundy (; ;, ) emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire. Upon the 9th-century partitions, the French remnants of the Burgundian kingdom were reduced to a ducal rank by King Robert II of France in 1004. Robert II's son and heir, King Henry I of France, inherited the duchy but ceded it to his younger brother Robert in 1032. Other portions had passed to the Imperial Kingdom of Arles and the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté). | Le duché de Bourgogne est une ancienne principauté féodale du royaume de France entre les et s, avec pour capitale Dijon. À partir de 1006, le duché est un fief gouverné successivement par deux lignées de sang royal, Capétiens directs et Valois. | [
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Lightweight Directory Access Protocol | Lightweight Directory Access Protocol | The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Domain Directory services play an important role in developing intranet and Internet applications by allowing the sharing of information about users, systems, networks, services, and applications throughout the network. As, directory services may provide any organized set of records, often with a hierarchical structure, such as a corporate email directory. Similarly, a telephone directory is a list of subscribers with an address and a phone number. | Le nommage des éléments constituant l'arbre (racine, branches, feuilles) reflète souvent le modèle politique, géographique ou d'organisation de la structure représentée. La tendance actuelle est d'utiliser le nommage DNS pour les éléments de base de l'annuaire (racine et premières branches, ou dc=...). Les branches plus profondes de l'annuaire peuvent représenter des unités d'organisation ou des groupes ( ou ou=...), des personnes ( ou cn=... voire uid=...). L'assemblage de tous les composants (du plus précis au plus général) d'un nom forme son, l'exemple suivant en présente deux : | [
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First Council of Nicaea | Premier concile de Nicée | The First Council of Nicaea (; ) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325. | Le premier concile de Nicée (en latin : "") est le nom donné à un concile général des évêques de l'Empire romain qui se tint à Nicée (aujourd'hui İznik, en Turquie) en Bithynie, sur convocation de Constantin, du au, sous les patriarcats de Sylvestre de Rome, d'Alexandre d'Alexandrie, d'Eustathe d'Antioche, d'Alexandre de Constantinople et de Macaire de Jérusalem. | [
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Eastern Caribbean dollar | Dollar des Caraïbes orientales | The Eastern Caribbean dollar (symbol: $; code: XCD) is the currency of all seven full members and one associate member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). The successor to the British West Indies dollar, it has existed since 1965, and it is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign "$" or, alternatively, "EC$" to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. The EC$ is subdivided into 100 cents. It has been pegged to the United States dollar since 7 July 1976, at the exchange rate of US$1 = EC$2.70. | Le dollar des Caraïbes orientales ou dollar est-caribéen (code ISO 4217 : XCD) est la monnaie commune de huit des dix pays ou territoires membres de l’Organisation des États de la Caraïbe orientale (OECO). Il est subdivisé en 100 "cents". | [
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Unemployment | Chômage | Unemployment, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), is persons above a specified age (usually above 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period. | Le chômage peut être défini comme l'état d’une personne souhaitant travailler et qui est à la recherche d'un emploi. Cette définition du chômage connaît de nombreuses variantes et son concept donne toujours lieu à des controverses théoriques et statistiques. | [
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Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Franklin | Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely recognised posthumously. | Rosalind Franklin est une physico-chimiste britannique, née le à Notting Hill et morte le à Chelsea. Pionnière de la biologie moléculaire, elle formule la première dans un rapport non publié la structure hélicoïdale de l'acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN), découverte spoliée par Watson et Crick qui accèdent à son travail. Elle a également joué un rôle majeur dans la découverte du virus de la mosaïque du tabac. | [
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Austrobaileya | Austrobaileya scandens | Austrobaileya is the sole genus consisting of a single species that constitutes the entire flowering plant family Austrobaileyaceae. The species Austrobaileya scandens grows naturally only in the Wet Tropics rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia. | Austrobaileya scandens est une espèce de plantes angiospermes archaïques. C'est l'unique espèce actuellement reconnue du genre Austrobaileya. Ce dernier est le seul genre de la famille des Austrobaileyaceae. | [
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Magnoliaceae | Magnoliaceae | The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two subfamilies: Magnolioideae, of which "Magnolia" is the best-known genus, and Liriodendroidae, a monogeneric subfamily, of which "Liriodendron" (tulip trees) is the only genus. | La famille des Magnoliaceae (Magnoliacées) est constituée de plantes angiospermes primitives. La subdivision en genres est discutée. En, cette famille accepte seulement deux genres : "Liriodendron" et "Magnolia". | [
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