Yoonseong/climatebert_factcheck · Datasets at Hugging Face

claim_id int64 0 3.13k	claim stringlengths 26 406	evidence stringlengths 13 1.4k	evidence_label stringclasses 3 values	label stringclasses 3 values	category stringlengths 2 71
2,627	Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.	The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pluto
3,103	"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)	He also states that, "Any conceivable emissions reductions policies, even if successful, cannot have a perceptible impact on the climate for many decades", and from this he concludes that, "In coming decades the only policies that can effectively be used to manage the immediate effects of climate variability and change will be adaptive."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Roger A. Pielke Jr.
1,586	Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.	Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice sheet
1,451	The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.	Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,733	A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.	Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,973	Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability	Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cloud
137	Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture	Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intensive animal farming
910	The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”	By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.	REFUTES	contradiction	Economy of Venezuela
1,724	Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.	It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Richard Lindzen
1,180	“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.	Humans impact how much water is stored on land.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
350	Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.	In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.	REFUTES	contradiction	Effects of global warming
2,511	In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.	1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pacific decadal oscillation
1,960	Solar panels drain the sun's energy.	Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar panel
1,718	The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.	It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
676	more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.	"Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs
1,558	2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.	The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Second law of thermodynamics
1,685	Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.	The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.	REFUTES	contradiction	Met Office
1,303	No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing	Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change denial
33	Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate	Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fossil fuel
1,315	cold kills many more people than heat.	Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cold wave
1,360	In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”	Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar cycle
811	But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.	Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
2,510	In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.	1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pacific decadal oscillation
868	In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”	The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Spanish flu
926	The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”	Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
2,236	The majority of peer reviewed research at the time predicted warming due to increasing CO2.	This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,783	The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.	The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,304	We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.	Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,755	Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.	Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects have been increasing, with many perceiving it as the worst global threat.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,061	warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica	Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
1,662	Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.	Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Polar regions of Earth
1,714	Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.	"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,201	That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.	There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,431	Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.	The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,962	Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."	Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,223	Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows	Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.	SUPPORTS	entailment	2013 in science
1,155	But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)	Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
2,272	It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.	Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
243	In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.	In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1,381	It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century	A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fahrenheit
1,872	Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax	Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change policy of the United States
1,896	Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.	Almost 20 percent (8 GtCO2/year) of total greenhouse-gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change mitigation
2,902	"So recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this important global temperature set long ago.	On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climatic Research Unit documents
1,049	So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.	Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Milwaukee
1,622	Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.	One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effective temperature
2,710	[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.	"Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia".	REFUTES	contradiction	Wind power
2,132	Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored	From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Association of Chief Police Officers
512	water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate	Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
173	If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.	Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
2,813	In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.	IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate sensitivity
2,414	Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.	Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
1,773	The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.	AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
889	“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.	(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.	REFUTES	contradiction	Attribution of recent climate change
3,119	CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.	Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.	REFUTES	contradiction	Greenhouse gas
662	Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”	However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Polar bear
1,038	(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”	This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Rate of return
1,255	the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.	The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2,338	The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.	The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
2,580	Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.	The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.	REFUTES	contradiction	NW Rota-1
1,369	“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.	The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.	SUPPORTS	entailment	El Niño
2,838	The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).	The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Precipitation
3,009	Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.	Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sun
616	The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times	There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Lake Tahoe
2,071	Carbon pollution is a health hazard.	Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pollution
2,117	Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.	This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
1,089	Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.	In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Great Barrier Reef
72	[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]	Holstein, James A.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Narrative
1,034	Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —	Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 \| A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\displaystyle \Pr \left(A_{5}\|A_{1}\cap A_{2}\cap A_{3}\cap A_{4}\right)=\Pr \left(A_{5}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}} .	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Gambler's fallacy
2,539	"[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven.	During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.	REFUTES	contradiction	Greenhouse gas
2,201	That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.	Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
133	The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska	The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Human overpopulation
739	The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.	The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Paleoclimatology
1,087	The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year	One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ozone depletion
1,932	Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change	rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,893	Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .	The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming on human health
2,704	Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.	Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Australia
2,735	It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).	In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2,992	The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.	Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mauna Loa Observatory
2,843	Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.	Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
2,276	It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.	The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
120	90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.	Every 4–7 years, an El Niño event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coral reef
988	The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,’ says Sweet.”	In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2,398	While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.	Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
926	The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”	The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
916	The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.	The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1,251	“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.	"The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Permian–Triassic extinction event
996	But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.	This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Jet stream
1,057	“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.	These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Dead zone (ecology)
3,070	So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.	John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Poverty in the United Kingdom
1,449	43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).	At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Aircraft lease
1,598	Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.	"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate change mitigation
207	Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.	The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.	REFUTES	contradiction	Geologic temperature record
2,457	"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.	The annual temperature rose from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)[citation needed] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in the new 1981–2010 normals.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Moscow
1,790	Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.	Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
430	“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.	All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea level rise
2,788	'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.	Hansen said that NASA was 99% confident that the warming was caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and not a random fluctuation.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	James Hansen
688	“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.	He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wallace Smith Broecker
2,272	It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.	The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
1,127	This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.	As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.	SUPPORTS	entailment	2014–16 El Niño event
619	Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.	Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Glen Canyon Dam

2,627

Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.

The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pluto

3,103

"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)

He also states that, "Any conceivable emissions reductions policies, even if successful, cannot have a perceptible impact on the climate for many decades", and from this he concludes that, "In coming decades the only policies that can effectively be used to manage the immediate effects of climate variability and change will be adaptive."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Roger A. Pielke Jr.

1,586

Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.

Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice sheet

1,451

The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,733

A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.

Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,973

Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability

Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cloud

137

Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Intensive animal farming

910

The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”

By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.

REFUTES

contradiction

Economy of Venezuela

1,724

Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.

It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Richard Lindzen

1,180

“It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.

Humans impact how much water is stored on land.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

350

Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.

In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.

REFUTES

contradiction

Effects of global warming

2,511

In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.

1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pacific decadal oscillation

1,960

Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Solar panel

1,718

The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.

It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

676

more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.

"Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs

1,558

2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Second law of thermodynamics

1,685

Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.

REFUTES

contradiction

Met Office

1,303

No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change denial

33

Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fossil fuel

1,315

cold kills many more people than heat.

Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cold wave

1,360

In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”

Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Solar cycle

811

But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

2,510

In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.

1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pacific decadal oscillation

868

In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”

The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Spanish flu

926

The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

2,236

The majority of peer reviewed research at the time predicted warming due to increasing CO2.

This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,783

The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,304

We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,755

Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.

Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects have been increasing, with many perceiving it as the worst global threat.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,061

warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

1,662

Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Polar regions of Earth

1,714

Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,201

That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,431

Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,962

Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,223

Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows

Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.

SUPPORTS

entailment

2013 in science

1,155

But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)

Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

2,272

It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

243

In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.

In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

1,381

It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century

A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fahrenheit

1,872

Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change policy of the United States

1,896

Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.

Almost 20 percent (8 GtCO2/year) of total greenhouse-gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change mitigation

2,902

"So recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this important global temperature set long ago.

On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climatic Research Unit documents

1,049

So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.

Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Milwaukee

1,622

Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.

One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effective temperature

2,710

[Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.

"Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia".

REFUTES

contradiction

Wind power

2,132

Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Association of Chief Police Officers

512

water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

173

If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

2,813

In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.

IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate sensitivity

2,414

Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

1,773

The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.

AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

889

“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

(2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.

REFUTES

contradiction

Attribution of recent climate change

3,119

CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.

Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.

REFUTES

contradiction

Greenhouse gas

662

Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”

However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Polar bear

1,038

(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”

This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Rate of return

1,255

the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

2,338

The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

2,580

Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.

The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.

REFUTES

contradiction

NW Rota-1

1,369

“With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.

SUPPORTS

entailment

El Niño

2,838

The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).

The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Precipitation

3,009

Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.

Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sun

616

The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times

There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Lake Tahoe

2,071

Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pollution

2,117

Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

1,089

Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.

In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Great Barrier Reef

72

[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]

Holstein, James A.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Narrative

1,034

Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —

Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 | A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\displaystyle \Pr \left(A_{5}|A_{1}\cap A_{2}\cap A_{3}\cap A_{4}\right)=\Pr \left(A_{5}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}} .

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Gambler's fallacy

2,539

"[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven.

During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

REFUTES

contradiction

Greenhouse gas

2,201

That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.

Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

133

The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska

The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Human overpopulation

739

The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Paleoclimatology

1,087

The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year

One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ozone depletion

1,932

Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,893

Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .

The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming on human health

2,704

Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.

Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Australia

2,735

It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

2,992

The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mauna Loa Observatory

2,843

Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.

Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

2,276

It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

120

90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

Every 4–7 years, an El Niño event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Coral reef

988

The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,’ says Sweet.”

In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain

2,398

While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

926

The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

916

The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.

The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

1,251

“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.

"The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Permian–Triassic extinction event

996

But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Jet stream

1,057

“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.

These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Dead zone (ecology)

3,070

So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.

John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Poverty in the United Kingdom

1,449

43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Aircraft lease

1,598

Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate change mitigation

207

Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.

REFUTES

contradiction

Geologic temperature record

2,457

"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

The annual temperature rose from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)[citation needed] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in the new 1981–2010 normals.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Moscow

1,790

Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

430

“But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea level rise

2,788

'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.

Hansen said that NASA was 99% confident that the warming was caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and not a random fluctuation.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

James Hansen

688

“The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.

He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Wallace Smith Broecker

2,272

It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

1,127

This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.

SUPPORTS

entailment

2014–16 El Niño event

619

Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Glen Canyon Dam