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Dire Straits
Dire Straits
Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler (lead vocals and lead guitar), David Knopfler (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), John Illsley (bass guitar and backing vocals), and Pick Withers (drums and percussion). They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1991 to 1995. Dire Straits are one of the world's best-selling music artists, with album sales of over 100 million.
Dire Straits est un groupe de rock britannique créé à Deptford durant l'été 1977 par Mark Knopfler (guitare et chant), son frère David Knopfler (guitare), John Illsley (basse) et Pick Withers (batterie). Considéré comme l'un des plus grands groupes rock des années 1980, Dire Straits a vendu plus de 120 millions d'albums depuis ses débuts.
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Art of memory
Mnémotechnique
The art of memory (Latin: "ars memoriae") is any of a number of loosely associated mnemonic principles and techniques used to organize memory impressions, improve recall, and assist in the combination and 'invention' of ideas. An alternative and frequently used term is "Ars Memorativa" which is also often translated as "art of memory" although its more literal meaning is "Memorative Art". It is sometimes referred to as "mnemotechnics". It is an 'art' in the Aristotelian sense, which is to say a method or set of prescriptions that adds order and discipline to the pragmatic, natural activities of human beings. It has existed as a recognized group of principles and techniques since at least as early as the middle of the first millennium BCE, and was usually associated with training in rhetoric or logic, but variants of the art were employed in other contexts, particularly the religious and the magical.
La mnémotechnique, ou mnémonique, décrit l'ensemble des applications pratiques de la recherche en psychologie sur la mémoire, et des techniques, parfois très anciennes, augmentant la mémorisation de l'information.
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Yang Liwei
Yang Liwei
Yang Liwei () (born 21 June 1965) is a major general, military pilot, and China National Space Administration astronaut. In October 2003, he became the first person sent into space by the Chinese space program. This mission, Shenzhou 5, made China the third country to independently send humans into space.
Yang Liwei (杨利伟, en pinyin Yáng Lìwěi), né le dans le xian de Suizhong, est un astronaute chinois. Il fut le premier astronaute de Chine, parfois qualifié de taïkonaute. Il s'agit d'une traduction du terme chinois "太空人", de tàikōng : « espace » et rén : « homme ». Ce terme n'est toutefois pas employé en chinois, où les astronautes sont en fait appelés "宇航员 (yǔháng yuán)", « membre de l'aérospatiale ».
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New France
Nouvelle-France
New France (), also sometimes known as the "French North American Empire" or "Royal New France", was the area colonized by France in America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris (1763).
La Nouvelle-France était un ensemble colonial et plus précisément une vice-royauté du royaume de France, située en Amérique du Nord et ayant existé de 1534 à 1763. Elle faisait partie du premier empire colonial français et sa capitale était Québec. Elle fut d'abord une colonie-comptoir administrée par des compagnies coloniales, puis une colonie de peuplement sous le gouvernement royal du Conseil souverain. Les descendants des habitants de cette ancienne colonie comprennent les Acadiens, les Brayons, les Cadiens, les Créoles louisianais, les Canadiens français (majorité au Québec), et les Métis du Canada.
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Freemasonry
Franc-maçonnerie
Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons that from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.
Le terme franc-maçonnerie désigne un ensemble d'espaces de sociabilité sélectifs, dont le recrutement des membres est fait par cooptation et pratique des rites initiatiques se référant à un secret maçonnique et à l'art de bâtir. Formée de phénomènes historiques et sociaux très divers, elle semble apparaître en 1598 en Écosse (Statuts Schaw), puis en Angleterre au. Elle se décrit, suivant les époques, les pays et les formes, comme une, comme un ou comme un. Organisée en obédiences depuis 1717 à Londres, la franc-maçonnerie dite fait référence aux Anciens devoirs de la dite anglaise formée par les corporations de bâtisseurs. Elle puise ses sources dans un ensemble de textes fondateurs rédigés entre les.
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Carl von Clausewitz
Carl von Clausewitz
Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz (; 1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831) was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" (meaning, in modern terms, psychological) and political aspects of war. His most notable work, "Vom Kriege" ("On War"), was unfinished at his death. Clausewitz was a realist in many different senses and, while in some respects a romantic, also drew heavily on the rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment.
Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz, né le à Burg, près de Magdebourg, et mort le à Breslau (de nos jours Wrocław, Pologne), est un officier général et théoricien militaire prussien.
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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Al-Khwârizmî
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (; ), Arabized as al-Khwarizmi and formerly Latinized as "Algorithmi", was a Persian polymath who produced works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography. Around 820 CE he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the library of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khuwārizmī (arabe: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي), généralement appelé Al-Khwârismî (latinisé en "Algoritmi" ou "Algorizmi"), né dans les années 780, probablement à Khiva dans la région du Khwarezm (d'où il prend son nom), dans l'actuel Ouzbékistan, mort vers 850 à Bagdad, est un mathématicien, géographe, astrologue et astronome persan, membre de la Maison de la sagesse de Bagdad. Ses écrits, rédigés en langue arabe, puis traduits en latin à partir du, ont permis l'introduction de l'algèbre en Europe. Sa vie s'est déroulée en totalité à l'époque de la dynastie abbasside.
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James Bond (literary character)
James Bond
Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR, is a fictional spy created by the British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the "James Bond" series of novels, films, comics and video games. Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections. His final two books—"The Man with the Golden Gun" (1965) and "Octopussy and The Living Daylights" (1966)—were published posthumously.
James Bond, également connu par son matricule 007, est un personnage de fiction créé en 1953 par l'écrivain et ancien espion britannique Ian Fleming dans le roman "Casino Royale".
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Themistocles
Thémistocle
Themistocles (; "Themistoklẽs"; "Glory of the Law"; c. 524–459 BC) was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower-class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he convinced the polis to increase the naval power of Athens, a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece he fought at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) and was possibly one of the ten Athenian "strategoi" (generals) in that battle.
Thémistocle (v. 524 – 459 av. J.-C.) est un homme d'État et stratège athénien. Il joua un rôle déterminant dans la victoire grecque lors de la Seconde Guerre médique. Né dans une famille de petits commerçants, son père, Néoclès, du bourg de Phréar, appartenant à la tribu Léontide, n'appartient pas à l'aristocratie ; d'après Phanias de Lesbos, sa mère s'appelle Euterpe, est originaire d'Halicarnasse, et appartient au lignage sacerdotal des Lycomides, noblesse de second ordre.
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Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis (Tennessee)
Memphis is a city along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County, Tennessee, United States. The 2019 population was 651,073, making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River, the second most populous in Tennessee, as well as the 26th largest city in the United States. Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017. The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region, which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas, Mississippi, and the Missouri Bootheel. Memphis is the seat of Shelby County, Tennessee's most populous county. One of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States, Memphis has a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods.
Memphis est une ville située dans l'État du Tennessee, aux États-Unis. Ville portuaire située sur le fleuve Mississippi, Memphis représente le plus grand centre industriel du Tennessee ; elle est le siège du comté de Shelby. Memphis est considérée comme « le berceau du blues » et la célèbre rue Beale Street rassemble de nombreux clubs dont celui de B. B. King. La ville est aussi connue des amateurs de rock 'n' roll. Elvis Presley, qui a grandi à Memphis, y a acheté une demeure somptueuse, Graceland, dans laquelle il est mort le.
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Inaros II
Révolte d'Inaros
Inaros (II), also known as Inarus, (fl. ca. 460 BCE) was an Egyptian rebel ruler who was the son of a Libyan prince named Psamtik, presumably of the old Saite line, and grandson of Psamtik III. In 460 BC, he revolted against the Persians with the help of his Athenian allies under Admiral Charitimides, and defeated the Persian army commanded by satrap Achaemenes in 460 BCE. The Persians retreated to Memphis, but the Athenians were finally defeated in 454 BC by the Persian army led by Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, and Artabazus, satrap of Phrygia, after a two-year siege. Inaros was captured and carried away to Susa where he was reportedly crucified in 454 BC.
Inaros était le fils d'un chef libyen, probablement de la tribu des Bakales, selon un ostracon trouvé dans les années 1990 dans l'oasis de Kharga.
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Fire triangle
Triangle du feu
The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires. The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a fire blanket blocks oxygen and can extinguish a fire. In large fires where firefighters are called in, decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.
Le triangle du feu est un modèle simple pour comprendre les éléments nécessaires pour la plupart des incendies. La signification du « triangle du feu » correspond à la combustion sans flammes alors que le « tétraèdre du feu » correspond à la combustion avec flammes.
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Tangerine
Tangerine
The tangerine ("Citrus reticula L. var.", sometimes referred as "Citrus tangerina") is a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange ("Citrus reticulata").
La tangerine, Citrus" ×"tangerina, est un agrume dont le fruit est très proche de la mandarine commune. Son écorce est plus foncée et se pèle plus facilement que celle de la mandarine.
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Stepwell
Bâoli
Stepwells are wells or ponds in which the water is reached by descending a set of steps to the water level. They may be multi-storied with a bullock turning a water wheel to raise the well water to the first or second floor. They are most common in western India and are also found in the other more arid regions of the Indian subcontinent, extending into Pakistan. The construction of stepwells is mainly utilitarian, though they may include embellishments of architectural significance, and be temple tanks.
Les bâoli, bâodi, bâori (Hindi : bāwṛī बावड़ी / bāwlī बावली), ou wav sont des puits à degrés très courants en Inde. Les bâolis ont connu au Gujarat - le remarquable "Rani ki Vav" de Patan datant du, par exemple - et au Rajasthan - le "Raniji ki Baori" de Bûndî (1699) - des formes complexes richement décorées de peintures ou de sculptures et des tailles très impressionnantes.
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Backdraft
Explosion de fumées
A backdraft is a rapid or explosive burning of superheated gasses in a fire, caused when oxygen rapidly enters an oxygen-depleted environment; for example, when a window or door to an enclosed space is opened or broken. Backdrafts present a serious threat to firefighters. There is some debate concerning whether backdrafts should be considered a type of flashover (see below).
L'explosion de fumées (EF) ou contre-explosion est un accident thermique qui peut survenir lors d'un incendie. L'explosion peut être provoquée de deux manières : Dans les deux cas, on a deux côtés du triangle du feu qui préexistent, et l'accident survient lorsque l'on amène le troisième côté.
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Battle of Thermopylae
Bataille des Thermopyles
The Battle of Thermopylae ( ; Greek:, "Máchē tōn Thermopylōn") was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by King Leonidas I of Sparta, and the Achaemenid Empire of Xerxes I over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the narrow coastal pass of Thermopylae ("The Hot Gates"). The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece, which had been ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. By 480 BC Xerxes had amassed a massive army and navy, and set out to conquer all of Greece. The Athenian politician and general Themistocles had proposed that the allied Greeks block the advance of the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae, and simultaneously block the Persian navy at the Straits of Artemisium.
La bataille des Thermopyles, l'un des plus célèbres faits d'armes de l'histoire antique, oppose une alliance des cités grecques à l'Empire achéménide en août ou septembre L'armée grecque, environ, tente de retenir l'armée perse de Xerxès, laquelle compte, selon les estimations modernes, entre à l'entrée du défilé des Thermopyles qui commande l'accès à la Grèce centrale, le long de la mer Égée.
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Chemical equation
Équation chimique
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side. The coefficients next to the symbols and formulae of entities are the absolute values of the stoichiometric numbers. The first chemical equation was diagrammed by Jean Beguin in 1615.
Une équation chimique est un écrit symbolique qui modélise la transformation de molécules et d'atomes lors d'une réaction chimique. Elle peut se présenter sous plusieurs formes :
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Crystal
Cristal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. In addition, macroscopic single crystals are usually identifiable by their geometrical shape, consisting of flat faces with specific, characteristic orientations. The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is known as crystallography. The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called crystallization or solidification.
Un cristal est un solide dont les constituants (atomes, molécules ou ions) sont assemblés de manière régulière, par opposition au solide amorphe. Par « "régulier" » on veut généralement dire qu'un même motif est répété à l'identique un grand nombre de fois selon un réseau régulier, la plus petite partie du réseau permettant de recomposer l'empilement étant appelée une « maille ».
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Vice President of the United States
Vice-président des États-Unis
The vice president of the United States is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch, as president of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president is empowered to preside over Senate deliberations, but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote. The vice president also presides over joint sessions of Congress.
Le vice-président des États-Unis (, parfois abrégé par le sigle VPOTUS) est le premier sur l'ordre de succession présidentielle, il succède au président en cas de mort, de démission, d'incapacité ou de destitution de ce dernier. Il est élu en même temps que ce dernier par le même collège électoral de grands électeurs. Constitutionnellement, il assure également la présidence du Sénat des États-Unis.
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Titan (moon)
Titan (lune)
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest natural satellite in the Solar System. It is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere, and the only known body in space, other than Earth, where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found.
Titan, aussi appelé, est le plus grand satellite naturel de Saturne. Avec un diamètre 6 % plus grand que celui de Mercure, Titan est par la taille au deuxième rang des satellites du système solaire, après Ganymède, le plus gros satellite de Jupiter. Il s’agit du seul satellite connu à posséder une atmosphère dense. Découvert par l’astronome néerlandais Christian Huygens en 1655, Titan est la première lune observée autour de Saturne.
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Monastery
Monastère
A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel, church, or temple, and may also serve as an oratory, or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns, to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds. A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church, dormitory, cloister, refectory, library, and infirmary. Depending on the location, the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants, the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community. These may include a hospice, a school, and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn, a forge, or a brewery.
Un monastère est un ensemble de bâtiments où vit une communauté religieuse de moines ou de moniales. Il en existe dans les religions chrétiennes et bouddhiste.
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Death Valley National Park
Parc national de la vallée de la Mort
Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California–Nevada border, east of the Sierra Nevada. The park boundaries include Death Valley, the northern section of Panamint Valley, the southern section of Eureka Valley, and most of Saline Valley. The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts, protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats, sand dunes, badlands, valleys, canyons, and mountains. Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States, and the hottest, driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States. The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin, which is below sea level. Approximately 91% of the park is a designated wilderness area. The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment. Some examples include creosote bush, bighorn sheep, coyote, and the Death Valley pupfish, a survivor from much wetter times. UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984.
Le parc national de la vallée de la Mort (en anglais "") est situé à l'est de la Sierra Nevada, en Californie, et s'étend en partie sur le Nevada. Avec plus de, ce parc de zone aride, intégralement situé dans le désert des Mojaves, est l'un des plus grands parcs nationaux américains (le plus grand en dehors de l'Alaska).
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Brahmagupta
Brahmagupta
Brahmagupta (born, died ) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is the author of two early works on mathematics and astronomy: the "Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta" (BSS, "correctly established doctrine of Brahma", dated 628), a theoretical treatise, and the "Khaṇḍakhādyaka" ("edible bite", dated 665), a more practical text.
Brahmagupta (ब्रह्मगुप्त) (Multân, 598–670) est un mathématicien et astronome indien. Brahmagupta est l'un des plus importants mathématiciens tant de l'Inde que de son époque. On lui connait deux ouvrages majeurs : le "Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta" (ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त) en 628 et le "Khandakhâdyaka" en 665.
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American Revolution
Révolution américaine
The American Revolution was a colonial revolt which occurred between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) with the assistance of France, winning independence from Great Britain and establishing the United States of America.
La révolution américaine est une période de changements politiques après 1763 dans les treize colonies britanniques d'Amérique du Nord qui ont donné lieu à la guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis contre la Grande-Bretagne (1775-1783). Épisode fondateur de la nation américaine et de la naissance des États-Unis, la révolution se manifesta par des violences contre les autorités britanniques, une guerre contre la métropole et des troubles sociaux.
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Cereal
Céréale
A cereal is any grass cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. The term may also refer to the resulting grain itself (specifically "cereal grain"). Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat (Polygonaceae), quinoa (Amaranthaceae) and chia (Lamiaceae), are referred to as pseudocereals.
Une céréale est une plante cultivée principalement pour ses graines, utilisés en alimentation humaine et animale, souvent moulus sous forme de farine raffinée ou plus ou moins complète, mais aussi en grains entiers (ces plantes sont aussi parfois consommées par les animaux herbivores sous forme de fourrage). Le terme « céréale » désigne aussi spécifiquement les grains de ces plantes. Les principales céréales sont le maïs, le blé, le riz, les mils (y compris le sorgo), l'orge, et l'avoine (par ordre de tonnage produit mondialement).
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Mohammed Daoud Khan
Mohammad Daoud Khan
Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, also romanized as Daud Khan or Dawood Khan (18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was an Afghan statesman who served as the 5th Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 and as President of Afghanistan from 1973 to 1978. Born into the Musahiban royal family, Khan started as a provincial governor in the 1930s and later a commander before he was chosen as prime minister in the monarchy of his first cousin, Mohammed Zahir Shah. Ten years after his resignation as prime minister, Khan overthrew the monarchy with the backing of Afghan Army officers and declared himself as the first President of the Afghan republic in 1973, renouncing his royal title.
Le prince Mohammad Daoud Khan (, Kaboul – ), est un homme d'État, premier président de la République d’Afghanistan (1973-1978). Il était le fils du prince Mohammad Aziz Khan et le cousin du roi Mohammad Zaher Shah.
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Battle of Salamis
Bataille de Salamine
The Battle of Salamis ( ; ) was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC. It resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks. The battle was fought in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens, and marked the high point of the second Persian invasion of Greece.
La bataille de Salamine (en grec ancien : / ) voit l'alliance des cités-États grecques, dirigée par Thémistocle, affronter l'Empire perse, mené par Xerxès. Cette bataille navale se déroule en 480 dans le détroit entre le continent et l'île de Salamine, située dans le golfe Saronique près d'Athènes. La victoire inespérée des Grecs, largement surpassés en nombre, est le point culminant de la seconde invasion perse.
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Elohim
Elohim
In the Hebrew Bible, elohim (Hebrew: ) sometimes refers to a single deity, particularly (but not always) the God of Israel, at other times it refers to deities in the plural.
Le nom Elohim, de l'hébreu, est un terme qu'on traduit généralement par « Dieu » (au singulier ou au pluriel) dans la Torah (Bible hébraïque). Les voyelles du nom « elohim » (e-o-i) sont parfois attribuées au Tétragramme, « YHWH », dans le texte massorétique, moins souvent toutefois que celles du nom « Adonaï ». Dans la tradition juive, le choix du nom « Elohim » insiste sur l'idée de puissance de Dieu.
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Werner von Siemens
Werner von Siemens
Ernst Werner Siemens (von Siemens from 1888; ; ; 13 December 1816 – 6 December 1892) was a German electrical engineer, inventor and industrialist. Siemens's name has been adopted as the SI unit of electrical conductance, the siemens. He founded the electrical and telecommunications conglomerate Siemens.
Ernst Werner von Siemens, né le à Lenthe (aujourd'hui un quartier de Gehrden, près de Hanovre), mort le à Berlin, est un inventeur et industriel allemand, magnat du génie électrique. Avec Alfred Krupp et Friedrich Bayer, il est l'un des piliers de l’« époque des fondateurs ».
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Turkish language
Turc
Turkish (), also referred to as Istanbul Turkish ("İstanbul Türkçesi") or Turkey Turkish ("Türkiye Türkçesi"), is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 70 to 80 million speakers, mostly in Turkey. Outside its native country, significant smaller groups of speakers exist in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Northern Cyprus, Greece, the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is not a member state.
Le turc (en turc'ou ') est une langue parlée principalement en Turquie et en Chypre du Nord. Il appartient à la famille des langues turques. Bien que les langues d'autres pays turcophones, principalement des républiques de l'ancienne URSS, soient proches du turc (surtout l'azéri et le turkmène), il existe d'importantes différences phonologiques, grammaticales ou lexicales entre ces langues.
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John Zorn
John Zorn
John Zorn (born September 2, 1953) is an American composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist, and multi-instrumentalist with hundreds of album credits as performer, composer, and producer across a variety of genres including jazz, rock, hardcore, classical, surf, metal, soundtrack, ambient, and improvised music. He incorporates diverse styles in his compositions, which he identifies as avant-garde or experimental. Zorn was described by "Down Beat" as "one of our most important composers".
John Zorn, né le à New York, est un saxophoniste alto, clarinettiste, producteur et compositeur américain. Il est l'auteur de nombreuses œuvres explorant une grande variété de genres parmi lesquels le jazz, le death metal, le punk hardcore, la musique classique, le klezmer, la musique de films et de cartoon, ou encore la musique improvisée. Bien que chacune de ses œuvres puisse se rapporter à l'un ou l'autre de ces genres, John Zorn est avant tout un artiste d'avant-garde, remettant en question et repoussant les frontières de l'art pour créer un univers qui lui est propre. La densité de l'œuvre de John Zorn, influente et variée, défie toute classification académique.
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Vault (architecture)
Voûte
In architecture, a vault (French "voûte", from Italian "volta") is a self-supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof. The simplest kind of vault is the barrel vault (also called a wagon or tunnel vault), which is generally semicircular in shape. The barrel vault is a continuous arch, the length being greater than its diameter. As in building an arch, a temporary support is needed while rings of voussoirs are constructed and the rings placed in position. Until the topmost voussoir, the keystone, is positioned, the vault is not self-supporting. Where timber is easily obtained, this temporary support is provided by centering consisting of a framed truss with a semicircular or segmental head, which supports the voussoirs until the ring of the whole arch is completed. With a barrel vault, the centering can then be shifted on to support the next rings.
Une voûte (ou voute) est un ouvrage architectural constitué d'un plancher construit en brique, moellon, pierre, ou en béton, dont le dessous (ou intrados) est fait en arc ou en plate-bande. Lorsqu'il est construit en pierre, il est formé par des voussoirs ou claveaux qui, par leurs dispositions, se soutiennent ensemble. On donne aux voûtes différentes dénominations, suivant leur forme.
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Sans Famille
Sans famille
Sans Famille (Translation: "Without Family" English title: "Nobody's Boy") is an 1878 French novel by Hector Malot. The most recent English translation is Alone in the World by Adrian de Bruyn, 2007. The novel was reportedly inspired by the Italian street musicians of the 19th century, in particular the harpists from Viggiano, Basilicata.
Sans famille est un roman français d’Hector Malot, paru en chez Édouard Dentu à Paris. L'histoire se situe au. Un enfant abandonné, Rémi, est vendu par ses parents adoptifs à un saltimbanque nommé Vitalis. Parcourant les routes françaises et anglaises, l'enfant exerce différents métiers avant de découvrir le secret de ses origines. L'œuvre a été de nombreuses fois adaptée au cinéma et à la télévision.
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Trinity
Trinité (christianisme)
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from "threefold") holds that God is one God, but three coeternal consubstantial persons or "hypostases"—the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit—as "one God in three Divine persons". The three persons are distinct, yet are one "substance, essence or nature" (homoousios). In this context, a "nature" is "what" one is, whereas a "person" is "who" one is. The subset of Christianity that accepts this doctrine is collectively known as Trinitarianism, while the subset that does not is referred to as nontrinitarian. Trinitarianism contrasts with positions such as Binitarianism (one deity in two persons) and Monarchianism (no plurality of persons within God), of which Modalistic Monarchianism (one deity revealed in three modes) and Unitarianism (one deity in one person) are subsets.
Dans le christianisme, la Trinité (ou Sainte Trinité) est le Dieu unique en trois personnes : le Père, le Fils et le Saint-Esprit, égaux, participant d'une même essence divine et pourtant fondamentalement distincts. Le terme "Trinitas" (= tri + unitas) est forgé en latin par Tertullien (155-220).
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Asteroid belt
Ceinture d'astéroïdes
The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars, that is occupied by a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes but much smaller than planets, called asteroids or minor planets. This asteroid belt is also called the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids.
La ceinture principale d'astéroïdes (parfois juste ceinture d'astéroïdes ou ceinture principale) est une région du Système solaire située entre les orbites de Mars et Jupiter. Elle contient un grand nombre d'astéroïdes.
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Thérèse of Lisieux
Thérèse de Lisieux
Thérèse of Lisieux (), born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin (2 January 1873 – 30 September 1897), also known as Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, was a French Catholic Discalced Carmelite nun who is widely venerated in modern times. She is popularly known as "The Little Flower of Jesus", or simply "The Little Flower.”
Marie-Françoise Thérèse Martin, en religion sœur Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et de la Sainte-Face, également connue sous les appellations sainte Thérèse de Lisieux, sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus ou encore la petite Thérèse, est une religieuse carmélite française née à Alençon dans l'Orne en France le et morte à l'âge de 24 ans à Lisieux en France le.
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Nervous system
Système nerveux
The nervous system is a highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called "motor" or "efferent" nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called "sensory" or "afferent". Spinal nerves serve both functions and are called "mixed" nerves. The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state. The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
Le système nerveux est un système biologique animal responsable de la coordination des actions avec l'environnement extérieur et de la communication rapide entre les différentes parties du corps. Les êtres vivants dotés d'un système nerveux sont nommés eumétazoaires.
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Halden
Halden
, between 1665 and 1928 known as Frederikshald, is both a town and a municipality in Viken county, Norway. The municipality borders Sarpsborg to the northwest, Rakkestad to the north and Aremark to the east, as well as the Swedish municipalities Strömstad, Tanum and Dals-Ed respectively to the southwest, south and southeast.
Halden (rebaptisée "Fredrikshald" entre 1665 et 1927) est une ville norvégienne située dans le comté d'Østfold, à la frontière suédoise. Elle compte environ habitants et couvre une superficie de au pied d'une forteresse.
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Government
Gouvernement
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state, but also other entities like for example companies, especially in the case of colonial companies.
Le gouvernement est une institution qui exerce le pouvoir exécutif au sein d'une entité politique d'un pays. Dans un régime parlementaire tel que celui de la France, le gouvernement est responsable politiquement devant le Parlement (l'Assemblée nationale et le Sénat). Le gouvernement décide et entreprend les actions nécessaires à la conduite de l'État.
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Laguiole knife
Laguiole (couteau)
The Laguiole knife (, locally ) is originally a high-quality traditional Occitan pocket-knife, originally produced in the "knife-city" of Thiers where 70% of the French cutting tool production comes from, and in the small village of Laguiole, both located in the Massif central region of France. "Laguiole" is neither a trademark nor a company name. Rather, the name "laguiole" became associated with a specific shape of a traditional knife common to this area.
Le couteau laguiole ou, par antonomase, le laguiole, est un couteau fabriqué principalement à Thiers (Puy-de-Dôme) et à Laguiole (Aveyron) en France.
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ISO/IEC 8859-1
ISO/CEI 8859-1
ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, "Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1", is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. ISO 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1", consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is also commonly used in most standard romanizations of East-Asian languages. It is the basis for most popular 8-bit character sets and the first block of characters in Unicode.
La norme ISO 8859-1, dont le nom complet est ISO/CEI 8859-1, et qui est souvent appelée Latin-1 ou Europe occidentale, forme la première partie de la norme internationale ISO/CEI 8859, qui est une norme de l’Organisation internationale de normalisation pour le codage des caractères en informatique.
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Scanning tunneling microscope
Microscope à effet tunnel
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. For an STM, good resolution is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm (10 pm) depth resolution. With this resolution, individual atoms within materials are routinely imaged and manipulated. The STM can be used not only in ultra-high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near zero kelvin to over 1000 °C.
Le microscope à effet tunnel (en anglais, "scanning tunneling microscope", STM) est inventé en 1981 par des chercheurs d'IBM, Gerd Binnig et Heinrich Rohrer, qui reçurent le prix Nobel de physique pour cette invention en 1986. C'est un microscope en champ proche qui utilise un phénomène quantique, l'effet tunnel, pour déterminer la morphologie et la densité d'états électroniques de surfaces conductrices ou semi-conductrices avec une résolution spatiale pouvant être égale ou inférieure à la taille des atomes.
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Near-field scanning optical microscope
Microscope optique en champ proche
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) or scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is a microscopy technique for nanostructure investigation that breaks the far field resolution limit by exploiting the properties of evanescent waves. In SNOM, the excitation laser light is focused through an aperture with a diameter smaller than the excitation wavelength, resulting in an evanescent field (or near-field) on the far side of the aperture. When the sample is scanned at a small distance below the aperture, the optical resolution of transmitted or reflected light is limited only by the diameter of the aperture. In particular, lateral resolution of 20 nm and vertical resolution of 2–5 nm have been demonstrated.
Le microscope optique en champ proche (MOCP, ou SNOM pour'ou NSOM pour ') ou microscope optique à sonde locale (MOSL) est un type de microscope à sonde locale qui permet d'imager des objets à partir de la détection des ondes évanescentes confinées au voisinage de leur surface (détection en champ proche optique).
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Square Enix
Square Enix
The original Square Enix Co., Ltd. was formed in April 2003 as the result of a merger between Square and Enix, with the latter as the surviving company. Each share of Square's common stock was exchanged for 0.85 shares of Enix's common stock. At the time, 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees. As part of the merger, former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed the president of the new corporation, while former Enix president Keiji Honda was named its vice president. Yasuhiro Fukushima, the largest shareholder of the combined corporation and founder of Enix, became chairman.
La société est connue principalement pour ses jeux vidéo de rôle, notamment les séries "Final Fantasy", "Dragon Quest" et "Kingdom Hearts". Elle est parfois incorrectement désignée par l'ancien nom de l'une de ses branches, « "Squaresoft" ». La société est née du rachat de Squaresoft par Enix.
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Atomic force microscopy
Microscope à force atomique
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.
Le microscope à force atomique (AFM pour "atomic force microscope") est un type de microscope à sonde locale permettant de visualiser la topographie de la surface d'un échantillon. Inventé en 1985, par Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate et Christoph Gerber, ce type de microscopie repose essentiellement sur l'analyse d'un objet point par point au moyen d'un balayage via une sonde locale, assimilable à une pointe effilée. Ce mode d'observation permet alors, de réaliser la cartographie locale des grandeurs physiques caractéristiques de l'objet sondé (force, capacité, intensité de rayonnement, courant...), mais également de travailler dans des environnements particuliers tels que les milieux sous vide, liquides ou ambiants.
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Maratha Empire
Empire marathe
The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a power that dominated a large portion of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati and ended in 1818 with the defeat of "Peshwa" Bajirao II at the hands of the British East India Company. The Marathas are credited to a large extent for liberating most of the Indian subcontinent from Mughal rule.
Comme son nom l'indique, l'Empire marathe trouve son origine dans la région qui forme maintenant l'État du Maharashtra. Au, Shivâjî Bhonslé dirige une rébellion contre l'Empire moghol. Sous son règne et sous celui de son fils Sambhaji, le territoire marathe s'étend sur la vallée du Gange et une grande partie de l'Inde centrale.
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Map
Carte géographique
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or fictional, without regard to context or scale, such as in brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network topology mapping. The space being mapped may be two dimensional, such as the surface of the earth, three dimensional, such as the interior of the earth, or even more abstract spaces of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many independent variables.
Une carte géographique est une représentation d'un espace géographique. Elle met en valeur l'étendue de cet espace, sa localisation relative par rapport aux espaces voisins, ainsi que la localisation des éléments qu'il contient. Les cartes servent également à représenter des phénomènes géographiques, c'est-à-dire des phénomènes dont la configuration spatiale produit du sens.
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Square (algebra)
Carré (algèbre)
In mathematics, a square is the result of multiplying a number by itself. The verb "to square" is used to denote this operation. Squaring is the same as raising to the power 2, and is denoted by a superscript 2; for instance, the square of 3 may be written as 3, which is the number 9. In some cases when superscripts are not available, as for instance in programming languages or plain text files, the notations "x"^2 or "x"**2 may be used in place of "x".
Le carré d'un nombre est un autre nombre qui vaut le nombre initial multiplié par lui-même. De manière plus générale, tout être mathématique sur lequel il existe une multiplication possède un carré. Ainsi, on parle de carré d'une matrice ou encore d'une fonction.
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Punctuation
Ponctuation
Punctuation (or sometimes interpunction) is the use of spacing, conventional signs, and certain typographical devices as aids to the understanding and correct reading of written text, whether read silently or aloud. Another description is, "It is the practice action or system of inserting points or other small marks into texts in order to aid interpretation; division of text into sentences, clauses, etc., by means of such marks."
La ponctuation a pour but l'organisation de l'écrit grâce à un ensemble de signes graphiques. Elle a trois fonctions principales. Elle indique des faits de la langue orale, comme l'intonation ou les pauses de diverses longueurs (indications prosodiques). Elle marque les degrés de subordination entre les différents éléments du discours (rapports syntaxiques). Enfin elle précise le sens et définit les liens logiques entre ces éléments (informations sémantiques). Destinée à faciliter la compréhension du texte, elle est un élément essentiel de la communication écrite.
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Cartography
Cartographie
Cartography (; from Greek χάρτης "chartēs", "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and γράφειν "graphein", "write") is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
La cartographie est la réalisation et l'étude des cartes géographiques et géologiques. Elle est très dépendante de la géodésie, science qui s'efforce de décrire, mesurer et rendre compte de la forme et des dimensions de la Terre. Le principe majeur de la cartographie est la représentation de données sur un support réduit représentant un espace généralement tenu pour réel. L'objectif de la carte, c'est une représentation concise et efficace, la simplification de phénomènes complexes (politiques, économiques, sociaux, etc.) à l'œuvre sur l'espace représenté afin de permettre une compréhension rapide et pertinente. La création de carte débute avec la définition du projet cartographique. La collecte d'informations est en deux parties : 1. le relevé des contours et de l'espace support à représenter (fond de carte) ; 2. le relevé des données statistiques à représenter sur cet espace. Vient ensuite un travail de sélection des informations, de conception graphique (icônes, styles), puis d'assemblage (création de la carte), et de renseignement de la carte (légende, échelle, rose des vents).
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IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship
Championnat du monde de roller in line hockey
The IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships were an annual international men's inline hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The first World Championship was held in 1996 in which eleven nations participated. In 2003, sixteen nations took part and were split into two divisions. The top eight teams played for the World Championship and the other eight played for the Division I title. The last format in use featured the World Championship, Division I and three regional qualification tournaments. The World Championship and Division I tournament were played on odd years and the qualification tournaments were played on even years. The United States was the tournament's most dominant team, winning the World Championship seven times. After 20 editions, the IIHF cancelled the tournament in June 2019.
Le Roller in line hockey est géré au niveau international par deux fédérations, la Fédération internationale de roller sports (FIRS) et la Fédération internationale de hockey sur glace (IIHF), chacune possédant un règlement sensiblement différent. Deux championnats du monde sont organisés chaque année.
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Millman's theorem
Théorème de Millman
In electrical engineering, Millman's theorem (or the parallel generator theorem) is a method to simplify the solution of a circuit. Specifically, Millman's theorem is used to compute the voltage at the ends of a circuit made up of only branches in parallel.
Le théorème de Millman est une forme particulière de la loi des nœuds exprimée en termes de potentiel. Il est ainsi nommé en l'honneur de l'électronicien américain Jacob Millman.
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IBM AIX
AIX
AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, pronounced ) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms. Originally released for the IBM RT PC RISC workstation, AIX now supports or has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms, including the IBM RS/6000 series and later POWER and PowerPC-based systems, IBM System i, System/370 mainframes, PS/2 personal computers, and the Apple Network Server.
AIX est le système d'exploitation de type Unix commercialisé par IBM depuis 1986. AIX est l'acronyme de Advanced Interactive eXecutive, mais seul l'acronyme est utilisé.
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HP-UX
HP-UX
HP-UX (from "Hewlett Packard Unix") is Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on Unix System V (initially System III) and first released in 1984. Recent versions support the HP 9000 series of computer systems, based on the PA-RISC instruction set architecture, and HP Integrity systems, based on Intel's Itanium architecture.
HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) est une implémentation propriétaire du système d'exploitation Unix, basé sur System V, développée par Hewlett Packard Enterprise. HP-UX est utilisé sur des serveurs et des stations de travail HP 9000 et Integrity, équipés respectivement de processeurs PA-RISC (32 et 64 bits), conçus par HP, et Intel Itanium. HP-UX était également disponible pour des systèmes et les premières versions fonctionnèrent sur des serveurs HP 9000 de série 200, 300 et 400, basés sur des processeurs Motorola de série 68000, ainsi que sur des HP 9000 de série 500, basés sur les processeurs propriétaires HP FOCUS.
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Design by contract
Programmation par contrat
Design by contract (DbC), also known as contract programming, programming by contract and design-by-contract programming, is an approach for designing software.
La programmation par contrat ( en anglais, "design by contract" ou "DBC") est un paradigme de programmation dans lequel le déroulement des traitements est régi par des règles. Ces règles, appelées des assertions, forment un contrat qui précise les responsabilités entre le client et le fournisseur d'un morceau de code logiciel. C'est une méthode de programmation semi-formelle dont le but principal est de réduire le nombre de bugs dans les programmes.
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Cornouaille
Cornouaille
Cornouaille (; ) is a historic region on the west coast of Brittany in western France. The name is cognate with Cornwall in neighbouring Great Britain. This can be explained by settlement of Cornouaille by migrant princes from Cornwall creating an independent principality founded by Rivelen Mor Marthou, and the founding of the Bishopric of Cornouaille by ancient saints from Cornwall. The two regions spoke a similar Brythonic language, which evolved into Cornish in Cornwall and the closely related Breton in Brittany; the two languages are more remotely related to Welsh.
La Cornouaille (en breton :'ou "Bro-Gernev" ) est une ancienne division politique et religieuse de la Bretagne (à ne pas confondre avec les "Cornouailles" britanniques (anglais : "Cornwall", cornique : "Kernow"), dont le nom s'écrit avec un « s » ou encore avec le « Cornouaille », appellation récente du Festival de Cornouaille, célèbre événement culturel basé à Quimper).Les premières mentions écrites du toponyme datent de la fin du haut Moyen Âge, dans la "Vie de Samson," voire plus tard, dans lHymne de Guénolé".
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Christoph Blocher
Christoph Blocher
Christoph Blocher (; born 11 October 1940) is a Swiss politician, industrialist, and former member of the Swiss Federal Council heading the Federal Department of Justice and Police (2004–2007). He served as vice president of the Swiss People's Party until 24 March 2018. As an industrialist, he became very wealthy as CEO and majority shareholder in the EMS-Chemie corporation, now run by his daughter, Magdalena Martullo-Blocher.
Christoph Wolfram Blocher est un homme d'affaires et politique suisse né le à Schaffhouse. Connu pour ses prises de positions pour l'indépendance de la Suisse et contre le rapprochement avec l'Union européenne, il est associé à la victoire des anti-européens lors du référendum populaire de 1992. Membre de l'Union démocratique du centre, il a été conseiller national de 1979 à 2003. Élu conseiller fédéral pour la période 2004 - 2007, il est l'un des quatre conseillers fédéraux à n'avoir pas été réélu. Sur le plan professionnel, il a dirigé pendant de nombreuses années l'entreprise du secteur chimique Ems-Chemie. Actif également dans le domaine médiatique à travers le groupe Zeitungshaus, ses opposants lui reprochent d'utiliser ses titres de presse pour servir ses ambitions politiques au détriment de l'information du public.
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Saint Helena
Sainte-Hélène (île)
Saint Helena () is a remote volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, belonging to the United Kingdom. The island lies some 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the coast of southwestern Africa, and east of Rio de Janeiro on the South American coast. It is one of three British Overseas Territory grouped as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,534 (2016 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople. It is one of the most isolated islands in the world and was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. It was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa for centuries.
Sainte-Hélène, en, est une île volcanique de, située dans l'océan Atlantique sud, à à l'ouest des côtes de l'extrême-nord-ouest de la Namibie et à à l'est-sud-est de la ville brésilienne de Recife, et faisant partie de Sainte-Hélène, Ascension et Tristan da Cunha, territoire britannique d'outre-mer. Elle est découverte par le navigateur galicien João da Nova Castella le et nommée en l'honneur d'Hélène, mère de Constantin. Dès 1657, elle devient possession de la Compagnie anglaise des Indes orientales.
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Mimolette
Mimolette
Mimolette is a cheese traditionally produced around the city of Lille, France. In France, it is also known as "Boule de Lille" after its city of origin, or "vieux Hollande" for being made after the tradition of Edam cheese.
La mimolette, appelée aussi « boule de Lille » ou « vieux Hollande », est un fromage traditionnellement produit en Flandre française d'où elle est originaire, dans la région de Lille.
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Nudibranch
Nudibranchia
Nudibranchs () are a group of soft-bodied, marine gastropod molluscs which shed their shells after their larval stage. They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have been given colourful nicknames to match, such as "clown," "marigold," "splendid," "dancer," "dragon," or "sea rabbit." Currently, about 3,000 valid species of nudibranchs are known.
Les nudibranches (Nudibranchia) forment un ordre de mollusques gastéropodes. Ces animaux marins sont caractérisés par leur absence de coquille - d'où leur appellation fréquente de « limaces de mer » - et leurs branchies nues.
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Council of Europe
Conseil de l'Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE) ( (CdE), ) is an international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it has 47 member states, with a population of approximately 820 million, and operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million euros.
Le Conseil de l’Europe (en anglais, "Council of Europe" ou "COE") est une organisation intergouvernementale instituée le par le traité de Londres. C’est une organisation internationale qui rassemble environ de ressortissants de membres, par le biais des normes juridiques dans les domaines de la protection des droits de l'homme, du renforcement de la démocratie et de la prééminence du droit en Europe. Le Conseil de l'Europe est doté d’une personnalité juridique reconnue en droit international public.
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Cepheid variable
Céphéide
A Cepheid variable () is a type of star that pulsates radially, varying in both diameter and temperature and producing changes in brightness with a well-defined stable period and amplitude.
Une céphéide est une étoile variable, géante ou supergéante jaune, de 4 à 15 fois plus massive que le Soleil et de plus lumineuse, dont l'éclat varie de 0,1 à 2 magnitudes selon une période bien définie, comprise entre 1 et 135 jours, d'où elle tire son nom d'étoile variable. Elles ont été nommées d'après le prototype que constitue l'étoile δ de la constellation de Céphée. L'Étoile polaire est une céphéide (du moins jusqu'en 1994 où il est apparu que son éclat était devenu stable, sans explication à ce changement — voir Alpha Ursae Minoris).
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Apostolic succession
Succession apostolique
Apostolic succession is the method whereby the ministry of the Christian Church is held to be derived from the apostles by a continuous succession, which has usually been associated with a claim that the succession is through a series of bishops. Christians of the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Old Catholic, Anglican, Church of the East, Moravian, and Scandinavian Lutheran traditions maintain that "a bishop cannot have regular or valid orders unless he has been consecrated in this apostolic succession." Each of these groups does not necessarily consider consecration of the other groups as valid.
La succession apostolique est la transmission, par les apôtres, à des successeurs, de l’autorité et des pouvoirs reçus de Jésus de Nazareth. De ce fait, ces successeurs sont seuls habilités à enseigner et à gouverner leurs Églises respectives. La succession apostolique se transmet au moyen des consécrations épiscopales dont certains canons définissent la validité. Ce concept ecclésiologique propre au christianisme joue dans la non-reconnaissance par les Églises catholique et orthodoxe des ministres d'autres confessions chrétiennes (les Églises antéchalcédoniennes et celles issues de la Réforme protestante) ou de leur autorité.
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Louviers
Louviers
Louviers is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in north-western France. Louviers is from Paris and from Rouen.
Louviers est une commune française, située dans le département de l'Eure, en région Normandie. La devise de la ville, concédée par le roi Charles VII en 1441, est « Loviers le Franc ».
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Maroilles cheese
Maroilles (fromage)
Maroilles (pronounced "mar wahl", also known as Marolles) is a cow's-milk cheese made in the regions of Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in northern France. It derives its name from the village of Maroilles in the region in which it is still manufactured.
Le maroilles ou marolles, /, est une appellation d'origine désignant un fromage dont la production et la transformation s'effectuent dans la Thiérache française, (départements du Nord et de l'Aisne). Ce fromage au lait de vache doit son nom au bourg de Maroilles où existait une importante abbaye dans la communauté, qui achetait les fromages aux agriculteurs producteurs fermiers pour les revendre après affinage.
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Munster cheese
Munster (fromage)
Munster (), Munster-géromé, or (Alsatian) Minschterkaas, is a strong-smelling soft cheese with a subtle taste, made mainly from milk from the Vosges, between Alsace, Lorraine and Franche-Comté in France. "Munster" is derived from the Alsace town of Munster, where, among Vosgian abbeys and monasteries, the cheese was conserved and matured in monks' cellars.
Le munster et le munster-géromé (ou encore "minschterkäs" en francique lorrain ou "minschterkaas" en alsacien) constituent une appellation d'origine désignant un fromage de lait de vache de l'Est de la France, qui est protégée nationalement depuis 1969 par une appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) et dans l'ensemble des pays de l'Union européenne depuis 1996 par une appellation d'origine protégée (AOP).
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Oort cloud
Nuage de Oort
The Oort cloud (), named after the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort, sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, is a theoretical cloud of predominantly icy planetesimals proposed to surround the Sun at distances ranging from 2,000 to 200,000 au (0.03 to 3.2 light-years). It is divided into two regions: a disc-shaped inner Oort cloud (or Hills cloud) and a spherical outer Oort cloud. Both regions lie beyond the heliosphere and in interstellar space. The Kuiper belt and the scattered disc, the other two reservoirs of trans-Neptunian objects, are less than one thousandth as far from the Sun as the Oort cloud.
En astronomie, le nuage de Oort () (ou nuage d'Oort), aussi appelé le nuage d'Öpik-Oort (), est un vaste ensemble sphérique hypothétique de corps approximativement situé entre jusqu'à plus de, bien au-delà de l'orbite des planètes et de la ceinture de Kuiper. La limite externe du nuage de Oort, qui formerait la frontière gravitationnelle du Système solaire, se situerait à plus d'un millier de fois la distance séparant le Soleil et Pluton, entre une et deux années-lumière du Soleil et plus du quart de la distance à Proxima du Centaure, l'étoile la plus proche du Soleil. Il n'est d'ailleurs pas exclu qu'il existe un continuum d'objets entre le nuage de Oort solaire et un nuage similaire entourant le système Alpha Centauri.
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Cursus honorum
Cursus honorum
The cursus honorum (;, or more colloquially 'ladder of offices') was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The "cursus honorum" comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts. Each office had a minimum age for election. There were minimum intervals between holding successive offices and laws forbade repeating an office.
Le (qui en latin signifie « parcours des honneurs ») est l'ordre d'accès aux magistratures publiques sous la Rome antique. Défini très tôt à une époque mal déterminée, il n'est formalisé que par la "" en 180 av. J.-C.
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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Spectroscopie de rayons X à dispersion d'énergie
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. It relies on an interaction of some source of X-ray excitation and a sample. Its characterization capabilities are due in large part to the fundamental principle that each element has a unique atomic structure allowing a unique set of peaks on its electromagnetic emission spectrum (which is the main principle of spectroscopy). The peak positions are predicted by the Moseley's law with accuracy much better than experimental resolution of a typical EDX instrument.
La spectroscopie de rayons X à dispersion d’énergie ("energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDS ou EDXS," en anglais) est une spectroscopie des rayons X.
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Charon (moon)
Charon (lune)
Charon ( or ), also known as (134340) Pluto I, is the largest of the five known natural satellites of the dwarf planet Pluto. It has a mean radius of. Charon is the sixth-largest trans-Neptunian object after Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake and Gonggong. It was discovered in 1978 at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., using photographic plates taken at the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS).
Charon, officiellement (désignation internationale : "", pron. : [karɔ̃] « karon ») est le plus grand satellite naturel de Pluton et un objet massif de la ceinture de Kuiper.
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Electron microprobe
Microsonde de Castaing
An electron microprobe (EMP), also known as an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) or electron micro probe analyzer (EMPA), is an analytical tool used to non-destructively determine the chemical composition of small volumes of solid materials. It works similarly to a scanning electron microscope: the sample is bombarded with an electron beam, emitting x-rays at wavelengths characteristic to the elements being analyzed. This enables the abundances of elements present within small sample volumes (typically 10-30 cubic micrometers or less) to be determined, when a conventional accelerating voltage of 15-20 kV is used. The concentrations of elements from beryllium to plutonium may be typically measured at levels as low as 100 parts per million (ppm) although with care, levels below 10 ppm are possible The ability to quantify lithium by EPMA became a reality in 2008..
La microsonde de Castaing (en anglais "electron probe microanalyser", EPMA) est une méthode d'analyse élémentaire inventée en 1951 par Raimond Castaing. Elle consiste à bombarder un échantillon avec des électrons et à analyser le spectre des rayons X émis par l'échantillon sous cette sollicitation.
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Ramadan
Ramadan
Ramadan (,, ;) or Ramazan ( ; also spelled "Ramzan", "Ramadhan", or "Ramathan") is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting ("sawm"), prayer, reflection and community. A commemoration of Muhammad's first revelation, the annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next.
Ramadan, parfois orthographié ramadhan, est le neuvième mois du calendrier hégirien. Seul mois dont le nom figure dans le Coran, ramadan est pour les musulmans le car il constitue le mois du jeûne (ou "saoum") et contient Laylat al-Qadr (la nuit du Destin). En français comme en anglais, on emploie indifféremment le mot « ramadan » pour désigner le mois saint pour les musulmans et, par métonymie, le jeûne ou saoum.
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Henrietta Swan Leavitt
Henrietta Swan Leavitt
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (; July 4, 1868 – December 12, 1921) was an American astronomer. A graduate of Radcliffe College, she worked at the Harvard College Observatory as a "computer", tasked with examining photographic plates in order to measure and catalog the brightness of stars. This work led her to discover the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variables. Leavitt's discovery provided astronomers with the first "standard candle" with which to measure the distance to faraway galaxies. After her death, Edwin Hubble used Leavitt's period-luminosity relation, together with the galactic spectral shifts first measured by Vesto Slipher at Lowell Observatory, in order to establish that the universe is expanding (see Hubble's law).
Henrietta Swan Leavitt ( – ) est une astronome américaine ayant découvert la relation entre la luminosité des étoiles variables et leur période de variation. En 1893, diplômée du Radcliffe College, Leavitt commença à travailler à l'observatoire de l'université Harvard, en tant que calculatrice, s'occupant d'examiner des plaques photographiques dans le but de mesurer et de cataloguer la luminosité des étoiles.
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Space
Espace (notion)
Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.
L'espace se présente dans l'expérience quotidienne comme une notion de géométrie et de physique qui désigne une étendue, abstraite ou non, ou encore la perception de cette étendue. Conceptuellement, il est le plus souvent synonyme de "contenant" aux bords indéterminés. Le phénomène reste en lui-même indéterminé car nous ne savons pas s'il manifeste une structure englobante rassemblant toutes les choses et les lieux ou bien s'il ne s'agit que d'un phénomène dérivé de la multiplicité des lieux.
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Abiotic component
Facteur abiotique
In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Abiotic factors and the phenomena associated with them underpin all biology.
En écologie, les facteurs abiotiques représentent l'ensemble des facteurs physico-chimiques d'un écosystème ayant une influence sur une biocénose donnée. C'est l'action du non-vivant sur le vivant. Opposables aux facteurs biotiques, ils constituent une partie des facteurs écologiques de cet écosystème. Les facteurs abiotiques sont indépendants de la flexibilité. Bien qu'ils soient impossibles à lister de façon exhaustive, on peut les classer en plusieurs catégories :
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Gainax
Gainax
Until "Neon Genesis Evangelion", Gainax typically worked on stories created in-house, but the studio has increasingly developed anime adaptations of existing manga like "Kareshi Kanojo no Jijou" and "Mahoromatic". Series produced by Gainax are often known for their controversial twist endings.
L'un des fondateurs, Hideaki Anno est le créateur de la célèbre série "Neon Genesis Evangelion", une série animée qui a gagné plusieurs récompenses dans le domaine des "anime". Les studios Gainax ont également réalisé des jeux vidéo dont la série des "Princess Maker" sur Super Nintendo.
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Endothelium
Endothélium
Endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Endothelial cells form the barrier between vessels and tissue and control the flow of substances and fluid into and out of a tissue.
L'endothélium vasculaire est la couche la plus interne des vaisseaux sanguins, celle en contact avec le sang. Les dégradations pathologiques de l'endothélium sont dites « endothélites » ou endothéliites (ex : Kérato-endothélite, quand le phénomène se déclare dans l’œil, suite à un herpès, un zona ophtalmique, un lupus, une piqure d'abeille, une greffe de cornée ou kératoplastie...). L'endothélite est une réponse immunitaire de type inflammatoire : les vaisseaux sanguins deviennent alors inflammés et un œdème des tissus environnants peut survenir (y compris du tissu conjonctif) se traduisant notamment par une irritation et une douleur pour le patient. Dans la cornée, une endothélite peut entraîner une perte irréversible de la vision. Les oreillons et certains virus (ex : cytomégalovirus, coronavirus) peuvent, dans certaines circonstances, en être des causes.<br>Des facteurs aggravant ou prédisposant à un dysfonctionnement endothélial ou à l'endothélite sont notamment l'hypertension, le diabète, l'obésité ou les maladies cardiovasculaires, le tabagisme, et être de sexe masculin.
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Minamata disease
Maladie de Minamata
, sometimes referred to as, is a neurological disease caused by severe mercury poisoning. Signs and symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, loss of peripheral vision, and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma, and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms. A congenital form of the disease can also affect fetuses in the womb.
On appelle hydrargyrisme toutes les formes d'intoxication par le mercure, mais en référence à une maladie qui a touché durant des décennies des milliers d'habitants des pourtours de la baie de Minamata, on parle de maladie de Minamata pour désigner les symptômes et syndromes subis par ces malades (en particulier les symptômes physiques et neurologiques graves et permanents induits par l'intoxication in utero aux composés de mercure (monométhylmercure principalement). C'est un des exemples les plus souvent cités pour évoquer les "« maladies industrielles »".
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
Expédition Lewis et Clark
The Lewis and Clark Expedition from August 31, 1803, to September 25, 1806, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the United States expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase. In the 1970s, the federal government memorialized the winter assembly encampment, Camp Dubois, as the start of the Lewis and Clark voyage of discovery and in 2019 it recognized Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as the start of the expedition. The expedition made its way westward, and crossed the Continental Divide of the Americas before reaching the Pacific Coast. The Corps of Discovery was a select group of U.S. Army and civilian volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark.
L’expédition Lewis et Clark (de 1804 à 1806) ou expédition de Lewis et Clark est la première expédition américaine à traverser les États-Unis à terre jusqu'à la côte pacifique. Thomas Jefferson, troisième président des États-Unis de 1801 à 1809, avait convaincu le Congrès d'attribuer de l'époque au projet.
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Differential rotation
Rotation différentielle
Differential rotation is seen when different parts of a rotating object move with different angular velocities (rates of rotation) at different latitudes and/or depths of the body and/or in time. This indicates that the object is not solid. In fluid objects, such as accretion disks, this leads to shearing. Galaxies and protostars usually show differential rotation; examples in the Solar System include the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn.
La rotation différentielle s'observe lorsque la vitesse angulaire d'un corps en rotation varie selon la latitude du point considéré ou sa distance par rapport à l'axe de rotation. Ceci indique que ce corps n'est pas solide.
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Quantum cryptography
Cryptographie quantique
Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical (i.e. non-quantum) communication. For example, it is impossible to copy data encoded in a quantum state. If one attempts to read the encoded data, the quantum state will be changed (no-cloning theorem). This could be used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution.
La cryptographie quantique consiste à utiliser les propriétés de la physique quantique pour établir des protocoles de cryptographie qui permettent d'atteindre des niveaux de sécurité qui sont prouvés ou conjecturés non atteignables en utilisant uniquement des phénomènes classiques (c'est-à-dire non-quantiques). Un exemple important de cryptographie quantique est la distribution quantique de clés, qui permet de distribuer une clé de chiffrement secrète entre deux interlocuteurs distants, tout en assurant la sécurité de la transmission grâce aux lois de la physique quantique et de la théorie de l'information. Cette clé secrète peut ensuite être utilisée dans un algorithme de chiffrement symétrique, afin de chiffrer et déchiffrer des données confidentielles.
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Luminosity
Luminosité
Luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic power (light), the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object. In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of electromagnetic energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical object.
En astronomie, la luminosité est la quantité totale d'énergie émise par unité de temps (le flux énergétique), par une étoile, une galaxie, ou un objet astronomique quelconque. Elle s'exprime en pratique en luminosité solaire (formula_1 = ). Le flux lumineux, qui mesure plus particulièrement l'émission en lumière visible, peut également s'exprimer sur une échelle logarithmique par la magnitude absolue.
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Systematics
Systématique
Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.
La systématique est une discipline des sciences naturelles et de l'histoire naturelle, qui a pour objet d'inventorier tous les organismes vivants, existants ou ayant existé. Pour cela, elle doit :
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Giuseppe Piazzi
Giuseppe Piazzi
Giuseppe Piazzi (, ; 16 July 1746 – 22 July 1826) was an Italian Catholic priest of the Theatine order, mathematician, and astronomer. He established an observatory at Palermo, now the "Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo – Giuseppe S. Vaiana". Perhaps his most famous discovery was the first dwarf planet, Ceres.
Giuseppe Piazzi (né le à Ponte in Valtellina, dans la province de Sondrio en Lombardie, et mort le à Naples) est un astronome, mathématicien et prêtre théatin italien.
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Ephedra (plant)
Ephedra
Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, Ephedraceae, and order, Ephedrales. The various species of "Ephedra" are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China and western South America.
Ephedra est un genre de plantes gnétophytes (gymnospermes, classe des "Equisetopsida") de la famille des "Ephedraceae", à très vaste répartition dans l'Ancien et le Nouveau Monde, qui comprend environ 70 espèces acceptées. Ce sont de petits arbustes presque toujours dioïques, très ramifiés, aux tiges articulées. Les fleurs sont petites, jaune verdâtre, les ovules sont enfermés dans une enveloppe assimilable à un ovaire imparfait.
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Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as ginkgo or gingko (both pronounced ), also known as the maidenhair tree, is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct. It is a very old species, with some fossils dating back 270 million years. Native to China, the tree is widely cultivated, and was cultivated early in human history. It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food.
L’Arbre aux quarante écus, l’Abricotier d'argent, Ginkgo "(Ginkgo biloba" L., 1771) ( yínxìng en chinois) est une espèce d'arbres et la seule représentante actuelle de la famille des "Ginkgoaceae". C'est la seule espèce actuelle de la division des "ginkgophyta". Elle est considérée comme une espèce panchronique. C'est la plus ancienne famille d'arbres connue, puisqu'elle serait apparue il y a plus de d'années. Elle existait déjà une quarantaine de millions d'années avant l'apparition des dinosaures.
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Scottish clan
Clan écossais
A Scottish clan (from Gaelic, literally 'children', more broadly 'kindred') is a kinship group among the Scottish people. Clans give a sense of shared identity and descent to members, and in modern times have an official structure recognised by the Court of the Lord Lyon, which regulates Scottish heraldry and coats of arms. Most clans have their own tartan patterns, usually dating from the 19th century, which members may incorporate into kilts or other clothing.
La société traditionnelle écossaise fonctionne sur le mode du clan. L'appartenance à un clan se signale par le nom patronymique et les couleurs particulières du tartan, c'est-à-dire le motif que l'on retrouve sur le kilt. Cependant, cette méthode d'identification est relativement récente et remonterait au.
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Electrical connector
Connectique
An electrical connector is an electromechanical device used to join electrical conductors and create an electrical circuit. Most electrical connectors have a genderi.e. the male component, called a "plug", connects to the female component, or "socket". The connection may be removable (as for portable equipment), require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two points. An adapter can be used to join dissimilar connectors.
La connectique désigne l’ensemble des procédés et techniques qui permettent d'établir une connexion fiable entre des systèmes électriques ou électroniques distincts. Elle est à la fois utile à la transmission de l'énergie et à celle des données.
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Aesthetic medicine
Médecine esthétique
Aesthetic medicine is an extensively broad term for specialties that focus on altering cosmetic appearance through the treatment of conditions including scars, skin laxity, wrinkles, moles, liver spots, excess fat, cellulite, unwanted hair, skin discoloration, and spider veins. Traditionally, aesthetic medicine includes dermatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, reconstructive surgery and plastic surgery. Aesthetic medicine includes both surgical procedures (liposuction, facelifts, breast implants, Radio frequency ablation) and non-surgical procedures (radio frequency skin tightening, non surgical liposuction, chemical peel, high-intensity focused electromagnetic field, radio frequency fat removal), and practitioners may utilize a combination of both. Although aesthetic medicine procedures are typically elective, they can significantly improve quality of life, psychological wellbeing and social engagement.
La médecine esthétique est un ensemble d'actes médicaux visant à améliorer l'apparence physique d'une personne ainsi qu'à diminuer et retarder les effets du vieillissement. Le médecin esthétique prend en charge le patient dans sa globalité. Face aux lourds investissements matériels, les médecins peuvent se regrouper sur des plateaux techniques dans lesquels les équipements, notamment les lasers, sont partagés entre médecins.
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Desmosome
Desmosome
A desmosome (; "binding body"), also known as a macula adherens (plural: maculae adherentes) (Latin for "adhering spot"), is a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. Desmosomes are one of the stronger cell-to-cell adhesion types and are found in tissue that experience intense mechanical stress, such as cardiac muscle tissue, bladder tissue, gastrointestinal mucosa, and epithelia.
Un desmosome est une région où la membrane plasmique d'une cellule adhère à une cellule adjacente ou à la lame basale sous-jacente, il est alors appelé hémi-desmosome. La nature des filaments intermédiaires est variable (cytokératine dans les cellules épithéliales, vimentine dans les fibroblastes et les endodermes, neurofilament dans les cellules nerveuses ou encore lamine dans les noyaux).
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Leslie Cheung
Leslie Cheung
Leslie Cheung Kwok-wing (; born Cheung Fat-chung; 12 September 1956 – 1 April 2003) was a Hong Kong singer and actor. He is considered "one of the founding fathers of Cantopop" for achieving huge success both in film and music.
Leslie Cheung ( ou Cheung Kwok-wing), né le à Hong Kong et mort le à Hong Kong, est un chanteur et acteur hongkongais.
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Operational amplifier
Amplificateur opérationnel
An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to perform mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear, and frequency-dependent circuits.
Un amplificateur opérationnel (aussi dénommé ampli-op ou ampli op, AO, AOP, ALI ou AIL) est un amplificateur différentiel : c'est un amplificateur électronique qui amplifie une différence de potentiel électrique présente à ses entrées. Initialement, les AOP ont été conçus pour effectuer des opérations mathématiques dans les calculateurs analogiques : ils permettaient d'implémenter facilement les opérations mathématiques de base comme l'addition, la soustraction, l'intégration, la dérivation et d'autres. Par la suite, l'amplificateur opérationnel est utilisé dans bien d'autres applications comme la commande de moteurs, la régulation de tension, les sources de courants ou encore les oscillateurs.
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Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast "Cryptococcus". Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota are obligate asexual reproducers. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually (discussed below) can typically be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature (the clamp connection), cell wall components, and definitively by phylogenetic molecular analysis of DNA sequence data.
Les basidiomycètes ("Basidiomycota") constituent un vaste embranchement ou division (ou phylum) des mycètes qui regroupe la plupart des espèces désignées dans la langue courante par le nom de champignon, ils sont caractérisés par des spores formées à l'extrémité de cellules spécialisées, les basides.
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Herbert A. Simon
Herbert Simon
Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American economist, political scientist and cognitive psychologist, whose primary research interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing". He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 and the Turing Award in 1975. His research was noted for its interdisciplinary nature and spanned across the fields of cognitive science, computer science, public administration, management, and political science. He was at Carnegie Mellon University for most of his career, from 1949 to 2001.
Herbert Alexander Simon (né le à Milwaukee, Wisconsin, mort le à Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie) est un économiste et sociologue américain ayant reçu le prix dit Nobel d'économie en 1978.
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Nefertari
Néfertari (épouse de Ramsès II)
Nefertari, also known as Nefertari Meritmut, was an Egyptian queen and the first of the Great Royal Wives (or principal wives) of Ramesses the Great. Nefertari means 'beautiful companion' and Meritmut means 'Beloved of [the goddess] Mut'. She is one of the best known Egyptian queens, next to Cleopatra, Nefertiti, and Hatshepsut. She was highly educated and able to both read and write hieroglyphs, a very rare skill at the time. She used these skills in her diplomatic work, corresponding with other prominent royals of the time. Her lavishly decorated tomb, QV66, is one of the largest and most spectacular in the Valley of the Queens. Ramesses also constructed a temple for her at Abu Simbel next to his colossal monument there.
Néfertari Meryenmout (« La plus belle de toutes, aimée de Mout ») est la principale Grande épouse royale du pharaon qui vécut sous la aux environs du avant notre ère.
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Arthur Miller
Arthur Miller
Audio signal processing is a subfield of signal processing that is concerned with the electronic manipulation of audio signals. Audio signals are electronic representations of sound waves—longitudinal waves which travel through air, consisting of compressions and rarefactions. The energy contained in audio signals is typically measured in decibels. As audio signals may be represented in either digital or analog format, processing may occur in either domain. Analog processors operate directly on the electrical signal, while digital processors operate mathematically on its digital representation.
Arthur Asher Miller (New York, États-Unis, - Roxbury, États-Unis, ) est un dramaturge, écrivain et essayiste américain. Miller est une figure importante de la littérature et du cinéma américain du. Il a écrit un nombre important de pièces de théâtre dont les plus connues sont "Les Sorcières de Salem" ("The Crucible") et "Mort d'un commis voyageur" ("Death of a Salesman") qui sont toujours fréquemment jouées. Miller est aussi connu pour son bref mariage avec Marilyn Monroe.
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Guignol
Guignol
Guignol () is the main character in a French puppet show which has come to bear his name. It represents the workers in the silk industry of France. Although often thought of as children's entertainment, Guignol's sharp wit and linguistic verve have always been appreciated by adults as well, as shown by the motto of a prominent Lyon troupe: "Guignol amuses children... and witty adults".
Guignol est une marionnette à gaine française créée à Lyon vers 1808 par Laurent Mourguet. Le terme désigne également par métonymie le théâtre de marionnettes comique dont Guignol est le personnage principal, formant avec Gnafron et Madelon le trio récurrent des pièces du répertoire classique.
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Acer saccharinum
Érable argenté
Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple, is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada. It is one of the most common trees in the United States.
L’Érable argenté ou Érable de Virginie ("Acer saccharinum"), ou Plaine blanche (Canada), est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Acéracées.
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Maple
Érable
Acer is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae. There are approximately 128 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, "Acer laurinum", extends to the Southern Hemisphere. The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, "Acer pseudoplatanus", the most common maple species in Europe. The maples have easily recognizable palmate leaves and distinctive winged fruits. The closest relatives of the maples are the horse chestnuts.
Les érables sont des arbres et des arbustes du genre Acer, type de la famille des Sapindacées selon la classification APG III (autrefois, selon la classification de Cronquist, de celle des Acéracées), dans l'ordre des Sapindales.
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Accretion (astrophysics)
Accrétion
In astrophysics, accretion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter, in an accretion disk. Most astronomical objects, such as galaxies, stars, and planets, are formed by accretion processes.
L’accrétion est, en astrophysique, en géologie, en médecine et en météorologie, la constitution et l'accroissement d'un corps, d'une structure ou d'un objet, par apport et/ou agglomération de matière, généralement en surface ou en périphérie de celui-ci.
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