| { | |
| "paper_id": "2016", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T01:04:25.441450Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Establishing Morpho-semantic Relations in FarsNet (a focus on derived nouns)", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Nasim", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Fakoornia", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Shahid Beheshti University Shahid Beheshti University Tehran", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Iran Tehran", | |
| "country": "Iran" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Negar", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Davari", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Shahid Beheshti University Shahid Beheshti University Tehran", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Iran Tehran", | |
| "country": "Iran" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This paper aims at a morpho-semantic analysis of 2461 Persian derived nouns, documented in FarsNet addressing computational codification via formulating specific morpho-semantic relations between classes of derived nouns and their bases. Considering the ultimate aim of the study, FarsNet derived nouns included 12 most productive suffixes have been analysed and as a consequence 45 morpho-semantic patterns were distinguished leading to creation of 17 morpho-semantic relations. The approach includes a close examination of beginners, grammatical category and part of speech shifts of bases undergoing the derivation process. In this research the morpho-semantic relations are considered at the word level and not at the synset level which will represent a crosslingual validity, even if the morphological aspect of the relation is not the same in the studied languages. The resulting morphosemantic formulations notably increase linguistic and operative competence and performance of FarsNet while is considered an achievement in Persian descriptive morphology and its codification.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "2016", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper aims at a morpho-semantic analysis of 2461 Persian derived nouns, documented in FarsNet addressing computational codification via formulating specific morpho-semantic relations between classes of derived nouns and their bases. Considering the ultimate aim of the study, FarsNet derived nouns included 12 most productive suffixes have been analysed and as a consequence 45 morpho-semantic patterns were distinguished leading to creation of 17 morpho-semantic relations. The approach includes a close examination of beginners, grammatical category and part of speech shifts of bases undergoing the derivation process. In this research the morpho-semantic relations are considered at the word level and not at the synset level which will represent a crosslingual validity, even if the morphological aspect of the relation is not the same in the studied languages. The resulting morphosemantic formulations notably increase linguistic and operative competence and performance of FarsNet while is considered an achievement in Persian descriptive morphology and its codification.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "A comprehensive and detailed description of the relevant linguistic levels is a prerequisite for achieving progress in natural language processing (NLP). Wordnets are very popular lexical ontologies, relying on morphological, semantic and morpho-semantic descriptions and formulations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "FarsNet which is a Persian wordnet has been established in 2009 by NLP research lab of Shahid Beheshti University. It goes closely in lines and principles of Princeton WordNet, EuroWordNet and BalkaNet (shamsfard et al. 2010) . The latest version of FarsNet (2.0) contains 22180 nouns (including 2756 derived nouns), 5691 verbs, 6560 adjectives and 2014 adverbs. Besides semantic relations (synonymy, hypernymy, hyponymy, meronymy and antonymy) and morphological relations (derivation), some additional conceptual relations such as domain and related to, have been devised in FarsNet. At present (2015), it consists of more than 36000 entries, organized in almost 2000 synsets. The present study which is aimed at formulating morphosemantic relations of FarsNet's derived nouns provides the wordnet with the basic required information for automation of the relations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 202, | |
| "end": 225, | |
| "text": "(shamsfard et al. 2010)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "According to Del\u00e9ger et al. (2009) , a morphosemantic process decomposes derived, compound and complex words into their base and associates such process to their semantic interpretation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 13, | |
| "end": 34, | |
| "text": "Del\u00e9ger et al. (2009)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Through morpho-semantic analysis derived and compound words are analysed morphologically and relations between base and derivational form are interpreted semantically (Namer & Baud 2007) . Raffaelli & Kerovec (2008) consider \"morphosemantics\" as the best expression describing studies which deal with links between form and meaning at the word level.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 167, | |
| "end": 186, | |
| "text": "(Namer & Baud 2007)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 189, | |
| "end": 215, | |
| "text": "Raffaelli & Kerovec (2008)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Derivation and compounding are the two main word formation processes. Persian derivational morphology consists of an affixal system in which the number of suffixes is more than prefixes. Persian derivational morphological processes include suffixation, prefixation, only a single case of circumfixation and no infixation (Davari and Arvin 2015). Affixation patterns in this language are generally regular however in some cases there are few exceptions (Megerdoomian 2000) . According to Keshani (1992) Persian derivational processes are relying on almost 56 suffixes. The aim of the present study is to neatly explore, formulate and classify the morpho-semantic patterns of derived nouns by analysing the relevant data in FarsNet. It is worth noting that the present article originates from a wider scope research by Fakoornia (2013) , in which all FarsNet derived nouns (2756) were analysed in order to establish morpho-semantic relations between derived nouns and their bases. The derived nouns under study included 26 different suffixes. In this study the derivatives of 12 most productive noun marker suffixes (2461) have been focused. This study enriches FarsNet while improves morphosemantic codification of Persian.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 452, | |
| "end": 471, | |
| "text": "(Megerdoomian 2000)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 487, | |
| "end": 501, | |
| "text": "Keshani (1992)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 817, | |
| "end": 833, | |
| "text": "Fakoornia (2013)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "After a brief introduction to FarsNet word entries in general and noun entries in particular, the process of morpho-semantic pattern formulation will be elaborated for the selected suffixes.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Entries include phonological transcription, part of speech, synonyms and their classifications in to a synset, word meaning and an example. A beginner will be selected for each lexeme. According to Miller et al. (1990) a beginner is a primitive semantic component of any word in its hierarchically structured semantic field. Beginners could be used in the recognition of domains synsets. Different syntactic types can be related to each other in FarsNet; mapping each entry to its corresponding concept in Princeton WordNet 3.0 is also possible (Shamsfard et al., 2010) . Using this information is essential in establishing morpho-semantic relations. The synsets which do not fall into any of the above categories will be tagged by the label nothing. The semantic relations are also established among the synsets with the same POS. Synsets with different POS will be tagged by labels such as \"related to\". There are 3 choices for mapping a synset to the correspondent one in Princeton WordNet 3.0: equivalence mapping, near-equivalence mapping and no-mapping. Finally, the morphological relations among senses, such as derivational relations are marked.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 198, | |
| "end": 218, | |
| "text": "Miller et al. (1990)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 545, | |
| "end": 569, | |
| "text": "(Shamsfard et al., 2010)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "FarsNet Word Entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Besides specifying a noun type (such as common, proper, countable, uncountable, pronoun, number or infinitive), a classification on the basis of some more general semantic features (such as belonging to human, animal, location or time) is provided.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "FarsNet Word Entries", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For the purpose of this study the noun corpus of FarsNet (22180) were thoroughly explored. First of all, the list of derived nouns (2756) was prepared. Then they were broken into their roots and affixes. From among 26 suffixes, in this paper, the 12 most frequents were selected (2461 derivatives), described and analysed. They are listed in table 2, the morphological descriptions are compatible with Keshani's (1992) description of Persian suffixes. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 402, | |
| "end": 418, | |
| "text": "Keshani's (1992)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Data Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 \"-i\" n-n a-n n-d d-d Any type of noun, adjective & adverb 2 \"-e\" n-n v-n a-a Any type of noun & adjective 3 \"-aek\" n-n a-n v-n Any type of noun 4 \"-\u02a7e\" n-n Diminution similarity 5 \"-gah\" n-n v-n d-d Location Body part time 6 \"-dan\" n-n Location Body part dish 7 \"-gaer\" v-n n-n n-a Profession object 8 \"-ban\" n-n Similarity 9 \"- aende\" v-a v-n d-a a-a Any type of noun & adjective 10 \"-ar\" v-n v-a n-n n-a", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Suffix POS Semantic load", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this part we will scrutinize our 12 most productive selected noun marker suffixes from a morpho-semantic point of view. More information about the other Persian suffixes could be found in Fakoornia (2013).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Morpho-semantic Analysis of Selected Suffixes", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In FarsNet, 4125 nouns ends in letter /i/ among which 1880 nouns are considered to be derivatives of suffix \"-i\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"-i\" is an extremely productive Persian suffix. It has the potential for connecting to bases with different grammatical category, to compound words and even to syntactic phrases. a. \"-i\" connects to nouns and adjectives and makes abstract noun, expressing an attribute or a state. The process is highly productive in Persian. Thus if \"-i\" connects to a noun or an adjective with different types of beginners, the resulting derivative beginner will be attribute or state. Considering the mentioned regularity the relation could be expressed as follows: \"derivative attribute of base\", for example \"bideGati attribute of bideGat\", (carelessness attribute of careless). FarsNet includes 802 tokens of such nouns.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "b. \"-i\" connects to agent nouns and present participles, describing a job or an act and makes noun infinitive referring to a field, a job or an act. In Persian the beginner of agent noun is person and the beginner of gerund is act or cognition. So if \"-i\" connects to a noun belonging to person or to present participle, the beginner of derivative will be act or cognition. Following this the relation \"base agent of derivative\" is predictable. For example; \"mohaendes agent of mohaendesi\" (engineer agent of engineering). FarsNet includes 890 tokens of such nouns.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "c. \"-i\" connects to agent noun and makes nouns referring to location or territory. So if \"-i\" connects to a base which is person, and makes a derivative referring to location, we will have the relation \"derivative location of base\" for example \"taelaforu\u0283i location of taelaforu\u0283\" (jewelry location of jeweler). FarsNet includes 15 tokens of such nouns.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "d. Other structures include the use of \"-i\" to refer to colors. Colors inherited from property. Thus if the base beginner is anything and the derivative beginner is property, the relation \"base the same color as derivative\" will be established. For example: \"porteGal the same color as porteGali\" (orange the same color as orange). FarsNet includes 15 tokens of such nouns.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "e. \"-i\" connects to some other nouns, verbs and adjectives (excluding the above mentioned ones) and makes derivatives, referring to feeling, process, event, act, person, object, nothing etc. So if the base POS is verb, noun, adjective (other than present participles) and the derivative beginner could be anything, we will have the relation \"derivative related to base\". For example; \"barani related to baran\" (raincoat related to rain). FarsNet includes 144 tokens of such nouns.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "f. There are also 14 derivatives of \"-i\" in FarsNet which can be classified in both (a) and (b). In this case relations of \"derivative attribute of base\" and \"base agent of derivative\" can be established. For example:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"baedaexlagi attribute of baedaexlag\" (irritability attribute of irritable) and also \"baedaexlag agent of baedaexlagi\". A summary of what has been explicated is listed in the Total 1880 Table 3 : morpho-semantic patterns of suffix \"-i\" derivatives According to the above patterns, \"-i\"'s word formation processes are formulated. The beginners are given in parenthesis and the frequency of each pattern is given in bracket.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 175, | |
| "end": 195, | |
| "text": "Total 1880 Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (person)/ present participle + \"-i\" = noun (act/ cognition) \u2192 base agent of derivative <890>. b. Noun (anything)/ adjective + \"-i\" = noun (attribute/ state) \u2192 derivative attribute of base <802>. c. Verb/ noun (other) / adjective + \"-i\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative related to base <144>. d. Noun (person) + \"-i\" = noun (location) \u2192 derivative location of base <15>. e. Noun (anything) + \"-i\" = noun (property) \u2192 derivative the same color as base <15>. f. Noun (person) + \"-i\" = noun (attribute/ state/ act/ cognition) \u2192 derivative attribute of base/ base agent of derivative <14>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As can be seen, \"-i\" is frequently involved in forming derivatives with beginners such as act, cognition and attribute. Few numbers of its derivatives are categorized under location and property. Formula (3) shows those patterns not covered in other structures.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-i\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "7 morpho-semantic patterns have been distinguished for suffix \"-e\": a. Verb + \"-e\" = noun (anything except act) \u2192 derivative related to base verb form: \"sorude related to sorudan\" (song related to sing) <47>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-e\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "b. Noun (anything) + \"-e\"\u2192 noun (other) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"ruze related to ruz\" (fast 1 related to day) <42>. c. Adjective + \"-e\" = noun (anything) \u2192 base attribute of derivative: \"jaevan attribute of jaevane\" (young attribute of sprout) <23>. d. Noun (object/ body) + \"-e\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative similar to base: \"daehane similar to daehan\" (opening similar to mouth) <16>. e. Noun (quantity) + \"-e\" = noun (time) \u2192 base quantity of derivative: \"daeh quantity of daehe\" (ten quantity of decade) <4>. f. Verb + \"-e\" = noun (act) \u2192 derivative act of base verb form: \"xaende act of xaendidaen\" (laughter (n.) act of laugh (v.)) <3>. g. Diminutive noun (person) + \"-e\"= noun (person) \u2192 derivative pejorative sense of base: \"doxtaeraeke pejorative sense of doxtaeraek\" (bad girl pejorative sense of little girl <1>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-e\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As can be seen, \"-e\" often links to verbs and creates derivatives with different types of beginners; it seldom results in pejorative nouns.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-e\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-aek\" * shows 8 morpho-semantic patterns in Persian:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-aek\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (anything) + \"-aek\" = noun (anything except food) \u2192 derivative similar to base: \"suraetaek similar to suraet\", (mask similar to face) <22>. b. Noun (anything except person/ animal/ food) + \"-aek\" = noun (anything except person, animal and food) \u2192 derivative similar to base and derivative diminutive of base: \"\u0283aehraek similar to \u0283aehr\" and \"\u0283aehrak diminutive of \u0283aehr\", (town similar to city) and (town diminutive of city) <11>. c. Adjective + \"-aek\" = noun (anything) \u2192 base attribute of derivative: \"sorx attribute of sorxaek\", (red attribute of measles) <6>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-aek\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 abstain from certain foods, as for religious or medical reasons (especially during the day)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-aek\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "d. Verb + \"-aek\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative related to base verb form: \"gaeltaek related to gaeltidaen\", (roller related to roll) <4>. e. Noun (anything) + \"-aek\" = noun (food) \u2192 derivative similar to base \"pae\u0283maek similar to pae\u0283m\", (cotton candy similar to wool) <3> *. f. Noun (person * Formula (a) and (e), however similar cannot be merged into a single category as in (a) although the beginner of both derivative and base can be anything, the tokens of each category are exclusive. It should be mentioned that in pattern (e) the beginner of derivative can be the same as the base.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-aek\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "** As the POS and the beginner of the word \"gu\u0283aek\" (eardrum), do not change in the derivation process, during computational codification it is classified in second formula, however, according to its meaning it cannot entered in that group, thus it should be manually excluded and entered in a general relation (derivative related to base) formulated for it.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-aek\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-\u02a7e\" shows 2 morpho-semantic patterns:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-\u02a7e\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (anything) + \"-\u02a7e\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative diminutive of base and derivative similar to base: \"daerya\u02a7e diminutive of daerya\" and \"daerya\u02a7e similar to daerya\", (lake diminutive of sea) and (lake similar to sea) <28>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-\u02a7e\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"-\u02a7e\" in some nouns does not refer to similarity or diminution but it merely indicates a vague relatedness, an example is \"\u0294aenbaer\u02a7e\", (sachet). In such situations the relation \"derivative related to base\" is formulated, but during computational codification derivatives belonging to this structure, automatically classified in the previous structure which should be manually removed from it. In FarsNet there was only one derivative of this type. Thus the formula would be:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-\u02a7e\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "b. Noun (anything) + \"-\u02a7e\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"\u0294aenbaer\u02a7e related to \u0294aenbaer\", (sachet related to ambergris) <1>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-\u02a7e\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-gah\" shows 3 morpho-semantic patterns:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-gah\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (anything)/ verb + \"-gah\" = noun (location) \u2192 derivative location of base: \"daermangah location of daerman\", (health centre location of treatment) <83>. b. Noun (anything) + \"-gah\" = noun (body) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"gijgah related to gij\", (temple related to dizzy) <6>. c. Verb + \"-gah\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative related to base verb form: \"didgah related to didaen\", (viewpoint related to view) <1>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-gah\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The above shows that the number of derivatives, having location as their beginner is more than the other beginners. Moreover the suffix rarely connects to a verb.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-gah\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-dan\" shows a single morpho-semantic pattern in Persian:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-dan\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (anything) + \"-dan\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative location of base: \"goldan location of gol\", (vase location of flower) <11>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-dan\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-gaer\" shows 4 morpho-semantic patterns:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-gaer\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (act) + \"-gaer\" = noun (person) \u2192 derivative agent of base: \"araye\u0283gaer agent of araye\u0283\", (stylist agent of makeup) <28>. b. Noun (anything except act) + \"-gaer\" = noun (person) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"ahaengaer related to ahaen\", (blacksmith related to iron) <13>. c. Noun (anything) + \"-gaer\" = noun (object) \u2192 derivative instrument of the base: \"naemaye\u0283gaer instrument of naemaye\u0283\", (monitor instrument of display) <3>. d. Verb + \"-gaer\" = noun (object) \u2192 derivative agent of base verb form: \"roftegaer agent of roftaen\", (dustman agent of sweep) <1>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-gaer\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-ban\" shows 3 morpho-semantic patterns:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-ban\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (anything) + \"-ban\" = noun (person) \u2192 derivative protector of base: \"jaengaelban protector of jaengael\", (woodsman protector of wood) <17>. b. Noun (anything) + \"-ban\" = noun (object) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"sayeban related to saye\", (sunshade related to shade) <3>. c. Verb + \"-ban\" = noun (person) \u2192 derivative agent of base verb form: \"dideban agent of didaen\", (sentinel agent of guard) <2>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-ban\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-aende\" shows a single morpho-semantic pattern:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-aende\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.9" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Verb + \"-aende\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative agent of base verb form: \"\u0294afarinaende agent of \u0294afaeridaen\", (creator agent of create) <76>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-aende\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.9" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-ar\" shows 4 morpho-semantic patterns:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-ar\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (anything) + \"-ar\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"dadar related to dad\", (God related to justice) <5>. b. Verb + \"-ar\" = noun (act) \u2192 derivative act of base verb form: \"goftar act of goftaen\", (speech act of say) <2>. c. Verb + \"-ar\" = noun (person) \u2192 derivative agent of base: \"xaeridar agent of xaeridaen\", (buyer agent of buy) <2>. d. Verb + \"-ar\" = noun (anything except act and person) \u2192 derivative related to base verb form: \"saxtar related to saxtaen\", (structure related to construct) <2>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-ar\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-e\u0283\" shows 3 morpho-semantic patterns:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-e\u0283\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Verb + \"-e\u0283\" = noun (act) \u2192 base act of derivative verb form: \"Gorridaen act of Gorre\u0283\", (roar (v.) act of roar (n.)) <68>. b. Verb + \"-e\u0283\" = noun (anything except act) \u2192 derivative related to base verb form: \"deraex\u0283e\u0283 act of deraex\u0283idaen\", (shine act of shine) <15>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-e\u0283\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "c. Noun (anything) + \"-e\u0283\" = noun (anything) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"yone\u0283 related to yon\", (ionization related to ion) <8>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-e\u0283\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Suffix \"-ane\" shows 3 morpho-semantic patterns:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-ane\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.12" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "a. Noun (anything)/ adverb + \"-ane\" = noun (food) \u2192 derivative food of the base: \"sobhane food of sobh\", (breakfast food of morning) <7>. b. Verb + \"-ane\" = noun (object) \u2192 derivative instrument of base verb form: \"resane instrument of resandaen\", (media instrument of broadcast) <6>. c. Noun (anything) + \"-ane\" = noun (anything except food) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"\u0294aengo\u0283tane related to \u0294aengo\u0283t\", (thimble related to finger) <5>.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-ane\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.12" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The 2 represented exceptions; \"gu\u0283aek\" (eardrum) and \"\u0294aenbaer\u02a7e\" (sachet) will naturally and respectively fall in the formulated relations \"derivative similar to base\" or \"derivative diminutive of base\" and \"derivative diminutive of base\" or \"derivative similar to base\", however considering the meaning of their bases and the resulting derivatives, they do not belong to the mentioned relations, thus some other relations should be formulated to include them.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\"-ane\"", | |
| "sec_num": "4.12" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Morpho-semantic analysis of a selection of 2461 derived nouns in FarsNet showed 45 morphosemantic patterns and 17 morpho-semantic relations (such as \"derivative agent of base\", \"derivative location of base\", etc.) for 12 most productive suffixes. Considering that only 2 words out of 2461 (0.08%) did not fall into the patterns, it could be concluded that the patterns have successfully provided the foundations for establishing automatic relations between derived or complex nouns and their bases in FarsNet. The coincident consideration of the words' morphological features such as their POS, their semantic and grammatical category (e.g. agent noun, participle noun, present participle, etc.) as well as recognizing the beginners of the bases (e.g. act, person, food, etc.) and their change after the affixation process have been the key criteria in formulating the relations which were especially crucial for the majority of studied suffixes that were polysemous. Defining and codifying these morpho-semantic patterns leads us to coherent establishment of morpho-semantic relations in FarsNet and hence has a remarkable developing impact on the applicability of the data base in machine translation, question answering systems, etc. Although In this research the morpho-semantic relations are considered at the word level and not at the synset level, mapping the results to the relations formulated in other languages wordnets will provide a crosslingual validity, even if the morphological aspect of the relation is not the same in the mapped languages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
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| "text": "of doxtaer\", (little girl diminutive of girl) <2>. g. Noun (body) + \"-aek\" = noun (act) \u2192 base agent of derivative: \"naxon agent of naxonaek\", (nail agent of pick) <1>. h. Noun (body) + \"-aek\" = noun (body) \u2192 derivative related to base: \"gu\u0283aek ** related to gu\u0283\", (eardrum related to ear) <1>.", | |
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