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Jean-Antoine Dubois
Jean-Antoine Dubois
Abbe J.A. Dubois or Jean-Antoine Dubois (January 1765 – 17 February 1848) was a French Catholic missionary in India, and member of the 'Missions Etrangères de Paris'.he was called Dodda Swami by the local people. In his work Hindu manners, customs and traditions he presented Indian cultures, traditions, thoughts and varnasrama system in his work. After some years he returned to France, and authored the book "Hindu manners, customs and ceremonies," a valuable work of Indology. He is remembered locally for having adopted the way of life, clothing, food (vegetarianism) and language typical of a Hindu monk or renunciate, and to have thereby earned the trust and respect of the local people. However, he failed in his mission of converting Indians to Christianity, and often expressed the opinion, in writing and in conversation, that the project of bringing the Indians to Christ is doomed to failure.
Jean-Antoine Dubois (connu sous le nom d'abbé Dubois), né à Saint-Remèze dans l'Ardèche (France) le et décédé à Paris le, est un prêtre des Missions étrangères de Paris [MEP], missionnaire en Inde.
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The Count of Monte Cristo
Le Comte de Monte-Cristo
The Count of Monte Cristo () is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas ("père") completed in 1844. It is one of the author's more popular works, along with "The Three Musketeers". Like many of his novels, it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet. Another important work by Dumas, written before his work with Maquet, was the 1843 short novel "Georges"; this novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in "The Count of Monte Cristo".
Le Comte de Monte-Cristo est un roman d’Alexandre Dumas, écrit avec la collaboration d’Auguste Maquet et dont la publication commence durant l'été 1844. Il est partiellement inspiré de faits réels, empruntés à la vie de Pierre Picaud.
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Azide
Azoture
Azide is the anion with the formula N. It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid (HN). N is a linear anion that is isoelectronic with CO, NCO, NO, NO and NCF. Per valence bond theory, azide can be described by several resonance structures; an important one being <chem>^-N=\overset{+}N=N^-</chem>. Azide is also a functional group in organic chemistry, RN.
Les azotures sont les sels de l'acide azothydrique HN, ainsi que les azotures organiques dans lesquels un des atomes d'azote est lié de façon covalente avec un atome de carbone d'un composé organique. Les azotures organiques peuvent par exemple être obtenus par substitution d'un halogénure ou un sulfonate d'alkyle par un azoture inorganique. L'action des sels d'azotures sur les halogénures d'acyle conduit à la formation d'azotures d'acyles possédant une réactivité particulière. L'usage du mot anglais "azide" à la place d"'azoture" se répand en français, mais le seul terme correct reste bien "azoture".
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Names of God in Islam
Dénomination de Dieu dans l'islam
In Islam, God (Allah) is believed to have 99 Names, known as the 99 Names of Allah, (, Beautiful Names of Allah). They are also called 99 Attributes of Allah. The meaning of the names differs among interpretations.
La dénomination de Dieu dans l'islam se fait par 99 noms (nombre généralement admis par les oulémas). Outre son appellation d'Allah, qui signifie Dieu,, d'autres noms sont retrouvés cités dans le Coran, le livre saint de l'islam, ainsi que dans un hadith prophétique. Ces noms sont appelés en arabe ("Asma’ Allah al-Ḥusná"), c'est-à-dire « les plus beaux noms de Dieu », tandis que les attributs de Dieu sont appelés (sifat Allah).
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Poverty
Pauvreté
Poverty is not having enough material possessions or income for a person's needs. Poverty may include social, economic, and political elements.
La pauvreté désigne la situation d’une personne ou d'un groupe de personnes qui est dans l'incapacité d'accéder à une nourriture en quantité suffisante, à l’eau potable, aux vêtements, à un logement et au chauffage de ce dernier lorsque le lieu de vie l'exige. La satisfaction de ces besoins de base est jugée comme indispensable à la vie décente d'un être humain. Toutefois avec le progrès technique et l'amélioration des conditions de vie dans les pays développés, une définition plus large basée sur des seuils de pauvreté relatifs au revenu médian a vu le jour sans lien avec la satisfaction de ces besoins. Le terme « pauvreté », relatif à celui de richesse, fait ainsi davantage référence aux situations d'inégalités économiques et politiques entre individus et entre sociétés.
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GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. It was first deployed in Finland in December 1991. By the mid-2010s, it became a global standard for mobile communications achieving over 90% market share, and operating in over 193 countries and territories.
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (historiquement « Groupe spécial mobile ») est une norme numérique de seconde génération pour la téléphonie mobile. Le groupe de travail chargé de la définir a été établi en 1982 par la Conférence européenne des administrations des postes et télécommunications (CEPT).
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Oric
Oric
Oric was the name used by UK-based Tangerine Computer Systems for a series of 6502-based home computers sold in the 1980s, primarily in Europe.
Oric est une marque des années 1980 de micro-ordinateurs de la société britannique Tangerine Computer Systems, qui fut plus tard rachetée par une société française.
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Applied mathematics
Mathématiques appliquées
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, business, computer science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.
Les mathématiques appliquées sont une branche des mathématiques qui s'intéresse à l'application du savoir mathématique aux autres domaines. L'analyse numérique, les mathématiques de l’ingénierie ; l'optimisation linéaire, la programmation dynamique, l'optimisation et la recherche opérationnelle ; les bio-mathématiques, la bio-informatique, la théorie de l'information, la théorie des jeux ; les probabilités et les statistiques ; les mathématiques financières et l'actuariat ; la cryptographie et, jusqu'à un certain point, la combinatoire et la géométrie finie ; la théorie des graphes telle qu'appliquée à l'analyse de réseaux, ainsi qu'une bonne partie de ce qu'on appelle l'informatique sont autant de domaines d'application des mathématiques.
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Tongue
Langue (anatomie humaine)
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste buds housed in numerous lingual papillae. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth. A major function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals.
La langue est un organe situé dans la cavité buccale, qui sert à la mastication, à la phonation et à la déglutition. C'est aussi l'organe du goût. C'est un organe très vascularisé. Les pressions développées par la langue sur les dents sont capables de les déplacer. La langue est le principal facteur de récidives en orthodontie. Pour cette raison, l'orthodontie fonctionnelle lui accorde une place centrale. Elle n'a pas de zones spécifiques spécialisée pour détecter les différents goûts.
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Daniel Rutherford
Daniel Rutherford
Daniel Rutherford (3 November 1749 – 15 December 1819) was a Scottish physician, chemist and botanist who is known for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772.
Daniel Rutherford ( à Édimbourg - à Édimbourg) est un médecin, chimiste et botaniste écossais, né et mort à Édimbourg. Il mit en évidence la présence de l'azote dans l'air en.
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Graphics tablet
Tablette graphique
A graphics tablet (also known as a digitizer, drawing tablet, drawing pad, digital drawing tablet, pen tablet, or digital art board) is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with a special pen-like stylus, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper. These tablets may also be used to capture data or handwritten signatures. It can also be used to trace an image from a piece of paper which is taped or otherwise secured to the tablet surface. Capturing data in this way, by tracing or entering the corners of linear poly-lines or shapes, is called digitizing.
Une tablette graphique est un dispositif de pointage servant à tracer à la main des graphiques, des schémas, des dessins, du texte manuscrit.
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The Abyss (Yourcenar novel)
L'Œuvre au noir
The Abyss () is a 1968 novel by the Belgian-French writer Marguerite Yourcenar. Its narrative centers on the life and death of Zeno, a physician, philosopher, scientist and alchemist born in Bruges during the Renaissance era. The book was published in France in 1968 and was met with immediate popular interest as well as critical acclaim, obtaining the Prix Femina with unanimous votes the year of its publication. The English translation by Grace Frick has been published under the title "The Abyss" or alternatively Zeno of Bruges. Belgian filmmaker André Delvaux adapted it into a film in 1988.
L'Œuvre au noir est un roman de Marguerite Yourcenar, paru le. Dès l'année de sa parution, il connaît un grand succès public ; le prix Femina lui est décerné par un vote à l'unanimité du jury.
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General Packet Radio Service
General Packet Radio Service
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data standard on the 2G and 3G cellular communication network's global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
Le ou GPRS est une norme (protocole réseau) pour la téléphonie mobile dérivée du GSM et complémentaire de celui-ci, permettant un débit de données plus élevé. On le qualifie souvent de 2,5G ou 2G+. Le G est l'abréviation de "génération" et le 2,5 indique que c'est une technologie à mi-chemin entre le GSM (deuxième génération) et l'UMTS (troisième génération).
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Peritoneal dialysis
Dialyse péritonéale
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a type of dialysis which uses the peritoneum in a person's abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the blood. It is used to remove excess fluid, correct electrolyte problems, and remove toxins in those with kidney failure. Peritoneal dialysis has better outcomes than hemodialysis during the first couple of years. Other benefits include greater flexibility and better tolerability in those with significant heart disease. Complications may include infections within the abdomen, hernias, high blood sugar, bleeding in the abdomen, and blockage of the catheter. Use is not possible in those with significant prior abdominal surgery or inflammatory bowel disease. It requires some degree of technical skill to be done properly. In peritoneal dialysis, a specific solution is introduced through a permanent tube in the lower abdomen and then removed. This may either occur at regular intervals throughout the day, known as continuous ambulatory dialysis, or at night with the assistance of a machine, known as automated peritoneal dialysis. The solution is typically made of sodium chloride, hydrogen carbonate, and an osmotic agent such as glucose. Peritoneal dialysis was first carried out in the 1920s; however, long term use did not come into medical practice until the 1960s. The solution used for peritoneal dialysis is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. The cost of dialysis solution in the developing world is about US$6.77–7.30 per two-liter bag or about $12,000 per year. In the United States peritoneal dialysis costs the government about $53,400 per person per year. As of 2009 peritoneal dialysis was available in 12 out of 53 African countries.
La dialyse péritonéale est un type de dialyse qui a pour objectif d'éliminer les déchets tels que l'urée, la créatinine, l'excès de potassium ou de liquide que les reins ne parviennent pas ou plus à épurer du plasma sanguin. Ce traitement médical est indiqué en cas d'insuffisance rénale chronique terminale.
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Edward Witten
Edward Witten
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist and the Charles Simonyi Professor in the School of Natural Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study. Witten is a researcher in string theory, quantum gravity, supersymmetric quantum field theories, and other areas of mathematical physics. In addition to his contributions to physics, Witten's work has significantly impacted pure mathematics. In 1990, he became the first physicist to be awarded a Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union, awarded for his 1981 proof of the positive energy theorem in general relativity. He is considered to be the practical founder of M-theory.
Edward Witten, né le à Baltimore, est un physicien mathématicien américain, professeur de physique mathématique à l"'Institute for Advanced Study" de Princeton, dans le New Jersey. En 1987, il était considéré comme l'un des plus éminents physiciens vivants.
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Restionaceae
Restionaceae
The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of annual or perennial rush-like flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 m in height. Following the APG IV (2016): the family now includes the former families Anarthriaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Lyginiaceae, and as such includes 51 genera with 572 known species. Based on evidence from fossil pollens, the Restionaceae likely originated more than 65 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period, when the southern continents were still part of Gondwana.
La famille des Restionacées regroupe des plantes monocotylédones ; elle comprend plus de 300 espèces réparties en plus de trente genres.
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Baháʼí Faith
Bahaïsme
The Baháʼí Faith (; "") is a religion teaching the essential worth of all religions, and the unity of all people. Established by Baháʼu'lláh in 1863, it initially grew in Persia and parts of the Middle East, where it has faced ongoing persecution since its inception. It is estimated to have between 5 and 8 million adherents, known as Baháʼís, spread throughout most of the world's countries and territories.
Le, ou baha’isme, aussi connu sous le nom de foi bahá’íe (prononcer ou ) ou béhaïsme (vieille graphie), est une religion abrahamique et monothéiste, proclamant l’unité spirituelle de l’humanité. Les membres de cette communauté religieuse internationale se décrivent comme les adhérents d’une « religion mondiale indépendante ». Elle est fondée par le Persan Mīrzā Ḥusayn-ʿAlī Nūrī (1817-1892) en 1863. Ce nom est dérivé du surnom donné à son fondateur : Bahāʾ-Allāh (en arabe, « Gloire de Dieu » ou « splendeur de Dieu »). Les baha’is sont les disciples de Bahāʾ-Allāh. Ils s’organisent autour de plus de (répertoriés par le centre mondial de Haïfa) à travers le monde. En 2011, cette religion met en avant dans ses documents le chiffre de de membres appartenant à plus de, répartis dans plus de. Son centre spirituel (lieu de pèlerinage.
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Mediastinum
Médiastin
The mediastinum (from Medieval Latin "mediastinus", "midway") is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity surrounded by loose connective tissue, as an undelineated region that contains a group of structures within the thorax. The mediastinum contains the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, the thymus and the lymph nodes of the central chest.
Le médiastin est la région de la cage thoracique située entre les deux poumons et contenant le cœur, l'œsophage, la trachée et les deux bronches souches. De gros vaisseaux sanguins et lymphatiques, ainsi que des nerfs, y passent également. Le médiastin correspond au contenu de la cage thoracique sans les poumons. Il est divisé en trois compartiments, antérieur, moyen et postérieur.
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1976 Summer Olympics
Jeux olympiques d'été de 1976
The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad (French: Les "XXIes olympiques d'été"), was an international multi-sport event in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1976, and the first Olympic Games held in Canada.
Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1976, Jeux de la olympiade de l'ère moderne, ont été célébrés à Montréal, au Canada (province du Québec), du 17 juillet au.
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KV62
Tombeau de Toutânkhamon
KV62 is the standard Egyptological designation for the tomb of young pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, now renowned for the wealth of valuable antiquities that it contained. Howard Carter discovered it in 1922 underneath the remains of workmen's huts built during the Ramesside Period; this explains why it was largely spared the desecration and tomb clearances at the end of the 20th Dynasty, although it was robbed and resealed twice in the period after its completion.
Le tombeau de Toutânkhamon (KV62) est un hypogée découvert le dans la vallée des Rois sur la rive ouest du Nil face à Louxor par Howard Carter, égyptologue anglais qui avait été chargé d'effectuer ces fouilles par Lord Carnarvon. Il est célèbre pour son trésor et la malédiction qui aurait poursuivi tous les étrangers ayant violé sa tombe.
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Platypus
Ornithorynque
The platypus ("Ornithorhynchus anatinus"), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) and genus ("Ornithorhynchus"), though a number of related species appear in the fossil record.
Lornithorynque (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) est un animal semi-aquatique endémique de l'est de l'Australie, y compris la Tasmanie. C'est l'une des cinq espèces de l'ordre des monotrèmes, seul ordre de mammifères qui pond des œufs au lieu de donner naissance à des petits complètement formés (les quatre autres espèces sont des échidnés). C'est la seule espèce actuelle de la famille des Ornithorhynchidae et du genre Ornithorhynchus bien qu'un grand nombre de fragments d'espèces fossiles de cette famille et de ce genre aient été découverts.
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Lothal
Lothal
Lothal () was one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt and first inhabited 3700 BCE. Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments. According to the ASI, Lothal had the world's earliest known dock, which connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra when the surrounding Kutch desert of today was a part of the Arabian Sea. However, this interpretation has been challenged by other archaeologists, who argue that Lothal was a comparatively small town, and that the "dock" was actually an irrigation tank. The controversy was finally settled when scientists from The National Institute of Oceonography, Goa discovered foraminifera (marine microfossils) and salt, gypsum crystals in the rectangular structure clearly indicating that sea water once filled the structure.
Lothal (gujarâtî : લોથલ, littéralement le « mont des morts ») est un site archéologique indien découvert en 1954 par le docteur S.R. Rao et remontant à ans. C'était alors un port important de la civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus, probablement le plus au sud de ses avant-postes.
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Dumping (pricing policy)
Dumping
Dumping, in economics, is a kind of injuring pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price below the normal price with an injuring effect. The objective of dumping is to increase market share in a foreign market by driving out competition and thereby create a monopoly situation where the exporter will be able to unilaterally dictate price and quality of the product.
Le terme de dumping (de l'anglais "to dump", « déverser », « se débarrasser de ») désigne : Dans le cas des chefs d'entreprises, la motivation est de conquérir ou préserver des parts de marché. Pour les États ce n'est pas nécessairement le cas.
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Flag of Switzerland
Drapeau et armoiries de la Suisse
The flag of Switzerland (; ; ; ) displays a white cross in the centre of a square red field. The white cross is known as the Swiss cross. Its arms are equilateral, and their ratio of length to width is 7:6. The size of the cross in relation to the field was set in 2017 as 5:8.
Le drapeau de la Suisse est carré, de couleur rouge, à croix blanche ("de gueules, à la croix alésée d'argent").
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UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for networks based on the competing cdmaOne technology. UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators.
L’ (UMTS) est l'une des technologies de téléphonie mobile de troisième génération (3G). Elle est basée sur la technologie W-CDMA, standardisée par le 3GPP et constitue l'implémentation dominante, d'origine européenne, des spécifications IMT-2000 de l'UIT pour les systèmes radio cellulaires 3G.
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Free France
France libre
Free France and its Free French Forces ( and ) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces, that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of France. Set up in London in June 1940, it organised and supported the Resistance in occupied France.
La France libre est le régime de résistance extérieure fondé à Londres par le général de Gaulle à la suite de son appel du. La veille, le lundi, face à la progression allemande, Philippe Pétain, chef du gouvernement de la République avait appelé l’armée française à cesser les combats pendant les négociations de l'armistice avec les Allemands, qui les signèrent cinq jours plus tard, le samedi.
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Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen
Amartya Kumar Sen (; ; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist, who since 1972 has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, decision theory, development economics, public health, and measures of well-being of countries.
Amartya Kumar Sen (, prononcé /ˈɔmort:o kʊmaːr ˈʃen/), né le à Santiniketan (État du Bengale-Occidental en Inde), est un économiste et philosophe indien.
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Eclogues
Bucoliques
The Eclogues (; ), also called the Bucolics, is the first of the three major works of the Latin poet Virgil.
Les Bucoliques (ou Églogues) sont un recueil du poète latin Virgile, paru en -37. Elles sont composées de dix pièces rédigées en hexamètres dactyliques. Virgile est le premier auteur latin à adopter cette forme poétique : il s’inspire d’un auteur grec du, Théocrite. Virgile les composa entre -42 et -39. Ces églogues sont de courts dialogues entre bergers, sur le modèle de la poésie pastorale grecque, quoiqu'à ces imitations soient mêlées quelques allusions aux événements politiques contemporains : ainsi, dans la quatrième églogue, le poète annonce un nouvel Âge d'or, glorifiant Auguste, le futur empereur, dont il attend l'instauration d'une ère de paix.
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Spanish Armada
Invincible Armada
The Spanish Armada () was a Habsburg Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from Corunna in late May 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. Medina Sidonia was an aristocrat without naval command experience but was made commander by King Philip II. The aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and her establishment of Protestantism in England, to stop English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to stop the harm caused by English and Dutch privateering ships that interfered with Spanish interests in the Americas.
L’Invincible Armada (en espagnol "",, en anglais "Spanish Armada") est, en 1588, le nom de la flotte d'invasion armée espagnole à destination de l'Angleterre. Elle est affrétée par le très-catholique d’Espagne, et est destinée à emporter des soldats (dont les fameux "Tercios" stationnés en Flandre), munitions et vivres à travers la Manche. Sa mission est la conquête de l'Angleterre protestante d’Élisabeth, menace permanente pour la souveraineté espagnole sur ses territoires des Pays-Bas. Initialement, la mission visait à établir Marie Stuart sur le trône d'Angleterre et la rétablir sur celui d'Écosse, mais son exécution le modifia les objectifs de la flotte d'invasion.
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Gaza Strip
Bande de Gaza
The Gaza Strip (;'), or simply Gaza"', is a self-governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, that borders Egypt on the southwest for and Israel on the east and north along a border. Gaza and the West Bank are claimed by the "de jure" sovereign State of Palestine.
La bande de Gaza (, "Qita' Ghazzah") est une bande de terre de de long sur la côte orientale de la mer Méditerranée dans le bassin Levantin, au Proche-Orient. Elle tire son nom de sa principale ville, Gaza. D'une largeur de 6 à et d'une superficie de, son territoire est entouré au nord, à l'est et au sud-est par l’État d’Israël, et au sud-ouest par l’Égypte. En 2018, la population est estimée à plus de d'habitants, appelés "Gazaouis".
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Adam's Peak
Pic d'Adam
Adam's Peak is a tall conical mountain located in central Sri Lanka. It is well known for the Sri Pada (), i.e., "sacred footprint", a rock formation near the summit, which in Buddhist tradition is held to be the footprint of the Buddha, in Hindu tradition that of Hanuman or Shiva and in some Islamic and Christian traditions that of Adam, or that of St. Thomas.
Le pic d'Adam (singhalais "Sri Pada" ou "Samanala", tamoul "Sivanolipatha Malai", arabe "Al-Rohun") est un des sommets les plus importants de l'île du Sri Lanka. Conique et haut de, il est considéré comme un lieu saint par les hindous shivaïtes, les bouddhistes et les musulmans.
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Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae, the greenbrier family, is a family of flowering plants. Up to some decades ago the genera now included in family Smilacaceae were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, but for the past twenty to thirty years most botanists have accepted Smilacaceae as a distinct family. It is considered that the two families diverged around 55 million years ago during the Early Paleogene possibly near the boundary between Paleocene and Eocene. One characteristic that distinguishes Smilacaceae from most of the other members of the Liliaceae-like Liliales is that it has true vessels in its conducting tissue. Another is that the veins of the leaves, between major veins, are reticulate (net-shaped), rather than parallel as in most monocots.
La famille des Smilacacées regroupe des plantes monocotylédones ; elle comprend 370 espèces réparties en 2 ou 3 genres. Ce sont des plantes herbacées ou des lianes, pérennes, rhizomateuses ou tubéreuses, des régions tempérées à tropicales. C'est une famille largement répandue.
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Lumbini
Lumbini
Lumbinī (Nepali and Sanskrit:, "the lovely") is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi District of Province No. 5 in Nepal. It is the place where, according to Buddhist tradition, Queen Mahamayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama in 563 BCE. Gautama, who achieved Enlightenment some time around 528 BCE, became the Buddha and founded Buddhism. Lumbini is one of many magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places pivotal to the life of the Buddha.
Lumbini ou Loumbini est un village situé sur le territoire du Népal, dans le district de Rupandehi (région du Teraï), à peu de distance de la frontière avec l'Inde. Il est considéré comme le lieu de naissance traditionnel de Siddhartha Gautama, devenu par la suite le Bouddha dans l'Inde ancienne, sa mère ayant accouché sur la route de Kapilavastu, la capitale du clan familial. Elle est de ce fait l'un des quatre lieux saints du bouddhisme.
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Safe sex
Sécurisexe
Safe sex is sexual activity using methods or devices (such as condoms) to reduce the risk of transmitting or acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially HIV. "Safe sex" is also sometimes referred to as safer sex or protected sex to indicate that some safe sex practices do not completely eliminate STI risks. It is also sometimes used colloquially to describe methods aimed at preventing pregnancy that may or may not also lower STI risks.
Le sexe sans risque (SSR), sexe à moindre risque (, ) ou sécurisexe est un mode de relations sexuelles qui minimise les risques de contracter une infection sexuellement transmissible (en particulier le SIDA).
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Varanasi
Varanasi
Varanasi (), also known as Benares, Banaras ("Banāras" ), or Kashi ("Kāśī" ), is a city on the banks of the river Ganges in Uttar Pradesh, India, south-east of the state capital, Lucknow, and east of Allahabad. A major religious hub in India, it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities ("Sapta Puri") in Hinduism and Jainism, and played an important role in the development of Buddhism and Ravidassia. Varanasi lies along National Highway 2 and is served by Varanasi Junction railway station and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport.
Varanasi (en hindi : ), anciennement Bénarès), est une ville de l'État indien de l'Uttar Pradesh. Située sur la rive gauche du Gange, la ville est considérée comme l'une des plus anciennement habitées du monde. Dédiée principalement à Shiva, elle est la cité qui accueille le plus de pèlerins en Inde et fait partie des sept villes sacrées de l'hindouisme.
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London, Ontario
London (Ontario)
London (pronounced ) is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city had a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census. London is at the confluence of the Thames River, approximately from both Toronto and Detroit; and about from Buffalo, New York. The city of London is a separated municipality, politically separate from Middlesex County, though it remains the county seat.
London est une ville de l'Ontario, au Canada, située sur le corridor Québec-Windsor. Au recensement de 2016, on y dénombre une population de ( dans la région métropolitaine de recensement). La ville se situe au confluent de la rivière Thames, à approximativement de Toronto, Ontario et de Detroit, Michigan. La cité de London est une municipalité politiquement séparée du comté de Middlesex, bien qu'elle en soit le siège.
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Pan (god)
Pan
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Pan (; ) is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature of mountain wilds, rustic music and impromptus, and companion of the nymphs. He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, in the same manner as a faun or satyr. With his homeland in rustic Arcadia, he is also recognized as the god of fields, groves, wooded glens and often affiliated with sex; because of this, Pan is connected to fertility and the season of spring. The ancient Greeks also considered Pan to be the god of theatrical criticism. The word "panic" ultimately derives from the god's name.
Dans la mythologie grecque, Pan (en grec ancien, « tout », anciennement « campagnard », selon certains écrits, ou de, « faire paître ») est une divinité de la Nature, protecteur des bergers et des troupeaux. Il est souvent représenté comme une créature chimérique, mi-homme mi-bouc, à l'image des satyres dont il partage la compagnie.
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Divorce
Divorce
Divorce, also known as dissolution of marriage, is the process of terminating a marriage or marital union. Divorce usually entails the canceling or reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the bonds of matrimony between a married couple under the rule of law of the particular country or state. Divorce laws vary considerably around the world, but in most countries, divorce requires the sanction of a court or other authority in a legal process, which may involve issues of distribution of property, child custody, alimony (spousal support), child visitation/access, parenting time, child support, and division of debt. In most countries, monogamy is required by law, so divorce allows each former partner to marry another person.
Le divorce est la rupture officielle d'un mariage civil ou religieux liant précédemment deux personnes ou plusieurs en cas de polygamie. En droit il se distingue de la séparation de fait, sans conséquence juridique, et de la séparation de corps qui est reconnue juridiquement mais qui laisse subsister le mariage. À ne pas le confondre avec l'annulation de mariage qui consiste à déclarer que celui-ci n'a jamais eu lieu.
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Human skeleton
Squelette humain
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
Le est composé de 206 os constants à l'âge adulte (environ 350 à la naissance) et d'un nombre variable d'os surnuméraires en fonction des individus. Ces os sont supportés et étayés par des ligaments, tendons, muscles, fascias et du cartilage, formant l'appareil locomoteur. Le fœtus a un squelette cartilagineux dont l'ossification débute avant la naissance et continue jusqu'à l'âge adulte.
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Philip IV of France
Philippe IV le Bel
Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne. Although Philip was known as handsome, hence the epithet "le Bel", his rigid and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as the Iron King (). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "he is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."
Philippe IV, dit et « le Roi de fer » (né à Fontainebleau en avril/juin 1268 – mort à Fontainebleau le ), fils de et de sa première épouse Isabelle d'Aragon, est roi de France de 1285 à 1314, onzième roi de la dynastie des Capétiens directs.
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Operations research
Recherche opérationnelle
Operations research () (OR) is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. Further, the term operational analysis is used in the British (and some British Commonwealth) military as an intrinsic part of capability development, management and assurance. In particular, operational analysis forms part of the Combined Operational Effectiveness and Investment Appraisals, which support British defence capability acquisition decision-making.
La recherche opérationnelle peut être définie comme l'ensemble des méthodes et techniques rationnelles orientées vers la recherche du meilleur choix dans la façon d'opérer en vue d'aboutir au résultat visé ou au meilleur résultat possible.
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Loches
Loches
Loches () is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. It is situated southeast of Tours by railway, on the left bank of the Indre River.
Loches est une commune française située dans le département d'Indre-et-Loire, en région Centre-Val de Loire. Chef-lieu d'arrondissement et sous-préfecture d'Indre-et-Loire, cette petite ville de Touraine, située sur l'Indre, forme une agglomération de dix mille habitants avec les communes de Beaulieu-lès-Loches, Ferrière-sur-Beaulieu et Perrusson.
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Beelzebub
Belzébuth
Beelzebub or Beelzebul ( or ; "Baʿal Zəvûv") is a name derived from a Philistine god, formerly worshipped in Ekron, and later adopted by some Abrahamic religions as a major demon. The name Beelzebub is associated with the Canaanite god Baal.
Belzébuth (arabe : بعل الذباب, Ba‘al adh-Dhubā ; hébreu : בעל זבוב, Baʿal Zəbûb ; grec : Βεελζεβούλ, "Beelzeboúl" ; latin : "Beelzebūb" : Seigneur de tout ce qui vole) est un dieu du monde sémite vraisemblablement vénéré à Éqrôn (ou Accaron). Dans des sources principalement bibliques et postérieures aux textes vétéro-testamentaires, Belzébuth est un démon et un des princes couronnés de l'Enfer. Les Philistins anciens l’adoraient sous le nom de "Baal-Zebub". Il est aussi connu sous le nom de "Enlil", "Bel", ou bien encore comme le Démon goétique "Bael". Il est représenté sous l'apparence d'une mouche gigantesque.
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Asmodeus
Asmodée
Asmodeus (;, "Asmodaios") or Ashmedai (;, "ʾAšməddāy"), also Ashema Deva (see below for other variations), is a "prince of demons", or in Judeo-Islamic lore the king of the earthly spirits (shedim/jinn), mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which he is the primary antagonist. In the Binsfeld's classification of demons, Asmodeus represents lust. The demon is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends; for instance, in the story of the construction of the Temple of Solomon.
Asmodée est un démon de la Bible possédant de nombreux autres noms : Asmoth, Aschmédaï, Asmoday, Asmodeus, Aesma, Asmadai, Asmodius, Asmodaios, Hasmoday, Chashmodai, Azmonden, Sidonay, ou encore Asmobée. Il est présent dans les croyances de la goétie, science occulte de l'invocation d'entités démoniaques.
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Brothers Grimm
Frères Grimm
The Brothers Grimm (' or ', ), Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Carl Grimm (1786–1859), were German academics, philologists, cultural researchers, lexicographers and authors who together collected and published folklore during the 19th century. They were among the first and best-known collectors of German and European folk tales, and popularized traditional oral tale types such as "Cinderella" (""), "The Frog Prince" (""), "The Goose-Girl" ("Die Gänsemagd"), "Hansel and Gretel" (""), "Rapunzel", "Beauty and the Beast", "Little Red Riding Hood", "The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats", "The Three Little Pigs", "Rumpelstiltskin" (""), "Sleeping Beauty" (""), and "Snow White" (""). Their classic collection, "Children's and Household Tales" ("), was published in two volumes—the first in 1812 and the second in 1815.
Les frères Grimm (en allemand ou ) étaient deux linguistes, philologues et collecteurs de contes de langue allemande : Jacob Grimm, né le à Hanau et mort le à Berlin, et Wilhelm Grimm, né le à Hanau et mort le à Berlin.
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Book of Judges
Livre des Juges
The Book of Judges (, "") is the seventh book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. In the narrative of the Hebrew Bible, it covers the time between the conquest described in the Book of Joshua and the establishment of a kingdom in the Books of Samuel, during which Biblical judges served as temporary leaders. The stories follow a consistent pattern: the people are unfaithful to Yahweh and he therefore delivers them into the hands of their enemies; the people repent and entreat Yahweh for mercy, which he sends in the form of a leader or champion (a "judge"; see "shophet"); the judge delivers the Israelites from oppression and they prosper, but soon they fall again into unfaithfulness and the cycle is repeated. Scholars consider many of the stories in "Judges" to be the oldest in the Deuteronomistic history, with their major redaction dated to the 8th century BCE and with materials such as the Song of Deborah dating from much earlier.
Le Livre des Juges (en hébreu "Sefer Shoftim") est l'un des livres de la Bible hébraïque (l'Ancien Testament pour les chrétiens). Il raconte la période de l'histoire des Hébreux entre la conquête du Pays de Canaan (rapportée dans le Livre de Josué) et l'apparition de la royauté. À cette époque (vers -1150 - -1130), c'est sous la pression d'un danger et sur un mode défensif que les tribus d'Israël mettent à leur tête un chef : c'est l'époque des Juges ("shofet").
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Gustave Doré
Gustave Doré
Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré (; ; 6 January 1832 – 23 January 1883) was a French artist, printmaker, illustrator, comics artist, caricaturist, and sculptor who worked primarily with wood-engraving.
Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré dit Gustave Doré, né le à Strasbourg et mort le à Paris dans son hôtel de la rue Saint-Dominique, est un peintre, sculpteur, illustrateur et caricaturiste français.
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Books of the Maccabees
Livres des Maccabées
Book of the Maccabees (Sefer Hamakabim) is a history of the Maccabees, the leaders of the Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid dynasty.
Les livres de Maccabées sont des écrits juifs en langue grecque dont le thème est lié à la révolte des Maccabées qui eut lieu dans la Judée de l'époque hellénistique. Les Maccabées doivent leur nom à Judas Maccabée dont le frère Simon fonda la dynastie hasmonéenne qui régna sur la Judée de 140 à 37 av. J.-C.. Malgré le nom qui leur est traditionnellement appliqué, ces livres sont indépendants. Leurs dates de composition et leurs styles sont différents.
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Björk
Björk
Björk Guðmundsdóttir (, ; born 21 November, 1965) is an Icelandic singer, songwriter, record producer, actress, and DJ. Over her four-decade career, she has developed an eclectic musical style that draws on a range of influences and genres spanning electronic, pop, experimental, trip hop, classical, and avant-garde music.
Björk, de son nom complet Björk Guðmundsdóttir, est une musicienne, chanteuse, auteure-compositrice-interprète et actrice islandaise, née le à Reykjavik.
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I-mode
I-mode
NTT DoCoMo's i-mode is a mobile internet (distinct from wireless internet) service popular in Japan. Unlike Wireless Application Protocol, i-mode encompasses a wider variety of internet standards, including web access, e-mail, and the packet-switched network that delivers the data. i-mode users have access to various services such as e-mail, sports results, weather forecast, games, financial services, and ticket booking. Content is provided by specialized services, typically from the mobile carrier, which allows them to have tighter control over billing.
L’i-mode est l'appellation commerciale d'un ensemble de services et de protocoles permettant de connecter des téléphones portables à Internet. L'i-mode est un concurrent du WAP, bien que les téléphones i-mode permettent également d'afficher du contenu WAP.
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Lucifer
Lucifer
Lucifer ( 'light-bringer', corresponding to the Greek name, 'dawn-bringer', for the same planet) is a Latin name for the planet Venus in its morning appearances and is often used for mythological and religious figures associated with the planet. Due to the unique movements and discontinuous appearances of Venus in the sky, mythology surrounding these figures often involved a fall from the heavens to earth or the underworld. Interpretations of a similar term in the Hebrew Bible, translated in the King James Version as "Lucifer" as a proper name, led to a Christian tradition of applying the name Lucifer, and its associated stories of a fall from heaven, to Satan, but modern scholarship generally translates the term in the relevant Bible passage, (Isaiah 14:12), as "morning star" or "shining one" rather than as a proper name, "Lucifer".
Lucifer est un nom latin signifiant « porteur de lumière », composé de « (lumière) » et « (porter) ».
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Pierre de Ronsard
Pierre de Ronsard
Pierre de Ronsard (11 September 1524 – 27 December 1585) was a French poet or, as his own generation in France called him, a "prince of poets".
Pierre de Ronsard né en au château de la Possonnière, près du village de Couture-sur-Loir en Vendômois, et mort le au prieuré de Saint-Cosme en Touraine, est un des poètes français les plus importants du. « Prince des poètes et poète des princes », Pierre de Ronsard est une figure majeure de la littérature poétique de la Renaissance. Auteur d’une œuvre vaste qui, en plus de trente ans, s'est portée aussi bien sur la poésie engagée et officielle dans le contexte des guerres de religions avec "Les Hymnes" et les "Discours" (1555-1564), que sur l’épopée avec "La Franciade" (1572) ou la poésie lyrique avec les recueils "Les Odes" (1550-1552) et des "Amours" ("Les Amours de Cassandre", 1552 ; "Continuation des amours", 1555 ; "Sonnets pour Hélène", 1578).
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Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman (; July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. With George Stigler and others, Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the Chicago school of economics, a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago that rejected Keynesianism in favor of monetarism until the mid-1970s, when it turned to new classical macroeconomics heavily based on the concept of rational expectations. Several students and young professors who were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists, including Gary Becker, Robert Fogel, Thomas Sowell and Robert Lucas Jr.
Milton Friedman est un économiste américain né le à Brooklyn (New York) et mort le à San Francisco, considéré comme l'un des économistes les plus influents du. Il obtient le prix dit Nobel d'économie en 1976 pour ses travaux sur, il a été un ardent défenseur du libéralisme. Il a travaillé sur des domaines de recherche aussi bien théorique qu'appliquée, il fut à l'origine du courant monétariste ainsi que le fondateur de l'École de Chicago. Il est également un commentateur politique et essayiste à succès.
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Muscular system
Système musculaire
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system, it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for movement of the human body.
Le système musculaire est le système biologique composé de l'ensemble des muscles du corps d'un animal. Les muscles sont fixés aux os par des tendons. Le système musculaire forme, avec le squelette et une partie du système nerveux, l'appareil locomoteur.
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Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 40 genera and 900 known species. The type genus is "Asphodelus".
La famille des Asphodelaceae est une famille de plantes monocotylédones. La circonscription est discutée : elle comprend environ 800 espèces réparties en une quinzaine environ de genres.
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Cormery
Cormery
Cormery is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre Region. Its inhabitants are called Cormeriens, Cormeriennes. It is located 21 kilometres from Tours and 18 kilometres from Joué-lès-Tours.
Cormery ( ) est une commune française de la vallée de l'Indre située dans le département d'Indre-et-Loire en région Centre-Val de Loire.
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Perestroika
Perestroïka
Perestroika (; ) was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
La perestroïka (en ) est le nom donné aux réformes économiques et sociales menées par le président de l'URSS Mikhaïl Gorbatchev en Union soviétique d' à, selon trois axes prioritaires respectivement économique, social et éthique : l'accélération, la démocratisation et la transparence.
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Wissembourg
Wissembourg
Wissembourg (; South Franconian: "Weisseburch", pronounced ; German: ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
Wissembourg (prononcé "Waïssebouaïsch" en francique méridional, le dialecte germanique local; Weißenburg en allemand) est une commune française située dans le département du Bas-Rhin, en région Grand Est.
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Unification movement
Église de l'Unification
The Unification movement, also known as the Unification Church (UC), is a worldwide new religious movement whose members are sometimes colloquially called "Moonies". It was officially founded in 1954 under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC) in Seoul, South Korea by Sun Myung Moon (1920–2012), a Korean religious leader also known for his business ventures and engagement in social and political causes.
L'Église de l'Unification (ou Association de l'Esprit Saint pour l'Unification du christianisme mondial) est une organisation religieuse fondée en Corée du Sud en 1954 par Sun Myung Moon (également connu sous le nom de Révérend Moon). L'Église est également connue sous le nom de secte Moon.
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Franklin J. Schaffner
Franklin Schaffner
Franklin James Schaffner (May 30, 1920July 2, 1989) was an American film, television, and stage director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for "Patton" (1970), and is also known for the films "Planet of the Apes" (1968), "Nicholas and Alexandra" (1971), "Papillon" (1973), and "The Boys from Brazil" (1978). He served as President of the Directors Guild of America between 1987 and 1989.
Franklin James Schaffner, communément appelé Franklin J. Schaffner, est un réalisateur et producteur américain, il est né le à Tokyo et mort le à Santa Monica. Réalisateur du film culte "La Planète des singes", il a aussi réalisé des chefs-d'œuvre comme "Patton" et "Papillon".
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Book of Revelation
Apocalypse
The Book of Revelation (often called the Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John, the Revelation from Jesus Christ (from its opening words), the Apocalypse, The Revelation, or simply Revelation) is the final book of the New Testament, and consequently is also the final book of the Christian Bible. Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: "apokalypsis", meaning "unveiling" or "revelation" (before title pages and titles, books were commonly known by their incipit (first words)). The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon (although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles, and an extended apocalyptic passage in the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament). Thus, it occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.
L’Apocalypse ou Apocalypse de Jean ou encore Livre de la Révélation, également appelé Révélation de Jésus-Christ () suivant les premiers mots du texte, est le dernier livre du Nouveau Testament.
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Symbiodinium
Zooxanthelle
Symbiodiniaceae is a dinoflagellate family that encompasses the largest and most prevalent group of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates known. These unicellular algae commonly reside in the endoderm of tropical cnidarians such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish, where the products of their photosynthetic processing are exchanged in the host for inorganic molecules. They are also harbored by various species of demosponges, flatworms, mollusks such as the giant clams, foraminifera "(soritids)", and some ciliates. Generally, these dinoflagellates enter the host cell through phagocytosis, persist as intracellular symbionts, reproduce, and disperse to the environment. The exception is in most mollusks, where these symbionts are intercellular (between the cells). Cnidarians that are associated with Symbiodiniaceae occur mostly in warm oligotrophic (nutrient-poor), marine environments where they are often the dominant constituents of benthic communities. These dinoflagellates are therefore among the most abundant eukaryotic microbes found in coral reef ecosystems.
La zooxanthelle (« jaune des animaux » en grec), ou plus simplement xanthelle (« jaune » en grec, algue du genre Symbiodinium) est une algue unicellulaire, pouvant vivre en symbiose avec le corail, mais aussi avec les bénitiers, ainsi qu'avec de nombreuses espèces de méduses scyphozoaires, comme le genre "Cassiopea" ou "Cotylorhiza" par exemple, et chez d'autres animaux marins (Hydrozoaires, Limaces de mer, radiolaires, ciliées, démosponges, actinies...). Dans les couches superficielles des mers chaudes, dépourvues de la base de la chaîne alimentaire marine qu'est le plancton, les zooxanthelles se développent en absorbant le dioxyde de carbone libéré par les coraux (ou un autre animal hôte) et fournissent en retour divers nutriments à leur hôte.
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Annie Girardot
Annie Girardot
Annie Girardot (25 October 1931 – 28 February 2011) was a three-time César Award winning French actress. She often played strong-willed, independent, hard-working, and often lonely women, imbuing her characters with an earthiness and reality that endeared her to women undergoing similar daily struggles.
Annie Girardot est une actrice et comédienne française née le à Paris (10) et morte dans cette même ville le.
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Pencil
Crayon
A pencil is an implement for writing or drawing, constructed of a narrow, solid pigment core in a protective casing that prevents the core from being broken and/or marking the user's hand.
Un crayon est un instrument de dessin et d'écriture. Il est constitué d'une petite baguette de bois servant de gaine à une mine de la même longueur, l'extrémité de la baguette étant parfois recouverte d'une gomme à effacer. Lorsque la mine est usée, on taille le bois en maintenant la forme conique de l’extrémité, de manière à dégager une nouvelle longueur de mine, au moyen d’un canif ou d’un taille-crayon ou d'un bouton à retour sur le portemine (mine rétractable).
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First aid
Premiers secours (médecine)
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health, while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing PTSD. Conflict First Aid, focused on preservation and recovery of an individual's social or relationship well-being, is being piloted in Canada.
Les premiers secours représentent l'ensemble des techniques d'aide apportée aux personnes victimes d'un accident, d'une catastrophe, d'un problème de santé ou d'un problème social compromettant à court terme leur état de santé. Ces techniques permettent d'apporter des réponses efficaces devant un danger vital et ont comme objectif d'en minimiser les conséquences tout en assurant la survie des personnes en leur prodiguant des premiers soins d'urgence. Les premiers secours sont le maillon initial en amont de la chaîne des secours jusqu'à la prise en charge par des services d'urgence spécialisés.
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Radiohead
Radiohead
Radiohead are an English rock band formed in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke (vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards), brothers Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments) and Colin Greenwood (bass), Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals) and Philip Selway (drums, percussion). They have worked with producer Nigel Godrich and cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994.
Radiohead est un groupe de rock britannique, originaire d'Abingdon, dans l'Oxfordshire. Formé en 1985, il est composé de Thom Yorke (chant, guitare et piano), des frères Jonny Greenwood (guitare, divers autres instruments, arrangements) et Colin Greenwood (basse), Ed O'Brien (guitare et chœurs), et Phil Selway (batterie).
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Hot air balloon
Montgolfière
A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket (in some long-distance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carries passengers and a source of heat, in most cases an open flame caused by burning liquid propane. The heated air inside the envelope makes it buoyant since it has a lower density than the colder air outside the envelope. As with all aircraft, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the atmosphere. The envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom, since the air inside the envelope there is at about the same pressure as the surrounding air. In modern sport balloons the envelope is generally made from nylon fabric and the inlet of the balloon (closest to the burner flame) is made from a fire resistant material such as Nomex. Modern balloons have been made in all kinds of shapes, such as rocket ships and the shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape is used for most non-commercial, and many commercial, applications.
Une montgolfière est un aérostat composé d'une nacelle surmontée d'une enveloppe légère et dont la sustentation est assurée par l'air chauffé qu'elle enferme, selon la force de la poussée d'Archimède. Le maintien de la température de l'air nécessite l'emport d'un carburant et d'un brûleur.
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Hypnos
Hypnos
In Greek mythology, Hypnos (;, "sleep") is the personification of sleep; the Roman equivalent is known as Somnus. His name is the origin of the word hypnosis.
Dans la mythologie grecque, Hypnos (en grec ancien ) est le dieu du sommeil, connu chez les Romains sous le nom de. Il est le fils de Nyx et le frère jumeau de Thanatos, la personnification de la Mort. Il est aussi le père de Morphée, dieu des rêves.
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Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, "Myristica fragrans", the source of the spices nutmeg and mace. The best known genera are "Myristica" in Asia and "Virola" in the Neotropics.
La famille des myristicacées regroupe des plantes dicotylédones primitives ; elle comprend dans les 300 espèces réparties en une vingtaine de genres.
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Book of Genesis
Livre de la Genèse
The Book of Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, is an account of the creation of the world, the early history of humanity, Israel's ancestors and the origins of the Jewish people. Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, "Bereshit" ("In the beginning").
Le Livre de la Genèse (en hébreu "Sefer Bereshit", en grec, en latin "Liber Genesis") est le premier livre de la Bible. Ce texte est fondamental pour le judaïsme et le christianisme.
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Nutmeg
Noix de muscade
Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus "Myristica". "Myristica fragrans" (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial source of an essential oil and nutmeg butter. The California nutmeg, "Torreya californica", has a seed of similar appearance, but is not closely related to "Myristica fragrans", and is not used as a spice. Guatemala and Indonesia combined produced 68% of the world supply of nutmeg in 2018.
La noix de muscade (ou noix muscade) est l'albumen de la graine du fruit ovoïde du muscadier (""), un arbre tropical de la famille des myristicacées haut de dix à quinze mètres. La coque de la noix de muscade en est le tégument.
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Earthsea
Cycle de Terremer
The Earthsea Cycle, also known simply as Earthsea, is a series of high fantasy books written by the American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. In the series, Earthsea is a vast archipelago surrounded by an uncharted ocean. There are six Earthsea books written between 1968 and 2001, beginning with "A Wizard of Earthsea" and continuing with "The Tombs of Atuan", "The Farthest Shore", "Tehanu", "Tales from Earthsea", and "The Other Wind". Unusually for a series, "Tales from Earthsea" is a short story collection; the rest are novels. There are also four additional short stories not in "Tales from Earthsea".
Le Cycle de Terremer (titre original : "") est un cycle de fantasy, composé de romans et de nouvelles écrits par Ursula K. Le Guin. Il raconte des histoires se déroulant sur Terremer, un monde constitué des nombreuses îles, où la magie est monnaie courante. À Terremer chaque chose, qu'elle soit matérielle ou immatérielle, possède un nom véritable et le connaître permet de contrôler et d'acquérir du pouvoir sur ces choses. Plusieurs des volumes de la série ont remporté des prix littéraires.
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Carlos Mesa
Carlos Mesa
Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert (born August 12, 1953) served as president of Bolivia from 2003 to 2005. He was vice president of Bolivia from August 2002 to October 2003. Mesa previously had been a television journalist. His widespread recognition prompted the MNR candidate Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada to pick him as running mate in the 2002 Bolivian presidential elections. The winning ticket of Sánchez-Mesa took office August 6, 2002. Soon after becoming vice president, a wave of protests and strikes shut down Bolivia in a bitter dispute known as the Bolivian Gas War. The demonstrations eventually forced Sánchez de Lozada to resign, which put forward Mesa as president.
Carlos de Mesa Gisbert, né le à La Paz, est un homme d'État bolivien, président de la République du au.
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Chloranthaceae
Chloranthaceae
Chloranthaceae is a family of flowering plants (angiosperms), the only family in the order Chloranthales. It is not closely related to any other family of flowering plants, and is among the early-diverging lineages in the angiosperms. They are woody or weakly woody plants occurring in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Madagascar, Central and South America, and the West Indies. The family consists of four extant genera, totalling about 77 known species according to Christenhusz and Byng in 2016. Some species are used in traditional medicine. The type genus is "Chloranthus".
Les Chloranthacées sont une famille de plantes angiospermes de divergence ancienne. Ce sont des arbres, des arbustes, des plantes herbacées annuelles ou pérennes, des régions sub-tropicales à tropicales d'Amérique du Sud, d'Asie du Sud-Est et de Malaisie.
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Traffic
Circulation routière
Traffic on roads consists of "road users" including pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars, buses and other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the public way for purposes of travel.
La circulation routière est le déplacement réglementé de véhicules automobiles, au sens large, sur une route, une autoroute ou tout autre type de voirie.
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County of Flanders
Comté de Flandre
The County of Flanders (,, ) was a historic territory in the Low Countries. From 862 onwards the counts of Flanders were among the original twelve of the Kingdom of France. For centuries their estates around the cities of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres formed one of the most affluent regions in Europe.
Le comté de Flandre a été un "pagus" carolingien, puis l'une des principautés du royaume de France, particulièrement impliquée dans les conflits entre la France et l'Angleterre, et entre la France et l'Empire, aux frontières et à l'influence durement disputées depuis sa création au jusqu'en 1384, date de la mort du comte Louis de Male.
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Coral
Corail
Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. Corals species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.
Le terme corail désigne dans le langage courant des animaux fixés appartenant à plusieurs taxons distincts de la classe des Anthozoaires (au sein de l'embranchement des Cnidaires), caractérisés par un exosquelette calcaire (dur) ou protéinique (mou). Les coraux vivent généralement en colonies appelées « polypes » et formant des « superorganismes ». Chaque polype sécrète son propre exosquelette et forme ainsi un « squelette colonial » plus important et durable, dont la forme est propre à l'espèce. Les coraux durs, « constructeurs de récifs », ont formé par accumulation de ces squelettes durs des récifs coralliens dont certains sont devenus les plus grandes structures complexes connues créées par des organismes vivants (les grandes barrières de corail).
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Invisible balance
Balance des invisibles
The invisible balance or balance of trade on services is that part of the balance of trade that refers to services and other products that do not result in the transfer of physical objects. Examples include consulting services, shipping services, tourism, and patent license revenues. This figure is usually generated by tertiary industry. The term 'invisible balance' is especially common in the United Kingdom.
La balance des invisibles ou la balance des services est la différence entre la somme des services exportés et la somme des services importés. Elle est dite "des invisibles" car elle traite de biens non physiques. La balance des invisibles sert à calculer la balance des biens et services.
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Canellaceae
Canellaceae
The Canellaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Canellales. The order includes only one other family, the Winteraceae. Canellaceae is native to the Afrotropical and Neotropical realms. They are small to medium trees, rarely shrubs, evergreen and aromatic. The flowers and fruit are often red.
La famille des Canellacées regroupe des plantes angiospermes aux caractères très conservées. Ce sont des arbres ou des arbustes fortement aromatiques à feuilles persistantes, parcheminées, producteurs d'huiles essentielles, des régions tropicales. On les rencontre aux Antilles, en Floride, en Amérique du Sud tropicale, en Afrique de l'Est et à Madagascar.
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Illiciaceae
Illiciaceae
Illiciaceae A.C.Sm. was a family of flowering plants recognized in a number of systems of plant taxonomy. The Illiciaceae is not recognized as a distinct family by the APG III system of plant taxonomy, the most well accepted system in use today.
Le Laboratoire national Lawrence-Berkeley ("Ernest Orlando Lawrence National Laboratory", anciennement "Berkeley Radiation Laboratory" et plus connu sous le nom de "Berkeley Lab" ou LBNL) est un laboratoire national américain, dépendant du Département de l'énergie et situé à Berkeley, Californie. Il est géré par l'université de Californie. Les recherches menées au LBNL sont civiles et non couvertes par le secret défense.
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Laboratoire national Lawrence-Berkeley
The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a United States national laboratory that conducts scientific research on behalf of the United State's Department of Energy. Located in the hills of Berkeley, California, the lab overlooks the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.
La famille des Illiciacées est une famille de plantes angiospermes primitives qui comprend 42 espèces appartenant au genre "Illicium". Ce sont des petits arbres ou des arbustes, producteurs d'huiles essentielles, à feuilles persistantes, des régions subtropicales à tropicales. On les rencontre en Asie du Sud-Est, en Amérique du Nord et aux Antilles.
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Guernica
Guernica
Guernica (, ), official and Basque name Gernika (), is a town in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, Spain. The town of Guernica is united in one municipality with neighbouring Lumo, as Gernika-Lumo (). The population of the municipality is 16,224.
Guernica (ou Gernika-Lumo, nom officiel basque, ou "Guernica y Luno" en espagnol) est une commune de Biscaye dans la communauté autonome du Pays basque en Espagne.
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Leni Riefenstahl
Leni Riefenstahl
Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (; 22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director and actress and Nazi sympathizer.
Helene Riefenstahl, dite Leni Riefenstahl, née le à Berlin et morte le à Pöcking (Allemagne), est une réalisatrice, photographe et actrice allemande.
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null
null
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Synthetic radioisotope
Radioisotope synthétique
A synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. Examples include technetium-95 and promethium-146. Many of these are found in, and harvested from, spent nuclear fuel assemblies. Some must be manufactured in particle accelerators.
Un radioisotope synthétique est un radioisotope qui n'est pas présent dans la nature, aucun mécanisme naturel ne permettant de le produire, ou il est si instable qu'il se dégrade en une très courte période. L’on peut citer par exemple parmi ces isotopes le technétium 95 et le prométhium 146. Beaucoup de ces radioisotopes sont présents et recueillis à partir de combustible nucléaire usagé. Certains peuvent aussi être produits dans des accélérateurs de particules.
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Heterocyclic compound
Hétérocycle
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles.
Les hétérocycles forment une classe de composés organiques comportant un cycle constitué d'atomes d'au moins deux éléments différents. Il s'agit généralement de carbone et d'un hétéroatome tel l'oxygène, l'azote, le phosphore ou le soufre. Un très grand nombre de substances naturelles et de médicaments sont des hétérocycles, dont les alcaloïdes, les bases azotées composants de l'ADN (adénine, guanine, cytosine et thymine) et des ARN (dans lesquels la thymine ou 5-méthyl-uracile est remplacée par l'uracile).
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Tang dynasty
Dynastie Tang
The Tang dynasty (; ) or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty. The Tang capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) was the most populous city in the world in its day.
La dynastie Tang (, Ten quelquefois) () est une dynastie chinoise précédée par la dynastie Sui () et suivie par la période des Cinq Dynasties et des Dix Royaumes. Elle a été fondée par la famille Li, qui prit le pouvoir durant le déclin et la chute de l'empire Sui.
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Petter Solberg
Petter Solberg
Petter Solberg (born 18 November 1974) is a Norwegian former professional rally and rallycross driver. Solberg debuted in the World Rally Championship in 1998 and was signed by the Ford factory team in 1999. The following year, Solberg started his successful partnership with the Subaru World Rally Team.
Petter Solberg, né le 18 novembre 1974 à Askim, est un pilote de rallye et de rallycross norvégien. Vainqueur de 13 rallyes en mondial, il est le champion du monde 2003, et a terminé vice-champion en 2002, 2004 et 2005. En 2014, il devient le tout premier champion du monde de rallycross, titre qu'il conserve en 2015. Il est le premier pilote champion du monde FIA dans deux disciplines différentes (rallye et rallycross).
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University of Cambridge
Université de Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (legally The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge) is a collegiate research university in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's fourth-oldest surviving university. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople. The two 'ancient universities' share many common features and are often referred to jointly as 'Oxbridge'. The history and influence of the University of Cambridge have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
L'université de Cambridge (en anglais "University of Cambridge") est une université anglaise située à Cambridge en Angleterre. Fondée en 1209 et dotée du statut de charte royale par le roi Henri III d'Angleterre en 1231, Cambridge est la deuxième université du monde anglophone par l'ancienneté. L'université est née d'une association de chercheurs qui ont quitté l'université d'Oxford après un conflit avec les habitants de la ville. Les deux anciennes universités partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques communes et sont souvent appelées conjointement « Oxbridge ».
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Mother Teresa
Mère Teresa
Mother Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, ; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta, was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary. She was born in Skopje (now the capital of North Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Skopje for eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life.
Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu (), en religion mère Teresa, canonisée par l'Église catholique comme sainte Teresa de Calcutta, est une religieuse catholique albanaise naturalisée indienne, missionnaire en Inde, prix Nobel de la paix en 1979. Née le à Üsküb dans l’Empire ottoman (actuellement Skopje en Macédoine du Nord) et morte le à Calcutta (Inde), elle est surtout connue pour son action personnelle caritative et la fondation d'une congrégation religieuse, les Missionnaires de la Charité qui l'accompagnent et suivent son exemple.
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Transaction account
Compte courant
A transaction account, also called a checking account, chequing account, current account, demand deposit account, or share draft account at credit unions, is a deposit account held at a bank or other financial institution. It is available to the account owner "on demand" and is available for frequent and immediate access by the account owner or to others as the account owner may direct. Access may be in a variety of ways, such as cash withdrawals, use of debit cards, cheques (checks) and electronic transfer. In economic terms, the funds held in a transaction account are regarded as liquid funds. In accounting terms they are considered as cash.
Un compte courant, terme hérité de l'italien : "conto corrente", souvent aussi appelé, par abus de langage, compte à vue ou CAV, compte de dépôt ou compte chèque, est un type de compte en banque utilisé dans les relations commerciales et financières représentant les rapports existant entre deux personnes qui, effectuant l'une avec l'autre des opérations réciproques, conviennent de fusionner les créances et les dettes résultant de ces opérations en un solde au régime unitaire. Il est donc juridiquement différent du compte d'épargne.
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White matter
Substance blanche
White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts. Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.
La substance blanche est une catégorie de tissu du système nerveux central, principalement composé des axones myélinisés des neurones. Elle relie différentes aires de la substance grise où se situent les corps cellulaires des neurones. Elle constitue la partie interne du cerveau et la partie superficielle de la moelle épinière.
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Radionuclide
Radioisotope
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of its electrons to release it as a conversion electron; or used to create and emit a new particle (alpha particle or beta particle) from the nucleus. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay. These emissions are considered ionizing radiation because they are powerful enough to liberate an electron from another atom. The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible to predict when one particular atom will decay. However, for a collection of atoms of a single element the decay rate, and thus the half-life ("t") for that collection, can be calculated from their measured decay constants. The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms has no known limits and spans a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude.
Cette instabilité peut être due à un excès de protons ou de neutrons, voire des deux. Les radioisotopes existent naturellement mais peuvent aussi être produits artificiellement par une réaction nucléaire.
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George Frideric Handel
Georg Friedrich Haendel
George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (; born ; 23 February 1685 (O.S.) [(N.S.) 5 March] – 14 April 1759) was a German, later British, Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London, becoming well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi and organ concertos. Handel received important training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712; he became a naturalised British subject in 1727. He was strongly influenced both by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition. He would be a huge influence on classical composers such as Mozart and Beethoven
Georg Friedrich Haendel ou'' (' ou') est un compositeur allemand, devenu sujet anglais, né le à Halle-sur-Saale et mort le à Westminster.
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Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Chah Durrani
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (c. 1722 – 4 June 1772) (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Khān Abdālī (), was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. In July 1747, Ahmad Shah was appointed as the King of Afghanistan by a "loya jirga" in Kandahar, where he set up his capital. Assisted by a council of nine advisers from various Afghan tribes, Ahmad Shah pushed east towards the Mughal and Maratha Empires of India, west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Iran, and north towards the Khanate of Bukhara of Turkestan. Within a few years, he extended his control from Khorasan in the west to Kashmir and North India in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.
Ahmad Chah Durrani (احمد شاه دراني, connu également sous le nom de Ahmad Khān Abdālī), né en 1722 à Hérat en Afghanistan et mort en 1772 à Kandahar, est l'empereur d'Afghanistan, émir de Khorasan, roi du Pendjab, roi du Sind, roi de Mashad, roi du Cachemire et le fondateur de la dynastie Durrani. Il règne sur l'Afghanistan de 1747 à 1772 soit durant 25 ans.
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Axon
Axone
An axon (from Greek ἄξων "áxōn", axis), or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences), is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the axons are called afferent nerve fibers and the electrical impulse travels along these from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction has caused many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons. Nerve fibers are classed into three types – group A nerve fibers, group B nerve fibers, and group C nerve fibers. Groups A and B are myelinated, and group C are unmyelinated. These groups include both sensory fibers and motor fibers. Another classification groups only the sensory fibers as Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV.
Laxone, ou fibre nerveuse, est le prolongement du neurone qui conduit le signal électrique du corps cellulaire vers les zones synaptiques. Le long de l'axone, ce signal est constitué de potentiels d'action. Les autres prolongements du neurone sont les dendrites qui conduisent le signal des synapses au corps cellulaire. Les neurones ont le plus souvent un seul axone et plusieurs dendrites. Néanmoins, la terminaison de l'axone est très ramifiée — on parle d'arborisation terminale — ce qui lui permet de contacter plusieurs autres neurones avec la même information.
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Geography of Afghanistan
Géographie de l'Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a landlocked mountainous country located within South and Central Asia, also sometimes included part of Middle East. The country is the 40th largest in the world in size. Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, located in the Kabul Province. Strategically located at the crossroads of major trade routes, Afghanistan has attracted a succession of invaders since the sixth century BCE.
LAfghanistan, situé en Asie centrale, est dominé par le massif de l'Hindukush. Plus de 100 sommets dépassent les, le plus haut étant le Naochak dans le Pamir à presque. L'Hindukush est comme un mur séparant le pays en deux parties, rompu par quelques rares cols bloqués en hiver et par le tunnel de Salang construit avec l'aide soviétique dans les années 1960. L'Hindukush subit jusqu'à 50 tremblements de terre par an, certains pouvant faire des milliers de victimes comme en février ou.
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Manuel Vázquez Montalbán
Manuel Vázquez Montalbán
Manuel Vázquez Montalbán (14 June 1939 in Barcelona – 18 October 2003 in Bangkok) was a prolific Spanish writer from Catalonia: journalist, novelist, poet, essayist, anthologue, prologist, humorist, critic and political prisoner as well as a gastronome and a FC Barcelona supporter.
Manuel Vázquez Montalbán (né à Barcelone le et mort à Bangkok, Thaïlande le ) est un romancier, essayiste, poète et journaliste espagnol catalan, surtout connu pour ses romans policiers ayant pour héros Pepe Carvalho. Personne inclassable, il se définissait lui-même comme un « journaliste, romancier, poète, essayiste, anthologiste, préfacier, humoriste, critique et gastronome », ou plus simplement comme « un communiste hédoniste et sentimental ». Il obtient en 1995 le Prix national des Lettres espagnoles.
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Bethesda Softworks
Bethesda Softworks
Bethesda Softworks LLC is an American video game publisher based in Rockville, Maryland. The company was founded by Christopher Weaver in 1986 as a division of Media Technology Limited, and in 1999 became a subsidiary of ZeniMax Media. In its first fifteen years, it was a video game developer and self-published its titles. In 2001, Bethesda spun off its own in-house development team into Bethesda Game Studios, and Bethesda Softworks retained only its publishing function. As such, Bethesda Softworks acts as the publisher for all games developed by ZeniMax's development studios.
Bethesda Softworks, LLC, fondée en 1986, est une compagnie américaine de jeux vidéo et principale filiale du groupe ZeniMax Media, ce dernier ayant été créé par les fondateurs de Bethesda.
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Hernandiaceae
Hernandiaceae
The Hernandiaceae are a family of flowering plants, angiosperms, in the order Laurales. Consisting of five genera with about 58 known species, they are distributed over the world's tropical areas, some of them widely distributed in coastal areas, but they occur from sea level to over 2000 m.
La famille des Hernandiaceae ou Hernandiacées regroupe des plantes angiospermes de divergence ancienne. Ce sont des arbres, des arbustes ou des lianes, producteurs d'huiles essentielles, à feuilles persistantes des régions tropicales.
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Monimiaceae
Monimiaceae
The Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales. It is closely related to the families Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae. It consists of shrubs, small trees, and a few lianas of the tropics and subtropics, mostly in the southern hemisphere. The largest center of diversity is New Guinea, with about 75 species. Lesser centres of diversity are Madagascar, Australia, and the neotropics. Africa has one species, "Xymalos monospora", as does Southern Chile ("Peumus boldus"). Several species are distributed through Malesia and the southwest Pacific.
La famille des Monimiacées regroupe des plantes angiospermes de divergence ancienne. En la famille est plus grande (voir "Atherospermataceae" et "Siparunaceae") qu'en.
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