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Persian language | Persan | Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, "", ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. It is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Iranian Persian, Dari Persian (officially named "Dari" since 1958) and Tajiki Persian (officially named "Tajik" since the Soviet era). It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a derivation of Cyrillic. | Le persan (en persan :, fārsī, ou, pārsī) est une langue indo-européenne. C'est la langue officielle et majoritaire de l'Iran (centre, centre-sud, nord-est), de l'Afghanistan et du Tadjikistan. Le persan est une langue notable mais minoritaire à Bahreïn, en Irak, à Oman, au Qatar et aux Émirats arabes unis. Le dari, dialecte du persan, également appelé "persan afghan" ou "persan oriental", est une langue officielle en Afghanistan ; il est parlé également en Iran et au Pakistan. De même, le tadjik, autre dialecte du persan, est la langue officielle du Tadjikistan et également parlé au Kirghizistan, au Turkménistan, en Ouzbékistan, et dans une moindre mesure au Kazakhstan. Le persan ou l’une de ses langues-sœurs est également parlé en Azerbaïdjan, en Russie et en Ouzbékistan (minorité tadjike). Jadis, du, il fut la langue officielle de l'Empire moghol. | [
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Gauls | Gaulois (peuples) | The Gauls (,, "Galátai") were a group of Celtic peoples of Continental Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD). The area they originally inhabited was known as Gaul. Their Gaulish language forms the main branch of the Continental Celtic languages. | Les Gaulois (en, en ) étaient l'ensemble des peuples protohistoriques habitant la Gaule, telle qu'elle fut définie par Jules César. À part les Aquitains, qui étaient proto-basques, ils se rattachaient à la civilisation celtique antique jusqu'à ce que les processus d'acculturation, liés au commerce et à la conquête romaine, n'en fassent des gallo-romains. | [
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Gross domestic product | Produit intérieur brut | Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a specific time period. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing living standards between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. | Le produit intérieur brut (PIB) est l'indicateur économique qui permet de quantifier la valeur totale de la « production de richesse » annuelle effectuée par les agents économiques (ménages, entreprises, administrations publiques) résidant à l'intérieur d'un territoire. | [
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Pluto | Pluton (planète naine) | Pluto (minor planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is an icy dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It was the first and the largest Kuiper belt object to be discovered. | Pluton, officiellement désignée par (134340) Pluton (désignation internationale : "(134340) Pluto"), est une planète naine, la plus volumineuse connue dans le Système solaire ( de diamètre, contre pour Éris), et la deuxième en termes de masse (après Éris). Pluton est ainsi le neuvième plus gros objet connu orbitant directement autour du Soleil et le dixième par la masse. Premier objet transneptunien identifié, Pluton orbite autour du Soleil à une distance variant entre 30 et et appartient à la ceinture de Kuiper, ceinture dont il est (tant par la taille que par la masse) le plus grand membre connu. | [
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Spacecraft propulsion | Propulsion spatiale | Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Space propulsion or in-space propulsion exclusively deals with propulsion systems used in the vacuum of space and should not be confused with launch vehicles. Several methods, both pragmatic and hypothetical, have been developed each having its own drawbacks and advantages. | La propulsion spatiale désigne tout système permettant d’accélérer un objet dans l'espace. Cela inclut les moyens de propulsion des véhicules spatiaux (fusées, satellites, sondes) ou les systèmes de commande d'attitude et d'orbite. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Prince Buster | Prince Buster | Cecil Bustamente Campbell (24 May 1938 – 8 September 2016), known professionally as Prince Buster, was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and producer. The records he released in the 1960s influenced and shaped the course of Jamaican contemporary music and created a legacy of work that would be drawn upon later by reggae and ska artists. | Cecil Bustamente Campbell dit Prince Buster est un chanteur, DJ, percussionniste, et producteur de ska, de rocksteady et de reggae jamaïcain, né le à Kingston (Jamaïque) et mort le à Miami (États-Unis). | [
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Dough | Pâte (pâtisserie) | Dough is a thick, malleable, sometimes elastic paste made out of any grains, leguminous or chestnut crops. Dough is typically made by mixing flour with a small amount of water and/or other liquid, and sometimes includes yeast or other leavening agents as well as other ingredients such as various fats or flavorings. | Une pâte est une préparation alimentaire à base de farine délayée dans un liquide, destinée à la cuisson. Elle sert de base à de nombreuses préparations culinaires, salées (pâté en croûte), sucrées (gâteau) ou neutre (pain). Faite de farine et de liquide (eau, lait...), éventuellement de matières grasses, d'œuf, elle peut être levée ou non. | [
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Egg white | Blanc d'œuf | Egg white is the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg. In chickens it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen's oviduct during the passage of the egg. It forms around fertilized or unfertilized egg yolks. The primary natural purpose of egg white is to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo (when fertilized). Egg white consists primarily of about 90% water into which about 10% proteins (including albumins, mucoproteins, and globulins) are dissolved. Unlike the yolk, which is high in lipids (fats), egg white contains almost no fat, and carbohydrate content is less than 1%. Egg whites contain about 56% of the protein in the egg. Egg white has many uses in food (e.g. meringue, mousse) and also many other uses (e.g. in the preparation of vaccines such as those for influenza). | Le blanc d’œuf est une partie de l’œuf, composée essentiellement d’une albumine, l’ovalbumine, qui protège le zygote (le jaune d’œuf). | [
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Querétaro | Querétaro | Querétaro (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro (; Otomi: "Hyodi Ndämxei"), formally Querétaro de Arteaga), is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities. Its capital city is Santiago de Querétaro. | L'État de Querétaro de Arteaga (nom officiel) est un État du Mexique. La ville de Santiago de Querétaro, ou plus simplement Querétaro, est sa capitale. L'État de Querétaro est entouré par les États de: San Luis Potosí au nord, Guanajuato à l'ouest, Hidalgo à l'est, Mexico au sud-est et Michoacán au sud-ouest. | [
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Quechuan languages | Quechua | Quechua (, ; ), usually called ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Peruvian Andes. Derived from a common ancestral language, it is the most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, with a total of probably some 8–10 million speakers. Approximately 25% (7.7 million) of Peruvians speak a Quechuan language. It is perhaps most widely known for being the main language family of the Inca Empire. The Spaniards encouraged its use until the Peruvian struggle for independence of the 1780s. As a result, Quechua variants are still widely spoken today, being the co-official language of many regions and the second most spoken language family in Peru. | Le quechua ( ou ) ou quichua () est une famille de langues parlées au Pérou, où il a le statut de langue officielle depuis 1975, ainsi que dans d'autres régions des Andes, du sud de la Colombie au nord-ouest de l'Argentine. Sa variante équatorienne est appelée kichwa, ou quichua. Il compte environ dix millions de locuteurs, dont un million et demi en Équateur, plus de quatre millions au Pérou et près de trois millions en Bolivie, tout en étant également parlé localement au nord du Chili. Il se subdivise en de nombreuses variétés. La plus répandue (sud du Pérou et Bolivie) est le quéchua dit « cuzquègne », qui possède une tradition écrite ancienne remontant à l'époque coloniale (). | [
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Quasar | Quasar | A quasar () (also known as a quasi-stellar object abbreviated QSO) is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN), in which a supermassive black hole with mass ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun is surrounded by a gaseous accretion disk. As gas in the disk falls towards the black hole, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which can be observed across the electromagnetic spectrum. The power radiated by quasars is enormous: the most powerful quasars have luminosities thousands of times greater than a galaxy such as the Milky Way. | Un quasar (source de rayonnement quasi-stellaire,'en anglais, ou plus récemment « source de rayonnement astronomique quasi-stellaire », ') est un noyau de galaxie extrêmement lumineux (noyau actif). Les quasars sont les entités les plus lumineuses de l'Univers. Bien qu'il y ait d'abord eu une certaine controverse sur la nature de ces objets jusqu'au début des, il existe maintenant un consensus scientifique selon lequel un quasar est la région compacte entourant un trou noir supermassif au centre d'une galaxie massive. Leur taille est de le rayon de Schwarzschild du trou noir. Leur source d'énergie provient du disque d'accrétion entourant le trou noir. | [
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Philip K. Dick | Philip K. Dick | Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982) was an American writer known for his work in science fiction. He produced 44 published novels and approximately 121 short stories, most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime. His fiction explored varied philosophical and social themes, and featured recurrent elements such as alternate realities, simulacra, large corporations, drug abuse, authoritarian governments, and altered states of consciousness. His work was concerned with questions surrounding the nature of reality, perception, human nature, and identity. | Philip Kindred Dick, né le, à Chicago dans l'Illinois, et mort le, à Santa Ana en Californie, est un auteur américain de romans, de nouvelles et d’essais de science-fiction. | [
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Ig Nobel Prize | Prix Ig-Nobel | The Ig Nobel Prize ( ) is a satiric prize awarded annually since 1991 to celebrate ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research, its stated aim being to "honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think." The name of the award is a pun on the Nobel Prize, which it parodies, and the word "ignoble". | Le prix Ig Nobel (qui peut être prononcé "Ignobel", car nommé ainsi par jeu de mots entre « prix Nobel » et l'adjectif « ignoble » en anglais) est un prix parodique du prix Nobel décerné chaque année à dix recherches scientifiques qui paraissent insolites mais qui amènent secondairement à réfléchir. | [
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Pantheism | Panthéisme | Pantheism is the belief that reality is identical with divinity, or that all-things compose an all-encompassing, immanent god. Pantheist belief does not recognize a distinct personal god, anthropomorphic or otherwise, but instead characterizes a broad range of doctrines differing in forms of relationships between reality and divinity. Pantheistic concepts date back thousands of years, and pantheistic elements have been identified in various religious traditions. The term "pantheism" was coined by mathematician Joseph Raphson in 1697 and has since been used to describe the beliefs of a variety of people and organizations. | Le panthéisme est une doctrine philosophique selon laquelle "Dieu est tout". Elle se distingue du monothéisme en considérant que Dieu n'est pas un être personnel distinct du monde, mais qu'il est l'intégralité du monde ; cette conception est appelée l'immanence par opposition au principe de transcendance du Dieu créateur monothéiste. | [
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Roller in-line hockey | Roller in line hockey | Roller inline hockey, or inline hockey is a variant of hockey played on a hard, smooth surface, with players using inline skates to move and hockey sticks to shoot a hard, plastic puck into their opponent's goal to score points. There are five players including the goalkeeper from each team on the rink at a time, while teams normally consist of 16 players. | Le roller in line hockey, souvent désigné par le terme plus générique roller hockey, qui englobe également la discipline du rink hockey, ou par son nom anglais inline hockey, parfois abrégé RILH, est une des disciplines de en patins à roulettes. Il se pratique avec des patins aux roues alignées ("rollers" en ligne), généralement en intérieur. Dans certains pays comme la France, le roller in line hockey est parfois appelé « "street hockey" » lorsqu'il n'est pas pratiqué en salle, bien qu'en toute rigueur ce terme désigne une variante spécifique, jouée avec une balle. | [
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Religion in Japan | Religion au Japon | Buddhism and Shintoism are the two major religions in Japan. According to the annual statistical research on religion in 2015 by the Agency for Culture Affairs, Government of Japan, 70.4 percent of the population practices Shintoism, 69.8 percent Buddhism, 1.5 percent Christianity, and 6.9 percent other religions. Total adherents exceeds 100% because many Japanese people practice both Shintoism and Buddhism. Most of the Japanese (50% to 80% considering degrees of syncretism with Buddhism, "shinbutsu-shūgō") pray and worship ancestors and gods (神, "kami", "shin" or, archaically, "jin") at Shinto shrines or at private altars, while not identifying as "Shinto" or "Shintoist" in surveys. This is because these terms have little meaning for the majority of the Japanese, or because they define membership in Shinto organizations or sects. The term "religion" (宗教, "shūkyō") itself in Japanese culture defines only organized religions (that is, religions with specific doctrines and required membership). People who identify as "non-religious" (無宗教, "mushūkyō") in surveys actually mean that they do not belong to any religious organization, even though they may take part in Shinto rituals and worship. Jesse LeFebvre has explored the manner in which "non-religiousness" is deployed as an identity by Japanese in articulating their religious outlook. | Il existe de nombreuses religions au Japon mais les deux principales sont le shintoïsme et le bouddhisme. Ces deux religions peuvent s'exprimer simultanément sous la forme d'un syncrétisme ancien appelé. | [
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Rhône-Alpes | Rhône-Alpes | Rhône-Alpes (; Arpitan: ""; ; ) was an administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the Rhône and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris. Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region. | Rhône-Alpes ( ( ; en francoprovençal "Rôno-Arpes" ; en occitan, "Ròse-Aups") est une ancienne région française du sud-est de la France qui regroupait huit départements (l'Ain, l'Ardèche, la Drôme, l'Isère, la Loire, le Rhône, la Savoie et la Haute-Savoie) et la métropole de Lyon. Son chef-lieu était Lyon. | [
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Shikken | Shikken | The was a titular post held by a member of Hōjō clan, officially a regent of the shogunate, from 1199 to 1333, or during the Kamakura period, therefore it was head of the "bakufu" (shogunate). It was part of the era referred to as. | Par la suite, les "shikken", tous membres du clan Hōjō, gouvernaient effectivement en lieu et place du shogun (et en son nom), et étaient également chefs du "mandokoro" (sorte de ministère des Finances du "bakufu") et Yoshitoshi, le second shogun, en fit aussi les chefs du "samurai-dokoro" (sorte de ministère des Affaires militaires), après avoir éliminé le clan Wada, ce qui fait du poste de "shikken" le plus important dans le gouvernement du Japon, ayant bien plus de pouvoir que le shogun ou de l'empereur. | [
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ROT13 | ROT13 | ROT13 ("rotate by 13 places", sometimes hyphenated ROT-13) is a simple letter substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the 13th letter after it, in the alphabet. ROT13 is a special case of the Caesar cipher which was developed in ancient Rome. | Le ROT13 () est un cas particulier du chiffre de César, un algorithme simpliste de chiffrement de texte. Comme son nom l’indique, il s’agit d’un décalage de de chaque lettre du texte à chiffrer. Son principal aspect pratique est que le codage et le décodage se font exactement de la même manière. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Romanization of Japanese | Rōmaji | The romanization of Japanese is the use of Latin script to write the Japanese language. This method of writing is sometimes referred to in Japanese as. There are several different romanization systems. The three main ones are Hepburn romanization, Kunrei-shiki romanization (ISO 3602), and Nihon-shiki romanization (ISO 3602 Strict). Variants of the Hepburn system are the most widely used. | Le terme désigne les caractères de l'alphabet latin utilisés dans le cadre de l'écriture japonaise. Ils se surajoutent aux trois systèmes graphiques initiaux du japonais : les kanjis, les hiraganas et les katakanas. | [
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Qatar | Qatar | Qatar (,, or ;'; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar ( '), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. | Le Qatar (en / "qaṭar"), en forme longue l'État du Qatar (en / "dawlat qaṭar"), est un petit émirat du Moyen-Orient d'une superficie de. Le Qatar est situé sur une petite péninsule s'avançant dans le golfe Persique et reliée à la péninsule Arabique au sud, où elle a une frontière terrestre avec l'Arabie saoudite. Sa capitale est Doha, sa langue officielle l'arabe, et sa monnaie le riyal qatarien. | [
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Radiography | Radiographie | Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical radiography ("diagnostic" and "therapeutic") and industrial radiography. Similar techniques are used in airport security (where "body scanners" generally use backscatter X-ray). To create an image in conventional radiography, a beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray generator and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of the X-rays or other radiation is absorbed by the object, dependent on the object's density and structural composition. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either photographic film or a digital detector). The generation of flat two dimensional images by this technique is called projectional radiography. In computed tomography (CT scanning) an X-ray source and its associated detectors rotate around the subject which itself moves through the conical X-ray beam produced. Any given point within the subject is crossed from many directions by many different beams at different times. Information regarding attenuation of these beams is collated and subjected to computation to generate two dimensional images in three planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) which can be further processed to produce a three dimensional image. | La radiographie est une technique d'imagerie de transmission, par rayons X dans le cadre de la radiographie X, ou par rayons gamma en gammagraphie. Les rayons X sont des ondes électromagnétiques de hautes fréquences de l'ordre de 10 Hz à 10 Hz et qui pénètrent la matière "condensée" (solides et liquides). Elle permet d'obtenir un cliché dont le contraste dépend à la fois de l'épaisseur et du coefficient d'atténuation des structures traversées. | [
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Rincewind | Rincevent | Rincewind is a fictional character appearing in several of the "Discworld" novels by Terry Pratchett. He is a failed student at the Unseen University for wizards in Ankh-Morpork, and is often described by scholars as "the magical equivalent to the number zero". He spends most of his time running away from bands of people who want to kill him for various reasons. The fact that he's still alive and running is explained in that, although he was born with a wizard's spirit, he has the body of a long-distance sprinter. Rincewind is also renowned for being able to solve minor problems by turning them into major disasters. His unique "skill" is implied to be due to being the chosen one of "The Lady", the anthropomorphic personification of luck (both good and bad). | Rincevent ("Rincewind" en anglais) est un des personnages centraux de l'univers de fiction de la série des "Annales du Disque-monde", de Terry Pratchett. | [
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Robert Hue | Robert Hue | Robert Georges Auguste Hue (born 19 October 1946) is a French politician who was National Secretary of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1994 to 2001 and President of the PCF from 2001 to 2002. He served as a Deputy in the National Assembly of France from 1997 to 2002, and he has served in the Senate of France since 2004. | Robert Hue, né le à Cormeilles-en-Parisis (Seine-et-Oise), est un homme politique français. Il est secrétaire national (1994-2001) puis président (2001-2003) du Parti communiste français (PCF). Il se présente comme candidat communiste aux élections présidentielles de 1995 et de 2002. | [
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Rally for the Republic | Rassemblement pour la République | The Rally for the Republic ( ; RPR ), was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), it was founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 and presented itself as the heir of Gaullist politics. On 21 September 2002, the RPR was merged into the Union for the Presidential Majority, later renamed the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). | Le Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) est un ancien parti politique français, classé à droite, se réclamant du gaullisme, c'est-à-dire de l'œuvre et des idées politiques de Charles de Gaulle. | [
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Philippe Pétain | Philippe Pétain | Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (, ), Marshal Pétain ("Maréchal Pétain") and sometimes, The Old Marshal (), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun (). In collaboration with Nazi Germany, he then served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state. | Philippe Pétain, né le à Cauchy-à-la-Tour (Pas-de-Calais) et mort en captivité le sur l'île d'Yeu (Vendée), est un militaire, diplomate et homme d'État français. Élevé à la dignité de maréchal de France en 1918, il est frappé d'indignité nationale et déchu de sa distinction militaire en 1945. | [
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Integrated Services Digital Network | Réseau numérique à intégration de services | Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT "Red Book". Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. The ISDN standards define several kinds of access interfaces, such as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). | Un réseau numérique à intégration de services (RNIS, en anglais "ISDN" pour ) est un réseau de télécommunications constitué de liaisons numériques autorisant une meilleure qualité et des vitesses pouvant atteindre (accès E1) contre pour un modem classique. | [
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Rhône | Rhône | The Rhône (, ; ; ; ; ; ; ) is one of the major rivers of Europe and has twice the average discharge of the Loire (which is the longest French river), rising in the Rhône Glacier in the Swiss Alps at the far eastern end of the Swiss canton of Valais, passing through Lake Geneva and running through southeastern France. At Arles, near its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, the river divides into two branches, known as the Great Rhône () and the Little Rhône (). The resulting delta constitutes the Camargue region. | Le Rhône ( en français standard ou en français régional) est un fleuve d'Europe, long de 812 kilomètres (un tiers en Suisse et deux tiers en France). | [
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René Dumont | René Dumont | René Dumont (March 13, 1904 – June 18, 2001) was a French engineer in agronomy, a sociologist, and an environmental politician. | René Dumont, né le à Cambrai (Nord) et mort le à Fontenay-sous-Bois (Val-de-Marne), est un agronome français, connu pour son combat pour le développement rural des pays pauvres et son engagement écologiste. Il est le premier candidat à s'être présenté sous l'étiquette écologiste à une élection présidentielle française, en 1974. C'est un auteur prolifique avec près de 70 ouvrages dont "L'Afrique noire est mal partie" en 1962 et "L'Utopie ou la mort!" en 1973. | [
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Rhythm and blues | Rhythm and blues | Rhythm and blues, abbreviated as R&B, is a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, one or more saxophones, and sometimes background vocalists. R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy, as well as triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, economics, and aspirations. | Le rhythm and blues (aussi écrit « rhythm 'n' blues »), ou R&B (aussi écrit « R'n'B » ou « RnB », pour la même prononciation), est un genre de musique populaire afro-américaine ayant émergé dans les années 1940. Le terme est originellement utilisé par les compagnies de disque pour décrire des albums ciblant uniquement la communauté afro-américaine urbaine, à une époque durant laquelle commençait à se populariser. Le genre mêle des éléments sonores en provenance du gospel, du blues et du jazz. | [
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Ruby | Rubis | A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The word "ruby" comes from "ruber", Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium. | c Le rubis est la variété rouge de la famille minérale du corindon. Sa couleur est causée principalement par la présence d'atomes de chrome (les corindons sans la présence de chrome sont les saphirs), à hauteur d'environ 2% au maximum. Le rubis est classé comme pierre gemme en joaillerie, où il est utilisé. Il a une dureté de 9 sur l'échelle de Mohs. Parmi les minéraux, ceux qui ont une dureté supérieure sont le diamant (10 sur l'échelle de Mohs), la lonsdaléite (controversé) et la moissanite (9,5 sur l'échelle de Mohs). | [
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Requiem for a Dream | Requiem for a Dream | Requiem for a Dream is a 2000 American psychological drama film directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Ellen Burstyn, Jared Leto, Jennifer Connelly, and Marlon Wayans. It is based on the 1978 novel of the same name by Hubert Selby Jr., with whom Aronofsky wrote the screenplay. The film depicts four characters affected by drug addiction and how it alters their physical and emotional state. Their addictions cause them to become imprisoned in a world of delusion and desperation. As the film progresses, each character deteriorates, and their reality is overtaken by delusion, resulting in catastrophe. | , ou Retour à Brooklyn au Québec, est un film américain de Darren Aronofsky, sorti en 2000. Il s'agit d'une adaptation du roman "Retour à Brooklyn" d'Hubert Selby, qui a coécrit le scénario avec le réalisateur. | [
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Ra | Rê | Ra (; or "rʕ;" also transliterated "rʕw" ; cuneiform: "ri-a" or "ri-ia") or Re (;, "Rē") is the ancient Egyptian deity of the sun. By the Fifth Dynasty in the 25th and 24th centuries BC, he had become one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the noon sun. Ra was believed to rule in all parts of the created world: the sky, the Earth, and the underworld. He was the god of the sun, order, kings, and the sky. | Rê (ou Râ) est un dieu solaire dans la mythologie égyptienne, créateur de l'univers. Il peut apparaître sous plusieurs autres formes, celle de Khépri, le scarabée bousier : symbolisant la naissance ou la renaissance ou encore Atoum, l'être achevé (le clergé égyptien expliquait que l'astre solaire pouvait revêtir des formes différentes lors de sa course dans le ciel : Khépri était le soleil levant tandis que Rê était le soleil à son zénith et Atoum, le soleil couchant). Au fil du temps, Atoum (le soleil couchant), est assimilé progressivement par les théologiens égyptiens à la forme de Rê (le soleil à son zénith), de sorte que l'on parle de Rê-Atoum, le dieu créateur, qui préside la Grande Ennéade constituée des neuf dieux principaux. Par la suite, Rê a également été associé à plusieurs autres dieux comme Amon pour devenir Amon-Rê. | [
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Renewable resource | Ressource renouvelable | A renewable resource is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability. | Une ressource renouvelable est une ressource naturelle dont le stock peut se reconstituer sur une période courte à l'échelle humaine de temps, en se renouvelant au moins aussi vite qu'elle est consommée. | [
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Roller skating | Patinage à roulettes | Roller skating is the traveling on surfaces with roller skates. It is a form of recreational activity as well as a sport, and can also be a form of transportation. In fact, as the United States readied for World War II, the government entertained the notion to add roller skates as essential equipment to move infantry around Europe to save gas. Skates generally come in three basic varieties: quad roller skates, inline skates or blades and tri-skates, though some have experimented with a single-wheeled "quintessence skate" or other variations on the basic skate design. In America, this hobby was most popular first between 1935 and the early 1960s and then in the 1970s, when polyurethane wheels were created and disco music oriented roller rinks were the rage and then again in the 1990s when in-line outdoor roller skating, thanks to the improvement made to inline roller skates in 1981 by Scott Olson, took hold. | Le patinage à roulettes ou roller (abréviation de l'anglais "" qui signifie « patinage à roulettes »), est un mode de déplacement qui consiste à se déplacer sur des chaussures montées sur roues, appelées patins à roulettes ou rollers. | [
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Public switched telephone network | Réseau téléphonique commuté | The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core network and includes mobile and other networks, as well as fixed telephones. | Le réseau téléphonique commuté (RTC) ou réseau téléphonique commuté public (RTCP) (en anglais, "public switched telephone network" ou "PSTN") est le réseau historique des téléphones fixes, dans lequel un poste d'abonné est relié à un commutateur téléphonique du réseau public par une paire de fils alimentée en batterie centrale intégrale (la boucle locale). Les commutateurs téléphoniques sont eux-mêmes reliés entre eux par des liens offrant un débit de, ce sont les blocs primaires numériques (BPN) ou par des liaisons optiques PDH ou SDH plus performantes. | [
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Radio astronomy | Radioastronomie | Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies. The first detection of radio waves from an astronomical object was in 1932, when Karl Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories observed radiation coming from the Milky Way. Subsequent observations have identified a number of different sources of radio emission. These include stars and galaxies, as well as entirely new classes of objects, such as radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, and masers. The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation, regarded as evidence for the Big Bang theory, was made through radio astronomy. | La radioastronomie est une branche de l'astronomie traitant de l'observation du ciel dans le domaine des ondes radio. C'est une science relativement jeune qui est née dans les années 1930 mais qui n'a pris son essor que dans les années 1950/1960 avec la réalisation de grands instruments (Parkes, Greenbank, Arecibo, Jodrell Bank, Westerbork et Nançay). Tout le spectre radio présente un intérêt pour l'astronomie et la cosmologie mais pour des raisons techniques les fréquences observées sont limitées à l'intervalle compris entre 1 MHz et environ GHz. | [
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Soil retrogression and degradation | Régression et dégradation des sols | Soil retrogression and degradation are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is primarily due to soil erosion and corresponds to a phenomenon where succession reverts the land to its natural physical state. Degradation is an evolution, different from natural evolution, related to the local climate and vegetation. It is due to the replacement of primary plant communities (known as climax vegetation) by the secondary communities. This replacement modifies the humus composition and amount, and affects the formation of the soil. It is directly related to human activity. Soil degradation may also be viewed as any change or ecological disturbance to the soil perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. | Dans le domaine de la pédologie et de l'écologie, la régression et la dégradation sont des processus d'évolution associés à une perte d'équilibre d'un sol antérieurement stable. Ce type d'érosion des sols commence généralement avec la destruction du couvert végétal, phénomène déjà cité par Platon (400 ans ) dans le Critias : | [
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Roman Polanski | Roman Polanski | Roman Polański (, ; born Raymond Thierry Liebling, 18 August 1933) is a Polish-French film director, producer, writer, and actor. Since 1978, Polanski has been a fugitive from the U.S. criminal justice system; he fled the country while awaiting sentencing in his sexual abuse case on charges of drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl and after pleading guilty to statutory rape. | Roman Polański, souvent francisé en Roman Polanski, né Raymond Thierry Liebling le à Paris, est un réalisateur, producteur et scénariste franco-polonais, également comédien, ainsi que metteur en scène de théâtre et d'opéra. | [
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Reggae | Reggae | Reggae () is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern popular music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals, "Do the Reggay" was the first popular song to use the word "reggae", effectively naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience. While sometimes used in a broad sense to refer to most types of popular Jamaican dance music, the term "reggae" more properly denotes a particular music style that was strongly influenced by traditional mento as well as American jazz and rhythm and blues, especially the New Orleans R&B practiced by Fats Domino and Allen Toussaint, and evolved out of the earlier genres ska and rocksteady. Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political commentary. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as "rudie blues", then "ska", later "blue beat", and "rock steady". It is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rocksteady; from the latter, reggae took over the use of the bass as a percussion instrument. | Le reggae est un genre musical issu du ska et du rocksteady qui a émergé à la fin des années 1960 en Jamaïque dont il est l'une des plus populaires expressions musicales. Le nom de cette musique est issu du titre d'une chanson de Frederic Toots Hibbert intitulée Do the Reggay (1967). Elle devient mondialement connue dans les années 1970, dans le sillage du succès de Bob Marley et s'impose comme un style musical porteur d'une culture qui lui est propre. Abordant des thèmes souvent liés à des questions politiques et sociales, le reggae s'est forgé une réputation de musique des opprimés. Intimement lié au mouvement rastafari, lui-même né en Jamaïque, le reggae n'en n'est pas indissociable et est même rejeté par certains adeptes de cette foi. Ayant pris une dimension mondiale le reggae est désormais joué par des groupes d'origines diverses, chanté dans une large variété de langues et est composé de différents sous-genres. En 2018, l'UNESCO classe cette musique au patrimoine immatériel de l'Humanité. | [
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Ruby (programming language) | Ruby | Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. | Ruby est un langage de programmation libre. Il est interprété, orienté objet et multi-paradigme. Le langage a été standardisé au Japon en 2011 (JIS X 3017:2011), et en 2012 par l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO 30170:2012). | [
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Redmond, Washington | Redmond (Washington) | Redmond is a city in King County, Washington, United States, located east of Seattle. The population was 54,144 at the 2010 census and an estimated 71,929 in 2019. Redmond is commonly recognized as the home of Microsoft and Nintendo of America. With an annual bike race on city streets and the state's only velodrome, Redmond is also known as the "Bicycle Capital of the Northwest". | Redmond est une ville américaine du comté de King, dans l'État de Washington (États-Unis). La ville est située dans la banlieue de Seattle. | [
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Golomb ruler | Règle de Golomb | In mathematics, a Golomb ruler is a set of marks at integer positions along an imaginary ruler such that no two pairs of marks are the same distance apart. The number of marks on the ruler is its "order", and the largest distance between two of its marks is its "length". Translation and reflection of a Golomb ruler are considered trivial, so the smallest mark is customarily put at 0 and the next mark at the smaller of its two possible values. | En mathématiques, une règle de Golomb, appelée ainsi en l'honneur du mathématicien Solomon W. Golomb, est une règle munie de marques à des positions entières, telle que deux paires de marques ne soient jamais à la même distance ; en d'autres termes, chaque couple de marques mesure une longueur différente des autres. Puisque n'importe quelle « translation entière » d'une règle de Golomb donne une règle de Golomb, la première marque est généralement portée sur 0. | [
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Roland Charles Wagner | Roland C. Wagner | Roland C. Wagner (6 September 1960 – 5 August 2012) was a French writer of humorous science fiction. Since his professional debut in 1981, he had written around one hundred novellas and around fifty novels. He was the only writer to have received the Prix Rosny-Aîné seven times, as well as many other awards. | , né le à Bab El Oued et mort le à Laruscade, est un écrivain français de science-fiction. En l'espace d'une trentaine d'années (1981-2012), il publia une centaine de nouvelles et une cinquantaine de romans, à tendance souvent humoristique, qui explorent tous les genres de science-fiction. Ces écrits lui valent, entre autres, le prix Tour Eiffel, le prix Ozone et sept fois le prix Rosny aîné ; le grand prix de l'Imaginaire récompense ses deux œuvres majeures : le cycle "Les Futurs Mystères de Paris" en 1999 et le roman uchronique "Rêves de gloire" en 2012. | [
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Non-renewable resource | Ressource non renouvelable | A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a quick enough pace to keep up with consumption. An example is carbon-based fossil fuel. The original organic matter, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are always conserved (except in nuclear reactions). | Une ressource naturelle est qualifiée de non renouvelable ou épuisable lorsque sa vitesse de destruction dépasse, largement ou non, sa vitesse de création. Ainsi un sol se forme en quelques siècles à plusieurs millénaires suivant les conditions chimiques, physiques et biologiques et est actuellement détruit dans certaines régions en quelques dizaines d'années, voire quelques années. On peut aussi rapprocher l'actuelle destruction accélérée des espèces d'une ressource. On parle au contraire de ressource renouvelable lorsque leur production est possible sur un temps court (production animale, végétale...) et ne consomme pas elle-même une ressource non renouvelable, ou lorsque la ressource n'est pas détruite par l'usage (énergie marémotrice, énergie éolienne, énergie solaire). | [
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Regions of France | Région française | France is divided into 18 administrative regions (, singular ), of which 13 are located in metropolitan France (i.e. on the European continent), while the other five are overseas regions (not be confused with the "overseas collectivities", which have a semi-autonomous status). | En France, une région est une collectivité territoriale issue de la décentralisation, dotée de la personnalité juridique et d'une liberté d'administration, ainsi qu'une division administrative du territoire et des services déconcentrés de l'État. Les régions sont régies par le titre XII de la Constitution de 1958 et la quatrième partie du code général des collectivités territoriales. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
RSA (cryptosystem) | Chiffrement RSA | RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is one of the first public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and distinct from the decryption key which is kept secret (private). In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the "factoring problem". The acronym RSA is the initial letters of the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician working for the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), had developed an equivalent system in 1973, which was not declassified until 1997. | Le chiffrement RSA (nommé par les initiales de ses trois inventeurs) est un algorithme de cryptographie asymétrique, très utilisé dans le commerce électronique, et plus généralement pour échanger des données confidentielles sur Internet. Cet algorithme a été décrit en 1977 par Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir et Leonard Adleman. RSA a été breveté par le Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) en 1983 aux États-Unis. Le brevet a expiré le 21 septembre 2000. | [
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Reblochon | Reblochon | Reblochon () is a soft washed-rind and smear-ripened French cheese made in the Alpine region of Savoy from raw cow's milk. It has its own AOC designation. | Reblochon ou reblochon de Savoie est une appellation d'origine désignant un fromage français produit principalement en Haute-Savoie et dans quelques communes de Savoie. Cette appellation est originaire du massif des Bornes et des Aravis, principalement la vallée de Thônes, et s'est étendue au val d'Arly et du massif des Bauges. | [
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Rocksteady | Rocksteady | Rocksteady is a music genre that originated in Jamaica around 1966. A successor of ska and a precursor to reggae, rocksteady was the dominant style of music in Jamaica for nearly two years, performed by many of the artists who helped establish reggae. For example harmony groups such as The Techniques, The Paragons, The Heptones and The Gaylads; soulful singers such as Alton Ellis, Delroy Wilson, Bob Andy, Ken Booth and Phyllis Dillon; musicians such as Jackie Mittoo, Lynn Taitt and Tommy McCook. The term "rocksteady" comes from a popular (slower) dance style mentioned in the Alton Ellis song 'Rocksteady' that matched the new sound. Some rocksteady songs became hits outside Jamaica, as with ska, helping to secure the international base reggae music has today. | Le rocksteady est un genre musical ayant émergé en 1966 en Jamaïque, issu du ska et classifié actuellement comme un sous-genre du reggae, malgré son antériorité. Il est le résultat de la transformation du ska, rythme à quatre temps, en un tempo binaire, plus lent, avec généralement moins de cuivres mais davantage de place accordée aux claviers et au chant. Successeur du ska, précurseur du reggae, le rocksteady est joué par des groupes vocaux jamaïcains tels que The Gaylads, The Maytals ou The Paragons, qui se sont souvent illustrés d'abord dans le ska. En tant que style de musique populaire, le rocksteady a connu une existence courte ; son heure de gloire a duré environ deux années, de 1966 au printemps 1968. | [
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Resistance movement | Résistance (politique) | A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability. It may seek to achieve its objectives through either the use of nonviolent resistance (sometimes called civil resistance), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed. In many cases, as for example in Norway in the Second World War, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non-violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country. | Le terme de « résistance » a connu, dans le contexte historique et politique, des usages divers. Depuis le, il tend à désigner spécifiquement un « mouvement qui s'oppose à l'occupation d'un pays par des forces étrangères, à partir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ». Toute utilisation du terme « résistance » à une époque antérieure est donc porteuse de confusion, bien que le terme de "parti de la résistance" ait été utilisé un temps en France, au, pour désigner les conservateurs. | [
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Ragga | Ragga | Raggamuffin music, usually abbreviated as ragga, is a subgenre of dancehall and reggae music. The instrumentals primarily consist of electronic music. Similar to hip hop, sampling often serves a prominent role in raggamuffin music. | Le ragga, abréviation de raggamuffin (« va-nu-pieds », « galopin »), désigne une attitude liée à un milieu social (débrouillard) et un sous-genre musical issu du reggae, la branche consciente du genre dancehall. Né d'une association entre état d'esprit et genre musical, cet amalgame ne se retrouve principalement qu'en France et en Espagne ; aux Pays-Bas on dit "bubbling". Le terme ragga est donc proche du terme dancehall, quelle que soit l'époque à laquelle on fait référence. | [
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Rude boy | Rude boys | Rude boy, rudeboy, rudie, rudi, and rudy are slang terms that originated in 1960s Jamaican street culture, and that are still used today. In the late 1970s, the 2 tone ska revival in England saw the terms "rude boy" and "rude girl", among other variations, being used to describe fans of that genre. This use of the word moved into the more contemporary ska punk movement as well. In the UK, the terms "rude boy" and "rude girl" are used in a similar way to "gangsta" or "badman". | Rude Boy, "rudeboy", "rudie", "rudi" et "rudy" sont des termes argotiques qui ont pris naissance dans les années 1960 dans les rues de Jamaïque et qui sont encore utilisés aujourd'hui. À la fin des années 1970, au Royaume-Uni, le "2 Tone ska" utilise le terme rude boy et rude girl (ainsi que d'autres variantes) pour décrire les fans du genre. Ces termes sont, de manière plus moderne, utilisés pour les mouvements ska punk. Aujourd'hui au Royaume-Uni le terme "rude boy" est utilisé d'une manière similaire à "gangsta" ou "badman" ("mauvais garçon"). | [
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Renaud | Renaud | Renaud Pierre Manuel Séchan (), known as Renaud (; born 11 May 1952), is a popular French singer, songwriter and actor. His characteristically 'broken' voice makes for a very distinctive vocal style. Several of his songs are popular classics in France, including the sea tale "Dès que le vent soufflera", the irreverent "Laisse béton", the ballad "Morgane de toi" and the nostalgic "Mistral gagnant". However, with the exception of a recording of "Miss Maggie" in English and a franglais recording of "It is not because you are", his work is almost unknown outside the French-speaking world. | Renaud Séchan, dit Renaud, né le à Paris, est un auteur-compositeur-interprète français. Avec vingt-six albums totalisant quasiment vingt millions d'exemplaires vendus, Renaud est l'un des chanteurs les plus populaires en France et l'un des plus connus dans la francophonie. Ses chansons, aux textes volontiers émaillés d'argot, abordent des thèmes aussi bien légers que graves, faisant alterner humour, émotion et critique sociale. | [
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Rhetoric | Rhétorique | Rhetoric () is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic – see Martianus Capella), is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the capacities of writers or speakers needed to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Aristotle defines rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" and since mastery of the art was necessary for victory in a case at law; or for passage of proposals in the assembly; or for fame as a speaker in civic ceremonies; he calls it "a combination of the science of logic and of the ethical branch of politics". Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric or phases of developing a persuasive speech were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. | La rhétorique est à la fois la science et l'art de l'action du discours sur les esprits. Le mot provient du latin ', emprunté au grec ancien ('), qui se traduit par. Plus précisément, selon Ruth Amossy :. | [
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Richard Stallman | Richard Stallman | Richard Matthew Stallman (; born March 16, 1953), often known by his initials, rms, and occasionally upper-case RMS, is an American free software movement activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in a manner such that its users receive the freedoms to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software that ensures these freedoms is termed free software. Stallman launched the GNU Project, founded the Free Software Foundation, developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote the GNU General Public License. | Richard Matthew Stallman, né le à Manhattan, connu aussi sous les initiales rms (en minuscules), est un programmeur et militant du logiciel libre. Initiateur du mouvement du logiciel libre, il lance, en 1983, le projet GNU et la licence publique générale GNU connue aussi sous le sigle GPL. Il a popularisé le terme anglais « "copyleft" ». Programmeur renommé de la communauté informatique américaine et internationale, il a développé de nombreux logiciels dont les plus connus des développeurs sont l’éditeur de texte, le ("GCC"), le ("gdb") mais aussi, en collaboration avec Roland McGrath, le moteur de production. | [
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Romani language | Romani | Romani (; also Romany; ) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities. According to Ethnologue, seven varieties of Romani are divergent enough to be considered languages of their own. The largest of these are Vlax Romani (about 500,000 speakers), Balkan Romani (600,000), and Sinte Romani (300,000). Some Romani communities speak mixed languages based on the surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary – these are known by linguists as Para-Romani varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself. | Le romani, rromani ou rromanès, est une langue indo-aryenne originaire du nord de l’Inde : elle fait partie du groupe des langues indo-aryennes du Nord-Ouest qui comprend également le pendjabi, le sindhi et d’autres, issues d’une seule langue populaire ou prâkrit parlée dans la vallée de l’Indus et dont l’origine s'enracine dans le sanskrit. On la dit parlée par une partie des "Romane Chave" (dits aussi « Bohémiens », « Gitans », « Manouches », « Romanichels », « Tziganes » et autres), dont les ancêtres auraient entrepris une migration lente et diffuse vers l’Ouest depuis le début du à travers les territoires des Turcs Ghaznévides et Seldjoukides (route du Sud) et des khanats de la Horde d'or, de Hadjitarkhan et de Crimée (route du Nord). L'unité de la langue, voire son existence même en tant que langue « purifiée » et « originaire », est cependant discutée, certains chercheurs parlant d'une « fiction historique », liée à une ethnogenèse récente (comparable à l'invention d'une langue unifiée dans beaucoup d'États-nations européens). De fait, de nombreux Roms parlent d'autres langues (catalan ou caló, français, roumain, bulgare, etc.). | [
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Request for Comments | Request for comments | Request for Comments (RFC), in information and communications technology, is a type of text document from the technology community. An RFC document may come from many bodies including from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), or from independent authors. The RFC system is supported by the Internet Society (ISOC). | Les (RFC), littéralement « demande de commentaires », sont une série numérotée de documents officiels décrivant les aspects et spécifications techniques d'Internet, ou de différents matériels informatiques (routeurs, serveur DHCP). Peu de RFC sont des standards, mais tous les documents publiés par l'IETF sont des RFC. | [
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Super Monkey Ball (video game) | Super Monkey Ball (jeu vidéo) | Conceived by Amusement Vision head Toshihiro Nagoshi, "Super Monkey Ball" involves guiding a transparent ball containing one of four monkeys—AiAi, MeeMee, Baby, and GonGon—across a series of maze-like platforms. The player must reach the goal without falling off or letting the timer reach zero to advance to the next stage. There are also several multiplayer modes: independent minigames as well as extensions of the main single-player game. | Super Monkey Ball est un "party game" développé par Amusement Vision et édité par Sega, sorti en 2001 sur borne d'arcade, puis adapté en 2002 sur GameCube et en 2003. Le jeu devait initialement sortir sur Dreamcast. | [
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Simputer | Simputer | The Simputer was a self-contained, open hardware Linux-based handheld computer, first released in 2002. Developed in, and primarily distributed within India, the product was envisioned as a low-cost alternative to personal computers. With initial goals of selling 50,000 simputers, the project had sold only about 4,000 units by 2005, and has been called a failure by news sources. | Simputer désigne un assistant numérique conçu en Inde afin de proposer un ordinateur simple, peu onéreux et multilingue aux populations rurales pauvres et souvent peu alphabétisées. Présenté en 2001, il est lancé en 2004 sous l'appellation Amida Simputer. | [
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Reptile | Reptile | Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology. | Le nom reptiles (du latin "reptile", « rampant ») désigne des animaux terrestres à température variable (ectothermes), au corps souvent allongé et recouvert d'écailles, et dont la démarche, pattes écartées et corps proche du sol, est proche de la reptation. Ce groupe, que les sources notamment antérieures au considèrent comme un taxon dénommé "Reptilia", inclut dans ce cas des animaux disparus comme les dinosaures, les ichthyosaures, les plésiosaures, les pliosaures, les ptérosaures. Depuis l'essor de la cladistique et surtout du cladisme, un nombre croissant de chercheurs considère que le mot "reptile" ne doit plus être utilisé comme un taxon valide car il ne désigne pas un groupe "holophylétique" dont les espèces descendent toutes d'un ancêtre commun « reptilien » exclusif, mais forment un regroupement "paraphylétique" d'espèces semblables par les caractères de l'ectothermie et des écailles. Le groupe « reptiles » serait ainsi paraphylétique parce que les ancêtres communs du groupe ont aussi produit une descendance ne possédant pas de tels caractères : les mammifères et les oiseaux. | [
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Saône-et-Loire | Saône-et-Loire | Saône-et-Loire (; Arpitan: "Sona-et-Lêre") is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of central-eastern France. Named after the Saône and Loire between which it lies, it had a population of 555,023 in 2016. Its prefecture is Mâcon and subprefectures are Autun, Chalon-sur-Saône, Charolles and Louhans. | Le département de Saône-et-Loire ( ) est un département français de la région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté dont la préfecture est Mâcon. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le. Il s'agit du département le plus peuplé de la région. | [
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Sushi | Sushi | Sushi is traditionally made with medium-grain white rice, though it can be prepared with brown rice or short-grain rice. It is very often prepared with seafood, such as squid, eel, yellowtail, salmon, tuna or imitation crab meat. Many types of sushi are vegetarian. It is often served with pickled ginger ("gari"), "wasabi", and soy sauce. Daikon radish or pickled daikon ("takuan") are popular garnishes for the dish. | Le est un plat traditionnel japonais, composé d'un riz vinaigré appelé combiné avec un autre ingrédient appelé qui est habituellement du poisson cru ou des fruits de mer. Cette forme d'art culinaire est un des emblèmes de la cuisine japonaise dans le monde, alors que sa consommation n'est qu'occasionnelle au Japon. Les types de sushis les plus répandus sont les "nigirizushi", constitués d'une boule de "shari" formée à la main recouverte d'une tranche de "neta", les "makizushi" qui sont des rouleaux de "nori" renfermant du "shari" et d'autres ingrédients ou le "chirashizushi" composé de "shari" recouvert de divers accompagnements. Il ne faut pas confondre les sushis avec les sashimis, un plat japonais constitué de tranches de poisson cru. | [
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Sake | Saké | Sake, also spelled "saké" (, also referred to as "Japanese rice wine)", is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. Despite the name, unlike wine, in which alcohol is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in fruit (typically grapes), sake, and indeed any East Asian rice wine, is produced by a brewing process more akin to that of beer, where starch is converted into sugars, which ferment into alcohol. | En français, le mot saké désigne une boisson alcoolisée japonaise à base de riz. Il s'agit d'un alcool de riz, produit comme la bière par fermentation répétée, titrant de 14 à 17°. En japonais, bien que ce même terme ou désigne cette boisson, son sens peut s'étendre selon le contexte à toute boisson alcoolisée, aussi les Japonais utilisent-ils plutôt le terme, pour être plus spécifique. | [
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René Goscinny | René Goscinny | René Goscinny (, ; 14 August 1926 – 5 November 1977) was a French comic editor and writer, who created the "Astérix" comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo. Raised largely in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he attended French schools, he lived for a time in the United States. There he met Belgian cartoonist Morris. After his return to France, they collaborated for more than 20 years on the comic series "Lucky Luke" (in what was considered the series' golden age.) | René Goscinny, né le à Paris où il est mort le, est un scénariste de bande dessinée, journaliste, écrivain et humoriste français, également réalisateur et scénariste de films. | [
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Sarthe | Sarthe (département) | Sarthe () is a department of the French region of Pays de la Loire situated in the "Grand-Ouest" of the country. It is named after the River Sarthe, which flows from east of Le Mans to just north of Angers. | La Sarthe ( ) est un département français de la région Pays de la Loire. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Sarthois". L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le. Son chef-lieu est Le Mans. | [
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Salt Lake City | Salt Lake City | Salt Lake City (often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC) is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah, as well as the seat of Salt Lake County, the most populous county in Utah. With an estimated population of 200,567 in 2019, the city is the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, which has a population of 1,222,540 (2018 estimate). Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City–Ogden–Provo Combined Statistical Area, a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along a segment of the Wasatch Front, comprising a population of 2,606,548 (as of 2018 estimates). It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. | Salt Lake City () est une ville des États-Unis, capitale de l’État de l'Utah et siège du comté de Salt Lake. | [
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Shinto | Shintoïsme | Shinto, also known as kami-no-michi, is a religion originating in Japan. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners "Shintoists", although adherents rarely use that term themselves. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners. | Le ou shintoïsme (//) est un ensemble de croyances datant de l'histoire ancienne du Japon, parfois reconnues comme religion. Elle mélange des éléments polythéistes et animistes. Il s'agit de la plus ancienne religion connue du Japon et particulièrement liée à sa mythologie. Le terme « "shintō" », lecture sino-japonaise, ou "kami no michi", est apparu pour différencier cette vieille religion du bouddhisme « importé » de Chine au Japon au. Ses pratiquants seraient aujourd'hui plus de 90 millions au Japon. | [
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Ashikaga shogunate | Shoguns Ashikaga | The, also known as the, was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1338 to 1573. | Les shoguns Ashikaga dirigeaient le régime militaire féodal appelé. Cette époque des shoguns du clan Ashikaga est aussi connue sous le nom de « période Muromachi », du nom du quartier de Kyōto où le troisième shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu établit sa résidence. | [
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Kamakura shogunate | Shogunat de Kamakura | The Kamakura Shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, "Kamakura bakufu") was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura Period from 1185 to 1333. | Au Japon, le shogunat de Kamakura (鎌倉幕府, "Kamakura Bakufu") fut un gouvernement militaire féodal de la période de Kamakura de 1185 (ou 1192, date à laquelle Minamoto no Yoritomo est officiellement nommé Shogun) à 1333. Il doit son nom à la ville de Kamakura, où était installé le gouvernement shogunal. | [
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Shogun | Shogun | The shoguns officials were collectively referred to as the "bakufu," or "tent government"; they were the ones who carried out the actual duties of administration, while the Imperial court retained only nominal authority. The tent symbolized the shoguns role as the military's field commander, but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary. Nevertheless, the institution, known in English as the shogunate ( ), persisted for nearly 700 years, ending when Tokugawa Yoshinobu relinquished the office to Emperor Meiji in 1867 as part of the Meiji Restoration. | Le terme shogun (ou shogoun), du japonais, signifie « général » ; il s'agit de l'abréviation de, que l'on peut traduire par « grand général pacificateur des barbares ». Néanmoins, après qu'il fut attribué à Minamoto no Yoritomo, il devint un titre indiquant souvent le dirigeant "de facto" du Japon (dictateur militaire), alors même que l'empereur restait le dirigeant "de jure" (en quelque sorte le gardien des traditions). Le titre de "seii taishōgun" fut par la suite abandonné lors de la constitution au du "kazoku", c'est-à-dire de la noblesse japonaise. | [
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Emoticon | Émoticône | An emoticon (,, rarely pronounced ), short for "emotion icon", also known simply as an emote, is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters—usually punctuation marks, numbers, and letters—to express a person's feelings or mood, or as a time-saving method. The first ASCII emoticons, codice_1 and codice_2, were written by Scott Fahlman in 1982, but emoticons actually originated on the PLATO IV computer system in 1972. | Une émoticône est une courte figuration symbolique d'une émotion, d'un état d'esprit, d'un ressenti, d'une ambiance ou d'une intensité, utilisée dans un discours écrit. | [
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Tokugawa shogunate | Shogunat Tokugawa | The, also known as the, was the feudal military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1868. | Le est une dynastie de shoguns qui dirigèrent le Japon de 1603 à 1867. Le premier shogun de la dynastie fut Tokugawa Ieyasu, le dernier fut Tokugawa Yoshinobu. Leur règne est plus connu sous le nom d'époque d'Edo, du nom de la ville qu'ils choisirent pour capitale : Edo (aujourd'hui Tokyo) afin de s'éloigner de Kyoto, la capitale impériale. | [
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Stéphane Mallarmé | Stéphane Mallarmé | Stéphane Mallarmé (, ; 18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), pen name of Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism. | Étienne Mallarmé, dit Stéphane Mallarmé, né à Paris le et mort à Valvins (commune de Vulaines-sur-Seine, Seine-et-Marne) le, est un poète français, également enseignant, traducteur et critique d'art. | [
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Computer mouse | Souris (informatique) | A computer mouse (plural mice or mouses) is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer. | Une souris est un dispositif de pointage pour ordinateur. Elle est composée d'un petit boîtier fait pour tenir sous la main, sur lequel se trouvent un ou plusieurs boutons, et une molette dans la plupart des cas. | [
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Santiago | Santiago | Santiago ( ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whose total population is 7 million, of which more than 6 million live in the city's continuous urban area. The city is entirely located in the country's central valley. Most of the city lies between above mean sea level. | Santiago ou Santiago du Chili ( "" ) est la capitale du Chili, pays d'Amérique latine. Elle est située dans la Vallée Centrale. Ses habitants s’appellent les Santiagois ("Santiaguinos" en espagnol). | [
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Sport | Sport | Sport includes all forms of competitive physical activity or games which, through casual or organized participation, at least in part aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators. Sports can bring positive results to one's physical health. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, simultaneously or consecutively, with one winner; in others, the contest (a "match") is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others provide tie-breaking methods to ensure one winner and one loser. A number of contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion. Many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. | Le sport est un ensemble d'exercices physiques se pratiquant sous forme de jeux individuels ou collectifs pouvant donner lieu à des compétitions. Le sport est un phénomène presque universel dans le temps et dans l'espace humain. La Grèce antique, la Rome antique, Byzance, l'Occident médiéval puis moderne, mais aussi l'Amérique précolombienne ou l'Asie, sont tous marqués par l'importance du sport. Certaines périodes sont surtout marquées par des interdits. | [
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Shinjuku | Shinjuku | Shinjuku is also commonly used to refer to the entire area surrounding Shinjuku Station. The southern half of this area and of the station in fact belong to Yoyogi and Sendagaya districts of the neighboring Shibuya ward. | Shinjuku est l'arrondissement de Tokyo comptant le plus grand nombre d'étrangers. Au 1 octobre 2005, on en comptait de 107 nationalités différentes. Il s'agit d'abord de ressortissants de Corée (du Nord et du Sud), de Chine, du Viêt Nam, de Birmanie et des Philippines. | [
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International System of Units | Système international d'unités | The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French "") is the modern form of the metric system. It is the only system of measurement with an official status in nearly every country in the world. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement starting with seven base units, which are the second (the unit of time with the symbol s), metre (length, m), kilogram (mass, kg), ampere (electric current, A), kelvin (thermodynamic temperature, K), mole (amount of substance, mol), and candela (luminous intensity, cd). The system allows for an unlimited number of additional units, called derived units, which can always be represented as products of powers of the base units. Twenty-two derived units have been provided with special names and symbols. The seven base units and the 22 derived units with special names and symbols may be used in combination to express other derived units, which are adopted to facilitate measurement of diverse quantities. The SI system also provides twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying power-of-ten (i.e. decimal) multiples and sub-multiples of SI units. The SI is intended to be an evolving system; units and prefixes are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. | Le Système international d'unités (abrégé en SI), inspiré du système métrique, est le système d'unités le plus largement employé au monde ; mais il n'est pas officiellement utilisé aux États-Unis, au Liberia et en Birmanie. Il s’agit d’un système décimal (on passe d’une unité à ses multiples ou sous-multiples à l’aide de puissances de 10) sauf pour la mesure du temps et des angles. C’est la Conférence générale des poids et mesures, rassemblant des délégués des États membres de la Convention du Mètre, qui décide de son évolution, tous les quatre ans, à Paris. L’abréviation de « Système international » est SI, quelle que soit la langue utilisée. | [
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Public service | Service public | Public service is a service intended to serve all members of a community. It is usually provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing provision of services. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, for social and political reasons they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors. Public policy when made in the public's interest and motivations can provide public services. Public service is also a course that can be studied at a college or university. Examples of public services are the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics. See also: Public service broadcasting. | La notion de service public peut désigner : Collectivité publique, pouvoirs publics, administration publique et service public sont souvent employés de façon interchangeable, mais ont des définitions techniques distinctes. | [
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Sahara | Sahara | The Sahara (, ;, ', 'the Greatest Desert') is a desert located on the African continent. It is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for "desert",'( ). | Le Sahara (en "",, « le grand désert », en berbère : ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ "Tiniri" ou "Tenere") est un vaste désert chaud situé dans la partie nord du continent africain. Il s'étend sur d'ouest en est, de l'océan Atlantique à la mer Rouge, et couvre plus de (soit près de 30 % de la surface du continent africain), ce qui en fait la plus grande étendue de terre aride d'un seul tenant dans le monde. | [
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Earth science | Sciences de la Terre | Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical and chemical constitution of the Earth and its atmosphere. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. Earth science encompasses four main branches of study, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere, each of which is further broken down into more specialized fields. | Les sciences de la Terre, ou géosciences, regroupent les sciences dont l'objet est l'étude de la Terre (lithosphère, hydrosphère, atmosphère et biosphère) et de son environnement spatial ; en tant que planète, la Terre sert de modèle à l'étude des planètes telluriques. | [
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Switzerland | Suisse | Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a country situated in the confluence of Western, Central, and Southern Europe. It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps, and the Jura, spanning a total area of, and land area of. While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities and economic centres are located, among them Zürich, Geneva and Basel, where multiple international organisations are domiciled (such as FIFA, the UN's second-largest Office, and the Bank for International Settlements) and where the main international airports of Switzerland are. | La Suisse, en forme longue la Confédération suisse (en allemand'et ', en italien'et ', en romanche'et ') est un pays d'Europe centrale et, selon certaines définitions, de l'Ouest, formé de, avec Berne pour capitale "de facto", parfois appelée « ville fédérale ». La Suisse est bordée par l'Allemagne au nord, l'Autriche et le Liechtenstein à l'est-nord-est, l'Italie au sud et au sud-est et la France à l'ouest. C'est un pays sans côte océanique, mais qui dispose d'un accès direct à la mer par le Rhin (Convention de Mannheim). La superficie de la Suisse est de. Elle est géographiquement divisée entre les Alpes, le plateau suisse et le Jura. Les Alpes occupent la majeure partie du territoire (60 %). La population de la Suisse dépasse les 8,5 millions d'habitants et elle se concentre principalement sur le plateau, là où se trouvent les plus grandes villes. Parmi elles, Zurich, Genève et Bâle sont les agglomérations les plus importantes du pays en termes économiques et de population, et des villes mondiales où se trouvent le siège d'organisations internationales et des aéroports de dimension internationale. | [
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Sharon Stone | Sharon Stone | Sharon Vonne Stone (born March 10, 1958) is an American actress, producer, and former fashion model. She is the recipient of a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, as well as having received nominations for an Academy Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. | Sharon Stone est une actrice et productrice de cinéma américaine, née le à Meadville (Pennsylvanie). Après des débuts dans le mannequinat, elle commence sa carrière de comédienne dans les années 1980. Le succès arrive seulement douze ans plus tard quand elle interprète Catherine Tramell dans le thriller sulfureux de Paul Verhoeven, "Basic Instinct" (1992). Ce succès lance sa carrière cinématographique. Sa performance dans "Casino" (1995) de Martin Scorsese lui vaut le Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un film dramatique et une nomination aux Oscars. Ses autres succès incluent "Total Recall", "Mort ou vif" ainsi que "Broken Flowers". Malgré quelques déconvenues, elle reste une icône de Hollywood et possède à ce titre son étoile sur le célèbre Walk of Fame de Hollywood Boulevard. | [
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Seine | Seine | The Seine (, ; ) is a river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France. It rises at Source-Seine, northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre (and Honfleur on the left bank). It is navigable by ocean-going vessels as far as Rouen, from the sea. Over 60 percent of its length, as far as Burgundy, is negotiable by commercial riverboats, and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating; excursion boats offer sightseeing tours of the river banks in Paris, lined with top monuments including the cathedral ofNotre-Dame, the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum and Musée d'Orsay. | La Seine ( ) est un fleuve français, long de, qui coule dans le Bassin parisien et arrose notamment Troyes, Paris, Rouen et Le Havre. Sa source se situe à d'altitude à Source-Seine, en Côte-d'Or, sur le plateau de Langres. Son cours a une orientation générale du sud-est au nord-ouest. La Seine se jette dans la Manche entre Le Havre et Honfleur. Son bassin versant, d'une superficie de, englobe près de 30 % de la population du pays. | [
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Soil science | Science des sols | Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology (formation, chemistry, morphology, and classification of soil) and edaphology (how soils interact with living things, especially plants), are used as if synonymous with soil science. The diversity of names associated with this discipline is related to the various associations concerned. Indeed, engineers, agronomists, chemists, geologists, physical geographers, ecologists, biologists, microbiologists, silviculturists, sanitarians, archaeologists, and specialists in regional planning, all contribute to further knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences. | La science des sols est un terme générique regroupant l'ensemble des sciences s'intéressant à l'étude des sols de la surface terrestre. Les deux principales sciences des sols sont la pédologie, qui étudie la formation et l'évolution des sols, et l'édaphologie, qui étudie l'influence des sols sur les êtres vivants, et particulièrement les végétaux. | [
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Savoie | Savoie (département) | Savoie (; Arpitan: "Savouè"; Italian: "Savoia" ; English: "Savoy" ) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France. Its prefecture is Chambéry; it is located in the French Alps. In 2016, it had a population of 429,681. | Le département de la Savoie (, en arpitan savoyard : "") est un département français de la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, dont le chef-lieu est la ville de Chambéry. Ses habitants sont connus sous le nom de "Savoyards". L'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le. | [
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Stanley Kubrick | Stanley Kubrick | Stanley Kubrick (; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the most influential filmmakers in cinematic history. His films, which are mostly adaptations of novels or short stories, cover a wide range of genres, and are noted for their realism, dark humor, unique cinematography, extensive set designs, and evocative use of music. | Stanley Kubrick est un réalisateur, photographe, scénariste et producteur américain, né le à Manhattan (New York) et mort le dans son manoir de Childwickbury, entre St Albans et Harpenden (Hertfordshire, nord de Londres). | [
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Sobek | Sobek | Sobek (also called Sebek, Sochet, Sobk, and Sobki), in Greek, Suchos (Σοῦχος) and in Latin "Suchus" ("crocodile"), was an ancient Egyptian deity with a complex and fluid nature. He is associated with the Nile crocodile or the West African crocodile and is represented either in its form or as a human with a crocodile head. Sobek was also associated with pharaonic power, fertility, and military prowess, but served additionally as a protective deity with apotropaic qualities, invoked particularly for protection against the dangers presented by the Nile. | Sobek, en grec : Suchos ou Sucos (σοũχος ou Σοũχος) « Crocodile », est le fils de la déesse aquatique Neith et des dieux jumeaux Senwy (= les deux frères). Son statut de dieu de l’eau et de la fertilité le fait adorer partout dans le delta du Nil, le Fayoum et à Kôm Ombo. | [
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Sekhmet | Sekhmet | In Egyptian mythology, Sekhmet ( or Sachmis (), also spelled Sakhmet, Sekhet, Sakhet, or Scheme, among other spellings), is a warrior goddess as well as goddess of healing. She is depicted as a lioness. She was seen as the protector of the pharaohs and led them in warfare. Upon death, Sekhmet continued to protect them, bearing them to the afterlife. | Sekhmet "la puissante" est une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne. Elle est représentée par une femme à tête de lionne portant d'abord l'uraeus, puis, par la suite, le disque solaire ; de sa bouche de lionne sortent les vents du désert. | [
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Satis (goddess) | Satis | Satis ( or "",."Pourer" or "Shooter"), also known by numerous related names, was an Upper Egyptian goddess who, along with Khnum and Anuket, formed part of the Elephantine Triad. A protective deity of Egypt's southern border with Nubia, she came to personify the former annual flooding of the Nile and to serve as a war, hunting, and fertility goddess. | Dans la mythologie égyptienne, Satis (ou Sati) est une déesse associée au Nil et à ses cataractes. C'est la fille de Rê, le soleil. | [
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Set (deity) | Seth | Set or Seth (Egyptian: "stẖ;") is a god of deserts, storms, envy, disorder, violence, and foreigners in ancient Egyptian religion. In Ancient Greek, the god's name is given as "Sēth" (Σήθ). Set had a positive role where he accompanies Ra on his solar boat to repel Apep, the serpent of Chaos. Set had a vital role as a reconciled combatant. He was lord of the red (desert) land, where he was the balance to Horus' role as lord of the black (soil) land. | Seth (de l'égyptien "Setesh" / "Soutekh") est l'une des plus anciennes divinités égyptiennes. Sa représentation, au museau effilé et aux oreilles dressées mais tronquées, est une composition hybride née de l'imaginaire des Égyptiens des temps prédynastiques. Cette iconographie monstrueuse est peut-être inspirée de l'oryctérope, un termitivore, fouisseur des savanes africaines. Dans le mythe, Seth est le dieu de la confusion, du désordre et de la perturbation, ce que souligne l'écriture hiéroglyphique dans laquelle l'animal séthien sert de déterminatif pour des concepts négatifs (autoritarisme, fureur, cruauté, crise, tumulte, désastre, souffrance, maladie, orage). | [
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Sejong the Great | Sejong le Grand | Sejong the Great (; 15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450) was the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the third son of King Taejong and Queen consort Min. He was designated as heir-apparent, Crown Prince, after his older brother Prince Yangnyeong was stripped of his title. He ascended to the throne in 1418. During the first four years of his reign, Taejong governed as regent, after which his father-in-law, Sim On, and his close associates were executed. | Sejong le Grand (세종대왕), né le et mort le, est le quatrième roi de la dynastie coréenne Joseon, de 1418 à 1450. C'est lui qui est à l'origine du "Hunmin Jeongeum", les "Sons corrects pour l'éducation du peuple" (que l'on appelle hangeul de nos jours), alphabet destiné à remplacer le système d'écriture chinois utilisé dans le pays à l'époque mais jugé bien trop complexe. Les historiens confirment qu'il serait le seul à l'origine de l'alphabet national coréen, le hangeul, puisque les chroniques de l'époque indiquent que les savants lui reprochèrent de l'avoir rédigé seul et en secret. En effet il était très probablement l'homme le plus apte en matière de phonétique, il envoya treize fois ses savants consulter un grand phonéticien chinois exilé à la frontière sino-coréenne pour leur faire entendre raison. | [
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Science fiction | Science-fiction | Science fiction (sometimes shortened to sci-fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. It has been called the "literature of ideas", and often explores the potential consequences of scientific, social, and technological innovations. | La science-fiction est un genre narratif, principalement littéraire (littérature et bande dessinée), cinématographique et vidéo-ludique. Comme son nom l'indique, elle consiste à raconter des fictions reposant sur des progrès scientifiques et techniques obtenus dans un futur plus ou moins lointain (il s'agit alors également d'anticipation), parfois dans un passé fictif ou dans un univers parallèle au nôtre, ou des progrès physiquement impossibles, du moins en l'état actuel de nos connaissances. Elle met ainsi en œuvre les thèmes devenus classiques du voyage dans le temps, du voyage interplanétaire ou interstellaire, de la colonisation de l'espace, de la rencontre avec des extra-terrestres, de la confrontation entre l'espèce humaine et ses créations, notamment les robots et les clones, ou de la catastrophe apocalyptique planétaire. | [
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Subsets and Splits