text
stringlengths 12
234k
| embeddings
sequencelengths 1.02k
1.02k
|
|---|---|
Bronson, J.
Robert Hill, the principal plaintiff, was injured at work when he reached into a screw conveyor and caught his arm in the screw mechanism. Hill sued defendant Sullivan Equipment Co, which designed, manufactured and installed the conveyor for Hill’s employer, Armen-Berry Company.
Sullivan filed a third-party complaint against Armen-Berry which alleged that Sullivan had originally designed the machine with a protective cover, but that Armen-Berry had explicitly rejected this design and insisted that the machine be installed without the cover. The third-party complaint further alleged that Armen-Berry stated to Sullivan that the machine would be used in such a manner that the screw conveyor would be inaccessible to workmen while the machine was in operation.
The trial court granted Armen-Berry’s summary judgment motion on the third-party complaint, holding that it failed to state a cause of action for indemnity. See GCR 1963, 117.2(1).
Defendant Sullivan alleges alternatively that it is entitled to common law indemnity or indemnity under an implied contract.
I
Common law indemnity is based on the equitable principle that where the wrongful act of one results in another being held liable, the latter party is entitled to restitution from the wrongdoer. See, e.g., Provencal v Parker, 66 Mich App 431; 239 NW2d 623 (1976). See generally Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 51. In the typical case, indemnity is available only if the party seeking it is not "actively” negligent. Husted v Consumers Power Co, 376 Mich 41; 135 NW2d 370 (1965), Nanasi v General Motors Corp, 56 Mich App 652; 224 NW2d 914 (1974), McLouth Steel Corp v A E Anderson Construction Corp, 48 Mich App 424; 210 NW2d 448 (1973). In determining this, the court looks to the primary plaintiff’s complaint. If that complaint alleges only "active” negligence, as opposed to derivative liability, the defendant is not entitled to common law indemnity. Prosky v National Acme Co, 404 F Supp 852 (ED Mich, 1975) (decided under Michigan law), Minster Machine Co v Diamond Stamping Co, 72 Mich App 58; 248 NW2d 676 (1976). Accord, Jordan v Solventol Chemical Products, Inc, 74 Mich App 113; 253 NW2d 676 (1977).
In the case at bar, plaintiffs’ complaint does not allege vicarious liability; the trial court, therefore, correctly determined that defendant was not entitled to common law indemnity. Prosky v National Acme Co, supra, Diekevers v SCM Corp, 73 Mich App 78; 250 NW2d 548 (1976), Minster Machine Co v Diamond Stamping Co, supra.
II
The other basis for indemnity raised by Sullivan is an implied indemnity contract. This basis has been recognized in Michigan, see, e.g., Dale v Whiteman, 388 Mich 698, 705; 202 NW2d 797 (1972), citing Diamond State Telephone Co v University of Delaware, 269 A2d 52 (Del, 1970). See also Ryan Stevedoring Co, Inc v Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corp, 350 US 124; 76 S Ct 232; 100 L Ed 133 (1956). To determine whether a third-party plaintiff has stated a cause of action for indemnity based on an implied contract, the court must look to the third-party complaint as well as the original complaint. See Diekevers v SCM Corp, supra, at 81. As this case arises on summary judgment for failure to state a cause of action, we accept as true third-party plaintiff’s well-pleaded facts and inquire whether these claims are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development can possibly justify a right to recovery. Borman’s, Inc v Lake State Development Co, 60 Mich App 175, 179-180; 230 NW2d 363 (1975).
In the case at bar, Sullivan alleged in its third-party complaint that Armen-Berry unqualifiedly rejected a proposed protective cover for the machine which injured plaintiff and advised Sullivan that the machinery would be situated and used so that it would be inaccessible to workers while in operation. We believe these allegations are sufficient to state a cause of action for indemnity. I.e., by expressly rejecting the proposed cover and undertaking to situate the conveyor so that it would be inaccessible, Armen-Berry may have impliedly agreed to indemnify Sullivan should Sullivan be held liable for Armen-Berry’s rejection of the cover or failure to use the machine as proposed.
As the third-party complaint thus stated a cause of action for indemnity, summary judgment should not have been granted.
Reversed and remanded. Costs to appellant.
M. F. Cavanagh, P.J., concurred. | [
-0.034912109375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.05712890625,
0.01190185546875,
0.05224609375,
0.017333984375,
0.0157470703125,
0.032470703125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.03125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0234375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.051513671875,
0.043212890625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.005279541015625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.048583984375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00518798828125,
0.02734375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.031494140625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.05908203125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.024169921875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0267333984375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.01220703125,
0.04345703125,
-0.040283203125,
0.03369140625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0185546875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0419921875,
0.033935546875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.032958984375,
0.0015411376953125,
0.044921875,
0.005767822265625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.038818359375,
0.03271484375,
0.0177001953125,
0.029541015625,
-0.046875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.011962890625,
0.00830078125,
0.0272216796875,
0.028564453125,
-0.000965118408203125,
0.05224609375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0341796875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0115966796875,
0.000728607177734375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0191650390625,
0.004913330078125,
-0.051025390625,
0.018798828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.046630859375,
0.044921875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.002960205078125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0283203125,
0.00191497802734375,
0.037109375,
0.057861328125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.0218505859375,
0.032958984375,
0.0281982421875,
0.00927734375,
0.0181884765625,
0.00146484375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.01385498046875,
0.05029296875,
0.02880859375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.035888671875,
0.02783203125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.001312255859375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.000408172607421875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0478515625,
0.019287109375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.003570556640625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.04833984375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.02392578125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0771484375,
0.0196533203125,
0.04150390625,
0.00408935546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.004150390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00439453125,
0.0284423828125,
0.020263671875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01239013671875,
0.0086669921875,
0.002655029296875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00494384765625,
0.036376953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.06884765625,
0.07177734375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.006591796875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.013427734375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0771484375,
0.044921875,
-0.023193359375,
0.031982421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0007171630859375,
0.031005859375,
-0.033203125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.028076171875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0064697265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.046630859375,
0.01220703125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.00927734375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0159912109375,
0.01953125,
0.039794921875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.048583984375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0185546875,
0.03173828125,
0.01495361328125,
0.0303955078125,
0.030029296875,
0.0234375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0302734375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00787353515625,
0.024658203125,
0.0162353515625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.05078125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.05078125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.07666015625,
0.0166015625,
0.055908203125,
-0.003753662109375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.017578125,
-0.046875,
-0.07275390625,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0732421875,
-0.047119140625,
0.01055908203125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.01531982421875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.018310546875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.04931640625,
0.024169921875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0791015625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.001434326171875,
0.0224609375,
0.026611328125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.039306640625,
0.00762939453125,
0.02880859375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0810546875,
0.020263671875,
0.00005125999450683594,
-0.018798828125,
-0.023681640625,
0.045654296875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.01904296875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.03515625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.060302734375,
0.039794921875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0302734375,
0.017578125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0010833740234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.032958984375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0242919921875,
0.005615234375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.009765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.00032806396484375,
0.048828125,
0.021484375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.041259765625,
0.038818359375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.05078125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0283203125,
0.039306640625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0712890625,
0.0040283203125,
0.01513671875,
0.0458984375,
0.00946044921875,
0.037109375,
0.0023651123046875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0166015625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.02001953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.05859375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0059814453125,
0.01263427734375,
0.035400390625,
0.07373046875,
0.007171630859375,
0.00141143798828125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.041015625,
0.0595703125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.02783203125,
0.01409912109375,
0.041259765625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.015380859375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.025390625,
-0.02978515625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0281982421875,
0.056396484375,
-0.03271484375,
0.052490234375,
-0.046875,
0.015625,
0.022705078125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01171875,
0.047119140625,
-0.0078125,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.03662109375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.055908203125,
0.0179443359375,
0.020263671875,
0.03662109375,
0.032470703125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00634765625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.059814453125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.000774383544921875,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0419921875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00011348724365234375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.037109375,
-0.017333984375,
0.05810546875,
-0.017578125,
0.006622314453125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0263671875,
0.00160980224609375,
0.04541015625,
0.00167083740234375,
0.0181884765625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0185546875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.00078582763671875,
0.045166015625,
0.01104736328125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.044921875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0191650390625,
0.0224609375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.06640625,
-0.05810546875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.010986328125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.02734375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.001373291015625,
0.07275390625,
-0.060546875,
0.01409912109375,
0.034912109375,
0.046875,
0.00140380859375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0234375,
0.037353515625,
0.01007080078125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0224609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0078125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.056884765625,
0.03076171875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.033203125,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.01953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0390625,
0.06494140625,
0.015625,
0.018310546875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.06494140625,
0.048583984375,
0.0008392333984375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.039794921875,
0.05712890625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.003204345703125,
0.019287109375,
0.0003032684326171875,
0.056884765625,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.09130859375,
0.01251220703125,
0.03662109375,
0.03173828125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0009765625,
0.05078125,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.07080078125,
0.002899169921875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00017642974853515625,
-0.0537109375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.05712890625,
0.01043701171875,
0.07568359375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.04931640625,
0.02490234375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.03125,
0.0244140625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.032470703125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.03955078125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0145263671875,
0.05712890625,
0.002532958984375,
-0.043212890625,
0.003143310546875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.032470703125,
0.04443359375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.03125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.041015625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.02294921875,
0.01165771484375,
0.001861572265625,
0.0147705078125,
0.01116943359375,
0.01953125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.05908203125,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.03662109375,
0.016845703125,
0.025390625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0025634765625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.040283203125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.037109375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.008544921875,
0.06298828125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0439453125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.053466796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.05078125,
-0.029052734375,
0.05322265625,
0.028076171875,
0.0439453125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0234375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0203857421875,
0.003448486328125,
0.021484375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.043212890625,
0.006072998046875,
0.0098876953125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.030029296875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.051513671875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.068359375,
0.03662109375,
0.0172119140625,
0.003021240234375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0269775390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0111083984375,
0.010986328125,
0.0234375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.02734375,
0.01446533203125,
0.04638671875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0234375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.02880859375,
0.02001953125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0390625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0113525390625,
0.0478515625,
0.01953125,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.02099609375,
0.0164794921875,
0.02099609375,
0.032470703125,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0260009765625,
0.042236328125,
0.05224609375,
0.007537841796875,
0.0634765625,
-0.03125,
-0.02978515625,
0.016845703125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01397705078125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.00007867813110351562,
-0.00982666015625,
0.002288818359375,
0.068359375,
0.024658203125,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.005126953125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.07666015625,
0.019775390625,
0.0286865234375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.046142578125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.036376953125,
0.00238037109375,
-0.078125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0135498046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.035400390625,
0.0260009765625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0205078125,
0.00439453125,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.054443359375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.02197265625,
0.038330078125,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.017333984375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0361328125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.06494140625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.031494140625,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01025390625,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.04296875,
0.07666015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.003662109375,
0.0123291015625,
0.038330078125,
0.01019287109375,
0.038330078125,
0.000598907470703125,
-0.00390625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0296630859375,
0.031494140625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.043212890625,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.06787109375,
0.03955078125,
0.01275634765625,
0.03125,
-0.056640625,
0.010009765625,
0.0478515625,
-0.00011205673217773438,
-0.047119140625,
0.02978515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0556640625,
0.01068115234375,
0.0284423828125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.013916015625,
0.021484375,
-0.01123046875,
0.014892578125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.06201171875,
0.000640869140625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0069580078125,
0.0130615234375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.022705078125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0576171875,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.025634765625,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0007171630859375,
-0.056396484375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.031494140625,
0.022705078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0025634765625,
0.002593994140625,
-0.0302734375,
0.035400390625,
0.05078125,
0.0245361328125,
0.052734375,
0.0225830078125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.035888671875,
0.00872802734375,
0.029296875,
-0.042236328125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0322265625,
0.017578125,
0.04443359375,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0087890625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0294189453125,
0.035400390625,
-0.06396484375,
0.271484375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.05126953125,
0.037841796875,
0.000782012939453125,
0.0771484375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0439453125,
0.00653076171875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.000324249267578125,
0.0233154296875,
0.01287841796875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.07763671875,
0.019287109375,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.029296875,
0.06640625,
0.0017242431640625,
0.01544189453125,
0.00079345703125,
-0.046875,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.03759765625,
0.022216796875,
-0.02685546875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0234375,
0.019775390625,
0.042724609375,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0078125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.041748046875,
0.057373046875,
-0.03857421875,
0.04931640625,
0.0125732421875,
0.043212890625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0009765625,
0.02978515625,
0.007659912109375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.06201171875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.017822265625,
0.026611328125,
0.0115966796875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0167236328125,
0.022705078125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.027099609375,
0.005157470703125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.043212890625,
0.03369140625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0093994140625,
0.04052734375,
0.039306640625,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.003997802734375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0361328125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.00653076171875,
0.0084228515625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.025634765625
] |
D.R. Freeman, J.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of two counts of involuntary manslaughter, MCL 750.321; MSA 28.553, sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 1-1/2 to 15 years and fined $1,500 on each count. He appeals as of right.
The record establishes that at about 11 p.m. on January 26, 1973, 16-year-old Warren Hoeman was the driver of a southbound car on Carpenter Road in Washtenaw County. His 18-year-old brother, Roy, and Roy’s 14-year-old girlfriend, Susan Lay-ton, were passengers in the auto. They were returning home from a drive-in movie.
Warren Hoeman testified that he saw a pair of headlights coming directly at him just after he crossed a freeway overpass on Carpenter Road; that he was in his own lane; that he yelled, "Look out!”, and hit the brakes; that the next thing he remembered was waking up in a hospital.
Helen Hoeman, the mother of Warren and Roy, had also attended the drive-in movie in another car with two of her other children. She left the theater just a short time before Warren and Roy and proceeded south down Carpenter Road. Mrs. Hoeman testified that there was another southbound automobile ahead of her; that a northbound car, a large car with a red roof, entered the southbound lane forcing that southbound auto off the road; and that the northbound car, as it approached her, likewise, forced her off the road.
Police officers who arrived at the scene at about 11:10 p.m. found Roy Hoeman and Susan Layton dead in the backseat of the car in which they had been riding, Warren Hoeman injured in the front seat and the Hoeman car demolished. They found defendant standing next to his car, a red Pontiac. His eyes were bloodshot and very watery; he was incoherent and unstable; his breath smelled of alcohol. There was blood on defendant’s face and arm. When a police officer inquired as to his condition, he said that there was nothing wrong and denied that he was bleeding. He became belligerent and began to curse. At one point, for no apparent reason, defendant approached a police officer, stated that he was not involved in the accident and was not going to worry about it, and began to laugh. He appeared to the police officers to be highly intoxicated.
Defendant was arrested for DUIL. He was first taken to a hospital. There he again became belligerent and profane. The doctor who examined him testified that he was intoxicated.
Defendant was then . taken to jail where, at about 12:40 a.m., pursuant to MCL 257.625c et seq.; MSA 9.2325(3) et seq., two Breathalyzer tests were administered. Both tests indicated a blood alcohol level of 0.18%.
Carpenter Road, at the scene of the accident, is a straight, two lane, north/south, paved road. There were no chuckholes or other obstructions in the road. The weather was clear at the time of the accident. The road was slightly damp, but not wet.
Defendant, a grocery store butcher, left work between 3:30 and 4 p.m. on the day of the accident and proceeded to a bar where a number of the store’s meat department employees were meeting to celebrate the promotion of a fellow employee. He remained at the bar until about 11 p.m. He was drinking mixed drinks, bourbon and coke. Defendant testified, at one point, that he drank six such drinks while at the bar and that it was unlikely that he had more; but, at another point, that he had one drink an hour for seven hours. Upon leaving the bar, he did not feel intoxicated. He entered his car and proceeded northbound on Carpenter Road. Defendant further testified that he did not at any time leave his lane and enter the southbound lane, or force any other car off the road; that he did not observe the Hoeman car approaching him, that it, in an instant, just appeared before him in his, the northbound, lane; that he did not remember anything from the time of the accident until he arrived at the jail.
Gary Fett, one of defendant’s co-workers who was at the bar with the group of meat department employees between 3 p.m. and 8 or 9 p.m., testified that defendant had around eight drinks during that period; that the whole group was a little loud; that there was some slurring of speech; and that they talked about the same subject over and over. He believed defendant was affected by the alcohol he consumed.
Helen Whiting, the bartender until 10 p.m., testified that she served defendant six or seven drinks up until that time; that she sat at defendant’s table from 10 p.m. until he left at about 11 p.m.; that he did not appear intoxicated.
Jeffrey Farnsworth, another of defendant’s coworkers, was present at the gathering from about 3 p.m. until defendant left at 11 p.m. He testified that defendant did not appear intoxicated when he left.
Lieutenant Leonard Dexter of the Washtenaw County Sheriffs Department was in charge of the investigation of the accident. The trial court ruled that he qualified as an expert in accident reconstruction. On the basis of the measurements, photographs and observations he made at the scene on the night of the accident, he testified that everything indicated that the collision occurred in the southbound lane.
Harold Sherman of the University of Michigan Safety Research Institute, on the basis of the measurements and photographs admitted in evidence, and on the basis of his observations made at the scene on the night of the accident, testified that the collision occurred in the southbound lane, that it could not have occurred in the northbound lane.
Gerald Wieczorek, an accident investigator who testified on behalf of defendant, investigated the scene and the two vehicles involved nearly two weeks after the accident occurred. On the basis of the evidence admitted at trial and his observations, he testified that the collision occurred in the northbound lane. Although the trial court did permit Mr. Wieczorek’s opinion testimony to go to the jury, it ruled outside the presence of the jury that he did not qualify as an expert in accident reconstruction.
Defendant raises eight issues on appeal, two of which merit discussion. He first contends that the trial court committed reversible error in admitting, over defendant’s objection, evidence of the Breathalyzer results. The Breathalyzer tests were administered pursuant to MCL 257.625c et seq.; MSA 9.2325(3) et seq. There can be no doubt that the evidence of the results was inadmissible in this, a manslaughter, prosecution. People v Keen, 396 Mich 573; 242 NW2d 405 (1976). The question becomes whether the error was so offensive to the" maintenance of a sound judicial process that it never can be regarded harmless; and, if not so basic, whether we can declare a belief that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551, 563; 194 NW2d 709 (1972). We have little difficulty in concluding that the admission of Breathalyzer results in a manslaughter prosecution is not an error so basic that it never can be regarded as harmless, and proceed to the second element of the harmless error test.
The probative value, and the impact on a jury, of scientific evidence such as Breathalyzer results cannot be gainsaid. This is especially so where, as here, the prosecutor, in closing argument, placed some emphasis on the Breathalyzer evidence; and the court, in its charge, instructed the jury that a 0.18% blood alcohol level gives rise to a legal presumption that the defendant was under the influence of intoxicating liquor. However, we have reviewed the record in this matter very carefully. The evidence against defendant is overwhelming. By his own admission, he consumed six or seven mixed drinks at the bar between about 4 p.m. and 11 p.m., the time of the accident. One of defendant’s co-workers present at the bar testified that defendant was affected by the alcohol he consumed. There is credible testimony that he entered the southbound lane of Carpenter Road and forced two cars off the road before colliding with the Hoeman vehicle. The police officers who encountered defendant at the scene of the crime, and who, due to the nature of their work, have considerable experience in such matters, concluded that he was highly intoxicated. Defendant’s bizzare behavior at the time provides ample substantiation of their conclusion. The doctor who examined defendant at the hospital concluded that he was intoxicated. Lieutenant Dexter, a qualified expert in accident reconstruction, arrived at the scene and gathered evidence and made his observations shortly after the mishap occurred. He concluded that all the evidence indicated that the collision occurred in the southbound lane. Mr. Sherman, who also was present at the scene shortly after the accident, reached the same conclusion. Only Mr. Wieczorek, who investigated the accident nearly two weeks after it occurred, and who the trial court ruled was not an expert in accident reconstruction, reached a contrary conclusion. On this record we can, and do, declare a belief that the erroneous admission of the Breathalyzer results was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Had that evidence been excluded, we are convinced that defendant would still have been convicted.
Defendant also contends that he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial by the 37-month delay between his arrest and his trial. The United States Supreme Court in Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514, 530; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972), established the definitive test in this area:
"A balancing test necessarily compels courts to approach speedy trial cases on an ad hoc basis. * * * Though some might express them in different ways, we identify four such factors: Length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant.” 407 US at 530.
To be sure, the delay in trying this case was considerable. All of the reasons for it do not appear in the record and it is difficult to apportion precisely the delay to the discernible causes. However, we do observe that defendant requested, caused or acquiesced in a number of the delays. A significant part of the delay must be charged to him. We also note that he filed some seven pretrial motions and an interlocutory appeal to this Court. We do not fault him for this, but it must be recognized that the judicial process requires a reasonable amount of time to dispose of such preliminary matters. Further, defendant at no time moved the lower court to fix a trial date. Rather, on February 17, 1976, less than two weeks before the trial was scheduled to begin, he filed a motion to dismiss for denial of his right to a speedy trial. While some may view this as shrewd trial "gamesmanship”, we are singularly unimpressed with an allegation of error based on delay, where, as here, defense counsel showed markedly less concern with bringing the matter to trial than with contriving to build error into the record for purposes of appeal. See People v Nuss, 75 Mich App 346, 360; 254 NW2d 883 (1977) (Beasley, J„ dissenting). In light of the facts that defendant has made no showing of prejudice from the delay, and that our review of the record has revealed none, we will not permit such a stratagem to prevail. Defendant was not denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial.
In sum, we find no reversible error.
Affirmed.
MCL 257.625; MSA 9.2325.
Three other of defendant’s co-workers who were present at the bar also testified. However, as they all left the bar before, or by, 6 p.m., they could offer no testimony as to defendant’s alcohol consumption later in the evening, or his condition at 11 p.m.
We note that, although the trial court never expressly ruled that Mr. Sherman qualified as an expert in accident reconstruction, his opinion testimony was offered on the premise that he was an expert and defendant did not object to its admission on the ground that he was not so qualified.
At the time of defendant’s trial, such Breathalyzer results had been held admissible in a manslaughter prosecution. People v Keen, 56 Mich App 84; 223 NW2d 700 (1974). It was only after defendant’s conviction that the Supreme Court reversed this Court and held to the contrary. People v Keen, 396 Mich 573; 242 NW2d 405 (1976). However, the Supreme Court’s holding in Keen is retroactive. People v Carter, 78 Mich App 394, 398; 259 NW2d 883 (1977), modified, 402 Mich 851; 261 NW2d 182 (1978). See, also, People v Weaver, 74 Mich App 53; 253 NW2d 359 (1977).
See MCL 257.625a; MSA 9.2325(1).
US Const, Am VI.
On appeal, defendant has not even alleged prejudice. Rather, he relies exclusively on the doctrine that after an 18-month delay prejudice is presumed. People v Grimmett, 388 Mich 590, 606; 202 NW2d 278 (1972). Whatever the import of this rule, we do not believe that it precludes us from weighing heavily against defendant his failure to show even a reasonable possibility of actual prejudice. In fact, the Supreme Court did exactly that in Grimmett.
Defendant in the case at bar was released on bond the day after the accident and has remained continuously at liberty to this date. Thus, he did not suffer oppressive pretrial incarceration. While recognizing that the extended pendency of serious criminal charges must have caused defendant some personal anxiety, we are dissuaded from according this factor great weight by his failure to move the trial court for an earlier trial date. Finally, we discern no way in which his defense was significantly impaired. If anything, the result of the delay was that the people’s burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt was increased. | [
0.005859375,
0.053466796875,
0.025390625,
0.04345703125,
-0.08837890625,
-0.04296875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.019775390625,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0002079010009765625,
0.0223388671875,
0.037353515625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.03564453125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0184326171875,
0.04345703125,
-0.052734375,
0.0263671875,
0.01190185546875,
0.00775146484375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.01025390625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0035400390625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0458984375,
-0.05322265625,
0.01318359375,
-0.04248046875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.042724609375,
0.02734375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.000579833984375,
-0.02294921875,
0.005859375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0020294189453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.027587890625,
0.033447265625,
0.025634765625,
0.01416015625,
-0.036376953125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0380859375,
0.038330078125,
0.044677734375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.010986328125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0888671875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.0322265625,
0.00732421875,
0.005859375,
0.020263671875,
0.011962890625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01220703125,
0.051513671875,
0.05078125,
-0.052490234375,
0.006072998046875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0537109375,
0.025390625,
0.034912109375,
0.0167236328125,
0.06884765625,
-0.039306640625,
0.029052734375,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.02001953125,
0.0147705078125,
0.048583984375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01953125,
-0.036376953125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.038818359375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.035400390625,
-0.005615234375,
0.003662109375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.004150390625,
0.040283203125,
0.01171875,
0.006072998046875,
0.01953125,
0.01226806640625,
0.003387451171875,
0.00124359130859375,
0.01513671875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.026123046875,
0.031982421875,
0.0517578125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.0269775390625,
0.002777099609375,
0.059814453125,
0.01953125,
0.04296875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0546875,
-0.00830078125,
0.02734375,
-0.054931640625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0299072265625,
0.011474609375,
0.036376953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0478515625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.052978515625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.014404296875,
0.052734375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.01904296875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0634765625,
0.0218505859375,
0.011962890625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0693359375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0234375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.032958984375,
0.01220703125,
0.0390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.021484375,
0.022216796875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.025634765625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.03955078125,
0.00762939453125,
0.01104736328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0011444091796875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.047119140625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0130615234375,
0.039306640625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.02099609375,
0.050537109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.003204345703125,
-0.01904296875,
0.015869140625,
-0.013671875,
0.018310546875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0050048828125,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.04052734375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0004730224609375,
-0.038330078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.046630859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0986328125,
0.0299072265625,
0.01104736328125,
0.078125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.03125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.036376953125,
0.002777099609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.02392578125,
0.052734375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0244140625,
0.0014495849609375,
0.040283203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0068359375,
-0.00032806396484375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.052978515625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0252685546875,
0.041015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.055908203125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01153564453125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.058837890625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.024169921875,
0.03466796875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.035888671875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.001220703125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.00151824951171875,
0.04931640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.017333984375,
0.0113525390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0205078125,
0.06396484375,
-0.000614166259765625,
0.01318359375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.02001953125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0137939453125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00799560546875,
0.0234375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0185546875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0166015625,
0.0537109375,
0.0341796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.029296875,
-0.015869140625,
0.014404296875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.029052734375,
0.01031494140625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.000522613525390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01708984375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0478515625,
0.05712890625,
-0.056396484375,
0.00390625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.03125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.037109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.017822265625,
0.00885009765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.010009765625,
0.02197265625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.026123046875,
0.0101318359375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.021240234375,
0.013427734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.04052734375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.06103515625,
0.005615234375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0040283203125,
0.0247802734375,
0.056640625,
0.046875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.000850677490234375,
0.0732421875,
0.0228271484375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.03466796875,
0.025146484375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0361328125,
-0.01123046875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0185546875,
0.01104736328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0101318359375,
0.007049560546875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0296630859375,
0.020751953125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.005859375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.06640625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0634765625,
0.02734375,
0.0537109375,
0.0093994140625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00098419189453125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0517578125,
0.01806640625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0198974609375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0205078125,
0.016845703125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.037109375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.001556396484375,
0.0019683837890625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.0322265625,
-0.01171875,
0.00341796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.018798828125,
0.044189453125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.03564453125,
0.014404296875,
-0.041259765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.001007080078125,
0.00011301040649414062,
-0.039794921875,
-0.04052734375,
0.04736328125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.056640625,
0.0091552734375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.02880859375,
0.06103515625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0186767578125,
0.00174713134765625,
0.01165771484375,
0.010498046875,
0.0078125,
0.033203125,
0.0196533203125,
0.023681640625,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0869140625,
-0.0810546875,
0.0439453125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0010528564453125,
0.00830078125,
0.030517578125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.016357421875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.048095703125,
0.0003261566162109375,
0.029052734375,
0.03759765625,
0.00095367431640625,
0.024169921875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.01611328125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.03466796875,
0.00518798828125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.03271484375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.057861328125,
0.07177734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0146484375,
0.028076171875,
0.000911712646484375,
0.0059814453125,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0498046875,
0.039794921875,
0.0152587890625,
0.002593994140625,
-0.033203125,
0.02294921875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.056884765625,
0.0634765625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.025390625,
0.007568359375,
0.042236328125,
0.036376953125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01953125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0498046875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.045166015625,
0.047119140625,
0.00096893310546875,
0.011962890625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0498046875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0400390625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.048828125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.004791259765625,
-0.044921875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0089111328125,
0.007293701171875,
0.01171875,
0.00408935546875,
0.06494140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.057861328125,
0.031982421875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0135498046875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.068359375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0225830078125,
0.02734375,
-0.0986328125,
-0.0234375,
0.0150146484375,
0.007293701171875,
0.0244140625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.043212890625,
0.01611328125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0286865234375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.040283203125,
0.00555419921875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0103759765625,
0.037353515625,
0.012939453125,
-0.03125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.033203125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0081787109375,
0.002838134765625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.02001953125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.015869140625,
0.021484375,
-0.043701171875,
0.0150146484375,
0.058837890625,
0.010009765625,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.015625,
-0.0517578125,
0.001922607421875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.05078125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0380859375,
0.001220703125,
0.003753662109375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.00014209747314453125,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0177001953125,
0.04638671875,
0.01171875,
-0.001495361328125,
0.0157470703125,
0.04296875,
0.043701171875,
-0.011962890625,
0.003082275390625,
0.0223388671875,
0.05078125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01611328125,
0.003631591796875,
0.013671875,
0.029052734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0966796875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.06884765625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01171875,
0.021728515625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.060546875,
0.040283203125,
0.004638671875,
0.0169677734375,
0.005706787109375,
0.07470703125,
-0.01025390625,
0.004425048828125,
0.0172119140625,
0.02001953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.05224609375,
0.025634765625,
0.06494140625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.031494140625,
-0.012939453125,
0.00860595703125,
0.00080108642578125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01123046875,
0.017822265625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0107421875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.050048828125,
0.01019287109375,
0.02392578125,
0.019775390625,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.064453125,
0.03955078125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.002044677734375,
0.03662109375,
0.030517578125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0234375,
0.020263671875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.01068115234375,
0.002899169921875,
0.05615234375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.01409912109375,
0.07861328125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00439453125,
0.0040283203125,
0.033447265625,
-0.00037384033203125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01171875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0240478515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.015625,
0.008544921875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.010986328125,
0.050537109375,
0.009033203125,
-0.01953125,
0.03173828125,
0.04541015625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.05078125,
0.0118408203125,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0498046875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.034423828125,
0.005401611328125,
0.029052734375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.046875,
0.0185546875,
0.0234375,
0.056396484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.013671875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.009033203125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.030029296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0240478515625,
0.02392578125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.040283203125,
0.012939453125,
-0.02587890625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.08349609375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.012451171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.053466796875,
0.04931640625,
-0.051513671875,
0.03076171875,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.06884765625,
0.031982421875,
0.02392578125,
-0.03125,
0.038330078125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.03125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0069580078125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0003147125244140625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.000469207763671875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0322265625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.08251953125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.006622314453125,
0.0255126953125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.025390625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.056396484375,
0.255859375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.045166015625,
0.01116943359375,
0.032470703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.027099609375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.038818359375,
0.03271484375,
0.06884765625,
-0.04052734375,
0.031494140625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.07421875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.029296875,
0.03466796875,
0.025390625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.027587890625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0185546875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.029296875,
0.0242919921875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.008056640625,
0.025146484375,
-0.053955078125,
0.03515625,
0.0517578125,
-0.010009765625,
0.016357421875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.05224609375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.015869140625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.03515625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0546875,
0.0458984375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0172119140625,
0.031005859375,
0.0089111328125,
0.042236328125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0228271484375,
0.00689697265625,
0.06591796875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.006744384765625,
0.05810546875,
0.032958984375,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.005615234375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0126953125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01239013671875
] |
Per Curiam.
Sidney Pfefferle, an inmate imprisoned in the State Prison of Southern Michigan in Jackson, seeks a writ of mandamus to compel defendants to restore two years of accumulated good time withdrawn by defendants following plaintiff’s escape from custody. Plaintiff claims that the procedures used by defendants to withdraw the good time were constitutionally defective.
A brief recitation of background facts is helpful. In March, 1968, plaintiff was sentenced to 15 to 30 years for second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549. While serving his sentence at Jackson Prison, plaintiff was accumulating good time pursuant to the statutory formula found in MCL 800.33; MSA 28.1403. During the first six years of his term in prison, plaintiff had repeatedly requested that the parole board grant him special parole, seeking a release before serving his minimum time. See MCL 791.233(b); MSA 28.2303(b). Plaintiff’s requests for special parole were consistently rejected, with the parole board informing plaintiff that his earliest release date would be 15 years from sentencing, less good time earned.
In August 1974, plaintiff escaped from a trustee detail, remained free for two weeks, and then voluntarily surrendered to the State Police. He has indicated that his escape was prompted by the homosexual harassment of a member of the prison staff, as well as the frustration resulting from persistent and, to his mind, erroneous denials of special parole requests.
On September 5, three days after his return to prison, Mr. Pfefferle was brought before a prison committee and was instructed on the possibility of forfeiture of good time. He made no statement. Five days later, the warden issued an order withdrawing two years of plaintiff’s good time. Nine months later, in June 1975, plaintiff instituted grievance proceedings and was granted a grievance hearing. On July 25 he received a "notice of intent to conduct an Administrative Hearing” from the warden. The notice merely informed plaintiff that there would be a hearing to obtain information "regarding his escape for which he forfeited good time”. On July 30, the hearing was held. Plaintiff apparently did not make any statement, insisting that he had a right to counsel. He did, however, file a letter detailing his reasons for the escape.
On August 4, the warden sent a letter to plaintiff stating simply that the warden declined at that time to reverse his previous withdrawal of good time. Plaintiff later received a hearing report that outlined his grievance but failed to indicate the particular reasons for denial. From this final administrative action, Mr. Pfefferle brings his pro per petition for mandamus.
Before addressing the possible procedural irregularities we must dispose of a preliminary issue. It is suggested that there can be no forfeiture of good time until prison officials promulgate rules and regulations under the guidelines of the Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.201 et seq.; MSA 3.560 (101) et seq. The previously cited statute authorizing good time accumulation also establishes the authority for revocation of good time:
" * * * The commissioner of corrections may, by general rule, subject to amendment from time to time and subject to general rules promulgated in compliance with the provisions of Act No. 88 of the Public Acts of 1943, as amended, being sections 24.71 to 24.82, inclusive, of the Compiled Laws of 1948, prescribe how much of the good time earned under the foregoing provisions a convict shall forfeit for 1 or more infractions of the prison rules in any month, and for any serious act of insubordination, attempt to escape, or escape, the warden may, by special order, take away any portion of the whole of the good time made by any convict up to the date of such offense * * * ” MCL 800.33; MSA 28.1403 (emphasis added).
We believe that this statute gives the warden the express authority to take away "any portion of the * * * good time” for "any serious act of insubordination, attempt to escape, or escape”. By statute, the warden need not rely on rules and regulations promulgated under the Administrative Procedure Act when revoking good time for certain offenses. Mr. Pfefferle’s escape is one such offense that is clearly mentioned in the statute. We need not consider therefore, on present petition, whether there must be more specificity to the phrase "serious act of insubordination” or whether present prison rules on forfeiture of good time for "infractions” comply with the Administrative Procedures Act. Those questions await resolution another day.
Our acknowledging that the warden has the statutory power to revoke, by special order, good time for an escape does not imply that the power is unfettered. A warden must comply with the specific due process mandates of Wolff v McDonnell, 418 US 539; 94 S Ct 2963; 41 L Ed 2d 935 (1974).
For a good time revocation process to be constitutional, Wolff requires:
(1) advance written notice of the claimed violation, 418 US at 563; (2) providing the inmate with at least 24 hours to marshal facts and prepare a defense, 418 US at 564; (3) a hearing, at which the inmate shall be allowed to call witnesses and present documentary evidence in his defense, unless prison officials, in the exercise of sound discretion, determine that exercise of these rights will be unduly hazardous to institutional safety or correctional goals, 418 US at 566; (4) providing an illiterate or incompetent inmate with some competent assistance when a need for such assistance is demonstrated, 418 US at 570; and (5) "a written statement of the factfinders as to the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the disciplinary action taken”. 418 US at 563.
Wolff additionally left to the sound discretion of state officials provision of an opportunity for confrontation and cross-examination, with the court noting that in certain cases "interest balancing may well dictate cross-examination”. 418 US at 569.
Finally, Wolff hinted that the decision maker(s) be "sufficiently impartial * * * not left * * * with unlimited discretion”. 418 US at 570-571. With these directives in mind, we conclude that Mr. Pfefferle was not treated fairly, for the good time revocation proceedings did not comport with the requirements of due process set out in Wolff
To begin with, the September proceedings were totally defective. Plaintiff received no prior written notice, nor was he given time to prepare a defense. It is therefore not surprising that at his "hearing” he did not call witnesses nor offer documentary evidence. The warden’s September 10 dispositional order did not satisfy the Wolff requirements of specificity of evidence and specificity of reasoning.
Nor do we believe that the July proceedings satisfied Wolff The July 25 notice was not a notice initiating proceedings to revoke good time but rather more in the nature of a notice of review of the initial disposition. Were this the only defect in the proceedings, we might not quibble over the terminology of the notice. However, we find further defects in the conduct of the second hearing. While plaintiff’s right to legal assistance has not been demonstrated, Wolff, supra, 418 US at 570; Baxter v Palmigiano, 425 US 308; 96 S Ct 1551; 47 L Ed 2d 810 (1976), the claim that plaintiff was entitled to call witnesses is sound. Given the possibility that his escape may have been justified because of threat of homosexual harassment, People v Luther, 394 Mich 619; 232 NW2d 184 (1975), plaintiff deserves an opportunity to establish his defense. The record does not establish any relinquishment of his right to present evidence, nor have defendants established that plaintiff’s calling witnesses would be unduly hazardous to institutional safety or correctional goals. Accordingly, we find the hearing defective. In addition, the August 4 letter from the warden and the subsequent issuance of a hearing report do not comply with the Wolff mandate of specific statements of evidence relied on and the decision maker’s reasoning.
We grant Mr. Pfefferle’s petition for mandamus and order defendants to conduct a hearing that complies with Wolff. Plaintiff shall be given: (1) a prior written notice of the intended revocation; (2) an opportunity to prepare his defense; (3) an opportunity to call witnesses and offer documentary evidence, unless defendants can show that such rights will be unduly hazardous to institutional safety or correctional goals; (4) an opportunity to request the confrontation and cross-examination of witnesses, with the granting or denial of his request left to the sound discretion of prison officials; and (5) a written statement of the factfindings as to the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the action taken. While the decision to forfeit a prisoner’s good time rests within the discretion of the warden, his ruling should not work "substantial injustice”, nor should the warden act in an arbitrary manner. People v Robinson, 41 Mich App 259, 264-265; 199 NW2d 878 (1972).
Finally, because the issue may arise again, we note that plaintiff's double jeopardy and/or equal protection arguments concerning loss of good time have been previously rejected. See People v Bachman, 50 Mich App 682; 213 NW2d 800 (1973), lv den, 392 Mich 776 (1974), and cases cited therein.
Writ of mandamus granted.
MCL 24.71-24.82; MSA 3.560(7)-3.560(18) have been repealed by two public acts: 1964 PA 161 and 1969 PA 306. This latter legislation established the present Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.201 et seq.; MSA 3.560(101) et seq. Part of the act, MCL 24.312; MSA 3.560 (212), makes it clear that the good time statutory reference to the repealed act should now be construed as a reference to the present Administrative Procedures Act. | [
0.0299072265625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0283203125,
0.09130859375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.05859375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.052001953125,
0.04443359375,
0.03857421875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.018310546875,
0.02734375,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0126953125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.034423828125,
0.044677734375,
0.045654296875,
0.00191497802734375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.05517578125,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0302734375,
0.05224609375,
-0.06591796875,
0.026611328125,
0.00506591796875,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03076171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0478515625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.002716064453125,
0.020263671875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0005340576171875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.048095703125,
0.01531982421875,
0.04150390625,
0.012451171875,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01336669921875,
0.03515625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01708984375,
0.004974365234375,
0.001312255859375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.048095703125,
0.016845703125,
0.012451171875,
0.0003108978271484375,
0.017822265625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0255126953125,
0.01513671875,
0.006256103515625,
0.01708984375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.059326171875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.03759765625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0283203125,
0.060546875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.030517578125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03955078125,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.0020751953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0390625,
0.0042724609375,
0.020751953125,
0.0111083984375,
0.02490234375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.049560546875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0303955078125,
0.030029296875,
0.032958984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.010498046875,
0.04931640625,
0.00121307373046875,
0.036376953125,
0.0302734375,
0.017822265625,
0.0023345947265625,
0.021240234375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.032958984375,
0.025146484375,
0.01458740234375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.030029296875,
0.059814453125,
0.040771484375,
0.028564453125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0400390625,
0.0107421875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.06640625,
-0.014404296875,
0.0068359375,
0.058349609375,
0.044189453125,
0.03515625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.018310546875,
-0.018310546875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.031005859375,
0.00057220458984375,
-0.002899169921875,
0.0169677734375,
0.004852294921875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.037841796875,
0.000514984130859375,
0.019287109375,
-0.040771484375,
0.001556396484375,
0.0250244140625,
0.00640869140625,
0.027587890625,
0.03955078125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.0625,
0.0294189453125,
0.051025390625,
0.019287109375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.05078125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0052490234375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0155029296875,
0.030029296875,
0.024169921875,
0.023681640625,
0.0002841949462890625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.05859375,
0.007720947265625,
0.0260009765625,
0.0791015625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.04931640625,
0.07080078125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0255126953125,
0.004974365234375,
0.019775390625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00439453125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.044189453125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0004730224609375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00604248046875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.025146484375,
0.040283203125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.013671875,
0.038818359375,
0.05859375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.04248046875,
0.05908203125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0177001953125,
0.05126953125,
0.020263671875,
-0.001007080078125,
0.034912109375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0078125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.043212890625,
0.0126953125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0000028312206268310547,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.017822265625,
0.00665283203125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0002193450927734375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.032958984375,
0.00069427490234375,
0.0400390625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.013427734375,
0.00225830078125,
-0.001312255859375,
0.05810546875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.050537109375,
0.0001220703125,
0.05517578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.016357421875,
0.000028848648071289062,
-0.003814697265625,
0.06787109375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.013671875,
-0.03857421875,
0.03662109375,
0.017578125,
0.0191650390625,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0771484375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.00726318359375,
0.0498046875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.031494140625,
0.013427734375,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0185546875,
0.0230712890625,
0.046875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00009584426879882812,
0.01141357421875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.05126953125,
0.023193359375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0072021484375,
0.0205078125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0205078125,
0.00360107421875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.031005859375,
0.04296875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.05810546875,
-0.06396484375,
0.038818359375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0546875,
-0.0029296875,
0.0174560546875,
0.000957489013671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0234375,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.00836181640625,
0.034423828125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.04248046875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.048828125,
-0.04296875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.05859375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.046875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0223388671875,
0.036376953125,
0.05517578125,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0546875,
0.076171875,
-0.01513671875,
0.003570556640625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.055908203125,
0.07080078125,
0.024169921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.017578125,
0.0458984375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03125,
-0.003448486328125,
0.03173828125,
0.02392578125,
0.0302734375,
0.01007080078125,
0.02197265625,
-0.039306640625,
0.02001953125,
0.01165771484375,
0.041259765625,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.03125,
-0.027099609375,
0.07958984375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.002838134765625,
0.0185546875,
0.0400390625,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0537109375,
0.031494140625,
0.0033111572265625,
0.0015106201171875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00994873046875,
0.0147705078125,
0.000385284423828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.057373046875,
0.0201416015625,
0.03515625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.07373046875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.003753662109375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.026123046875,
-0.013916015625,
0.0107421875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.009765625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.02001953125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.033203125,
0.006744384765625,
0.025390625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0201416015625,
0.040771484375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0810546875,
-0.00830078125,
0.037841796875,
0.003143310546875,
0.03857421875,
0.009765625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.029541015625,
-0.049560546875,
0.02392578125,
0.046875,
-0.00022220611572265625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01080322265625,
0.018798828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.000014722347259521484,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.028564453125,
0.03955078125,
0.000217437744140625,
0.00341796875,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.034912109375,
0.058349609375,
0.025390625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.013671875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.052734375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0189208984375,
0.046875,
0.00433349609375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.030029296875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0296630859375,
0.01544189453125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0478515625,
0.015625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.032958984375,
0.021484375,
-0.05126953125,
0.0189208984375,
0.053466796875,
0.000507354736328125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.04931640625,
0.0107421875,
0.0400390625,
-0.046875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0042724609375,
0.00061798095703125,
-0.025146484375,
0.016357421875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.006591796875,
0.048828125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.044677734375,
0.024658203125,
0.01300048828125,
0.050048828125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.038818359375,
-0.009765625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.048583984375,
-0.01123046875,
0.0162353515625,
0.033447265625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.02734375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.05859375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0184326171875,
0.03564453125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.01611328125,
0.0257568359375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0361328125,
0.06884765625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.02587890625,
0.00787353515625,
0.0181884765625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.062255859375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.0216064453125,
0.030029296875,
0.007232666015625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.056884765625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.007781982421875,
0.0419921875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0244140625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.09912109375,
-0.046142578125,
0.04736328125,
0.0125732421875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0390625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.00982666015625,
0.00762939453125,
0.01416015625,
-0.08056640625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0023193359375,
0.00099945068359375,
0.0107421875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.0166015625,
0.013671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.019775390625,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.046875,
0.017822265625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.01953125,
0.01385498046875,
0.0098876953125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.002410888671875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.030517578125,
0.00653076171875,
0.013427734375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.00927734375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0013580322265625,
0.03564453125,
0.007232666015625,
0.0106201171875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0498046875,
0.0206298828125,
0.04833984375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.05859375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.027099609375,
0.03271484375,
0.034912109375,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.04345703125,
-0.03466796875,
0.04638671875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.017578125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01953125,
0.0260009765625,
0.033203125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.03125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.07177734375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0244140625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.057861328125,
0.02490234375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0120849609375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.025390625,
-0.03466796875,
0.04296875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0498046875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0118408203125,
0.020751953125,
0.03076171875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0238037109375,
0.006317138671875,
0.04541015625,
0.0625,
0.044921875,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0245361328125,
0.05615234375,
0.007080078125,
0.0498046875,
0.01495361328125,
0.001983642578125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.02001953125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.057861328125,
-0.041259765625,
0.06298828125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.027099609375,
0.00982666015625,
0.00070953369140625,
0.017333984375,
0.00579833984375,
0.00286865234375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.05615234375,
0.016845703125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.03564453125,
0.007659912109375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.048095703125,
0.026123046875,
0.023681640625,
0.027099609375,
-0.03515625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.038330078125,
0.009765625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.03271484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0234375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01513671875,
0.053466796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.00168609619140625,
0.05322265625,
-0.05859375,
0.00921630859375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.03515625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.00182342529296875,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.01513671875,
0.02978515625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.024658203125,
0.021484375,
0.02099609375,
-0.020263671875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0003910064697265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.059326171875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.003631591796875,
0.01226806640625,
0.000392913818359375,
0.0322265625,
0.0126953125,
0.02490234375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01416015625,
0.0012969970703125,
0.047607421875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01025390625,
0.005401611328125,
0.005645751953125,
-0.080078125,
0.2734375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.05322265625,
0.032470703125,
0.040283203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0244140625,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0031585693359375,
0.0238037109375,
0.02734375,
0.00689697265625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.04638671875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.072265625,
0.019775390625,
0.0030517578125,
0.037353515625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.037841796875,
0.0274658203125,
0.021484375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01708984375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0252685546875,
0.049560546875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0191650390625,
0.023681640625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0234375,
0.025146484375,
0.007720947265625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.06298828125,
0.0030670166015625,
0.03662109375,
0.037109375,
0.039306640625,
0.00994873046875,
0.046142578125,
0.0537109375,
0.03076171875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.043701171875,
0.01806640625,
0.0010223388671875,
0.01251220703125,
0.0546875,
-0.04638671875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.006561279296875,
0.049072265625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.046875,
0.010986328125,
-0.0016021728515625,
0.033935546875,
-0.025390625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.019775390625
] |
T. M. Burns, J.
Defendant pled guilty to second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, and was sentenced to a life term. The plea was offered after jurisdiction over the defendant had been waived by the probate court under JCR 1969, 11.6 and MCL 712A.4; MSA 27.3178(598.4).
The incident upon which the current charge is based occurred December 10, 1976. On that date, defendant was 15 years old. He had spent the previous night with a friend, the brother of the victim, in his friend’s parents’ home. When his friend left for school, defendant returned to the house to rape and kill the victim. The factual basis taken at the plea proceeding showed that defendant gained the victim’s consent to intercourse by breaking her nose and then killed her by stabbing her 34 times with the hunting knife he had brought to the house for that purpose. These deeds accomplished, defendant took a shower in the adjoining bath and left for school.
Circumstances caused the police to focus their suspicion on defendant very quickly. Defendant was taken into custody at his home that afternoon. He was accompanied by his parents and an attorney. The attorney was with defendant throughout that day and evening. An agreement was reached by the prosecutor, defense counsel and defendant under which defendant would be allowed to plead guilty to a second-degree murder charge in circuit court if he made a truthful statement to the police and jurisdiction was waived by the probate court. This agreement, reached on the night of the offense, was ultimately carried out.
Jurisdiction over the defendant was waived by the probate court after a lengthy hearing and psychiatric evaluation. No appeal from the probate court’s decision to waive jurisdiction was taken in the circuit court. See, MCL 712A.22, 701.45a; MSA 27.3178(598.22), 27.3178(45.1). Instead, defendant pled guilty as noted above.
Appellate counsel was routinely appointed and moved to set aside the plea, not because of any alleged errors in the plea taking proceeding, but because it was claimed defendant’s rights had been violated by the admission of evidence during the waiver hearing before the probate court. The trial court held a hearing on this motion and issued a detailed opinion. The trial court concluded that failure to challenge the waiver of jurisdiction before pleading guilty foreclosed review of the issues raised. We agree and affirm.
The decision here is controlled by People v Morris, 57 Mich App 573, 577; 226 NW2d 565 (1975), lv den, 394 Mich 751 (1975). In Morris the defendant attempted to challenge the introduction of evidence at his waiver hearing after pleading guilty to a reduced charge. The panel concluded that by pleading guilty without seeking review of the probate waiver decision, defendant waived any infirmity in that proceeding. A similar conclusion was reached in People v Mahone, 75 Mich App 407; 254 NW2d 907 (1977), where defendant did not challenge any particular evidentiary ruling, but rather, alleged an abuse of discretion in the probate court’s decision to waive jurisdiction.
Like the juvenile defendants in Morris and Ma-hone, defendant did not invoke the circuit court’s review of the probate court’s decision to waive jurisdiction over him before pleading guilty to the information filed in the circuit court. His failure to do so waived any infirmity in that proceeding.
This result is consistent with Supreme Court precedents. In People v Peters, 397 Mich 360; 244 NW2d 898 (1976), a juvenile defendant who had pled guilty in circuit court after the probate court had waived its jurisdiction attempted to have the plea set aside because it was coerced by the existence of an illegally obtained confession. The court did not pass on the evidentiary question, i.e., whether the confession was illegally obtained, but instead held that the intervening guilty plea upon advice of counsel waived any possible error. The conviction did not rest on the confession, but on the subsequent plea. Many other cases recognize that a plea of guilty waives errors in prior proceedings and the right to challenge alleged police misconduct. In re Reno, 321 Mich 497; 32 NW2d 723 (1948), cert den, 335 US 833; 69 S Ct 21; 93 L Ed 386 (1948), People v Zunno, 384 Mich 151; 180 NW2d 17 (1970).
People v Alvin Johnson, 396 Mich 424; 240 NW2d 729 (1976), liberalized the rule by stating that review of certain claims, such as "failure to suppress illegally-obtained evidence without which the people could not proceed”, 396 Mich at 444, were not waived by an unconditional guilty plea. Whether the court was referring to such items basic to a prosecution such as a controlled substance in a prosecution for possession of that substance, or a gun in a prosecution for carrying a concealed weapon, or more general evidentiary questions such as the existence of an arguably illegal confession, is not clear from that opinion. However, the subsequent decision in Peters indicates the former meaning was intended.
Defendant was represented by an attorney from the time he was taken into custody. Counsel did not challenge the decision to waive jurisdiction over defendant generally or these evidentiary points as contributing to the decision to waive in particular. The counseled entry of an unconditional plea forecloses our direct review of those points in an appeal from the guilty plea.
Affirmed.
The information filed in this case charged open murder and cited the first-degree murder statute, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. The facts developed at the plea proceeding show the prosecution could have charged defendant with felony murder or premeditated murder.
Had defendant challenged the probate court’s decision to waive jurisdiction over him before the plea was offered, a different question would be presented. In those circumstances it would appear that defendant could challenge the waiver decision. People v Schumacher, 75 Mich App 505; 256 NW2d 39 (1977).
In this case, no attempt to challenge the waiver decision was made until after the time for appeal had passed. No effort was made to file a delayed appeal from that decision either in the circuit court or in this court. | [
-0.00860595703125,
0.01513671875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.072265625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.052978515625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0074462890625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.044921875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0240478515625,
0.004547119140625,
0.06591796875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0028076171875,
0.0150146484375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0400390625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0142822265625,
0.025146484375,
0.017578125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0126953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.03955078125,
-0.04296875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.02197265625,
0.023193359375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.000023365020751953125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0096435546875,
0.0223388671875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0135498046875,
0.0008087158203125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.010498046875,
0.052734375,
0.0245361328125,
0.02294921875,
0.0115966796875,
0.03662109375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0390625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00958251953125,
0.00665283203125,
0.005096435546875,
0.03515625,
0.02197265625,
0.053466796875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0341796875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0264892578125,
0.02685546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0003414154052734375,
0.0054931640625,
0.02392578125,
0.0732421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.041015625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.00146484375,
0.027099609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.0810546875,
0.007568359375,
0.053466796875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.000553131103515625,
0.04638671875,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.002288818359375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.037109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0267333984375,
0.032958984375,
0.038818359375,
0.021728515625,
0.006439208984375,
0.005523681640625,
0.0123291015625,
0.06591796875,
0.054443359375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0205078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.01324462890625,
0.05419921875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0546875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0004749298095703125,
0.01544189453125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.061767578125,
-0.04736328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0113525390625,
0.058837890625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.03662109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.002410888671875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.000720977783203125,
0.064453125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0093994140625,
0.02734375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0390625,
0.010498046875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.03515625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0140380859375,
0.01458740234375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0262451171875,
0.06298828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.055419921875,
0.04150390625,
0.0341796875,
0.003021240234375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.01202392578125,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.000308990478515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.0625,
-0.06640625,
0.0224609375,
-0.06787109375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0020599365234375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0205078125,
0.0556640625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.0159912109375,
0.01171875,
-0.017578125,
0.06689453125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.03369140625,
0.038330078125,
0.00567626953125,
0.0185546875,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.09130859375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0172119140625,
0.06689453125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.016357421875,
0.042724609375,
0.0240478515625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00007534027099609375,
0.02880859375,
0.04296875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.020263671875,
0.008056640625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.004974365234375,
0.007049560546875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.048828125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00457763671875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.026123046875,
0.02392578125,
0.0028076171875,
0.04150390625,
-0.035400390625,
0.025634765625,
-0.06787109375,
0.072265625,
0.007293701171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.044921875,
-0.058349609375,
0.005126953125,
0.055908203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00115966796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.033935546875,
-0.06640625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0234375,
0.0203857421875,
0.050048828125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.04736328125,
0.03369140625,
0.0087890625,
0.038818359375,
0.011474609375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.048828125,
0.02978515625,
-0.013427734375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0205078125,
0.011962890625,
0.00714111328125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0003147125244140625,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.027099609375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.000701904296875,
0.02099609375,
0.04150390625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.040283203125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.02490234375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.05224609375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.025634765625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.06298828125,
0.00146484375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.02001953125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.06005859375,
-0.0458984375,
0.0654296875,
0.02783203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.055419921875,
0.0306396484375,
0.006011962890625,
0.01507568359375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.017578125,
0.028076171875,
0.05078125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00009393692016601562,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00225830078125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.027099609375,
0.0084228515625,
0.032470703125,
-0.000415802001953125,
0.0595703125,
-0.01611328125,
0.05810546875,
-0.000698089599609375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.06298828125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01025390625,
0.042236328125,
0.04248046875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.02880859375,
0.04736328125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.03515625,
0.06689453125,
0.034912109375,
0.01806640625,
-0.013671875,
0.032958984375,
-0.01025390625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.057861328125,
-0.001617431640625,
0.048095703125,
-0.021484375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0810546875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0087890625,
0.037841796875,
0.0012359619140625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.021484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.010009765625,
0.01953125,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.056396484375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.051025390625,
0.0181884765625,
0.01953125,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.035888671875,
0.035400390625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.03173828125,
0.029296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.017333984375,
0.020263671875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0048828125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.01416015625,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.00189971923828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0185546875,
0.021728515625,
0.033203125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.036865234375,
0.00701904296875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.04296875,
0.034423828125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0400390625,
0.008544921875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0115966796875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00537109375,
-0.001495361328125,
0.030517578125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.039306640625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.030517578125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.018798828125,
0.027099609375,
0.00396728515625,
0.06787109375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0167236328125,
0.01361083984375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0625,
-0.04248046875,
0.017822265625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.048583984375,
0.01226806640625,
0.024169921875,
-0.017578125,
-0.015625,
0.017333984375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.019287109375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.051025390625,
0.00634765625,
0.043701171875,
0.005859375,
0.01611328125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.041015625,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.021240234375,
-0.000274658203125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0390625,
0.05517578125,
0.006256103515625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.06396484375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.002410888671875,
0.00110626220703125,
0.0032806396484375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.013427734375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.061767578125,
0.037841796875,
0.016357421875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.02099609375,
0.037109375,
0.06201171875,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.04638671875,
0.08154296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.000518798828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.08349609375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.046630859375,
0.027099609375,
0.01165771484375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0011138916015625,
0.048583984375,
-0.004150390625,
0.0439453125,
0.039306640625,
-0.025390625,
-0.049072265625,
0.022216796875,
0.007080078125,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0400390625,
-0.07470703125,
0.03125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01806640625,
0.00567626953125,
0.061767578125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.005828857421875,
0.03564453125,
0.0115966796875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.049560546875,
0.005706787109375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.001434326171875,
0.00897216796875,
0.01318359375,
0.046875,
-0.025390625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.005279541015625,
0.0546875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.038330078125,
0.00121307373046875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.048828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.09228515625,
-0.021484375,
0.035888671875,
0.01416015625,
0.027099609375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0233154296875,
0.015380859375,
-0.000045299530029296875,
-0.03515625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0673828125,
-0.019775390625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.007781982421875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.018310546875,
0.024658203125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.007080078125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.0263671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.004150390625,
0.03662109375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.03466796875,
0.00157928466796875,
0.009033203125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.06396484375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.032470703125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01019287109375,
0.035400390625,
0.0439453125,
0.005401611328125,
0.036865234375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.049560546875,
0.0244140625,
0.0108642578125,
0.02978515625,
0.05322265625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0113525390625,
0.05322265625,
0.0191650390625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.055908203125,
0.000004470348358154297,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0537109375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.03955078125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.0078125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.038330078125,
0.016357421875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00372314453125,
0.0439453125,
0.042724609375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.000682830810546875,
0.06396484375,
0.0126953125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.04248046875,
0.008544921875,
0.0189208984375,
0.005859375,
0.0029296875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0703125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0556640625,
0.00408935546875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0181884765625,
0.023681640625,
0.0166015625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.010498046875,
-0.000881195068359375,
0.045654296875,
0.02197265625,
0.052734375,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.039306640625,
0.035400390625,
0.01312255859375,
0.01611328125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.044189453125,
0.023681640625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.018798828125,
0.0556640625,
-0.046875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.091796875,
0.01556396484375,
-0.009765625,
0.028564453125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.02734375,
0.010009765625,
-0.00152587890625,
0.0478515625,
0.0267333984375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.000316619873046875,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.004638671875,
0.037353515625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.01434326171875,
0.002197265625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.01953125,
0.06103515625,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.01171875,
0.03564453125,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.021240234375,
0.0003681182861328125,
0.0005645751953125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0093994140625,
0.06201171875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.056640625,
0.006011962890625,
0.001708984375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0030517578125,
0.011962890625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.00537109375,
0.017578125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00153350830078125,
0.0286865234375,
0.007080078125,
0.012939453125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.027587890625,
0.00982666015625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.031494140625,
0.016357421875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.004638671875,
0.029052734375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.02880859375,
0.011474609375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.03759765625,
0.05224609375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0072021484375,
0.02978515625,
0.0048828125,
0.013427734375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.037109375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.01171875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.02001953125,
0.010009765625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0291748046875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.056396484375,
0.294921875,
0.0201416015625,
0.01202392578125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0419921875,
0.0068359375,
0.032470703125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.029052734375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.060302734375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.015625,
-0.07177734375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.04638671875,
0.023681640625,
-0.06103515625,
0.03271484375,
-0.06298828125,
0.00885009765625,
0.0311279296875,
0.0169677734375,
0.004150390625,
-0.013916015625,
0.0150146484375,
0.01080322265625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.012451171875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0230712890625,
0.04833984375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00946044921875,
0.011962890625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.052978515625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0257568359375,
0.024169921875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.03466796875,
0.0185546875,
0.0240478515625,
0.035888671875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.044921875,
0.0498046875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.03173828125,
0.04052734375,
0.06640625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.008056640625,
0.004730224609375,
0.02197265625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0078125,
-0.044921875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.007354736328125
] |
Per Curiam.
The sole question in this case is whether a worker’s compensation carrier is entitled to be reimbursed from the injured employee’s recovery of noneconomic losses from the tortfeasors. The trial court held that they were not entitled to reimbursement and granted defendants’ motions for summary judgment.
Presently within this Court there exists a split of opinion on this issue. In Wrobel v Wayne County Road Comm, 79 Mich App 484; 261 NW2d 58 (1977), one panel of this Court relied upon the pre-no-fault case of Pelkey v Elsea Realty & Investment Co, 394 Mich 485; 232 NW2d 154 (1975), and held that the compensation carrier was entitled to reimbursement. However, more recently in Reliance Insurance Co v Messina Trucking, Inc, 83 Mich App 159; 268 NW2d 328 (1978), another panel of this Court distinguished Pelkey and held that reimbursement was not authorized. We believe that Reliance Insurance Co v Messina Trucking, Inc is the better reasoned opinion and we adopt its reasoning and result herein. It makes no sense to us to reimburse plaintiff for monies paid out for economic loss out of a later recovery for noneconomic loss. The two recoveries represent compensation for distinct losses, without providing any double recovery for the injured employee. To adopt plaintiff’s argument would be to deny complete recovery to a seriously injured employee, while permitting any other person who suffers serious injury to recover in full. We do not believe that the Legislature, in enacting the worker’s compensation and no-fault acts, intended such a result.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved. | [
-0.0093994140625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00732421875,
0.04833984375,
-0.053466796875,
0.001922607421875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.008544921875,
0.041015625,
0.0294189453125,
0.0234375,
0.050048828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.027099609375,
0.046875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.005859375,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.010986328125,
0.025390625,
0.056884765625,
0.05908203125,
-0.029052734375,
0.002593994140625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.025634765625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0059814453125,
0.03076171875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0322265625,
-0.059814453125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.036865234375,
0.050537109375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.050048828125,
0.009033203125,
0.004119873046875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0174560546875,
0.00160980224609375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01220703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.005157470703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0234375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0458984375,
0.0615234375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.045166015625,
0.043701171875,
-0.0004024505615234375,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0225830078125,
0.003509521484375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0206298828125,
0.04296875,
0.059814453125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00439453125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0205078125,
0.006195068359375,
0.0238037109375,
0.0341796875,
0.06689453125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.000431060791015625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0220947265625,
0.01123046875,
0.0019378662109375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.026123046875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.033447265625,
0.0791015625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.02587890625,
0.003814697265625,
0.000331878662109375,
0.01092529296875,
0.037109375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0263671875,
0.00164794921875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0164794921875,
0.031494140625,
0.00836181640625,
0.017822265625,
-0.00567626953125,
0.049072265625,
0.05126953125,
0.02734375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0238037109375,
0.007415771484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.00096893310546875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.000762939453125,
0.00048065185546875,
0.047119140625,
0.00006103515625,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.009033203125,
-0.0361328125,
0.00007581710815429688,
-0.0106201171875,
0.034423828125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0458984375,
0.0198974609375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.014404296875,
0.052978515625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.003021240234375,
0.04345703125,
0.019775390625,
0.068359375,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0234375,
-0.044189453125,
0.007476806640625,
0.0302734375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00836181640625,
0.01953125,
-0.031982421875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.044921875,
0.02880859375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.060546875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.037109375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.008544921875,
-0.007080078125,
0.00005841255187988281,
-0.0184326171875,
0.004608154296875,
0.054443359375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.051025390625,
0.021484375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0135498046875,
0.02880859375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.057373046875,
0.006134033203125,
0.050048828125,
0.001007080078125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.017578125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.011474609375,
0.06201171875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.005767822265625,
0.00433349609375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0224609375,
0.019775390625,
0.00164031982421875,
0.022705078125,
0.013427734375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01025390625,
0.041015625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.014404296875,
0.044677734375,
-0.037841796875,
0.005126953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.03076171875,
0.036376953125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.005615234375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0703125,
0.04541015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.045654296875,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.02197265625,
0.038818359375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0400390625,
0.056640625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00537109375,
0.0155029296875,
0.000720977783203125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0205078125,
0.052001953125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00043487548828125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.039794921875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0341796875,
0.050048828125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.001922607421875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.05712890625,
0.01397705078125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.05078125,
0.01171875,
-0.0048828125,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.000797271728515625,
-0.0869140625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.02783203125,
0.02099609375,
0.037841796875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.0361328125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.03759765625,
-0.00152587890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.030517578125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.035400390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.042236328125,
0.035888671875,
0.0419921875,
0.013916015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.041748046875,
0.004669189453125,
-0.03125,
0.0008697509765625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0625,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.031494140625,
0.01416015625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0302734375,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.03173828125,
0.0037384033203125,
0.025634765625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.010498046875,
0.0107421875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.021484375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.04345703125,
0.043701171875,
0.008544921875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.01019287109375,
0.00677490234375,
0.01708984375,
0.0478515625,
0.041015625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.02001953125,
0.048583984375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.006622314453125,
0.02197265625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.034423828125,
0.00390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.015869140625,
0.005645751953125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.05029296875,
0.034423828125,
-0.004669189453125,
0.021240234375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0081787109375,
0.0032501220703125,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.00023651123046875,
-0.03125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.07421875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.036865234375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0009002685546875,
0.003265380859375,
0.06982421875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.010986328125,
0.01409912109375,
0.00213623046875,
0.041748046875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.05419921875,
0.02490234375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.01422119140625,
0.03857421875,
-0.03466796875,
0.03125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.029541015625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.037841796875,
0.038818359375,
0.013427734375,
0.00872802734375,
0.000423431396484375,
0.08349609375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.01483154296875,
0.033935546875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.045166015625,
0.0050048828125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00177001953125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.06689453125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0301513671875,
0.0223388671875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.043212890625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0010528564453125,
0.0013275146484375,
0.04150390625,
0.00640869140625,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.02734375,
0.06591796875,
-0.022216796875,
0.05029296875,
0.037109375,
0.04541015625,
0.03662109375,
0.011962890625,
0.006134033203125,
0.01263427734375,
0.050537109375,
0.036376953125,
0.0126953125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.015869140625,
0.025146484375,
-0.011962890625,
0.00136566162109375,
0.0037841796875,
-0.041015625,
0.0458984375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.03515625,
0.0888671875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0458984375,
0.001617431640625,
0.00933837890625,
0.0299072265625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.033203125,
0.0302734375,
0.006195068359375,
0.0128173828125,
0.003204345703125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.03125,
-0.03173828125,
0.037353515625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.019775390625,
0.011962890625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.025634765625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.037109375,
-0.04736328125,
0.0230712890625,
0.004730224609375,
0.01904296875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0654296875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.006103515625,
0.0703125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.039794921875,
0.027587890625,
0.002655029296875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.031494140625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.07177734375,
0.0294189453125,
0.011962890625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.04833984375,
0.0020599365234375,
0.043212890625,
0.013916015625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.04150390625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.045654296875,
0.01611328125,
0.0712890625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.00946044921875,
0.017333984375,
0.00157928466796875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.056640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.00179290771484375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.008056640625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00604248046875,
0.00103759765625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.000804901123046875,
0.05224609375,
-0.046875,
-0.06298828125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0115966796875,
0.0810546875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0361328125,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.015625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0006256103515625,
0.02490234375,
-0.05029296875,
0.000621795654296875,
0.00006246566772460938,
0.021484375,
0.033935546875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.03662109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.052001953125,
0.044677734375,
0.04345703125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.060546875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.008544921875,
0.005950927734375,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.04443359375,
0.0218505859375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0008697509765625,
-0.0107421875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.048828125,
0.022216796875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.021728515625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0032196044921875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0244140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.04248046875,
-0.00040435791015625,
-0.021240234375,
0.00125885009765625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0771484375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.046875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0458984375,
0.009765625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.07666015625,
0.01708984375,
-0.005096435546875,
0.00018787384033203125,
0.04931640625,
0.043701171875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0025634765625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.0322265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025634765625,
0.005279541015625,
0.0625,
0.052001953125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0673828125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.025146484375,
0.06591796875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.019775390625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.000743865966796875,
0.016845703125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.046142578125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.01953125,
0.032470703125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.021728515625,
0.032470703125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.052734375,
0.0439453125,
0.00714111328125,
0.0322265625,
0.00201416015625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0126953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.005859375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.052490234375,
0.004302978515625,
0.03515625,
0.0004119873046875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.04150390625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.06201171875,
0.020263671875,
0.03515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.004241943359375,
0.003631591796875,
0.000885009765625,
0.016357421875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0673828125,
0.00927734375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01123046875,
0.0419921875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.011474609375,
0.03125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0115966796875,
0.04296875,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.000293731689453125,
0.03125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0341796875,
0.03564453125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.06103515625,
0.0281982421875,
0.036865234375,
0.034423828125,
0.0224609375,
0.0289306640625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.024658203125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.07080078125,
0.027587890625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.02734375,
-0.06494140625,
0.007232666015625,
0.007568359375,
0.010009765625,
-0.04931640625,
0.000751495361328125,
0.0286865234375,
0.0322265625,
0.00518798828125,
0.04443359375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0068359375,
0.045166015625,
-0.031494140625,
0.01220703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.015380859375,
0.004150390625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.022705078125,
0.008544921875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.055908203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.02294921875,
0.02294921875,
0.03515625,
0.05712890625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.01019287109375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0478515625,
0.032470703125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.037841796875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.022216796875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.02490234375,
0.00701904296875,
0.009765625,
-0.025634765625,
0.041015625,
0.053466796875,
0.01373291015625,
0.06640625,
0.01409912109375,
0.046142578125,
0.0244140625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0001544952392578125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.021484375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.000888824462890625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.03759765625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.064453125,
0.24609375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0107421875,
0.03173828125,
0.031005859375,
0.07568359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.02587890625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.025390625,
0.028564453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0654296875,
0.0181884765625,
0.025390625,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.046875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0712890625,
0.02392578125,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.000850677490234375,
-0.050537109375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.025146484375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.04296875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00921630859375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0224609375,
-0.038330078125,
0.04296875,
0.046142578125,
-0.036865234375,
0.041748046875,
0.025634765625,
0.02490234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.005157470703125,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.07373046875,
0.03857421875,
0.01513671875,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.0625,
0.0233154296875,
0.004730224609375,
0.01312255859375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.03662109375,
0.004180908203125,
0.02490234375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.012451171875,
0.046875,
0.01043701171875,
0.0118408203125,
0.02587890625,
0.0673828125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.03271484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0004596710205078125,
0.055908203125,
0.017578125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.00677490234375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0179443359375
] |
Per Curiam.
With some significant differences, hereinafter noted, this appeal comes to us on basically the same facts as appear in Saunders v Smith, released concurrently with this opinion. Plaintiff wife died 34 days after obtaining a pro confesso divorce but before formal entry of a written judgment of divorce. Two days later a judgment of divorce, approved as to content and form by attorneys for both parties, was entered by the court. On July 13, 1977, the trial court denied a motion to set aside the judgment, and defendant appeals of right.
The parties hereto were married July 6, 1967, and separated about nine years later on May 10, 1976. During the marriage one child was born. On June 2, 1976, the wife filed a complaint for divorce, and defendant answered and filed a cross-complaint. Interrogatories disclose that the husband owned a 50% interest in a hardware business where he was employed, and also owned as a tenant by the entirety with his wife, a 50% interest in a parcel of land near Cheboygan. This interest in land was valued at about $8,000. Additionally, the parties had a joint bank account of $5,326.61 and jointly owned stocks approximating $9,000 market value. The home in which the parties lived was owned by the plaintiff prior to the marriage and upon plaintiffs death passed by will to her named devisees.
On June 13, 1976, the divorce came on for hearing with both parties present, together with their respective attorneys. As in Saunders, supra, defendant withdrew his pleadings, and the property settlement agreement was spelled out in full on the record. Defendant personally stated he was in accord with the agreement stated on the record, and the cause then proceeded pro confesso. At the conclusion of the wife’s testimony the following occurred:
"THE COURT: The Court is satisfied with the proofs, the Court will grant the Plaintiff a judgment — absolute judgment of divorce, grant custody of the minor child to the plaintiff-mother, support in the amount of fifty dollars ($50) a week, plus all medical, dental and hospital expenses.
"The Court will approve of the property settlement as placed on the record and agreed upon, and the Court will approve of the alimony in the amount of fifty dollars ($50) per week, plus the defendant will pay the Blue Cross and Blue Shield premiums.
"All the Statutory dower clauses shall be made part of the record and made part of the judgment.”
Thelma Ensman died from cancer on July 17,— just 34 days following the pro confesso proceedings. Sometime between June 13 and July 17, a proposed judgment of divorce had been drafted by plaintiffs counsel and signed by plaintiff and also approved "as to form and substance” by the signature of counsel for both parties. Defendant had not signed. On July 18, defendant’s counsel telephoned plaintiffs counsel that plaintiff had died the prior day. However, both counsel agreed that under the circumstances the husband’s signature was not required and that judgment should be entered immediately. Judgment bearing counsel and plaintiffs signature was entered by the court July 19. The property settlement provisions thereof conform precisely with the agreement stated on the record on June 13. Under its terms, the wife was awarded the home and the husband was awarded the hardware business. All liquid assets including the bank account, stocks and a retirement account were to be divided equally between the parties. The Cheboygan property in which the parties previously held a 50% interest as tenants by the entireties was to be held in tenancy in common, viz. — each party to hold one-quarter.
One day after plaintiffs death the Supreme Court decided Tiedman v Tiedman, 400 Mich 571; 255 NW2d 632 (1977), a case upon which the husband now strongly relies to nullify the judgment of divorce. Plaintiff claims that Tiedman announced a new rule of law and therefore should be applied prospectively only. We disagree. The Tiedman Court was not announcing a new rule of law but merely restating some well-established principles and correcting what it found to be an erroneous approach taken by this Court in LeTarte v LeTarte, 32 Mich App 289; 188 NW2d 673 (1971), lv den, 385 Mich 761 (1971).
In Saunders, supra, we held the statements made by the trial court at the conclusion of the pro confesso testimony of the wife clearly and unambiguously expressed the intent to make the judgment effective immediately. We do not find this to be true in the instant case. Here, unlike Saunders, the court’s verbal rendition of judgment was couched in terms in futuro. The trial court’s verbiage was singularly no different than the language found in Tiedman to be insufficient to permit entry of judgment nunc pro tunc. In fact, the instant case is even less favorable to the deceased’s position than Tiedman since, here, the trial court, upon granting defendant’s motion to withdraw answer and countercomplaint stated: "Be sure to get a stipulation and order in”. Patently, the facts in the present case do not fall within the Tiedman exception upon which this Court relied in Saunders to affirm a judgment of divorce entered subsequent to the wife’s death.
However, in footnote 1, the Tiedman Court set forth at some length a second exception to the general rule that divorce might not be granted after a party’s death:
"Whether parties who in good faith have acted on the strength of a judge’s oral statement that a divorce is or will be granted should be deemed to be divorced is a question different from the one here presented where the terms of the agreed-upon property settlement were not consummated or other action taken in the good faith belief that a divorce had been granted. See Clark on Domestic Relations, § 11.3, pp 289-299.”
We believe the reliance exception controls the present case. During the 34-day interval the parties, in good faith, acted on the assumption that a divorce had been granted. The bank account was closed out and each party received approximately $2,700. This was in conformity with the property settlement provision that liquid assets were to be divided equally. The husband moved out of the basement of the home which was awarded to the wife, and commenced paying alimony at the new rates set forth at the pro confesso hearing.
The degree of reliance required to come within the footnoted exception is not addressed in Tied-man, probably because, there, the husband unexpectedly died in a fire six days after the pro confesso proceedings and there was little opportunity to demonstrate reliance. However, in our opinion the amount of reliance required should be substantial. Meaningful proof of conduct indicating the parties themselves in good faith believed they were divorced is required. Here, the conduct of both the husband and wife meets that standard. Their actions of reliance were neither minor nor unsubstantial. Things which the parties could do on their own, such as closing out the bank account, moving away from the house and making and accepting alimony and child support payments in conformity with the settlement agreement, were done. Left undone were things which required assistance from counsel such as converting an entirety tenancy to a tenancy in common and contacting stock transfer agents for the transfer of the stocks held by the parties.
Not only did the defendant-husband accept benefits under the judgment which he now attacks but, in addition, his counsel approved the proposed judgment knowing that the plaintiff wife had died. Westgate v Adams, 293 Mich 559; 292 NW 491 (1940), is cited for the rule that approval of a decree and acceptance of some benefits thereunder estops a party from appeal. Cf. Norton Shores v Carr, 59 Mich App 561; 229 NW2d 848 (1975). In Bohn v Bohn, 26 Mich App 270, 273; 182 NW2d 107 (1970), plaintiff wife attacked a court order which awarded custody of the minor child to defendant husband. The order was approved as to both substance and form by the wife’s attorney. This Court held:
"Further, plaintiff consented to the March 12 custody order both as to form and substance, and cannot now complain. Trupski v Kanar, 366 Mich 603 [115 NW2d 408] (1962), Chilton’s, Inc v Wilmington Apartment Co, 365 Mich 242 [112 NW2d 434] (1961).”
At the time of the pro confesso hearing, the defendant knew full well that his wife was terminally ill with cancer. Knowing this, he cannot accept major cash benefits under the judgment and then, for more than a month, drag his feet or otherwise postpone until her death a final settlement and division of the more substantial property interests ordered in the consent judgment.
Affirmed, costs to plaintiff.
Cynar, J., concurs in result only.
Saunders v Smith, 86 Mich App 1; 272 NW2d 174 (1978).
Stock ownership consisted of 200 shares Ampex Corporation; 320 shares Detroit Edison; 50 shares Rockwell International; 200 shares Peppy/Biffs, Inc.
Counsel argued that prior to Tiedman, the law was that the death of one of the parties after rendition of judgment, but before entry of judgment, would not affect the validity of a subsequently entered judgment. | [
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0003662109375,
0.01953125,
0.045166015625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.03515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.041015625,
0.035888671875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0272216796875,
0.00738525390625,
0.009033203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.023681640625,
0.002166748046875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00927734375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.05859375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.03564453125,
0.0084228515625,
0.008056640625,
0.010498046875,
0.07373046875,
0.04345703125,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.000095367431640625,
0.040771484375,
-0.048828125,
0.0133056640625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.032470703125,
0.038818359375,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.09033203125,
-0.0556640625,
0.002685546875,
-0.027587890625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.001373291015625,
0.00518798828125,
0.024658203125,
0.03564453125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.005340576171875,
0.00799560546875,
0.01043701171875,
0.040283203125,
0.0238037109375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0002765655517578125,
-0.02587890625,
0.01129150390625,
0.01123046875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.028564453125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0166015625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.052734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.054443359375,
0.008544921875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0380859375,
0.016845703125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0111083984375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0252685546875,
0.046875,
-0.013671875,
-0.00225830078125,
0.0478515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0078125,
0.060791015625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.040771484375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.029541015625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.052734375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.041748046875,
0.03271484375,
-0.042724609375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01007080078125,
0.03564453125,
0.01483154296875,
0.04345703125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.07470703125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.055908203125,
0.0002651214599609375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0146484375,
0.018798828125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.031494140625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.05712890625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0458984375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.068359375,
0.0255126953125,
0.02880859375,
0.031005859375,
0.06689453125,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0703125,
0.0006103515625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0146484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.03173828125,
0.037109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.021484375,
0.036865234375,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0615234375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0576171875,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.010009765625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.04052734375,
0.03857421875,
0.003692626953125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.018798828125,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0057373046875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0150146484375,
0.0299072265625,
0.0380859375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.05810546875,
0.07568359375,
-0.029296875,
-0.037353515625,
0.08935546875,
0.018310546875,
-0.03515625,
0.00119781494140625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.00002396106719970703,
-0.0281982421875,
0.050048828125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0201416015625,
0.004486083984375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.031982421875,
0.0419921875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.011474609375,
0.005645751953125,
0.046875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0234375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01068115234375,
0.04150390625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.051025390625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.021240234375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.04052734375,
0.0269775390625,
0.004669189453125,
0.029052734375,
0.051025390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.017333984375,
0.054443359375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.00927734375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.04833984375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.036376953125,
0.00006628036499023438,
-0.030029296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.037109375,
0.04052734375,
-0.037841796875,
0.044677734375,
0.020751953125,
0.043212890625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.058837890625,
0.0016326904296875,
0.02587890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.004150390625,
-0.041015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.001068115234375,
-0.03564453125,
0.015869140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.03564453125,
0.035400390625,
0.013916015625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0546875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.019775390625,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.026123046875,
0.0238037109375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.03125,
-0.06103515625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0004253387451171875,
0.0067138671875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.015625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00052642822265625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0157470703125,
0.031005859375,
0.0233154296875,
0.025146484375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.016845703125,
0.014404296875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.00075531005859375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.04052734375,
0.042724609375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0181884765625,
0.02001953125,
0.023681640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.013916015625,
-0.046142578125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.019287109375,
0.03466796875,
0.056884765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0166015625,
0.01055908203125,
0.03369140625,
0.00872802734375,
0.021484375,
-0.0004520416259765625,
0.0341796875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0191650390625,
0.03076171875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.022705078125,
0.006591796875,
-0.049072265625,
0.038818359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.042724609375,
0.025634765625,
0.00145721435546875,
0.03076171875,
0.031005859375,
-0.005859375,
0.002685546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.06494140625,
0.040771484375,
-0.037109375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.004974365234375,
0.04541015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.02294921875,
0.008056640625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.02880859375,
0.02294921875,
0.0068359375,
-0.034912109375,
0.030029296875,
-0.06201171875,
0.02001953125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0002422332763671875,
0.017822265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0390625,
0.007568359375,
0.0634765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.02734375,
0.0234375,
0.07421875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0390625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0296630859375,
0.00506591796875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0128173828125,
0.02978515625,
-0.059814453125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.03466796875,
-0.033203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.05419921875,
0.01336669921875,
0.01806640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.031005859375,
0.0146484375,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.01226806640625,
0.033203125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0166015625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.01080322265625,
0.04931640625,
0.0091552734375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.017333984375,
0.015625,
-0.05322265625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.019287109375,
0.004364013671875,
0.02978515625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.052734375,
-0.03125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0595703125,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.036376953125,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.003204345703125,
0.052978515625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.006011962890625,
0.0274658203125,
0.029052734375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03857421875,
0.03369140625,
0.004150390625,
0.0634765625,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00077056884765625,
0.0118408203125,
0.03466796875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.033203125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.06494140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0419921875,
0.003021240234375,
0.0220947265625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.03125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.02490234375,
0.01220703125,
-0.018798828125,
0.03857421875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0284423828125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.033447265625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.041259765625,
0.031005859375,
-0.068359375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.07470703125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.03466796875,
0.01104736328125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.08349609375,
0.0162353515625,
0.00830078125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.058837890625,
0.014404296875,
0.08642578125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.046875,
0.0302734375,
0.0322265625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.015380859375,
0.00083160400390625,
0.033203125,
0.001556396484375,
-0.0498046875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.043212890625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0595703125,
0.019287109375,
0.036376953125,
0.04150390625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.05224609375,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.07470703125,
-0.000942230224609375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.031982421875,
0.0537109375,
-0.04443359375,
0.025390625,
0.030029296875,
0.034912109375,
0.037353515625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.050537109375,
0.045166015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0107421875,
0.025390625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01202392578125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0250244140625,
0.053955078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0029144287109375,
0.0390625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.03466796875,
0.027099609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.06103515625,
0.040283203125,
0.04443359375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.05615234375,
0.002197265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.013671875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0002002716064453125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.038818359375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0556640625,
0.00860595703125,
0.005889892578125,
0.0027008056640625,
0.047607421875,
0.00323486328125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.04736328125,
0.0166015625,
0.015625,
-0.000568389892578125,
-0.005859375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.08740234375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.046875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.015625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.019775390625,
0.006439208984375,
0.004974365234375,
0.05224609375,
-0.013916015625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0205078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.000865936279296875,
0.029541015625,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.0244140625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01171875,
0.0458984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.02734375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.037109375,
0.03466796875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.019775390625,
0.006591796875,
0.051513671875,
0.006103515625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0012054443359375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.03515625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0303955078125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.037109375,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.001007080078125,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00146484375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.06005859375,
0.02490234375,
0.0198974609375,
0.0301513671875,
0.064453125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.013427734375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.048828125,
0.037841796875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0107421875,
0.01275634765625,
0.042724609375,
0.038818359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.046875,
-0.029541015625,
0.04150390625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.000720977783203125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.06591796875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0068359375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.003326416015625,
0.00799560546875,
0.042236328125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0010986328125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.018310546875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0125732421875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.00045013427734375,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.043701171875,
0.00653076171875,
0.0198974609375,
0.059814453125,
0.006591796875,
0.009521484375,
0.053466796875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.033935546875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.037109375,
0.044921875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.015869140625,
0.037109375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.000843048095703125,
0.010498046875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.003662109375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0751953125,
0.023193359375,
0.037841796875,
-0.005859375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0478515625,
0.017822265625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.08935546875,
-0.040771484375,
0.00982666015625,
0.01416015625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.039794921875,
0.00384521484375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.000850677490234375,
0.01708984375,
0.0380859375,
0.00372314453125,
0.0208740234375,
0.01336669921875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0054931640625,
0.031494140625,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.010498046875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00396728515625,
0.004974365234375,
-0.09375,
0.263671875,
0.040771484375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.015625,
0.0458984375,
0.01068115234375,
0.00421142578125,
0.01361083984375,
0.005859375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0244140625,
0.00921630859375,
0.003936767578125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.042236328125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.08203125,
0.0390625,
0.010498046875,
0.013671875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.06298828125,
0.03076171875,
-0.04345703125,
0.036376953125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.02783203125,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.00604248046875,
0.0322265625,
0.003692626953125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.03515625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.028564453125,
0.003570556640625,
-0.055908203125,
0.08935546875,
0.0888671875,
-0.029296875,
0.0029296875,
0.027099609375,
0.015869140625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00994873046875,
0.007232666015625,
0.01025390625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.04736328125,
0.00017452239990234375,
0.00537109375,
-0.000048160552978515625,
0.0732421875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.03759765625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.02978515625,
0.0185546875,
0.013916015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.00555419921875,
0.06494140625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0546875,
-0.01025390625,
0.091796875,
-0.024658203125,
0.000762939453125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0277099609375,
0.02490234375,
0.0260009765625,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0001926422119140625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0179443359375
] |
Per Curiam.
Plaintiffs in the instant action are independent taxi owner-drivers operating at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. Defendant, the Board of Wayne County Road Commissioners, is a quasi-municipal body charged with operating and managing the airport facility for public use. Part of this function includes issuing permits authorizing plaintiffs to operate their taxis at the airport.
Defendant has imposed several conditions on the issuance of these permits. Plaintiffs are required to pay a monthly fee to defendant, to purchase bond plates for their vehicles and to obtain operators’ licenses for the airport grounds. In addition, defendant requires three annual inspections of each vehicle. The drivers are also subject to certain other rules and regulations pertaining to taxi meters, drivers’ conduct, handling of lost property, cruising and advertising on the vehicles.
Since 1973, the board has required all owner-drivers to provide proof that they are covered by a policy of worker’s disability insurance. Rates for worker’s disability insurance have increased annually. Plaintiffs brought suit alleging that the cost of the insurance is so economically burdensome that defendant’s requirement is unconstitutionally destructive and confiscatory of business. Plaintiffs’ suit sought to restrain defendant from requiring proof of worker’s disability insurance and prayed for a declaratory judgment finding the requirement to be unreasonable, discriminatory and unconstitutional.
The trial judge entered an order of judgment granting plaintiffs the relief they requested. The trial judge found that there was no employee-employer relationship between the parties and that, therefore, the requirement of insurance was an unreasonable, arbitrary and unconstitutional limitation upon plaintiffs and members of their class. He enjoined defendant from requiring proof of worker’s disability insurance as a condition precedent to granting a license to plaintiffs and members of their class. However, he also prohibited plaintiffs and members of their class from allowing their vehicles to be used by any other persons for airport taxis unless they provide defendant with a certificate of worker’s disability insurance covering such drivers.
Defendant appeals. It argues that the proof of worker’s disability insurance is necessary to protect it from liability under the worker’s compensation act in the event one of the owner-drivers incurs an injury while working.
Before benefits or rights under the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act can be claimed, an employee-employer relationship established by a contract of employment must be shown to exist. The act is predicated on the existence of such a relationship. Erickson v Goodell Oil Co, Inc, 384 Mich 207, 211; 180 NW2d 798 (1970). See also MCL 418.151, 418.161; MSA 17.237(151), 17.237(161). Therefore, our inquiry must begin with a determination of whether plaintiffs and defendant stand in an employee-employer relationship. Although both parties agree with the trial judge’s determination that plaintiffs are not employees of defendant, we find it necessary to reconsider this point because a proper determination is essential to the resolution of this case.
In Smith v Martindale, 81 Mich App 682, 686-687; 266 NW2d 49 (1978), this Court set forth the test for determining whether an employment relationship exists:
"The economic reality test has been adopted by the Michigan courts to discern an employment situation. Goodchild v Erickson, 375 Mich 289, 293; 134 NW2d 191 (1965), Cronk v Chevrolet Local 659, 32 Mich App 394, 398; 189 NW2d 16 (1971), lv den, 385 Mich 784 (1971), McKissic v Bodine, 42 Mich App 203, 205-208; 201 NW2d 333 (1972), lv den, 388 Mich 780 (1972). Under the economic reality test, the Michigan Supreme Court in Askew v Macomber, 398 Mich 212, 217-218; 247 NW2d 288 (1976), listed relevant factors to be used to discern an employment situation:
" '(1) [C]ontrol of a worker’s duties, (2) the payment of wages, (3) the right to hire and fire and the right to discipline, and (4) the performance of the duties as an integral part of the employer’s business towards the accomplishment of a common goal.’ ”
The facts in the instant case indicate that the defendant is enabled under the laws and statutes of Michigan to operate and manage the airport facility. As a part of its nonprofit function, and for the benefit of the public which uses the facility, defendant permits the plaintiffs to operate their self-owned taxicab businesses at the airport. Plaintiffs are neither hired nor fired by the defendant. The defendant simply issues a permit allowing the plaintiffs to operate on the airport grounds. Other than subjecting plaintiffs to certain regulations which are necessary for safe and orderly transportation at the airport, the defendant exercises no control over the manner in which plaintiffs carry out their businesses. Plaintiffs are paid for their services directly by their passengers, and receive no wages from the defendant.
Applying the factors of the economic reality test to these facts, we conclude, as the trial court did, that plaintiffs are not employees of the defendant.
Defendant argues that MCL 418.171; MSA 17.237(171) subjects it to liability for work incurred injuries suffered by the plaintiffs even though plaintiffs are not its employees within the meaning of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act.
MCL 418.171; MSA 17.237(171) provides:
"Sec. 171. (1) If any employer subject to the provisions of this act, in this section referred to as the principal, contracts with any other person, in this section referred to as the contractor, who is not subject to this act or who has not complied with the provisions of section 611, and who does not become subject to this act or comply with the provisions of section 611 prior to the date of the injury or death for which claim is made for the execution by or under the contractor of the whole or any part of any work undertaken by the principal, the principal shall be liable to pay to any workman employed in the execution of the work any compensation under this act which he would have been liable to pay if that workman had been immediately employed by him; and if compensation is claimed from or proceedings are taken against the principal, then, in the application of this act, reference to the principal shall be substituted for reference to the employer, except that the amount of compensation shall be calculated with reference to the earnings of the workman under the employer by whom he is immediately employed. A contractor shall be deemed to include subcontractors in all cases where the principal gives permission that the work or any part thereof be performed under subcontract.
"(2) If the principal is liable to pay compensation under this section, he shall be entitled to be indemnified by the contractor or subcontractor. The employee shall not be entitled to recover at common law against the contractor for any damages arising from such injury if he takes compensation from such principal. The principal, in case he pays compensation to the employee of such contractor, may recover the amount so paid in an action against such contractor.”
Under this section, if a principal, i.e., an employer subject to the act, contracts with another person (contractor), who is not subject to the act or who has not secured worker’s compensation coverage, the principal is required to pay worker’s compensation benefits to any injured "workman” who files a claim for injuries incurred while performing work under the principal-contractor agreement. Under subsection (2), the principal is entitled to indemnification from the contractor for any amounts paid to the injured worker.
Defendant views itself as a principal within the meaning of this section. It characterizes plaintiffs as contractors or subcontractors. Defendant argues that to protect itself from worker’s compensation liability, it must make sure that the persons to whom it issues licenses have worker’s compensation policies either in their own names or in the names of their employees.
Because this appeal does not concern employees of the owner-operators, we need only determine whether defendant could incur any worker’s compensation liability for injuries to plaintiffs or members of their class.
Under MCL 418.171; MSA 17.237(171), a principal’s potential liability extends only to a "workman”. Defendant’s proposed construction would render a "contractor” or "subcontractor” a "workman” within the meaning of this section. Under that construction of the section, if one of the instant plaintiffs did not have worker’s disability insurance and that plaintiff were injured while working at the airport, defendant would, on the one hand, be required to pay worker’s compensation benefits to the plaintiff (in his role as "workman”) and, on the other hand, be able to recover those benefits in an indemnity action from the same plaintiff (in his role as "contractor” or "subcontractor”). The Legislature could not have in tended this construction because it renders the section meaningless. See Brown v Dep’t of State, 45 Mich App 322, 326; 206 NW2d 481 (1973).
In addition, defendant’s proposed construction does not comport with the legislative intent underlying the section. The legislative intent in enacting this section was to protect the employees of contractors and subcontractors, and to insure that these employees recover worker’s compensation benefits where their immediate employer fails to obtain adequate insurance or to otherwise secure funds for the payment of such benefits. See DeWitt v Grand Rapids Fuel Co, 346 Mich 209, 214; 77 NW2d 759 (1956), Woody v American Tank Co, 49 Mich App 217, 230; 211 NW2d 666 (1973). Plaintiffs are not employees of contractors or subcontractors; they are the contractors or subcontractors within the meaning of the section. Therefore, they are outside of the protection afforded by this section.
Finally, defendant’s proposed construction would radically change Michigan’s worker’s compensation law. Plaintiffs are self-employed; they are both employer and employee. This Court has held that, without conclusive, unambiguous direction from the Legislature, a self-employed individual cannot claim benefits under the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act. A contract of employment is a condition precedent to recovery under the act. Lee v J H Lee & Son, 72 Mich App 257, 264-265; 249 NW2d 380 (1976). See also Scott v Alsar Co, 336 Mich 532, 537-539, 58 NW2d 910 (1953), Slessor v Board of Education of Kalamazoo, 256 Mich 389, 392; 240 NW 13 (1932). MCL 418.171; MSA 17.237(171) does not indicate a legislative intent to depart from this policy.
We affirm the trial court’s ruling that MCL 418.171; MSA 17.237(171) does not impose any worker’s compensation liability on defendant as far as the instant plaintiffs and members of their class are concerned.
We now turn to the question of whether the trial court erred in enjoining defendant from requiring plaintiffs and members of their class to obtain worker’s disability insurance. Defendant has stated that in the absence of any worker’s compensation liability to plaintiffs, defendant would not require plaintiffs to carry worker’s compensation insurance. Therefore, an extended discussion on this issue is not necessary. We hold that the trial court properly enjoined defendant from requiring plaintiffs to prove they had obtained worker’s compensation benefits. See Devereaux v Twp Board of Genesse Twp, 211 Mich 38, 43; 177 NW 967 (1920), People v Grant, 157 Mich 24, 27; 121 NW 300 (1909).
The decision of the trial court is affirmed. No costs, the construction of a statute being involved.
Beasley, J., concurs in result. | [
-0.01416015625,
0.0206298828125,
0.01397705078125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0002079010009765625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.053466796875,
0.00787353515625,
0.056640625,
0.02880859375,
0.033447265625,
0.049560546875,
-0.00323486328125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.00092315673828125,
0.05908203125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.04150390625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0001888275146484375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.040283203125,
0.03076171875,
-0.021484375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.047607421875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.005859375,
0.0177001953125,
0.031494140625,
0.0458984375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.01165771484375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.034423828125,
0.0010986328125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.04296875,
0.0103759765625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0390625,
0.04833984375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0291748046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.025390625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00811767578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0296630859375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0625,
0.080078125,
0.0029144287109375,
0.0291748046875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0556640625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.00811767578125,
0.03125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0107421875,
0.0712890625,
-0.011962890625,
0.06298828125,
0.0303955078125,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.02197265625,
0.00897216796875,
0.00848388671875,
0.04248046875,
0.004730224609375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0458984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.03466796875,
0.026123046875,
0.0498046875,
-0.017578125,
0.04638671875,
0.043701171875,
-0.012939453125,
0.024658203125,
0.020263671875,
-0.000530242919921875,
0.024169921875,
0.0174560546875,
0.009033203125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0159912109375,
0.018798828125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.051513671875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0703125,
0.00009059906005859375,
0.045654296875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.009765625,
-0.041748046875,
0.005950927734375,
0.02734375,
0.02587890625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.000804901123046875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.044189453125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.02685546875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0030517578125,
0.03564453125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.043212890625,
0.04833984375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0546875,
0.040771484375,
-0.005157470703125,
0.07568359375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00010204315185546875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.029296875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.009765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.041748046875,
0.034912109375,
0.01434326171875,
0.03369140625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.01318359375,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.013427734375,
0.043212890625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.003387451171875,
0.05908203125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.03125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00003886222839355469,
0.0274658203125,
-0.045654296875,
0.01422119140625,
0.035888671875,
-0.00004482269287109375,
0.019287109375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00014209747314453125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0263671875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.01202392578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0263671875,
0.0751953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0157470703125,
0.025390625,
0.02099609375,
0.038818359375,
-0.0068359375,
0.0537109375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.004486083984375,
0.041259765625,
0.011474609375,
-0.03857421875,
0.01171875,
0.022216796875,
0.010009765625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.005859375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0029296875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.021484375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.04345703125,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.03271484375,
0.00080108642578125,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.034423828125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.091796875,
0.029296875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.047119140625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.000637054443359375,
-0.00066375732421875,
-0.06396484375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.04541015625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.00091552734375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.020751953125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.062255859375,
0.054931640625,
0.00193023681640625,
-0.041259765625,
0.008056640625,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.029052734375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.009765625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.02587890625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.014404296875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.02490234375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.013671875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.04638671875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0234375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0625,
0.016845703125,
0.038330078125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0006103515625,
-0.049072265625,
0.01171875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.050048828125,
0.006805419921875,
0.025634765625,
0.00022792816162109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.02978515625,
-0.041015625,
0.0218505859375,
0.00640869140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.05908203125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0068359375,
0.0140380859375,
0.00653076171875,
0.03515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.059814453125,
0.039306640625,
0.01312255859375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.023681640625,
0.016357421875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.050537109375,
0.000553131103515625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.059326171875,
0.031982421875,
0.01416015625,
0.0245361328125,
0.003692626953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.03515625,
0.0311279296875,
0.001007080078125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0279541015625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.002227783203125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0028076171875,
0.05419921875,
0.033203125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0004291534423828125,
0.045654296875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01611328125,
0.042236328125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.006988525390625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0244140625,
0.0263671875,
-0.00095367431640625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0498046875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.030029296875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0067138671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.00054168701171875,
-0.041015625,
0.03125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.00156402587890625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.054931640625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.064453125,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0238037109375,
0.02099609375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.05322265625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0230712890625,
0.028564453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.024169921875,
0.006805419921875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.050537109375,
-0.029296875,
-0.0003948211669921875,
0.05029296875,
0.000362396240234375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.053466796875,
0.04296875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00011444091796875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0693359375,
0.0130615234375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.047607421875,
0.033203125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.052978515625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0166015625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04833984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.020751953125,
0.02001953125,
0.05126953125,
0.0166015625,
0.026123046875,
0.0068359375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.033447265625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0048828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.023681640625,
0.007080078125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.048583984375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.01507568359375,
0.034423828125,
0.023681640625,
-0.03515625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.026123046875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0546875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0196533203125,
0.05517578125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01953125,
-0.029296875,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.02880859375,
0.041015625,
0.00732421875,
0.041259765625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.054443359375,
0.06494140625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.048583984375,
-0.025390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.055419921875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.004791259765625,
0.09130859375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0050048828125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.030029296875,
0.0072021484375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01031494140625,
0.000362396240234375,
-0.0283203125,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.051513671875,
0.06689453125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.027099609375,
0.05078125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.056884765625,
0.024658203125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.06396484375,
0.026611328125,
-0.0078125,
0.041015625,
0.0810546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.00433349609375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0439453125,
0.006591796875,
0.0302734375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.01513671875,
0.056884765625,
0.0017242431640625,
0.0167236328125,
0.06494140625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.02978515625,
0.0081787109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0517578125,
0.05859375,
-0.046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.03515625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.048583984375,
0.00689697265625,
0.045166015625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01708984375,
0.05810546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.03955078125,
0.04052734375,
0.0810546875,
-0.037109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.023681640625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0032958984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00012063980102539062,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.000652313232421875,
-0.0458984375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.040771484375,
0.014892578125,
0.01373291015625,
0.0029144287109375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0308837890625,
0.02587890625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.037109375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0341796875,
0.003814697265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0157470703125,
0.02197265625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.004150390625,
0.078125,
0.04296875,
0.04345703125,
0.0556640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.037353515625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0263671875,
-0.00011396408081054688,
0.050537109375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0002422332763671875,
0.003997802734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.00004887580871582031,
0.03173828125,
0.0150146484375,
0.029541015625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.06396484375,
0.0031890869140625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01611328125,
0.002105712890625,
-0.10400390625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.01397705078125,
0.0498046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0005035400390625,
-0.00360107421875,
0.02734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01318359375,
0.021484375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.042236328125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.048828125,
0.031494140625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0419921875,
0.033203125,
0.07080078125,
-0.00732421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.007049560546875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0064697265625,
-0.0380859375,
0.05029296875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.02392578125,
0.0021209716796875,
0.0213623046875,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0400390625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.006591796875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.0234375,
0.0103759765625,
0.005126953125,
0.00238037109375,
0.016357421875,
0.0172119140625,
0.01531982421875,
0.024658203125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0341796875,
0.004852294921875,
0.038330078125,
0.0380859375,
0.0140380859375,
0.00274658203125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.013916015625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.09033203125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.036376953125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0130615234375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.052490234375,
0.0400390625,
0.02294921875,
0.0096435546875,
0.034912109375,
0.007293701171875,
0.036376953125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.048828125,
-0.015625,
-0.001220703125,
0.008544921875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0019378662109375,
0.0277099609375,
0.080078125,
0.003662109375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.01416015625,
0.000827789306640625,
0.026611328125,
-0.044677734375,
0.005615234375,
0.033203125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.015869140625,
0.040283203125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.030029296875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0242919921875,
0.023193359375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0272216796875,
0.038330078125,
0.00628662109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.051025390625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0234375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.00921630859375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01171875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0078125,
0.0556640625,
-0.03515625,
0.275390625,
0.001190185546875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0146484375,
0.0224609375,
0.0693359375,
0.01007080078125,
0.000232696533203125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.003570556640625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.024658203125,
0.0068359375,
0.030517578125,
0.002227783203125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.036376953125,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0810546875,
0.048828125,
0.00701904296875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.000396728515625,
0.033935546875,
-0.04443359375,
0.01318359375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.017822265625,
0.012451171875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0198974609375,
0.00347900390625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.03662109375,
0.06787109375,
-0.03271484375,
0.007598876953125,
0.0216064453125,
0.0263671875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.009033203125,
0.02197265625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.03173828125,
0.021484375,
0.0186767578125,
0.037109375,
0.0244140625,
0.00665283203125,
0.0245361328125,
0.0322265625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.02734375,
0.005950927734375,
0.0126953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.025634765625,
0.06884765625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0106201171875,
0.037109375,
0.023193359375,
0.00142669677734375,
0.04296875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.006591796875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0108642578125,
0.00238037109375,
0.012451171875,
-0.02734375
] |
D. F. Walsh, P.J.
Defendant appeals from the denial of its motion for summary judgment, GCR 1963, 117.2(1). The trial court rejected defendant’s claim that governmental immunity barred plaintiffs action.
On August 4, 1975, Mary Bragg, next friend of Raymond Bragg, a minor, filed a complaint against the City of Kalamazoo. Plaintiff sought damages for injuries sustained by the minor when he fell from a rope swing in a park owned by defendant.
Defendant moved for summary judgment claiming, inter alia, that it was immune from liability. MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107). In denying the motion the trial judge ruled that the portion of the governmental immunity act upon which defendant relied was unconstitutional as violative of the title-object clause of the Michigan Constitution:
"No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title.” Const 1963, art 4, § 24.
The purpose of the title-object clause is to assure fair notice to legislators and the public of a statute’s content and to prevent deceit and subterfuge. Advisory Opinion re Constitutionality of 1972 PA 294, 389 Mich 441, 465; 208 NW2d 469 (1973). In effectuating these purposes, courts must construe an act’s title reasonably, not in a narrow and technical sense. Bankhead v Mayor of River Rouge, 387 Mich 610, 614; 198 NW2d 414 (1972), City of Gaylord v Gaylord City Clerk, 378 Mich 273, 288; 144 NW2d 460 (1966).
The title of the governmental immunity act (MCL 691.1401 et seq.; MSA 3.996[101] et seq.) provides in part:
"AN ACT to make uniform the liability of municipal corporations, political subdivisions, and the state, its agencies and departments, when engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function, for injuries to property and persons. ” (Emphasis added.)
Section 7 of the act (MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996[107]), provides in part:
"Except as in this act otherwise provided, all governmental agencies shall be immune from tort liability in all cases wherein the government agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.” (Emphasis added.)
The trial court ruled that "tort” was broader than "injuries to property and persons” and that § 7 was, therefore, unconstitutional. It was the trial court’s opinion that "injuries to property and persons” means injury to tangible physical property and injury to the body of a person.
In Maki v City of East Tawas, 385 Mich 151; 188 NW2d 593 (1971), the Supreme Court held that § 7 of the governmental immunity act was unconstitutional as violative of the title-object clause. At the time of that decision, the title of the act granted immunity to governmental units from liability "for injuries to property and persons caused by negligence(Emphasis added.) 1964 PA 170. The Court held that the "tort” immunity granted in § 7 was broader than the "negligence” immunity granted in the act’s title.
The Legislature responded by reenacting the immunity statute under an amended title. The "caused by negligence” language was deleted. 1970 PA 155, § 1.
In interpreting statutes we are guided by MCL 8.3a; MSA 2.212(1):
"All words and phrases shall be construed and understood according to the common and approved usage of the language; but technical words and phrases, and such as may have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law, shall be construed and understood according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning.”
The trial court erroneously concluded that "injuries to property and persons” had acquired a peculiar meaning in the law. He relied on Sweet v Shreve, 262 Mich 432; 247 NW 711 (1933), where the Supreme Court held that an action for fraud was governed by the general six-year statute of limitations instead of the three-year statute governing injuries to persons or property. The Supreme Court went on to state that the three-year limitation applied only to actions involving specific property. As noted in Krum v Sheppard, 255 F Supp 994 (WD Mich, 1966), aff'd 407 F2d 490 (CA 6, 1967), this statement was not necessary to the decision and was merely obiter dictum.
In other contexts, the phrase "injuries to prop erty and persons” has been interpreted more broadly; injury to specific tangible property or injury to the body of a person has not always been required. See, e.g., Krum v Sheppard, supra, Probst v Jones, 262 Mich 678; 247 NW 779 (1933), Stringer v Sparrow Hospital Bd of Trustees, 62 Mich App 696; 233 NW2d 698(1975), lv den 395 Mich 768 (1975), Anno: What constitutes "injury in person or property” within civil damage or dram shop act, 6 ALR2d 798.
We are not willing to adopt the trial court’s restrictive interpretation of the phrase "injuries to property and persons”. As currently worded, the title of the governmental immunity act gives fair and adequate notice of the act’s purpose and content. If we read the phrase "according to common and approved usage” we must decline to limit it to physical injuries. Stringer v Sparrow Hospital Bd of Trustees, supra at 702. Our holding is limited to the narrow issue raised on appeal. We express no opinion as to the merits of the governmental immunity defense raised by defendant.
The trial court’s ruling that § 7 of the govern mental immunity act is unconstitutional is reversed. The cause is remanded for further proceedings.
Our holding accords with dicta in several cases where Supreme Court Justices have indicated that the Legislature’s response to the Maki decision cured the title object defect in § 7. See e.g., Thomas v Dept of State Highways, 398 Mich 1, 15, fn 2; 247 NW2d 530 (1976), Pittman v City of Taylor, 398 Mich 41, 46, 53; 247 NW2d 512 (1976), Peters v Dept of State Highways, 400 Mich 50, 56, fn 5; 252 NW2d 799 (1977), Rosario v Lansing, 403 Mich 124, 130; 268 NW2d 230 (1978), Gerzeski v Dept of State Highways, 403 Mich 149, 165; 268 NW2d 525 (1978). See also Miller v Oakland County Road Comm, 43 Mich App 215, 221; 204 NW2d 141 (1972), Bennett v Attorney General, 65 Mich App 203, 205, fn 1; 237 NW2d 250 (1975).
Plaintiff alleged defendant’s responsibility for creation of an "inherently dangerous condition”. Two theories of recovery were mentioned: negligence and attractive nuisance. The Supreme Court has recently discussed the availability of the defense of governmental immunity in an action where the injured party relies upon a nuisance in fact or attractive nuisance theory. We refer the parties to Rosario v Lansing, 403 Mich 124; 268 NW2d 230 (1978), and Gerzeski v Dept of State Highways, 403 Mich 149; 268 NW2d 525 (1978). | [
-0.040283203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00057220458984375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0546875,
0.00537109375,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0179443359375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.000579833984375,
-0.048828125,
0.023681640625,
-0.022216796875,
0.045654296875,
0.0498046875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.025390625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.031494140625,
0.041748046875,
0.032958984375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.056640625,
-0.056884765625,
0.044189453125,
0.0022125244140625,
0.0220947265625,
0.058837890625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.048828125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.00017833709716796875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0005645751953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.00096893310546875,
0.01397705078125,
0.0361328125,
0.0157470703125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.05517578125,
0.0220947265625,
0.01318359375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.00025177001953125,
0.00213623046875,
-0.036865234375,
0.01043701171875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.01513671875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.039794921875,
0.029296875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.03955078125,
-0.033203125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.024169921875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.08447265625,
0.027587890625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0006103515625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0654296875,
0.003997802734375,
0.04833984375,
0.002655029296875,
0.0732421875,
0.02490234375,
0.039794921875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0257568359375,
0.047119140625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0361328125,
0.042236328125,
0.0030364990234375,
0.04345703125,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.041015625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.020751953125,
0.029296875,
-0.0146484375,
0.035400390625,
0.041748046875,
0.0277099609375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.0091552734375,
0.038330078125,
-0.000621795654296875,
0.0341796875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01336669921875,
0.050048828125,
0.005462646484375,
0.028564453125,
0.005828857421875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0478515625,
0.055419921875,
0.00927734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01031494140625,
0.00732421875,
-0.01220703125,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.037109375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.009033203125,
0.028076171875,
0.003265380859375,
0.032470703125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0263671875,
0.000453948974609375,
0.00213623046875,
0.054443359375,
0.049072265625,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.02685546875,
0.033203125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.041748046875,
0.05908203125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.00014972686767578125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.02978515625,
0.005340576171875,
0.0322265625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.055908203125,
0.07666015625,
0.00469970703125,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.02783203125,
0.0302734375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0267333984375,
0.00537109375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.013916015625,
-0.044677734375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.047607421875,
-0.0015869140625,
0.046630859375,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.001495361328125,
0.04150390625,
0.005584716796875,
0.036376953125,
0.030517578125,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.006439208984375,
0.053466796875,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.039794921875,
0.01287841796875,
0.048095703125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03515625,
0.058349609375,
0.07470703125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0185546875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.00946044921875,
0.00006246566772460938,
0.05126953125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.056396484375,
0.05517578125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.015380859375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.005096435546875,
0.021240234375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.057373046875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0458984375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0615234375,
0.032470703125,
0.0264892578125,
0.005401611328125,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.017333984375,
0.00933837890625,
0.014892578125,
-0.0400390625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0009918212890625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.025390625,
0.045654296875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0595703125,
0.015869140625,
0.031982421875,
0.031494140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0205078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.02880859375,
0.0010986328125,
0.02978515625,
0.039306640625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.000308990478515625,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.029296875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0361328125,
-0.04296875,
0.044921875,
0.002166748046875,
0.0087890625,
0.08056640625,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.035888671875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.029052734375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0107421875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.01275634765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0673828125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.00958251953125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.025634765625,
0.0068359375,
0.0830078125,
-0.0322265625,
0.029052734375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.064453125,
0.0211181640625,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00052642822265625,
0.011474609375,
0.02001953125,
0.01708984375,
0.02197265625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.05712890625,
0.03857421875,
-0.02197265625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0517578125,
0.0140380859375,
0.033447265625,
0.0286865234375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0087890625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.057861328125,
-0.00015544891357421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.026123046875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0400390625,
0.00087738037109375,
0.00518798828125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.033935546875,
0.06201171875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01806640625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.02490234375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.02978515625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00250244140625,
0.052490234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.03271484375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0225830078125,
0.027587890625,
-0.02099609375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0654296875,
-0.04345703125,
0.00909423828125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.041259765625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0185546875,
0.044189453125,
-0.047119140625,
0.02734375,
-0.0380859375,
0.05908203125,
-0.00634765625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.02197265625,
0.01251220703125,
0.060791015625,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.02880859375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0517578125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.01416015625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.083984375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.025146484375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.06396484375,
0.0286865234375,
0.0257568359375,
0.061767578125,
0.0301513671875,
0.028076171875,
0.005523681640625,
0.054443359375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.027587890625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.02978515625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0096435546875,
0.01458740234375,
0.041015625,
0.033203125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00390625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0869140625,
-0.038330078125,
0.022216796875,
0.057861328125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.00042724609375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0047607421875,
0.039794921875,
0.05908203125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.02978515625,
0.028564453125,
0.0184326171875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.06494140625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0103759765625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00360107421875,
0.02978515625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.035400390625,
0.004638671875,
0.000701904296875,
-0.029296875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.048583984375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0732421875,
0.0299072265625,
0.06640625,
0.004791259765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.00946044921875,
0.002685546875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.030029296875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0390625,
0.03125,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0634765625,
0.064453125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00799560546875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.040283203125,
0.00634765625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0634765625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.04150390625,
0.025390625,
0.02734375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01611328125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.009521484375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.011962890625,
0.005279541015625,
0.03955078125,
-0.03515625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.032470703125,
0.004974365234375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0206298828125,
0.00390625,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.061767578125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0517578125,
0.027587890625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.016845703125,
0.001617431640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.07958984375,
-0.016845703125,
0.029052734375,
0.01025390625,
0.058837890625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.002716064453125,
0.038330078125,
-0.05859375,
0.028564453125,
0.04541015625,
0.0576171875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.06640625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00213623046875,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0027313232421875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.04736328125,
0.03173828125,
0.004638671875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.011474609375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0556640625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.01806640625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.007720947265625,
0.032470703125,
0.038818359375,
-0.01416015625,
0.00799560546875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0289306640625,
0.023193359375,
0.033935546875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0078125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.039794921875,
0.03955078125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.01806640625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.004364013671875,
0.012939453125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.02734375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.00927734375,
0.02734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.000514984130859375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0123291015625,
0.0458984375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0751953125,
0.015380859375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.05126953125,
0.057373046875,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0157470703125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.007568359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.003692626953125,
0.0003566741943359375,
-0.041259765625,
0.007537841796875,
0.07373046875,
0.0673828125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.029541015625,
0.03515625,
0.03076171875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.004150390625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.022705078125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.0006256103515625,
-0.033447265625,
0.01336669921875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0390625,
0.021484375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.048583984375,
0.029052734375,
0.01708984375,
0.00537109375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.03564453125,
0.05419921875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0033111572265625,
0.005157470703125,
0.00311279296875,
0.0146484375,
-0.06787109375,
0.013671875,
-0.032958984375,
0.043701171875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0115966796875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.050537109375,
0.031494140625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0220947265625,
0.01153564453125,
0.0303955078125,
0.019287109375,
-0.01025390625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0439453125,
0.03125,
-0.052734375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.052490234375,
0.004791259765625,
0.0096435546875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0263671875,
-0.04638671875,
0.005096435546875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.025390625,
0.03271484375,
0.00811767578125,
0.04443359375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0003910064697265625,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.032958984375,
-0.050048828125,
0.04150390625,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0546875,
-0.04248046875,
0.02392578125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0439453125,
-0.031982421875,
0.01611328125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.037841796875,
0.03564453125,
0.024169921875,
0.0030059814453125,
0.0390625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0240478515625,
0.043701171875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.022705078125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00091552734375,
0.01416015625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.025146484375,
0.015625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.039306640625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00042724609375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.07470703125,
0.296875,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.0198974609375,
0.002777099609375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.00009918212890625,
-0.029296875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.052734375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.00921630859375,
0.00262451171875,
-0.04296875,
0.00299072265625,
0.01904296875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.02197265625,
0.09228515625,
0.052734375,
0.006683349609375,
0.038330078125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.046142578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.076171875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0166015625,
0.003692626953125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.02392578125,
0.00811767578125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.004119873046875,
0.00811767578125,
0.004608154296875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0419921875,
0.038818359375,
0.07666015625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0299072265625,
0.054931640625,
0.03076171875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.036376953125,
0.029052734375,
0.025390625,
0.001983642578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.04150390625,
0.01055908203125,
0.0128173828125,
0.0206298828125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0008544921875,
0.02734375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00049591064453125,
0.013916015625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03662109375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.040283203125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0205078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.02587890625,
0.028076171875,
0.045166015625,
0.0341796875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.04736328125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.025634765625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.011474609375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.001739501953125
] |
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals a decision of the Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB), which reversed an award of compensation to plaintiff made by an administrative law judge.
In a recent case decided by the Supreme Court, Deziel v Difco Laboratories, Inc, 394 Mich 466; 232 NW2d 146 (1975), the employee’s right to, and the employer’s liability for, compensation was discussed vis-a-vis the fact finding and law application process. The right-liability relationship, denominated by the Court as a "jural relation”, was found to rest upon application of the legal principle of "whether 'the employment aggravated, accelerated, or combined with the disease or infirmity to produce the * * * disability’ ”. Id. at 476; 232 NW2d at 150, quoting from 1 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law § 12.20. As to the application of that principle, the Court stated:
"To apply that principle the decision maker must resolve three questions of fact and law:
"1) Is the claimant disabled?
"2) If so, is the claimant disabled on account of some 'personal injury’?
"3) Did the claimant’s employment aggravate, accelerate, or combine with some internal weakness or disease to produce the personal injury?
"If those questions are answered in the affirmative and supported by the record, the decision maker must then find as a matter of law that the claimant had a personal injury, which arose out of the employment, and that compensation must be awarded.
"By the same token, if there is support for a negative answer to any of the questions, compensation may not be awarded.” 394 Mich at 476; 232 NW2d at 150.
Although Deziel involved conditions of the employee allegedly in existence prior to employment and aggravated thereby, the "jural relation” referred to by the Court nevertheless obtains where the condition arises during the course of employment. The only distinction is in the principle to be applied. However, this may be accomodated by modifying the principle to include employment-causation. The principle then becomes "whether the employment caused, aggravated * * * the * * * disability”. Similar modification of the third question listed by the Court in Deziel is also required.
From our reading of the "Analysis and Findings” of the WCAB opinion, we cannot determine whether the foregoing queries were adequately resolved by the appeal board, independent of Dr. Nelson’s opinion, to obtain proper application of the requisite legal principle. Thus a remand is necessary to obtain the appropriate findings. Carter v Detroit Board of Education, 66 Mich App 128; 238 NW2d 419 (1975).
Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We retain jurisdiction. | [
-0.0260009765625,
-0.017578125,
-0.02197265625,
0.03125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0634765625,
0.0029144287109375,
0.002685546875,
0.05224609375,
0.004638671875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0185546875,
0.036376953125,
-0.016845703125,
0.04931640625,
0.04345703125,
0.03759765625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.00020313262939453125,
-0.017333984375,
0.06396484375,
0.05224609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.002410888671875,
0.05908203125,
-0.076171875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.033203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.007568359375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0625,
0.00186920166015625,
0.02685546875,
0.000797271728515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.020751953125,
-0.00732421875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.022216796875,
0.02978515625,
0.00177001953125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0517578125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.017578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.0206298828125,
0.03125,
-0.0146484375,
0.0087890625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.06396484375,
0.078125,
0.01422119140625,
0.051513671875,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.040771484375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0030517578125,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.048828125,
-0.013671875,
0.007110595703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0234375,
0.028564453125,
0.0166015625,
0.056396484375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0294189453125,
0.015869140625,
0.00750732421875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.005218505859375,
0.04296875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.056396484375,
0.00518798828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.06201171875,
0.00274658203125,
0.04736328125,
0.01202392578125,
0.010986328125,
0.01806640625,
0.014892578125,
0.050048828125,
-0.041015625,
0.01025390625,
0.00933837890625,
0.01904296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00008296966552734375,
0.00701904296875,
0.025390625,
0.031982421875,
0.0169677734375,
0.021240234375,
0.0238037109375,
0.0306396484375,
0.0001239776611328125,
-0.013916015625,
0.03271484375,
0.0228271484375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0146484375,
0.03857421875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.000720977783203125,
0.05908203125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.00799560546875,
0.049072265625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.01953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.035400390625,
0.023193359375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.01953125,
0.0279541015625,
0.00089263916015625,
-0.02978515625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.027099609375,
0.004364013671875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0283203125,
0.0830078125,
-0.026611328125,
0.000051021575927734375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0029449462890625,
0.06005859375,
0.0205078125,
0.019287109375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.02734375,
0.000028967857360839844,
-0.017578125,
0.018798828125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.052001953125,
0.031005859375,
0.002166748046875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.03125,
0.0015106201171875,
0.015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.051025390625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.044189453125,
0.00148773193359375,
0.0003681182861328125,
0.0262451171875,
0.000194549560546875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.06298828125,
0.03564453125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.020263671875,
-0.057861328125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0289306640625,
0.00787353515625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.015625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0390625,
0.052734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.040283203125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.0185546875,
0.05810546875,
0.02294921875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.0003452301025390625,
0.00579833984375,
0.045166015625,
0.002777099609375,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.041259765625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.0419921875,
-0.042724609375,
0.00653076171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01324462890625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.076171875,
0.0185546875,
-0.025390625,
0.07177734375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.024658203125,
0.034912109375,
-0.030517578125,
0.006591796875,
-0.0458984375,
0.029541015625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0654296875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.052734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.05810546875,
-0.00439453125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.013671875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.029296875,
-0.0390625,
-0.005859375,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.04052734375,
0.007171630859375,
0.03662109375,
0.022216796875,
-0.022705078125,
0.060791015625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0126953125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.04150390625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.00616455078125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.013671875,
0.05322265625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0079345703125,
0.044189453125,
0.02490234375,
-0.0380859375,
0.049560546875,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00360107421875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.041259765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.022705078125,
0.037353515625,
0.017578125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00927734375,
0.046630859375,
-0.047119140625,
0.04248046875,
0.031982421875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03125,
-0.060791015625,
0.052001953125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0400390625,
0.01202392578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.003265380859375,
0.03125,
0.00090789794921875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.056640625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0556640625,
0.037841796875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00159454345703125,
0.007049560546875,
0.0283203125,
0.04345703125,
0.010009765625,
0.053955078125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.029296875,
0.003082275390625,
0.00121307373046875,
0.01129150390625,
0.00762939453125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0341796875,
-0.030029296875,
0.004669189453125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0390625,
0.0439453125,
-0.009033203125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0380859375,
0.02490234375,
0.00113677978515625,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0458984375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.02001953125,
0.0087890625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0634765625,
0.060546875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.021484375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.035888671875,
-0.004241943359375,
0.035400390625,
0.005859375,
0.013671875,
-0.024658203125,
0.05224609375,
0.0242919921875,
0.00180816650390625,
0.0003986358642578125,
0.058837890625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0164794921875,
0.017333984375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0546875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.021240234375,
0.00750732421875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.027099609375,
0.0059814453125,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00372314453125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.026123046875,
0.012939453125,
0.000148773193359375,
-0.009765625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00011301040649414062,
0.039306640625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.021240234375,
0.00054931640625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0546875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0296630859375,
0.04833984375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0240478515625,
0.00994873046875,
0.0220947265625,
0.01953125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.03564453125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0086669921875,
0.02734375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.030517578125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.027587890625,
0.00099945068359375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0830078125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.044677734375,
0.036865234375,
0.03466796875,
0.048095703125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.091796875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.030517578125,
0.040771484375,
0.0625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0032196044921875,
0.004791259765625,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.021240234375,
0.0257568359375,
0.045166015625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.0458984375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.046630859375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.057861328125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01287841796875,
0.006683349609375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0150146484375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0361328125,
-0.045166015625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.03466796875,
0.00927734375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.00506591796875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.031982421875,
-0.001220703125,
-0.018798828125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0078125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.026123046875,
0.072265625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.07421875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.068359375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0185546875,
0.045654296875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0830078125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.04345703125,
0.017578125,
-0.0390625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.07568359375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0107421875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0155029296875,
0.06298828125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0439453125,
0.0184326171875,
0.03173828125,
-0.02392578125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.023681640625,
0.015625,
0.050048828125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.05224609375,
0.0198974609375,
0.057373046875,
0.04931640625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01416015625,
0.04541015625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.003814697265625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0218505859375,
0.030029296875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0478515625,
0.0006561279296875,
0.042236328125,
0.04736328125,
0.054443359375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00860595703125,
0.007049560546875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.010009765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0186767578125,
0.00555419921875,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.04296875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.02392578125,
0.0208740234375,
0.04443359375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0238037109375,
0.06591796875,
0.019287109375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0135498046875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.034423828125,
0.0023040771484375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00164794921875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.021728515625,
0.01953125,
0.06591796875,
0.060546875,
0.0035400390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04931640625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.01251220703125,
0.0216064453125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0223388671875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0211181640625,
0.050048828125,
-0.06494140625,
0.011962890625,
0.000865936279296875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.021240234375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0242919921875,
0.031005859375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.007598876953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.022705078125,
0.033447265625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0064697265625,
0.0272216796875,
0.011474609375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.023681640625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.00151824951171875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03271484375,
0.004791259765625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00061798095703125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.06884765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0031585693359375,
0.01904296875,
0.0225830078125,
0.037841796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.039306640625,
0.02490234375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.056640625,
-0.035400390625,
0.03466796875,
0.03662109375,
-0.001708984375,
0.00182342529296875,
0.0164794921875,
0.022216796875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.06201171875,
0.0223388671875,
0.017333984375,
0.03662109375,
-0.07177734375,
0.00002753734588623047,
0.01031494140625,
0.00262451171875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0126953125,
0.017822265625,
0.0537109375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0020751953125,
0.04296875,
-0.03173828125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.068359375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00927734375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.0341796875,
0.052001953125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.04248046875,
0.030517578125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.044921875,
-0.07763671875,
0.009033203125,
0.036865234375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0177001953125,
0.06298828125,
0.034423828125,
0.0654296875,
0.004150390625,
0.058837890625,
0.005035400390625,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.037109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.018310546875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0032958984375,
0.01708984375,
0.009033203125,
0.032470703125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.046875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.08056640625,
0.26953125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.018798828125,
0.034912109375,
0.0201416015625,
0.054443359375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.017578125,
0.0012664794921875,
0.00732421875,
0.037109375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0458984375,
0.00543212890625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.05517578125,
0.0169677734375,
0.035888671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.000530242919921875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.03662109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.076171875,
0.01348876953125,
0.01025390625,
0.0076904296875,
0.007659912109375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.03759765625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.009765625,
-0.03369140625,
0.01171875,
-0.0390625,
0.0380859375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.006103515625,
0.044677734375,
0.01434326171875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.048828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0023193359375,
0.004974365234375,
0.056640625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0087890625,
0.059326171875,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.0101318359375,
0.0380859375,
0.005889892578125,
0.035888671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.050048828125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.000507354736328125,
0.0361328125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.013671875,
0.002593994140625,
-0.02978515625,
0.032470703125,
0.043212890625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.046875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.015625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.017333984375
] |
V. J. Brennan, J.
This appeal involves two pertinent inquiries: (1) the constitutionality of § 3a the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act, MCL 780.3a; MSA 28.1285(3-1/2), dealing with the extradition of nonfugitives; and if the provision is constitutionally valid, then, (2) the scope of inquiry on habeas corpus from an extradition warrant brought pursuant to this section.
On November 24, 1976, the State of California requested the Governor of the State of Michigan to extradite Frederick Paul Eroh, plaintiff-appellee, for the felony offense of willful nonsupport. A Governor’s warrant was issued on February 3, 1977, pursuant to the California request, and the plaintiff was taken into custody.
The plaintiff brought a habeas corpus proceeding in the Manistee County Circuit Court pursuant to MCL 780.9; MSA 28.1285(9). It must be noted that the plaintiff did not challenge the sufficiency of the extradition documents nor did he claim that the demanding state did not substantially charge the commission of a crime within its jurisdiction.
In the habeas corpus proceeding the plaintiff argued that he did not willfully refuse to provide support. The plaintiff pointed out that no support order was ever issued by the Manistee County Circuit Court. The plaintiff further argued that § 3a of the act was unconstitutional as violative of his equal protection and due process rights.
The trial court found that the plaintiff had no duty to provide support and granted the writ of habeas corpus.
Initially, we must address the constitutionality of the extradition provision in question. The Federal Constitution provides for the extradition of fugitives from justice. US Const, art IV, § 2, states in part:
"A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.”
The procedures to be followed in such cases are for the most part governed by Federal statute, 18 USC 3182. The statute, however, is not "exactly coterminous with the power granted by the constitution” and the states are free to adopt their own procedures in those cases which are not covered by Federal law. Innes v Tobin, 240 US 127; 36 S Ct 290; 60 L Ed 562 (1916).
The Uniform Criminal Extradition Act permits extradition of those who are not fugitives from justice in the constitutional sense. Section 3a of the act provides:
"The governor of this state may also surrender, on demand of the executive authority of any other state, any person in this state charged in such other state in the manner provided in section 3 with committing an act in this state, or in a third state, intentionally resulting in a crime in the state whose executive authority is making the demand, and the provisions of this act not otherwise inconsistent shall apply to such cases, even though the accused was not in that state at the time of the commission of the crime, and has not fled therefrom, and the requirements contained in subdivisions (d) and (e) of section 3 of this act shall not apply to such cases.”
The Uniform Criminal Extradition Act has been adopted in 47 states, and in all jurisdictions in which § 3a of the act has been attacked, its validity has been upheld. This unanimity of opinion is persuasive authority as to the validity of this section.
However, even without regard to such authorities, we think it is clear that the section is valid. The constitutional provision and the Federal statute pertain only to persons who have fled from justice and do not purport to cover the entire field of extradition. There is nothing in either the United States Constitution or the Federal statute negating the power of the states to provide for the extradition of persons who are not fugitives in the technical sense. Under these circumstances, the power to deal with such persons is vested in the states. We therefore hold that § 3a of the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act is constitutional.
The next question to be resolved is the scope of inquiry in a habeas corpus proceeding challenging extradition under § 3a of the act. Under Michigan case law the scope of inquiry on habeas corpus challenging the extradition of a fugitive is limited to whether the demanding state has substantially charged the commission of a crime within its jurisdiction and whether the accused is the person so charged. In re Rayborn, 18 Mich App 468; 171 NW2d 460 (1969). See also Williams v Wayne County Sheriff, 395 Mich 204; 235 NW2d 552 (1975), and MCL 780.19; MSA 28.1285(19). The purpose for this narrow inquiry is to avoid any imposition upon the courts of this state of the duty to critically examine the laws of sister states with whose jurisprudence and criminal procedure our courts can only have a general acquaintance. Such a duty would be an intolerable burden, certain to lead to errors in decision, "irritable to the just pride of the states, and fruitful of miscarriages of justice”. Pierce v Creecy, 210 US 387, 405; 28 S Ct 714, 720; 52 L Ed 1113, 1121 (1908). For the aforementioned reasons, we hereby apply this same scope of inquiry on habeas corpus challenging the extradition of nonfugitives.
In the present case the trial court went beyond its limited scope of inquiry in granting the writ of habeas corpus. The trial court’s ruling that the plaintiff had no duty to provide support was inappropriate. This question must be decided by the California court under its criminal law. The Michigan court in the present case may only inquire as to the sufficiency of the extradition documents including the question of whether the demanding state has substantially charged the defendant with the commission of a crime. Since the plaintiff did not challenge the sufficiency of the extradition documents, the trial court’s granting of the writ of habeas corpus was improper.
The trial court is ordered to set aside its order granting the writ of habeas corpus and is directed to enter an order consistent with this opinion.
The State of California on two previous occasions had brought URESA (Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, MCL 780.151 et seq.; MSA 25.225[1] et seq.) actions in the circuit court for the County of Manistee in 1973 and 1974. Both actions were dismissed for the reason that the jurisdiction for subsequent proceedings involving support lay within the jurisdiction of Florida where the divorce between the parties was obtained.
In re Cooper, 53 Cal 2d 772; 3 Cal Rptr 140; 349 P2d 956 (1960), cert den, 364 US 294; 81 S Ct 104; 5 L Ed 2d 83 (1960), English v Matowitz, 148 Ohio St 39; 72 NE2d 898 (1947), Cassis v Fair, 126 W Va 557; 29 SE2d 245 (1944), Ennist v Baden, 158 Fla 141; 28 So 2d 160 (1946), State v Kriss, 191 Md 568; 62 A2d 568 (1948), People v Herberich, 276 App Div 852; 93 NYS2d 272 (1949), Ex parte Dalton, 56 NM 407; 244 P2d 790 (1952), Ex parte Bledsoe, 93 Okla Crim 302; 227 P2d 680 (1951), Lindley v Crider, 223 Ark 200; 265 SW2d 498 (1954), Ex parte Morgan, 78 F Supp 756 (SD Cal 1948), Ex parte Coleman, 157 Tex Crim 37; 245 SW2d 712 (1951), People v Sain, 29 Ill 2d 239; 193 NE2d 767 (1963). | [
-0.0166015625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0228271484375,
0.046875,
-0.09521484375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.0556640625,
0.04736328125,
0.045654296875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.046875,
0.023681640625,
0.017333984375,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.017578125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0576171875,
0.014404296875,
0.0771484375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01953125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.04248046875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.009521484375,
0.07568359375,
-0.06640625,
0.041259765625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0185546875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.08544921875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.03466796875,
-0.043212890625,
0.00341796875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.009033203125,
0.0263671875,
0.009765625,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.0546875,
0.00946044921875,
0.0390625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00128936767578125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0380859375,
0.00689697265625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.038330078125,
0.026123046875,
0.031005859375,
0.01708984375,
0.057861328125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.057861328125,
-0.078125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.053466796875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00186920166015625,
0.060791015625,
-0.03369140625,
0.021484375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.053466796875,
-0.022705078125,
0.03955078125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.08056640625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0751953125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00347900390625,
0.041748046875,
0.007415771484375,
0.03515625,
0.044677734375,
0.0137939453125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0289306640625,
0.047119140625,
0.027099609375,
0.00994873046875,
0.0028533935546875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0390625,
0.030029296875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0595703125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.024169921875,
0.040283203125,
0.0257568359375,
0.005401611328125,
0.0289306640625,
0.0419921875,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00063323974609375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.029541015625,
0.0284423828125,
0.03466796875,
0.02294921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.05322265625,
-0.017333984375,
0.015625,
-0.033203125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.06396484375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0390625,
0.0390625,
0.0634765625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.04345703125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.027587890625,
0.010009765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0032806396484375,
0.0703125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0274658203125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.06884765625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.010986328125,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0009002685546875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.009521484375,
-0.01318359375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.041015625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.024169921875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.03466796875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.025390625,
0.0546875,
0.06396484375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.06396484375,
0.00927734375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0233154296875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.017333984375,
-0.00286865234375,
0.016845703125,
0.05419921875,
-0.000629425048828125,
0.03173828125,
0.025390625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.017578125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0013885498046875,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.00119781494140625,
0.00537109375,
0.0050048828125,
0.043212890625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.001953125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01171875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00089263916015625,
0.02978515625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.00469970703125,
0.002716064453125,
0.004638671875,
-0.0185546875,
0.02783203125,
0.0050048828125,
0.05908203125,
-0.04833984375,
0.00189208984375,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.035888671875,
0.019287109375,
0.039794921875,
0.040771484375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.076171875,
0.03369140625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0009613037109375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0205078125,
0.026611328125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.027587890625,
0.0103759765625,
0.0069580078125,
0.076171875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.000049591064453125,
-0.031982421875,
0.07080078125,
0.009521484375,
-0.000030040740966796875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0244140625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.03125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01611328125,
0.01165771484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0732421875,
0.012939453125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.023193359375,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.059814453125,
0.00836181640625,
0.01336669921875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0244140625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.015625,
-0.0322265625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.021240234375,
0.015869140625,
0.0018157958984375,
0.038330078125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.019775390625,
0.006072998046875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00060272216796875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.054931640625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.009765625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00396728515625,
0.0133056640625,
0.041015625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0390625,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.00164794921875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.038330078125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.024169921875,
0.01611328125,
0.0277099609375,
0.06298828125,
0.0390625,
0.029052734375,
0.032958984375,
0.033935546875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.01446533203125,
0.057373046875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0267333984375,
0.08642578125,
0.018798828125,
0.01123046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.000751495361328125,
0.043701171875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.025634765625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0517578125,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.058349609375,
0.02734375,
0.0096435546875,
0.057373046875,
-0.049560546875,
0.031494140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.002960205078125,
0.06787109375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.006927490234375,
0.05859375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.02490234375,
0.003936767578125,
0.0068359375,
0.003814697265625,
-0.00244140625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.05224609375,
0.017578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.07763671875,
0.0089111328125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.025634765625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.03515625,
0.0206298828125,
0.07080078125,
-0.0048828125,
0.01458740234375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.00244140625,
0.021240234375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.02294921875,
-0.049560546875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.016845703125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.034423828125,
0.024169921875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.01336669921875,
0.06591796875,
0.0240478515625,
0.02783203125,
0.0537109375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.02880859375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0018768310546875,
0.05224609375,
0.01507568359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.056884765625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.002197265625,
0.03271484375,
0.00830078125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.003204345703125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.053955078125,
0.015380859375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.03466796875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0517578125,
0.021484375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.030517578125,
0.020263671875,
0.0024566650390625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00775146484375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.037841796875,
0.011962890625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.00005650520324707031,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0164794921875,
0.01495361328125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0020904541015625,
0.031005859375,
-0.00077056884765625,
0.03173828125,
0.031982421875,
0.035400390625,
0.0198974609375,
0.040771484375,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0028228759765625,
0.019287109375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.04345703125,
0.028564453125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0537109375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.04296875,
-0.042236328125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00537109375,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0390625,
0.022216796875,
0.032470703125,
0.02734375,
0.05126953125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.048828125,
0.02490234375,
0.01116943359375,
0.05419921875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.042236328125,
0.02880859375,
0.015869140625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.031005859375,
-0.068359375,
0.01275634765625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.01953125,
0.0419921875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.035400390625,
0.0247802734375,
0.05322265625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.04443359375,
-0.009765625,
-0.002685546875,
0.024169921875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.009765625,
0.0291748046875,
0.00372314453125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.041015625,
-0.014892578125,
0.01025390625,
0.00201416015625,
-0.025634765625,
0.00017547607421875,
0.04833984375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0224609375,
0.023193359375,
-0.00830078125,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0947265625,
-0.012939453125,
0.037109375,
0.041015625,
0.02197265625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0179443359375,
0.036376953125,
-0.053955078125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.045166015625,
0.05322265625,
0.03662109375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.064453125,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.033447265625,
0.019775390625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0115966796875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00531005859375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.00732421875,
0.0003376007080078125,
-0.057373046875,
0.01287841796875,
0.021240234375,
0.00836181640625,
0.0289306640625,
0.0029296875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0013275146484375,
0.039794921875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.045166015625,
0.01080322265625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.042236328125,
0.025390625,
0.01104736328125,
0.03369140625,
0.03515625,
0.01422119140625,
0.00124359130859375,
0.01385498046875,
0.01300048828125,
0.020263671875,
0.0166015625,
0.044677734375,
0.00823974609375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.029296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0152587890625,
0.03369140625,
0.048583984375,
-0.00634765625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0361328125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.029052734375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.06298828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.05126953125,
0.0162353515625,
0.046142578125,
0.00848388671875,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.01708984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.003631591796875,
0.04736328125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.06298828125,
0.041259765625,
0.014892578125,
0.028076171875,
0.01953125,
0.00225830078125,
-0.06884765625,
0.01495361328125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.033203125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.017578125,
0.00701904296875,
0.01361083984375,
0.00408935546875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.057373046875,
0.0595703125,
0.025146484375,
0.00069427490234375,
0.041015625,
0.05859375,
0.007537841796875,
0.05126953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0084228515625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.00095367431640625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.015869140625,
0.03515625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01513671875,
0.0128173828125,
0.005279541015625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.060791015625,
0.0263671875,
0.0087890625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.002105712890625,
0.013427734375,
-0.056640625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01422119140625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.025146484375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.04931640625,
0.006072998046875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.045166015625,
-0.068359375,
0.00701904296875,
0.03369140625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.025634765625,
0.051513671875,
0.003875732421875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0111083984375,
0.017333984375,
0.00738525390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00738525390625,
0.07177734375,
-0.03125,
-0.028076171875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.006866455078125,
0.02197265625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.046875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.039794921875,
0.03369140625,
0.030029296875,
0.03515625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0146484375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.050048828125,
0.00171661376953125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.06640625,
0.011962890625,
-0.00445556640625,
0.048095703125,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.0016021728515625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0068359375,
0.054931640625,
0.052734375,
0.00408935546875,
0.005096435546875,
0.046875,
0.0289306640625,
0.02734375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.000027179718017578125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0084228515625,
0.010498046875,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.06640625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01123046875,
0.00182342529296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.05908203125,
0.267578125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.055419921875,
0.0177001953125,
0.03125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.07666015625,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.048583984375,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.036865234375,
0.07080078125,
0.024658203125,
0.00860595703125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.043701171875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0107421875,
0.00274658203125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.012939453125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.044189453125,
0.037353515625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0224609375,
0.017822265625,
0.011474609375,
0.046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01025390625,
0.060302734375,
0.002471923828125,
0.0062255859375,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.087890625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0283203125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.03271484375,
0.048095703125,
0.0390625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.01190185546875,
0.0120849609375,
0.00592041015625,
0.050048828125,
0.046630859375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01123046875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.03369140625,
0.0118408203125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.02294921875,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0267333984375
] |
R. M. Maher, P.J.
The appellants herein appeal from two trial court orders. One dated November 2, 1977, transferred custody of appellants’ nephew, Todd Stevens, to plaintiff, Katherine Stevens, Todd’s natural mother. The other order, dated March 22, 1978, modified plaintiff’s visitation rights.
Todd Richard Stevens was born on June 29, 1972, to Katherine Stevens, plaintiff herein, and David Stevens. Katherine filed for divorce in January, 1974. Three days after filing for divorce, plaintiff petitioned the Wayne County Probate Court to have appellants, Dale Stevens and his wife Jeannie Stevens, Todd’s paternal uncle and aunt, appointed as co-guardians for her son, who suffers from cerebral palsy. Mr. and Mrs. Stevens have had physical custody ever since.
On January 23, 1975, a default judgment of divorce was entered. Custody of Todd was awarded to plaintiff, Katherine Stevens, who allowed her son to remain with Dale and Jeannie Stevens.
On July 16, 1976, plaintiff petitioned the trial court for a change of custody, asking that complete custody be returned to her. The court referred the matter to the Friend of the Court for his report and recommendation. During the course of the investigation, the trial court entered an order granting plaintiff the right to visit Todd one day every weekend for three hours at appellants’ house while this action was pending. The mother rarely visited the child.
The report of the Friend of the Court recommended that the established custodial environment of the child should not be changed. But the trial court, after holding a hearing and upon review of the Friend of the Court’s recommendation, ordered that custody of Todd be returned to his natural mother, the plaintiff. Dale Stevens and his wife appealed and moved for a stay of execution, which was granted by this Court. On March 22, 1978, the trial court entered an interim order modifying the visitation rights. Plaintiff could visit Todd one weekend a month away from the custodial home. The visitation order also provided that plaintiff could visit Todd for one week, from June 10 to June 18, 1978, away from the custodial home.
We turn first to the assertion of the appellants that in making its decision the trial court did not make specific independent evidentiary findings of fact and conclusions of law. GCR 1963, 517.1 imposes on courts, sitting without juries, the duty to make findings of fact specially and to state separately their conclusions of law thereon. Moreover, the Child Custody Act requires the trial court to consider, evaluate and determine all the factors enumerated in the act at MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312C3).
Proper fact findings are essential in child custody cases. Zawisa v Zawisa, 61 Mich App 1; 232 NW2d 275 (1975). Definite findings of fact and conclusions of law must be made if the explicit standard for appellate review of child custody orders provided in the act is to be meaningful. Lewis v Lewis, 73 Mich App 563; 252 NW2d 237 (1977). Under the statutory standard all orders and judgments of the circuit court shall be affirmed on appeal unless the trial judge made findings of fact against the great weight of the evidence, or committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or a clear legal error on a major issue.
In the case at bar, the trial judge, before ruling, disclosed that he had read the entire summary of the Friend of the Court and his recommendation. In his ruling, the judge apparently relied on the findings in the reports prepared by the Friend of the Court. Because of this judicial reliance, the Friend of the Court’s findings should be examined to ascertain if they comport with the mandate of MCL 722.23. See Hilbert v Hilbert, 57 Mich App 247; 225 NW2d 697 (1974).
In his findings, the Friend of the Court thoroughly examined seven of the factors in MCL 722.23. He did not specifically address the home, school and community record of the child, but testimony at the hearing conducted by the Friend of the Court asserted that the home, school and community development of the child was normal.
Nor did the judge elicit from Todd his reasonable preference as required in MCL 722.23(i). The report of the Friend of the Court likewise lacked an expression of Todd’s preference. The failure of the trial judge to speak with the child or at least to set out his reasons for not speaking with the child, generally requires remand. In re Custody of James B, 66 Mich App 133; 238 NW2d 550 (1975). We deem the fact findings in this case, based as they were on the explicit fact findings of the Friend of the Court, to be sufficient, with the exception of the trial judge’s failure to interview Todd as to his preference. Before discussing the consequences of that failure, it is necessary for us to consider another of appellants’ allegations of error.
Appellants claim that the ruling of the trial court, granting custody to Todd’s natural mother, is against the great weight of the evidence. But we must grapple here not so much with a factual evidentiary question as with two competing legal presumptions. The trial court’s ruling was based on a statutory presumption which favors the natural parent in certain custody cases. The judge held MCL 722.25; MSA 25.312(5) applicable. That section provides:
"When the dispute is between the parents, between agencies or between third persons the best interests of the child shall control. When the dispute is between the parent or parents and an agency or a third person, it is presumed that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the parent or parents, unless the contrary is established by clear and convincing evidence.”
The competing statutory presumption is contained in MCL 722.27(c); MSA 25.312(7)(c), which states:
"If a child custody dispute has been submitted to a circuit court as an original action under this act or has arisen incidentally from other actions therein or orders or judgments thereof, for the best interests of the child the court may:
"(c) Modify or amend its previous judgments or orders for proper cause shown or because of change of circumstances until the child reaches the age of 18 years or in exceptional circumstances, until the child reaches majority. The court shall not modify or amend its previous judgments or orders or issue a new order so as to change the established custodial environment of a child unless there is presented clear and convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the child. The custodial environment of a child is established if over an appreciable time the child naturally looks to the custodian in such environment for guidance, discipline, the necessities of life and parental comfort. The age of the child, the physical environment and the inclination of the custodian and the child as to permanency of the relationship shall also be considered.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Contrary to what the trial judge did in his decision, the Friend of the Court had applied MCL 722.27(c), viewing the custody proceedings as an attempted change in the established custodial environment of the child. The trial judge, on the other hand, concluded that appellants’ custody of Todd was intended as a temporary arrangement and that, therefore, MCL 722.27(c) did not apply. In utilizing MCL 722.25, the trial court held that appellants had not presented evidence to rebut the presumption in favor of the natural mother.
In Baldwin v Baldwin, 56 Mich App 489; 224 NW2d 116 (1974), a panel of this Court dealt with the competing provisions of MCL 722.25 and 722.27. The Baldwin Court concluded that custody will be awarded to the natural parent, in a child custody suit between a parent and a third party, when no clear and convincing evidence is presented to rebut the statutory presumption that favors the parent, even though the established custodial environment of the child will be changed thereby. The Court stated that no real evidence was presented to demonstrate any deficiency in the natural parent’s willingness or ability to provide those factors which are to be considered in evaluating and determining the best interests of the child. The suggestion, both in the Baldwin language and in the cases it cites for support* is that only a finding of unfitness on the part of the natural parent could rebut the presumption contained in MCL 722.25.
In Bahr v Bahr, 60 Mich App 354; 230 NW2d 430 (1975), this Court confronted the interplay of the two presumptions. In that case the Court held:
"Still recognized, of course, is the presumption that the best interests of the child would be served by granting custody to the natural parent. MCLA 722.25, supra. Indeed this remains a presumption of the strongest order and it must be seriously considered and heavily weighted in favor of the parent. Nevertheless if the 'clear and convincing evidence’ establishes that the best interest of the child is served by awarding custody to the third party, the presumption is rebutted.” 60 Mich App at 359. (Emphasis supplied.)
The Court went on to say that rebuttal of the presumption in favor of parental custody no longer requires proof of parental unfitness, neglect, or abandonment. According to the Court, the Child Custody Act of 1970 repudiated such a doctrine as well as those cases, cited in Baldwin, which espoused the doctrine.
We agree with the Court in Bahr. The overriding concern of the Child Custody Act of 1970 and, for that matter, of all child custody litigation is the best interests of the child. That concern is not addressed when there exists a presumption in favor of parental custody which can be rebutted only by a showing of unfitness. In a case such as Baldwin, the best interests of the child become subservient to the rights of the parent. We do not believe that is what the Legislature intended. The presumption in favor of the natural parent is rebutted if clear and convincing evidence establishes that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the third party.
In re Maria S. Weldon, 397 Mich 225; 244 NW2d 827 (1976), a case in which five of the Justices participated, suggests that three members of the Supreme Court support the reasoning of Bahr. Speaking of the controlling criterion in the Child Custody Act, Justice Williams stated:
"It is abundantly clear to me that the whole purpose of the act is to serve 'the best interests’ of the child and the second sentence in § 5 establishes that as between the natural parents and the third party the criterion is 'the best interests of the child’. It presumes that this interest shall be placement or custody with the natural parent unless the opposing party proves the opposite.
In a concurring opinion in which Justice Fitzgerald joined, Justice Coleman quoted extensively and approvingly from Bahr. She concluded that the presumption in MCL 722.25 in favor of a natural parent may be overcome by something other than a finding that the parent is unfit.
"[F]itness is not an impermeable wall to keep out all other considerations. That isolated factor is not determinative, but may be one of many factors employed by a judge.” 397 Mich at 277 (Footnote omitted.)
The omitted footnote cites the text of MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3) which lists the factors to consider in determining the best interests of the child. Justice Coleman also cites from numerous cases and articles which hold that a child should remain with the third party rather than with the natural parent if by such an arrangement the best interests of the child will be served, despite the fact that the natural parent is not unfit.
The reasoning in Bahr, which we adopt, requires that the basic inquiry be into the best interests of the child. The presumptions in MCL 722.25 and MCL 722.27(c) should be recognized equally, with the best interest of the child as the overriding concern, a concern sufficient to overcome any of the rebuttable presumptions in the statute.
Because we adopt the holding and reasoning of Bahr, a remand is necessary. The trial judge gave too much weight to the presumption in favor of the natural parent, treating it as a presumption rebuttable only by a demonstration of the natural parent’s unfitness. On remand the trial court must recognize that the standard with which we deal is the best interests of the child and must use it. While the presumption in favor of the natural parent exists, it can be rebutted if clear and convincing evidence establishes that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the third party. Bahr v Bahr, 60 Mich App at 359.
It will also be necessary on remand for the trial judge, should he deem the child to be of sufficient age to express preference, to speak with Todd to consider, evaluate and determine his reasonable preference as between the parties. That factor must then be taken into account by the trial court when it evaluates the best interests of the child to see where custody shall reside.
Our disposition of this case makes it necessary for us to consider the issue of visitation rights. We must determine whether the trial court erred in modifying plaintiffs visitation rights without making any findings of fact or remanding the case to the Friend of the Court for a recommendation.
Disputes over visitation rights are governed by the Child Custody Act. Stevenson v Stevenson, 74 Mich App 656; 254 NW2d 337 (1977). MCL 722.27(b); MSA 25.312(7)(b) requires the trial court to take the best interests of the child into account when ruling on visitation rights. When the requested modification amounts to a change in the established custodial environment, the trial court should not grant such a modification unless it is persuaded by clear and convincing evidence that the change would be in the best interests of the child. MCL 722.27(c); MSA 25.312(7)(c), Stevenson v Stevenson, supra.
In order to determine what the best interests of the child are, the trial court has to make certain findings of fact. See MCL 722.23. The trial court failed to do this in the present case and, therefore, erred in modifying visitation rights.
As to visitation rights, the case is remanded for further findings and the introduction of medical evidence concerning Todd’s health and his ability to cope with a limited dual custody environment. See Lorenz v Lorenz, 70 Mich App 356; 247 NW2d 569 (1976).
As to custody, the case is remanded so that the trial judge, in making an award, may use the criterion of the best interests of the child as contained in Bahr v Bahr, supra. While weight must be given to the presumption in favor of the natural parent, it is a presumption which can be rebutted by a showing that the best interests of the child would be served by another arrangement.
In addition, on remand, should the trial judge interview Todd to ascertain with whom he would prefer to reside, this factor should be but one of the considerations the judge uses in deciding where the best interests of the child lie.
At the trial level, the case was heard, at various stages, by several acting judges who are responsible for the present outcome. The case is remanded to Judge Thomas J. Foley for consideration of these issues in a manner consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
The following are the factors enumerated at MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3):
"Best interests of the child” means the sum total of the following factors to be considered, evaluated and determined by the court:
"(a) The love, affection and other emotional ties existing between the competing parties and the child.
"(b) The capacity and disposition of competing parties to give the child love, affection and guidance and continuation of the educating and raising of the child in its religion or creed, if any.
"(c) The capacity and disposition of competing parties to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized and permitted under the laws of this state in lieu of medical care, and other material needs.
"(d) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the desirability of maintaining continuity.
"(e) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial home.
"(f) The moral fitness of the competing parties.
"(g) The mental and physical health of the competing parties.
"(h) The home, school and community record of the child.
"(i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems the child to be of sufficient age to express preference.
"(j) Any other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular child custody dispute.”
The report of the Friend of the Court included the following findings:
"In determining the best interests of the minor child TODD, a number of factors have been considered. The love, affection and other emotional ties existing between the parties and the child appear to be about equal. However, the respondents have had much more association with the child.
"Both the petitioner and the respondents appear to have the capacity to give the child love, affection and guidance. Moreover, they all have about the same capacity to provide the child with food, clothing and medical care. The petitioner, as well as the respondent uncle, are working. In addition, the respondent-aunt testified that she quit her job in 1974 to care for the child.
"With respect to medical care, it is noted that the child has cerebral palsy, and the respondents have seen him through two (2) operations since they assumed physical custody.
"It has also been shown through the testimony that the minor child has lived in a stable and satisfactory environment since the respondents have had physical custody.
"Both sides agreed that the present home of the respondents is physically suitable. The proposed home of the petitioner is being built, and she expects to move into it shortly with her husband and their child.
"There appears to be no question regarding the physical, mental and moral fitness of the parties to care for the child.
"Considering all the factors, it does not appear that the established custodial environment of the child should be changed. No clear and convincing evidence has been presented which would substantiate a conclusion that it would be in the best interests of the child to award his physical custody to the petitioner, rather than to the respondents.
Two members of this panel, Judge McGregor and Judge Gillis, were on the panel which decided Baldwin v Baldwin, supra. To the extent that case fails to use the criterion of the best interests of the child in determining custody, it no longer reflects the views of either judge.
" The whole purpose of the act is 'to declare the inherent rights of minor children; to establish rights and duties to their custody, support and visitation in disputed actions * * * ’.
" Section 5 provides that '[w]hen the dispute is between the parent or parents and an agency or a third person, it is presumed that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the parent or parents, unless the contrary is established by clear and convincing evidence’.
"The standard for establishing the contrary is to determine the best interests of the child as set forth in § 3. See, e.g., Bahr v Bahr, 60 Mich App 354, 357-360; 230 NW2d 430 (1975); lv den’d, 394 Mich 794 (1975).” 397 Mich at 240. | [
-0.03369140625,
0.022705078125,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0517578125,
-0.056640625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.059326171875,
0.0003719329833984375,
-0.00140380859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0018768310546875,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.037109375,
0.004486083984375,
0.0810546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.00762939453125,
0.035400390625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0172119140625,
0.048828125,
0.032958984375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0205078125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0712890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.02294921875,
-0.000286102294921875,
0.009033203125,
-0.006103515625,
0.051025390625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.080078125,
-0.048095703125,
0.005462646484375,
0.0262451171875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.001922607421875,
-0.0008697509765625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0517578125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.036376953125,
0.04296875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01275634765625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.034423828125,
0.00055694580078125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.05908203125,
0.034912109375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.029296875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.05615234375,
0.00176239013671875,
0.01300048828125,
0.033447265625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.05419921875,
0.004150390625,
0.05908203125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.03173828125,
0.07373046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.054931640625,
-0.0302734375,
0.0341796875,
0.00506591796875,
0.040771484375,
0.06640625,
-0.0016021728515625,
0.054443359375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.03857421875,
0.006011962890625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0234375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.05908203125,
0.033935546875,
0.09130859375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.03515625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0439453125,
-0.043701171875,
0.00848388671875,
0.026611328125,
0.0224609375,
0.017333984375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.000934600830078125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.007476806640625,
0.01165771484375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0096435546875,
0.037353515625,
0.0537109375,
0.04345703125,
0.005523681640625,
0.0107421875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.000705718994140625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.005828857421875,
0.0277099609375,
0.054443359375,
0.0732421875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0125732421875,
0.02734375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0361328125,
0.00244140625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.025390625,
0.0267333984375,
0.032470703125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.00506591796875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0157470703125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0146484375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.01953125,
0.0419921875,
0.0419921875,
0.033203125,
0.00003981590270996094,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00009584426879882812,
-0.031005859375,
0.02099609375,
0.04736328125,
0.03076171875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.06640625,
0.05078125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.01422119140625,
0.05224609375,
0.00439453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.0001068115234375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0693359375,
0.0341796875,
0.0146484375,
0.00145721435546875,
0.022705078125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.004669189453125,
0.03759765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.034423828125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.060302734375,
-0.00128936767578125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.000335693359375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00946044921875,
0.0213623046875,
0.083984375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.003082275390625,
0.09619140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.026611328125,
-0.000171661376953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.003814697265625,
0.00897216796875,
0.0167236328125,
0.00762939453125,
0.037841796875,
0.009765625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.022216796875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.057373046875,
-0.002471923828125,
0.05029296875,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.05078125,
-0.00078582763671875,
0.01806640625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.041748046875,
0.034423828125,
0.0322265625,
0.0615234375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.02978515625,
0.00096893310546875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.010986328125,
0.015625,
-0.052490234375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.04345703125,
0.0007171630859375,
0.05078125,
0.01263427734375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.021484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.05859375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.080078125,
-0.003662109375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00311279296875,
0.00286865234375,
0.00579833984375,
0.01953125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.043701171875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0096435546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.046875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.0018310546875,
-0.0263671875,
0.008544921875,
0.0247802734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.013671875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.020751953125,
0.00177001953125,
0.030517578125,
0.003173828125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0537109375,
0.039306640625,
0.0000591278076171875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.05810546875,
0.02197265625,
0.0021209716796875,
0.05712890625,
-0.000019311904907226562,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.030517578125,
0.0177001953125,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.03466796875,
0.03076171875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0286865234375,
0.02294921875,
0.031494140625,
0.01361083984375,
0.03466796875,
0.00640869140625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0419921875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.05224609375,
0.045654296875,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.060302734375,
0.0030059814453125,
0.00445556640625,
0.052001953125,
0.04736328125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.029541015625,
0.022216796875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0264892578125,
0.049072265625,
0.0169677734375,
0.04296875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.05712890625,
0.03955078125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.012939453125,
0.00848388671875,
0.057861328125,
0.015380859375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.029052734375,
0.04443359375,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.002044677734375,
0.006683349609375,
0.0050048828125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.001373291015625,
0.00341796875,
-0.05908203125,
0.06494140625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.031982421875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0654296875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.000017762184143066406,
0.012939453125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.04345703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.029052734375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.022216796875,
0.020751953125,
0.006011962890625,
0.0302734375,
0.01031494140625,
0.002410888671875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.060302734375,
0.01141357421875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.00604248046875,
0.05126953125,
0.0244140625,
-0.009765625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.021240234375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0260009765625,
0.043701171875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.035400390625,
0.025634765625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01092529296875,
0.005279541015625,
0.046630859375,
-0.03173828125,
0.009521484375,
0.0537109375,
0.02197265625,
0.04296875,
0.021240234375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0234375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.04345703125,
0.00038909912109375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.056884765625,
0.0152587890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00390625,
0.0269775390625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.05029296875,
0.025146484375,
0.02001953125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0004444122314453125,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.05859375,
0.03515625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0146484375,
0.022705078125,
0.00677490234375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.06591796875,
0.0115966796875,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.034423828125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.03515625,
0.076171875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0146484375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.049560546875,
0.006103515625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0537109375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0033111572265625,
0.01318359375,
0.06103515625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.04541015625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.02734375,
0.015625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0400390625,
0.01312255859375,
0.011962890625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0186767578125,
0.03564453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.040283203125,
0.0341796875,
0.04248046875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.000919342041015625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0108642578125,
0.046630859375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01116943359375,
0.020751953125,
-0.052978515625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.00008249282836914062,
0.01806640625,
0.0361328125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.009521484375,
0.0400390625,
0.023193359375,
-0.05078125,
0.0030670166015625,
0.00022220611572265625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0625,
0.029052734375,
0.0096435546875,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0634765625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.004608154296875,
0.0179443359375,
0.0478515625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.046875,
0.00836181640625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.03515625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.04296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0001678466796875,
0.027587890625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.048828125,
0.01483154296875,
0.019775390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.000720977783203125,
-0.04296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.043701171875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01165771484375,
0.04248046875,
0.00628662109375,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.017578125,
-0.01513671875,
0.00823974609375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0235595703125,
0.031982421875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.00897216796875,
0.005828857421875,
0.00787353515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.00958251953125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.001220703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0240478515625,
0.06982421875,
0.01336669921875,
0.003509521484375,
0.0244140625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.001617431640625,
0.029541015625,
-0.08544921875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0299072265625,
0.017578125,
0.00335693359375,
-0.014404296875,
0.020751953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.07373046875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0123291015625,
0.029052734375,
0.06982421875,
0.047607421875,
-0.008056640625,
0.01031494140625,
0.023193359375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.040771484375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0390625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0146484375,
0.03076171875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.087890625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.01177978515625,
0.01324462890625,
0.025390625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.04833984375,
0.03515625,
0.0184326171875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.04296875,
0.0036163330078125,
0.03173828125,
0.049560546875,
0.030029296875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0234375,
0.028564453125,
0.07080078125,
0.031982421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.004638671875,
-0.0380859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.04296875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.031494140625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04345703125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0126953125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0260009765625,
0.04248046875,
0.0625,
0.030517578125,
0.01190185546875,
0.00323486328125,
-0.041259765625,
0.00201416015625,
0.052734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.009033203125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0703125,
-0.025146484375,
0.02880859375,
0.0625,
0.0057373046875,
0.0040283203125,
0.0537109375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.021484375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.002960205078125,
0.04052734375,
0.015380859375,
-0.03515625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.033203125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0771484375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0654296875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.021240234375,
0.01123046875,
0.01385498046875,
0.01324462890625,
0.0137939453125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0302734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.026123046875,
0.033447265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.053955078125,
0.00775146484375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.05322265625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.004150390625,
0.0107421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.02880859375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.000926971435546875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0380859375,
0.004150390625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.017822265625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00089263916015625,
0.0263671875,
0.0068359375,
-0.06787109375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.032470703125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.051025390625,
0.259765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.064453125,
0.000423431396484375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.028564453125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.003326416015625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.018798828125,
0.011962890625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.05078125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.03173828125,
0.05078125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.03125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0595703125,
0.030517578125,
-0.0595703125,
0.023193359375,
-0.046142578125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0087890625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01904296875,
0.018310546875,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.000560760498046875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.026611328125,
0.06640625,
0.0703125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.02294921875,
0.0048828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.025146484375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.037109375,
-0.00347900390625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.06201171875,
0.006927490234375,
0.057861328125,
0.057373046875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0010986328125,
0.0390625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0361328125,
0.018310546875,
-0.029296875,
0.02734375,
0.0654296875,
-0.031005859375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.000293731689453125,
0.01220703125,
0.03271484375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.02734375,
0.0020904541015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.015869140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.01470947265625
] |
D. R. Freeman, J.
Defendant Henry Lewis Walker was convicted by a jury of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. He was sentenced to 3 to 15 years imprisonment and appeals as of right.
In the early morning of November 22, 1975, Barbara Walker (no relation to defendant) was awakened by her barking dog. She looked out the window of her house on North Dwight Street in Jackson, Michigan, and observed three men approach the back door of the house next to hers, that of Pamela Matthes, and look in the window. She called the police. She then saw the three men go around to the front of the house. At that point they were no longer in view. She heard glass breaking. Pamela Matthes was not home at the time.
Officers Michael Brunk and Moses Lewis of the Jackson Police Department arrived at the scene at the same time. Officer Brunk heard a door open and close quickly in the front of the house. Officer Lewis positioned himself in front of the house at the southwest corner. Officer Brunk went around back, to the northwest corner of the house where he saw a rear door open. He ordered whoever was in the house to come out. No one came out; the door closed.
Meanwhile, a third policeman, Officer Roger Ramirez, arrived. Officer Ramirez checked the garage and the southeast basement window. He noted that the window was secure. He stationed himself near the northeast corner of the house. He observed a second door in the rear of the house open and the silhouette of a person inside. Then Officer Brunk again ordered whoever was inside the house to come out. No one came out.
Officer Ramirez then heard noises coming from the southeast side of the house. He saw defendant walking down the driveway toward the street and arrested him. He noted that the southeast basement window, which had been secure when he arrived, was now broken at the hinges. There was access from the first floor of the house to the basement.
After defendant was arrested, Officer Brunk entered the house. He found that a window pane in the front door was broken and that fragments of glass had fallen into the house. It was possible to reach through the broken pane and unlock the door from the inside. The house was in disarray. Pamela Matthes testified that she did not leave the house in such a state of disorder. Officer Brunk found a television, a vacuum cleaner and a stereo amplifier and speaker stacked near the front door. A search of the house failed to turn up additional suspects.
Defendant testified in his own behalf. He stated that on the night in question he had been on his way to a motel with a girlfriend; that he had been riding in her car; that they had had an argument; and that she had ordered him out of the car on Dwight Street. While walking down the street, he had noticed the commotion around the Matthes house and walked halfway up the driveway. After he had turned around and started to leave, he was arrested.
On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked defendant whether anything was found on his person when he was searched after his arrest; defendant replied in the negative. Yet, the prosecutor persisted and, although defendant denied over and over again that anything but cigarettes and matches had been discovered, asked if a syringe had been found in defendant’s pocket; defendant replied in the negative. Still, the prosecutor doggedly pursued this line of questioning. Eventually, he asked defendant if he had been taking any drugs during November of 1975; defendant replied in the negative. Here again, the prosecutor persisted and eventually asked defendant if he had told a police detective who questioned him that he had been using heroin during this period; defendant replied in the negative. Defense counsel finally objected on the ground of relevancy and asked that the testimony be stricken. The prosecutor argued that drug usage went to the issue of motive. The trial court overruled the objection. The prosecutor continued, finally asking defendant if he hadn’t stated to the police detective that he had used a drug four days before the offense; defendant replied in the negative. Defendant asserts that this line of questioning denied him a fair trial. We agree.
In affirming a defendant’s conviction for armed robbery, this Court held in People v Talaga, 37 Mich App 100, 103; 194 NW2d 462 (1971):
"Whether the defendant was a heroin addict at or near the time of the offense was relevant and material to the establishment of a motive for defendant’s commission of the crime charged. Motive, if established, would tend to rebut defendant’s contention that he was at home and knew nothing of the charge made against him.” (Emphasis added.)
We accept this statement as a general proposition of law applicable in cases involving larceny and recognize that other acts of the defendant which tend to show his motive may be proved notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another crime by the defendant. MCL 768.27; MSA 28.1050; People v Wilkins, 82 Mich App 260; 266 NW2d 781 (1978). Cf. People v Mullins, 79 Mich App 515; 261 NW2d 67 (1977). However, this does not dispose of the case before us.
The people did not introduce one shred of evidence in their case in chief that defendant was a heroin addict at the time of the offense. Although Officer Lewis, who searched defendant at the police station, testified, he was not asked whether he found a syringe. Further, the police detective to whom defendant allegedly made the statement that he had used a drug four days before the offense was not endorsed and called to testify.
We acknowledge the people’s right to attempt to elicit evidence of heroin addiction from a defendant should he elect to testify and we in no way impugn this prosecutor’s good faith in broaching the subject on cross-examination here. Cf. People v Ball, 33 Mich App 288; 189 NW2d 816 (1971). However, evidence of heroin addiction has a strong tendency to inflame the jury. The people must, therefore, proceed in this area with discretion and make every reasonable effort to avoid undue prejudice to a defendant. Here, the prosecutor’s attempt to elicit evidence of heroin addiction from defendant failed utterly. Defendant categorically denied that the police had found a syringe when they searched his person, and denied that he had, or had stated to the police that he had, used a drug during the period preceding the offense. Although the record is, therefore, devoid of such evidence, the prosecutor, by the way he framed his questions and through pointless repetition of the questions, underscored his personal disbelief of defendant’s testimony and encouraged the jury to draw an inference contrary to the unrebutted evidence. We can not condone such a practice. The tactic is all the more intolerable because motive, strictly speaking, is not an element of the crime that the people must prove; and ”[t]he motive for a theft offense seldom requires explanation”. People v Henderson, 80 Mich App 447, 454; 264 NW2d 22 (1978). We hold that defendant was denied a fair trial and reverse his conviction.
Our disposition, of the case renders unnecessary a discussion of defendant’s other two allegations of error.
Reversed and remanded.
APPENDIX
"Q [by Mr. Wildeboer, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney] And were you searched at the station?
"A I was searched before I was put in the car, and then I was searched at the station again.
"Q You were searched at the station a second time?
"A (Nods head)
"Q Before you were locked up?
"A Yes.
"Q Okay. Was this job you had in interior decorating, were you supporting yourself on that job?
"A Well, I was doing okay.
"Q Well, what do you mean by 'doing okay’?
"A Well—
"Q Is that enough money for your needs?
"A Yes.
"Q Was anything found on your person when you were searched at the station the second time?
"A No.
"Q Nothing was found on your person?
"A No.
"Q What about on the first time you were searched?
"A No.
"Q Was nothing ever found on your person?
"A No.
"Q Were you — What were you wearing at this time?
"A Bluejean jacket, some green pants, a green cap, brown shoes, and, I think, I had on a beige sweater.
"Q Now, okay, this was a bluejean jacket, some kind of coat you had on?
''A Bluejean jacket.
"Q I see, and when you were searched at the station, was anything found in this bluejean jacket?
"A Not to my knowledge.
"Q Not to your knowledge. You were never shown anything?
"A No.
"Q What kind of search were you given at the station?
"A Strip search.
"Q Were you carrying anything in this bluejean jacket?
"A Nope.
"Q There is nothing in this jacket?
"A Nothing but cigarettes.
"Q Nothing but cigarettes?
"A Cigarettes and matches.
"Q If something had been found in the pocket of this coat outside of cigarettes and matches, you wouldn’t know about it?
"A No.
"Q It wasn’t there?
"A (Shakes head).
"Q Was anything resembling a syringe found in your coat?
"A Not to my knowledge.
"Q Were you carrying any such thing?
"A No.
"Q Wasn’t in your pocket?
"A No.
"Q Was it Officer Lewis who searched you at the station?
"A Yes, it was.
"Q I see, and he checked your bluejean jacket?
"A Yes, he searched me completely.
"Q And there was no such thing as a syringe in your jacket?
"A Nope, not that I know of there was, there wasn’t.
"Q Not that you know of. Well, it was your jacket?
"A Yes, it was.
"Q You didn’t borrow it?
"A What I am saying, like I didn’t have a syringe in it.
"Q Well, the jacket you had on was your jacket?
"A Right.
"Q You hadn’t loaned it to anybody recently, had you?
"A No.
"Q This was yours and you hadn’t borrowed it, either?
"A No.
"Q Were you taking any drugs during this period in November of ’75?
"A No.
"Q You weren’t spending any money for drugs during this period?
"A No, nope.
"Q And you weren’t using any kind of drugs during this period of November of ’75?
"A Nope.
"Q Did you ever tell anybody after your arrest that you were?
"Q (Shakes head)
"A Did you discuss this with Detective Conant of the City .police?
"A He questioned me about the incident before I came to court.
"Q I see. This would have been around . . . sometime after the incident, before you were arraigned?
"A Before I was arraigned, yeah.
"Q This is sometime in the morning, say around ten-thirty of the twenty-second?
"A The next morning, yeah.
"Q And this was a detective from the City Police that interviewed you?
"A Yes.
"Q And did you . . . did you say anything to him about using any kind of drugs during this period.
"A That I was using drugs?
"Q Yes.
"A No, I didn’t.
"Q You told him you weren’t using drugs?
"A Yes.
"Q Did you make a statement to Detective Conant in this interview that sometimes you were using heroin during this period?
"A No.
"Q You didn’t?
"A I told him that I had used heroin before, but at the time I was not using.
"Q Did you make a statement to Detective Conant about the last time you had used heroin?
"A Yes, I did.
"Q When did you tell Mr. Conant the last time you had used heroin before you got arrested?
"MR. OLK [defense counsel]: Your Honor, I am going to object to this instance, I don’t like to object in these situations, but I see that this has absolutely nothing to do with this case. He has testified repeatedly that he had no affiliation with drugs.
"Detective Conant is not endorsed on the infor mation as a witness; he’s not here. I don’t know what we’re talking about, and I think it should be stricken.
"THE COURT: Mr. Wildeboer?
"MR. WILDEBOER: Your Honor, it would be my contention it would to to the motives, since this is a special intent offense, of intent to commit a larceny and that whatever drug usage here would go to the motive of the defendant to commit this offense, and I believe the Defendant, Mr. Walker, did answer, as far as Mr. Oik saying there was no connection between him and any drug usage, I believe Mr. Walker did answer in the affirmative to one of my questions concerning this.
"MR. OLK: But not at this time, your Honor.
"THE COURT: Well, I will permit you to go ahead. Overruled.
"Q (by Mr. Wildeboer) Now, Mr. Walker, did you make any statement to Detective Conant about the last time you had used a drug prior to your being arrested.
"A Yes, I think I did.
"Q And when did you tell him was the last time you had used any kind of drug?
"A About five or six months, I think.
"Q Five or six months?
"A I think that is what it was.
"Q You didn’t make any statement about the last time using a drug was about four days before this date?
"A No.
"Q You did not make any such statement?
"A No.
"MR. WILBEBOER: I’d have no further questions of this witness.”
This testimony, including defense counsel’s objection, is set forth in full in the appendix to this opinion. While the objection might have been framed with greater precision, on this record we deem it sufficient to preserve the question for appellate review.
The legal relevance of such evidence to motive for a theft offense would seem to depend upon proof of three factors: (1) that defendant not merely used a drug, but that he used a drug which is addictive and that he actually was, in some substantial measure, addicted, and thus, compelled to obtain the drug; (2) that he used the drug in such quantity that maintenance of his habit was expensive; (3) that he lacked sufficient income from legal sources to sustain his habit. See United States v Mullings, 364 F2d 173, 175-176 (CA 2, 1966).
The fact that a witness is a heroin addict, alone, may be relevant to the question of his credibility, Talaga, supra, but, as discussed below, the people produced no evidence that defendant was a heroin addict.
Here, we would note that a syringe has lawful uses. The fact that a defendant charged with breaking and entering was in possession of a syringe when arrested, alone, without Other evidence of heroin addiction has no legal relevance. See People v Lorenzo Williams, 63 Mich App 389, 391-392; 234 NW2d 537 (1975). | [
0.0126953125,
0.025146484375,
0.015869140625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.095703125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.07666015625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.04248046875,
0.0341796875,
0.0045166015625,
0.00007867813110351562,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0067138671875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.04296875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0205078125,
0.0308837890625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.05078125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.017578125,
0.0115966796875,
0.01007080078125,
0.060302734375,
0.057861328125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0791015625,
-0.06298828125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.068359375,
-0.0556640625,
0.0230712890625,
0.01611328125,
0.02294921875,
0.0050048828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.033203125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.030517578125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.021484375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.021240234375,
-0.027587890625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0400390625,
0.01104736328125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0230712890625,
0.019287109375,
0.0220947265625,
0.008544921875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0732421875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0615234375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.00811767578125,
0.01165771484375,
0.047119140625,
0.0128173828125,
0.010986328125,
0.04931640625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.033935546875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.05419921875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0283203125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0008544921875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0048828125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0654296875,
0.04248046875,
-0.046630859375,
0.006683349609375,
0.000896453857421875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01531982421875,
0.052734375,
-0.007598876953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.00018596649169921875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.035400390625,
0.022705078125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01239013671875,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.007293701171875,
0.028564453125,
0.0218505859375,
0.037353515625,
0.0213623046875,
0.005706787109375,
0.008544921875,
0.00439453125,
0.045654296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.040283203125,
-0.03369140625,
0.072265625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.041259765625,
0.01318359375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0615234375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.02294921875,
0.014404296875,
0.027587890625,
-0.05224609375,
0.047607421875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00012874603271484375,
0.02880859375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.046142578125,
0.041259765625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03515625,
0.042724609375,
0.0069580078125,
0.005218505859375,
0.014892578125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.015625,
0.0439453125,
0.022216796875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.03466796875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.052734375,
0.01556396484375,
0.0084228515625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.042724609375,
0.03564453125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.05908203125,
0.07421875,
0.044677734375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0004520416259765625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.054931640625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.037353515625,
0.000576019287109375,
-0.039306640625,
0.040283203125,
0.027587890625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.017333984375,
0.036865234375,
0.033935546875,
0.01531982421875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.034912109375,
0.030029296875,
0.01080322265625,
0.031494140625,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.018798828125,
0.025634765625,
0.0289306640625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.002899169921875,
0.00897216796875,
0.007110595703125,
0.02197265625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0252685546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0020904541015625,
0.004913330078125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00445556640625,
0.03564453125,
0.020751953125,
0.049560546875,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.029541015625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.04296875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.032470703125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.033447265625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0712890625,
0.00518798828125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.00994873046875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0311279296875,
0.03955078125,
-0.024169921875,
0.07177734375,
0.03955078125,
0.0185546875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.05517578125,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.000743865966796875,
0.010498046875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0074462890625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.01397705078125,
0.004638671875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0341796875,
0.037841796875,
0.0179443359375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.05908203125,
0.000972747802734375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.023193359375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.037109375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00029754638671875,
0.04345703125,
0.02001953125,
-0.041748046875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.04736328125,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0242919921875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.025634765625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0458984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0166015625,
0.05224609375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.006103515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.021728515625,
0.00872802734375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.045166015625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0439453125,
0.06396484375,
0.0020904541015625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.03369140625,
0.00836181640625,
0.05078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.08056640625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.054443359375,
0.041015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01123046875,
0.006439208984375,
0.0194091796875,
0.058349609375,
0.01220703125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.014892578125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0026702880859375,
0.052734375,
0.0233154296875,
0.058349609375,
-0.02880859375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0419921875,
0.00775146484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0380859375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.062255859375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0281982421875,
0.03125,
0.0240478515625,
0.010986328125,
0.0245361328125,
0.00946044921875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0206298828125,
0.008544921875,
-0.0283203125,
0.016357421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.03515625,
-0.00067901611328125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0072021484375,
0.001373291015625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.007171630859375,
-0.050537109375,
0.024658203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00087738037109375,
0.037353515625,
-0.030517578125,
0.044921875,
0.002197265625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.005126953125,
0.0517578125,
0.0380859375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.035400390625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.015869140625,
0.01507568359375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.000016570091247558594,
0.00262451171875,
0.041015625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0032196044921875,
0.0693359375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0712890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.00921630859375,
0.007720947265625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.06689453125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0087890625,
0.0191650390625,
0.02783203125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0078125,
0.020751953125,
-0.033935546875,
0.038818359375,
0.02392578125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.029052734375,
0.00274658203125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.015625,
0.01385498046875,
0.03173828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.03955078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.02978515625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.051513671875,
0.031494140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.00732421875,
0.07666015625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0224609375,
0.028564453125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.05419921875,
0.060791015625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.03662109375,
0.0115966796875,
0.002685546875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.060302734375,
0.017578125,
0.011474609375,
0.027587890625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0103759765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.046630859375,
0.0238037109375,
0.05078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.058349609375,
0.00005626678466796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.031494140625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.004638671875,
0.003631591796875,
0.044189453125,
-0.0166015625,
0.037841796875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0380859375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0615234375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03466796875,
0.02783203125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0498046875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.000019550323486328125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.011962890625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0185546875,
0.031494140625,
-0.00128173828125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01708984375,
0.032470703125,
0.0022125244140625,
0.01416015625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0274658203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.053466796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.022216796875,
-0.00015926361083984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0703125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.048095703125,
0.0146484375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.007568359375,
0.02392578125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03662109375,
0.035888671875,
-0.048583984375,
0.02978515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.015869140625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.018310546875,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.04541015625,
0.004241943359375,
0.0390625,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.01123046875,
0.0076904296875,
0.031982421875,
0.00604248046875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.00250244140625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0002994537353515625,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.045654296875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.0205078125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.020751953125,
0.00164794921875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0026397705078125,
0.00531005859375,
0.01513671875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.024169921875,
0.005157470703125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.001953125,
-0.06982421875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.041259765625,
0.06494140625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.014404296875,
0.05859375,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.054931640625,
0.00811767578125,
0.062255859375,
0.01531982421875,
0.017578125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.08056640625,
0.008544921875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0184326171875,
0.039794921875,
0.01544189453125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.000606536865234375,
0.007476806640625,
0.034912109375,
0.0194091796875,
0.013916015625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0498046875,
0.042724609375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.03515625,
0.04443359375,
0.0196533203125,
0.034912109375,
-0.009521484375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0301513671875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.043212890625,
0.01092529296875,
0.06005859375,
-0.026123046875,
0.02197265625,
0.00921630859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.01025390625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.013916015625,
0.0390625,
0.04248046875,
0.00189971923828125,
0.0048828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.008056640625,
0.0257568359375,
0.031494140625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.0289306640625,
0.017333984375,
0.0224609375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.04541015625,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.0289306640625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0128173828125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.04443359375,
0.0238037109375,
0.050537109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0361328125,
0.01129150390625,
0.02734375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0361328125,
0.0030517578125,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.02587890625,
0.00152587890625,
0.04443359375,
0.027099609375,
0.047119140625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.01251220703125,
0.039306640625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.044921875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0361328125,
0.028076171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.06787109375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03515625,
0.02978515625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.031494140625,
0.040771484375,
0.018798828125,
0.002044677734375,
0.03955078125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.049560546875,
0.025146484375,
-0.016845703125,
0.004119873046875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0703125,
-0.0478515625,
0.0004596710205078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00323486328125,
0.00213623046875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0002040863037109375,
-0.051025390625,
0.298828125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.00396728515625,
0.0291748046875,
0.00045013427734375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0322265625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0003910064697265625,
-0.043701171875,
0.039794921875,
0.040283203125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.07421875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.041748046875,
0.06787109375,
-0.00003838539123535156,
0.03369140625,
0.05908203125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.05078125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.024169921875,
0.04296875,
-0.000896453857421875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0224609375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0361328125,
0.037109375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.07666015625,
0.00592041015625,
0.014404296875,
0.0011749267578125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.00286865234375,
0.036865234375,
-0.000335693359375,
0.01458740234375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.056396484375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.038818359375,
0.02734375,
0.02978515625,
0.05810546875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.01519775390625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.06494140625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.011474609375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00799560546875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.044677734375,
0.013916015625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0107421875,
0.001678466796875,
0.0128173828125
] |
Cooley, J.
This is an action of ejectment, involving the construction of the will of George Young, late of Hamtramek. It was tried by the circuit judge without a jury, and is brought up on case made. There is no finding of facts by the circuit judge. On the face of the will serious mistakes are apparent, and in order to give it any construction, erroneous particulars must be rejected. It seems to have been assumed by counsel that we might take the evidence submitted on the trial, and in the light of it proceed to put a construction upon the will according to our view of what was probably the intent of the testator. But in doing this we should be drawing conclusions of fact, and the statute does not confer upon us this authority. The case must therefore be remanded for a finding of facts by the circuit judge, and for such further proceedings as the judge may order or permit. And it would be advisable, if the ease is likely to come up again, that the parties should go more fully into the facts in presenting their evidence.
No costs will be awarded upon the hearing which was had before us.
This may be a suitable occasion for saying that cases made are frequently brought to our attention, which, instead of presenting distinctly the points ruled upon, leave us to wade through a statement 'of proceedings in the court below, and to discover as best we may what were probably the conclusions of law upon the facts. This is irregular and may be misleading. A case made ought to point out the errors relied upon for a reversal as distinctly as a bill of exceptions is expected to. And no more in one case than in the other can the facts come before us for review: however simple they may appear to be on the evidence, we deal with them as matters not in dispute, and examine only the judge’s conclusions upon them. Except in the single case where it is claimed that the judge has reached a conclusion without any evidence to warrant it, we do not review the evidence at all, nor can we assume that any particular ruling was made by the court below unless the record shows it distinctly, or that when made it was complained of, unless the fact is shown.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.0009002685546875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0361328125,
0.01318359375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.045166015625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0595703125,
0.053955078125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0341796875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.044921875,
0.0233154296875,
0.000743865966796875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0087890625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.005218505859375,
-0.018798828125,
0.003936767578125,
0.0615234375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.005218505859375,
0.000400543212890625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.044921875,
-0.05029296875,
0.01904296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.020263671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.029296875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.008056640625,
0.0147705078125,
0.01251220703125,
0.03515625,
0.025390625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.029296875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.013427734375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.02392578125,
0.01043701171875,
0.017822265625,
0.03076171875,
0.00994873046875,
0.061279296875,
0.00201416015625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.010009765625,
0.0260009765625,
0.005126953125,
0.0238037109375,
0.03955078125,
-0.009033203125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.000370025634765625,
0.0361328125,
0.031982421875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.034912109375,
0.0186767578125,
0.00811767578125,
0.059326171875,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0002307891845703125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.025390625,
0.00836181640625,
0.027587890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.003509521484375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.06591796875,
0.0306396484375,
0.038330078125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.021728515625,
0.003082275390625,
0.00408935546875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0015411376953125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.011962890625,
0.0267333984375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.040771484375,
0.017333984375,
0.0037078857421875,
0.04052734375,
-0.000423431396484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.036865234375,
0.015380859375,
0.04736328125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.055419921875,
0.036376953125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.031005859375,
-0.025634765625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0390625,
0.0439453125,
0.0478515625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0091552734375,
0.0004558563232421875,
0.064453125,
0.0576171875,
0.000023484230041503906,
0.0011749267578125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0218505859375,
0.01025390625,
0.021728515625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.001922607421875,
0.039794921875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.06201171875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0145263671875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.008056640625,
0.05029296875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0240478515625,
0.006072998046875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.025634765625,
0.0014190673828125,
0.0302734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.03125,
0.040771484375,
0.056884765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0302734375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.001556396484375,
0.041259765625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.025634765625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0224609375,
0.031982421875,
0.006561279296875,
0.0029296875,
0.041259765625,
0.0152587890625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.03564453125,
0.00775146484375,
0.0091552734375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0166015625,
0.05908203125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0390625,
0.0673828125,
0.03857421875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.042724609375,
-0.00008058547973632812,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00482177734375,
0.00341796875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0224609375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.052490234375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0015411376953125,
0.000591278076171875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.04150390625,
-0.054443359375,
0.038818359375,
0.0267333984375,
0.03662109375,
0.005096435546875,
-0.044921875,
-0.07373046875,
0.025390625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0224609375,
0.00032806396484375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.03125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.018798828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.041015625,
0.021240234375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.029052734375,
0.04833984375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00162506103515625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.05712890625,
0.021240234375,
0.032470703125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.08349609375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0042724609375,
-0.01708984375,
0.020751953125,
0.01123046875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0006256103515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.02099609375,
0.05615234375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.0166015625,
0.005340576171875,
0.005401611328125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.060791015625,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.005615234375,
0.0038299560546875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.044677734375,
0.03173828125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0654296875,
0.006103515625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.04296875,
0.04052734375,
0.00830078125,
0.03076171875,
0.03955078125,
-0.01953125,
0.019287109375,
0.0087890625,
0.010986328125,
0.023193359375,
0.0135498046875,
0.013671875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.00244140625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.027587890625,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.07421875,
-0.03076171875,
0.005615234375,
0.02978515625,
0.025634765625,
0.0211181640625,
0.03857421875,
0.00182342529296875,
0.02001953125,
0.02197265625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.000652313232421875,
-0.07958984375,
0.043701171875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0098876953125,
0.01251220703125,
0.0283203125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0517578125,
0.004669189453125,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.041015625,
0.056884765625,
0.0223388671875,
0.019287109375,
-0.05029296875,
0.035888671875,
-0.030517578125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.021240234375,
0.050048828125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.013671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.01416015625,
0.0380859375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0078125,
0.0159912109375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.03515625,
0.07177734375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01043701171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.03955078125,
-0.016845703125,
0.04052734375,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.002044677734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0615234375,
0.005157470703125,
0.01104736328125,
0.053466796875,
0.00007390975952148438,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0081787109375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0260009765625,
0.042236328125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.001708984375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.02490234375,
0.01318359375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01611328125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0712890625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.02490234375,
0.00555419921875,
0.044189453125,
0.0068359375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00168609619140625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.024169921875,
0.00543212890625,
0.06689453125,
0.00188446044921875,
0.019775390625,
0.0302734375,
0.0218505859375,
0.008544921875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.060302734375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0478515625,
0.060302734375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0751953125,
0.0302734375,
0.021728515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0306396484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.054443359375,
0.01806640625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.07470703125,
0.0302734375,
0.0003070831298828125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.019287109375,
0.014404296875,
0.0380859375,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0069580078125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.0037841796875,
0.005157470703125,
0.021484375,
-0.001617431640625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.013916015625,
0.033447265625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.09521484375,
0.0654296875,
-0.0625,
0.06591796875,
-0.000568389892578125,
0.0206298828125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.026123046875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.05322265625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.02685546875,
0.01708984375,
0.08349609375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.02734375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.021240234375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.03515625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0361328125,
0.032958984375,
0.044921875,
0.0263671875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03271484375,
0.03271484375,
0.0235595703125,
0.03857421875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.033447265625,
0.02734375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.007293701171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.041015625,
0.0322265625,
0.009033203125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.015625,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.03125,
0.0019989013671875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.021484375,
0.039794921875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0264892578125,
0.006622314453125,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.04736328125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0576171875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.0281982421875,
0.0162353515625,
0.07861328125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.009521484375,
0.010009765625,
0.0458984375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.04931640625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0634765625,
0.00127410888671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.05322265625,
0.044921875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.034912109375,
0.006072998046875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0361328125,
0.037109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.01611328125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0615234375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.03515625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0322265625,
0.0400390625,
0.01507568359375,
0.00020122528076171875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0037841796875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00665283203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.024658203125,
-0.0322265625,
0.006744384765625,
0.042724609375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.002655029296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.015625,
-0.01806640625,
0.042724609375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01708984375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.043212890625,
0.0673828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0037994384765625,
0.01220703125,
0.022216796875,
-0.003265380859375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.046875,
0.005462646484375,
0.007659912109375,
0.0230712890625,
0.042236328125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.043701171875,
0.03515625,
0.017578125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.039306640625,
0.07470703125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0107421875,
0.04052734375,
-0.013671875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.048828125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.015625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.06640625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.068359375,
0.01336669921875,
0.02392578125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.06298828125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.049072265625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.057373046875,
0.00445556640625,
0.0234375,
-0.015380859375,
0.07373046875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.054931640625,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.015869140625,
0.03662109375,
0.0201416015625,
0.015380859375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.052001953125,
0.0341796875,
0.0269775390625,
0.008056640625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0006103515625,
0.0751953125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.04150390625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.05908203125,
0.015380859375,
-0.051513671875,
0.029296875,
-0.013916015625,
0.003021240234375,
0.041015625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.03857421875,
0.054931640625,
0.046142578125,
0.02392578125,
0.0185546875,
0.033203125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.031005859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.041748046875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.009765625,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.049072265625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0244140625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0361328125,
0.02294921875,
0.01513671875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.05859375,
0.0257568359375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.01806640625,
0.03271484375,
0.005340576171875,
0.05078125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00494384765625,
0.028076171875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0341796875,
0.023681640625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01422119140625,
0.01092529296875,
0.0537109375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0068359375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.031982421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0186767578125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.07861328125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.024169921875,
0.031982421875,
0.013671875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.005889892578125,
0.04052734375,
0.000469207763671875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0301513671875,
0.007080078125,
0.0068359375,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01806640625,
0.010009765625,
0.022216796875,
0.0263671875,
0.021484375,
-0.0390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0186767578125,
0.00836181640625,
0.0012664794921875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0244140625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0002574920654296875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.020263671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.09033203125,
0.267578125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.013916015625,
0.0009613037109375,
0.0537109375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.032958984375,
0.004974365234375,
0.041015625,
0.04248046875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.031982421875,
0.035888671875,
0.0242919921875,
0.01409912109375,
0.031005859375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.05126953125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.025146484375,
0.031005859375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0166015625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00830078125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.01220703125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.04345703125,
0.08740234375,
0.064453125,
-0.032470703125,
0.027587890625,
0.036865234375,
0.010498046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01043701171875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.03125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01708984375,
0.0400390625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.008056640625,
0.0458984375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.05126953125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.002410888671875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0400390625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01019287109375,
0.07763671875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.01220703125,
0.02880859375,
0.07568359375,
0.0003032684326171875,
-0.0002193450927734375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0164794921875,
0.035888671875,
-0.00732421875,
0.00138092041015625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0026702880859375
] |
Graves, J.
This writ of error is brought to reverse a judgment for $3500 rendered in Smith’s favor on a charge of malicious prosecution. Some preliminary explanation is requisite. In the summer of 1876 the wife of Hamilton instituted her suit by bill against him for a divorce, and he employed the defendant Dunning, a solicitor, to make defense for him. In due season Dunning put in Hamilton’s answer and it contained a charge of adultery by Mrs. Hamilton with Smith. But shortly before the answer a sworn statement of one Whittenberg was obtained to the effect that Smith had recently committed the offense against nature, and Hamilton made complaint before a justice therefor against Smith, who was consequently arrested upon such charge. On being taken before the justice he asserted his innocence, but waived examination and was forthwith committed for want of bail to answer in the circuit court. After several months imprisonment he was informed against for the offense preferred by Hamilton’s complaint and was put upon trial. No evidence was adduced against him and he received an acquittal from the jury.
This action was brought for such prosecution and imprisonment. The declaration contained two counts.
The first charged in substance and apart from technical terms and additions that the proceedings were contrived and brought about by a conspiracy between Hamilton and Dunning and with the final design of making use of such proceedings, and of the control they would give and the facilities they would afford to extort from Smith a confession on oath of the adultery charged in Hamilton’s answer and in such shape as to be susceptible of use as evidence in support of the charge.
The second count omitted the allegation of conspiracy and some matters of explanation and simply complained of Hamilton and Dunning as joint wrong-doers in the transaction.
The plaintiffs in error were not entitled to have the jury charged in the terms of any of their requests. But it appears obvious that the instructions given were not suitable or sufficient.
To maintain a suit for malicious prosecution three distinct propositions must be established:
First. The fact of the alleged prosecution and that it has come to a legal termination in the plaintiff’s favor.
Second. That the defendant had not probable cause.
Third. That he ■ acted from malicious motives.
No question has arisen respecting the existence of the prosecution or of its having ended, and in the acquittal of the plaintiff. Hence nothing need be said in regard to the first proposition.
As to the second, when that is controverted as in this case, it is incumbent on the plaintiff to make out that the defendant did not have probable cause, and in order that the controversy upon the question may be intelligently disposed of, an understanding of what is probable cause is indispensible. Unless the jury are informed and know, they cannot tell whether there was such cause or not. No standard is afforded with which to compare the state of facts ascertained to have existed.
As lawful grounds may exist to justify a party in setting the' criminal law in motion, although it turn out that no offense has been committed, or if committed, not by the accused, so it follows that what is probable cause is not contingent' upon the fact of the guilt of the accused. This is evident. The law itself ordains that prosecution shall be the method for solving the question whether one has committed crime or not, and as prosecution is therefore a necessary antecedent, the law would violate common sense and destroy itself if it were to say that the act of prosecuting must yet wait for knowledge of the guilt of the suspected party.
In case the information possessed is believed and is such and from such-sources that the generality of business men of ordinary “care, prudence and discretion” would prosecute upon it under the same conditions, there . is probable cause. Gallaway v. Burr, 32 Mich., 332; Fagnan v. Knox, 66 N. Y., 525; Heyne v. Blair, 62 N. Y., 19; Bacon v. Towne, 4 Cush., 217; Wheeler v. Nesbitt, 24 How., 544. And if it appear that the defendant had probable cause the action must fail, no matter how wicked or flagitious may have been the real motive. The circumstances having been such as would have justified a man of rectitude in moving in obedience to his duty as a citizen, the law will not inquire whether he who did move was governed by base motives or not. The act in itself being proper, the bad purpose in the mind is left to the penalties of the moral law.
But a man has no right to set the criminal law in motion against another upon mere conjecture that he has committed crime. And when neither the conduct of the accused apparent to the accuser, nor the information of the latter, are sufficient to warrant the just suspicion before pointed out, there can be no justification (Churchill v. Siggers, 3 El. & Bl., 937) and’a person cannot shield himself from liability by claiming that appearances afforded probable cause, if the fact be that the circumstances and information were falsely and unreasonably construed or applied. Fitzjohn v. Mackinder, 9 C. B. (N. S.), 505. Much less can he do so if he was aware that the accused was in fact guiltless; or was aware of matters which would have explained the unfavorable appearances and exculpated the accused and did not divulge them; or was privy to the fact that in order to give a colorable basis for prosecution trickery and fabrications were resorted to and appearances of suspicion raised by conspiracy or other corrupt means; or if the chief appearances of suspicion and the prosecution were due to a corrupt’ plot by the prosecutor, or by him and another, and were brought about pursuant to such plot to the end of being used as means to coerce the accused to swear that improper relations existed between him and the prosecutor’s wife.
Enough has probably been said for the purpose of this case upon what is “probable cause.” So much depends upon the identical circumstances -of the individual case that there is difficulty in explaining by instances.
A point of great importance remains however to be noticed. It is the province of the jury to ascertain what state of facts exists, and it is the province of the judge to decide whether that state of facts constitutes probable cause, and the law intends that these functions shall be kept distinct. But as the law appropriate to the facts cannot be laid down unequivocally until it is ascertained what the facts are, it is found necessary where they are in dispute to submit the whole subject to the jury under proper instructions as to the rule of law to be applied according as they find one state of facts or another. The law belonging to any state of facts subject to be found being given to them in advance, they are' enabled on coming to ah agreement as to what is the true state of facts, to apply the law delivered to them as belonging thereto, and to formulate the result.
Here the facts were in dispute, but the judge failed to give proper attention to this distinction, and also neglected to define or explain probable cause and the jury returned a general. verdict. In such a state of things it is impossible to find out what combination of facts the jury ascertained, or whether they had any intelligent idea at all of this feature of the case.’ Bulkeley v. Keteltas, 4 Sandf., 450; Stone v. Crocker, 24 Pick., 81; Hinton v. Heather, 14 M. & W., 131; Panton v. Williams, 2 Q. B., 169; Heslop v. Chapman, 22 E. L. and E., 296; Fagnan v. Knox, supra, and other cases. Stone v. Crocker is very instructive.
The proposition that the prosecution must have been malicious requires but few words.
If in any case the jury under proper instructions had reached the conclusion that probable cause existed, or are led to think, in view of all the circumstances, that the want of it has not been made out, the case is at an end.
• However base the proceeding may have been the action must fail. A necessary ingredient of the cause of action charged is wanting. But supposing the want of probable cause to be made out, it is then requisite to ascertain whether there was malice. Eor if it does not appear that the prosecution was malicious as well as without probable cause, again the action must fail, and it is possible, though very unusual, for a prosecution to be commenced or pursued without probable cause and at the same time without malice, Vanderbilt v. Mathis, 5 Duer, 304. The question of malice unlike that of probable cause is exclusively for the jury. The term is not used in this form of action in the sense often ascribed to it. It is quite comprehensive and -includes many phases of wrong motives and conduct. There may be ill will, malevolence, spite, a spirit of revenge, or purpose to injure without cause, but it is not necessary that there should be. If the prosecution is willful, wanton or reckless, or against the prosecutor’s sense of duty and right, or for ends he knows or is bound to know are wrong and against the dictates of public policy, it is malicious. And in the present case, supposing it to be found that the prosecution was without probable cause and that the purpose in prosecuting was to trump up or extort something for the defense in the action for divorce, rather than to uphold and honestly and in good faith enforce the criminal law, then the prosecution was malicious.
Malice' may be proved by direct evidence or it may be inferred from circumstances, and generally it may be inferred from the want of probable cause, though the latter can never be presumed or inferred from the most express malice.
The facts disclosed by the record are sufficient to excuse any special discussion of this part of the case; because if want of probable cause is made out it is hardly possible that any difficulty can occur in regard to the question of malice. See Wiggin v. Coffin, 3 Story C. C., 1, and note to Munns v. Dupont, 1 Am. Lead. Cas., 200; Stevens v. Midland Counties Rw. Co., 10 Exch., 356; Kerr v. Workman, Addis. (Pa.), 270; Chapman v. Dodd, 10 Minn., 350; Michell v. Williams, 11 M. & W., 217; Turner v. Walker, 3 Gill. & J., 377.
Complaint is made of rulings bearing on the damages. Upon this subject, as on some others, the charge was general and vague, and not sufficient to properly enlighten the jury in regard to their duty. The principles governing the case cannot be in doubt since the repeated and ample discussions which have taken place, and it cannot be expected that the doctrine will be re-examined and expounded anew in every case in which the court below shall have failed to explain the principles called for with adequate fullness and distinctness. We do not intend to depart at all from our former expositions. Chandler v. Allison, 10 Mich., 460; Allison v. Chandler, 11 Mich., 542; Warren v. Cole, 15 Mich., 265; Daily Post Co. v. McArthur, 16 Mich., 447; Shaw v. Hoffman, 21 Mich., 151; Josselyn v. McAllister, 22 Mich., 300; Elliott v. Van Buren, 33 Mich., 49; Gilbert v. Kennedy, 22 Mich., 5, 117; Welch v. Ware, 32 Mich., 77; Druse v. Wheeler, 22 Mich., 439; Ganssly v. Perkins, 30 Mich., 492; Elliott v. Herz, 29 Mich., 202; Brushaber v. Stegemann, 22 Mich., 266; Scripps v. Reilly, 38 Mich., 10; Raynor v. Nims. 37 Mich., 34.
We may observe in general terms that the elements of damage were the expense of, the plaintiff, if any, in and about the prosecution complained of to protect himself ; his loss of time; his deprivation of liberty and the loss of the society of his family; the injury to his fame; personal mortification and the smart and injury of the malicious arts and acts and oppression of the parties. It was due to the jury to explain to them their province in regard to damages and the grounds upon which they might make allowance, and to call their attention to the principles proper to guide their discretion.
Some special importance seems to have been attached to the circumstance that the first count contained a charge of conspiracy.
In very ancient times all actions for malicious prosecution were laid, where two or more defendants were involved, with a charge of conspiracy, and this practice is supposed to have been adopted from analogy to the statutory form of the old writ of conspiracy. But the early practice, has been long obsolete. The action is not for conspiracy, but is simply an action on tbe case. Tbe gist of it is not tbe conspiracy, but tbe damage to the plaintiff by the wrongful acts of the defendants; and this is equally actionable whether it be the result of conspiracy or not. As matter of pleading the charge of conspiracy is mere surplusage and only entitled to be looked at as matter of aggravation, and the insertion of the averment of it does not change the nature of the action at all. It is still an action on the case and to be tried and disposed of accordingly. 2 Selw. N. P., 1062; 2 Saund. Pl. & Ev., 320, note; Savile v. Roberts, 1 Ld. Raym., 374; Tappan v. Powers, 2 Hall (N. Y.), 277; Parker v. Huntington, 2 Gray, 124; Herron v. Hughes, 25 Cal., 555; Hinchman v. Richie, Brightly (Penn.), 143; Page v. Parker, 40 N. H., 66, 67; 2 Chitty Plead. (16th ed.), 498. That in point of fact there was a conspiracy would be competent to be proved without any charge of it, and satisfactory evidence of it would be ground for letting in the acts and doings of each against both.
Wherever two or more conspire together to commit an actionable wrong, everything said, done or written by any one of them in the execution or furtherance of their common purpose is deemed to be so said, done or written by every one and is a relevant fact as against each; but relations of what is past are not relevant as such as against any except those who make them or are present when they are made. Before admitting the sayings or doings of one as the sayings or doings of all, the judge must be satisfied that apart from them there are pruna facie grounds for believing in the existence of the conspiracy. 2 Wharton’s Evid., §§ 1205, 1206; Beebe v. Knapp, 28 Mich., 53; Waterbury v. Sturtevant, 18 Wend., 353; Cuyler v. McCartney, 40 N. Y., 221; Lincoln v. Claflin, 7 Wall., 132; Nicholls v. Dowding and Kemp. 1 Stark., 81; Stephen’s Digest of Evidence, Art. 4.
The record contains nearly sixty charges of error, and a great many are based on exceptions against rulings admitting or rejecting evidence. Of these a large number are without any merit. Some however, must be deemed well founded under the shape the controversy took. John v. Bridgman, 27 Ohio St., 22, and other cases. For the most part they seem to have arisen from the want of proper attention to the precise grounds of the action and the real issues in the cause.
There appears to have • been considerable confusion concerning the theory of the action, and consequently in regard to precisely wh'at matters might be proved, and if provable, then in what way. This supposition springs from a careful study of the whole record, but a single incident is expressive. The bill of exceptions shows that testimony understood as tending to prove that there was probable cause, was from time to time offered by the defense and excluded on the plaintiff’s objection, and that at a later stage the plaintiff’s counsel announced that all such objections were withdrawn. The case fails to show that this action was either in such time or so explicit as to fully remedy the mischief caused by the exclusions.
No attempt has been made to pass on each allegation of error. In view of the mode in which the action was tried and the way in which it was submitted to the jury it has appeared evident that a new trial must take place, and that in conducting it the case would have to be looked at in a different aspect and under changed lights. It has seemed expedient therefore to consider the case somewhat at large rather than seek to notice the proceedings item by item. Some of the inaccuracies apparent would seem to have arisen from inadvertence and are not likely to be repeated, and there is reason to suppose that the same questions of evidence will not come up again, or if they should, not in the shape they now bear.
Before dismissing the case one other feature may be noticed. The fact that Hamilton counseled with Dunning and received his legal assistance seems to be relied on as' affording a. justification for Hamilton. Smith’s- case rests upon a theory and asserts a state of facts which if true can be reconciled only with the notion that Dunning and Hamilton were willful and corrupt joint wrong doers, and not that Hamilton was merely Dunning’s client and Dunning simply legal adviser for Hamilton. Smith’s case is that Hamilton and Dunning were agreed in bringing, and for a bad purpose, a prosecution both knew to be groundless, and if this be true, then Hamilton could not make Dunning’s advice matter of justification. First Nat. Bank of Stugis v. Reed, 36 Mich., 263.
On the other hand, if the theory and state of facts asserted by Smith are not true, — if the case he insists upon fails in evidence, then the action must fall to the ground without regard to any claim by Hamilton to be shielded from liability by advice received from Dunning. The point is immaterial. Stansbury v. Fogle, 37 Md., 369; Weston v. Beeman, 27 L. J. Exch., 57; Glascock v. Bridges, 15 La. Ann., 672.
The judgment must be reversed with costs, and a new trial granted.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0260009765625,
0.013427734375,
-0.046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.043701171875,
0.0390625,
0.03759765625,
-0.002593994140625,
0.00341796875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.02734375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.01611328125,
0.0615234375,
0.004791259765625,
0.008056640625,
0.001129150390625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01953125,
0.02490234375,
0.01373291015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.021484375,
-0.036865234375,
0.013916015625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0002079010009765625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.005615234375,
0.042724609375,
-0.024169921875,
0.015869140625,
-0.051513671875,
0.01361083984375,
0.008544921875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.013671875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.078125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0166015625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01123046875,
0.052001953125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.025146484375,
0.023681640625,
0.0260009765625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.02490234375,
0.01531982421875,
0.04345703125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.055908203125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.023681640625,
0.011474609375,
0.004730224609375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0400390625,
-0.029541015625,
0.064453125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.037353515625,
0.013916015625,
0.060302734375,
0.00732421875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0286865234375,
0.015625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.018310546875,
0.00173187255859375,
0.013427734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.030029296875,
0.00390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.01416015625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.005859375,
0.03515625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00848388671875,
0.048095703125,
0.0302734375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.0791015625,
0.003021240234375,
0.03271484375,
0.049072265625,
0.03466796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.08251953125,
0.041259765625,
0.00732421875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.05078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0004787445068359375,
-0.027587890625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.07861328125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.030029296875,
0.02685546875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.03564453125,
0.03662109375,
0.003662109375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.004913330078125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.010498046875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0005340576171875,
0.004180908203125,
0.02490234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00244140625,
0.0419921875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.045166015625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0380859375,
0.055908203125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.002532958984375,
0.0546875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.00885009765625,
0.02685546875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0087890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.06591796875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.06591796875,
0.0634765625,
0.0634765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.029541015625,
0.0003337860107421875,
0.01165771484375,
0.010009765625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.050048828125,
0.02734375,
0.034423828125,
0.002197265625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.03759765625,
0.036376953125,
0.04736328125,
0.0107421875,
0.03759765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.0244140625,
0.005279541015625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0419921875,
-0.001068115234375,
0.01953125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.034423828125,
0.08740234375,
-0.00732421875,
0.000591278076171875,
-0.037353515625,
0.01495361328125,
0.037841796875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.030029296875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.041259765625,
0.08056640625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.014892578125,
0.031005859375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.036865234375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.052001953125,
0.02783203125,
0.03466796875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0002536773681640625,
0.0142822265625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.01953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.004150390625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0439453125,
0.01416015625,
0.047607421875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.06982421875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.08203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.04638671875,
0.00101470947265625,
0.021728515625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.068359375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.06591796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.007659912109375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01318359375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0004329681396484375,
-0.00628662109375,
0.051025390625,
0.051025390625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0107421875,
0.015625,
0.0361328125,
0.012451171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00811767578125,
0.00506591796875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.05322265625,
0.00311279296875,
0.0299072265625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.003021240234375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0230712890625,
0.003021240234375,
0.00640869140625,
0.007171630859375,
0.003631591796875,
0.0078125,
0.005645751953125,
0.029296875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.04443359375,
0.00872802734375,
0.005706787109375,
0.016845703125,
0.03125,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.041748046875,
0.021484375,
0.010498046875,
0.003570556640625,
0.049072265625,
0.046630859375,
0.01806640625,
0.0263671875,
0.012939453125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.07373046875,
0.054443359375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0002613067626953125,
0.015380859375,
0.0458984375,
0.0296630859375,
0.021240234375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0166015625,
0.025390625,
0.04345703125,
0.01171875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.06396484375,
0.01708984375,
0.031982421875,
-0.023681640625,
0.04443359375,
-0.05029296875,
0.054443359375,
0.005523681640625,
0.052978515625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.064453125,
0.005767822265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00634765625,
0.0279541015625,
0.01361083984375,
0.051025390625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00982666015625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0179443359375,
0.00201416015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.057373046875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.017578125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.048828125,
-0.04736328125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.053955078125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.008544921875,
0.025634765625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.026611328125,
0.031494140625,
0.004364013671875,
0.034912109375,
0.026123046875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01220703125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0234375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0712890625,
0.00002586841583251953,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00168609619140625,
-0.035400390625,
0.00439453125,
0.004791259765625,
0.025146484375,
0.000438690185546875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.05029296875,
0.018310546875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0115966796875,
0.0220947265625,
0.015869140625,
0.033203125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0068359375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0380859375,
0.020751953125,
0.10400390625,
-0.015625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0034027099609375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.0111083984375,
0.044677734375,
0.00811767578125,
0.023681640625,
0.038818359375,
0.04833984375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01397705078125,
0.006134033203125,
0.0098876953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.05517578125,
0.015380859375,
0.02783203125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.045166015625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0196533203125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0086669921875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.06591796875,
0.049072265625,
0.017578125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.022216796875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0234375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.021728515625,
0.0078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0177001953125,
0.016357421875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.000209808349609375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.06591796875,
0.0478515625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.022705078125,
0.003173828125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0517578125,
0.025634765625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.06005859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.052734375,
0.0012969970703125,
0.0751953125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.05029296875,
0.03125,
0.0390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0390625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.00014019012451171875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0322265625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.008544921875,
0.04296875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0234375,
0.03759765625,
0.012939453125,
0.048095703125,
0.01953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.039306640625,
0.03857421875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.06005859375,
0.005279541015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.013671875,
0.000621795654296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.04638671875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.015625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.022216796875,
-0.00494384765625,
0.00787353515625,
0.0634765625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.03125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0693359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.015380859375,
0.041748046875,
0.031982421875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0260009765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.04833984375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0380859375,
0.03369140625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.003875732421875,
0.002410888671875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.03466796875,
0.049560546875,
0.0277099609375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.06591796875,
0.0556640625,
0.03369140625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.033203125,
-0.055419921875,
0.0283203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.029296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.039306640625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0030975341796875,
0.035400390625,
-0.00390625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.05224609375,
0.045654296875,
-0.006072998046875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.00836181640625,
0.031005859375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.056640625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.008544921875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.026123046875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.00543212890625,
0.00335693359375,
0.029296875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00128173828125,
0.0052490234375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.00341796875,
0.0166015625,
0.0201416015625,
0.008544921875,
0.000469207763671875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.04150390625,
0.037353515625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.03466796875,
0.0286865234375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.017578125,
-0.021240234375,
0.064453125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0166015625,
0.0419921875,
0.050537109375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.013671875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.031005859375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0390625,
0.0031585693359375,
0.038818359375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01416015625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.052978515625,
0.0079345703125,
0.0400390625,
0.00775146484375,
0.034423828125,
0.060302734375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.02978515625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.021728515625,
0.02978515625,
0.0390625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.00469970703125,
0.036376953125,
0.0009765625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.025146484375,
0.0037994384765625,
0.00049591064453125,
0.034423828125,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.04443359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0234375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0458984375,
0.03515625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0067138671875,
0.006622314453125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.044189453125,
0.04052734375,
0.00604248046875,
0.021484375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01318359375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0286865234375,
0.059814453125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.045654296875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.039794921875,
0.022705078125,
0.04931640625,
0.00147247314453125,
0.06884765625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01953125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0390625,
0.01019287109375,
0.040771484375,
-0.06787109375,
0.019775390625,
0.00041961669921875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0556640625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.04541015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0576171875,
-0.056884765625,
0.02001953125,
0.014892578125,
-0.08544921875,
-0.08203125,
-0.047607421875,
0.0033111572265625,
0.016845703125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.02587890625,
0.000732421875,
0.032958984375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.027099609375,
0.037841796875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0289306640625,
0.021728515625,
0.0166015625,
0.042724609375,
0.017578125,
0.000888824462890625,
-0.00019168853759765625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.010009765625,
0.033203125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04296875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03125,
0.0135498046875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0703125,
0.265625,
0.025390625,
0.0005645751953125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.023193359375,
0.037109375,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.02734375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.000010967254638671875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0341796875,
0.00830078125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0419921875,
0.068359375,
0.0244140625,
-0.01708984375,
0.01953125,
-0.072265625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.03662109375,
0.04296875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.004486083984375,
0.004486083984375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.072265625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.043701171875,
0.00836181640625,
0.05029296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.01220703125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.035400390625,
0.031494140625,
0.030029296875,
0.031494140625,
0.00087738037109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0228271484375,
0.030517578125,
-0.03515625,
0.01422119140625,
0.078125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04296875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0013427734375,
0.07275390625,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00390625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.005157470703125,
0.00982666015625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.00689697265625
] |
Cooley, J.
In Nelson v. The People, 38 Mich., 618, disposed of at the last term, I expressed the opinion that where a party is convicted in a court of record of an offense for which he might have been tried in justice’s court, it was not competent for the court to impose upon him a sentence more severe than could have been imposed had he been tried in justice’s court. This case is one of that class; the offense being assault and battery, and the punishment for that offense, when imposed by a justice of the peace, being limited to three months.
The sentence imposed by the Recorder is of imprisonment for one year. By statute — Comp. L., § 7998 — a sentence merely excessive is to be reversed for the excess only, and this should therefore be affirmed as a sentence for three months only, and reversed as to the remainder.
Campbell, C. J., concurred.
Graves, J.
Whilst 1 am not clear that the view here taken is correct, I am not prepared to say it is wrong, .and therefore I concur.
Marston, J., concurred. | [
0.00738525390625,
0.03369140625,
0.044921875,
0.0400390625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0419921875,
0.052734375,
0.023681640625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.052490234375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.02197265625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.03125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.01483154296875,
0.033447265625,
0.0439453125,
0.039306640625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.045654296875,
0.02880859375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0419921875,
0.000896453857421875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0198974609375,
0.003692626953125,
-0.040771484375,
0.01806640625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0189208984375,
0.04541015625,
-0.026611328125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.015625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.05517578125,
0.033447265625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01092529296875,
0.04638671875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.020263671875,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.002655029296875,
0.05419921875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.000629425048828125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.02880859375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.007568359375,
0.03515625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.044189453125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.02197265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.01263427734375,
0.0206298828125,
0.006561279296875,
0.08251953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.008544921875,
-0.053955078125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0018157958984375,
0.05322265625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.010498046875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.06396484375,
0.0035247802734375,
0.06689453125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0089111328125,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.00946044921875,
0.00982666015625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.021484375,
0.005615234375,
0.000881195068359375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0203857421875,
0.05517578125,
0.0242919921875,
0.04150390625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.010986328125,
0.0283203125,
0.0281982421875,
0.029541015625,
0.0135498046875,
0.044189453125,
-0.022705078125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0224609375,
0.015625,
-0.03662109375,
0.013427734375,
0.021728515625,
0.032470703125,
0.04443359375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.022705078125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0013427734375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.010009765625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0283203125,
0.037109375,
0.010498046875,
0.00043487548828125,
0.036376953125,
0.03076171875,
-0.02197265625,
0.035888671875,
0.06689453125,
0.0142822265625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.033203125,
0.0517578125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.036865234375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.031982421875,
0.017578125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.06591796875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0634765625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.044921875,
0.06298828125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.031494140625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.009521484375,
0.028564453125,
-0.022705078125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0654296875,
0.02294921875,
-0.041015625,
-0.009521484375,
0.00098419189453125,
0.003875732421875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.04638671875,
0.08740234375,
0.0029296875,
0.0017242431640625,
0.007415771484375,
0.016845703125,
0.033447265625,
0.04736328125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0059814453125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.000640869140625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0262451171875,
0.033203125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0556640625,
0.025146484375,
0.0008392333984375,
-0.0146484375,
0.017822265625,
0.0115966796875,
0.005645751953125,
0.012939453125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0712890625,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0478515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.025146484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.043701171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.008056640625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.04296875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0040283203125,
0.029541015625,
0.0072021484375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.013427734375,
-0.07080078125,
0.03564453125,
0.0189208984375,
0.043701171875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0771484375,
0.02587890625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.052734375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.000408172607421875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.00341796875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.000598907470703125,
0.00506591796875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.06201171875,
0.0208740234375,
0.038818359375,
-0.036865234375,
0.028076171875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.013671875,
-0.01953125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.053955078125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.08837890625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0223388671875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.013427734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0556640625,
0.0067138671875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.08984375,
-0.00390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.00634765625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01171875,
-0.00067901611328125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.050537109375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.033203125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.060302734375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.06689453125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0390625,
0.06201171875,
-0.028076171875,
0.03759765625,
0.00970458984375,
0.049072265625,
0.029296875,
0.007568359375,
0.00445556640625,
0.0211181640625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.013916015625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0103759765625,
0.01507568359375,
0.06103515625,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.03564453125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0286865234375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.01953125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0751953125,
0.06591796875,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.002471923828125,
0.0013275146484375,
0.0054931640625,
0.05029296875,
0.034423828125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0009765625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.033935546875,
0.027099609375,
0.046630859375,
0.04248046875,
-0.03466796875,
0.060302734375,
-0.017333984375,
0.04248046875,
0.007080078125,
0.0302734375,
-0.030517578125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0703125,
-0.00439453125,
0.01239013671875,
0.004669189453125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0400390625,
0.027587890625,
0.00439453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.000885009765625,
0.01470947265625,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.001708984375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.039794921875,
0.055908203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.000004082918167114258,
0.050048828125,
-0.05517578125,
0.035400390625,
-0.02001953125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.002166748046875,
0.01171875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.042236328125,
0.06201171875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.02294921875,
0.01513671875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0238037109375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.00921630859375,
0.013916015625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.009521484375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.017333984375,
-0.002960205078125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.043701171875,
0.025634765625,
0.0830078125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.041748046875,
0.018310546875,
0.0341796875,
0.012451171875,
-0.020751953125,
0.059326171875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0279541015625,
0.055908203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.05224609375,
0.00982666015625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0189208984375,
0.04052734375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.06982421875,
0.043701171875,
0.019287109375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0537109375,
0.0272216796875,
0.039306640625,
0.010986328125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0233154296875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.060546875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0177001953125,
0.039306640625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0263671875,
0.01153564453125,
0.006622314453125,
0.046875,
0.01055908203125,
0.00244140625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.060546875,
0.052978515625,
-0.037841796875,
0.052490234375,
0.015869140625,
-0.00086212158203125,
0.044677734375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0269775390625,
0.0238037109375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.032958984375,
-0.07080078125,
0.0167236328125,
0.064453125,
0.0062255859375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0498046875,
0.057373046875,
0.031005859375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.05859375,
-0.0390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03662109375,
0.0537109375,
-0.029052734375,
0.06396484375,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.052490234375,
0.02880859375,
0.02685546875,
0.045166015625,
0.06640625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.04150390625,
0.024658203125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.037109375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.003387451171875,
-0.032958984375,
0.01177978515625,
0.059814453125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.033203125,
-0.058837890625,
0.00023174285888671875,
0.019287109375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0224609375,
0.031005859375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.053955078125,
0.04833984375,
0.05126953125,
-0.020751953125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.021240234375,
0.033447265625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.00189208984375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.000942230224609375,
0.0076904296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0057373046875,
0.05712890625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.044677734375,
-0.044921875,
0.05615234375,
0.01116943359375,
0.01611328125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0234375,
-0.034912109375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00179290771484375,
0.0235595703125,
0.033935546875,
0.0030670166015625,
0.0118408203125,
0.017578125,
0.011962890625,
0.021240234375,
-0.00064849853515625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.004547119140625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.052734375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.04248046875,
0.03564453125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0172119140625,
0.031005859375,
-0.07275390625,
0.000091552734375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0634765625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0223388671875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0146484375,
0.010986328125,
0.0003204345703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.019775390625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0185546875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.032470703125,
0.007110595703125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.060302734375,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.030517578125,
0.05078125,
0.0302734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.021240234375,
0.060302734375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.00250244140625,
0.0166015625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.000751495361328125,
0.051025390625,
-0.03515625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.02099609375,
-0.035400390625,
0.0272216796875,
0.01446533203125,
0.01171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.027587890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.046875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.01904296875,
0.037353515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00341796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.041015625,
0.0157470703125,
0.013916015625,
0.019287109375,
0.0234375,
0.0205078125,
0.00579833984375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.006256103515625,
0.0001678466796875,
-0.010498046875,
0.037841796875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0003948211669921875,
0.056884765625,
-0.0478515625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.000025987625122070312,
-0.009033203125,
0.0223388671875,
0.013671875,
0.012451171875,
0.07568359375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0286865234375,
0.02197265625,
0.044921875,
0.007568359375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.0262451171875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0035400390625,
0.00872802734375,
0.060302734375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0264892578125,
0.033447265625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.043212890625,
-0.01513671875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.00860595703125,
0.037109375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.060546875,
-0.049560546875,
0.007415771484375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0206298828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0478515625,
0.017333984375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0107421875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.01806640625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0380859375,
-0.02197265625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0234375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.046875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0078125,
0.045166015625,
0.0030517578125,
0.01409912109375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0458984375,
0.02783203125,
0.0279541015625,
0.00640869140625,
0.03515625,
0.02685546875,
0.01318359375,
0.03759765625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.00098419189453125,
0.0030517578125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0289306640625,
0.006195068359375,
0.00860595703125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.02099609375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.048828125,
0.24609375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0078125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0224609375,
0.0322265625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.07275390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.04296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.000850677490234375,
0.0264892578125,
0.02197265625,
0.0263671875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.006256103515625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.00909423828125,
0.041259765625,
0.0120849609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.024169921875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.052490234375,
0.05126953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00634765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.0703125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.029296875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.06640625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0206298828125,
0.00518798828125,
0.041259765625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.02197265625,
-0.000514984130859375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.017822265625,
0.021240234375,
0.060302734375,
-0.020263671875,
0.031494140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.035400390625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0301513671875,
0.07080078125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.00469970703125,
0.022705078125,
0.046875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.007232666015625,
0.052734375,
0.018310546875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0198974609375
] |
Per Curiam.
It appears that the decree in this cause was entered in vacation, and that although more than the statutory period for appealing had passed since its entry, the appellant made the claim and perfected the appeal within forty days after having notice of the decree.
This brings the case within the principle of a similar motion made at the April term in 1875, in the case of Field v. The Village of Manchester. That case is reported on the merits, in 32 Mich., 279, but the decision on the motion does not seem to be reported. In that case the decree was made in vacation as here, but very much longer in advance of the appeal than the decree in the present case, and it was held that'the party appealing was not in default for not appealing, because no notice was had of the decree until some time after its entry. We there held the time did not begin until the party had notice under § 4967 of the Compiled Laws, which is to be construed with § 4968, as making notice an essential accompaniment of the entry in vacation. Without such a rule parties can have no means of knowing what decrees are entered against them, or of taking any measures to correct grievances and errors. The decree is formally entered as of the previous term, under § 4966, and therefore a necessity arises of making inquiry. The law does not contemplate that during vacation solicitors shall be compelled to keep a daily watch in the clerk’s office, but entitles them to notice before it puts them in default.
The motion is denied. | [
-0.049072265625,
-0.000347137451171875,
0.03125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.06787109375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0673828125,
0.03466796875,
0.01263427734375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.05126953125,
0.01177978515625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0022430419921875,
0.01287841796875,
0.068359375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0595703125,
-0.0634765625,
0.03173828125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0223388671875,
0.021728515625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.017578125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.02587890625,
0.030029296875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.034912109375,
0.02197265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.00823974609375,
0.02490234375,
-0.007110595703125,
0.00193023681640625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.039794921875,
-0.000568389892578125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.000743865966796875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.01556396484375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.000823974609375,
0.040283203125,
0.0107421875,
-0.03125,
0.04345703125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.04248046875,
0.005340576171875,
0.0203857421875,
0.03955078125,
0.046630859375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.03515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0673828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.03515625,
0.00823974609375,
0.05126953125,
0.00112152099609375,
0.06884765625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.03759765625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0146484375,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.04638671875,
0.031494140625,
0.000043392181396484375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0693359375,
0.002197265625,
0.0478515625,
0.012939453125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0087890625,
0.047119140625,
-0.020751953125,
0.01556396484375,
0.00799560546875,
0.004669189453125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.000926971435546875,
0.0218505859375,
0.032958984375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0390625,
-0.000347137451171875,
0.02294921875,
0.04296875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.028076171875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.037841796875,
0.007659912109375,
0.01806640625,
0.0311279296875,
0.00848388671875,
0.019775390625,
0.014404296875,
-0.046630859375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0634765625,
-0.053955078125,
0.00653076171875,
0.01165771484375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.007598876953125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0458984375,
0.02978515625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.034912109375,
-0.00299072265625,
0.053955078125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01318359375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0283203125,
0.040771484375,
0.0272216796875,
0.020263671875,
0.016357421875,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.001922607421875,
0.033203125,
0.03759765625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.02294921875,
0.007171630859375,
0.030029296875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.048828125,
0.005584716796875,
0.015869140625,
0.07373046875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.037353515625,
0.06298828125,
0.029541015625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.021728515625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0086669921875,
0.007232666015625,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.043701171875,
-0.056396484375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.040283203125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00070953369140625,
0.038818359375,
0.04638671875,
0.00982666015625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.003753662109375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0732421875,
0.0003185272216796875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0294189453125,
0.035888671875,
0.00112152099609375,
0.02392578125,
-0.017822265625,
0.03515625,
0.044189453125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.025634765625,
0.057373046875,
0.005615234375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.03515625,
0.0086669921875,
0.009033203125,
0.040283203125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.029052734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0390625,
0.033447265625,
0.021728515625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00007963180541992188,
-0.023193359375,
0.07177734375,
0.002532958984375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.001312255859375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0244140625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.036865234375,
0.06103515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.023193359375,
0.051513671875,
-0.0546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0169677734375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.054443359375,
0.076171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.02392578125,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00002586841583251953,
0.000949859619140625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.030517578125,
0.055419921875,
0.0125732421875,
0.02197265625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.08642578125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.001220703125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.017578125,
0.044677734375,
-0.0703125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0185546875,
0.0068359375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.037109375,
0.01202392578125,
0.031005859375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01513671875,
0.07080078125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.038330078125,
0.04296875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0089111328125,
0.0015716552734375,
0.02783203125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.07958984375,
0.052001953125,
0.033447265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.007080078125,
0.0025634765625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.0194091796875,
0.052734375,
-0.02490234375,
0.009033203125,
0.0419921875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.07763671875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0123291015625,
0.033203125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0458984375,
-0.04443359375,
0.01806640625,
0.0281982421875,
0.01220703125,
0.013427734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.033935546875,
0.015380859375,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.00183868408203125,
-0.038818359375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.05859375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.037841796875,
0.02685546875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.01190185546875,
0.001495361328125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.056640625,
0.041748046875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.01190185546875,
0.00653076171875,
0.0283203125,
0.0380859375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.02783203125,
0.01611328125,
0.053955078125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.034912109375,
0.01019287109375,
0.01312255859375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0322265625,
0.031005859375,
0.01324462890625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.02734375,
0.091796875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.023681640625,
0.0081787109375,
0.060546875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.01953125,
0.00457763671875,
0.003204345703125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.030517578125,
-0.02783203125,
0.07080078125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.00927734375,
0.06103515625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.02685546875,
-0.02587890625,
0.056884765625,
0.008056640625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.017578125,
0.0380859375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0155029296875,
0.025634765625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0196533203125,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.040771484375,
-0.00537109375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.00016880035400390625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.023681640625,
0.02294921875,
0.040771484375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.028076171875,
0.00823974609375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00927734375,
0.01214599609375,
0.05224609375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0341796875,
0.02392578125,
0.0260009765625,
0.001983642578125,
0.03271484375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.031982421875,
0.0283203125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00732421875,
-0.05078125,
0.0233154296875,
0.005462646484375,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.04833984375,
0.00037384033203125,
0.025146484375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.00152587890625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0137939453125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.009033203125,
-0.025390625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0205078125,
0.038818359375,
0.030517578125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.006256103515625,
0.05322265625,
0.00531005859375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01123046875,
0.0206298828125,
0.025146484375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.07275390625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.012451171875,
0.0654296875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.04345703125,
0.017578125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.017578125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.042724609375,
0.004913330078125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.041015625,
0.0301513671875,
0.03125,
-0.019775390625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.045166015625,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0439453125,
0.011474609375,
0.045166015625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.042236328125,
0.00927734375,
-0.00390625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.034912109375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.036376953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.024658203125,
-0.007781982421875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0079345703125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0478515625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0037994384765625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0014190673828125,
0.01953125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.03125,
0.0274658203125,
0.027587890625,
0.06396484375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0498046875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.05078125,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.034423828125,
0.005279541015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0712890625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.033447265625,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.02197265625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0380859375,
0.03564453125,
0.01104736328125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.018310546875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.044921875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.021728515625,
0.009033203125,
0.01544189453125,
0.002349853515625,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.043212890625,
0.029541015625,
0.001068115234375,
0.029541015625,
0.0341796875,
0.008056640625,
-0.017333984375,
0.036865234375,
0.011474609375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.045166015625,
0.01202392578125,
0.00433349609375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0164794921875,
0.01416015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.051025390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.01495361328125,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.04833984375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0400390625,
-0.009521484375,
0.03955078125,
0.00335693359375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.014404296875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.008544921875,
0.050537109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.00323486328125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03369140625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00848388671875,
0.0108642578125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.01470947265625,
0.059814453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.027099609375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.010498046875,
0.007415771484375,
0.02490234375,
0.01123046875,
-0.033447265625,
0.04296875,
-0.08056640625,
0.00946044921875,
0.01495361328125,
0.0244140625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.048583984375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.05078125,
0.02587890625,
0.0380859375,
0.00958251953125,
0.05126953125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.055419921875,
0.036376953125,
-0.01953125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0050048828125,
0.051513671875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.030517578125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.03955078125,
0.044189453125,
0.0208740234375,
0.01177978515625,
0.03271484375,
0.044189453125,
0.034423828125,
0.01129150390625,
0.041015625,
0.0032958984375,
0.01904296875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.041748046875,
0.038330078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.005096435546875,
0.023681640625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.010009765625,
0.05224609375,
-0.03369140625,
0.036376953125,
0.031982421875,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01513671875,
0.0296630859375,
0.00897216796875,
0.01141357421875,
0.02978515625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.001800537109375,
0.06103515625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.025390625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.00069427490234375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0283203125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.05615234375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01318359375,
0.0045166015625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.041015625,
0.0087890625,
0.001617431640625,
0.013916015625,
-0.034912109375,
0.022705078125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.04296875,
-0.037841796875,
0.017822265625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0517578125,
0.015869140625,
0.030517578125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0002613067626953125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.004913330078125,
0.040771484375,
0.03662109375,
0.0030059814453125,
0.005889892578125,
0.007293701171875,
0.03076171875,
0.0030517578125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.000010192394256591797,
0.00506591796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.017578125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.279296875,
0.041748046875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0169677734375,
0.05078125,
0.011962890625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.025146484375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.04443359375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.000652313232421875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.04296875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.02099609375,
0.006103515625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.07470703125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00128173828125,
0.015625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.014892578125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0205078125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.019287109375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0004730224609375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.037353515625,
0.0625,
-0.03564453125,
0.07421875,
0.037109375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.058837890625,
0.0247802734375,
0.046630859375,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0042724609375,
0.058837890625,
-0.037353515625,
0.031494140625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.03515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.005340576171875,
-0.008544921875,
0.04052734375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.06494140625,
-0.0400390625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.017578125,
0.0108642578125,
0.039794921875,
0.005126953125,
-0.02734375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.004974365234375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0140380859375
] |
Cooley, J.
The controversy in this case concerns certain, buildings which are claimed by complainant under a real estate mortgage given March 13, 1874, by defendant Solomon 0. Kingsbury to their testator. The defendant Lyon, on the other hand, claims them as tenant’s fixtures under a lease of the lands mortgaged.
The facts appear to be that the defendant S. 0. Kingsbury, on the 25th day of January, 1871, being then the owner of certain premises situated on Calder and Almy streets in the city of Grand Bapids, leased the Calder- street lots for ten years from June 1, 1871, to John S. Long and Samuel P. Bennett, constituting the copartnership of Long & Bennett, who took possession and occupied the same for the purposes of a coal and -wood yard. The lease contained a provision allowing ,the lessees thirty days on its termination for the removal of the buildings they might erect. Dune 1, 1872, a further lease of a portion of the Almy street lots was made .by Kingsbury to Long & Bennett, to terminate at the ■.same time with the other, and containing a similar provision -respecting the removal of buildings.
In September, 1873, S. 0. Kingsbury purchased of Long his interest in the copartnership of Long & Bennett, and assumed his place in the business, which was thereafter carried on in the name of Kingsbury & Bennett. In February, 1874, S. 0. Kingsbury conveyed all the lots on the two streets to. Gaius P. Kingsbury. This conveyance does not seem to have been understood by the parties as a transfer to G. P. Kingsbury of anything more than the fee subj ect to the leases, and the business of Kingsbury & Bennett went on as before. In March, 1874, the deed to G. P. Kingsbury in the mean time not having been recorded, S. 0. Kingsbury gave to Henry A. Kerr, whom the complainants represent, the mortgage under which they claim. In January, 1876, G. P. Kings-bury gave to Kingsbury & Bennett a new lease of all the lots for five years and five months. This would make the lease terminate at the same time as the former leases, and upon the face of the transaction no reason appears for giving it, unless it was to obtain for the purposes of the business the copartnership was engaged in, the lots on Almy street which were not covered by the second lease.
The buildings the right to which is in dispute in this case, had all been put up as tenant’s erections previous to the giving of the Kerr mortgage, and were occupied by the copartnership of Kingsbury & Bennett for the purposes of their business at that time. That firm subsequently became insolvent and made an assignment for the benefit of their creditors to the defendant Lyon, who undertook to remove the buildings as personalty. It is not disputed that, as between landlord and tenant, the buildings would in general have been removable, but it is insisted that under the facts of this case they are covered by the lien of the real estate mortgage.
I. In brief the claim on the part of the complainants that when Kingsbury & Bennett, in January, 1876, accepted from G. P. Kingsbury a new lease, they in contemplation of law surrendered the existing leases, and not having asserted and exercised a right to remove the erections made previously, they thereby abandoned them to their landlord, and could not assert or transfer to any one else the right to remove them afterwards. This is the principal question in the case.
The right of a tenant to remove the erections made by him in furtherance of the purpose for which the premises were leased, is conceded. The principle which permits it is one of public policy, and has its foundation in the interest which society has that every person "shall be encouraged to make the most beneficial use of his property the circumstances will admit of. On the other hand, the requirement that the tenant shall remove during his term whatever he proposes to claim a right to remove at all, is based upon a corresponding rule of public policy, for the protection of the landlord, and which is that the tenant shall not be suffered, after he has surrendered the premises, to enter upon the possession of the landlord or of a succeeding tenant, to remove fixtures which he might and ought to have taken away before. A regard for the succeeding interests is the only substantial reason for the rule which requires the tenant to remove his fixtures during the term: indeed, the law does not in strictness require of him that he shall remove them during the term, but only before he surrenders possession, and during the time that he has a right to regard himself as occupying in the character of tenant. Penton v. Robart, 2 East, 88; Weeton v. Woodcock, 7 M. & W., 14.
But why the right should be lost when the tenant, instead of surrendering possession, takes a renewal of his lease, is not very apparent. There is certainly no reason of public policy to sustain such a doctrine; on the contrary, the reasons which saved to the tenant his right to the fixtures in the first place are equally influential to save to him on a renewal what was unquestionably his before. What could 'possibly be more absurd than a rule of law which should in effect say to the tenant who is about to obtain a renewal: “If you will be at the expense and trouble, and incur the loss, of removing your erections during the term, and of after-wards bringing them back again, they shall be yours; otherwise you will be deemed to abandon them to your landlord.”
There are some authorities which lay down this doctrine. Merritt v. Judd, 14 Cal., 59, is directly in point. That case is decided in reliance upon previous decisions which do not appear to us to warrant it. Fitzherbert v. Shaw, 1 H. Bl., 258, was a case in which ejectment having been brought against the tenant, he entered into an agreement that judgment should be signed at a certain time with stay of execution for a period; and the decision that the tenant could not afterwards remove fixtures was based upon the agreement. Lyde v. Russell, 1 B. & Ad., 394, only asserts the general rule that where the tenant surrenders possession -without removing his fixtures he loses his right. Thresher v. East London, 2 B. & C., 608, was decided upon the construction of a covenant contained in the new lease, by which the tenant undertook to repair the erections and buildings, and at the end of the term the premises so repaired, etc., to leave and yield up, etc. Shepard v. Spaulding, 4 Met., 416, has some apparent analogy to the present case, but it is only apparent. There the tenant surrendered to his landlord without removing the fixture in controversy, but undertook to assert the right under a lease made several years afterwards, and which he took when he was as much a stranger to the premises as if he had never occupied them. It is manifest that none of these cases affords any support to the conclusion in Merritt v. Judd. And we have been unable to discover in Landon v. Platt, 34 Conn., 517; Davis v. Moss, 38 Penn. St., 346, or Haflick v. Stober, 11 Ohio [N. S.], 482, to which our attention is called in this case, anything important to this discussion.
The case of Loughran v. Ross, 45 N. Y., 792 is in . accord with the case in California. In that case Mr. Justice Allen speaking for the majority of the court says: “In reason and principle the acceptance of a lease of the premises, including the buildings, without any reservation of right, or mention of any claim to the buildings and fixtures, and occupation under the new letting, are equivalent to a surrender of the possession to the landlord at the expiration of the first term. The tenant is in under a new tenancy, and not under the old; and the rights which existed under the former tenancy, and which were not claimed or exercised, are abandoned as effectually as if the tenant had actually removed from the premises, and after an interval of time, shorter or longer, had taken another lease and returned to the premises.” This is perfectly true if the second lease includes the buildings; but unless it does so in terms or by necessary implication, it is begging the whole question to assume that the lease included the buildings as a part of the realty. In our opinion it ought not to be held to include them unless from the lease itself an understanding to that effect is plainly inferable.
In Davis v. Moss, 38 Penn. St., 346, 353, it is said by Mr. Justice Woodward that “if a tenant remain in possession after the expiration of his term, and perform all the conditions of the lease, it amounts to a renewal of the lease from year to year, and I take it he would be entitled to remove fixtures during the year.” This in our opinion is perfectly reasonable, and it is as applicable to other tenancies as it is to those from year to year which are implied from mere permissive holding over.
II. It is further insisted on the part of complainants that the right of the assignee of Kingsbury & Bennett to claim the buildings as fixtures cannot be asserted as against the mortgage given to Kerr, because the mortgagee had a right to assume, when he took the mortgage, that Kingsbury the mortgagor occupied the premises as owner of the fee merely, and was conveying to him by way of security every thing that as between mortgagor and mortgagee would pass as realty: in other words that the possession of Kingsbury & Bennett was no notice to Kerr that rights in the buildings were claimed by them as tenants.
It is true-as a general rule that the possession of a grantor or mortgagor is no notice to his grantee or mortgagee that he claims any rights in the premises as against the conveyance he gives. Bloomer v. Henderson, 8 Mich., 395; Dawson v. Danbury Bank, 15 Mich., 489. But here Bennett as well as Kingsbury was in possession, and Bennett’s rights could not be taken away by any act of Kingsbury’s. 'As to Bennett the buildings remained chattels, and it was the duty of Kerr to take notice of his rights. If he had done so and made the necessary inquiries, he would have ascertained that the buildings were personalty; for they could not be realty as to one interest and personalty as to another. Adams v. Lee, 31 Mich., 440.
We think the decree below was correct, and’it must-be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
0.00157928466796875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.034912109375,
0.04541015625,
-0.05078125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0032196044921875,
0.0390625,
0.030517578125,
0.0157470703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.048828125,
0.009765625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.018798828125,
0.00830078125,
0.00146484375,
-0.000006467103958129883,
-0.035888671875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.031494140625,
0.059326171875,
0.00732421875,
-0.001556396484375,
0.01123046875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0167236328125,
0.052978515625,
-0.032470703125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.05712890625,
0.0091552734375,
0.0142822265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.025146484375,
0.03515625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.024169921875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.044921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.03076171875,
0.03369140625,
0.03759765625,
-0.020263671875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.052001953125,
0.01092529296875,
0.0150146484375,
0.013427734375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.006103515625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0240478515625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.029541015625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.07861328125,
-0.041015625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0002880096435546875,
0.017822265625,
0.017578125,
0.01531982421875,
0.058349609375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0361328125,
0.022216796875,
0.0223388671875,
0.038330078125,
0.02734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0234375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.032958984375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.016845703125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0216064453125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0390625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.01165771484375,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.044921875,
0.00616455078125,
0.047607421875,
-0.00927734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.032470703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0146484375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.04833984375,
0.00421142578125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.037841796875,
0.02783203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.008544921875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.03515625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0263671875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.05029296875,
0.021240234375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.04296875,
0.015869140625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.03466796875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0361328125,
0.00018310546875,
0.03515625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.048828125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0211181640625,
0.012451171875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0028076171875,
0.05712890625,
0.00921630859375,
0.015380859375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.005859375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.048828125,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.04296875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0322265625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0498046875,
0.028076171875,
0.0001850128173828125,
0.032958984375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0751953125,
0.04248046875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0419921875,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.00390625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0021209716796875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.031494140625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.015869140625,
0.00958251953125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.038818359375,
0.05810546875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0517578125,
0.053466796875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.01220703125,
0.04296875,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.026611328125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.035400390625,
0.05126953125,
0.0257568359375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.057861328125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.001861572265625,
0.0113525390625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0146484375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.041259765625,
0.03759765625,
0.020263671875,
0.0169677734375,
0.039306640625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.033203125,
0.041259765625,
-0.03662109375,
0.05419921875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0050048828125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.061279296875,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.000667572021484375,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.02685546875,
0.0546875,
0.0233154296875,
0.01953125,
-0.0390625,
0.053955078125,
-0.018310546875,
0.04296875,
-0.0234375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.064453125,
0.0096435546875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0380859375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0067138671875,
0.01806640625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.033203125,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.03564453125,
0.07080078125,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.000701904296875,
-0.083984375,
0.011962890625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0262451171875,
0.04150390625,
0.06787109375,
-0.0546875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0003108978271484375,
-0.05712890625,
0.0234375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.021240234375,
0.01953125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.00347900390625,
0.000522613525390625,
0.006500244140625,
-0.002655029296875,
0.052978515625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.013916015625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.054931640625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.033447265625,
0.005157470703125,
0.0252685546875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.041015625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.05810546875,
-0.056884765625,
0.05908203125,
0.03515625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.029052734375,
0.001495361328125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0140380859375,
0.042724609375,
0.054443359375,
-0.0032958984375,
0.0164794921875,
0.00921630859375,
0.047119140625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.03125,
-0.045654296875,
0.041748046875,
0.01446533203125,
0.00787353515625,
0.020263671875,
0.0556640625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0205078125,
-0.05810546875,
0.00002574920654296875,
-0.060302734375,
0.04736328125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.00421142578125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.03564453125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0004138946533203125,
0.04833984375,
0.03076171875,
0.0108642578125,
0.003509521484375,
0.0712890625,
-0.03271484375,
0.00994873046875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.02099609375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.05517578125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0478515625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.01177978515625,
0.01373291015625,
0.0211181640625,
0.024658203125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.06591796875,
0.06689453125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.08740234375,
0.01416015625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.048828125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.034912109375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0279541015625,
0.037353515625,
-0.041015625,
0.00004172325134277344,
-0.0361328125,
0.00457763671875,
-0.000843048095703125,
-0.043212890625,
0.04052734375,
0.015869140625,
0.035400390625,
0.00150299072265625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04052734375,
0.02490234375,
0.01275634765625,
0.02392578125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0189208984375,
0.01904296875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.08984375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.03466796875,
0.00994873046875,
0.00726318359375,
0.060302734375,
0.01055908203125,
0.005279541015625,
0.034912109375,
0.055419921875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.000270843505859375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.01092529296875,
0.037353515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.04833984375,
0.00537109375,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.037109375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0115966796875,
0.0023193359375,
0.040771484375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0537109375,
0.00927734375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.06982421875,
0.00244140625,
-0.017333984375,
0.0216064453125,
0.022216796875,
0.009765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0400390625,
0.00396728515625,
0.068359375,
-0.03173828125,
0.03369140625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.046875,
-0.037353515625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.07666015625,
0.0234375,
-0.025390625,
-0.01708984375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0322265625,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0625,
0.042724609375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0478515625,
0.008056640625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.004974365234375,
0.07275390625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0341796875,
0.017822265625,
-0.060546875,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.041015625,
0.0152587890625,
0.045166015625,
-0.02978515625,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.018798828125,
0.040771484375,
0.0224609375,
0.01171875,
0.047607421875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.01336669921875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.040283203125,
0.024169921875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01953125,
0.016845703125,
-0.050048828125,
0.008056640625,
-0.051025390625,
0.058349609375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0517578125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0400390625,
0.0269775390625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.029052734375,
0.006591796875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0179443359375,
0.006011962890625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.03125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.08056640625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.00848388671875,
0.02392578125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0595703125,
0.001678466796875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.05859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.046875,
0.00244140625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.04150390625,
0.064453125,
0.042724609375,
0.041015625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.04296875,
-0.0087890625,
0.056884765625,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.002899169921875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.04638671875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.004058837890625,
0.00102996826171875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0380859375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0008544921875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.032958984375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.02294921875,
0.012939453125,
0.003082275390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00811767578125,
0.056396484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.034912109375,
0.034912109375,
0.03173828125,
0.03662109375,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.015625,
0.011474609375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.00714111328125,
0.014404296875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.00909423828125,
0.00014019012451171875,
-0.035888671875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.029296875,
0.026123046875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.040283203125,
0.026123046875,
0.0390625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.007080078125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.004150390625,
0.01263427734375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0017547607421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.031005859375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.05810546875,
0.015625,
0.0130615234375,
0.032958984375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.06982421875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.05224609375,
0.0027618408203125,
0.056640625,
0.01513671875,
0.07373046875,
-0.002227783203125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.06396484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.003936767578125,
0.01953125,
0.019287109375,
0.039794921875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.03369140625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.00115966796875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.044189453125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.046142578125,
0.03759765625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.001708984375,
-0.0654296875,
0.02001953125,
0.01611328125,
0.03173828125,
0.02783203125,
0.050048828125,
0.03662109375,
0.06689453125,
-0.002655029296875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.06201171875,
0.00982666015625,
0.04345703125,
0.06787109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0296630859375,
0.01904296875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.05029296875,
0.0303955078125,
0.004058837890625,
0.0234375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01806640625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.058837890625,
0.03857421875,
0.006256103515625,
0.006591796875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.00250244140625,
0.0625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.029296875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0067138671875,
0.005157470703125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0048828125,
0.0235595703125,
0.05419921875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0390625,
0.03662109375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0166015625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.006866455078125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0303955078125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0006103515625,
0.015869140625,
0.01202392578125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.01080322265625,
0.013916015625,
0.00433349609375,
0.035888671875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.00087738037109375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0361328125,
0.00518798828125,
0.007659912109375,
0.032470703125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.00010633468627929688,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.05078125,
0.001556396484375,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.023681640625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.05810546875,
0.271484375,
0.015869140625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.0140380859375,
0.0013275146484375,
0.045654296875,
0.0135498046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0078125,
0.000629425048828125,
0.03955078125,
0.03759765625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.000278472900390625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.001953125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0078125,
0.04736328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.002349853515625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.048828125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.03955078125,
0.017578125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0498046875,
0.021484375,
0.024658203125,
0.02392578125,
0.0308837890625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.046142578125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0118408203125,
0.0007171630859375,
-0.033447265625,
0.039306640625,
0.0673828125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.002166748046875,
0.052978515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.04833984375,
0.01251220703125,
0.013916015625,
0.01953125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.004913330078125,
0.043212890625,
0.052001953125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.001922607421875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.028564453125,
0.045166015625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0234375,
0.0050048828125,
0.0625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.04150390625,
0.04638671875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.054443359375,
0.0142822265625,
0.000213623046875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0078125
] |
Campbell, C. J".
Wood filed his bill to foreclose a mortgage made by Lucinda C. Truax as guardian of the other defendants, setting forth also a bond made for the same purpose. Having exhausted the land, he procured a decree for the deficiency against all of the defendants personally. Defendant Irene Hibbard appeals from this personal decree.
There is nothing in the bill to maintain such a decree. There is neither statute nor common law which can sustain the personal liability of an infant on a bond made by her guardian. The illegality of the mortgage in this case having been declared as to her original interest the defendant has not appealed from the decree of foreclosure which reserved the other' equities. But inas much as the bond described in the bill is void upon its face, — not being an infant’s possibly voidable contract but one beyond a guardian’s authority, it would require a distinct promise on a sufficient consideration, in the„ shape of a new contract, to bind Mrs. Hibbard, and no such contract is averred in the bill. We do not think there is any evidence of such a contract written or verbal on which complainant could recover, even if the bill had set forth the matters- relied on in the testimony. If there was any understanding, complainant was a stranger to it and could not sue upon it, whether bind-ing her to the other defendants or not. There has been no conveyance to her of any part of the mortgaged property made in such a form as to bring her within any of the decisions which give a mortgagee recourse to purchasers from the mortgagor.
Herbert L. Baker for the motion.
Charles A. Kent against.
Without, therefore, attempting to discuss the questions of fact concerning the mutual equities of defendants, we think the personal decree unwarranted.
The decree must be reversed, as to Mrs. Hibbard, with costs of both courts.
The other Justices concurred.
Motion for rehearing. Submitted November 19. Decided November 21.
Campbell, C. J.
This court having at the last adjourned day announced an opinion and directed the entry of an order reversing the decree rendered against Irene T. Hibbard, a motion is now made for a rehearing on the ground of misapprehension of facts. • •
The appeal being from a personal decree in which it was sought to charge Mrs. Hibbard for money alleged to have been advanced on her account and from which she is claimed to have received a personal advan tage, the other matters involved in the suit were not important to be considered, and some errors appear in their statement. The form of the securities being somewhat ambiguous, and the complainant having testified to dealings with Mrs. Truax as guardian of both the other defendants, it was incorrectly assumed that the mortgage was thus executed, when in fact Charles was of age. But no misapprehension existed concerning any of the facts relating to the supposed liability of Mrs. Hibbard to respond personally to complainant, — which . was the only matter before us, and the only one on which it was necessary to go through the record.
We did not consider it worth while to discuss at length the reasons for arriving at our conclusions,- for we regarded the rules as elementary, and no authority was cited which in our opinion gave color to any other holding on such a case as was before us. We do not propose now in making a final disposition of the case to do any more than point out why the supposed difficulties which counsel have inferred from what they assume to have been misconstrued in the record, do not exist.
The original bill was an ordinary foreclosure bill which in its framework treated all these defendants as sui juris at the time of filing, and prayed relief against all alike personally. By an irregular practice the guardian ad litem joined with the other defendants in an answer and made some admissions, not now complained of, but which as a guardian he had no lawful authority to do, but denying the legal existence of the mortgage as against the minor.
In November, 1876, a document called a supplemental bill was filed devoted entirely to the averment of certain transactions in partition by reason of which it was claimed Mrs. Hibbard had bound herself equitably to pay the debt due to complainant and also averring some recognitions by her.
It not only did not appear (as it was not true in fact) that she had become of age, but nothing whatever was set up as having occurred since the filing of the original bill, although it was averred complainant'had received his information since it was filed. This was not supplemental matter and should have been put in as an amendment. But inasmuch as Mrs. Hibbard was still a minor, the entire case was immaterial in any point of view and this pleading was a practical nullity. The answer of the guardian ad litem to it could not have bound her in any way, and may also be disregarded.
On the 31st of December, 1877, a stipulation was filed which, so far ás the record shows, was unauthorized by Mrs. Hibbard, who had just come of age, which permitted facts occurring since the filing of the original ■and so-called supplemental bills, to be introduced in evidence as if a new supplemental bill had been filed. '•This stipulation is also inoperative, — not only as apparently attempting to bind without authority an infant just come to maturity concerning transactions during minority, whereon neither guardians nor attorneys can •have any implied power, — but also because it does not even indicate what kind of facts are to be given in evidence as grounds of recovery. As already mentioned, the so-called supplemental bill set up no facts as having occurred during the suit, and even if a stipulation might authorize pleadings to be changed nunc pro tunc, yet in this case we are not informed what facts it was intended to set up. It is fatally ambiguous, and could not justify any decree based upon it.
But the facts actually given in evidence and claimed to have been under stipulation are not in our opinion sufficient to authorize any relief on any allegations and therefore would give no reason for allowing amendments or other changes, however seasonably applied for.
Upon the most favorable view which we are able to take of them, no more is proved than this:
The original loan was made to two persons of full age in their own right, and to one of the two in her character as guardian, and the securities were given in the same way. It is not claimed that this created in itself an obligation binding on the ward which was valid in law. It was unquestionably void. It cannot be claimed that either equitably or in any other way a guardian, even if she had authority to bind the ward by a Joan, which she certainly had not, could make the ward liable jointly with any one else who was to have a part of the money borrowed. By these transactions Charles Truax and Lucinda Truax in their individual capacities were principal debtors and debtors on their own account. A creditor who under the fullest legal authority had advanced money on any such securities would be bound to see to the apportionment of the money if he could look to the minor’s estate for any portion of his advances. It certainly could not be made security for the debts of others for the money not advanced to the minor’s account.
As a matter of fact the testimony shows' that $8000 of this money went to Charles Truax, and the balance went to Mrs. Truax — not for the ward, but for the general purposes of the estate of her deceased husband and for family expenses. The amount, therefore, which could in any way be said to have gone for the benefit of Mrs. Hibbard was very small and cannot be identified, and none of it was so applied directly as to be properly called a direct payment to or for the minor.
We find no evidence whatever of any action by Mrs. Hibbard since she reached majority to assume or recognize any portion of this as a personal claim.
There is evidence that in making partition of her father’s estate, Mrs. Hibbard received two thousand dollars more than her brother, and that this difference was made up by his having had money enough previously to balance it. This was done by proceedings in partition w'hile she was a minor, and was the result of a general accounting into which this money probably entered with other moneys used by Charles. Such an accounting could only be properly had on the basis that the money embraced in it had belonged to the estate of George B. Truax which was partitioned, and not to the children. But there is no pretense that it was ever borrowed for that estate, and the whole accounting was made in such a way as to make it impossible to say that out of the general balance against Charles this particular claim was the' one that fixed the amount. This money never formed any fund that was kept separate for such a purpose.
The equity, plainly stated, is simply this — that because Mrs. Hibbard is said to have received more out of her father’s estate than her brother did, she is personally liable to her brother’s and her mother’s creditor for money lent to them, which in their subsequent dealings they settled as if it had come from the father’s estate. Even this could not be made certain without a settlement of Mrs. Truax’s accounts, which by general consent have been left at large.
We do not know any principle whereby a third person can claim to intervene to set up an interest in such settlements. Even if Mrs. Hibbard had promised to pay her brother’s or her mother’s debts (which is not in our opinion made out in any form legal or not legal), complainant was in no way shown or alleged to have been made a party to such an understanding.
This proceeding is nothing more or less than an attempt to enforce a personal liability without any contract to base it on. Equity cannot create contracts any more than other courts.
Our impression was that inasmuch as Mrs. Hibbard did not appeal from the first decree which provided for the sale of her land, although not the undivided interest which she originally owned, she was not entitled to costs prior to the sale. But inasmuch as that decree expressly reserved the equity concerning her personal liability for future disposal, that reservation left the last decree as an original decree on that equity, and therefore the •whole record was involved in it, and she is entitled to all her costs.
The motion for .rehearing is denied, arid the decree, which has not yet been completed in this court, will be entered accordingly.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.0157470703125,
0.0166015625,
0.01019287109375,
0.047119140625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.006561279296875,
0.0322265625,
0.054443359375,
0.01611328125,
-0.005584716796875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.02392578125,
0.06005859375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.083984375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.025146484375,
0.05322265625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.01025390625,
0.00130462646484375,
0.0302734375,
-0.054931640625,
0.036376953125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.001190185546875,
0.01019287109375,
0.02685546875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.046875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.033935546875,
0.011962890625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.005096435546875,
0.036376953125,
0.022216796875,
-0.04736328125,
0.005340576171875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0068359375,
0.017578125,
0.007354736328125,
-0.035888671875,
0.036865234375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0068359375,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.01171875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.017822265625,
0.013916015625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.045166015625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.018798828125,
0.01165771484375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.048583984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0169677734375,
0.01422119140625,
0.04248046875,
-0.022705078125,
0.034423828125,
0.034423828125,
0.00836181640625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0830078125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.02490234375,
-0.043701171875,
0.000896453857421875,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0069580078125,
0.028076171875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.02783203125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.05078125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04638671875,
0.05517578125,
0.0035552978515625,
0.015380859375,
-0.03515625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.0059814453125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01409912109375,
0.00689697265625,
0.047119140625,
0.0123291015625,
0.0390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.05078125,
0.0107421875,
0.0064697265625,
0.039794921875,
-0.005859375,
0.04248046875,
-0.00390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.032470703125,
0.0361328125,
0.037841796875,
-0.02490234375,
0.025390625,
-0.03857421875,
0.00628662109375,
0.004150390625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.000858306884765625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.000518798828125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0101318359375,
0.02197265625,
-0.08251953125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.060302734375,
-0.001251220703125,
0.05712890625,
-0.02587890625,
0.004302978515625,
-0.003662109375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0169677734375,
0.021240234375,
0.01177978515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.04052734375,
0.00726318359375,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.055908203125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.030517578125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.03076171875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.008056640625,
0.07568359375,
-0.01171875,
-0.055908203125,
0.0654296875,
0.03369140625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0166015625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0015716552734375,
0.060791015625,
-0.032958984375,
0.041015625,
-0.021728515625,
0.023681640625,
0.00099945068359375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.02734375,
-0.029052734375,
0.05029296875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.000946044921875,
0.00054931640625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.052978515625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.000396728515625,
0.0283203125,
0.01129150390625,
0.00080108642578125,
0.009033203125,
-0.038818359375,
0.029541015625,
0.046875,
0.0002460479736328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.03759765625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0087890625,
0.00164031982421875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.038330078125,
0.005096435546875,
0.052978515625,
0.00457763671875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0751953125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.05810546875,
-0.047119140625,
0.07373046875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00634765625,
0.028564453125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.017578125,
-0.031005859375,
0.019287109375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.036865234375,
0.033203125,
0.0021820068359375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0274658203125,
0.01171875,
0.02197265625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.046875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0223388671875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02734375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.04345703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.013671875,
0.024169921875,
-0.014404296875,
0.03955078125,
0.0033416748046875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.020751953125,
0.08349609375,
-0.00244140625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0478515625,
0.01153564453125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01171875,
0.00628662109375,
0.0458984375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.002716064453125,
0.00061798095703125,
-0.01611328125,
0.023681640625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.034912109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.001800537109375,
0.011962890625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.015625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.010009765625,
-0.016357421875,
0.013916015625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.01025390625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.037109375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.011474609375,
-0.05029296875,
0.045166015625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.046875,
0.052490234375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0029296875,
0.0027008056640625,
0.007568359375,
0.0250244140625,
0.02001953125,
0.028076171875,
0.0302734375,
0.06103515625,
0.01025390625,
0.0224609375,
0.0029296875,
0.05224609375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0380859375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0439453125,
0.035400390625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0185546875,
0.0252685546875,
0.017333984375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.00016689300537109375,
-0.06982421875,
0.01123046875,
-0.053466796875,
0.0673828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0159912109375,
0.02880859375,
0.01495361328125,
0.009521484375,
-0.064453125,
-0.00177001953125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0634765625,
0.026123046875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.044921875,
0.048828125,
-0.046875,
0.0419921875,
0.0194091796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.038818359375,
0.00628662109375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.030517578125,
0.0035400390625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.00006914138793945312,
-0.005859375,
0.045166015625,
0.0021820068359375,
0.03125,
-0.04150390625,
0.042724609375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.053955078125,
-0.04248046875,
0.02978515625,
-0.05615234375,
0.0234375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0146484375,
0.00958251953125,
0.041259765625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.02197265625,
0.026123046875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01806640625,
0.0322265625,
-0.029541015625,
0.016845703125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.041015625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.025390625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.064453125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.008544921875,
0.01397705078125,
0.041748046875,
0.0037841796875,
0.01904296875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.020263671875,
0.046875,
-0.002716064453125,
0.00787353515625,
0.003082275390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.000522613525390625,
0.08642578125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.011474609375,
0.006378173828125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.056884765625,
-0.010498046875,
0.06982421875,
0.0218505859375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.04345703125,
0.002166748046875,
0.0211181640625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.054931640625,
0.01031494140625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0303955078125,
0.020263671875,
0.034423828125,
0.01220703125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.08642578125,
0.045654296875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.000629425048828125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0013885498046875,
0.006500244140625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.004180908203125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.057373046875,
0.00787353515625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.000091552734375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0069580078125,
-0.055908203125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0693359375,
0.0128173828125,
0.013427734375,
0.004608154296875,
0.006500244140625,
0.00323486328125,
0.0020751953125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.05859375,
0.019775390625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.000039577484130859375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.057373046875,
0.03125,
0.072265625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.003143310546875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.021484375,
-0.064453125,
0.041015625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0234375,
0.03564453125,
-0.05078125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.018310546875,
0.052001953125,
-0.002777099609375,
0.042236328125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0380859375,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.06689453125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.019775390625,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01953125,
0.0245361328125,
0.036376953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.01483154296875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.060302734375,
-0.031494140625,
0.040283203125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.059814453125,
0.0284423828125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0103759765625,
0.03173828125,
0.0155029296875,
0.01123046875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0018157958984375,
0.02783203125,
0.07080078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.00933837890625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0380859375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.057861328125,
0.002899169921875,
0.035888671875,
0.026123046875,
0.00531005859375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0250244140625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.05908203125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0673828125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.055908203125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.029296875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.025634765625,
0.03759765625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.017578125,
-0.052978515625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.037109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.007354736328125,
0.02783203125,
-0.000621795654296875,
0.0152587890625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.007080078125,
0.005340576171875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0014495849609375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.029296875,
0.01251220703125,
0.0517578125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.044189453125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.006011962890625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.006866455078125,
0.000934600830078125,
0.038330078125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01483154296875,
0.030029296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0400390625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.040771484375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.025634765625,
0.013427734375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00872802734375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0439453125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.03125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0003376007080078125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0634765625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.004486083984375,
0.02197265625,
0.00274658203125,
0.02392578125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.06689453125,
0.01220703125,
0.02294921875,
-0.002960205078125,
0.044677734375,
0.0145263671875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0003833770751953125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.078125,
0.017578125,
0.0194091796875,
0.000827789306640625,
0.050048828125,
0.0234375,
0.051513671875,
0.017578125,
0.015380859375,
0.0322265625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.02099609375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.02392578125,
-0.01220703125,
0.015380859375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.03271484375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.036865234375,
0.0286865234375,
0.03857421875,
0.019775390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.068359375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0233154296875,
0.06298828125,
-0.03125,
0.006744384765625,
0.037841796875,
0.050048828125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.041748046875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.03125,
-0.00726318359375,
0.04150390625,
-0.029052734375,
0.00848388671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.02685546875,
0.01495361328125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0289306640625,
0.040771484375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.00732421875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.02880859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.041015625,
-0.047119140625,
0.005462646484375,
0.0244140625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.046630859375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.02001953125,
0.037841796875,
0.02685546875,
0.031494140625,
0.002166748046875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0234375,
0.005828857421875,
0.06298828125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0286865234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.052734375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.029296875,
-0.010009765625,
0.00250244140625,
0.068359375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01513671875,
0.0439453125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0146484375,
0.01495361328125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.047119140625,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.04345703125,
0.02685546875,
0.02685546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0205078125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0888671875,
0.263671875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.00909423828125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0361328125,
0.033203125,
0.00433349609375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01068115234375,
0.00494384765625,
0.039306640625,
-0.033203125,
0.049560546875,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.0625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.06982421875,
0.02392578125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.026123046875,
-0.08154296875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.036865234375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0185546875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.040283203125,
0.04248046875,
0.01611328125,
0.0185546875,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.035400390625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.046875,
0.05859375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0400390625,
0.012451171875,
0.054931640625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.011474609375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0042724609375,
0.0224609375,
0.08056640625,
0.007354736328125,
0.0267333984375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.04833984375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.034912109375,
0.01287841796875,
0.05615234375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01324462890625,
0.037841796875,
0.025390625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.04541015625,
0.004547119140625,
0.0012664794921875,
0.005828857421875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.00677490234375,
0.00052642822265625
] |
Graves, J.
December 20, 1873, these parties were divorced from the bonds of matrimony by decree of the court below, and about two months later the decree was enrolled. It has never been opened or impaired.
The parties had two young children, but the decree made no provision for their custody or support. Neither did it make any allowance whatever. Complainant afterwards married.
About a year after the decree, proceedings on the foot of it were allowed on the application of defendant eon cerning the custody and support of the. children, and May 18, 1876, the court referred the investigation to a special commissioner and ordered complainant to pay $3 per week to support the children during the inquiry. Complainant failing to comply, he was proceeded against for contempt and on the 29th of September, 1877, the court adjudged him guilty and ordered that he should pay defendant in fifteen days the sum of $213, being the amount which had accrued under the order of May 18th, and further ordered that in case of his failure to make such payment he be committed to jail.
The case comes up on appeal from this order.
We think in entertaining the proceeding by attachment and granting this order the court misapprehended the remedy. As we held in Haines v. Haines, 35 Mich., 138, in reference to Comp. L., § 5689, subd. 3, attachment is allowed to' enforce payment of money only in those cases where an execution cannot be awarded, and when the order complained of was made the statute of 1877 authorizing execution in such a ease had taken effect. Pub. Acts, 1877, p. 32. We presume that this recent enactment had escaped the judge’s attention.
The order must be reversed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.042724609375,
0.0037841796875,
0.02294921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0625,
-0.021484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.036865234375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0262451171875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.034423828125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.003997802734375,
0.00469970703125,
0.0107421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0281982421875,
0.03466796875,
0.033935546875,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.00055694580078125,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.03173828125,
-0.052978515625,
0.03515625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0084228515625,
0.01275634765625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.017333984375,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0322265625,
0.005859375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.00164794921875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.012451171875,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.044189453125,
0.03125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.03125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.019775390625,
0.04638671875,
-0.00750732421875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.06640625,
-0.0390625,
0.00579833984375,
0.048828125,
0.02734375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0250244140625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0615234375,
-0.025634765625,
0.000759124755859375,
0.08349609375,
0.00927734375,
0.048095703125,
0.026123046875,
0.033935546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0115966796875,
0.05029296875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.05078125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0546875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.05078125,
-0.03515625,
0.05126953125,
0.006134033203125,
0.03662109375,
0.00836181640625,
0.00005841255187988281,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.036376953125,
0.02734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0018157958984375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.033935546875,
0.010009765625,
0.033203125,
-0.011474609375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00213623046875,
0.0556640625,
0.036376953125,
0.024169921875,
-0.00095367431640625,
0.03369140625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0625,
-0.019287109375,
0.06298828125,
0.059326171875,
0.0634765625,
0.002227783203125,
0.025634765625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0064697265625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.014892578125,
0.02880859375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.02783203125,
0.055419921875,
0.020263671875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.05859375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.009765625,
0.01904296875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.047119140625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0380859375,
0.036376953125,
-0.003662109375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.000301361083984375,
0.010498046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0272216796875,
0.020751953125,
0.01446533203125,
0.009521484375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0439453125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0546875,
0.0086669921875,
0.007598876953125,
0.0703125,
-0.037109375,
-0.027099609375,
0.08056640625,
0.0517578125,
-0.04296875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0003509521484375,
0.019775390625,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.041015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.059326171875,
0.0400390625,
-0.07470703125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.004302978515625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.02490234375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.047607421875,
0.06640625,
0.06103515625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00390625,
0.033203125,
0.0157470703125,
0.03271484375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.02783203125,
0.019775390625,
0.01220703125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.037109375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.027099609375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00103759765625,
0.054443359375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.01416015625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.044189453125,
-0.011962890625,
0.041259765625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.03759765625,
0.0000030547380447387695,
-0.034912109375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.035888671875,
0.06787109375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.00677490234375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.033203125,
0.00022029876708984375,
-0.02392578125,
0.021240234375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0016632080078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.038818359375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0167236328125,
0.03662109375,
0.058349609375,
0.015625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.01953125,
0.01611328125,
0.0400390625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00537109375,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.020263671875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0076904296875,
0.00164794921875,
-0.0390625,
0.03466796875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0439453125,
0.0019989013671875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.02197265625,
0.0849609375,
-0.01953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.06982421875,
0.00159454345703125,
0.0380859375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.015869140625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0283203125,
0.031005859375,
-0.02197265625,
0.00170135498046875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.030517578125,
0.00634765625,
-0.0205078125,
0.040771484375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0277099609375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.001220703125,
0.00439453125,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0576171875,
-0.022216796875,
0.05615234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.05029296875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0255126953125,
0.01092529296875,
0.03564453125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.052001953125,
0.01336669921875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.012939453125,
0.0296630859375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.03125,
-0.031005859375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.0205078125,
0.04150390625,
0.03125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.019775390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.03125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.06298828125,
0.055419921875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0189208984375,
0.017578125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.025634765625,
0.05712890625,
0.03369140625,
0.01220703125,
-0.029541015625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.043212890625,
0.027099609375,
0.0150146484375,
0.03564453125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0286865234375,
0.00054931640625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.041259765625,
0.00836181640625,
0.00148773193359375,
0.08056640625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0067138671875,
0.0576171875,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.07421875,
0.038818359375,
0.009033203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.033447265625,
-0.01318359375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.02099609375,
0.041015625,
0.00341796875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0016326904296875,
0.013671875,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.02734375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0390625,
0.000896453857421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.02978515625,
0.030517578125,
0.0213623046875,
0.00069427490234375,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.02294921875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01416015625,
0.01007080078125,
0.03662109375,
0.016357421875,
0.040283203125,
0.006256103515625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.057861328125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0130615234375,
0.019775390625,
0.025634765625,
0.0169677734375,
0.00811767578125,
0.02978515625,
0.02294921875,
0.038330078125,
0.01904296875,
0.042724609375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.013916015625,
0.01312255859375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.043701171875,
0.01171875,
0.04931640625,
-0.060546875,
-0.02685546875,
0.0177001953125,
0.00518798828125,
0.044921875,
-0.01446533203125,
0.00008678436279296875,
-0.0390625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0269775390625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04541015625,
0.010986328125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.02734375,
0.01220703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.024169921875,
0.00146484375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.03125,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.001495361328125,
-0.05517578125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.03076171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0113525390625,
0.02197265625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.037109375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.041015625,
0.000530242919921875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0322265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.091796875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.039794921875,
0.055908203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0126953125,
0.001861572265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0517578125,
0.045166015625,
0.00077056884765625,
0.021240234375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0341796875,
0.00244140625,
0.0595703125,
0.00616455078125,
0.03662109375,
0.04541015625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.03955078125,
0.053955078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.03125,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.040771484375,
0.013671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.06298828125,
0.0478515625,
0.01385498046875,
0.07177734375,
0.00555419921875,
0.06494140625,
0.005859375,
-0.002838134765625,
0.033203125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.038330078125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0693359375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0128173828125,
0.046630859375,
-0.00063323974609375,
-0.06640625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.05615234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.06298828125,
0.03125,
0.009521484375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.04443359375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.04541015625,
0.051025390625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.045654296875,
0.00138092041015625,
0.059326171875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0003337860107421875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.003814697265625,
0.01226806640625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.022216796875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01611328125,
0.037353515625,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0135498046875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.033447265625,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00005245208740234375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.006500244140625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.02978515625,
0.02734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01287841796875,
0.0096435546875,
0.00885009765625,
0.03662109375,
0.0390625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.015869140625,
0.0101318359375,
0.024658203125,
0.006317138671875,
0.017822265625,
0.021240234375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0263671875,
0.01318359375,
0.031005859375,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0263671875,
0.05126953125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.037109375,
0.033447265625,
0.056640625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.040771484375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.044677734375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.00787353515625,
0.0012664794921875,
0.029052734375,
0.0478515625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.03955078125,
-0.00141143798828125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.076171875,
-0.008056640625,
0.04736328125,
-0.03515625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00074005126953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.021240234375,
0.009765625,
0.01446533203125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0771484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0390625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.05859375,
0.020751953125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0260009765625,
0.04052734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.039306640625,
0.00445556640625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0615234375,
-0.009521484375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.048095703125,
0.04345703125,
0.044677734375,
0.0036468505859375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0133056640625,
0.019775390625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.047119140625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.00244140625,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0341796875,
0.0390625,
0.01422119140625,
0.01904296875,
0.034912109375,
0.046875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0006256103515625,
0.039306640625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.044921875,
0.0076904296875,
0.0126953125,
0.0234375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.00274658203125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.044921875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0230712890625,
0.064453125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0186767578125,
0.043212890625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.00946044921875,
0.004119873046875,
-0.003173828125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0005340576171875,
0.01287841796875,
0.007171630859375,
0.05322265625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.06298828125,
0.03662109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.059814453125,
0.008544921875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0625,
0.0123291015625,
0.02685546875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.01123046875,
-0.032470703125,
0.035888671875,
0.005645751953125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0703125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.002349853515625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.043701171875,
0.0458984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.007171630859375,
0.02490234375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0107421875,
0.056396484375,
0.003875732421875,
0.00799560546875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01312255859375,
0.023681640625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0419921875,
0.00537109375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.047607421875,
0.267578125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01171875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.03271484375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.026611328125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.009765625,
0.01904296875,
0.048583984375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0098876953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.03125,
0.003936767578125,
0.08447265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.09716796875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.015625,
0.0537109375,
-0.055419921875,
0.02734375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.04736328125,
0.01025390625,
0.0380859375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.046630859375,
-0.005615234375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0126953125,
-0.031982421875,
0.051025390625,
0.049072265625,
-0.04248046875,
0.01202392578125,
0.01904296875,
0.03564453125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.007080078125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0576171875,
0.017822265625,
0.0252685546875,
0.00982666015625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.05517578125,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.051025390625,
0.006561279296875,
0.08837890625,
-0.025390625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00191497802734375,
0.00750732421875,
0.040283203125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00058746337890625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0078125,
-0.009765625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.03076171875,
-0.0107421875
] |
Graves, J.
This is an action for trespass to the person in causing an arrest and imprisonment under illegal process. It originated in justice’s court and was taken by appeal to the circuit court, where defendant in error recovered $100. The case comes here at the instance of defendant below on writ of error and bill of exceptions.
Prior to June 18th, 1875, Ellsworth’s wife prosecuted a bill against him for divorce in the circuit court for the county of Eaton in chancery, and on that day the court decreed a dissolution of the marriage, and further that the wife, then Olive G. Ellsworth, should have the care, custody and education of their minor child, George Ells-worth, who was ten and a half years old, and that the child should remain with her until he should be fourteen years old. The decree remained unappealed from and unchanged. Subsequently Mrs. Ellsworth intermarried with plaintiff in error, and Ellsworth at some time, but when is not specified in the record, and by some means not explained, obtained the child and detained him from her contrary to the decree and in contempt of the authority of the court in that behalf. July 5th, 1877, she made affidavit setting forth the facts, and plaintiff in error, as her counsel, obtained from the register of the court on this affidavit, and without any kind or form of preliminary order from any source, a writ of attachment under Comp. L., § 5693, for Ellsworth’s arrest to answer for his alleged misconduct in disobeying the decree. The sheriff soon afterwards arrested him on this paper and confined him in jail under it for about four days. He was then produced in court and on motion by counsel in his behalf the paper was declared to be void and he was liberated.
Immediately, however, the court, on a new affidavit, entered an order for another attachment for the same cause and which was then issued and at once served. And thereupon Ellsworth purged his contempt to the satisfaction of the court by producing the child and delivering him to the mother.
Ellsworth then brought this action against Thompson for having caused the first arrest and imprisonment.
First. He made no submission to that arrest and did nothing to disable himself from' complaining of it as illegal. The court was correct in deciding against its validity. The law does not allow an attachment against the person to issue in such a case as of course, or upon the judgment of the register that an affidavit made therefor is sufficient. Even an injunction, — a process which never imprisons, and which is prayed for upon a case solemnly made on oath, — is not permitted to issue in that' way. An express order based on the showing and authorizing the register to send out the writ is an indispensable prerequisite. The law has not attempted to clothe the register with power to pass on the facts in such applications and allow or refuse the writ according to his judgment.
It is not needful to dwell on the distinction between what is void and what is only voidable.
The writ here was moved out under the court’s seal without authority, and Thompson, who caused it to be so sent out, could not justify under it. The view of the court in Ward v. Cozzens, 3 Mich., 252, 260, covers the principle.
Second. Certain claims for damages are opposed, first, on the ground that the declaration is insufficient; and second, because as is urged they include a charge for time lost not only after the release from the arrest, but also subsequent to the commencement of the suit.
The objection drawn from the state of the declaration has no force. The declaration is much more precise than is customary in justice’s courts, and withal is not open to the point that it is not specific enough to admit the evidence. Hurtford v. Holmes, 3 Mich., 460; Comstock v. Howd, 15 Mich., 237; Page v. Mitchell, 13 Mich., 63; Josselyn v. McAllister, 22 Mich., 300; Parsons v. Harper, 16 Gratt., 64; Bonesteel v. Bonesteel, 30 Wis., 511.
The second ground requires more notice. The suit was commenced on the same day of the discharge, July 17th. At the trial Ellsworth was allowed against objection to testify in substance that before his arrest he had agreed with two persons to work for them in harvest, and that if not interrupted the employment would have lasted twelve days, and that his arrest and confinement for which he had sued caused him to lose these jobs. The record is blind, but it seems to have been assumed by court and counsel that the period of twelve days so mentioned passed the time of commencement- of the suit on the 17th of July and covered some space subsequent to that.
The record states that the bill of exceptions contains substantially all the testimony which was given at the trial, and it appears that no evidence was adduced touching the compensation Ellsworth was to receive or expected to receive for his work • in harvest, nor any concerning the value of such work or in regard to farm wages of any kind. The whole subject was allowed\ to drop as to matter of proof, with the. testimony of Ells-worth himself that he had agreed to work and lost -the chance in consequence of his arrest and confinement. Hence it is by no means certain that the jury enlarged their finding by including any specific allowance for the loss of the chance to work during the twelve days.- In view, however, of the proceedings before them in regard to the admission of testimony on the subject and in respect to the charge, it cannot be said they did not. Probably the point was practically not worth controversy.
The counsel for plaintiff in error took the ground that Ellsworth’s being out of service after his discharge on the 17th of July, and much more after he commenced his suit, could not be taken into account to increase the damages. On the other hand the counsel for defendant in error urged in effect that the question did not depend upon whether the time required for the employment whicb. was lost, either stopped with or extended farther than the discharge or even later than the commencement of suit, which was on the same day, but whether the loss of the entire employment was directly dire to the arrest on the 13th of July and the succeeding imprisonment; and he further urged that the tendency of the showing was that the arrest and imprisonment directly and immediately caused the loss of the whole employment. It is not pretended that counsel respectively explained their positions in these terms. Nothing more is intended than to say that we here give the meaning we ascribe to their apparent positions in the record.
’ The judge inclined to the view of counsel for defendant in error, and we are disposed to think that in so doing he committed'no error.
It is a principle of general application in actions against wrong-doers that the plaintiff may recover by way of damages, at least all that he has lost up to the commencement of the suit through the wrongful act for which the defendant is sued (Rundle v. Little, 6 Q. B., 178), and it is also a general rule of law that damages resulting from one and the same cause of action must be assessed and recovered once for all, and that actions cannot be-repeated from day to day as the diurnal effects of the one original wrong happen to mature.
When the tortious cause of damage has been done and the effects have not fully occurred, but must occur, and are already reasonably and fairly capable of safe estimation, the injured party is entitled to have them considered by the jury. The doctrine is often applied against carriers of passengers, in slander cases and others of the like nature, and although far from universal, we think it reaches far enough to sustain the ruling below. Nicklin v. Williams, 10 Exch., 259; Bonomi v. Backhouse, E. B. & E., 646-658; Backhouse v. Bonomi, 9 H. L. Cas., 503; Hamer v. Knowles, 6 H. & N., 454; Lamb v. Walker, L. R. 3 Q. B. Div., 389. See siso Burrell v. N. Y. & Sag. Solar Salt Co., 14 Mich., 34; Sheahan v. Barry, 27 Mich., 217; Allison v. Chandler, 11 Mich., 542; Scripps v. Reilly, 38 Mich., 10; Derry v. Flitner, 118 Mass., 131; Tefft v. Windsor, 17 Mich., 486.
If as matter of fact there was any ground for contending that the loss of the employment in question was attributable to the second and valid arrest which occurred on the same day the party was discharged from the first and invalid one, and from which too he was at once discharged because he purged his contempt, it was a subject to be discussed-before the jury. As the second arrest and the discharge in both cases occurred on the same day, and his detention under the second arrest must have been very short, and probably not to exceed an hour, it is not easy to perceive how the second arrest could have had any part in causing the loss of the harvest work.
Third. The exception based on the permission to Ellsworth’s counsel after his commencement of his summing-up, to call a witness to swear to the value of the counsel’s service on the motion to discharge Ellsworth from his first arrest, raises no' question for discussion here. It was a matter which pertained to the orderly control of the trial and was within the strictly discretionary jurisdiction of the judge. There is no ground whatever for imputing any abuse of power.
The preceding observations and authorities referred to dispose of all the questions which merit notice.
No error is shown of which the plaintiff in error can complain, and the judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.04736328125,
0.007049560546875,
0.0185546875,
0.04638671875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.03515625,
0.0255126953125,
0.044189453125,
0.0264892578125,
0.025390625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.032958984375,
0.047119140625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0322265625,
0.028564453125,
0.0020751953125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0162353515625,
0.001861572265625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.050048828125,
-0.060302734375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01025390625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.031494140625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.00836181640625,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.06494140625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.021240234375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.013671875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00087738037109375,
0.0054931640625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0234375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.043212890625,
0.02880859375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.02294921875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.03857421875,
0.00836181640625,
0.03515625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.025390625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.02392578125,
0.005096435546875,
0.010986328125,
0.03955078125,
0.04150390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.052734375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0191650390625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0166015625,
0.01806640625,
0.01373291015625,
0.09375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.051025390625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.02294921875,
0.05029296875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.030517578125,
0.06689453125,
0.01300048828125,
0.0654296875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.015625,
0.01214599609375,
0.044921875,
0.0169677734375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0263671875,
0.010498046875,
0.02001953125,
0.0234375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0074462890625,
-0.013671875,
0.0162353515625,
0.047607421875,
0.0179443359375,
0.02294921875,
0.0108642578125,
0.02587890625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.06396484375,
0.0302734375,
0.048095703125,
0.046142578125,
0.04931640625,
0.004425048828125,
0.0244140625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.013427734375,
0.006622314453125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00457763671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.03369140625,
0.039794921875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.09521484375,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0155029296875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.00003457069396972656,
0.017333984375,
0.01165771484375,
0.04052734375,
0.004791259765625,
0.0245361328125,
0.025146484375,
0.014404296875,
0.019287109375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.035400390625,
0.019287109375,
0.0546875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0155029296875,
0.021240234375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.014892578125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00787353515625,
0.033935546875,
0.057861328125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.08984375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.00830078125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.051025390625,
0.05615234375,
-0.03515625,
0.020263671875,
-0.005218505859375,
0.048095703125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0634765625,
0.052734375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0185546875,
0.0294189453125,
0.0120849609375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.009765625,
-0.007720947265625,
0.019775390625,
0.015380859375,
-0.015869140625,
0.031982421875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0283203125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.0252685546875,
0.011962890625,
0.0028076171875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0390625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0166015625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0419921875,
0.007293701171875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0106201171875,
0.031005859375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.003082275390625,
-0.03173828125,
0.037353515625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.04248046875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00089263916015625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.023681640625,
-0.08935546875,
0.012939453125,
-0.00021076202392578125,
-0.0322265625,
0.035400390625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.020263671875,
0.034912109375,
0.0242919921875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0625,
-0.060546875,
0.004638671875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00390625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.07763671875,
0.003265380859375,
-0.048828125,
-0.043701171875,
0.012939453125,
0.023681640625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.048583984375,
-0.005126953125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.051025390625,
-0.00567626953125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.03466796875,
0.004547119140625,
0.05078125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.05810546875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0107421875,
0.021484375,
0.006103515625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0498046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00311279296875,
-0.007720947265625,
0.04052734375,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0078125,
0.01416015625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.033935546875,
-0.000621795654296875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0006561279296875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.009521484375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.046142578125,
0.044921875,
-0.05712890625,
0.044921875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0498046875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.00146484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.000583648681640625,
0.01446533203125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.02880859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.026611328125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.0213623046875,
0.034423828125,
0.0179443359375,
0.023193359375,
0.018310546875,
0.023681640625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.047119140625,
0.054443359375,
0.00250244140625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.046875,
0.0322265625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.024169921875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0322265625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.04833984375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0322265625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.053466796875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.045166015625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.04150390625,
0.004913330078125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.044189453125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.000514984130859375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0115966796875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.03125,
-0.04541015625,
0.06787109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0167236328125,
0.068359375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.049560546875,
-0.033203125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00130462646484375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.045166015625,
0.031982421875,
0.0185546875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00030517578125,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.056640625,
-0.014892578125,
0.00341796875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00167083740234375,
0.007354736328125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.005584716796875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01116943359375,
0.01177978515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.040283203125,
0.03564453125,
0.0220947265625,
0.011474609375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0830078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.04296875,
0.040283203125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0027618408203125,
0.06298828125,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0103759765625,
0.040771484375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.05224609375,
0.0263671875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.050537109375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.048583984375,
0.00830078125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0419921875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0274658203125,
0.01904296875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.021240234375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0111083984375,
0.0252685546875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.021484375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.003875732421875,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0205078125,
0.00634765625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.016357421875,
-0.080078125,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.017333984375,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.00017070770263671875,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.005859375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.006317138671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.1103515625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04931640625,
0.022216796875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.02734375,
0.0291748046875,
0.04345703125,
0.00055694580078125,
0.058349609375,
-0.01953125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.00732421875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.053955078125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.05126953125,
0.0213623046875,
0.010498046875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.05029296875,
0.006256103515625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.044921875,
0.0517578125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.044677734375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0220947265625,
0.061767578125,
0.01171875,
0.039306640625,
-0.025634765625,
0.07958984375,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0194091796875,
0.050048828125,
0.0267333984375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.015625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0018463134765625,
0.007293701171875,
0.00003147125244140625,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.019287109375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.003509521484375,
0.048828125,
-0.02783203125,
0.031494140625,
0.016357421875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0037384033203125,
0.013427734375,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0186767578125,
0.047119140625,
0.05078125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00238037109375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0693359375,
0.03466796875,
0.029052734375,
0.024169921875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.018798828125,
0.00445556640625,
0.07861328125,
-0.0556640625,
0.035888671875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.00390625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03515625,
0.058837890625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0103759765625,
0.015869140625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0007171630859375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.004150390625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.00616455078125,
0.01318359375,
0.04443359375,
0.03759765625,
-0.02197265625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.010986328125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.024169921875,
0.017333984375,
0.031494140625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.023193359375,
0.05029296875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.029296875,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0625,
0.03173828125,
0.05615234375,
0.023193359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.056396484375,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.045166015625,
0.042724609375,
0.060791015625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.1064453125,
0.00170135498046875,
0.060302734375,
0.01318359375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0002307891845703125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.08251953125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.036865234375,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.048828125,
0.027099609375,
0.011962890625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.05224609375,
0.00640869140625,
0.0277099609375,
0.004852294921875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0283203125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0380859375,
0.0107421875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.052734375,
0.06591796875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.037841796875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.057373046875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.02880859375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.03369140625,
0.041015625,
0.0341796875,
0.001007080078125,
0.007537841796875,
0.061279296875,
0.02783203125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.041015625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.01300048828125,
0.0595703125,
-0.009765625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.027587890625,
0.002471923828125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00023555755615234375,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.006195068359375,
0.055419921875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.001220703125,
0.068359375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.004638671875,
0.032470703125,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.008056640625,
0.046142578125,
-0.001678466796875,
0.034912109375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0032958984375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.044677734375,
0.015625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.025390625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0167236328125,
0.055908203125,
0.031494140625,
-0.04296875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.007720947265625,
0.031494140625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0267333984375,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.03564453125,
0.039306640625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01416015625,
0.014404296875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.030029296875,
0.00494384765625,
0.04345703125,
0.046630859375,
0.000331878662109375,
0.0137939453125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0439453125,
0.01287841796875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.003021240234375,
-0.004730224609375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.03466796875,
0.021240234375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.037109375,
0.0283203125,
-0.039794921875,
0.271484375,
0.020263671875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.034423828125,
0.036376953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0224609375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0037994384765625,
0.01129150390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.017333984375,
-0.045654296875,
0.01611328125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.029052734375,
0.050048828125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.072265625,
-0.0234375,
-0.017578125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0263671875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0001506805419921875,
0.0137939453125,
0.0004787445068359375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0007171630859375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0478515625,
0.07275390625,
-0.042236328125,
0.030029296875,
0.00872802734375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0074462890625,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0159912109375,
0.018310546875,
0.04541015625,
0.033203125,
0.0595703125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.05078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.046875,
0.019287109375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00015354156494140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.001495361328125,
-0.037109375,
0.02734375,
0.06103515625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0166015625,
0.0047607421875,
0.00140380859375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0130615234375
] |
Kavanagh, J.
Plaintiff instituted suit .in the Wayne county circuit court against Leonard Han-kins, doing business as Hankins Motor Sales, and Edward Staniak, doing business as Staniak Motor Sales, to recover for severe personal injuries sustained in a collision at the intersection of highway M-97 and Frazho road in the city of Warren, Michigan, on January 12, 1956. Defendant Hankins was the owner of a 1955 Buick which was being operated by Roger Nagy, an agent and employee of-defendant Staniak.
Defendant Hankins was engaged in tbe used ear business. Defendant Staniak operated a bump and repair shop on Eleven Mile road. Hankins was a customer of Staniak. Certain cars need-repair'and renovating before resale, and Staniak gave estimates and repaired tbe cars before they were offered for sale. Under the original arrangement, Hankins delivered the cars to Staniak for repairs, but for a long period of time prior to the accident, Staniak would pick up the cars at Hankins’ place of business. Staniak had been called to pick up the Buick car at Hankins’ place' of business on the date of the accident. He picked up the Buick and drove back to his own place of business on Eleven Mile road. Subsequently, he received a call from another firm to pick up a car. This firm, Scribner & Bohm, was located on Van Dyke. Staniak, with Nagy driving, used Hankins’ Buick. The accident happened as they were on their way to pick up the Scribner & Bohm car.
At the point of accident, highway M-97 is a 4-lane concrete highway, 40 feet in width, running north and south through Macomb county, with a double yellow line dividing the north- and southbound lanes. It is a so-called through highway. Frazho road is a 2-lane road, 20 feet wide, running east and west and intersecting highway M-97. Frazho road is controlled by stop signs at this intersection. Highway M-97 has a posted speed limit of 45 miles per hour.
Plaintiff testified in substance as follows: He had been driving in a westerly direction on Frazho road, and one Douglas Kadau was a passenger in his car. He stopped at the stop sign east of the paved portion of M-97. Both north- and southbound traffic on M-97 was heavy. He intended to make a left turn to proceed south on M-97. After having stopped at the stop sign, he edged up to a point approximately 8 feet from the east edge of M-97, He stopped again and waited for traffic to clear. When the northbound traffic cleared, he looked to the north and observed 2 southbound cars in the most westerly lane. The nearest car, a Ford operated by Max Rogers, was approximately 450 feet north of the intersection. The second vehicle was the defendants’ Buick, which was 40 to 60 feet behind the Ford. He estimated their speed at about 45 miles per hour and formed an opinion that he could safely enter the intersection and complete his turn. He entered M-97, looking in a southwesterly direction. He again looked to the north when his passenger said, “Watch out for the Buick.” At that time the front of his car was about 2 feet into the inside’ of the southbound lane and defendants’ Buick was 50 to 75 feet away in the east southbound lane traveling 70 to 75 miles per hour. Rather than complete his left turn and to avoid being struck in the rear, he accelerated his car to go straight across M-97. He had completely crossed the intersection when he was struck by defendants’ vehicle at a point 2-1/2 feet west of the intersection.
Douglas Kadau, the passenger in plaintiff’s car, testified substantially the same, except he stated that as they entered the intersection the southbound Ford car was approximately 400 feet away and defendants’ Buick 50 feet behind it. He continued to watch these 2 cars, and at about the same time plaintiff was at the center line, defendants’ car accelerated rapidly, pulled out and started to pass the Ford. The cars were approximately 300 to 350 feet north of the intersection when this occurred. He estimated that the driver of the Buick accelerated his car to a speed of 70 to 75 miles per hour. He further testified that when plaintiff was midway between the 2 southbound lanes, defendants’ car swerved back into the outside lane and ■ partially onto the shoulder and struck plaintiff after he cleared the intersection.
The investigating police officer testified that defendants’ vehicle left 50 feet of skid marks leading onto the shoulder of the road and up to the point of impact, which occurred 2-1/2 feet west of the westerly edge of the paved portion of M-97. He also testified that defendants’ car came to rest 177 feet south of the point of impact.
Max Rogers, driver of the Ford car, testified he was traveling south on M-97 at approximately 50 miles per hour. He stated that defendants’ car passed him when' he was 400 to 500 feet north of Frazho road at a speed of at least 65 miles per hour. He was approximately 200 to 300 feet from the intersection at the time of the accident and had no difficulty stopping north of the intersection. He further testified there was no need for defendants to swerve back into the outside lane, and had they remained in the inside southbound lane the accident would not have happened.
Defendant Staniak, who was riding with Nagy, testified he first observed the plaintiff’s car when he was 100 feet north of the intersection, his attention being attracted to plaintiff’s car when driver Nagy applied the brakes. He testified that at that time plaintiff’s car was headed in a westerly direction and was blocking both of the southbound lanes. He further testified that at the time of the impact the easterly southbound lane was completely unobstructed.
Driver Nagy admitted he was exceeding the posted speed limit of 45 miles per hour and that he didn’t observe plaintiff’s car entering the intersection. He stated he first noticed it when he was approximately 100 feet away from the intersection and at a time when plaintiff’s car was slightly over the center line. He admitted to the police officer that his speed at the time of impact was between 55 to 60 miles per hour.
Defendant Hankins at the close of the testimony made a motion for a directed verdict on 2 grounds: (1) That the plaintiff failed to establish his freedom from contributory negligence and that he was contributorily negligent as a matter of law; and (2) that codefendant Staniak and his employee, Roger Nagy, did not have express or implied consent to operate the Buick automobile on January 12, 1956, at the intersection of Frazho road and M-97. ' The court reserved decision on the motion.
The case was then submitted to the jury. The jury returned a verdict of no cause of action in favor of the defendants. The court entered judgment on the verdict.
■' Motion for new trial was made by plaintiff on the grounds the verdict was contrary to law, against the great weight'.of the evidence, and because of imprdper charge ;and refusal to give certain of plaintiff’s requests to charge.
The court filed a' written opinion denying the motion'for new trial, and plaintiff appeals.
' Plaintiff claims oh appeal that the trial court erred in' denying plaintiff’s motion for’ a new trial because:
(a) The court refused to give plaintiff’s requests to charge Nos. 2, 4, 5 and 6.
(b) The court'refused to- give plaintiff’s request to charge No.- 6 after the jury asked for á clarification. of the court’s instruction as to contributory negligence.
' (c) The vérdict was contrary to the great weight of the evidence.
During deliberations, tbe jury returned to tbe courtroom and tbe jury foreman conveyed to tbe court the following message: “We, the jury, would like a better understanding on contributory negligence.” The court restated the previous instructions given in regard to contributory negligence, and then conferred with counsel in chambers. He agreed to give plaintiff’s request to charge No. 6; however, he returned to the courtroom and gave the same instructions he had previously given, failing to give the complete charge as requested.
We believe the court erred in failing to give ..the second paragraph of plaintiff’s request to charge No. 4 and the entire request to charge No. 6.
The second paragraph of plaintiff’s request to charge No. 4 reads as follows:
“I charge you that under the law, violation of a statute is negligence per se, that is, negligence in and of itself, and inasmuch as defendants’ driver- admitted traveling in excess of the posted speed limit of 45 miles per hour, .the defendants violated the-statute. - Therefore, I charge you that the defendants are negligent as a matter of law.”
Plaintiff’s request to' charge No. 6 is as follows:
_ “I charge you that a person operating an automobile on a public highway, exercising reasonable care, may assume that others using the highway will "also act with reasonable care, and he is not negligent in acting accordingly. He has a right to assume that the drivers of other vehicles will observe the law of the road, and he is not guilty of negligence in acting upon such assumption.
“I further instruct you that if the relative distances and speeds as testified by Mr. .Ilolbert and the witnesses were such as would induce the reasonably .prudent- man to the belief that -he could cross in safety, he is not"guilty of negligepce in proceeding. He may assume if he is nearest to'the' inter section or entering it, or within the intersection, that the one who is farthest away will nse dne care and will accord to him his legal rights.”
The second paragraph of the fourth request to charge was a proper statement of law applicable to this case, particularly when it is connected with the proximate cause portion of the charge as given. All of the witnesses testified that defendant driver was exceeding the posted speed limit of 45 miles per hour. Defendant driver himself so admitted and testified.
It is an old established rule of law that where the facts are unquestioned from which a rule of law is to he deduced, the judge cannot leave it to the jury to deduce the rule, hut must do it himself, and give them positive instructions upon the facts. Stearns v. Vincent, 50 Mich 209 (45 Am Rep 37).
Where the testimony as to a fact is not disputed, the jury should he instructed to find it accordingly. Dondera v. Frumveller, 61 Mich 440.
Where all of the evidence on both sides tends clearly to prove a fact, such fact may, and generally should, be assumed as proved; and in such case a charge to the jury indicating that it is competent for them to find either way is error. Druse v. Wheeler, 26 Mich 189.
The trial judge charged as follows:
“So, if you find from the testimony in this case, that the defendant’s car, being operated hv Mr. Nagy, the employee of Mr. Staniak, was exceeding the speed limit, then you would conclude that the defendant was guilty of negligence, per seP
Despite the testimony of all witnesses, that defendants’ driver exceeded the posted speed limit, the trial judge left the question to the jury as to whether he did exceed the speed limit. This was not a proper charge.
In the case of Babbit v. Bumpus, 73 Mich 331 (16 Am St Rep 585), the Court held a party has'the right to have the law of his case go'to the jury in its plainest, simplest form, and if it is properly requested and furnished, it should be given, and unless the substance of the request has been as well given by the court in his own language, its omission is error.
In Comstock v. Norton, 36 Mich 277, the Court ruled it is error to refuse a charge, asked by a party, which is applicable to his theory of the case and which his evidence tends to support.
Justice Black, writing in Vachon v. Todorovich, 356 Mich 182 (72 ALR 2d 1299), held that it was reversible error for the trial court to fail to give a requested instruction that defendant had failed to prove his allegation of contributory negligence, there being no proof or inference from proof on which the jury might have found plaintiff guilty of any causal act of negligence.
It has also been held that it is error to refuse to give requests that correctly state the law applicable to the facts, unless such requests are covered by the general charge in a manner not so disconnected as to impair their force. Mynning v. Detroit, L. & N. R. Co., 59 Mich 257; Gurden v. Stevens, 146 Mich 489. Furthermore, the case of Carrel v. Kalamazoo Cold Storage Co., 112 Mich 34, held the refusal to grant a request to charge, where there is evidence in the case to support it, is erroneous, unless it is fairly covered by the general charge.
The second part of the fourth request to charge should have been given and would have clearly stated the law. The failure to do so, and the failure of the trial court to charge in his own words to the same effect, constituted reversible error.
Plaintiff’s sixth request to charge was also a correct statement of the law. Although the court in his charge gave the first part of it in his own words, it was not so tied np to the facts in this particular case as to make it clear to the jury that the plaintiff had a right to rely upon the fact that the defendants would not suddenly violate the law by rapidly accelerating their car far beyond the posted speed limit and reach the intersection before plaintiff would have a chance to cross.
That the-jury was confused with respect to the negligence of plaintiff contributing to the accident is shown from the fact that they returned to the courtroom seeking directions from the court. At this point the,court, should have given charge No. 6 as requested,-.because it would have completely and correctly stated the law in the case and should have eliminated the confusion in the minds of the jurors.
Reversible, error-was committed by failure of the court to. correctly charge the jury as to the appli•ceble law in ,át least these 2 instances. The charge did not fairly present the plaintiff’s theory of the (,c&se to .the jury. Since a new trial must be had, ‘this. Court, is not undertaking to discuss the other ^questions raised, „as they may be properly' disposed ,of at. the..re trial. .
The judgment entered by the trial court is reversed, and a new trial i.s granted, with costs in favor of -pfaintiff. .. ■ -
. Dethmers,. C. <J.? aiid Carr, Kelly, Smith, Black, .Edwards, and Souris, JJ,,.concurred.
CLS 1956, § 257.627 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.2327).—Reporter.
See CL 1948, § 691.691 et seq. (Stat Ann and Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.1461 et seq.).—Reporter. , | [
-0.014892578125,
0.01287841796875,
0.02880859375,
0.02880859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.015625,
0.058837890625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.011962890625,
0.01318359375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.025390625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0205078125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.00147247314453125,
0.05517578125,
0.0283203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.01953125,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.042724609375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0047607421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.052734375,
0.009521484375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0439453125,
-0.042236328125,
0.001983642578125,
-0.01123046875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0224609375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0269775390625,
0.044921875,
0.00156402587890625,
0.038330078125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.028076171875,
0.00897216796875,
0.031494140625,
0.006134033203125,
0.0009765625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0262451171875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0107421875,
0.0115966796875,
0.022705078125,
0.0234375,
0.01055908203125,
0.11083984375,
0.015380859375,
-0.04541015625,
0.033447265625,
-0.027099609375,
0.010498046875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.003875732421875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00909423828125,
0.06640625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.026123046875,
0.004150390625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0145263671875,
0.05029296875,
0.03857421875,
0.052978515625,
-0.0263671875,
0.041015625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01153564453125,
0.009033203125,
0.033203125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0250244140625,
0.022216796875,
0.0084228515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.038818359375,
0.057861328125,
0.02587890625,
0.045166015625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.017578125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.006072998046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.01153564453125,
0.01348876953125,
0.030029296875,
0.02734375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0267333984375,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.022216796875,
0.07275390625,
0.00142669677734375,
0.0478515625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.08349609375,
0.00592041015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.025634765625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0291748046875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.024169921875,
0.01171875,
-0.017822265625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.02880859375,
0.03857421875,
0.0166015625,
0.04638671875,
0.0029296875,
-0.029296875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.006591796875,
0.058349609375,
0.00146484375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.019775390625,
0.046142578125,
0.00069427490234375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.037109375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00823974609375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.028076171875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0390625,
0.06005859375,
0.040771484375,
0.001007080078125,
0.01055908203125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.037109375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.024169921875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0286865234375,
0.011962890625,
-0.01513671875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.0322265625,
-0.015380859375,
0.005401611328125,
0.00112152099609375,
0.0004138946533203125,
0.072265625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0185546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0087890625,
0.002227783203125,
0.019287109375,
0.00811767578125,
0.030029296875,
0.00058746337890625,
-0.00180816650390625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0302734375,
0.026123046875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00494384765625,
0.04248046875,
0.07470703125,
0.04296875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0126953125,
-0.00341796875,
0.047119140625,
0.0078125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0078125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.052490234375,
0.0015869140625,
0.0208740234375,
0.053466796875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0224609375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.058837890625,
0.0234375,
0.00091552734375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0439453125,
0.009033203125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0234375,
0.032470703125,
0.05126953125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0137939453125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.06298828125,
0.01470947265625,
0.00933837890625,
0.00927734375,
-0.060546875,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0517578125,
0.006988525390625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.047607421875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.032958984375,
0.01068115234375,
0.02783203125,
0.04052734375,
-0.025390625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0296630859375,
0.008056640625,
0.04345703125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.02197265625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.046875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.01806640625,
-0.05078125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.00689697265625,
0.01708984375,
0.0185546875,
0.04345703125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.002716064453125,
0.011962890625,
0.021728515625,
0.06591796875,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0244140625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04150390625,
0.02734375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0263671875,
0.05419921875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0625,
0.00567626953125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.03125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.000675201416015625,
-0.00225830078125,
0.03369140625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.050537109375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.047119140625,
0.00250244140625,
0.047119140625,
0.01519775390625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.058349609375,
-0.0400390625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.038818359375,
0.03515625,
0.047119140625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0625,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.010986328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.033203125,
0.007232666015625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.01171875,
0.05908203125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0120849609375,
0.02099609375,
0.01068115234375,
0.00885009765625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.007232666015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04296875,
0.019775390625,
0.0498046875,
0.004730224609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.02880859375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.008056640625,
0.004058837890625,
0.021484375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.04736328125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.000354766845703125,
0.04736328125,
-0.029296875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.03955078125,
0.037841796875,
-0.02734375,
0.01226806640625,
0.001251220703125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0390625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0137939453125,
0.0181884765625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.04541015625,
0.00150299072265625,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.025634765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.046875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.040771484375,
0.060546875,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0128173828125,
0.03759765625,
0.06396484375,
-0.00830078125,
0.01226806640625,
0.018798828125,
0.05322265625,
0.03125,
0.0244140625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.013427734375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.015625,
-0.06298828125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0279541015625,
0.004547119140625,
0.048095703125,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.034912109375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0380859375,
0.0732421875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.061279296875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.06689453125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0035400390625,
0.03515625,
0.04345703125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.017578125,
-0.058349609375,
0.048583984375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00341796875,
0.05029296875,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.07470703125,
0.044189453125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0027618408203125,
0.0595703125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.027587890625,
0.03515625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.029541015625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.00025177001953125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0264892578125,
0.00927734375,
0.025390625,
0.010498046875,
0.0341796875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.020263671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.04296875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.044921875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.041015625,
0.028076171875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0008697509765625,
-0.04248046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.00049591064453125,
0.010009765625,
-0.013671875,
0.016357421875,
0.042724609375,
0.014892578125,
0.005859375,
0.047607421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.004791259765625,
0.00112152099609375,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.048828125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.043701171875,
-0.06591796875,
0.00189208984375,
-0.025146484375,
0.005828857421875,
0.03515625,
0.005126953125,
-0.0361328125,
0.04296875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0283203125,
0.00927734375,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.07763671875,
-0.045654296875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.032470703125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0010528564453125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01806640625,
0.007415771484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.03271484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03515625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.005859375,
-0.0634765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.04296875,
0.014892578125,
0.001678466796875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.040771484375,
-0.06787109375,
0.0277099609375,
0.02587890625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.035400390625,
0.0245361328125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.030517578125,
0.012939453125,
0.007110595703125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.00860595703125,
0.032470703125,
0.0234375,
0.046875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01708984375,
0.033447265625,
0.0302734375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0234375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.056884765625,
0.003997802734375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0458984375,
0.00555419921875,
0.0034027099609375,
0.025634765625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0078125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.02197265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.006134033203125,
0.0115966796875,
0.017333984375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.002410888671875,
0.021728515625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0028076171875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.0010223388671875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0166015625,
0.03662109375,
0.000797271728515625,
0.0390625,
0.04638671875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0546875,
0.030517578125,
0.076171875,
0.052490234375,
0.016357421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.033203125,
0.029052734375,
0.02490234375,
0.01141357421875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.03125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.07421875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.032958984375,
0.060302734375,
0.011962890625,
0.0027008056640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.038818359375,
0.009765625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.00225830078125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.007080078125,
0.01007080078125,
0.03955078125,
0.020751953125,
0.0242919921875,
0.020263671875,
0.01171875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.01318359375,
0.006744384765625,
0.036376953125,
0.06982421875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.03125,
0.04052734375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0791015625,
0.03564453125,
-0.01953125,
0.050048828125,
-0.028564453125,
0.003997802734375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.056640625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.013671875,
0.049560546875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0003833770751953125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0004673004150390625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.06640625,
-0.015869140625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.03125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.025390625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0517578125,
0.016845703125,
0.0004062652587890625,
0.061279296875,
-0.000659942626953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01171875,
0.01953125,
0.021484375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0023193359375,
0.005859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0234375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.042724609375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.03369140625,
0.06396484375,
0.046630859375,
0.015869140625,
0.0322265625,
0.00811767578125,
0.00836181640625,
0.004058837890625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.04296875,
0.00238037109375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.00628662109375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.03515625,
0.007568359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00469970703125,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0020751953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.048583984375,
0.271484375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.016357421875,
0.0250244140625,
0.06494140625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.00787353515625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0206298828125,
0.035400390625,
-0.05517578125,
0.04443359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.015625,
0.00016021728515625,
0.043212890625,
0.05419921875,
0.01904296875,
0.030517578125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0537109375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0034637451171875,
0.0284423828125,
0.00958251953125,
0.01324462890625,
0.01171875,
0.009033203125,
0.045654296875,
-0.017578125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0013275146484375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.076171875,
0.068359375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.022216796875,
0.035888671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.00311279296875,
0.042724609375,
0.0361328125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.02490234375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0107421875,
0.0537109375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04443359375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0023651123046875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0439453125,
0.038330078125,
0.01226806640625,
0.031494140625,
0.03857421875,
0.0146484375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.004974365234375,
0.056884765625,
0.0224609375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.005767822265625
] |
Carr, J.
Pursuant to pertinent provisions of the school code of 1955 (PA 1955, No 269, § 461 et seq. [CLS 1956, § 340.461 et seq. as amended, Stat Ann 1959 Rev § 15.3461 et seg.]), the board of education of Lapeer county transferred certain portions of plaintiff school district to the Imlay City Community School District. Prom such action plaintiff appealed to the State board of education, said appeal being based on section 467 of the school code as amended .by PA 1957, No 135 (CLS 1956, § 340.467, as amended [Stat Ann 1959 Rev § 15.3467]). The State board upheld the action of the county board, and thereupon plaintiff filed a petition in the circuit court for the county of Lapeer seeking reversal of the order. Said petition was filed in reliance on PA 1952, No 197, § 8 (CLS 1956, § 24.108 [Stat Ann 1952 Rev §3.560 (21.8)]). Defendant’s motion to dismiss the appeal was denied by the circuit judge, and from such order defendant, on leave granted, has appealed to this Court.
The provision of the school code under which the appeal was taken to the State board of education reads as follows:
“Any 1 or more resident owners of land considered for transfer from 1 district to another, or the board of any district whose territory is affected, may appeal the action of the county board of education or joint boards in transferring such land, or the failure to transfer such land, or the action taken relative to the accounting determination, to the State board of education within 10 days after such action or determination by the county board of education or the joint boards. If the county board of education or the joint boards fail to take action within the time limit prescribed in section 461, the appeal may be made to the State board of education within 10 days following the termination of the period. Such appeal shall have the effect of holding the effectiveness of the resolution from which appealed in abeyance until the appeal is acted upon by the State board of education.
“The State board of education is hereby empowered to consider such appeals and to confirm, modify or set aside the order of the county board of education or the joint boards and its action on any such appeal shall be final.”
It will be noted that the above quoted section of the school code declares that the action of the State board of education “shall be final.” It is the contention of the plaintiff, however, that the cited provision of PA 1952, No 197, providing for an appeal to the circuit court, in certain cases, from a decision of any State board, commission, department, bureau, or officer, authorized to make rules or to adjudicate contested cases, is applicable, and that section 8 of said statute authorized the appeal to the circuit court of Lapeer county in this case. The circuit judge sustained plaintiff’s contention, pointing out in his opinion that the repealing provisions of the school code of 1955 make no reference to the administrative procedures act adopted by the legislature 3 years before and that repeals by implication are not favored. The conclusion was also expressed that the matter of detaching territory from one school district and attaching it to another is properly for determination by a court rather than by an administrative agency.
On behalf of appellant it is urged that the circuit court was in error in denying the motion to dismiss. It is argued that the school code being later in enactment must prevail, and any matter covered by the prior statute inconsistent with such code must be regarded as superseded thereby. It is further contended that the control of education and matters pertaining thereto is vested in the State rather than in local authorities, that the school code constitutes the charter of the plaintiff district, that plaintiff may not in consequence challenge the provision with reference to the finality of the action of the State hoard of education, and that the proceeding before .said board was not a “contested case,” as declared in the administrative procedures act of 1952 to be subject to judicial review.
It will be noted that plaintiff acted under the provision of the school code granting the right of appeal to the State board of education, and that it is the decision of the latter board that was sought to be reviewed in the circuit court of Lapeer county. On behalf of plaintiff it is argued that the school code does not, because of the provision therein with reference to the action of the State board being final, preclude an appeal as provided in the administrative procedures act of 1952. The practical situation appears to be that we have in the controversy 2 enactments of the State legislature that are not entirely in harmony, and hence the problem is to determine which prevails.
The power of the legislature to invest the State board of education with authority to entertain and decide questions of the nature here involved, relat ing to the detaching of territory from one school district and attaching it to another, is not open to question. Article 11, § 6, of the State Constitution (1908) creates the State board of education, grants it general supervision of certain educational institutions, and provides that its duties shall be prescribed by law. Statutes have been enacted from time to time by the legislature imposing duties and granting powers with reference to matters affecting the educational system of the State, the validity of which has not been considered as open to question. The function involved in the instant controversy, vested in said board by the school code of 1955, is subject as to the manner of its performance to legislative authority. Board of Education of the City of Detroit v. Superintendent of Public Instruction, 319 Mich 436.
It has been repeatedly recognized by this Court that the control of the public school system is a State matter, vested by the Constitution in the legislature. In MacQueen v. City Commission of City of Port Huron, 194 Mich 328, 336, it was said:
“Fundamentally, provision for and control of our public school system is a State matter, delegated to and lodged in the State legislature by the Constitution in a separate article entirely distinct from that relating to local government. The general policy of the State has been to retain control of its school system, to be administered throughout the State under State laws by local State agencies organized with plenary powers independent of the local government with which, by location and geographical boundaries, they are necessarily closely associated and to a greater or less extent authorized to cooperate. Education belongs to the State.”
In Child Welfare Society of Flint v. Kennedy School District, 220 Mich 290, 296, the Court, after referring to certain provisions of the State Constitution, said, in part:
“The legislature has entire control over the schools of the State subject only to the provisions above referred to. The division of the territory of the State into districts, the conduct of the school, the oualifications of teachers, the subjects to be taught therein are all within its control. In Attorney General v. Lowrey, 131 Mich 639, 644, it was said:
“ ‘The school district is a State agency. Moreover, it is of legislature creation. It is true that it was provided for in obedience to a constitutional requirement; and, whatever we may think of the ri.°’ht of the district to administer in a local way the affairs of the district under the Constitution, we cannot doubt that such management must be in conformity to the provisions of such laws of a general character as may from time to time be passed, and that the property of the district is in no sense private property, but is public property, devoted to the purposes of the State, for the general good, just as almshouses and courthouses are, although confided to local management, and applied to uses 'which are in a sense local, though in another sense general.’ ”
Of like import are Ira School District v. Chesterfield School District, 340 Mich 678; Sturgis v. County of Allegan, 343 Mich 209; Jones v. Grand Ledge Public Schools, 349 Mich 1.
. It was within the power of the legislature to vest authority in the State board of education to review the action of the county board, and to make its decision final. 'A similar provision of a prior statute with reference to authority granted to the superintendent of public instruction was involved in Bridgehampton School District v. Superintendent of Public Instruction, 323 Mich 615. It was there held that such provision was not nullified by an amendment to the judicatuie act of 1915 by PA 1947, No 21 (CL 1948, § 606:5 [Stat Ann 1957 Cum Supp § 27.545 .(!)]);, granting the right to appeal from orders or decisions of State boards, commissions, and agencies.
As noted, the present school code was enacted after the administrative procedures act of 1952. Furthermore, said code relates to the matter of education, the establishment of the means therefor, and the functioning of various boards and officers vested with duties in connection therewith. In such aspect it is special in nature whereas the administrative procedures act of 1952 relating to State agencies, with certain exceptions, is general, and the procedure with reference to appeals from orders thereby is of like nature. In case of conflict between 2 such legislative enactments the special statute or code must prevail. This is the commonly-accepted view in dealing with such conflicts. In Attorney General, ex rel. Owen, v. Joyce, 233 Mich 619, the rule suggested was applied although the special law preceded in its enactment the general statute. The precise question at issue was the filling of a vacancy in the office of member of the county'road commission of Kent county. Pursuant to an act adopted by the legislature in 1923 the probate judge, county clerk, and prosecuting attorney undertook to fill': the vacancy. The board of supervisors took similar action under the general highway law of the State then in effect enacted prior to said statute of .1923. It was held that the highway law governed, and that the appointive power was in consequence vested in the board of supervisors.
In Board of Education v. Blondell, 251 Mich 528, two enactments of the legislature at the 1927 session were involved. An amendment to the general tax law reenacted a prior provision of said law relating to exemption of certain lands of counties, townships, cities, villages, and school districts, when “used for public purposes.” The school code enacted at thé, same session exempted from taxation the property of all school districts without reference to the use of', such property at the time. The latter measure was approved after the amendment to the general tax law. It was held that the provision of the school code governed and that the property of the plaintiff was not subject to taxation. See, also, Mayor of Port Huron v. City Treasurer of Port Huron, 328 Mich 99.
The general principles recognized and applied in the above cited decisions are controlling in the case at bar. The question at issue must be determined in accordance with the provisions of the school code of 1955 by which act the decision of the State board of education was declared to be final. The proceeding before the county board of education and, likewise, on appeal before the State board involved the determination of questions of fact relating to the propriety and expediency of making the alteration sought by property owners who asked to be transferred to another district. In declaring that the conclusion of the appellant board should be final it is obvious that the legislature intended to preclude any review of the factual issues involved. The school code of 1955 was a comprehensive enactment applicable to the general matter of education over which the legislature is vested with control, subject, of course, to the express provisions of the State Constitution. Such right of control has been repeatedly recognized by this Court in prior decisions, including those above cited. See, also, Jones v. Grand Ledge Public Schools, 349 Mich 1, in which this Court in a unanimous decision reaffirmed the previously recognized principle.
It was within the power of the legislature to provide for the formation of school districts, which are agencies of the State, and, likewise, to provide for the alteration of boundaries of such districts and to regulate the procedure relating thereto. The practical aspects of a desired alteration were treated, and properly so, as administrative matters affecting edu cation and State agencies. In its discretion the legislature concluded a review of the determination of such issues by the State board should not be granted. Had it been intended that the provision of the prior administrative procedures act, above cited, with reference to appeals to the circuit court, should apply, undoubtedly provision accordingly would have been made. This was not done, and the declaration as to finality of the decision on appeal to the State board is clearly at variance with the right of appeal to the circuit court. On such an appeal it is obvious from the statute pertaining thereto that the circuit court might review questions of fact as well as questions of law and determine the controversy accordingly. It appears from the opinion of the trial judge in the instant case that he considered that the issues on appeal would include factual issues as to the propriety and reasonableness of the desired alteration. The conflict between the provision of the school code in question and the prior administrative procedures act in a proceeding of this nature is obvious. They cannot be reconciled, and the code, as amended in 1957, controls.
The principle that a determination of factual issues by an administrative board may be made final is not novel. Under the workmen’s compensation law of the State the factual findings of the workmen’s compensation appeal board, based on testimony, are in the absence of fraud or mistake final and not, subject to reconsideration on the statutory appeal. This Court has repeatedly recognized the validity of such provision of the statute. Likewise, under the employment security act the determination of facts by the administrative board vested with jurisdiction in the premises is not subject to modification unless contrary to the great weight of the evidence. These are merely instances in which the principle has been recognized that in certain proceedings the legislature may give finality, in part or wholly, to administrative tribunals charged with the duty of administering a statute in accordance with its provisions.
The alteration of the boundaries of school districts is of such nature that the legislature could properly, as it did, preclude a further determination, through court proceedings, of the factual issues involved. It is interesting to note in this connection that under the former law the action of a board of appeals vested with the statutory right of review of the determination of a township board with reference to the alteration. of boundaries of a school district was reviewable only on certiorari. See School District No. 3 of Chester Township v. Green, 190 Mich 371. It is scarcely necessary to observe that the appeal under the administrative procedures act of 1952 is not by way of certiorari.
It must be borne in mind that in the present case the plaintiff school district did not invoke the jurisdiction of this Court, pursuant to the constitutional authority vested therein, to issue writs of certiorari. On the contrary, it chose to invoke the administrative procedures act, and to claim a right of appeal to the circuit court thereunder. On certiorari the review is limited to questions of law only, and it is apparent by the petition of the plaintiff to the circuit court that a much broader review was desired. There is no question here involved as to the right of this Court to issue a writ of certiorari to review the action of a State board or other agency. In consequence, the decision in Board of Education of Grand Rapids v. State Tax Commission, 291 Mich 50, is not in point, and like comment may be made with reference to other decisions of like nature recognizing merely the constitutional authority of this Court to issue specified original writs, including writs of certiorari.
Attention is also directed to Dation v. Ford Motor Co., 314 Mich 152 (19 NCCA NS 158). Involved there was a provision of the workmen’s compensation law providing for the appointment, in proceedings by an employee for an award under the statute, of a medical commission to examine an applicant claiming to be suffering from an occupational disease and to report thereon. It was declared in the statute that such report should be final and conclusive with respect to the existence of the ailment claimed. No provision was made for notice to the parties concerned, or for a hearing before such commission. It was held that the provision was invalid because it did not recognize the right of the parties to be heard and to offer proof. The omission to provide for notice, for hearing, and for the keeping of a record thereof, was the basis of the decision that the constitutional guaranty with reference to due process of law had been violated. The facts and issues in the Dation Case are not analogous to those in the case at bar, and the decision is not in point. The sole question here is whether plaintiff was entitled to appeal to the cricuit court of Lapeer county from the determination of the State board of education. For the reasons indicated the school code of 1955 is controlling and, in consequence, plaintiff has no such right.
The case is remanded to the circuit court of Lapeer county with directions to set aside the order from which the appeal has been taken and to dismiss the petition filed by plaintiff. The case involving matters of public concern, no costs are allowed.
Dethmers, C. J., and Kelly, Smith, Edwards, and Kavanagh, JJ., concurred with Carr, J. | [
-0.00872802734375,
0.039794921875,
0.0111083984375,
0.045166015625,
-0.03955078125,
0.02197265625,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0673828125,
0.020263671875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.013427734375,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00665283203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.000530242919921875,
0.05126953125,
-0.048828125,
0.000843048095703125,
-0.000682830810546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.0242919921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0146484375,
0.004425048828125,
0.057373046875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.013916015625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.04296875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.021484375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.028564453125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0155029296875,
0.031005859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.03125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.05029296875,
0.00958251953125,
0.001953125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00433349609375,
-0.027587890625,
0.042236328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0007476806640625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.01904296875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.02734375,
0.00689697265625,
0.022705078125,
0.048583984375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0172119140625,
0.03076171875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.040771484375,
0.01220703125,
0.01422119140625,
0.039306640625,
-0.008544921875,
0.03076171875,
-0.036376953125,
0.06396484375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.017578125,
0.037353515625,
0.040771484375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.055908203125,
0.0291748046875,
0.04931640625,
0.00909423828125,
0.06689453125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.02978515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.02001953125,
0.01416015625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.08251953125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.01806640625,
0.0927734375,
-0.02490234375,
0.047607421875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.037841796875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.00250244140625,
0.05224609375,
-0.00103759765625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0244140625,
0.026611328125,
0.0011138916015625,
0.044677734375,
0.005767822265625,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.00372314453125,
0.033203125,
0.050048828125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.044921875,
0.0059814453125,
0.04638671875,
0.0400390625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0162353515625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0283203125,
0.00823974609375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.005615234375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.03271484375,
0.0030670166015625,
0.00994873046875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.033447265625,
0.0234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0101318359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.05419921875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.009765625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.06982421875,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.004302978515625,
0.000270843505859375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.001953125,
0.00323486328125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0166015625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0042724609375,
0.03662109375,
0.05322265625,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.031494140625,
0.058349609375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.034912109375,
0.010009765625,
-0.009033203125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.00909423828125,
0.0263671875,
0.044921875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0576171875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.02099609375,
0.0201416015625,
0.046142578125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.040771484375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.015869140625,
0.040283203125,
0.05078125,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.02490234375,
0.02783203125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.019775390625,
0.00119781494140625,
0.022216796875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.01904296875,
0.00262451171875,
0.015625,
0.054443359375,
0.00927734375,
-0.02197265625,
0.018798828125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0004425048828125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.011962890625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0247802734375,
0.036865234375,
0.04541015625,
0.013427734375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.057373046875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.002471923828125,
0.001068115234375,
-0.002655029296875,
0.02685546875,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0166015625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.041015625,
-0.044921875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.07666015625,
0.068359375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0018310546875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.022216796875,
-0.01123046875,
0.0751953125,
-0.045654296875,
0.04736328125,
0.012939453125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.04296875,
-0.053955078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.057861328125,
0.00171661376953125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.02001953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.00001895427703857422,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.04833984375,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.006591796875,
0.01165771484375,
0.00909423828125,
0.035400390625,
-0.052978515625,
0.002838134765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.017578125,
0.04248046875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0086669921875,
0.007049560546875,
0.042724609375,
0.009033203125,
0.024169921875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0185546875,
0.0244140625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01953125,
0.022705078125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.053955078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.025634765625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0025482177734375,
0.023193359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0556640625,
0.053466796875,
0.042236328125,
0.02392578125,
0.01904296875,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.06982421875,
0.007476806640625,
0.003509521484375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.000039577484130859375,
0.04931640625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0184326171875,
0.044189453125,
0.0185546875,
-0.030029296875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.05810546875,
0.003814697265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0556640625,
0.0634765625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0013275146484375,
0.05029296875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.002410888671875,
0.025146484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0673828125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0033721923828125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00159454345703125,
0.0277099609375,
0.01080322265625,
0.050537109375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.023193359375,
0.019287109375,
0.05908203125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0390625,
0.0106201171875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0234375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0498046875,
0.0224609375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.000576019287109375,
-0.04296875,
-0.011962890625,
0.07763671875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.029296875,
-0.0018157958984375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0634765625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0169677734375,
0.04833984375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0006561279296875,
-0.022216796875,
0.03369140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0322265625,
0.07421875,
-0.040283203125,
0.03759765625,
0.002288818359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0242919921875,
0.052734375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0712890625,
0.007049560546875,
0.0234375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0054931640625,
0.0277099609375,
0.013427734375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0040283203125,
0.00020694732666015625,
0.000640869140625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0045166015625,
0.0146484375,
0.035400390625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.046142578125,
-0.003662109375,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.044677734375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00037384033203125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.01171875,
0.0341796875,
0.014892578125,
0.016357421875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.031982421875,
0.0279541015625,
0.015625,
0.025146484375,
0.022216796875,
0.0302734375,
0.041748046875,
0.016357421875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.006256103515625,
0.029296875,
0.015625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.044921875,
0.0084228515625,
0.002838134765625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0003833770751953125,
0.0283203125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.044677734375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0205078125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01904296875,
0.0250244140625,
0.036376953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.04296875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.033203125,
0.006500244140625,
0.0150146484375,
0.019287109375,
0.0042724609375,
0.021484375,
0.00408935546875,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.03564453125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.04296875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0205078125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.045166015625,
0.033447265625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0498046875,
-0.03515625,
0.0751953125,
0.05859375,
0.0030517578125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.040771484375,
0.049560546875,
0.02734375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0380859375,
0.00054931640625,
0.008544921875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.000720977783203125,
-0.015625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.03857421875,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.041259765625,
0.041259765625,
0.044921875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.032470703125,
0.03662109375,
0.049072265625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0029144287109375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.02001953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.03271484375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.037353515625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.039794921875,
0.00775146484375,
0.05126953125,
-0.046875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.046875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.06494140625,
0.032958984375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.083984375,
0.015380859375,
0.019775390625,
0.0027618408203125,
0.05224609375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.044677734375,
0.03564453125,
0.032958984375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.04248046875,
0.040283203125,
0.039794921875,
0.0032806396484375,
0.046875,
-0.0234375,
-0.03125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.009765625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.00299072265625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.03369140625,
0.043701171875,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.00147247314453125,
0.044189453125,
-0.00390625,
0.02099609375,
-0.041015625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0206298828125,
0.0133056640625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0234375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.05712890625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.034423828125,
0.004547119140625,
0.01904296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.03466796875,
0.037841796875,
0.036376953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00173187255859375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.041015625,
0.02587890625,
-0.00010442733764648438,
0.01025390625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0302734375,
-0.025390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.008544921875,
0.05712890625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.000003203749656677246,
0.050048828125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.000020742416381835938,
0.042724609375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.02734375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0008087158203125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.06494140625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.059326171875,
0.0155029296875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.083984375,
0.064453125,
0.0242919921875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.006622314453125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0247802734375,
0.00732421875,
-0.024658203125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0093994140625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.015869140625,
0.034912109375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0185546875,
0.0069580078125,
0.019287109375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0277099609375,
0.044189453125,
0.06201171875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00933837890625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.02685546875,
-0.002685546875,
-0.06787109375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0181884765625,
0.000530242919921875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.041748046875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.000843048095703125,
-0.09130859375,
0.03564453125,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.005950927734375,
0.044921875,
0.0299072265625,
0.02587890625,
0.03271484375,
0.045654296875,
-0.01904296875,
0.05224609375,
0.044189453125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.034423828125,
0.02978515625,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.06494140625,
0.032470703125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.00860595703125,
0.03076171875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.00017261505126953125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0634765625,
0.015625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0021209716796875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0439453125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0108642578125,
0.017822265625,
0.004486083984375,
0.033203125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0035552978515625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0625,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0057373046875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.046875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.017578125,
0.0123291015625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.044189453125,
0.263671875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.036376953125,
0.058349609375,
0.0380859375,
0.022216796875,
-0.05322265625,
0.029296875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.000583648681640625,
0.00787353515625,
0.007171630859375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.025634765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.04638671875,
0.04052734375,
0.0021209716796875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.087890625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.07275390625,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.058349609375,
0.00848388671875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0205078125,
0.0018463134765625,
0.0029296875,
0.0076904296875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.00274658203125,
-0.000888824462890625,
0.041748046875,
0.00003552436828613281,
-0.0439453125,
0.06298828125,
0.072265625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02880859375,
0.032958984375,
0.03955078125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0034942626953125,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.037353515625,
0.00885009765625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.1015625,
-0.047607421875,
0.041748046875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0004215240478515625,
0.0106201171875,
0.008056640625,
-0.01171875,
0.046875,
0.033935546875,
-0.032470703125,
0.07275390625,
0.0130615234375,
0.0098876953125,
0.051025390625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0028076171875,
0.0245361328125,
0.00677490234375,
0.045166015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.033203125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.00051116943359375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.00165557861328125
] |
Per Curiam :
Plaintiffs sued to restrain construction, in Berkley’s Oakland Manor subdivision, of defendants’ proposed new dwelling. Decree having entered for plaintiffs, defendants appeal.
The chancellor, a former distinguished member of this Court, prepared and filed an opinion which so well states the facts, and the undoubtedly correct conclusions of law that are necessary to decision here, as to impel its adoption. We do so submitting as our own the following connected portions thereof:
“The plaintiffs, Mr. and Mrs. John A. Titus and Mr. and Mrs. William E. Devine, own and occupy homes on Beverly boulevard in Oakland Manor subdivision in the city of Berkley, Michigan. Plaintiff, Oakland Manor Improvement Association, is a Michigan nonprofit corporation whose members are residents of the same subdivision. The defendants, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. McAllen, are the owners of lot 82 on Beverly boulevard, and were about to construct a new home on that lot when this chancery action was commenced. Plaintiffs seek to have the defendants permanently restrained from completing their proposed home claiming that its location, as indicated by footings already established, is in violation of restrictive covenants imposed as a general plan upon the subdivision.
“The subdivision was recorded in 1915, and, as lots were sold by the developers, restrictive covenants were incorporated in the deeds in relation to location, size and use of buildings to be constructed. Substantially all of the lots are either 50 or 100 feet in width, the only exceptions being those irregular shaped lots made necessary by the boundaries of the area. The restrictions recognized the 2 lot sizes, as applied to those lots having a 100-foot frontage, required that the ‘dwelling houses’ be placed at least 20 feet from the side lot lines. Insofar as the record shows, similar restrictive covenants were placed in all original deeds, and it is accepted as a fact by the .parties that in the first instance a general plan of development was established for the subdivision.
“Over the years Oakland Manor subdivision has developed into a better than average home-site area. Despite the fact that the subdivision is adjacent on the east to Woodward avenue, and is near a large school, a popular church, a public eating establishment, and a cemetery, the interior of the subdivision is characterized by well-kept and expensive homes. Beal estate brokers operating in the area and familiar with the subdivision described it as an excellent home community.
“In the early years of the development the sub-dividers went to some effort to maintain the established standards of construction and use and later the plaintiff corporation was created for the primary purpose of maintaining property values through the enforcement of restrictions. Although conflicting testimony was offered it would appear that the residents were reasonably successful in maintaining the high standards established by the original subdividers, and, contrary to the defendants’ claim of a hodge podge development, the area has in fact conformed in large part to the original plan.
“A decision in this cause requires a determination of whether or not the original restrictive covenants may still be enforced, and that determination in turn hinges upon 3 controverted issues:
“(1) Is the construction of an attached garage within the 20-foot set-back area a violation of the restrictions ?
“(2) Has the original general plan of the subdivision as established by restrictive covenants been destroyed by continuing violations?
“(3) Are the individual plaintiffs in a position to complain of the defendants’ alleged violations?
“Plaintiffs contend that an attached garage is not a part of a dwelling house and therefore not included within the prohibition of the restrictive covenants fixing location. Defendants on the other hand insist that attached garages are a development in res! dential construction not contemplated by the original subdividers and are in fact as much a part of the dwelling as any other portion of the house and hence should be treated in the same manner insofar as set-back covenants are concerned. The answer is found in the restrictions themselves which read in part as follows:
“ ‘There shall be erected only 1 single dwelling house and the necessary out buildings appurtenant thereto’ on each lot.
“ ‘No garage building or outbuilding of any kind, except the dwelling house * * * shall be used or occupied for dwelling purposes.’
“ ‘Dwelling houses shall be placed at least 20 feet from side lot lines on lots of 100 feet or more frontage.’
“ ‘Projections. Open porches, steps and eaves shall not be construed as part of the dwelling but enclosed porches, bay windows and other projections forming a part of the body of the dwelling must be within the building line.’
“Prom the above quotations it appears too obvious to argue that a ‘dwelling’ or ‘dwelling house’ is that part of the building in which the owner lives of dwells. That is not only the clear intent to be gathered from the wording of the first 3 quoted paragraphs, but likewise the logical implication to be drawn from the one last quoted which distinguishes enclosed porches and bay windows from open porches. Clearly, those portions of the house used as living quarters are treated in a different manner than appurtenant buildings.
“That an attached garage is not a part of a dwelling within the meaning of the restrictive covenants is confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court in the ease of Oliver v. Williams, 221 Mich 471, wherein, and with comparable restrictions, it was held that the boundary of a ‘dwelling house’ was marked by the main bearing wall of the building.
“It is therefore the opinion and conclusion of this court that the construction of an attached garage Or other appurtenant outbuildings within the 20-foot set-back area is not in violation of the restrictions imposed upon the 100-foot lots in Oakland Manor subdivision.
, “Having ruled, that attached garages are not ‘dwelling houses’ within the intent and meaning of the restrictive covenants it follows that many of ¡the alleged violations claimed by the defendants are in fact, situations where construction is in compliance with "the restrictions. In respect to violations in the .subdivision, the plaintiffs showed by convincing testimony that there are 14 violations of building 'restrictions on the 163 one-hundred-fo.ot lets in the subdivision with but 1 of the violations on .Beverly boulevard where the individual plaintiffs reside. This the court finds to be a fact. The court further finds that such a proportionately small number .of violations is not subversive' of the original plan of development in relation to the set'-back area and does not constitute a waiver of the restrictions which would prevent other property owners from enforcing them. Corey v. Lauhoff, 301 Mich 168. Furthermore, the fact that other provisions of the original restrictive covenants may have been violated does not vitiate those covenants that have been maintained under a general plan of development. Wilcox v. Mueller, 250 Mich 167.
“Finally the defendants say the individual plaintiffs' have themselves violated the provisions of the restrictive covenants and are therefore not in a position to seek the assistance of a chancery court in' an attempt to prevent violations by the defendants. The alleged violations of the plaintiffs, Titus, are the existence of an open porch, a storage building and bush type hedge within the 20-foot set back area, and the alleged violation by the plaintiffs, Devine, is the construction of a small building within the utility easement area. The court finds that the location of - the outbuilding, hedge and open porch on the Titus property is not in violation of the restrictive covenant in relation to set backs. The court further finds that the alleged violation' on the part of the plaintiffs, Devine, is at most a violation of a restrictive covenant with which we are not here concerned and therefore does not preclude' the plaintiffs from attempting to enforce the set-back covenant in this cause. Wilcox v. Mueller, 250 Mich 167.
“It is therefore the opinion of the court that the original restrictive covenants incorporated in the conveyance of all lots in Oakland Manor subdivision established a general plan of development of the area and that as applied to side-line set-back requirements that general plan has been maintained to the present time. Further, that such side-line set-back restrictions constitute valuable property rights acr quired by the plaintiffs in ■ the purchase of their homes. The plaintiffs are entitled to have the assistance of this court in enforcing those restrictions and a decree may issue accordingly restraining the defendants from constructing a dwelling house on lot 82, Oakland Manor subdivision, within the 20-foot: side-line set-back of that lot. Costs to the plaintiffs,”
Affirmed. Costs to plaintiffs.
Dethmers, C. J., and Carr, Kelly, Smith, Black, Edwards, Kavanagh, and Souris, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0201416015625,
0.035888671875,
0.042236328125,
0.01904296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.002716064453125,
0.0025482177734375,
0.0023193359375,
0.049072265625,
0.03955078125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.038330078125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.0078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02734375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0439453125,
0.051025390625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0166015625,
-0.044921875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.029052734375,
0.029541015625,
0.0101318359375,
0.0693359375,
0.02734375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.033203125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.054931640625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.04443359375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.04443359375,
0.00421142578125,
0.025390625,
0.033935546875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0322265625,
0.044189453125,
0.0206298828125,
0.018310546875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0107421875,
0.011962890625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.00390625,
0.0712890625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0517578125,
0.017822265625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0257568359375,
0.01092529296875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.03271484375,
0.033203125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01123046875,
0.031005859375,
0.05322265625,
0.00067138671875,
-0.000934600830078125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0244140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.06005859375,
0.013671875,
0.08642578125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.02880859375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0008087158203125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.036865234375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.03662109375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0019073486328125,
0.041259765625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0322265625,
0.038330078125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.021240234375,
0.01953125,
0.0230712890625,
0.039794921875,
0.00469970703125,
0.020263671875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.04296875,
0.01483154296875,
0.033203125,
-0.028076171875,
0.009765625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.009765625,
0.0128173828125,
0.05517578125,
0.0164794921875,
0.00154876708984375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0140380859375,
0.02587890625,
-0.02294921875,
0.01220703125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.061767578125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.030517578125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.015869140625,
0.043701171875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.060791015625,
0.01123046875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.044677734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.005157470703125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0003147125244140625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.053466796875,
0.03271484375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.03955078125,
0.003997802734375,
0.031494140625,
-0.03662109375,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0216064453125,
0.01495361328125,
0.048583984375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.050537109375,
0.04150390625,
0.053466796875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.01318359375,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0546875,
-0.00147247314453125,
0.0013885498046875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0010528564453125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.04248046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.008056640625,
0.04150390625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.000621795654296875,
0.00396728515625,
0.029541015625,
0.07421875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.000324249267578125,
0.03466796875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.041015625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.000514984130859375,
-0.048095703125,
0.048095703125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.007568359375,
0.00885009765625,
0.041748046875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.04150390625,
0.0004253387451171875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.0498046875,
0.01422119140625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.05078125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.028564453125,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.044677734375,
-0.0390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0322265625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00191497802734375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.047607421875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0556640625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0166015625,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.050048828125,
0.033203125,
0.053955078125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.016845703125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.008544921875,
0.040283203125,
0.01025390625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.033203125,
0.01483154296875,
0.000850677490234375,
-0.03515625,
0.05810546875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.01177978515625,
0.031982421875,
0.052490234375,
-0.0517578125,
0.002288818359375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0247802734375,
0.033203125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.03173828125,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01953125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.022705078125,
0.030029296875,
0.028564453125,
0.03125,
0.00537109375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.052490234375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.00012493133544921875,
0.033935546875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0390625,
0.03173828125,
0.045166015625,
0.054443359375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0185546875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.041015625,
0.037841796875,
-0.062255859375,
0.040771484375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.04296875,
0.0301513671875,
0.0107421875,
0.035400390625,
0.053466796875,
0.0107421875,
-0.02001953125,
0.038818359375,
0.040771484375,
0.037353515625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.04296875,
0.060546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.04931640625,
0.02294921875,
0.050048828125,
0.017578125,
0.008544921875,
0.06640625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.023681640625,
-0.053955078125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.04248046875,
0.05322265625,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00927734375,
0.028076171875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.017578125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.019775390625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0103759765625,
0.0191650390625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0439453125,
0.04248046875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.03515625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.033203125,
-0.003692626953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.05419921875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01220703125,
0.002532958984375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0341796875,
0.059326171875,
0.01129150390625,
0.00335693359375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.00238037109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.07861328125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.06103515625,
0.003631591796875,
0.050537109375,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0302734375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.001373291015625,
0.0439453125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.05322265625,
-0.00051116943359375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.032470703125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.002593994140625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.02978515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.03173828125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00958251953125,
0.057861328125,
0.047119140625,
0.014404296875,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.00732421875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.02001953125,
0.059814453125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0140380859375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0341796875,
0.068359375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0137939453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0238037109375,
0.048828125,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.00152587890625,
-0.0400390625,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.008544921875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.000827789306640625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.041748046875,
0.05615234375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.04052734375,
0.00469970703125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0267333984375,
0.035888671875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.00013637542724609375,
0.000530242919921875,
-0.048828125,
-0.04052734375,
0.01025390625,
0.040283203125,
0.054931640625,
-0.03173828125,
0.021484375,
0.01611328125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0458984375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.07568359375,
0.0135498046875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0038604736328125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.019287109375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.040283203125,
0.03857421875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.01513671875,
0.07763671875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.037109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.017578125,
-0.048828125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.016357421875,
0.029541015625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.018310546875,
0.035400390625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.035888671875,
0.02783203125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.05712890625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.02490234375,
0.00946044921875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.029296875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.041259765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.051025390625,
0.036865234375,
-0.01904296875,
0.052490234375,
0.02685546875,
0.0634765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.037109375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.05029296875,
0.004608154296875,
0.043701171875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.026123046875,
0.00726318359375,
0.057861328125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.020263671875,
0.06640625,
-0.061279296875,
0.030517578125,
0.0009918212890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.064453125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.033203125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0089111328125,
0.0498046875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.02099609375,
0.00109100341796875,
0.048828125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.033203125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.014892578125,
0.01556396484375,
0.024169921875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.044921875,
0.021240234375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.02099609375,
0.006195068359375,
-0.016357421875,
0.039794921875,
0.008056640625,
0.0322265625,
-0.030029296875,
0.03564453125,
0.0147705078125,
0.007598876953125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.072265625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.040771484375,
0.05322265625,
0.0478515625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0107421875,
0.03662109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.037109375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0458984375,
0.033203125,
0.00191497802734375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.030029296875,
0.03076171875,
0.024169921875,
0.0283203125,
0.01202392578125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.019287109375,
0.052001953125,
-0.006591796875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0732421875,
0.046630859375,
0.00118255615234375,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.000347137451171875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0004787445068359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.01324462890625,
0.048095703125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00034332275390625,
-0.00286865234375,
0.02099609375,
0.023193359375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.004608154296875,
0.0146484375,
-0.053955078125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01043701171875,
0.00144195556640625,
0.020263671875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.003173828125,
-0.025146484375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.028076171875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0218505859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.06591796875,
0.033935546875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0014190673828125,
0.018798828125,
0.042724609375,
0.035400390625,
0.0306396484375,
0.038818359375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.06884765625,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0771484375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.014892578125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.010498046875,
0.00390625,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0186767578125,
0.03515625,
0.041259765625,
0.0106201171875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0341796875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.047119140625,
-0.0015411376953125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0230712890625,
0.04052734375,
0.021240234375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.00299072265625,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.07763671875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.03564453125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.048583984375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0654296875,
0.003204345703125,
0.041748046875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.01544189453125,
0.0198974609375,
0.04150390625,
0.006622314453125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.039306640625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.040771484375,
0.01080322265625,
0.033203125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01300048828125,
0.0166015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.02099609375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.037109375,
0.03369140625,
0.006103515625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0390625,
0.0157470703125,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.045654296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00041961669921875,
0.035888671875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0279541015625,
0.0238037109375,
0.052001953125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0478515625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0869140625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.03173828125,
0.01385498046875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.04833984375,
0.287109375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.02294921875,
0.01141357421875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.010498046875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.0091552734375,
0.013671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0264892578125,
0.000522613525390625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0135498046875,
0.05859375,
0.0380859375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.01806640625,
-0.08203125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0458984375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03759765625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00238037109375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0269775390625,
0.06494140625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0211181640625,
0.00665283203125,
0.037841796875,
0.020751953125,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0279541015625,
0.01953125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01806640625,
0.024169921875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.017578125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.01416015625,
0.00006580352783203125,
0.0078125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0037994384765625,
0.04443359375,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0244140625,
0.03857421875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.0106201171875,
0.008544921875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.05029296875,
0.0079345703125,
0.003265380859375,
0.02001953125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.03125,
-0.0264892578125
] |
Smith, J.
This action was brought to recover unpaid compensation for overtime work, an additional equal amount as liquidated damages, and a reasonable attorney’s fee, all under section 16 subd (b) of the fair labor standards act of 1938, as amended.
It was the testimony of plaintiff that between November 17, 1955, and December 31, 1955, he averaged 70 hours per week work (some days working 10, 11, or 12 hours) and, upon occasion, “I have worked around the clock.” During the period from January 1, 1956, to March 31, 1956, he testified, he worked an average of 70 hours per week; from April 1, 1956, to April 28, 1956, an average of 50 hours per week; from April 29, 1956, to October 15, 1956, 50 hours; and from October 16, 1956, to August 1, 1957, 50 hours. The factors controlling the number of hours worked were stated to be the orders on hand.
The defendant, on his part, stressed the failure of the employee to keep accurate records, or, indeed, any records, except on a calendar on the wall at his home, whereon “for a while” he marked down “a lot” of his time. Defendant argued that certain “time cards,” showing no overtime, as well as other evidence, impeached plaintiff’s testimony. The trial court’s holding on this branch of the case was that: “There is no question in my mind but what the plain tiff has worked overtime.” It held, however, that there was “no definite proof” as to any hours, and that the “best evidence” would be the calendar sheets mentioned.
The fair labor standards act, as we have so often been told, is a remedial measure. Its purpose was to eliminate from interstate commerce the evils attendant upon low wages and long hours of service and it is to be liberally construed to carry out the basic social purpose and the declared policy of the congress. In implementation of its purpose it requires of employers the following:
“Every employer subject to any provision of this chapter or of any order issued under this chapter shall make, keep, and preserve such records of the persons employed by him and of the wages, hours, and other conditions and practices of employment maintained by him, and shall preserve such records for such periods of time, and shall make such reports therefrom to the administrator as he shall prescribe by regulation or order as necessary or appropriate for the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter or the regulations or orders thereunder.”
With this requirement of the act the defendant did not comply. And, as we have seen, plaintiff himself has no written records worthy of the name though he testified clearly from memory, as herein-above set out. Because the plaintiff has failed to produce written records (which the act required defendant himself to keep), defendant argues that plaintiff has not met his burden of proof. In short, defendant seeks to take advantage of his own neglect to defeat the plaintiff’s statutory cause of action. The trial court held that there had been a failure of proof. There was no doubt, it was ruled, that plaintiff had in fact worked overtime. But, it was further held, the proof thereof was not definite enough for recovery.
In this the learned circuit judge misconstrued the law. The situation involving the claimant’s failure to keep records has been repeatedly before the Federal courts, the best known of the cases being Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 US 680, 686, 687 (66 S Ct 1187, 90 L ed 1515), wherein it was held:
“But we believe that the circuit court of appeals, as well as the master, imposed upon the employees an improper standard of proof, a standard that has the practical effect of impairing many of the benefits of the fair labor standards act. An employee who brings suit under section 16(b) of the act for unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation, together with liquidated damages, has the burden of proving that he performed work for which he was not properly compensated. The remedial nature of this statute and the great public policy which it embodies, however, militate against making that burden an impossible hurdle for the employee. Due regard must be given to the fact that it is the employer who has the duty under section 11(c) of the act to keep proper records of wages, hours and other conditions and practices of employment and who is in position to know and to produce the most probative facts concerning the nature and amount of work performed. Employees seldom keep such records themselves; even if they do, the records may be and frequently are untrustworthy. It is in this setting that a proper and fair standard must be erected for the employee to meet in carrying out his burden of proof.
“When the employer has kept proper and accurate records, the employee may easily discharge his burden by securing the production of those records. But where the employer’s records are inaccurate or inadequate and the employee cannot offer convincing substitutes, a more difficult problem arises. The solution, however, is not to penalize the employee by denying him any recovery on the^ground that he is unable to prove the precise extent of uncompensated work. Such a result would place a premium on an employer’s failure to keep proper records in conformity with his statutory duty; it would allow the employer to keep the benefits of an employee’s labors without paying due compensation as contemplated by the fair labor standards act. In such a situation we hold that an employee has carried out his burden if he proves that he has in fact performed work for which he was improperly compensated and if he produces sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter of just and reasonable inference.”
The trial court spoke, also, of “speculation” and “guess” as to the amount of overtime. But where injury to some degree is found, we do not preclude recovery for lack of precise proof. We do the best we can with what we have. We do not, “in the assessment of damages, require a mathematical precision in situations of injury where, from the very nature of the circumstances, precision is unattainable.” Particularly is this true where it is defendant’s own act or neglect that has caused the imprecision. When the employee shows, as he did here, “that he did in fact perform overtime work for which he was not properly compensated and produces sufficient evidence to show the extent and amount of such work as a matter of just and reasonable inference, the burden shifts to the employer to come forward with evidence of the precise amount of the work performed or with evidence to negate the reasonableness of the inference to be drawn from the evidence of the employee. And if the employer fails to produce such evidence, it is the duty of the court to enter judgment for the employee, even though the amount be only a reasonable approximation.” Mitchell v. Caldwell, 249 F2d 10, 11. We note in passing that in the Mitchell Case, as well as the case before us, the lower court’s judgment was based upon the failure of the employee to keep written records of his overtime.
The finding, moreover, that the plaintiff had kept adequate records (the notations on the calendar mentioned above) is not borne out by the record. The only testimony on the point was that the calendar notations were both fragmentary and intermittent. Such showings do not rise to the dignity of the “most natural” and “satisfactory” proof of the facts under inquiry, and the best evidence rule has no application. The calendar, in this case, would not he the “best evidence,” which the court must prefer to the testimony of the plaintiff.
Defendant urges in this Court, also, an affirmative defense, namely, that plaintiff was employed in an executive capacity, and thus exempt from the 40-hour week overtime provision.
The difficulty with this position is that the regulations issued under the exemption provision defined the term “employee employed in a bona fide executive * * * capacity” to mean any employee:
“(a) Whose primary duty consists of the management of the enterprise in which he is employed or of a customarily recognized department or subdivision thereof; and
“(b) Who customarily and regularly directs the work of 2 or more other employees therein; and
“(c) Who has the authority to hire or fire other employees or whose suggestions and recommenda tions as to the hiring or firing and as to the advancement and promotion or any other change of status of other employees will be given particular weight; and
“(d) Who customarily and regularly exercises discretionary powers; and
“(e) Who does not devote more than 20% of his hours worked in the workweek to activities which are not directly and closely related to the performance of the work described in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section: * * *; and
“(f) Who is compensated for his services on a salary basis at a rate of not less than $55 per week.”
Far, however, from not devoting more than 20% of his working hours to nonexecutive duties, outlined in paragraphs (a) through (d) above, it was plaintiff’s testimony that he devoted more than 90% of his time to production. Such testimony was nowhere reasonably refuted. He testified, moreover, that he did no office work, though he assisted in the pricing, made no records, had no right to hire or fire, and did not sell the company’s products. The trial court, while not basing its decision thereon, found that plaintiff “practically ran the shop,” but even if the testimony supports such a finding the plaintiff would still not qualify by exemption as one employed in an executive capacity, under the regulations issued by the administrator of the wage and hour division, department of labor.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith. Costs to appellant.
Dethmers, C. J., and Carr, Kelly, Black, Edwards, Kavanagh, and Souris, JJ., concurred.
29 use (1958 ed), § 216.
Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 US 680, 687 (66 S Ct 1187, 90 L ed 1515).
McComb v. Farmers Reservoir & Irrigation Co. (CCA 10), 167 F2d 911, affirmed 337 US 755 (69 S Ct 1274, 93 L ed 1672).
29 USC (1958 ed), § 211(e).
Stimac v. Wissman, 342 Mich 20, 28.
See, in this regard, 4 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed), 8 8 1173-1175
’See 29 USG (1958 ed), § 213.
14 Fed Reg 7705, as amended, Nov. 18, 1958, 29 OFR 8 541.1, 29 USO (1958 ed), CFR, § 541.1. s ’ | [
-0.010009765625,
0.00848388671875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.07373046875,
0.00823974609375,
0.02587890625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.02099609375,
0.021240234375,
0.00628662109375,
0.02685546875,
0.014892578125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.04541015625,
0.005126953125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0006103515625,
0.0057373046875,
0.01422119140625,
0.043701171875,
-0.029296875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00170135498046875,
-0.05615234375,
0.009033203125,
-0.013427734375,
0.07568359375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.002410888671875,
0.039794921875,
-0.045654296875,
0.020263671875,
0.00958251953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.018798828125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.05029296875,
0.0625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.054931640625,
0.02490234375,
0.0196533203125,
0.00048828125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0000896453857421875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0035400390625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.027099609375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.056396484375,
0.03369140625,
0.012451171875,
0.058837890625,
0.0252685546875,
0.01123046875,
-0.025634765625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.024658203125,
0.023193359375,
-0.017333984375,
0.04833984375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00927734375,
0.01153564453125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0693359375,
-0.017822265625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.045166015625,
0.032958984375,
0.054443359375,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.046142578125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.010009765625,
0.00104522705078125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0869140625,
0.0079345703125,
0.021728515625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00469970703125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0172119140625,
0.040283203125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.030029296875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.002166748046875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0556640625,
0.01507568359375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.019287109375,
0.10107421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01019287109375,
0.036865234375,
0.01031494140625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.052978515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.037353515625,
0.043701171875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.02392578125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.018310546875,
0.035400390625,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.04833984375,
0.05908203125,
0.01263427734375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.060302734375,
0.008056640625,
0.010498046875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0111083984375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.022705078125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.04833984375,
0.020751953125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.000667572021484375,
0.02392578125,
0.00732421875,
-0.000827789306640625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.04833984375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01318359375,
0.007781982421875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.031005859375,
0.005767822265625,
0.053955078125,
0.0458984375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.024169921875,
0.022216796875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0439453125,
-0.01708984375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.01806640625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0146484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.038818359375,
0.033203125,
0.05224609375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0106201171875,
0.03662109375,
0.038818359375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.013916015625,
0.041748046875,
-0.03076171875,
0.01434326171875,
0.052734375,
0.00093841552734375,
0.01300048828125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.047607421875,
0.00213623046875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.019775390625,
0.00799560546875,
0.040771484375,
0.023681640625,
-0.017578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.010986328125,
-0.029541015625,
0.05712890625,
0.0284423828125,
0.007049560546875,
0.00482177734375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.052734375,
0.02001953125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.053466796875,
0.03955078125,
-0.08837890625,
-0.049560546875,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.044677734375,
0.029296875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01324462890625,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.00029754638671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.04638671875,
0.038330078125,
0.0634765625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.015625,
0.00022029876708984375,
-0.041015625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.004974365234375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0062255859375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.044921875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0162353515625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.07861328125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.015869140625,
0.017822265625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.037353515625,
0.0089111328125,
0.043701171875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0576171875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0546875,
0.0186767578125,
0.008544921875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0146484375,
0.02392578125,
0.0006866455078125,
0.027099609375,
0.0322265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.04443359375,
0.00799560546875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.030029296875,
0.037841796875,
-0.052734375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.043212890625,
0.029296875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.040771484375,
-0.010009765625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0012969970703125,
0.00811767578125,
0.016357421875,
-0.025390625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.003662109375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.041259765625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.004638671875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.02783203125,
0.038818359375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0185546875,
0.01336669921875,
0.04638671875,
0.034912109375,
-0.03515625,
-0.02734375,
0.0147705078125,
0.048095703125,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.0012359619140625,
0.026123046875,
0.0291748046875,
0.035400390625,
-0.045166015625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.000858306884765625,
0.0283203125,
0.00592041015625,
0.0126953125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0673828125,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.009033203125,
0.021728515625,
0.0458984375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00009822845458984375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0172119140625,
0.00341796875,
0.0634765625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.03857421875,
0.04443359375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.04833984375,
-0.027099609375,
0.04833984375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.003997802734375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0006866455078125,
0.019775390625,
0.024169921875,
0.047119140625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0019378662109375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.04833984375,
0.00183868408203125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.00469970703125,
0.029296875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0018310546875,
0.021728515625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.051513671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.052734375,
0.03369140625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.048095703125,
0.04541015625,
-0.06640625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02490234375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.031005859375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0390625,
0.0189208984375,
0.04931640625,
-0.02734375,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0634765625,
0.016845703125,
0.00244140625,
0.0240478515625,
0.021484375,
0.000568389892578125,
0.006561279296875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.022216796875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.08447265625,
0.005950927734375,
0.032470703125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01239013671875,
0.031982421875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.04541015625,
0.032470703125,
0.0179443359375,
0.029052734375,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00860595703125,
0.024169921875,
0.0439453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.001007080078125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0185546875,
0.056884765625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.03759765625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.036865234375,
0.045166015625,
0.0257568359375,
0.007720947265625,
0.0004100799560546875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.00084686279296875,
0.029541015625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.056396484375,
0.01806640625,
-0.06884765625,
0.0250244140625,
0.07763671875,
0.00238037109375,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.000911712646484375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.048828125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0166015625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.04736328125,
0.00726318359375,
0.06640625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.025390625,
0.02880859375,
-0.01953125,
-0.05859375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.037109375,
0.025146484375,
0.013671875,
0.05517578125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0185546875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.054443359375,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.000698089599609375,
0.02294921875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.00506591796875,
0.015625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0021514892578125,
0.045654296875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.01513671875,
0.04345703125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0150146484375,
0.0120849609375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0194091796875,
0.001556396484375,
0.07373046875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.016845703125,
0.022216796875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.027587890625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0546875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.055419921875,
0.005126953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0498046875,
0.056640625,
0.048583984375,
0.05419921875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.03857421875,
0.044921875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.058349609375,
0.0057373046875,
0.029541015625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.042724609375,
0.048583984375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.024169921875,
-0.025390625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.003662109375,
-0.00031280517578125,
0.0118408203125,
0.00994873046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.007110595703125,
0.0235595703125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0004291534423828125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.03466796875,
0.040771484375,
0.04931640625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0001392364501953125,
0.03271484375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0390625,
0.00096893310546875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0546875,
-0.048828125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0245361328125,
0.0751953125,
0.053466796875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.037109375,
0.007080078125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.056640625,
0.055419921875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.040771484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0000782012939453125,
0.031494140625,
0.059326171875,
0.02490234375,
0.009765625,
0.033203125,
0.0224609375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.052978515625,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.027587890625,
0.018798828125,
-0.0390625,
0.03125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.013427734375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0556640625,
0.0341796875,
0.041259765625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.052978515625,
0.07470703125,
0.0277099609375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.01153564453125,
0.02099609375,
0.03076171875,
0.0050048828125,
0.01483154296875,
0.0169677734375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.058837890625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.019775390625,
-0.037841796875,
0.010498046875,
-0.000637054443359375,
0.0196533203125,
0.030517578125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.025390625,
0.0439453125,
0.0037841796875,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0311279296875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.007720947265625,
0.005218505859375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.042236328125,
0.04638671875,
0.01177978515625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.012451171875,
0.003509521484375,
0.036865234375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.041748046875,
0.03466796875,
-0.05419921875,
0.05615234375,
0.0250244140625,
0.00003600120544433594,
-0.0228271484375,
0.058837890625,
0.00616455078125,
0.0142822265625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0012664794921875,
0.058837890625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.011474609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.009521484375,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.011962890625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.034912109375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0296630859375,
0.019775390625,
0.056396484375,
0.03173828125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.007476806640625,
0.011474609375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0205078125,
0.00066375732421875,
0.031494140625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.037109375,
0.0166015625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0263671875,
0.038818359375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.029296875,
-0.020263671875,
0.034912109375,
0.058837890625,
0.0000049173831939697266,
0.037109375,
0.01483154296875,
0.024169921875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01904296875,
0.004730224609375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.052734375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.000865936279296875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0186767578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0546875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0274658203125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.048828125,
0.279296875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.045654296875,
0.0050048828125,
0.0712890625,
0.02734375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.056396484375,
0.028076171875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.05078125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0011138916015625,
0.06201171875,
0.033203125,
0.03369140625,
0.012939453125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.004791259765625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0169677734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.054443359375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0001773834228515625,
0.038818359375,
0.058837890625,
-0.03173828125,
0.007110595703125,
0.041259765625,
0.036376953125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.031494140625,
0.00799560546875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.017822265625,
0.03564453125,
0.023193359375,
0.051513671875,
0.01611328125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0439453125,
0.02099609375,
0.030029296875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.023193359375,
0.031494140625,
0.029052734375,
-0.022216796875,
0.046142578125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.022705078125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.04345703125,
0.007598876953125,
0.019775390625,
0.03466796875,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0026092529296875
] |
Smith, J.
The action before us is brought by a wife. She tells us that the defendant was driving his car in a reckless manner and in so doing struck her husband’s car at a time when her husband, driving with care and caution, was almost completely across an intersection. As a result of such impact her husband’s car was driven against a tree, embedding the bark thereof in his head. He suffered brain concussion which may develop into epilepsy, he lost the voluntary functioning of his kidneys, he sustained 4 fractures of the pelvis, a puncture of the abdomen, and other severe injuries. "We could go on for some time but need not. Some of the injuries may be repaired, at least after a fashion, and others may not.
She is suing for damages for none of these. Her cause of action involves a hurt directly to her, equally obvious, she says, equally disastrous, and equally deserving of the protection of the law. She says, in effect, that the negligence of the defendant has reduced her husband to a physical and psychological wreck, a mere shell of manhood, unable to sleep, unable to work effectively, in constant pain, seared, worried constantly, physically weak, and unable to enjoy even normal social life. She asserts that she has been deprived of her husband’s society and comfort, of his aid and companionship, and of normal conjugal affection.
The legal term for her asserted loss is that of “consortium.” It has been variously defined, sometimes in terms enormously complex as the judges followed the habit of lawyers of never using 1 wqrd where 2 may be employed. One of the most careful of the studies of consortium, in fact, attributes to the redundancies of common-law pleading much of the confusion and injustice prevalent in this field. Actually, all that consortium means is conjugal fellowship. But the pleader at the common law (following his practice in deeds, wills, contracts, and what-not) alleged the loss of love, companionship, affection, society, comfort, sexual relations, services, solace, and or and on until his dictionary ran dry. It does, indeed (since it is fellowship between man and wife), embrace all of these things, and more. But the verbosities of common-law pleading should not lead the court to absurdities, such as the conclusion, for instance, that consortium has an economic side, for loss of which one may recover, and a sentimental side, for loss of which no recovery may be had. What of the spiritual side? The parental side? The carnal side? It would be a reckless semanticist who would assert that he was able, justifiably, to place each of the various elements of conjugal fellowship in one or the other of the suggested pigeonholes, just as it would be a bold artist who would assert that he could categorize all of the hues of the spectrum into 2 pigeonholes, one marked “light,” the other marked “dark.” Such efforts may be amusing as mental exercises, but when judges seriously put them forward as grounds for decision, absurdities will result and injustice is bound to be done.
The wife before us, then, seeks recovery for her loss of consortium. To this the trial court replied that, legally speaking, she had not suffered a loss. So it is that she comes to us. The precedents do, indeed, deny her recovery. The husband, it is usually said, may recover for loss of consortium, but not the wife. This is nothing short of ridiculous. If one of the marriage partners may recover for loss of consortium, why may not the other? If the family larder is empty, does only one hunger? They stood together at the altar and jointly they entered into their conjugal relationship. They assumed commensurate rights, duties, and responsibilities. Where, along the line, did it all become one-sided, so that the law will grant recompense to one, on the theory that he has suffered a loss, but not to the other?
These precedents are venerable. Their chains may be moss-encrusted and rusty but only a few courts have held that they no longer control or confine. Thus again we reach the conflict that divides us, for the law, as Dean Pound put it, must be stable, and yet it cannot stand still. Were we to rule upon precedent alone, were stability the only reason for our being, we would have no trouble with this case. We would simply tell the woman to begone, and to take her shattered husband with her, that we need no longer be affronted by a sight so repulsive. In so doing we would have vast support from the dusty books. But dust the decision would remain in our mouths through the years ahead, a reproach to law and conscience alike. Our oath is to do justice, not to perpetuate error.
■ Is the holding that recovery be denied, in truth the demand of the common law? If so, and the vast amount of authority so saying bears witness thereof, there must, one day, have been reasons for the rule, for, as Holme’s tells us, the common law has grown by an historical process.
The reasons, then, we seek in the period of time in which the monstrous doctrine had its origin. The status of the wife and mother at this time is made clear in the periodical rulings’ of the time. She was part chattel, part servant. As we observed in a concurring opinion in an earlier case, Sovereign v. Sovereign, 354 Mich 65, 73, 74:
“The picture we receive, sketchy as it is, of late 16th and early 17th century women is, by today’s standards, a depressing one. She was regarded as a creature (the choice of words is not our own) of limited intellectual attainments or possibilities. Education was largely denied her. There were few schools for even the girls of the wealthier families and the training given in those was limited to that of a ‘polishing nature, music and the arts.’ There was almost no opportunity for the rigorous intellectual discipline given to young men. They were married young, pawns in their father’s hands for the attainment of title or prestige. They could not possibly hope to reach, in fact, they were not ‘meant’ to reach, intellectual equality with their husbands. Their existence, socially and economically, pivoted around that of a dominant husband, authoritarian and paternalistic.”
With respect to the children of the marriage the husband’s so-called rights were near absolute. Although we find no case paralleling the early Roman law, under which the pater familias had the power to sell his child in the open market, or put it to death, , it was clear that the English father might effectively prevent the mother’s access to her child; during his life, and even after his death maintain the bar with statutory sanction.
Such being the mother’s “rights” with respect to her children it follows, with the relentless logic of the common law, that her rights respecting her property and her person are no more generous. She was his chattel. What was hers, was his. The wife, says Bracton, “has nothing which is not her husband’s.” They were one, and, as one opinion put it, he was that one. All of her personal property, money, goods, and chattels of every description, became his upon marriage.* Since she was “under the power of her husband,” it followed that she had “no will of her own” and having no will of her own could not enter into a contract. Of course, he was entitled to her services in the home as he would be to those of any servant in his employ. Should he lose them through the acts of another that other must respond in damages. But should the husband be injured, and she thus lose his protection and solace, might she, equally with him, maintain a like suit for her loss? In light of what has been said the question is nonsensical. To have a lawsuit we must have, to start with, someone capable of suing another. She, however, could not bring any action in her own name, for she was a legal nonentity.* * 5But this was not all. What if she were so injured by another as to be incapable of performing her wifely duties? Has the husband suffered a legally recognizable loss, so that he might cause that other to respond in damages? The answer is clear from the common law, as is the theory upon which it was based. He had. It was an actionable trespass for one to interfere with the services of another’s servant. This menial in the house, this chattel, responding to the term “wife,” also rendered services. It would follow, and it did follow, that the husband had a right of action for injury to her, grounded upon the theory that she was his servant. But could she sue a wrongdoer for injury to him? A servant sue for the loss of services of the master? Clearly not. If authority is needed for reply, Blackstone supplies it:
“One reason for which may be this: that the inferior hath no kind of property in the company, care, or assistance of the superior, as the superior is held to have in those of the inferior; and therefore the inferior can suffer no loss or injury.”
This, then, is the soil in which the doctrine took root; the abject subservience of wife to husband, her legal nonexistence, her degraded position as a combination vessel, chattel, and household drudge whose obedience might be enforced by personal chastisement. Such being the case we need not cite authority to the proposition that the husband might at the common law, and may today, in the vast majority of jurisdictions, sue for injury to or loss by his wife’s services, affection, and companionship. But may a wife sue for loss of consortium? The modern answer, as well as the ancient, is that she may not. The abundance of the cases so holding is a monument to blind adherence to worn-out precedent, a stubborn, dogged refusal to recognize that, as Cardozo once wrote, “Social, political, and legal reforms [have] changed the relations between the sexes, and put woman and man upon a plane of equality. Decisions founded upon the assumption of a bygone inequality are unrelated to present-day realities, and ought not to be permitted to prescribe a rule of life.”
Any attempt to pursue the manifold reasons offered up by modern courts for their refusals to permit the wife a recovery for her loss of consortium takes us on a tour similar to that of Minos in labyrinth of Daedalus. Each path leads to a dead end of reasoning and logic. Thus it is said that the injury suffered by the wife is too remote a consequence of defendant’s act to be made the subject of an action. Yet even if the proximate cause argument is valid, which is questionable, Hitaffer v. Argonne Co., Inc., 87 App DC 57 (183 F2d 811, 23 ALR2d 1366), injury to the same interest has never been regarded as too remote when the husband sues for his reciprocal loss. See 21 ALR 1517. It is said, moreover, that there is danger of double recovery, since the husband recovers for his diminished ability to support, and he is under a duty to support his wife. This merely sidesteps the issue. The wife is suing for damages to her interest. She does not seek recovery ror loss of support. Her effort is to recover for loss of companionship and of society. Moreover, here again we see the paradox before noted, the peculiar reasoning that sets up (as insuperable obstacles to the action of the wife) objections deemed completely immaterial when the husband sues for damage to the same interest. We have just noted it with respect to the problems of remoteness. Here we see it with respect to double recovery, for the husband has consistently been permitted to recover for loss of consortium. Yet, insofar as material services are included within the concept of consortium (and there is no doubt they form a part of the whole), it cannot be denied that there is a danger of allowing him a double recovery. This danger, however, has never been thought sufficiently real to bar the husband’s action for loss of his consortium, in addition to all other elements of damage. The solution is not difficult and was noted in Hitaffer v. Argonne Co., supra, 65: “it is a simple matter to determine the damages to the wife’s consortium in exactly the same way as those of the husband are measured in a similar action and subtract thefefrom the value of any impairment of his duty to support.”
To a large degree, the objection in the cases to allowing the wife recovery for loss of consortium turns directly or indirectly upon the aspect of consortium just mentioned, that of material services. It is often said that the wife’s cause of action for loss of consortium must include an allegation of her loss thereof, for without it, we are told, she cannot maintain her action. It is then concluded that since she cannot make this allegation (who ever heard of a servant suing her master for loss of services?) her ease must fall. If she replies that the element of service is not the gist of the concept of consortium, she is told that without it nothing remains but sentiment and the law does not permit recovery for injuries to sentiment alone.
The argument thus made involves 2 fundamental errors. The first is that the concept of consortium, of conjugal fellowship, is capable of dismembership into material services and sentimental services. Is the well-kept home or the carefully prepared meal a manifestation of affection {i.e., a sentimental service) or of the skilled performance of a menial chore (i.e., a material service) ? Does the well-trained child know anything of sentimental services? Of material services? Of both? Are they different? Which is which? The fact of the matter is that the effort to break down consortium into its component parts is no more than a theoretician’s boast, the modern counterpart to the medieval resolution of the number of angels able to dance on the head of a pin. It requires a wisdom, and an effrontery, far greater than ours to make differentiations so subtle, if, indeed, they are within the realm of human competence.
The second fundamental error in the objection made is that (assuming we can and do make the theoretical differentiation described) the law does not permit recovery for the sentimental aspect alone of consortium.- We need only to glance about us to see that the law actually is otherwise. The actions for criminal conversation and alienation of affections are in point. It is law well-established, not even worth a counter struggle, that the gist of such actions is not the loss of services but the loss of conjugal rights. Such actions are, consequently, maintainable by the husband, for such injury even though he was no longer living with his wife at the time the injury occurred, and it is significant to note that in one of the earliest cases in this field, Guy v. Livesey (1619), Cro Jac (2 Cro) 501 (79 Eng Rep 428), the loss suffered by the husband, for which action lay, was not a loss of services at all but a loss of company. The fact of the matter is that there is no predominant element in the concept of consortium, that consortium is not capable of subdivision, and that it is not necessary that there be an allegation of the loss of any particular “element” thereof.
Finally, it is urged by some that the married women’s acts, designed to remove from them their degrading and demeaning common-law disabilities, and (in some cases) to implement their constitutional guaranties, not only did not aid the wife’s cause of action for loss of consortium, but eliminated the husband’s as well. Since we do not here consider the husband’s action, we will not pay our respects to the curious theory that we remedy the wrongful denial of a cause of action to one by denying it also to the other. This solution of the problem will appeal only to those enamored by symmetry. For the purposes of the case before us we cannot conclude that an act designed to shield women from the imposition of inequitable and sometimes degrading disabilities shall, rather, be employed as a sword to strike down her cause of action for the loss of an interest at the very heart and core of her married existence, the love, companionship, and society of her husband. It is not sufficient to say that such legislation “merely” removed procedural disabilities, and it is immaterial to her action today whether her cause of action existed at the early common law or not. The point is that the underlying-concept of the early common, law, the inferiority of the wife, has been repudiated, and the question for decision is not whether such a right existed then but whether it exists today — the difference between looking backward and looking forward. Is the face of justice, as someone put it, like the face on a coin, always to look backwards ?
So far as the technical ground for decision in such cases is concerned, they involve the premise that the action for loss of consortium rests upon the loss of material services, and, since neither spouse is now entitled to the services of the other, neither may maintain the action. Such historical basis, as we have seen, is highly questionable. The right to material services, whatever that may mean, is only an aspect of consortium, as we have seen. In fact, as Prosser puts it, “The loss of ‘services’ is an outworn fiction.” An historical basis is a poor basis for decision unless the conditions and customs of today so parallel those of the past that the reason for the rule still obtains. This is so patently not the case that discussion is unnecessary.
We are remitted, then, to a matter of sound judicial policy, a decision to be reached in the light of today’s society and the current common-law solution of comparable problems. Discussion of the issue in those terms may not result in unanimity but at least it will be conducted upon a rational, understandable, basis, not in the metaphysical realm of fictions. We come, then, as we must ultimately in every case, unless we are to continue to utilize fictions, or unless we are to dispose of the case on a narrow point of procedure or pleading, to a balancing of interests. On the one hand we have a wife deprived of the affection of her husband, his companionship, his society, possibly deprived even of her opportunity to bear sons and daughters. On the other, we have a defendant, whose liability because of his act must involve the violation of a duty of care with respect to it, and, furthermore, whose liabilities as a result of his negligent act must have some reasonable limitation. So analyzed, we see the problem not as a unique and peculiar historical anomaly but as a part of a much larger pattern, as a part of a clearly discernible movement in the law. We have long since passed the time when the function of the law “was to keep the peace by regulating or preventing private war [which] only required it to deal with personal violence and with disputes over possession of property.” We now recognize that “the law protects interests of personality, as well as the physical integrity of the person.” Stewart v. Rudner, 349 Mich 459, 467; Dawson & Harvey, Case's on Contracts and Contract Remedies. In fact we have seen, within onr own lifetimes, the extension of the law’s protection to areas once thought too obscure for recognition, to rights once thought too vague, too ephemeral, too intangible to be capable of legal measurement. Without legislative intervention, as a part, indeed, of the normal and traditional growth of the common law a right of privacy has been accorded protection, as well as the right of a child to recover damages for injuries sustained prior to birth. We need not elaborate. The standard treatises on torts will furnish many additional examples.
The law moves in halting steps and not equally on all fronts. It proceeds from the simpler cases, such as the intentional infringements, to those more difficult. So it has done with respect to the interest known as consortium. The husband’s action, in the earliest cases, was permitted for loss of consortium due to an intentional injury. This was the first stage of recovery. At a later date the action was extended to the second stage recovery for an injury negligently inflicted. G-enerally speaking, the rights of the wife, as respects her cause of action for loss of her husband’s consortium, are still in what we referred to above as “the first stage of recovery.” She can today perhaps recover for loss of consortium where the defendant acted maliciously or in tentionally, but she still may not recover where the injury was merely negligently inflicted. Possibly it will take the majority of our courts, also, as it did the English courts, scores of decades to move into the second stage of recovery, though it is to be hoped that justice will not be so long deferred.
Relief is extended the wife in the intentional cases, supra, for one basic reason, the interest of society in the protection of the family as the social unit upon which, at least in this country, society rests. Our concern is not with the family of the middle ages, with its tyrannies and abuses, but with the family of today. If this is the interest to be protected, and we conclude that it is, the law’s protection should extend as well to the negligent as to the intentional injury. In each case the loss is equally severe and the importance to our society of the welfare of the family unit outweighs the importance of the defendant’s claims to immunity.
The gist of the matter is that in today’s society the wife’s position is analogous to that of a partner, neither kitchen slattern nor upstairs maid. Her duties and responsibilities in respect of the family unit complement those of the husband, extending only to another sphere. In the good times she lights the hearth with her own inimitable glow. But when tragedy strikes it is a part of her unique glory that, forsaking the shelter, the comfort, the warmth of the home, she puts her arm and shoulder to the plow. We are now at the heart of the issue. In such circumstances, when her husband’s love is denied her, his strength sapped, and his protection destroyed, in short, when she has been forced by the defendant to exchange a heart for a husk, we are urged to rule that she has suffered no loss compensable at the law. But let some scoundrel dent a dishpan in the family kitchen and the law, in all its majesty, will convene the court, will march with measured tread to the halls of justice, and will there suffer a jury of her peers to assess the damages. Why are we asked, then, in the case before us, to look the other way? Is this what is meant when it is said that justice is blind?
No, we see the suffering. But it is urged that the precedents tie us. A wife, said the ancient precedents, could not sue because she was a legal nonentity. And, even if she could, she had no cause of action to assert because a servant has no “right” to the services of her master. But none of this is true today, either as a matter of fact or as a matter of law. The married women’s acts and common constitutional provisions have wrought a revolutionary change. Legally, today the wife stands on a par with her husband. Factually, as we well know, her position is no less than that of an equal partner. The precedents of the older cases are not valid precedents. They are violative of women’s statutory rights and constitutional safeguards. They are out of harmony with the conditions of modern society. They do violence to our convictions and our principles. We reject their applicability.. The reasons for the old rule no longer obtaining, the rule falls with it. The obstacles to the wife’s action were judge-invented and they are herewith judge-destroyed. We conclude that the wife before us has pleaded a cause of action.
So far as Blair v. Seitner Dry Goods Co., 184 Mich 304 (LRA 1915D, 524, Ann Cas 1916C, 882), and Harker v. Bushouse, 254 Mich 187, may be interpreted as authority otherwise, they are overruled.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith. Costs to appellant.
Black, Edwards, and Kavanagh, JJ., concurred with Smith, J.
We get the ease upon the lower court’s grant of defendant’s motion to dismiss the declaration upon the ground that it stated no cause of action under Michigan law.
Lippman, The Breakdown of Consortium, 30 Columbia L Rev 651, 068.
Bouvier, Law Dictionary (3d rev), Consortium.
See Golden v. R. L. Greene Paper Co., 44 RI 231 (116 A 579, 21 ALR 1514). Cf. Blair v. Seitner Dry Goods Co., 184 Mich 304 (LRA 1915D, 524, Ann Cas 1916C, 882).
See Hitaffer v. Argentine Co., Inc., 87 App DC 57 (183 F2d 811, 23 ALR2d 1366); Cooney v. Moomaw, 109 F Supp 448; Missouri Pacific Transportation Co. v. Miller, 227 Ark 351 (299 SW2d 41); Brown v. Georgia-Tennessee Coaches, Inc., 88 Ga App 519 (77 SE2d 24); Acuff v. Schmit, 248 Iowa 272 (78 NW2d 480); Hipp v. E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 182 NC 9 (108 SE 318, 18 ALR 873), later over ruled in Hinnant v. Tidewater Power Co., 189 NC 120 (126 SE 307, 37 ALR 889); Hoekstra v. Helgeland, 78 SD — (98 NW2d 669). Also of interest are the opinions in McDade v. West, 80 Ga App 481 (56 SE2d 299) (evenly divided); Burk v. Anderson, 232 Ind 77 (109 NE2d 407); Bernhardt v. Perry, 276 Mo 612, 632 (208 SW 462, 13 ALR 1320) (dissenting opinion); Landwehr v. Barbas, 241 App Div 769 (270 NYS 534) (dissenting opinion), aff’d, 270 NY 537 (200 NE 306).
Comment in texts and law reviews has favored almost unanimously recovery by a wife for loss of consortium. See, in particular, 1 Harper and James, Torts, § 8.9; Prosser, Torts (2d ed), § 104; Fridman, Consortium as an “Interest” in the Law of Torts, 32 Can B Rev 1065; Holbrook, The Change in the Meaning of Consortium, 22 Mich L Rev 1; Lippman, The Breakdown of Consortium, 30 Columbia L Rev 651; Simeone, The Wife’s Action for Loss of Consortium — Progress or No?, 4 St. Louis U LJ 424.
Holmes, The Common Law p 5:
“The customs, beliefs, or needs of a primitive time establish a rule or a formula. In the eourse of centuries the customs, belief, or necessity disappear, but the rule remains. The reason which gave rise to the rule has been forgotten, and ingenious minds set themselves to inquire how it is to be accounted for. Some ground of policy is thought of, which seems to explain it and to reconcile it with the present state of things; and then the rule adapts' itself to the new reasons which have been found for it, and centers on a new career. The old form receives a new content, and in time even the form modifies itself to fit the meaning which it has received.”
Hunter, Introduction to Roman Law (9th ed 1934), p 30.
Ball v. Ball, 2 Sim 35 (57 Eng Rep 703).
5 Bracton, DeLegibus (Twiss ed 1878), p 423.
Acuff v. Schmit, 248 Iowa 272, 278 (78 NW2d 480, 484). See, also, Casner & Leach, Cases on Property, p 283.
2 Blackstone, Commentaries, *433-*436.
1 Bishop, Married Women (1873 ed), § 39.
Hyde v. Scyssor, Cro Jac (2 Cro) 538 (79 Eng Rep 462); Guy v. Livesey, Cro Jac (2 Cro) 501 (79 Eng Rep 428); 8 Holdsworth, A History of English Law (2d ed 1937), pp 429, 430.
1 Blackstone, Commentaries, *442.
Hodsoll v. Stallebrass, 11 Ad & E 301 (113 Eng Rep 429); Robert Marys’s Case, 9 Co Rep 111b, 113a (77 Eng Rep 895, 898, 899).
See Lippman, The Breakdown of Consortium, 30 Columbia L Rev 651, 653.
3 Blackstone, Commentaries, *142, *143.
Cardozo, The Growth of the Law, pp 105, 106.
Feneff v. New York Central & H. R. R. Co., 203 Mass 278 (89 NE 436, 24 LRA NS 1024, 133 Am St Rep 291), relied upon in Blair v. Seitner Dry Goods Co., 184 Mich 304 (LRA 1915D, 524, Ann Cas 1916C, 882).
See Cooney v. Moomaw, 109 F Supp 448, 451:
“This is a matter which the court may appropriately take care of at the time of trial, if necessary, by limiting through proper evidentiary rulings and instructions to the jury the wife’s recovery to such elements of damage as her loss of the husband’s society and affection and the expenses to which she has been put in caring for him.”
See, eg., Lockwood v. Lockwood, 67 Minn 476 (70 NW 784); Cooley, Torts (2d ed), pp 266, 267 (*227, *228). In Guevin v. Manchester Street Ry., 78 NH 289, 292 (99 A 298, 300, LRA 1917C, 410), a negligence ease, the court said:
“The action itself was per quod consortium amisit, not per quod servitium. Loss of service as the only basis of legal right was then recognized and discussed in eases for the seduction of a child or servant, but nowhere is such a statement found as to the right of a husband to recover for injuries to his wife. Undoubtedly the term consortium included service, but it also included society, comfort and the sexual rights. In no early ease is there a suggestion that any one of these is superior to any other as a basis for legal redress.”
Statutes in some States, Michigan among them, bar such actions. E.g., CL 1948, §§ 551.301-551.311 (Stat Ann 1957 Eev §§25.191-25.201).
Pierce v. Crisp, 260 Ky 519 (86 SW2d 293). A husband has a eause of action against his wife's seducer, although he condones her offense. Smith v. Hockenberry, 138 Mich 129. Thus, a showing of loss of services is not required. Hitaffer v. Argonne Co., Inc., 87 App DC 57 (183 F2d 811, 815-819, 23 ALR2d 1366).
See Const 1908, art 16, § 8.
Tobiassen v. Polley, 96 NJL 66 (114 A 153).
See Simeone, The Wife’s Action for Loss of Consortium — Progress or No?, 4 St. Louis IT LJ 424, 430.
See Harker v. Bushouse, 254 Mich 187, 195; Blair v. Seitner Dry Goods Co., 184 Mich 304 (LRA 1915D, Ann Cas 1916C, 882).
Prosser, Torts (2d ed), § 104, at 704.
Pound, An Introduction to .the Philosophy of the Law, p 241-.
Pallas v. Crowley, Milner & Co., 322 Mich 411. See, also, Hawley v. Professional Credit Bureau, Inc., 345 Mich 500 (dissenting opinion 508).
See Williams v. Marion Rapid Transit, Inc., 152 Ohio St 114 (87 NE2d 334, 10 ALR2d 1051), relying upon § 16, art 1 of the Ohio State Constitution (1851) providing that “all courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him in his land, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due process of law, and shall have justice administered without denial or delay.”
Guy v. Livesey, Cro Jac (2 Cro) 501 (79 Eng Rep 428).
See cases cited in Hoekstra v. Helgeland, 78 SD — (98 NW2d 669).
See Sheard v. Oregon Electric Ry., 137 Ore 341 (2 P2d 916).
E.g., CL 1948, §§ 612.5-612.7 (Stat Ann §§ 27.657-27.659). | [
0.000698089599609375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.056640625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0380859375,
0.016357421875,
0.0191650390625,
0.02099609375,
0.002288818359375,
0.0361328125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0009307861328125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0040283203125,
0.003753662109375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0189208984375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.06396484375,
0.028564453125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.04150390625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.000591278076171875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0546875,
0.000896453857421875,
0.042236328125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0615234375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.037841796875,
0.022705078125,
-0.048828125,
0.033203125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0230712890625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.033203125,
0.036865234375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.047607421875,
0.01336669921875,
0.03515625,
0.03271484375,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.020263671875,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.028076171875,
0.02783203125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0004482269287109375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0283203125,
0.07373046875,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.041015625,
0.01263427734375,
0.0223388671875,
0.051025390625,
-0.004913330078125,
0.00179290771484375,
0.00927734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0145263671875,
0.042236328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.00012969970703125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0167236328125,
0.03662109375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.05859375,
0.037109375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0341796875,
0.003082275390625,
0.00177001953125,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0361328125,
0.00579833984375,
0.039306640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01165771484375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.00537109375,
0.000492095947265625,
-0.02197265625,
0.05078125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.008544921875,
0.0021820068359375,
0.0301513671875,
0.006195068359375,
0.08154296875,
0.03271484375,
0.0498046875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.00070953369140625,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.0028076171875,
0.052734375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.045654296875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.025634765625,
0.0245361328125,
0.00238037109375,
0.044921875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.031494140625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.049072265625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.021728515625,
-0.005615234375,
0.040771484375,
0.04931640625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.001739501953125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.041748046875,
0.013671875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0419921875,
0.00921630859375,
0.03369140625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.054931640625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0556640625,
0.03076171875,
0.025634765625,
0.0024261474609375,
0.045654296875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.034912109375,
0.01318359375,
0.003448486328125,
-0.03759765625,
0.012939453125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.002471923828125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.056640625,
-0.03857421875,
0.01025390625,
0.0087890625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0142822265625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.02099609375,
0.037109375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.02490234375,
0.06494140625,
0.0308837890625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.006439208984375,
0.0240478515625,
0.04296875,
0.0224609375,
0.0076904296875,
0.0023040771484375,
0.00616455078125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0224609375,
0.00958251953125,
0.042724609375,
0.010498046875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.006103515625,
0.056884765625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.037353515625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.037841796875,
0.031494140625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0361328125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.029296875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.037109375,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03173828125,
-0.03173828125,
0.007354736328125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0693359375,
0.0264892578125,
0.016357421875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0869140625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0002117156982421875,
0.053466796875,
-0.000885009765625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.064453125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.00732421875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0010833740234375,
-0.033447265625,
0.00860595703125,
0.00848388671875,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.06640625,
0.0174560546875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0283203125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0986328125,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.06396484375,
0.00482177734375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.004150390625,
0.018310546875,
-0.052490234375,
0.006591796875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.043212890625,
0.051513671875,
-0.029296875,
0.000949859619140625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0146484375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.02197265625,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.02734375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.038330078125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0283203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.06494140625,
0.036376953125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0634765625,
0.052001953125,
0.006195068359375,
0.027099609375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.00994873046875,
0.01165771484375,
0.03515625,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0703125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.0185546875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02978515625,
0.02880859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0084228515625,
0.05322265625,
0.01409912109375,
0.01953125,
0.02783203125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.04833984375,
0.0283203125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.05126953125,
0.0194091796875,
0.03662109375,
0.03955078125,
0.035888671875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0028076171875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0341796875,
-0.031982421875,
0.013671875,
-0.072265625,
0.02197265625,
0.0057373046875,
0.01416015625,
-0.03662109375,
0.042236328125,
-0.023193359375,
0.041015625,
0.029541015625,
-0.016357421875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0240478515625,
0.02197265625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.025390625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0400390625,
0.020751953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.06201171875,
0.049560546875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.01318359375,
0.041748046875,
0.01495361328125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.01953125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0322265625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.038330078125,
0.024658203125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.017578125,
0.003265380859375,
0.00897216796875,
0.03173828125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.00439453125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.052001953125,
0.044921875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.007049560546875,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.021240234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0003223419189453125,
-0.068359375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.0302734375,
0.003204345703125,
-0.041015625,
0.00347900390625,
0.0419921875,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.015625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0057373046875,
0.000888824462890625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.032958984375,
0.041259765625,
0.0145263671875,
0.03271484375,
0.0294189453125,
0.01202392578125,
0.01470947265625,
0.03369140625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.017333984375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0026092529296875,
0.0216064453125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.07470703125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.003662109375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.0040283203125,
0.033935546875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.012451171875,
0.00830078125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.083984375,
0.0673828125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.046630859375,
0.000934600830078125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.002716064453125,
0.060791015625,
0.05419921875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.04296875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.003814697265625,
0.02392578125,
0.032470703125,
0.0002956390380859375,
0.037353515625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.004730224609375,
0.007720947265625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0517578125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.009765625,
0.048095703125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00390625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.10546875,
-0.003662109375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.048095703125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.052490234375,
0.046142578125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.034912109375,
0.02734375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.02392578125,
0.036376953125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.02880859375,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.01025390625,
0.00653076171875,
0.043212890625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.048095703125,
0.00091552734375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.030029296875,
0.0269775390625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.05859375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00872802734375,
0.019775390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.044677734375,
0.00714111328125,
0.04296875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.057861328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.002471923828125,
0.06494140625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0166015625,
0.03466796875,
0.0302734375,
-0.02587890625,
0.0517578125,
-0.052734375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.000904083251953125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.015625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.07421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0211181640625,
0.01483154296875,
0.039794921875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.035400390625,
0.051513671875,
0.0244140625,
0.056396484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.00022602081298828125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.052734375,
0.0057373046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0458984375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.010986328125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.029296875,
0.0038909912109375,
0.0087890625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.03515625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.01165771484375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.02978515625,
0.0201416015625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00506591796875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0301513671875,
0.0169677734375,
0.010009765625,
-0.017578125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.017333984375,
-0.035888671875,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.021484375,
-0.035888671875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.014892578125,
0.033447265625,
0.03076171875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.048828125,
-0.02734375,
-0.061767578125,
-0.009521484375,
0.0478515625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.04150390625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.03955078125,
0.00299072265625,
0.048583984375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.022216796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01025390625,
0.01611328125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0010223388671875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0201416015625,
0.02587890625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0458984375,
0.01611328125,
0.020263671875,
0.0079345703125,
0.049072265625,
0.04638671875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.02978515625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0172119140625,
0.033203125,
0.031494140625,
0.0712890625,
0.0023956298828125,
0.00091552734375,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.05908203125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0107421875,
0.02587890625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.01544189453125,
0.023193359375,
0.00555419921875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.030029296875,
0.0400390625,
0.000614166259765625,
0.0291748046875,
0.02197265625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0004634857177734375,
-0.064453125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.03369140625,
0.029296875,
0.041015625,
0.034423828125,
0.010986328125,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0751953125,
0.0125732421875,
0.021484375,
0.045654296875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0189208984375,
0.047607421875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0260009765625,
0.00286865234375,
0.0244140625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.00537109375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.042236328125,
0.027099609375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.023193359375,
0.023193359375,
-0.04248046875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0205078125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.025634765625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.001983642578125,
-0.052001953125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0712890625,
0.0184326171875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0625,
-0.09326171875,
-0.06689453125,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.00299072265625,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.032958984375,
0.01446533203125,
0.05810546875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.03955078125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0306396484375,
0.01495361328125,
0.02001953125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0185546875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0205078125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.04345703125,
0.0302734375,
0.041015625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.004638671875,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.03173828125,
-0.05224609375,
0.28125,
0.059814453125,
0.00421142578125,
0.00052642822265625,
-0.013916015625,
0.064453125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.009521484375,
0.000560760498046875,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.030517578125,
0.0150146484375,
0.006317138671875,
0.005523681640625,
0.0238037109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.060546875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.048095703125,
0.044921875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.045166015625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.02783203125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.08544921875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0037841796875,
0.016357421875,
0.048583984375,
0.00139617919921875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.004638671875,
0.00927734375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.041015625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0166015625,
0.0087890625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0125732421875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.06884765625,
0.021484375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0390625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0238037109375,
0.01544189453125,
0.0264892578125,
0.024658203125,
-0.04443359375,
0.022705078125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.062255859375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0274658203125,
0.08642578125,
0.017578125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00360107421875,
0.0390625,
0.00799560546875,
0.0439453125,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.048095703125,
0.003936767578125,
0.043212890625,
-0.00592041015625
] |
Kelly, J.
The common pleas court for the city of Detroit denied plaintiff’s claim that defendant breached a contract, and the circuit court affirmed' the common pleas court.
Plaintiff contracted to manufacture 40,000 plastic door pulls for steel garage doors which defendant intended to promote and sell oh a national basis.' The contract called for a door pull that would “snap in securely.” •
After accepting 7,674 pulls, defendant refused further delivery; paid for the pulls delivered and, also, for money expended by plaintiff in obtaining cavity dies used in constructing the pulls.
Defendant claims that upon the first delivery of 2,000 pulls it informed plaintiff they were unsatisfactory; that payments were made up to final delivery because of plaintiff’s repeated promise that it would remedy the defects and .because plaintiff needed the money to operate; that defendant was desperately in need of the pulls because of national sales commitments; that an order was placed with another manufacturing firm when defendant concluded that plaintiff could not manufacture a satisfactory pull.
Plaintiff denied that defendant expressed any dissatisfaction after the initial delivery of the' 2,000 pulls and claimed that the pulls were built according to defendant’s blueprint.
Commenting upon the sharp conflict of testimony, Hon. Robert M. Toms, circuit judge, in his opinion stated:
“This case is before the court on an appeal of a judgment of no cause for action in the court below. The sole ground for appeal is that ‘the judgment of the trial court is against the -preponderance of the evidence.-’ No other error is alleged. -
“It should be borne in mind at the outset that the present appellate practice does not provide for a trial de novo, as was the case formerly, but that this court sits only as a court of review to determine whether- the judgment in the lower court is lawful. Not being engaged in a trial de novo, this court does not determine where the preponderance of evidence lies, and the only question which can be determined is whether or not the judgment below was clearly against the great weight of the evidence. Before a judgment of a lower court can be reversed, it must clearly appear that there was no substantial credible evidence to sustain the judgment. The mere fact that this court might have reached a different conclusion from the same proof is not the test and cannot be the basis for reversing the conclusion reached by the lower court.
“Upon a careful review of the record in this case certainly no one could say that there -was no substantial credible evidence to support the judgment of the common pleas judge. It is true that there was a sharp controversy and a sharp issue of fact which could possibly have been resolved differently by some other person. This, however, is quite beside the point. The common pleas judge was the officer authorized by law to hear the proofs, evaluate them and reach a judicial conclusion based thereon. This he undoubtedly did, and in doing so had the benefit of seeing and hearing the witnesses directly, an advantage which this court does not have. It must be determined that the judgment below finds basis and support in substantial admissible proof received by the trier of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be accorded the proof was exclusively within the province of the trial judge, subject only to the limitation that the judgment reached must find support and justification in such proof.
“The judgment of the court below is in all respects affirmed.”
The record sustains the finding of the trial court and the judgment is affirmed. Costs to appellee.
Dethmers, C. J., and Carr, Smith, Black, Edwards, Kavanagh, and Souris, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0361328125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.02294921875,
0.068359375,
0.032958984375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.02734375,
0.01434326171875,
0.0242919921875,
0.00677490234375,
0.00457763671875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.000263214111328125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0128173828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.057373046875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00118255615234375,
0.0615234375,
-0.043212890625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.012451171875,
0.04345703125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.014892578125,
0.05517578125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.040283203125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.029296875,
-0.003662109375,
0.034423828125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.03759765625,
0.01513671875,
0.021484375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0380859375,
0.015625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0142822265625,
0.003875732421875,
0.0478515625,
0.01007080078125,
0.0751953125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.024658203125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.037109375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0078125,
-0.017578125,
0.060546875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0272216796875,
0.06884765625,
0.0341796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.003265380859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.052734375,
-0.0166015625,
0.000640869140625,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.03125,
-0.025390625,
-0.041748046875,
0.04541015625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.060546875,
0.006378173828125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.014892578125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.03515625,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.004425048828125,
0.003936767578125,
0.044189453125,
0.014404296875,
0.02294921875,
0.017578125,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.00372314453125,
0.018798828125,
0.07080078125,
0.003692626953125,
0.042236328125,
0.038330078125,
0.032470703125,
0.002960205078125,
0.043701171875,
0.0014495849609375,
0.042236328125,
0.015625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.01513671875,
0.021484375,
0.036376953125,
0.03955078125,
-0.00023365020751953125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0126953125,
-0.00046539306640625,
0.01495361328125,
0.044921875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0224609375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.046875,
0.013916015625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.041015625,
-0.040283203125,
0.07421875,
0.01007080078125,
0.04052734375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0439453125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0224609375,
0.0233154296875,
0.021240234375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0198974609375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.033447265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.06005859375,
-0.028564453125,
0.01287841796875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.025146484375,
0.00640869140625,
0.02490234375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0712890625,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0146484375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.010009765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.022216796875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.01171875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0400390625,
0.034423828125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.022216796875,
0.026611328125,
0.0390625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.043701171875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01171875,
0.005767822265625,
0.015869140625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0146484375,
0.029541015625,
0.01171875,
-0.044189453125,
0.015869140625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.007080078125,
0.01806640625,
0.01348876953125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0220947265625,
0.00689697265625,
-0.05126953125,
0.02685546875,
0.055419921875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.033203125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.049560546875,
0.00250244140625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.03955078125,
0.021728515625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.028076171875,
0.048095703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.027099609375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01171875,
0.060791015625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0517578125,
0.004058837890625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.047119140625,
0.015869140625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.048828125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.06396484375,
0.024169921875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0098876953125,
0.02685546875,
0.0234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.052734375,
0.017578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0004138946533203125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.02685546875,
0.009033203125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0205078125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.0712890625,
0.000640869140625,
-0.00160980224609375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0126953125,
0.0016326904296875,
0.0002422332763671875,
-0.03515625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.050537109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.039794921875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.009765625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0198974609375,
0.031982421875,
0.03515625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0439453125,
0.032470703125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.003662109375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.006072998046875,
0.033935546875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0225830078125,
0.03857421875,
-0.01953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.07666015625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0419921875,
0.01385498046875,
0.01458740234375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0011138916015625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0439453125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.012939453125,
0.015625,
0.000720977783203125,
0.003631591796875,
0.002197265625,
-0.044189453125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00019931793212890625,
0.017822265625,
0.01806640625,
0.0257568359375,
0.025634765625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00052642822265625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.053466796875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.007720947265625,
0.0130615234375,
0.06298828125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.021240234375,
0.00154876708984375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.00970458984375,
0.07275390625,
-0.031494140625,
0.046875,
-0.05224609375,
0.014404296875,
0.0269775390625,
0.018310546875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.06787109375,
0.007537841796875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0205078125,
0.049560546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.056884765625,
0.02685546875,
0.01092529296875,
0.043701171875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0281982421875,
0.03125,
-0.039794921875,
0.06298828125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.01123046875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.07470703125,
-0.018310546875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0185546875,
0.048095703125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.034423828125,
-0.015625,
0.004669189453125,
0.059814453125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.03466796875,
0.043212890625,
0.0137939453125,
0.03125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.023193359375,
0.006744384765625,
0.045654296875,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.00098419189453125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0003910064697265625,
0.03369140625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.013671875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0081787109375,
0.000308990478515625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.00994873046875,
0.00439453125,
0.01025390625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.02294921875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.061279296875,
0.024658203125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.0291748046875,
0.05029296875,
0.01519775390625,
0.038330078125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.010498046875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.046875,
0.0074462890625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.04150390625,
0.02880859375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0322265625,
0.01361083984375,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.028564453125,
0.06640625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0849609375,
0.01336669921875,
0.038330078125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.02978515625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0009307861328125,
0.03515625,
0.037109375,
-0.01513671875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.014404296875,
0.039306640625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.08203125,
0.055419921875,
0.001739501953125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.009521484375,
0.01373291015625,
0.01416015625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.042724609375,
0.003692626953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.03955078125,
0.076171875,
0.002685546875,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0869140625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0299072265625,
0.01318359375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.00029754638671875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0162353515625,
0.029541015625,
0.05078125,
0.060791015625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.08447265625,
0.02880859375,
0.00052642822265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.047607421875,
0.0419921875,
0.048828125,
-0.00286865234375,
0.01531982421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0390625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.00885009765625,
0.050048828125,
0.01446533203125,
0.033935546875,
0.007080078125,
0.03857421875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01904296875,
0.016357421875,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.0458984375,
0.002838134765625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.060546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00390625,
0.01806640625,
0.0771484375,
-0.0234375,
-0.00109100341796875,
0.0262451171875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.04541015625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.000850677490234375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0458984375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0002536773681640625,
0.017333984375,
-0.042724609375,
0.037353515625,
0.026611328125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0000362396240234375,
0.04296875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01318359375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.02490234375,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.000579833984375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.04345703125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0267333984375,
0.016845703125,
0.015869140625,
0.0242919921875,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.011474609375,
-0.009521484375,
0.043212890625,
0.022705078125,
-0.000301361083984375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0361328125,
-0.045166015625,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.01214599609375,
0.0166015625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0294189453125,
0.00775146484375,
0.03662109375,
0.057861328125,
0.005950927734375,
0.0054931640625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0703125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.043212890625,
0.02392578125,
0.00311279296875,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.046630859375,
0.034912109375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.060546875,
0.025390625,
0.022216796875,
0.000823974609375,
-0.00152587890625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.027099609375,
0.051513671875,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0106201171875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01171875,
-0.028076171875,
0.038818359375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0185546875,
0.001861572265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.06005859375,
0.025390625,
0.0185546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.000133514404296875,
-0.0712890625,
0.007080078125,
0.0029144287109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0380859375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0390625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.050048828125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.016845703125,
0.035888671875,
0.036376953125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.01904296875,
0.035888671875,
0.033447265625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.03759765625,
0.07373046875,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.01611328125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01220703125,
0.047119140625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0107421875,
0.021240234375,
0.041259765625,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.03466796875,
0.01531982421875,
0.0380859375,
0.02978515625,
-0.046142578125,
0.041015625,
0.05126953125,
0.01708984375,
0.000614166259765625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0264892578125,
0.017578125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.001953125,
0.000301361083984375,
-0.055908203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.05078125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.011474609375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.03564453125,
0.033203125,
0.043212890625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0185546875,
0.034912109375,
0.017578125,
0.0177001953125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0185546875,
0.047119140625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.008056640625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.06787109375,
0.015380859375,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.0308837890625,
0.013916015625,
-0.06298828125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0234375,
-0.023193359375,
0.032958984375,
0.06494140625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.00726318359375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.046875,
-0.0302734375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.068359375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.03466796875,
0.019287109375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0140380859375,
0.00128173828125,
0.013916015625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00018787384033203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.05859375,
-0.00146484375,
-0.000720977783203125,
0.02099609375,
0.036865234375,
0.003875732421875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.033935546875,
0.0166015625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.000652313232421875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.010009765625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.042724609375,
0.271484375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0052490234375,
0.016845703125,
0.037109375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0107421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.003570556640625,
0.003448486328125,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.015869140625,
0.041015625,
0.0152587890625,
0.00439453125,
0.004150390625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.06298828125,
0.03125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.035400390625,
-0.05859375,
-0.033935546875,
0.041748046875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.026123046875,
0.02392578125,
0.02783203125,
0.011962890625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.06591796875,
0.0478515625,
0.07177734375,
-0.03173828125,
0.03515625,
0.043212890625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.043212890625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0169677734375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0458984375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.011474609375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.03369140625,
0.002685546875,
0.03564453125,
-0.000904083251953125,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0289306640625,
0.037109375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0322265625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0004215240478515625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00860595703125,
0.00726318359375,
0.042236328125,
0.016357421875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.005950927734375,
0.021728515625,
0.006988525390625,
-0.013671875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0036468505859375
] |
Churchill, J.
Defendant Means was convicted by a plea of guilty of robbery unarmed, contrary to MCLA 750.530; MSA 28.798, and received a sentence of 10 to 15 years. On appeal he claims all manner of error in connection with the way his sentence was determined and announced.
This defendant was one of the three participants in the crime who pled guilty to the same charge and were sentenced at the same time. His sentence was 10 to 15 years. The other two received minimum sentences of 6 and 12 years. One other participant in the crime was convicted by jury trial of robbery armed and received a sentence of 18 to 25 years.
His trial counsel did not ask to see a copy of the presentence report. Several months after being sentenced his appellate counsel moved the trial court to grant access to the report. This motion was denied. It is unnecessary for us to determine if his appellate counsel had a right to examine the report. If it was asserted that such a right existed and further, that access to the report was necessary to properly prepare an appeal, the appropriate remedy would have been to seek it by filing an appropriate motion in the Court of Appeals, just as would have been done, for example, if the trial court denied appellate counsel access to the circuit court file. It is our determination that denial of a postsentence motion to produce the presentence report for examination does not entitle the defendant to have his sentence vacated, which is the relief sought by reason of the alleged error.
The defendant’s claim that a 10- to 15-year sentence for robbery unarmed constitutes cruel and unusual punishment is equally without merit. See, People v Gunn, 34 Mich App 106; 190 NW2d 793 (1971), and the cases cited therein.
The last sentence of the indeterminate sentence statute, MCLA 769.8; MSA 28.1080, which is quoted in full in People v Moore, 40 Mich App 383, 386; 198 NW2d 775, 777 (1972), requires the sentencing judge to state certain facts on the record at the time of sentencing. We do not find that any sentence has been vacated on appeal for failure to comply with this rather ambiguously expressed requirement. In People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 570; 208 NW2d 504, 511 (1973), it is suggested that the purpose of this requirement has been supplanted, in part at least, by the presentence report. In any event the court did explain the reason for imposing substantial prison terms, which was the nature of the crime itself. The entire record of the several cases discloses that the offense included the pistol-whipping of a nonresisting elderly couple in their home. It may be inferred from the court’s remarks that variations in sentences were based in large part on the court’s determination as to the degree of participation and culpability of the several robbers. We find no error in the manner in which the court administered the defendant’s sentence.
The defendant claims that the court abused its discretion, denied him equal protection of the law, and denied him due process by making an undis closed factual determination with respect to the degree of the defendant’s participation and that this error was aggravated because the sources of information taken into consideration by the court were undisclosed. Without doubt a principal source of information available to the court was the presentence report. As already stated, timely requests for it were not made to either the trial court or to this Court. The court was probably influenced by testimony heard at the above-mentioned jury trial. The defendant had two opportunities to tell his version to the court, once when he pled guilty and again when he was sentenced. He unquestionably had the opportunity to communicate information to the court through the probation officer. In any event the court’s factual determination with respect to details of the crime and his discretion in determining the minimum prison sentence to be imposed are not subject to appellate review.
The conviction and sentence are affirmed.
All concurred. | [
0.0013580322265625,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.00048828125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.040283203125,
0.060546875,
0.034912109375,
-0.005157470703125,
0.019775390625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.03857421875,
0.01806640625,
0.006103515625,
0.0101318359375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0013275146484375,
-0.03125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.00177001953125,
0.01177978515625,
0.07080078125,
0.050537109375,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.02490234375,
0.04345703125,
-0.05517578125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0037841796875,
0.0267333984375,
0.01043701171875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.00714111328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.036865234375,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.0023193359375,
0.013671875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00299072265625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0003147125244140625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0380859375,
0.041748046875,
0.015869140625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.003875732421875,
0.03466796875,
-0.001953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.018798828125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0234375,
0.002532958984375,
0.015380859375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00045013427734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.03564453125,
0.004791259765625,
0.0225830078125,
0.01123046875,
0.03466796875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00537109375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.05712890625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.06787109375,
0.0302734375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0478515625,
0.01611328125,
0.0615234375,
-0.006591796875,
0.058349609375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.038330078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01953125,
0.00179290771484375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.004547119140625,
0.057861328125,
0.00787353515625,
0.04296875,
0.0027313232421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0390625,
0.00286865234375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0177001953125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.017578125,
0.03515625,
0.04052734375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.010009765625,
0.0030517578125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0225830078125,
0.04833984375,
0.042724609375,
0.07275390625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.035400390625,
-0.06591796875,
0.046142578125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0224609375,
0.040283203125,
0.004150390625,
0.020263671875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.014404296875,
0.0194091796875,
0.00109100341796875,
0.0478515625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0181884765625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.020263671875,
-0.00060272216796875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.045654296875,
0.0140380859375,
0.0283203125,
0.023193359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0283203125,
0.02294921875,
0.06396484375,
0.02685546875,
0.004302978515625,
0.041748046875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.046875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.04150390625,
-0.052734375,
0.0027313232421875,
0.0281982421875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.015869140625,
0.046875,
0.0005950927734375,
-0.048828125,
-0.003631591796875,
0.025146484375,
0.052978515625,
0.005859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.05615234375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.05615234375,
0.022705078125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.059814453125,
0.02001953125,
-0.06591796875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01129150390625,
0.02734375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.03857421875,
0.05908203125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01416015625,
0.0390625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0306396484375,
0.0145263671875,
0.034912109375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.01220703125,
0.0015106201171875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.014892578125,
0.0184326171875,
0.06689453125,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.03515625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.02734375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.04443359375,
0.007720947265625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.042724609375,
0.014404296875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0008087158203125,
0.03369140625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01611328125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0234375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.056640625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.052490234375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.059814453125,
0.01531982421875,
0.039306640625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.031982421875,
0.00015735626220703125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.001953125,
0.027587890625,
0.0390625,
0.01409912109375,
0.0361328125,
-0.03515625,
0.03759765625,
0.00064849853515625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0078125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.002960205078125,
-0.05810546875,
0.037109375,
0.03076171875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.018310546875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0390625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0086669921875,
0.03857421875,
-0.0703125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0830078125,
0.02099609375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.000141143798828125,
0.03173828125,
0.0155029296875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.031005859375,
0.01470947265625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0361328125,
0.04443359375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0498046875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.02783203125,
0.042236328125,
0.00341796875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.014404296875,
0.037841796875,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0230712890625,
0.04931640625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.044921875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.048828125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0400390625,
0.03857421875,
0.044677734375,
0.029052734375,
0.04052734375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.019775390625,
0.029052734375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.07275390625,
0.06591796875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0174560546875,
0.044921875,
0.0634765625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.016357421875,
0.049072265625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.016357421875,
0.057373046875,
0.03515625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.03125,
-0.02783203125,
0.029296875,
0.0004138946533203125,
0.026123046875,
-0.016357421875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.017333984375,
0.09765625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.001251220703125,
-0.010498046875,
0.029296875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0068359375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.07080078125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.057373046875,
0.010009765625,
0.0771484375,
-0.027587890625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00927734375,
0.045654296875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0224609375,
0.05859375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0225830078125,
0.021728515625,
-0.015625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0146484375,
0.008056640625,
0.01513671875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0185546875,
0.051513671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.02978515625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01202392578125,
0.0205078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.06640625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0078125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.021240234375,
0.025634765625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0322265625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.037841796875,
0.042724609375,
0.03662109375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.043212890625,
0.005706787109375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0003719329833984375,
0.006500244140625,
0.04248046875,
0.04052734375,
-0.042724609375,
0.000438690185546875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.04736328125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.044189453125,
0.00860595703125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0021820068359375,
0.0234375,
0.011962890625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.037109375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.014404296875,
0.0634765625,
0.0205078125,
0.025390625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.031005859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.045654296875,
0.0157470703125,
0.052001953125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0341796875,
0.033203125,
-0.0341796875,
0.03515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01611328125,
0.05712890625,
0.0244140625,
0.017333984375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0283203125,
-0.048828125,
0.03662109375,
0.07080078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0498046875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0245361328125,
0.04541015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.035888671875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.029541015625,
0.03369140625,
-0.004150390625,
0.038818359375,
0.0498046875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.021484375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0458984375,
0.03515625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.048828125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.008544921875,
0.0012054443359375,
0.00689697265625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.061767578125,
0.044189453125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0322265625,
0.0224609375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0400390625,
0.0068359375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.028564453125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00592041015625,
0.007171630859375,
0.0306396484375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.103515625,
0.001922607421875,
0.0498046875,
0.03369140625,
0.021484375,
-0.061279296875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.003814697265625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0390625,
0.0167236328125,
0.00799560546875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01806640625,
0.059814453125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.000461578369140625,
-0.043212890625,
0.021240234375,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0069580078125,
0.0185546875,
0.015625,
-0.003173828125,
0.0096435546875,
0.013427734375,
0.029052734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.001678466796875,
0.0299072265625,
0.006591796875,
0.0012054443359375,
0.0016021728515625,
0.0123291015625,
0.025390625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0101318359375,
0.016845703125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.05029296875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.004791259765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.003875732421875,
0.0040283203125,
0.01483154296875,
0.0732421875,
0.03271484375,
-0.01220703125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0302734375,
0.003997802734375,
0.0257568359375,
0.005157470703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0135498046875,
0.041748046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.00010395050048828125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.07373046875,
-0.043701171875,
0.03564453125,
0.049072265625,
0.0234375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0341796875,
0.03857421875,
0.022705078125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.040771484375,
-0.009033203125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.060546875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.054931640625,
0.00201416015625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.000888824462890625,
0.049072265625,
0.00189208984375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.048095703125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.04296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01263427734375,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0595703125,
0.020751953125,
0.05126953125,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0478515625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.00091552734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.00121307373046875,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.012451171875,
0.046142578125,
-0.04736328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.06396484375,
0.02734375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.02490234375,
0.0166015625,
0.007080078125,
0.0211181640625,
0.045654296875,
0.034912109375,
0.00830078125,
0.0244140625,
0.004852294921875,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.032958984375,
0.055419921875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.01806640625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.01171875,
-0.0074462890625,
0.04052734375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.013671875,
0.0556640625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.001800537109375,
0.016357421875,
0.025634765625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.006988525390625,
0.0302734375,
0.0244140625,
0.051513671875,
-0.048583984375,
0.00616455078125,
0.018798828125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.020751953125,
0.007354736328125,
0.02587890625,
-0.051025390625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.041015625,
0.01251220703125,
0.025634765625,
0.00958251953125,
0.02880859375,
0.01239013671875,
0.003448486328125,
0.0054931640625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.005859375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.005859375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0103759765625,
0.00689697265625,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0654296875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.039306640625,
0.0439453125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.027587890625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01080322265625,
0.029052734375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.000667572021484375,
0.004547119140625,
0.01123046875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.027587890625,
0.0205078125,
-0.06591796875,
0.271484375,
0.035888671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.037841796875,
0.0245361328125,
0.02880859375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0078125,
0.00885009765625,
0.031005859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.056884765625,
0.056884765625,
0.01104736328125,
0.04833984375,
0.03515625,
-0.046875,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.04052734375,
0.01171875,
-0.0537109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0234375,
0.0341796875,
0.05078125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.02685546875,
0.034423828125,
0.03125,
-0.025634765625,
0.003448486328125,
-0.034423828125,
0.02392578125,
-0.030029296875,
0.032470703125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0244140625,
0.033935546875,
-0.006866455078125,
0.01263427734375,
0.000316619873046875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.002838134765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0145263671875,
0.021240234375,
0.0537109375,
0.0101318359375,
0.052978515625,
0.0390625,
0.01953125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.001251220703125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.024658203125,
0.03271484375,
0.0198974609375,
0.00173187255859375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0556640625,
-0.045166015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0238037109375,
0.029052734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.056884765625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.031005859375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0069580078125,
-0.009521484375,
0.01458740234375
] |
T. M. Burns, J.
The facts of this case are not in dispute. On July 16, 1967, the plaintiffs were involved in an automobile collision with the defendant. As a result of the accident, plaintiffs filed a complaint against the defendant on April 24, 1970, two months before the statute of limitations expired. A copy of the summons and complaint was given to the sheriff for service on May 3, 1970. However, on May 5, 1970, the sheriff’s office returned the complaint and summons unserved with the explanation that the defendant had left Michigan in 1967 or 1968 and had taken up residence at Agüero #11, Buenos Aires, Argentina. In the meantime, on August 27, 1971, the Michigan Supreme Court decided the case of Buscaino v Rhodes, 385 Mich 474; 189 NW2d 202 (1971), which held that the filing of a complaint and not the service of process tolled statutes of limitations. Subsequently, on November 12, 1971, plaintiffs mailed a copy of the summons and complaint to the defendant at Lavelle 1430 in Buenos Aires and to the Michigan Secretary of State. A few days later both the defendant and the Secretary of State acknowledged receipt of the documents. Before trial, defendant moved for an accelerated judgment and for an order quashing the service of process and dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint. The circuit court granted the defendant’s motion on the grounds that "to wait 18 months to serve process, nearly 16 months after the running of the statute of limitations, by a method available to the plaintiffs throughout such periods of time invalidates the service under the non-resident statute obtained in this case”. Plaintiffs appeal.
At the time plaintiffs filed their complaint in 1970, MCLA 600.5856; MSA 27A.5856 provided that statutes of limitations were tolled when: (1) a complaint was filed and a copy of the summons and complaint were served on the defendant; (2) jurisdiction was otherwise obtained over the defendant; or (3) tolled for a maximum of 90 days past the expiration date where the complaint and summons were in good faith put into the hands of an officer for immediate service before the statute expired.
In the case at bar, plaintiffs had three years from the date of the accident in which to bring their action for the personal injuries allegedly incurred. MCLA 600.5805(7); MSA 27A.5805(7). However, during this period of time plaintiffs did not serve a copy of the summons and complaint upon the defendant, obtain jurisdiction over the defendant in any other manner, as for example through the long-arm statute pertaining to nonresident motorists, MCLA 257.403; MSA 9.2103, or accomplish service of process during the additional 90-day period. Therefore it is readily apparent that pursuant to the statute in effect at the time the complaint was filed, plaintiffs would be foreclosed from bringing suit for the failure to timely serve the defendant with notice of the suit via a copy of the summons and complaint.
As previously recounted, Buscaino v Rhodes, supra, held that MCLA 600.5856; MSA 27A.5856, discussed in the two preceding paragraphs, was superceded by GCR 1963, 102, and that the filing of a complaint with the court and not the service of process tolled statutes of limitations. Applying Buscaino retroactively plaintiffs argue that their suit was timely commenced in that the complaint was filed two months before the three-year statute of limitations expired thus permitting service of process on the defendant at any time, in this case 16 months after the statute of limitations expired.
Assuming but not deciding that Buscaino may be retroactively applied to suits where the complaint was filed before its decisional date in August of 1971, we are nonetheless convinced plaintiffs are foreclosed from pursuing their claim against the defendant. In Wright v Estate of Treichel, 47 Mich App 626, 629; 209 NW2d 806, 808 (1973), where a similar issue concerning the effect of Buscaino was presented, we stated:
"[W]e do not read Buscaino as standing for the proposition that the filing of a complaint will indefinitely suspend the operation of a statute of limitations. Rather, we construe Buscaino as holding that once a complaint has been filed within the time limits prescribed by a statute of limitations, service of the summons and complaint may be made within a reasonable time after the period provided in the statute for timely commencing an action. To interpret Buscaino otherwise, that is, permitting service of process at any future date without limitation, would inescapably create the very problem sought to be eradicated by statutes of limitations, namely, the litigation of stale claims.”
The foregoing interpretation of Buscaino is buttressed by the fact that the Michigan Supreme Court, apparently recognizing that a literal reading of the case would allow a plaintiff to file a complaint within the applicable statute of limitations and then wait ad infinitum before serving process, added several provisions to GCR 1963, 102, effective July 1, 1972, which state that no summons is valid for longer than 180 days and that actions are to be dismissed without prejudice where a defendant was not served or did not file any pleading within 180 days from the date the complaint was filed. Thus in suits arising after July 1, 1972, the question posed by the instant case relating to the timeliness of service of process has been resolved. We note in passing that although the 180-day provisions of the court rule were not in effect at the time plaintiffs commenced their action, service of process was not effectuated on the defendant within 180 days after the complaint was filed.
Applying Buscaino to the case at bar our question narrows to whether the plaintiffs effectuated service of process on the defendant within a reasonable time.
Plaintiffs did not serve the defendant until 16 months after the statute of limitations expired. During this time a means was available to obtain jurisdiction over the defendant. MCLA 257.403(a); MSA 9.2103(a) provided in relevant part:
"Service of summons in any action against a person, who at the time of such service is a nonresident of this state, growing out of any accident or collision in which such person may have been involved while operating a motor vehicle upon a public highway of this state * * * may be made upon the secretary of state * * * with the same legal force as is served upon him personally within this state.”
Service of the summons may be accomplished by either mailing or delivering a copy of the summons to the Michigan Secretary of State and by either personally serving or mailing notice thereof to the defendant accompanied by a copy of the summons. This statute is applicable to nonresident defendants living in a foreign country. Holland v Ittner, 16 Mich App 547; 168 NW2d 476 (1969).
Moreover plaintiffs have not shown that they were materially hindered in effecting service of process on the defendant. During the 16 months in question plaintiffs knew that the defendant resided in Argentina and were informed of an address where he could be reached. Although the defendant changed his address while residing in Argentina, there is no indication that mail addressed to the defendant would not have been forwarded by the Argentine postal authorities or that plaintiffs were unable to locate the defendant through reasonable diligence.
Therefore in view of the fact a means was available to obtain jurisdiction over the defendant and since plaintiffs have not presented a sufficient reason to justify the 16-month delay in utilizing this means, it is our opinion that under the rationale of Buscaino v Rhodes, supra, plaintiffs’ delay in serving the defendant was unreasonable and thus they obtained no jurisdiction over the defendant.
As discussed throughout this opinion whether we apply the statute in effect at the time plaintiffs filed the complaint (MCLA 600.5856; MSA 27A.5856), the Buscaino case, or the subsequent additions to GCR 1963, 102, plaintiffs have failed to give proper and timely notice of the suit to the defendant and thus have likewise failed to obtain jurisdiction over the defendant. Therefore the circuit court did not err by dismissing the plaintiffs’ suit.
Plaintiffs also argue that pursuant to MCLA 600.5853; MSA 27A.5853 the three-year statute of limitations was tolled in any event since the defendant was absent from the state for more than two months. Plaintiffs’ position is untenable. While it is true that the statute provides that "any and all periods of absence in excess of 2 months at any time shall not be counted as any part of the time limited for the commencement of the action” the statute is limited and does not come into operation where "while he [defendant] was outside of this state a means for service of process sufficient to vest the jurisdiction of a Michigan court over him was available to the plaintiff”. Here, as discussed earlier, MCLA 257.403(a); MSA 9.2103(a) relating to serving a nonresident motorist was available to the plaintiffs to vest a Michigan court with jurisdiction over the defendant. Therefore MCLA 600.5853; MSA 27A.5853 relied on by the plaintiffs will not operate to toll the three-year statute of limitations. Hammel v Bettison, 362 Mich 396; 107 NW2d 887 (1961).
We are not unmindful that it is preferable to adjudicate a case upon its merits rather than by summary procedures. However, under the circumstances of this case, we are persuaded that the circuit court did not err by granting defendant’s motion for an accelerated judgment and dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint.
Affirmed.
All concurred. | [
-0.0252685546875,
0.01611328125,
0.0107421875,
0.04931640625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0016021728515625,
0.07666015625,
0.04052734375,
0.001434326171875,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.01708984375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.00482177734375,
0.033935546875,
-0.020751953125,
0.016845703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0126953125,
0.0634765625,
0.041748046875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.050048828125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.06689453125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0294189453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.024658203125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.061767578125,
0.0220947265625,
0.008544921875,
0.0302734375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0208740234375,
0.01513671875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0203857421875,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.02685546875,
0.02392578125,
0.0167236328125,
0.016845703125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.01214599609375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0087890625,
0.0169677734375,
0.025390625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.05224609375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.03955078125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0185546875,
0.000823974609375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.042724609375,
0.04736328125,
-0.030517578125,
0.003662109375,
0.06005859375,
0.0146484375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.00146484375,
0.011474609375,
-0.049560546875,
0.0047607421875,
0.050537109375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0478515625,
-0.0166015625,
0.01806640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.033203125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0025634765625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01806640625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.040283203125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.05712890625,
0.0108642578125,
0.0419921875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.0274658203125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.04638671875,
0.05078125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.048828125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01275634765625,
0.01116943359375,
0.0098876953125,
0.03173828125,
0.0289306640625,
0.0390625,
0.01458740234375,
0.0205078125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.05517578125,
0.000946044921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.03515625,
0.020263671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.02734375,
-0.044921875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.00836181640625,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.005096435546875,
0.0166015625,
0.036865234375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.06201171875,
0.028564453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.05712890625,
-0.01513671875,
0.027587890625,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.016357421875,
0.057861328125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.060546875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0257568359375,
0.01007080078125,
0.00335693359375,
0.032470703125,
0.0185546875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.030517578125,
0.06787109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0166015625,
0.07080078125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.026123046875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0185546875,
0.002044677734375,
0.037109375,
-0.056396484375,
0.020263671875,
-0.027099609375,
0.026611328125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.03759765625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0023345947265625,
0.01422119140625,
0.017333984375,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.00836181640625,
0.01336669921875,
0.01336669921875,
0.048095703125,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.02099609375,
0.02783203125,
0.0023193359375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.002349853515625,
0.01177978515625,
0.033203125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.07177734375,
0.006103515625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0186767578125,
0.032470703125,
0.017822265625,
0.034423828125,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.061279296875,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0224609375,
0.017822265625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.019775390625,
-0.01806640625,
0.04345703125,
0.036376953125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.016845703125,
0.002532958984375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0810546875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0751953125,
0.006744384765625,
0.01171875,
0.0000033676624298095703,
0.019775390625,
0.01806640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.018310546875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.021484375,
-0.00469970703125,
0.00113677978515625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.033203125,
0.04248046875,
0.0048828125,
-0.017333984375,
0.060546875,
0.01611328125,
-0.00390625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.017333984375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.018798828125,
0.031982421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0126953125,
0.0191650390625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.061767578125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.058349609375,
0.0152587890625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.000675201416015625,
0.01470947265625,
0.011962890625,
-0.010009765625,
0.043212890625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.051513671875,
0.058349609375,
0.031982421875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0390625,
0.00193023681640625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0078125,
0.021484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.09423828125,
0.0294189453125,
0.01312255859375,
0.045166015625,
0.038818359375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.00823974609375,
0.017333984375,
0.023193359375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0390625,
0.003875732421875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.037109375,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.04296875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.07275390625,
0.01385498046875,
0.028564453125,
0.01446533203125,
0.013427734375,
0.0277099609375,
0.029052734375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.044189453125,
0.06494140625,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03173828125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.003936767578125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.013671875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0147705078125,
0.0205078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.037109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.042236328125,
0.041015625,
0.06005859375,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.04541015625,
-0.000141143798828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.004119873046875,
0.06884765625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0003604888916015625,
0.01397705078125,
0.0308837890625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.039794921875,
-0.06396484375,
0.052734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.078125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0458984375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0220947265625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.024658203125,
0.03466796875,
0.006591796875,
0.00494384765625,
0.04345703125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.016845703125,
0.003631591796875,
0.01470947265625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.04736328125,
-0.044189453125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0145263671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0830078125,
-0.03515625,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.02587890625,
0.006072998046875,
0.0220947265625,
0.029296875,
0.033203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03955078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0111083984375,
0.0115966796875,
0.017578125,
0.05078125,
0.02392578125,
0.037353515625,
0.018798828125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.07373046875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.047607421875,
0.008056640625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.000690460205078125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.062255859375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0439453125,
0.03271484375,
0.0322265625,
-0.001373291015625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.06640625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0052490234375,
0.024169921875,
0.01422119140625,
0.050537109375,
0.01953125,
0.033203125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00182342529296875,
-0.0498046875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0234375,
-0.037353515625,
0.02294921875,
0.037109375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.076171875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.003173828125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.0576171875,
-0.01806640625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0576171875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.036376953125,
0.015869140625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.002532958984375,
0.0101318359375,
0.0400390625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.033203125,
-0.06787109375,
0.03369140625,
0.010986328125,
0.01904296875,
0.05615234375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.057373046875,
0.00537109375,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.038330078125,
0.0302734375,
-0.03662109375,
0.01190185546875,
0.048583984375,
-0.00038909912109375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03173828125,
0.00628662109375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0216064453125,
0.037353515625,
0.00732421875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.02880859375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.044921875,
0.027099609375,
0.03076171875,
0.026611328125,
0.000579833984375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0002841949462890625,
0.05712890625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0576171875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.037841796875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.025390625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.02294921875,
0.019775390625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.064453125,
0.030517578125,
0.00787353515625,
0.0439453125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.046142578125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.033203125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.016845703125,
0.014892578125,
0.037841796875,
0.021728515625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.031494140625,
-0.043701171875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02978515625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.007568359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.044921875,
0.0283203125,
-0.008544921875,
0.01202392578125,
0.02294921875,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.07763671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.03515625,
0.0128173828125,
0.0107421875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.03369140625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.00994873046875,
0.039794921875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.000743865966796875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.02001953125,
0.041748046875,
0.0390625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.04296875,
0.010009765625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.044921875,
0.04150390625,
0.038330078125,
0.005889892578125,
0.00653076171875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.060546875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.064453125,
-0.028564453125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.007568359375,
0.0002155303955078125,
0.021484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.061767578125,
0.01251220703125,
0.005279541015625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.064453125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.068359375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.04296875,
-0.01806640625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.06982421875,
0.012939453125,
0.032958984375,
0.006011962890625,
0.000396728515625,
0.022705078125,
-0.06396484375,
0.002960205078125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0255126953125,
0.00592041015625,
0.0311279296875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.04443359375,
0.03955078125,
0.017822265625,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0126953125,
0.04296875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.042724609375,
0.0089111328125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.04052734375,
0.024169921875,
0.002166748046875,
-0.006195068359375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.02734375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.01708984375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.05078125,
0.017578125,
0.00830078125,
0.02685546875,
0.01153564453125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0015869140625,
0.03857421875,
0.003173828125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.006317138671875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0068359375,
0.01385498046875,
0.041015625,
0.016845703125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.046875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0012664794921875,
0.0311279296875,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.054931640625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.003173828125,
0.0234375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.017822265625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.01904296875,
-0.033203125,
-0.052978515625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.03125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02490234375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00014972686767578125,
-0.009765625,
-0.05322265625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.03173828125,
0.023681640625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.048828125,
-0.0859375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0015869140625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0303955078125,
0.009033203125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0419921875,
0.06298828125,
0.01556396484375,
0.0223388671875,
0.01214599609375,
0.045654296875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.05517578125,
0.00946044921875,
0.01025390625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01171875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.00167083740234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.04638671875,
0.009765625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0074462890625,
0.004730224609375,
0.03662109375,
-0.05615234375,
0.28125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0546875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.057373046875,
0.007232666015625,
0.0247802734375,
0.01708984375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00014209747314453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.027099609375,
0.01171875,
-0.017333984375,
0.08642578125,
0.048095703125,
0.009521484375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.002471923828125,
0.038330078125,
0.0169677734375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0303955078125,
0.02294921875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.033447265625,
0.00885009765625,
0.030029296875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0546875,
0.05859375,
-0.025634765625,
0.039794921875,
0.0079345703125,
0.018310546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0224609375,
0.036376953125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00762939453125,
0.049072265625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.001373291015625,
0.02978515625,
0.0185546875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.044189453125,
0.0234375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0311279296875,
0.029052734375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0048828125,
0.033935546875,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.04296875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.00384521484375
] |
D. E. Holbrook, Jr., P.J.
Plaintiff appeals by leave granted from the lower court’s decision holding that its perfected security interest was subordinate to defendant Bank’s right of setoff. The debtor, Artistic Furniture Company, owed both plaintiff and defendant. When funds were mistakenly deposited in Artistic’s account at defendant Bank, rather than being sent to plaintiff, the bank exercised its right of setoff. It is undisputed that plaintiff had a perfected security interest and that the funds were proceeds. On appeal plaintiff argues that it was error to grant the right of setoff priority.
The trial court based its holding on MCL 440.9104(i); MSA 19.19104(f), which provides that:
"Sec. 9104. This article does not apply:
"(i) To any right of setoff * *
Although no Michigan cases have interpreted this section, there are two views as to its meaning. The majority view is that § 9104(i) is only intended to relieve banks from having to complete the filing requirements of Article 9 in order to create a right of setoff. The minority view holds that the provision is intended to exclude setoffs from all of the Article 9 provisions, including the priority sections. See Anno: Effect of UCC Article 9 upon conflict, as to funds in debtor’s bank account, between secured creditor and bank claiming right of setoff, 3 ALR4th 998. After careful review, we believe that the majority view is the better reasoned. In discussing the identical provision of the Georgia Uniform Commercial Code (Code), the 11th Circuit stated that:
"While the language is plain enough, the conclusion that this section removes from operation of the Code any controversy between a set-off and a secured party is not warranted by the narrow purpose this provision was intended to serve. Professor Gilmore, a principal reporter for Article Nine of the Code, gives this explanation for the set-off exclusion:
" 'This exclusion is an apt example of the absurdities which result when draftsmen attempt to appease critics by putting into a statute something that is not in any sense wicked but is hopelessly irrelevant. Of course, a right of set-off is not a security interest and has never been confused with one: the statute might as appropriately exclude fan dancing. A bank’s right to set-off against a depositor’s account is often loosely referred to as a "banker’s lien,” but the "lien” usage has never led anyone to think that the bank held a security interest in the bank account. Banking groups were, however, concerned lest someone, someday, might think that a bank’s right of set-off, because it was called a lien, was a security interest. Hence, the exclusion, which does no harm except to the dignity and self-respect of the draftsmen.’ Gilmore, Security Interest in Personal Property (1965), at 315-316.” Griffin v Continental American Life Ins Co, 722 F2d 671, 673 (CA 11, 1984).
Thus, we believe that the purpose of § 9104(i) was not intended to remove commercial transactions or conflicts from the operation of the Code whenever the priority of a setoff is involved. See Citizens National Bank of Whitley County v Mid-States Development Co, Inc, 177 Ind App 548; 380 NE2d 1243 (1978); Anderson, Clayton & Co v First American Bank of Erick, Oklahoma, 614 P2d 1091 (Okla, 1980); Associates Discount Corp v Fidelity Union Trust Co, 111 NJ Super 353; 268 A2d 330 (1970), and National Acceptance Co of America v Virginia Capital Bank, 498 F Supp 1078 (ED Va, 1980).
We acknowledge that there is no specific priority provision that addresses this conflict. However, underlying the complex provisions of the Code is the keystone rule found at MCL 440.9201; MSA 19.9201 which provides that:
"Sec. 9201. Except as otherwise provided by this act a security agreement is effective according to its terms between the parties against purchasers of the collateral and against creditors.”
The effect of this provision is to give priority to the Article 9 secured party over "anyone, anywhere, anyhow” except as provided in the Code. Citizens National Bank, supra, and White & Summers, Handbook of the Law Under the Uniform Commercial Code (1972), at 901 and Griffin, supra, p 673. There being nothing else in the Code to resolve the priority conflict, §9201 is controlling. As a general unsecured creditor, defendant’s claim of setoff should be subordinated to the perfected security interest asserted by plaintiff.
"The secured party should be able to rely on compliance with the Code’s requirements for perfection and search of the public recording system as against the unrecorded interest of a party asserting set-off rights. Were this otherwise, a secured party could not rely on recording but would be required to take additional steps to insure that he was accorded full protection.” Griffin, supra, pp 673-674.
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s decision.
Reversed. Costs to appellant.
MCL 440.9306; MSA 19.9306 defines proceeds:
"Sec. 9306. (1) 'Proceeds’ includes whatever is received upon the sale, exchange, collection or other disposition of collateral, or proceeds. Insurance payable by reason of loss or damage to the collateral is proceeds, except to the extent that it is payable to a person other than a party to the security agreement. Money, checks, deposit accounts, and the like are 'cash proceeds’. All other proceeds are 'noncash proceeds’.
"(2) Except where this article otherwise provides, a security interest continues in collateral notwithstanding sale, exchange or other disposition thereof * *
In characterizing the Bank as a general unsecured creditor we do not intend to diminish long-standing Michigan law which recognizes the special character of a bank’s right of setoff. We merely hold that there is no code provision that extends any special protection to the bank as against a perfected security interest. | [
-0.00726318359375,
0.0145263671875,
0.029296875,
0.03955078125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.034423828125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0556640625,
0.0194091796875,
0.012939453125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.037353515625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.040771484375,
0.05322265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.006683349609375,
0.0142822265625,
0.00836181640625,
0.001708984375,
0.0771484375,
0.03173828125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.033935546875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.000331878662109375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0111083984375,
0.02392578125,
0.07421875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0478515625,
-0.06689453125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0111083984375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.041015625,
0.003997802734375,
0.048828125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0439453125,
-0.034912109375,
0.02392578125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.022216796875,
0.005584716796875,
0.0341796875,
0.007171630859375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01171875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.00439453125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01806640625,
0.003875732421875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.000499725341796875,
-0.0003814697265625,
0.04736328125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.013916015625,
-0.04541015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.04296875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0024871826171875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0008392333984375,
0.004913330078125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.056640625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0194091796875,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0712890625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.041015625,
0.0361328125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0068359375,
0.05419921875,
0.007171630859375,
0.033203125,
0.0172119140625,
0.015869140625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.02197265625,
0.0283203125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0390625,
0.01556396484375,
0.006683349609375,
0.0201416015625,
0.048095703125,
0.0301513671875,
0.00830078125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01904296875,
0.06005859375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.0299072265625,
0.060302734375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.045166015625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0223388671875,
0.04296875,
0.029296875,
-0.00028228759765625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0054931640625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0027923583984375,
0.021240234375,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.033935546875,
0.016845703125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0093994140625,
0.007171630859375,
0.034912109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.000484466552734375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.023681640625,
0.032958984375,
0.049072265625,
0.031982421875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.017578125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.002410888671875,
0.01275634765625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.048583984375,
0.01239013671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.007720947265625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.0130615234375,
0.078125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0732421875,
0.07177734375,
0.0283203125,
0.00070953369140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0032958984375,
0.028076171875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.02099609375,
-0.037109375,
0.02685546875,
0.00107574462890625,
0.033203125,
0.0003528594970703125,
0.033447265625,
0.008544921875,
-0.009521484375,
0.026611328125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0018157958984375,
0.00836181640625,
0.00762939453125,
0.00095367431640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0115966796875,
0.009033203125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01025390625,
0.02490234375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0166015625,
0.017578125,
0.0111083984375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.02734375,
0.034912109375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0220947265625,
0.011474609375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01708984375,
0.019287109375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.048828125,
0.056640625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.03759765625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.000957489013671875,
0.059326171875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.009765625,
0.03271484375,
0.0308837890625,
0.019775390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.017578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.00121307373046875,
0.000797271728515625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00390625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0458984375,
0.0322265625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.03076171875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01806640625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.01416015625,
0.020751953125,
-0.002105712890625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.046875,
0.021484375,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.00799560546875,
0.01220703125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.08154296875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.023681640625,
0.003570556640625,
0.01611328125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0146484375,
0.028564453125,
-0.058837890625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.013427734375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00439453125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0225830078125,
0.002532958984375,
0.060302734375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0517578125,
0.045166015625,
0.021484375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.009033203125,
0.029541015625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.02734375,
-0.0498046875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0159912109375,
0.005828857421875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.011962890625,
0.03759765625,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.0390625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.021484375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.027587890625,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0380859375,
0.059326171875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.041015625,
-0.025390625,
0.02685546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.003448486328125,
0.040771484375,
0.0341796875,
0.007781982421875,
-0.025390625,
0.0003490447998046875,
-0.07763671875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.022216796875,
0.05322265625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0303955078125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.008544921875,
0.030029296875,
0.047119140625,
-0.00193023681640625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.001434326171875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.007171630859375,
0.00185394287109375,
0.00225830078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0751953125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0140380859375,
0.027099609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.05078125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.017578125,
0.00927734375,
0.00860595703125,
0.010009765625,
0.0247802734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.06689453125,
0.044921875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.059326171875,
-0.025390625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.050537109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.002716064453125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0017547607421875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.033447265625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.000888824462890625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.035888671875,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.01220703125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.001495361328125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.049560546875,
0.006072998046875,
0.00018215179443359375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.03125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00141143798828125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00439453125,
0.0203857421875,
0.03759765625,
0.0030517578125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.038818359375,
0.01708984375,
0.0096435546875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.00335693359375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03515625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.00390625,
0.06201171875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.01263427734375,
0.01123046875,
0.0888671875,
0.039794921875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.028076171875,
0.033935546875,
0.004974365234375,
0.039306640625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.025146484375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0458984375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.052490234375,
0.00048828125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0390625,
0.00038909912109375,
0.002227783203125,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.04736328125,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.037109375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.008056640625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.029296875,
0.026123046875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.05029296875,
0.0003147125244140625,
0.010498046875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0546875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0751953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.001708984375,
0.00787353515625,
0.00051116943359375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.052978515625,
0.017822265625,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0859375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.056640625,
0.021728515625,
0.00958251953125,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.06005859375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.016845703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.010986328125,
-0.046875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0108642578125,
0.07421875,
0.031005859375,
0.0302734375,
0.033203125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.006591796875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03515625,
0.015869140625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.05419921875,
0.047119140625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0068359375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.031982421875,
0.05810546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.01031494140625,
0.01251220703125,
0.058837890625,
0.021484375,
-0.026611328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.00010156631469726562,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0002307891845703125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.001434326171875,
0.036376953125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0107421875,
0.08984375,
-0.0380859375,
0.038330078125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0517578125,
0.0022735595703125,
0.026123046875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.005859375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0458984375,
0.056640625,
0.05078125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.029052734375,
0.021728515625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01123046875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.012939453125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0458984375,
0.018310546875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0234375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.06982421875,
0.006072998046875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.046630859375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.006500244140625,
0.026611328125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.006805419921875,
0.0234375,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.035400390625,
0.000335693359375,
0.005218505859375,
0.076171875,
0.08349609375,
0.013671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.05029296875,
0.034912109375,
0.01708984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0712890625,
0.041015625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0107421875,
0.01171875,
-0.000675201416015625,
0.02099609375,
0.018310546875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0089111328125,
0.07177734375,
-0.048828125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.027099609375,
0.00994873046875,
0.01385498046875,
0.02099609375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.060791015625,
0.040283203125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0145263671875,
0.00021648406982421875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.02099609375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0634765625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00439453125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.037353515625,
0.05615234375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.01318359375,
0.0286865234375,
0.05712890625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.046630859375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.026123046875,
0.013671875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00021648406982421875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0771484375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0031585693359375,
0.0263671875,
0.01953125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0235595703125,
0.028076171875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.044921875,
0.00191497802734375,
0.020263671875,
0.059814453125,
0.004638671875,
0.007568359375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0576171875,
-0.002227783203125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0859375,
0.0002803802490234375,
0.01806640625,
0.058837890625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0380859375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0390625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0169677734375,
0.029541015625,
0.037109375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.027099609375,
0.047607421875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0025634765625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.046875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0008697509765625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.005584716796875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.041259765625,
0.0196533203125,
0.029296875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.025146484375,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.057861328125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0810546875,
-0.023193359375,
0.0198974609375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.03271484375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0125732421875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.005828857421875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.01220703125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.00064849853515625,
-0.041015625,
-0.05126953125,
0.06494140625,
0.040283203125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.044921875,
0.03369140625,
-0.050048828125,
0.30078125,
-0.003173828125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.017333984375,
0.016357421875,
0.061767578125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0013885498046875,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.037841796875,
0.0167236328125,
0.027099609375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.020263671875,
0.06396484375,
0.0277099609375,
0.039794921875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0830078125,
0.0380859375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.03564453125,
0.026611328125,
0.022216796875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.023681640625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0245361328125,
0.046875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.035400390625,
0.033203125,
0.0361328125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0111083984375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.002197265625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.00823974609375,
0.02197265625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.01287841796875,
0.04296875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.03125,
0.023193359375,
0.010986328125,
0.032470703125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.041015625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0257568359375,
0.04931640625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.05615234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00439453125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0145263671875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.0108642578125
] |
Allen, J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from a June 1984 order of the circuit court for Kent County which (1) denied plantifFs motion for partial summary judgment on plaintiff’s action for a declaratory judgment against defendant and (2) granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment in favor of defendant. The question presented is both novel and of first impression._
Plaintiff, a student at Michigan State University, suffered a broken leg with resultant surgery when he struck the ground on October 15, 1983, after an otherwise successful first parachute jump. Defendant is the insurer which had issued a group student accident and sickness policy. Defendant denied plaintiff’s claim on grounds that plaintiff was not insured under the policy at the time of the accident and that defendant was exempt from liability because of exlusion (j) in the policy. Plaintiff then filed this action seeking a declaratory judgment against defendant insurer.
Opposing motions for summary judgment were filed with respect to exclusion (j). The issue of whether plaintiff was insured at the time of the accident was not raised in the motions because that issue became irrelevant if the injury was excluded under the policy. Exclusion (j) reads in relevant part:
"No benefits are payable under the policy for:
"(j) Injuries sustained while in or on, or entering or leaving any kind of aircraft, except as a passenger in a duly licensed passenger aircraft provided by a scheduled airline and flown by a pilot duly licensed to operate such aircraft.”
A hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment was held June 14, 1984, at which time the scope of exclusion (j) was argued. Following argument, the trial court granted defendant’s motion and denied plaintiff’s motion, the court stating:
"The language in the policy which says no benefits are payable under the policy for injury sustained while in or on, or entering or leaving any kind of aircraft are not ambiguous. I do not give it overall the broad interpretations that have been presented. They are very interesting but I think the word leaving has a general meaning either departing from, going away or exiting or separating oneself from something: leaving a room, leaving a house.
"I think here the plaintiff while flying in this aircraft from which he was to parachute jump, when he obviously went to and jumped from the side door, open door, he was leaving an aircraft, a kind of aircraft that does not provide such coverage.
"I don’t find that the Court engage in anything but the normal and reasonable meaning of this clause. By the same token I am not sure; it possibly could have been clearer as it is in all contracts whether drafted by lawyers, companies, whatever. If more words had been put in such as descending or parachuting, jumping or whatever of course it would be made more clear and may have been more clear. But the fact that a contract clause can be made more clear does not of itself prove that the language used is unclear and ambiguous.”
An order effecting the court’s decision was entered on June 29, 1984, from which plaintiff now appeals as of right.
On appeal, defendant argues that insurance policies are to be construed "in accordance with the ordinary and popular sense of the language used”, Kinnavy v Traill, 56 Mich App 370, 375; 223 NW2d 741 (1974), and that the ordinary and polular meaning of the term "while in or on, or entering or leaving any* * *aircraft” includes at least until such time as firm contract with the ground is reestablished. In support of this position, defendant cites Cabell v World Service Life Ins Co, 599 SW2d 652, 653 (Tex App, 1980), which held that, where a person goes aloft for the purpose of making a parachute jump, his "participation in aviation continued until he returned to earth”. Defendant also relies on Krueger v Lumbermen’s Mu tual Casualty Co, 112 Mich App 511, 515; 316 NW2d 474 (1982), where this Court held that "an individual has not finished 'alighting’ from a vehicle at least until both feet are planted firmly on the ground”.
Defendant also argues that the trial court’s decision could also have appropriately been based on the theory that the parachute itself was an "aircraft” which the plaintiff was "in or on” at the time of injury. Most jurisdictions which have considered the question have found that parachutes, kites and gliders are aircraft or devices for aerial navigation. Edison v Reliable Life Ins Co, 664 F2d 1130 (CA 9, 1981); Deschler v Fireman’s Fund American Life Ins Co, 663 P2d 97 (Utah, 1983); Fireman’s Fund American Life Ins Co v Long, 148 Ga App 216; 251 SE2d 133 (1978); Smith v Mutual Benefit Health & Accident Ass’n, 175 Kan 68; 258 P2d 993 (1953).
Plaintiff contends that the language in exclusion (j) is ambiguous; that the injury did not occur "while leaving” the plane but occurred after plaintiff had separated himself from the aircraft and that defendant is attempting to expand the words "while leaving” to include "while descending from an aircraft” or "while parachuting or skydiving”. Plaintiff refers to the long established legal principle that where a policy contains an ambiguity it is to be construed in favor of the insured, particularly where the language is drawn by the insurer. Michigan Mutual Ins Co v Sunstrum, 111 Mich App 98, 102; 315 NW2d 154 (1981).
We hold for the plaintiff and reverse. While we agree that an insurance policy should be construed according to the ordinary meaning of the language used therein, we disagree that the phrase "while* * *leaving any kind of aircraft” commonly and ordinarily includes exiting a plane by parachute. Instead, we are persuaded that the language describes situations occurring where the aircraft has made a normal landing but during the exit from the plane a passenger trips while descending a stairway, walks into a propeller, or is struck by a vehicle servicing the plane. Likewise, the language includes situations arising where the aircraft has made a faulty or emergency landing and the passengers leave the plane under crash or emergency conditions. In each instance the plane has completed its flight and is at rest on the ground and the injury occurs during the passenger’s exit from the plane. In all such situations the passenger and the plane are in proximity to one another.
The phrase "injuries sustained while * * * entering or leaving any kind of aircraft” suggests both that the injury be suffered contemporaneously with the entering or leaving and in close proximity to the plane being entered or exited. Actual physical contact with the plane is not necessarily required, but close proximity is. Injuries sustained upon touching the ground by parachute occur thousands of feet from the aircraft from which the parachutist has jumped. Likewise, the injury occurs a substantial period of time after "leaving”. In the instant case there was neither close proximity nor contemporaneousness.
We also find exclusion (j) at best ambiguous. The ambiguity lies in the uncertainly as to whether "while leaving” means the time frame occurring immediately upon the act of leaving or whether it includes an appreciable length of time after immediate exit. Likewise, the language is unclear as to whether the "exit” must be while the plane is on the ground. Because no distinction in wording is made between "entering” and "leaving” and because "entering” must be during the period the plane is on the ground, it is only reasonable to conclude that "leaving” is restricted to periods during which the plane is at rest on the ground.
An ambiguous contract provision must be construed against the insurer/drafter and in favor of the insured. Kast v Citizens Mutual Ins Co, 125 Mich App 309; 336 NW2d 18 (1983); Usher v St Paul Fire & Marine Ins Co, 126 Mich App 443; 337 NW2d 351 (1983); Farm Bureau Mutual Ins Co of Michigan v Hoag, 136 Mich App 326; 356 NW2d 630 (1984); Reurink Bros Star Silo, Inc v Maryland Casualty Co, 131 Mich App 139; 345 NW2d 659 (1983). "[I]t is hornbook law that insurance contract ambiguity is construed against the drafter, the insurer.” Mays v Ins Co of North America, 407 Mich 165, 172; 284 NW2d 256 (1979).
In particular, exclusionary clauses in insurance policies are to be strictly construed against the insurer. Arrigo’s Fleet Service, Inc v Aetna Life & Casualty Co, 54 Mich App 482; 221 NW2d 206 (1974), lv den 392 Mich 812 (1974); Reurink Bros, supra.
In view of these principles of insurance policy construction, the lower court should have ruled that plaintiffs injury was not excluded from coverage under the ambiguous language of exclusion (j).
The trial court did not address defendant’s second argument, viz.: that plaintiffs parachute itself was an "aircraft” which plaintiff was "in or on” at the time of the injury, and, thus, the injury sustained falls within exclusion (j). As noted earlier, a majority of courts considering the issue have held that a parachute is an "aircraft”. Deschler, supra; Edison, supra. Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary defines "aircraft” as "weight-carrying struc ture for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces”. Similarly, the statutory definition of "aircraft” under Michigan’s Aeronautics Code, MCL 259.1 et seq.; MSA 10. 101 et seq., is: "Any contrivance now know, or hereafter invented, used, or designed for navigation of or flight in the air.” MCL 259.4; MSA 10.104. Under such a definition, a parachute could be considered an aircraft.
However, "aircraft” is not universally, or even commonly, defined to include parachutes. Black’s Law Dictionary (rev 4th ed.), defines "aircraft” as follows:
"Any contrivance used, or designed for navigation of or flight in the air, except a parachute or other contrivance designed for such navigation but used primarily as safety equipment. 49 USCA §§ 171-184.”
If insurance policy language is susceptible to two different reasonable interpretations, the construction most favorable to the insured should be adopted. E.g., Arrigo’s Fleet Service, Inc, supra. People do not commonly categorize a "parachute” as an "aircraft”. It is reasonable and common to define "parachutes” and "aircraft” as distinct subjects. Accordingly, we reject defendant’s second argument.
In conclusion, we find that defendant could have excluded, but did not specifically exclude, skydiving or parachute jumping or use any of the typical exclusionary language found in insurance contracts such as excluding "harm after completing a parachute jump upon coming in contact with objects on the ground”, or excluding "using a device for aerial navigation”. 10 Couch on Insurance 2d, 41:569-573. The June 29, 1984, order granting summary judgment for defendant is reversed and the cause is remanded to the circuit court for entry of an order granting plaintiffs motion for partial summary judgment. Further discovery and trial on the merits on the question of whether plaintiff was covered by the insurance policy at the time of the injury is still pending. That issue was not raised in the instant appeal.
Reversed and remanded. Costs to plaintiff.
Two jurisdictions have held to the contrary. Childress v Continental Casualty Co, 461 F Supp 704 (ED La, 1978); Clark v Lone Star Life Ins Co, 347 SW2d 290 (Tex App, 1961). | [
-0.0194091796875,
-0.018310546875,
0.00151824951171875,
0.046875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.017578125,
0.00927734375,
0.0478515625,
0.0289306640625,
0.004241943359375,
0.05078125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.02587890625,
0.01953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0002593994140625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.007080078125,
0.01611328125,
-0.028564453125,
0.035888671875,
-0.013916015625,
0.06689453125,
0.035400390625,
0.004791259765625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0244140625,
0.031982421875,
0.052978515625,
-0.07275390625,
0.0011444091796875,
0.00897216796875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.000164031982421875,
0.041015625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.048095703125,
-0.034423828125,
0.03271484375,
-0.01611328125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0147705078125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.01123046875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00421142578125,
0.00146484375,
-0.06787109375,
0.037353515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.042724609375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.016845703125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.006195068359375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.041748046875,
0.046875,
0.0126953125,
0.03125,
0.01953125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.038818359375,
0.060791015625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.05517578125,
0.0174560546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.048828125,
0.026123046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.04638671875,
0.04443359375,
0.003021240234375,
0.045166015625,
-0.018310546875,
0.051513671875,
0.0009765625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.013671875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.05078125,
0.0284423828125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0556640625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.026123046875,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0234375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.004669189453125,
0.0390625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0218505859375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.01806640625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.0224609375,
0.0654296875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0703125,
0.01416015625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0223388671875,
0.01513671875,
0.03662109375,
0.01116943359375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.003692626953125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.00634765625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0419921875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.002655029296875,
0.00823974609375,
0.052490234375,
0.005859375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.03271484375,
0.03662109375,
0.06787109375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.020751953125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0234375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.003692626953125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0048828125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.046142578125,
0.027099609375,
0.006561279296875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.003173828125,
0.03466796875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.02783203125,
0.00592041015625,
0.056640625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.072265625,
0.036865234375,
0.01019287109375,
0.00341796875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.059326171875,
0.01068115234375,
0.006103515625,
0.00482177734375,
0.02001953125,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.033935546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.03564453125,
0.004974365234375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01171875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.000514984130859375,
0.0830078125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.01611328125,
0.01434326171875,
0.01239013671875,
0.0556640625,
0.033203125,
-0.010498046875,
0.03466796875,
0.056640625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.01019287109375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.040283203125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.01171875,
-0.003509521484375,
0.04052734375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.06640625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0118408203125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.02294921875,
0.01611328125,
0.01904296875,
0.025634765625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.078125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.087890625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.06103515625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.011474609375,
0.03662109375,
-0.00007772445678710938,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0004100799560546875,
-0.08154296875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0341796875,
-0.047607421875,
0.037841796875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.048095703125,
0.005859375,
0.001708984375,
-0.0234375,
0.01708984375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.017578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0294189453125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.04931640625,
0.00628662109375,
0.019287109375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.0234375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.01904296875,
0.0146484375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0546875,
0.033203125,
0.01324462890625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.003875732421875,
0.00921630859375,
0.07373046875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0517578125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.02197265625,
0.00537109375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.016357421875,
0.00030517578125,
0.03271484375,
0.03466796875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.060546875,
0.036865234375,
0.00592041015625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01251220703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0576171875,
0.037109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0042724609375,
0.00830078125,
0.02001953125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.00634765625,
0.027587890625,
0.00191497802734375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.003875732421875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0830078125,
0.0537109375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0234375,
0.00946044921875,
0.037841796875,
0.031982421875,
0.01312255859375,
0.052978515625,
0.06494140625,
0.013671875,
-0.010009765625,
0.041748046875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.027587890625,
0.02734375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0189208984375,
0.00927734375,
0.0169677734375,
0.04931640625,
0.0458984375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0126953125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.025390625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.022705078125,
0.02197265625,
0.0185546875,
0.050537109375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.034423828125,
-0.05419921875,
0.02587890625,
0.010009765625,
0.0185546875,
0.00183868408203125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.002471923828125,
0.01348876953125,
0.056640625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0546875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.01019287109375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.046875,
0.03125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.072265625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.06689453125,
0.039306640625,
0.002960205078125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.03125,
0.026611328125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.06494140625,
-0.03955078125,
0.01904296875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.03515625,
0.0003871917724609375,
0.04296875,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.05908203125,
0.02490234375,
-0.0693359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.048095703125,
0.018310546875,
0.0162353515625,
0.002044677734375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01123046875,
0.04150390625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.017822265625,
0.000640869140625,
0.0228271484375,
0.00921630859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.064453125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.05029296875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0224609375,
0.035888671875,
0.0419921875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0380859375,
0.015625,
0.032470703125,
0.0260009765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00146484375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.03515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.05712890625,
0.030517578125,
0.01171875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00164794921875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.008544921875,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.043701171875,
0.028076171875,
0.06396484375,
0.00029754638671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.017333984375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.02783203125,
0.007080078125,
0.0089111328125,
0.02294921875,
0.015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.02734375,
0.028564453125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.06787109375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.005462646484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.013671875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.039306640625,
0.02734375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0537109375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.0002994537353515625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.05078125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.07958984375,
0.014892578125,
0.08349609375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.000518798828125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0205078125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00360107421875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.029296875,
0.01361083984375,
0.00103759765625,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.04150390625,
0.07763671875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0751953125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01708984375,
0.04833984375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0213623046875,
0.039794921875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.017578125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.06982421875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01806640625,
0.044921875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.023193359375,
0.0234375,
0.00183868408203125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.05126953125,
-0.0002422332763671875,
0.03515625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0220947265625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0198974609375,
0.053955078125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.042236328125,
0.00811767578125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.03173828125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0303955078125,
0.046630859375,
0.057373046875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0185546875,
0.02978515625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.003936767578125,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.056640625,
-0.000286102294921875,
0.046630859375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0030517578125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0048828125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01806640625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00543212890625,
0.00109100341796875,
0.02197265625,
0.0205078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0147705078125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00148773193359375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0021209716796875,
0.038330078125,
0.033447265625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.044677734375,
0.006805419921875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.015380859375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0038299560546875,
0.029541015625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0004730224609375,
0.029296875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0185546875,
0.0052490234375,
0.00201416015625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.064453125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0712890625,
0.05078125,
0.00830078125,
0.05908203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.010498046875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.020263671875,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0615234375,
0.042236328125,
0.0002651214599609375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.009765625,
0.045654296875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.004791259765625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.09521484375,
0.0019378662109375,
0.022216796875,
0.025146484375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.033935546875,
0.02099609375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.08251953125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.003387451171875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0093994140625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.021484375,
0.005218505859375,
0.020751953125,
0.05224609375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.03466796875,
0.0250244140625,
0.035888671875,
0.0107421875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0140380859375,
0.017578125,
0.057861328125,
-0.03125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.03662109375,
0.022705078125,
0.0029296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.007354736328125,
0.05029296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01495361328125,
0.02880859375,
0.01031494140625,
0.01519775390625,
0.03125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.05078125,
-0.0000629425048828125,
0.0322265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.013916015625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0234375,
-0.037109375,
0.037109375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.07080078125,
0.0159912109375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.03125,
-0.016357421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.024169921875,
0.035888671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0244140625,
0.0167236328125,
0.029052734375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.008544921875,
0.031494140625,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0220947265625,
0.041259765625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.047119140625,
-0.000072479248046875,
0.08203125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.007568359375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0537109375,
0.0234375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0703125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.01953125,
0.0419921875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.019287109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.029296875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0458984375,
0.032470703125,
0.003204345703125,
0.010009765625,
0.04931640625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.033203125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.015380859375,
0.013427734375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.021728515625,
0.01220703125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.0322265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.033203125,
0.003692626953125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0703125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0191650390625,
0.032470703125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0283203125,
0.2734375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.02392578125,
0.025634765625,
0.05322265625,
0.010498046875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.002197265625,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.000949859619140625,
0.018798828125,
0.020751953125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0390625,
0.007659912109375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.050537109375,
0.01361083984375,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.042724609375,
0.047607421875,
0.0157470703125,
0.016357421875,
-0.056396484375,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.06640625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.017578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0014190673828125,
-0.033203125,
0.054931640625,
0.07275390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.03515625,
0.039794921875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.022705078125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0048828125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0299072265625,
0.0211181640625,
0.046630859375,
0.031494140625,
0.019775390625,
-0.029296875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.005859375,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.08447265625,
0.0062255859375,
-0.013671875,
0.0281982421875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0262451171875,
0.01287841796875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.015380859375,
0.021728515625,
0.000331878662109375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.00872802734375,
0.02880859375,
0.006439208984375,
0.02734375,
-0.04296875
] |
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals by leave granted from an order of the Iron County Circuit Court which determined that the law of the State of Wisconsin would apply to the substantive issues in this litigation.
The litigation arose out of a fatal automobile collision which occurred on September 3, 1982, in Catawba Township, Wisconsin. Plaintiffs decedents, Henry Stier Iler and Mary Lou Iler, who were both Minnesota residents, were driving to northern Michigan via Wisconsin. Maureen Briggs was a passenger in the Iler vehicle. She was a Wisconsin resident. They were hit head-on by an automobile owned and operated by defendant’s decedent, Robin Brzoznowski. Robin Brzoznowski was a resident of Michigan, where his vehicle was also registered and insured. All four persons died in the collision.
Plaintiff, the daughter of the Hers, was appointed administrator of their estates by a Minne sota probate court, and attempted to bring suit against Brozoznowski’s estate in Minnesota. She was rebuffed, however, the Minnesota court holding that the only relationship Brzoznowski had with that state was that his insurance was issued by United States Fidelity and Guarantee Company, which did business in Minnesota. The court held that Minnesota venue was improper.
Plaintiff then instituted the instant action against defendant, a Michigan resident, who had been appointed administrator of Brozoznowski’s estate.
Faced with three possible choices of law, Minnesota, Wisconsin or Michigan, plaintiff filed a motion for declaratory judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 521 (now MCR 2.605) as to whether Michigan or Wisconsin law was applicable to the substantive issues raised in the litigation between plaintiff and defendant. After a hearing, the trial court held that under the circumstances of the case, the doctrine of lex loci delicti required that Wisconsin law be applied to the substantive issues. The doctrine of lex loci delicti provides that the law of the place of the wrong governs the cause of action. Plaintiff claims that the law of Michigan, lex fori, the law of the forum, should apply.
The choice of law question is of significance to both parties as neither Michigan nor Minnesota have relevant limits on the award of damages in a wrongful death action, while Wisconsin has a limitation of$25,000.
Michigan applied the doctrine of lex loci delicti at least as early as 1894, Wingert v Wayne Circuit Judge, 101 Mich 395; 59 NW 662 (1894), and for decades thereafter. In Abendschein v Farrell, 382 Mich 510; 170 NW2d 137 (1969), a unanimous Michigan Supreme Court declined an invitation to take a more "modern” approach and move the jurisprudence of this state away from the rule of lex loci delicti, stating:
"That rule has been settled unanimously, understood thoroughly, and thought to be as fair to all affected thereby as man might reasonable conceive unless, of course, we are to make equity causes out of law actions. In a word, the law applicable to the present reviewed question is the rule stare decisis, a rule all of us are supposed to follow save only when persuasion leads to abiding conviction that some undeniable better rule is available for proper supersession. There is no such persuasion, since the quagmire of unanswered and perceivable unanswerable questions arising out of the proposed new doctrine appears less attractive than our admittedly hard and fast — and occasionally unjust, it is true — rule that the law of the place of the wrong is applied when the forum is a Michigan court.” Abendschein, supra, p 516.
Thirteen years later, however, in Sexton v Ryder Truck Rental, Inc, 413 Mich 406; 320 NW2d 843 (1982), the Court re-examined the question of whether adherence to lex loci delicti should continue. The Court noted that, despite the reputed advantages of the lex loci rule, "modern scholars and about half or more of the states have rejected its rigidity since the rule often produced obvious rather than just results through its failure to consider the interests of other jurisdictions in the litigated matter”. Sexton, supra, p 421-423. The Sexton Court retreated significantly from the lex loci doctrine and pointed out that slavish devotion to the rigidity of that doctrine is no longer the reasonable policy to follow or the generally accepted law in the United States. The Sexton Court concluded that the trial court’s grants of summary judgment based on lex loci delicti were in error.
Since none of the opinions in Sexton garnered a majority of the justices, however, no clear "rule” for choice of law in tort cases was ascertainable from that decision. This Court, in the subsequent case of Smith v Pierpont, 123 Mich App 33, 36-38; 333 NW2d 165 (1983), recognized this fact in analyzing the Sexton, holding:
"Three distinct attitudes toward the doctrine emerged in Sexton, none of which garnered a majority of the justices. Justice Williams, with Justices Levin and Moody concuring, would hold that when two residents, or two corporations doing business in the state, or any combination thereof, are involved in an accident in another state, the forum would apply its own law. Sexton, p 413. Justice Kavanagh, with Justices Levin and Fitzgerald concurring, would hold that the lex fori would govern, absent a reason for applying the law of another state. Justice Levin wrote separately, noting that while he concurred with both opinions previously referred to, he favored that chosen by Justice Kavanagh. Sexton, p 442. Justice Ryan dissented, joined by Chief Justice Coleman, and indicated that he would adhere to the traditional lex loci delicti analysis articulated in Abendschein, supra, Sexton, supra, p 443.
"Thus, despite the absence of a majority position, it appears that a majority of the justices are no longer willing to apply the substantive law of another state merely because that state was the situs of the wrong at issue. In finding that the lex loci delicti rule may no longer be justified in terms of its original rationale, Justice Williams noted in Sexton, supra, pp 421-423:
" 'The traditional advantages advanced on behalf of the lex loci rule have included discouraging forum shopping and furthering the goals of certainty and predictability through its ease of application, thus simplifying the task of both lawyers and the courts.
" 'Despite these reputed advantages, modern scholars and about half or more of the states have rejected its rigidity since the rule often produced obvious rather than just results through its failure to consider the interests of other jurisdictions in the litigated matter.’ (Footnotes omitted).
"We agree that the lex loci delicti rule should no longer be mechanically applied. Ease of administration and predictability should not alone justify results which are arbitrary or unfair and which do not reflect the interests of the forum state. Such injustice is most pronounced where, as here, the parties to the lawsuit are Michigan residents. In this case, the economic consequences of the tort will be felt most strongly in the forum state rather than in the state of the injury. In addition, the virtue of uniformity that the rule allegedly provides has been severely undercut by the frequent departures from the rule made by our courts.
"Lastly, we agree with the Sexton Court’s rationale concering the forum shopping argument made in favor of the docturine. The Court stated:
"The other argument in favor of lex loci delicti, avoidance of forum shopping, is not a strong argument as against citizens of the forum state who presumable have every reason of convenience and economy to be entitled to service in their own state. To this, of course, can be added the fact that the forum state generally has an interest in seeing that its injured citizens are well-served and that its citizen defendants are afforded every protection that such citizens would have in their own state. Additionaly, where both the plaintiff and the defendant are citizens of the forum state, the state where the wrong took place will normally have no interest in the litigation.’ Sexton, supra, pp 432-433.
"In light of the foregoing analysis, we conclude that the lex loci delicti rule should be modified, and we favor the approach advanced by Justice Kavanagh in his concurring opinion in Sexton, supra, and embraced in Justice Levin’s separate concurrence. We hold that, in a tort action commenced in this state, the law of this state is to be applied unless the court determines that a superior foreign state interest exists which calls for the application of the foreign law in order to reach a just resolution of the controversy. We think the presumption of lex fori is a logical and reasonable approach in that the fact that a Michigan court can obtain jurisdiction over the parties involved generally corresponds with a substantial level of state interest in the outcome of the litigation. However, the state which is the situs of the injury is entitled to a consideration of any disproportionate interest it may have in the controversy in order to avoid any injustice resulting from the application of lex fori.
"In applying these principles to the instant case, we conclude that the substantive law of Michigan should control. All parties are residents of Michigan, and a state has a significant interest in applying its own substantive law to its citizens. On the other hand, we find no superior Wisconsin interest in having its substantive law applied, especially since the injury did not affect any Wisconsin residents or property.” (Emphasis added.)
In Vogh v American International Rent-a-Car, Inc, 134 Mich App 362; 350 NW2d 882 (1984), we followed the aforementioned language and noted that where all parties are Michigan residents the courts will apply Michigan law. Michigan has a strong interest in applying its law to a case concerning only its residents. Where either a plaintiff or a defendant is not a Michigan resident nor doing business in Michigan, courts have looked to the interests of each jurisdiction in having its law govern the case. See, General Motors Corp v National Auto Radiator Mfg Co, Ltd, 694 F2d 1060 (CA 6, 1982), and Bennett v Enstrom Helicopter Corp (On Rehearing), 686 F2d 406 (CA 6, 1982), cert den 459 US 1210; 103 S Ct 1202; 75 L Ed 2D 444 (1983).
The move away from the doctrine of lex loci delicti cannot reasonable or logically be restricted only to those cases where all parties concerned are residents of Michigan. The fact that one of the parties is not a Michigan resident does not preclude the use of the doctrine which calls for the law of the forum to apply presumptively. In such cases, a comparison of the interests of each jurisdiction in having its laws govern the case is warranted.
We adopt the holding of Smith v Pierpoint as a general proposition of law, not limited to cases in which all the parties are Michigan residents; l.e., in any tort action commenced in this state, the law of this state is to be applied unless the court determines that a superior foreign state interest exists which calls for the application of foreign law in order to reach a just resolution of the controversy.
Applying that proposition of law to the instant case, we conclude that Michigan law should be applied to the substantive issues and that the trial court erred reversibly in concluding that Wisconsin law should apply.
This case involves a Minnesota plaintiff and a Michigan defendant and a Wisconsin injury. Under the law of either Minnesota or Michigan, substantial recovery in a wrongful death action is possible.
While one of the parties is not a Michigan resident, a comparison of the interests between Wisconsin and Michigan indicates that the interests of Michigan in having its law govern the case outweigh any interest of Wisconsin. The vehicle driven by defendant’s decedent, Brzoznowski, was owned and registered in Michigan. The insurance policy covering the vehicle was written in Michigan by an insurance company doing business in this state. Thus, the insurer was on fair notice of the possible liability under that policy and there would be no unfairness in requiring the insurer to defend and possible pay an unlimited recovery in Michigan. We can discern no interests of Wisconsin whatsoever in the instant matter. On the other hand, Michigan has an avowed interest in favor or wrongful death actions resulting in full shifting of losses from those not at fault to those at fault. This is evident by the lack of a monetary limit on the recovery for the loss of society and companionship. Michigan’s interest is particularly strong in regard to automobile accidents in light of Michigan’s no-fault threshhold scheme, MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135, in which only in a case of death or serious bodily injury or disfigurement does tort liability survive at all.
Reversed.
The file reflects that the claim of the Wisconsin resident was settled on May 18, 1984. Therefore, except as to the situs of the collision, Wisconsin has no connection with this litigation or the substative rights of the parties.
It is noted that both the other states involved in this occurrence have long since abandoned the doctrine of lex loci delicti. Wilcox v Wilcox, 26 Wis 2d 617, 621; 133 NW2d 408 (1965); Balts v Balts, 273 Minn 419, 424-426; 142 NW2d 66, 70 (1966).
Abendschein v Farrell, supra, is similar to the instant case in that it involved three jurisdictions. There the defendant owner and the defendant driver were both Michigan residents and the vehicle involved was licensed in Michigan. Plaintiffs were residents of New York, and the collision occurred in Ontario during a trip from Buffalo, N. Y., to Detroit, Michigan.
See Sedler, Choice of Law in Michigan; A Time to Go Modern, 24 Wayne L Rev 829, 835-836 (1978). | [
-0.0419921875,
0.037353515625,
0.033447265625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.059326171875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.016357421875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.02294921875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0263671875,
0.05517578125,
0.0076904296875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.031982421875,
-0.010009765625,
0.0849609375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.030517578125,
0.02685546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.044921875,
-0.03369140625,
0.046630859375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0087890625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.048583984375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.032470703125,
-0.042236328125,
0.01904296875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.04443359375,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0234375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0439453125,
0.025146484375,
0.036865234375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.03173828125,
-0.018310546875,
0.005615234375,
0.0126953125,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0194091796875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0380859375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.06103515625,
0.0146484375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0439453125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.025390625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.038330078125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.014404296875,
0.049072265625,
0.03857421875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.00262451171875,
-0.041748046875,
0.02587890625,
0.042724609375,
0.0341796875,
0.051513671875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.004241943359375,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.01611328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0201416015625,
0.041259765625,
-0.008544921875,
0.03955078125,
0.01324462890625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.017822265625,
0.056884765625,
0.01348876953125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0272216796875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.00860595703125,
0.01422119140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.003570556640625,
0.005462646484375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0072021484375,
0.03564453125,
0.046630859375,
0.042236328125,
0.006011962890625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.044677734375,
0.034912109375,
0.046630859375,
0.03466796875,
0.031982421875,
0.00543212890625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01287841796875,
0.02978515625,
0.00164794921875,
0.02001953125,
-0.007568359375,
0.03125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.044921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.033935546875,
0.048583984375,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.015869140625,
0.05859375,
0.020751953125,
0.07568359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.039306640625,
0.04931640625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00080108642578125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.05126953125,
0.02294921875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00008535385131835938,
0.08447265625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0294189453125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.03173828125,
0.024169921875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.064453125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00732421875,
0.034423828125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0205078125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0830078125,
-0.013427734375,
0.0252685546875,
0.045654296875,
0.0146484375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.043212890625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0595703125,
-0.046875,
-0.022705078125,
0.03369140625,
0.01019287109375,
0.00811767578125,
0.00604248046875,
0.013916015625,
0.038818359375,
0.060302734375,
0.009521484375,
0.011962890625,
0.037353515625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0007781982421875,
0.0322265625,
0.0098876953125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.0361328125,
0.00848388671875,
0.0615234375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.009765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.07958984375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0263671875,
-0.032958984375,
0.060302734375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0035247802734375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.03369140625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.05078125,
-0.064453125,
0.019287109375,
-0.02294921875,
0.068359375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0625,
0.004058837890625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.009033203125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.048828125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.003570556640625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0615234375,
0.0380859375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.01220703125,
0.0006103515625,
0.0908203125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.039306640625,
0.004302978515625,
0.0234375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.011962890625,
0.040283203125,
0.010986328125,
-0.06494140625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.054931640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.01025390625,
-0.003021240234375,
0.00921630859375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.004425048828125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0205078125,
-0.043701171875,
0.025146484375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0059814453125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.03515625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0224609375,
0.00051116943359375,
0.01953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0224609375,
0.060546875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.049560546875,
0.02734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.0198974609375,
0.019287109375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0093994140625,
0.005340576171875,
0.0115966796875,
0.034912109375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.04833984375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.052490234375,
0.03515625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0037994384765625,
0.018798828125,
0.035400390625,
-0.026611328125,
0.02197265625,
0.046875,
0.021484375,
0.0303955078125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.042236328125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.056396484375,
0.038330078125,
0.051025390625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.048095703125,
0.004150390625,
0.04052734375,
0.01123046875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.004119873046875,
0.06982421875,
-0.015380859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.005126953125,
0.055908203125,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.01416015625,
0.0025787353515625,
0.00115966796875,
-0.0004024505615234375,
0.076171875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.040283203125,
-0.025634765625,
0.06298828125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.030517578125,
0.01318359375,
0.045166015625,
-0.020263671875,
0.019287109375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0001373291015625,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.09716796875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.00168609619140625,
0.03125,
-0.04931640625,
0.00933837890625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.02978515625,
0.003662109375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.02880859375,
0.000423431396484375,
0.0029296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.011474609375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04443359375,
0.01068115234375,
0.00909423828125,
0.007293701171875,
0.01708984375,
0.020263671875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.01025390625,
-0.013671875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.017578125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.02978515625,
0.027587890625,
0.046875,
0.0126953125,
0.0072021484375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0009307861328125,
0.02099609375,
0.031005859375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.006439208984375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.046142578125,
0.005859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.015625,
-0.048828125,
0.000244140625,
0.01495361328125,
0.039794921875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.05126953125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00130462646484375,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.002349853515625,
0.06201171875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.025390625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.03857421875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.023681640625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01904296875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.06787109375,
0.05615234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.048095703125,
0.01495361328125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.109375,
0.005401611328125,
0.005401611328125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.041259765625,
0.033935546875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.000347137451171875,
0.04345703125,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.039306640625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0015106201171875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.00010347366333007812,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.037353515625,
0.047119140625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.06640625,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.033935546875,
0.0625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0283203125,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.043701171875,
0.037841796875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.036865234375,
0.0615234375,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0654296875,
0.01519775390625,
0.037353515625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.002288818359375,
0.00135040283203125,
0.037841796875,
-0.00494384765625,
0.06005859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.02001953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0166015625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00628662109375,
0.059814453125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0625,
-0.01708984375,
0.020263671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.057373046875,
0.00164031982421875,
0.02392578125,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00927734375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.09130859375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.001861572265625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.004486083984375,
0.00640869140625,
0.049072265625,
-0.03125,
0.0040283203125,
0.0264892578125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0184326171875,
0.018798828125,
0.01470947265625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.00213623046875,
0.046875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0283203125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.024169921875,
0.06640625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0079345703125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.005126953125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.033447265625,
0.04541015625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0458984375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.047119140625,
0.00823974609375,
0.0186767578125,
0.00830078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0076904296875,
0.034423828125,
0.0162353515625,
0.00469970703125,
0.0380859375,
-0.00634765625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00020694732666015625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0234375,
0.0299072265625,
0.048583984375,
0.04931640625,
-0.01904296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.057373046875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.03955078125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.017578125,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0126953125,
-0.041748046875,
0.02099609375,
0.0235595703125,
0.01141357421875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.02685546875,
0.064453125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0400390625,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0018463134765625,
0.002960205078125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0927734375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.014892578125,
0.000518798828125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.068359375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.005615234375,
0.01953125,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.021240234375,
0.00848388671875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.041259765625,
0.024169921875,
0.000316619873046875,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0269775390625,
0.05126953125,
0.0537109375,
0.040283203125,
0.0272216796875,
0.064453125,
0.0205078125,
0.040771484375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0169677734375,
0.005859375,
0.005859375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00007915496826171875,
0.017578125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.001312255859375,
0.03515625,
0.016845703125,
0.04052734375,
0.020751953125,
0.050048828125,
0.03515625,
0.005615234375,
0.0089111328125,
0.033203125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0001239776611328125,
0.052490234375,
0.01458740234375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0087890625,
0.025390625,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.09228515625,
0.0089111328125,
0.0030059814453125,
0.07666015625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0322265625,
0.0001926422119140625,
-0.0732421875,
0.003082275390625,
0.0341796875,
0.01904296875,
0.01806640625,
0.02587890625,
0.01025390625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.007080078125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.02734375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.06103515625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0205078125,
0.019287109375,
0.0458984375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.02490234375,
0.003143310546875,
-0.0003948211669921875,
0.026611328125,
-0.052001953125,
0.031982421875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0732421875,
-0.03125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0224609375,
0.01611328125,
-0.05078125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.052734375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0125732421875,
0.049072265625,
0.033203125,
0.039794921875,
0.0380859375,
0.015625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.004638671875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.045166015625,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.00537109375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0177001953125,
0.013671875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.06787109375,
0.263671875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01171875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0103759765625,
0.021240234375,
0.03857421875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.03662109375,
0.033447265625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.046142578125,
0.042236328125,
0.00567626953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.001190185546875,
-0.0625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.013671875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.01397705078125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.00026702880859375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0546875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.000820159912109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.02783203125,
0.08056640625,
0.09423828125,
-0.037841796875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0341796875,
0.00494384765625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.03271484375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0791015625,
0.021484375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0211181640625,
0.03515625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0673828125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.000583648681640625,
0.01263427734375,
0.023193359375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.027587890625,
0.056640625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00115966796875,
0.05029296875,
-0.013427734375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.003143310546875,
-0.017578125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.02978515625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.03662109375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.018310546875
] |
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff unions represent teachers working in the Wyoming Public School District in Wyoming, Michigan. In December of 1979, defendant school board announced that at least 13 teaching positions would be terminated due to funding problems. After an examination of the district’s finances, plaintiff unions instituted an action against defendant board in which they alleged that defendant had expended money for capital projects, including site acquisitions, construction, and the purchase of new furniture and equipment, in violation of the State School Aid Act of 1979, MCL 388.1601 et seq.; MSA 15.1919(901) et seq. (formerly known as the State School Aid Act of 1977, see 1977 PA 90), and the School Code of 1976, MCL 380.1 et seq.; MSA 15.4001 et seq. Plaintiffs claimed that these expenditures created a deficit in the district’s general fund which resulted in teacher layoffs. Both parties brought cross-motions for summary judgment. Defendant’s motion was granted by the court and plaintiffs’ cause of action was dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiffs appeal as of right.
The general operating fund of the Wyoming Public School District is primarily comprised of local tax revenues and state school aid monies. The expenditure of the sums is controlled in general fashion by state law. Section 18 of the State School Aid Act of 1979, MCL 388.1618; MSA 15.1919(918), provides that money received from the state shall apply to "salaries of teachers and other employees, tuition, transportation, lighting, heating, ventilation, water service, the purchase of textbooks * * * and other supplies”. The statute further provides that "[a]n amount equal to not more than 5% of the total amount received by a district [from the state] may be expended by the board for capital costs or debt service * * *. The money shall not be applied or taken for a purpose other than as provided in this section.”
Money received by the district from the levy of local taxes, in comparison, may be spent for "school operating purposes”. MCL 380.1211; MSA 15.41211. The phrase "school operating purposes” includes expenditures made for "furniture and equipment, for alterations necessary to maintain school facilities in a safe and sanitary condition, for funding the cost of energy conservation improvements in school facilities, and for deficiencies in operating expenses for the preceding year”. MCL 380.1211(2); MSA 15.41211(2). Expenditures for site acquisitions and building construction are not authorized under this section. See MCL 380.1212; MSA 15.41212.
The following table (I) shows the amounts received by the district from both state aid and local tax revenues for the years 1977 through 1979. The table further shows the amount of yearly expenditures made from the general fund for the purchase of furniture, equipment, and repairs (capital outlay). Finally, the table shows the amount of money transferred yearly from the general fund into the building and site fund.
Expen-
Local ditures/ Transfers/
State Tax Capital Bldg. &
Aid Revenue Outlay Site Fund
1977 $4,468,061 $5,747,351 $423,053 $101,684
1978 4,992,282 5,913,896 475,249 40,000
1979 4,984,898 6,438,392 371,465 198,543
The following table (II) shows the amount of state aid money which under the 5-percent formula found in § 18 of the State School Aid Act of 1979 could have been spent on "capital costs”.
Allowable
State Aid Maximum % Expenditures
1977 $4,468,061 .05 $223,406
1978 4,992,282 .05 249,614
1979 4,984,898 .05 249,395
Plaintiffs contend that the phrase "capital costs” as found in § 18 includes both money transferred to the building and site fund and money spent on furniture, equipment, and repairs. If this definition is correct, plaintiffs argue, then defendant has violated the school aid act for each year in question. For example, in 1978 defendant spent $475,-249 on furniture, equipment, and repairs (see Expenditure/Capital Outlay — Table I), and $40,000 on real estate purchases and construction (see Transfers/Building and Site Fund — Table I). When added together, the resulting amount ($515,-249) is greater than the amount permitted under § 18 for capital costs ($249,614. See Allowable Expenditures — Table II). If capital costs include only expenditures for real estate and construction, however, the amount transferred to the building and site fund ($40,000) is well within that amount allowed by statute ($249,614).
We find it unnecessary under the facts of this case to decide the precise definition of "capital costs” as the expenditures of money by defendant for the years in question comply with the dictates of both the School Code and the State School Aid Act of 1979 regardless of whether plaintiffs’ interpretation of the phrase is correct.
As previously seen, money received by a school district into its general fund from local tax revenues can be spent on educational programs (e.g., salaries, textbooks, etc.) and/or furniture, equipment, and repairs. MCL 380.1211; MSA 15.41211. As no other spending limitations are imposed by the act, defendant could conceivably spend an amount equal to the district’s entire revenue from local taxes on capital outlays (e.g., furniture, equipment, and repairs) without violating the School Code. Under § 18 of the school aid act, defendant must spend an amount from the general fund equal to at least 95 percent of the money received from state aid on teacher’s salaries, textbooks, etc., and an amount equal to no more than 5 percent of state aid receipts on "capital costs”. Even assuming that the phrase "capital costs” means both capital outlays such as furniture, equipment, and repairs, and building and site acquisitions, the maximum amount of money that can be transferred to the building and site fund from the general fund is 5 percent of state aid. The maximum amount that can be spent from the general fund on capital outlays, however, is all of a district’s local tax revenues plus 5 percent of its state aid (in the event that none of the state aid money is transferred to the building and site fund). Therefore, as long as an amount not more than 5 percent of the state aid received is transferred from the general fund into the building and site fund, and further, as long as an amount not less than 95 percent of the state aid received is spent on teacher’s salaries, textbooks, etc., the remaining revenue in a district’s general fund can be spent on capital outlays (e.g., furniture, equipment, and repairs) and/or salaries, textbooks, etc., in any combination, without violating state law. Defendant has complied with these requirements for each of the years in question.
In 1978, for example, the Wyoming School District received approximately $5 million in state aid and approximately $6 million in local tax revenues. See Table I. Combined, the general fund of the district was close to $11 million. In order to comply with § 18, no more than $250,000 could be transferred from the general fund into the building and site fund ($5,000,000 X .05) and no less than $4,750,000 ($5,000,000 X .95) could be spent on salaries, textbooks, etc. Defendant transferred only $40,000 in 1978 into the building and site fund (see Table I) and approximately $10,485,000 went for salaries, textbooks, etc. ($11,000,000 minus $40,000 minus $475,000). Both of these amounts are well within the statutory guidelines.
We therefore conclude that defendant violated neither the State School Aid Act of 1979 nor the School Code of 1976 by its expenditures and transfers for the years 1977 through 1979. Accordingly, the result reached by the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.
For purposes of this case we will assume that the general fund of the Wyoming School District is comprised solely of both local tax revenues and state aid monies. | [
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.02978515625,
0.058349609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.017822265625,
0.051513671875,
0.01275634765625,
0.018310546875,
0.06884765625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.030517578125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0380859375,
-0.0023193359375,
0.036376953125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00250244140625,
0.00101470947265625,
0.03076171875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.060546875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0380859375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0224609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.01171875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.000675201416015625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.038330078125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.01263427734375,
0.017578125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0244140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.01171875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0228271484375,
0.03564453125,
0.00007200241088867188,
0.03466796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.041015625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.014404296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0693359375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.025146484375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.015869140625,
0.052001953125,
0.02734375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.027587890625,
0.003662109375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.014404296875,
-0.026611328125,
0.03076171875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.01513671875,
-0.044677734375,
0.039306640625,
-0.045166015625,
0.013916015625,
0.048828125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0281982421875,
0.040771484375,
-0.022705078125,
0.02490234375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.06591796875,
0.019287109375,
0.0001659393310546875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.012451171875,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0439453125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0194091796875,
0.049560546875,
0.0098876953125,
0.00732421875,
0.017578125,
0.0250244140625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.07275390625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.00482177734375,
0.0179443359375,
0.01171875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.019775390625,
0.02734375,
0.05126953125,
0.01458740234375,
0.03515625,
-0.00634765625,
0.0030670166015625,
0.005859375,
0.0015106201171875,
0.041015625,
0.03125,
0.050048828125,
0.020263671875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.03857421875,
0.0419921875,
0.047119140625,
0.00665283203125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.006591796875,
0.006256103515625,
0.0103759765625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0322265625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.05078125,
-0.044677734375,
0.026611328125,
0.000335693359375,
0.052978515625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.056640625,
0.006378173828125,
0.00189971923828125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.046875,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.03076171875,
0.020751953125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.046875,
-0.013916015625,
0.0247802734375,
0.041015625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0693359375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.036865234375,
0.02392578125,
0.032958984375,
0.0240478515625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.025634765625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0093994140625,
0.048828125,
0.00494384765625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.037109375,
0.036376953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.010009765625,
0.025390625,
0.040283203125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.051025390625,
0.048583984375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0023345947265625,
0.003631591796875,
-0.060546875,
-0.03759765625,
0.00122833251953125,
0.027587890625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00341796875,
0.001556396484375,
0.0078125,
-0.0006256103515625,
0.041259765625,
0.03662109375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0390625,
-0.000016570091247558594,
-0.0400390625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00153350830078125,
0.042236328125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.05810546875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.0322265625,
0.031494140625,
-0.00665283203125,
0.050537109375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0079345703125,
0.022705078125,
0.01953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0205078125,
0.00701904296875,
0.0849609375,
-0.0625,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.046875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.03125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.033203125,
0.005462646484375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.039306640625,
-0.056884765625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0184326171875,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.04150390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.06591796875,
0.006500244140625,
0.0286865234375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0087890625,
0.0224609375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0011749267578125,
0.00034332275390625,
0.018310546875,
-0.028564453125,
0.014404296875,
0.060546875,
0.016357421875,
0.03369140625,
0.0255126953125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.040283203125,
0.0106201171875,
0.017578125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.031494140625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.043701171875,
0.03076171875,
0.01708984375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0177001953125,
0.028564453125,
0.01519775390625,
0.02490234375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.000949859619140625,
-0.044921875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0458984375,
0.01214599609375,
0.00537109375,
-0.02734375,
-0.03564453125,
0.045166015625,
0.0079345703125,
0.004486083984375,
0.01519775390625,
0.05712890625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.052001953125,
0.03125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.04150390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0185546875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.00421142578125,
0.01495361328125,
0.00140380859375,
0.0004177093505859375,
0.0205078125,
0.060546875,
-0.0205078125,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0003490447998046875,
0.0174560546875,
0.01361083984375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.04833984375,
0.000263214111328125,
0.006011962890625,
0.00054931640625,
0.00057220458984375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.05419921875,
0.004486083984375,
0.018798828125,
0.0439453125,
-0.021484375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0439453125,
0.01611328125,
0.006988525390625,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.03271484375,
0.005523681640625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.037109375,
0.007568359375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.051513671875,
0.058837890625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0022125244140625,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.006988525390625,
0.03369140625,
0.0084228515625,
0.01470947265625,
0.059814453125,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0181884765625,
0.046875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0181884765625,
0.01458740234375,
0.02685546875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.037109375,
0.0341796875,
0.0286865234375,
0.020751953125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.049560546875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.03955078125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0244140625,
0.03759765625,
0.046142578125,
0.0234375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.01348876953125,
0.00173187255859375,
0.0013580322265625,
0.042236328125,
0.0262451171875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.013671875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.002899169921875,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0185546875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.029541015625,
0.0216064453125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.02490234375,
0.00146484375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.01409912109375,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.07421875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.039306640625,
0.0146484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00238037109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.041748046875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.007171630859375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.064453125,
0.03466796875,
-0.02001953125,
0.016845703125,
0.00787353515625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.059814453125,
0.04931640625,
0.011962890625,
0.00146484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.05224609375,
0.015869140625,
-0.06640625,
0.052001953125,
0.08154296875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.03515625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.02099609375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.014892578125,
0.050537109375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0184326171875,
0.041748046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.053466796875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.03466796875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.04248046875,
0.0274658203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.041748046875,
0.000701904296875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0478515625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00299072265625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.00994873046875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.10302734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0390625,
-0.03515625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.09326171875,
0.0361328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0517578125,
0.006256103515625,
0.033203125,
0.03173828125,
0.054443359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.036865234375,
0.05615234375,
0.080078125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.017822265625,
-0.058349609375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.000732421875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0537109375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.02783203125,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.04296875,
0.016357421875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.02783203125,
-0.03515625,
0.00830078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.02880859375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.052001953125,
0.00141143798828125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.023193359375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.010498046875,
0.014892578125,
0.01611328125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01611328125,
0.013427734375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0380859375,
-0.01513671875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.01318359375,
0.00159454345703125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01153564453125,
0.0198974609375,
0.1025390625,
0.0732421875,
-0.03857421875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0234375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.06396484375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.012451171875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0322265625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.033935546875,
0.017822265625,
0.040283203125,
0.00439453125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.05419921875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0791015625,
-0.00058746337890625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0087890625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0751953125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.052734375,
-0.033203125,
0.0286865234375,
0.01019287109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.028564453125,
0.0078125,
0.03955078125,
0.01007080078125,
0.00115966796875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.08447265625,
0.01251220703125,
0.045166015625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.015380859375,
0.024169921875,
0.042236328125,
0.0301513671875,
0.040771484375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.02294921875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.041748046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0000591278076171875,
-0.002685546875,
0.0002803802490234375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0247802734375,
0.041015625,
-0.005035400390625,
0.026611328125,
0.031494140625,
0.04052734375,
0.00555419921875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.02783203125,
0.014404296875,
0.0145263671875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0098876953125,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.07763671875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.022705078125,
0.05810546875,
-0.052978515625,
0.01348876953125,
0.017578125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0458984375,
0.00811767578125,
0.03076171875,
0.0546875,
0.043701171875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0263671875,
0.0615234375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0341796875,
0.041015625,
-0.04150390625,
0.01470947265625,
0.01434326171875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.01416015625,
0.0194091796875,
0.054443359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.04248046875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0111083984375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.064453125,
0.01470947265625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.039794921875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.009765625,
0.011962890625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0654296875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.007110595703125,
-0.033203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.006103515625,
0.01611328125,
0.030029296875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0006103515625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0002536773681640625,
0.033935546875,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.07666015625,
0.26171875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00811767578125,
0.032470703125,
0.036376953125,
0.0062255859375,
0.03515625,
-0.046142578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.010986328125,
0.04052734375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0517578125,
0.005462646484375,
0.01708984375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.031982421875,
0.046875,
0.0341796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.07373046875,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00016117095947265625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.01904296875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.03125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00830078125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0233154296875,
0.060302734375,
-0.02978515625,
0.052734375,
0.06591796875,
0.010009765625,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.003570556640625,
0.00738525390625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0439453125,
0.043212890625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0654296875,
-0.05078125,
0.01446533203125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.03515625,
0.044921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.032958984375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0498046875,
0.06591796875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.040771484375,
0.04541015625,
0.01123046875,
0.032958984375,
-0.015625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.06494140625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01409912109375,
0.020751953125,
0.002899169921875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.007171630859375
] |
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals from an order granting accelerated judgment in favor of defendant. The lower court found that the Court of Claims lacked jurisdiction over this action. We affirm.
In the course of her employment as an attendant at Macomb-Oakland Regional Center, an agency of the Department of Mental Health, plaintiff was assaulted by a patient on September 16, 1980. She took a medical leave of absence commencing November 15, 1980, and received workers’ compensation for injuries sustained in the attack.
Plaintiffs physician released her to return to work on January 26, 1981, with a light-duty restriction. Plaintiff reported to work on that date and the facility physician advised plaintiff that she was physically fit to return to full duty. Plaintiff alleges that she was forced to accept a leave of absence because the facility’s supervisors refused to allow her to return to work because of her physical restriction. On February 3, 1981, plaintiff received notice that her employment had been terminated.
Pursuant to the terms of the collective bargaining agreement in effect between defendant and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), of which plaintiff was a member, plaintiff filed a grievance challenging the propriety of her termination. The grievance was denied April 24,1981. Plaintiff then timely submitted an appeal to arbitration which, plaintiff contends, union officials negligently failed to pursue. She filed a complaint against the union in Macomb County Circuit Court and instituted this action against defendant in the Court of Claims.
Plaintiff claims that she is excused from exhausting nonjudicial remedies in this case because the collective bargaining argreement precluded her from utilizing Civil Service Commission appeal procedures, and the alleged unfair representation by her union representatives denied her the remedies under the collective bargaining agreement. Plaintiff claims she is entitled to pursue an original action in the Court of Claims.
The Court pf Claims is a court of limited jurisdiction. While the Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over all original contract actions against the state, it has no supervisory power over the Civil Service Commission. MCL 600.6419; MSA 27A.6419; Bays v Dep’t of State Police, 89 Mich App 356, 362; 280 NW2d 526 (1979). As an employee of the state, the terms and conditions of plaintiff’s employment were subject to the authority and control of the Civil Service Commission. Const 1963, art 11, § 5; Dudkin v Civil Service Comm, 127 Mich App 397; 339 NW2d 190 (1983). The commission has constitutional authority to define the procedure for resolution of employment disputes in the state classified service. Viculin v Dep’t of Civil Service, 386 Mich 375; 192 NW2d 449 (1971). The commission has promulgated rules which provide for collective bargaining and permit a union and the state to establish an alternate method of grievance resolution. Civil Service Commission Rule 6-1.2, 6-9.8. The commission, however, retains ultimate authority to review, ratify, modify or reject any agreement negotiated between a union and the state. Commission Rule 6-9.5.
To adopt plaintiff’s argument would mean that a union and a state agency could abrogate the constitutionally mandated jurisdiction of the commis sion and confer subject matter jurisdiction on a court which otherwise does not have that jurisdiction. We hold that the lower court correctly held it was without jurisdiction in this matter. See Samuel v Dep’t of Mental Health, 140 Mich App 101; 364 NW2d 294 (1985); Buys, supra.
We note that plaintiff was not without a remedy. Upon learning of the alleged improper conduct of her union, she could have filed an unfair labor charge with the Civil Service Commission which has the authority to fashion an appropriate remedy. Civil Service Commission Rule 6-12.1.
Affirmed. No costs.
The collective bargaining agreement provides for arbitration at step 4 of the grievance process and also provides that: "The decision of the Arbitrator will be final and binding on all parties to this Agreement. Arbitration decisions will not be appealed to the Civil Service Commission.” | [
-0.045166015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0751953125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0048828125,
0.0498046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.031982421875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00031280517578125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.0556640625,
0.040771484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.06103515625,
-0.0703125,
0.004180908203125,
0.0004291534423828125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00823974609375,
0.034912109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.020263671875,
0.0322265625,
-0.051513671875,
0.00518798828125,
0.0003662109375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.06591796875,
0.002227783203125,
0.03466796875,
-0.006500244140625,
0.000017762184143066406,
0.0103759765625,
-0.037353515625,
0.046630859375,
0.032958984375,
0.005401611328125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.009033203125,
0.023193359375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0191650390625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.049072265625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0279541015625,
0.01324462890625,
0.003265380859375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.044921875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.03173828125,
0.0390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0634765625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0439453125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01220703125,
-0.001007080078125,
0.014404296875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.03173828125,
0.00469970703125,
0.021728515625,
-0.021728515625,
0.048583984375,
0.055419921875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.0498046875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.034912109375,
0.020263671875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.01519775390625,
0.0272216796875,
0.01708984375,
0.033935546875,
0.0263671875,
0.04931640625,
0.01300048828125,
0.0155029296875,
0.020751953125,
0.0126953125,
0.03369140625,
0.03564453125,
0.025634765625,
0.00445556640625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0048828125,
0.040283203125,
0.05419921875,
0.011474609375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0234375,
0.060791015625,
0.005859375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.030517578125,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00775146484375,
0.021728515625,
0.009033203125,
-0.0322265625,
0.040771484375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0072021484375,
0.03955078125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.060302734375,
0.0016632080078125,
0.043212890625,
-0.012939453125,
0.0234375,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.035400390625,
0.00958251953125,
0.000370025634765625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.032470703125,
0.018798828125,
0.04296875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00201416015625,
0.0166015625,
0.046142578125,
-0.000652313232421875,
-0.037841796875,
0.080078125,
0.005218505859375,
-0.009765625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01708984375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.04931640625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.0244140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0181884765625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.043212890625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.03662109375,
0.0712890625,
-0.009765625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.046875,
0.031982421875,
0.05615234375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.038330078125,
0.064453125,
0.00015163421630859375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.037353515625,
0.0045166015625,
0.02685546875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00023555755615234375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0181884765625,
0.023681640625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.009033203125,
0.004638671875,
-0.043212890625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0286865234375,
0.00848388671875,
0.035400390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00045013427734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.044921875,
0.02392578125,
-0.023193359375,
0.08056640625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.021240234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.049072265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.031005859375,
0.03662109375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0064697265625,
-0.024658203125,
0.052490234375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.07373046875,
0.0272216796875,
0.0615234375,
-0.05810546875,
0.016845703125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.015869140625,
0.018798828125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.04052734375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.002227783203125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.04541015625,
0.0198974609375,
0.00023555755615234375,
-0.019287109375,
0.05224609375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01171875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.04833984375,
0.013427734375,
-0.072265625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.03125,
0.035400390625,
-0.004180908203125,
0.006378173828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01806640625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01025390625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0478515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.03466796875,
0.041748046875,
-0.02587890625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0185546875,
0.00494384765625,
0.01202392578125,
0.00408935546875,
0.045166015625,
0.01611328125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0546875,
0.035400390625,
0.00848388671875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.04638671875,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.00009679794311523438,
-0.02587890625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.046875,
0.0263671875,
-0.000690460205078125,
0.046875,
0.034912109375,
0.05615234375,
-0.033935546875,
0.04296875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0269775390625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0439453125,
0.058349609375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0004177093505859375,
0.036376953125,
0.04638671875,
0.046142578125,
0.0303955078125,
0.060302734375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0057373046875,
0.045654296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.021728515625,
0.033447265625,
-0.01806640625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0177001953125,
0.048828125,
0.0291748046875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01324462890625,
0.034423828125,
-0.025634765625,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.038818359375,
0.02099609375,
0.03466796875,
-0.037109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0400390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.023681640625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.058349609375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.068359375,
0.0023193359375,
0.009765625,
0.0284423828125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0157470703125,
0.021240234375,
-0.03955078125,
0.060791015625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0810546875,
-0.010498046875,
0.009033203125,
0.010498046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0203857421875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.026123046875,
0.05126953125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.0166015625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.023193359375,
0.03662109375,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0048828125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.01458740234375,
0.00154876708984375,
0.0113525390625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0010833740234375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0022430419921875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.008056640625,
0.017822265625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0234375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.06494140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.031494140625,
0.0654296875,
0.03564453125,
0.00555419921875,
0.028076171875,
0.0281982421875,
0.00811767578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.01171875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.03125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0086669921875,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0194091796875,
0.02734375,
0.031005859375,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.000038623809814453125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03515625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.004638671875,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.05029296875,
0.032958984375,
0.055908203125,
0.041748046875,
0.022705078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.006683349609375,
0.057373046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.049560546875,
0.01361083984375,
0.059814453125,
0.025146484375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.04296875,
0.040771484375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01708984375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.037109375,
-0.023193359375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.03125,
-0.07275390625,
0.004302978515625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0751953125,
0.034912109375,
0.0322265625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.04052734375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.010498046875,
0.001251220703125,
0.000904083251953125,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.020263671875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.02685546875,
0.058837890625,
0.01458740234375,
0.0133056640625,
0.05322265625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.050048828125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.031494140625,
0.052001953125,
0.037109375,
-0.00244140625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.03955078125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.006439208984375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.02099609375,
0.0255126953125,
0.02197265625,
0.001983642578125,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.027587890625,
0.03466796875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.050048828125,
0.01190185546875,
0.048095703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.020263671875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.057373046875,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.023193359375,
0.017822265625,
0.06640625,
0.0439453125,
0.044677734375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.02001953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01806640625,
0.027587890625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0224609375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.01953125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.016845703125,
0.007354736328125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0235595703125,
0.000354766845703125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.059326171875,
-0.0003185272216796875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0111083984375,
0.006591796875,
-0.07958984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.014404296875,
0.03857421875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00579833984375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.048828125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.00113677978515625,
0.022705078125,
0.042236328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0078125,
0.0024566650390625,
0.00323486328125,
0.01043701171875,
0.038818359375,
0.0400390625,
0.028564453125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.025390625,
-0.049560546875,
0.047119140625,
0.0673828125,
0.050048828125,
0.00543212890625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0458984375,
0.020751953125,
-0.056640625,
-0.050048828125,
0.03564453125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.046875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0115966796875,
0.025634765625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.004180908203125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.02392578125,
0.0179443359375,
0.00090789794921875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.027587890625,
-0.07080078125,
0.025634765625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.08544921875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00634765625,
0.016357421875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0045166015625,
0.025390625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0269775390625,
0.057373046875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.02001953125,
0.0223388671875,
0.037109375,
0.017822265625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0185546875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.013671875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00004863739013671875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00665283203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0218505859375,
0.031005859375,
0.00762939453125,
0.0233154296875,
0.030517578125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00927734375,
0.04052734375,
0.012451171875,
0.004913330078125,
0.00506591796875,
0.005706787109375,
0.0057373046875,
0.00135040283203125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.041748046875,
-0.049560546875,
0.026123046875,
0.031982421875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.058837890625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.04296875,
0.025146484375,
0.0026702880859375,
0.042724609375,
0.00787353515625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.041748046875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.00011301040649414062,
-0.05419921875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.04345703125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.030517578125,
0.00188446044921875,
0.016845703125,
0.0673828125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0206298828125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.04541015625,
0.01904296875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0283203125,
0.041259765625,
0.0281982421875,
0.041015625,
0.01324462890625,
0.0322265625,
0.038818359375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0059814453125,
0.03955078125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0281982421875,
0.00020503997802734375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0244140625,
0.00176239013671875,
0.010009765625,
0.000522613525390625,
-0.0546875,
0.2373046875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.007171630859375,
0.06982421875,
0.036376953125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.047119140625,
0.00054931640625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.002532958984375,
0.0203857421875,
0.03125,
0.01953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.000606536865234375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.10791015625,
0.020263671875,
-0.015625,
0.01171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.056640625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.03173828125,
0.02490234375,
0.0107421875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01324462890625,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0228271484375,
0.07666015625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.036376953125,
0.011474609375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00159454345703125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0654296875,
0.0064697265625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.08349609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0301513671875,
0.046875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.04345703125,
0.0341796875,
0.03271484375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.040283203125,
0.056640625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.02685546875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.020751953125,
0.033203125,
0.0244140625,
0.0361328125,
0.005218505859375,
0.04345703125,
0.00020122528076171875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0181884765625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.010498046875,
-0.050048828125
] |
Per Curiam.
Petitioners, Emanuel and Mary Vomvolakis, appeal from a judgment of the Michigan Tax Tribunal upholding three Michigan Department of Treasury Tax assessments. We affirm.
At the hearing before the Michigan Tax Tribunal, Donald Paul Kulish, a revenue auditor for the Department of Treasury, was the sole witness. Kulish audited petitioners’ tax returns for the tax years in question, 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1979. While the audit was initiated because of the sales tax, the audit eventually involved the single business tax and the income tax.
Petitioners owned and operated a bar in Flint called the Raincheck Lounge. Kulish’s audit deter mined that petitioners had understated their beer purchases. Subsequently, respondant assessed sales tax, single business tax and income tax deficiencies against petitioners.
Kulish described his auditing process. For the 1977 and 1978 tax years, Kulish compared the purchases listed on petitioners’ actual invoices to the delivery records of the four or five beer suppliers who sold to petitioners. Some of the delivery records were monthly amounts, some were actual invoices, and some were weekly recapitulation summary sheets. For 1978 and 1979, Kulish compared the supplier records to the beer purchases as listed on petitioners’ profit and loss statements.
For the 1976 tax year, Kulish did not use supplier records. Even though the suppliers’ actual invoices were available, too much time would have been involved in reviewing those invoices. Instead, Kulish testified he used a standard procedure of the revenue department. The procedure was as follows: (1) the total understated purchases from 1977 through November of 1979 were computed; (2) a mark-up percentage was arrived at by comparing total gross profit with total cost of goods sold from petitioners’ profit and loss statements (Kulish used 125% as the figure, choosing not to use a higher mark-up which was supported by the figures in order to allow for variables such as employee theft, free drinks, and spillage); (3) the mark-up was used to arrive at a new gross receipts figure; (4) the taxpayers’ original gross receipts were divided by the new gross receipts figure in order to arrive at a percentage of error; and (5) that average percentage of error was applied to the 1976 tax year.
During the hearing, petitioners objected, primarily on hearsay grounds, to the admission of all of the exhibits and Kulish’s testimony concerning the actual amounts of understatement and tax deficiency. The hearing referee overruled all of petitioners’ objections and admitted the exhibits and the testimony. Petitioners presented no other witnesses or evidence to establish that their sales were actually less than that which had been determined by respondent.
On December 5, 1983, the hearing officer filed his proposed judgment. The hearing officer held that respondent had authority to utilize the supplier records since MCL 205.67; MSA 7.538 allows the use of "such information as is available or may come into the possession of the department”. He also found that petitioners had not sustained their burden to refute the prima facie correctness of the assessment. Finally, he held that no error was made regarding the single business tax and income tax assessments since they flowed from the additional income found via the sales tax audit. The Michigan Tax Tribunal adopted the hearing officer’s proposed judgment as its final decision.
On appeal, petitioners claim that the auditor exceeded his authority in the method he used in obtaining the information on which he based the deficiency, under both the Michigan Single Business Tax Act, MCL 208.1 et seq.; MSA 7.558(1) et seq., and the Michigan Income Tax Act, MCL 206.1 et seq.; MSA 7.557(101) et seq.
The General Sales Tax Act, MCL 205.51 et seq.; MSA 7.521 et seq., contains a provision allowing the Department of Treasury to assess taxes upon such information as is available or comes into its possession in situations where the taxpayer has not maintained proper records or where the department has reason to believe that the records are inaccurate or incomplete. The assessment is deemed to be prima facie correct and the burden of proof of refuting such assessment is placed upon the taxpayer. MCL 205.67; MSA 7.538.
The Single Business Tax Act, MCL 208.1 et seq.; MSA 7.558(1) et seq., contains a similar provision which holds that the assessment is deemed to be prima facie correct and the burden of proof of refuting the assessment is placed upon the taxpayer. MCL 208.83; MSA 7.558(83).
The Michigan Income Tax Act of 1967, MCL 206.1 et seq.; MSA 7.557(101) et seq., contains no similar provision regarding burden of proof or prima facie correctness of an assessment. However, that act does provide for the department to obtain information. MCL 205.21(1); MSA 7.657(21)(1).
Petitioners argue that respondent’s auditor exceeded his authority by basing the assessments on supplier summaries. We think that a fair reading of the relevant statutes indicates that the Legislature intended to give the Department of Treasury power to base assessments on the best information that it could obtain. Under each of these statutes, the respondent is to make assessments only when it has reason to believe that a return does not supply sufficient or accurate information or when proper records are not maintained by a taxpayer. The state’s power to tax would be greatly eroded if the respondent could not make assessments on available information in situations where taxpayers do not maintain proper records. It is our opinion that respondent properly exercised its authority in making the assessments in this case.
Under the General Sales Tax Act and the Single Business Tax Act, the assessment is deemed to be prima facie correct and the burden of proof of refuting such assessment is placed on the taxpayer. Petitioners presented no other witnesses or evidence to establish that their sales were actually less than that which had been determined by the respondent. Accordingly, the hearing officer was correct in finding that petitioners failed to sub-stain their burden to refute the prima facie correctness of the assessment.
We recognize that the Income Tax Act contains no provision regarding the prima facie correctness of the assessment or the burden of proof. In this case, the income tax assessment was based on the sales tax assessment and, even if the burden of proof is on respondent, that burden was satisfied.
Next, petitioners claim that the tax assessment for 1976 is invalid because there was no evidence of understated purchases for that year.
A decision of a quasi-judicial agency must be supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record. Const 1963, art 6, §28; MCL 24.306; MSA 3.560(206). The statutes involved give the Department of Treasury the authority to obtain "information” on which to base an assessment of tax. That assessment is deemed to be prima facie correct because of concerns for faulty record-keeping by taxpayers.
Petitioners are wrong when they argue that there is "no evidence” on which to base the 1976 assessment. From understated sales in the following three year’s tax returns, it can be inferred that the same understatement occurred in 1976. This evidence supports the assessment and must be viewed in light of the statutory presumption and burden of proof. We find that the Tax Tribunal’s decision was supported by substantial evidence.
Petitioners also claim the hearing officer erred by admitting hearsay testimony.
The Tax Tribunal Act provides that hearings shall be conducted pursuant to Chapter 4 of the Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.271 et seq.; MSA 3.560(171) et seq.; MCL 205.726; MSA 7.650(26). The Administrative Procedures Act provides:
"In a contested case the rules of evidence as applied in a nonjury civil case in circuit court shall be followed as far as practicable, but an agency may admit and give probative effect to evidence of a type commonly relied upon by reasonable prudent men in the conduct of their affairs. Irrelevant, immaterial or unduly reptitious evidence may be excluded. Effect shall be given to the rules of privilege recognized by law. Objections to offers of evidence may be made and shall be noted in the record. Subject to these requirements, an agency, for the purpose of expediting hearings and when the interests of the parties will not be substantially prejudiced thereby, may provide in a contested case or by rule for submission of all or part of the evidence in written form.” MCL 24.275; MSA 3.560(175).
The Tax Tribunal Act states:
"(1) In a proceeding before the tribunal all parties may submit evidence. The tribunal shall make its deci sion in writing. The tribunal may admit and give probative effect to evidence of a type commonly relied upon by reasonably prudent men in the conduct of their affairs. Irrelevant, immaterial, or unduly repetitous evidence may be excluded. Effect shall be given to the rules of privilege recognized by law. An objection to an offer of evidence may be made.” (Emphasis added.) MCL 205.746; MSA 7.650(46).
MRE 803(6) deals with the business records exception to the hearsay rule, and states:
"(6) Records of regularly conducted activity. A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, transactions, occurrences, or events, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, unless the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness. The term 'business’ as used in this paragraph includes business, institution, association, profession, occupation, and calling of every kind, whether or not conducted for profit.” See also MCL 600.2146; MSA 27A.2146 and MRE 101.
The tax court did not err in admitting the records.
Affirmed. Costs to appellee.
That provision states:
"Every person liable for any tax imposed under this act shall keep an accurate and complete beginning and annual inventory and purchase records of additions to inventory, complete daily sales records, receipts, invoices, bills of lading and any and all pertinent documents in such form as the department may require and wherever an exemption from sales tax is claimed by reason of the sale being for resale or for any of the other exemptions or deductions granted under this act, there shall be a record kept of the name and address of the person to whom the sale is made, the date of the sale, the article purchased, the use to be made of the article, the amount of the sale and if that person has a sales tax license, that number shall also be noted thereon. Any person knowingly making a sale of tangible personal porperty to another not licensed under this act, for the purpose of resale at retail, shall be liable for the tax imposed by this act under the provisions of this act. Such records must be retained for the same period as stated in section 9. Whenever in the judgment of the department it is necessary, it may require any person, by notice served upon him, to make a return, render under oath such statements, or keep such records, as the department deems sufficient to show whether or not such person is liable to tax under this act. In the event the taxpayer fails to file a return or to maintain or preserve proper records as prescribed in this section or the department has reason to believe that any records maintained or returns filed are inaccurate or incomplete and that additional taxes are due, the department shall be empowered to assess, upon such information as is available or may come into possession of the department, the amount of the tax due from the taxpayer. Such assessment after notice and hearing as hereinafter provided shall be deemed to be prima facie correct for the purpose of this act and the burden of proof of refuting such asssessment shall be upon the taxpayer.” (Emphasis added.)
That provision states:
“(1) If a person fails or refuses to make a return, either in whole or in part, or if the department has reason to believe that any return made does not supply sufficient information for an accurate determination of the amount of tax due, the department may obtain information on which to base an assessment of the tax. The department by its duly authorized agents may examine the books, records, and papers and audit the accounts of any person or any other records pertaining to the tax. As soon as possible after procuring the information as may be found to be available, the department shall assess the tax determined to be due and shall notify the person assessed of the amount thereof and the specific reasons for the assessment.
"(2) The assessment by the department shall be final as to any person except as may be otherwise determined under the provisions of section 87.
"(3) A person liable for any tax imposed under this act shall keep and maintain accurate records in such form as to make it possible to determine the tax due under this act. When the department deems it necessary, it may require a person, by notice served upon him, to make a return, render under oath such statements, or keep such records as the departmemt deems sufficient to show whether or not the person is liable to tax under this act. If the taxpayer fails to file a return or to keep and maintain proper, accurate, and complete records as prescribed in this section, the department may assess, upon the information as is available or may come into possession of the department, the amount of the tax due from the taxpayer. The assessment after notice and conference as provided in this act shall be deemed to be prima facie correct for the purpose of this act and the burden of proof of refuting the assessment shall be upon the taxpayer.” (Emphasis added.)
That provision states:
"If a person fails or refuses to make a return as required, in whole or in part, or if the department has reason to believe that a return made does not supply sufficient information for an accurate determination of the amount of tax due, the department may obtain information on which to base an assessment of the tax. The department, by its duly authorized agents, may examine the books, records, and papers and audit the accounts of a person or any other records pertaining to the tax. As soon as possible after procuring information, the department shall assess the tax determined to be due and shall notify the taxpayer of the assessed amount and the specific reasons for the assessment.” (Emphasis added.) | [
-0.025634765625,
0.004730224609375,
0.0079345703125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.061279296875,
-0.04296875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.053466796875,
0.0693359375,
0.040771484375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0030364990234375,
0.02490234375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.006072998046875,
-0.02294921875,
0.00811767578125,
0.052978515625,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.02880859375,
0.003387451171875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.08935546875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.03564453125,
0.029052734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.00494384765625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.038330078125,
0.019775390625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.037109375,
0.007537841796875,
-0.046630859375,
0.05078125,
0.00531005859375,
0.01904296875,
0.00019359588623046875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0003681182861328125,
0.00628662109375,
0.06689453125,
0.0269775390625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.04833984375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.021484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.014892578125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.046630859375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.064453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.02783203125,
0.008056640625,
0.057373046875,
0.05859375,
0.023681640625,
0.006683349609375,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.062255859375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.026123046875,
0.021728515625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.01220703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.07080078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.010986328125,
0.04345703125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.04296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.013916015625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.050537109375,
0.033935546875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0791015625,
0.01116943359375,
0.068359375,
0.0203857421875,
0.046875,
0.00421142578125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.015869140625,
0.025634765625,
-0.033935546875,
0.00004601478576660156,
0.0400390625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01080322265625,
0.035888671875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.01708984375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.043701171875,
0.0230712890625,
0.048095703125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.056640625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.02587890625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0185546875,
-0.01416015625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.02685546875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.03125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0294189453125,
0.013427734375,
-0.005859375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.055908203125,
0.046630859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.056640625,
-0.033447265625,
0.03759765625,
0.031494140625,
0.05810546875,
-0.00201416015625,
0.00482177734375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0172119140625,
0.051025390625,
0.009521484375,
0.007476806640625,
0.005096435546875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.06298828125,
0.004119873046875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00067138671875,
0.00604248046875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.022705078125,
0.051513671875,
0.005859375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.029541015625,
0.042236328125,
0.03662109375,
-0.03759765625,
0.046875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.061279296875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.03125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.00008153915405273438,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.0003681182861328125,
0.0028533935546875,
0.04248046875,
0.06005859375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00069427490234375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.03271484375,
0.017333984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.015625,
0.0673828125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0004100799560546875,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0234375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.043212890625,
-0.041015625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.026123046875,
0.041015625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.037109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0125732421875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.04443359375,
0.033203125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.029296875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.0478515625,
0.0244140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.048828125,
0.025390625,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.00994873046875,
0.036865234375,
-0.020263671875,
0.052734375,
-0.04150390625,
0.031494140625,
0.00762939453125,
0.024658203125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.041748046875,
0.027099609375,
0.044189453125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.01220703125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.042724609375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.000202178955078125,
0.00177001953125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.025390625,
0.03515625,
0.007232666015625,
0.00188446044921875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.033203125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0032501220703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.025634765625,
0.049072265625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.01123046875,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.0123291015625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.018798828125,
-0.004638671875,
0.048828125,
-0.000736236572265625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0017242431640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01385498046875,
0.024658203125,
0.06396484375,
0.0289306640625,
0.05126953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0322265625,
-0.002197265625,
0.0185546875,
-0.027587890625,
0.03369140625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0038909912109375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0400390625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.001373291015625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.033935546875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01708984375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.000576019287109375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.010986328125,
0.04150390625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.041015625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0439453125,
0.0126953125,
0.0224609375,
0.037109375,
0.023193359375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.049560546875,
-0.030517578125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.007568359375,
-0.005615234375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0308837890625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0002079010009765625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.00445556640625,
0.0147705078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.095703125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0096435546875,
0.0498046875,
0.023193359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.042724609375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.035888671875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.04296875,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.049072265625,
-0.04296875,
-0.06689453125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.0057373046875,
0.023681640625,
0.01123046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0634765625,
0.04052734375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.062255859375,
-0.060791015625,
0.0400390625,
-0.02099609375,
0.02099609375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0732421875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.043212890625,
0.00054931640625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.033203125,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0634765625,
0.00885009765625,
0.052001953125,
0.0250244140625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0126953125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.003936767578125,
0.00103759765625,
0.05615234375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0257568359375,
0.060791015625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00274658203125,
0.03515625,
0.025146484375,
0.0380859375,
0.03857421875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.060546875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.029541015625,
0.020751953125,
0.025146484375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00022125244140625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.018310546875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.001861572265625,
0.05712890625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.006072998046875,
-0.02001953125,
0.01043701171875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0252685546875,
0.047607421875,
-0.01171875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.021484375,
0.011962890625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0517578125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.05078125,
-0.07470703125,
0.055908203125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00011396408081054688,
-0.01043701171875,
0.04296875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0255126953125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.003173828125,
-0.07275390625,
-0.050048828125,
0.021728515625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0145263671875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.037109375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.017333984375,
0.07470703125,
0.0126953125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0654296875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0089111328125,
0.00714111328125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0009307861328125,
0.0177001953125,
0.07177734375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.01519775390625,
0.026611328125,
0.0732421875,
0.04296875,
0.015869140625,
-0.019775390625,
0.00872802734375,
0.04052734375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.06640625,
0.0291748046875,
0.033203125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.04443359375,
0.0002880096435546875,
-0.03466796875,
0.01434326171875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.03173828125,
-0.04736328125,
0.00095367431640625,
0.0050048828125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.043701171875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0537109375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.076171875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.022705078125,
-0.000522613525390625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0595703125,
0.00311279296875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.02001953125,
0.023681640625,
0.01239013671875,
0.043701171875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0054931640625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.044677734375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.006988525390625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.01171875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.044189453125,
0.03515625,
-0.043701171875,
0.022216796875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0234375,
0.00518798828125,
0.01409912109375,
0.006011962890625,
0.042724609375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01019287109375,
0.03662109375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.00982666015625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.004150390625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0078125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0002994537353515625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.03271484375,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.010498046875,
-0.009033203125,
0.020263671875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0057373046875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0218505859375,
0.053955078125,
-0.027099609375,
0.03515625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0086669921875,
0.06396484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.014892578125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.054931640625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.039794921875,
-0.029296875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0289306640625,
0.020751953125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0380859375,
0.01416015625,
0.057861328125,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0361328125,
0.00970458984375,
0.01287841796875,
0.00469970703125,
0.0279541015625,
0.02490234375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.033447265625,
0.01806640625,
0.029052734375,
-0.00055694580078125,
0.0400390625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0986328125,
0.050048828125,
0.0576171875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.03271484375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0185546875,
0.05517578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.031494140625,
0.00927734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.060546875,
0.04833984375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.009521484375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.043701171875,
0.007415771484375,
0.0198974609375,
0.007171630859375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0074462890625,
0.043701171875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.02490234375,
0.008544921875,
0.0263671875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.046630859375,
0.04248046875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.03125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0023193359375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0103759765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.07177734375,
0.031005859375,
-0.03173828125,
0.04296875,
-0.06005859375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.034423828125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.02783203125,
0.05859375,
0.0230712890625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0634765625,
0.0177001953125,
0.00653076171875,
0.029541015625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0272216796875,
0.02978515625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.02490234375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0037841796875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.037353515625,
0.01104736328125,
0.011962890625,
0.0517578125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.052490234375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.021484375,
0.00946044921875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.017333984375,
0.007415771484375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0001373291015625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00025177001953125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0250244140625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0003299713134765625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.035400390625,
0.048828125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.06591796875,
0.283203125,
0.032958984375,
-0.01513671875,
0.005645751953125,
0.033935546875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.03515625,
0.02392578125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0072021484375,
0.031494140625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.017578125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.01025390625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.05029296875,
0.0595703125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.062255859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0634765625,
0.03662109375,
-0.03759765625,
0.019775390625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.00830078125,
0.00909423828125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.041259765625,
0.0255126953125,
0.005767822265625,
0.0005645751953125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.031494140625,
0.032470703125,
0.060546875,
-0.0576171875,
0.032470703125,
0.040771484375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.01904296875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.02783203125,
0.03466796875,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.048095703125,
0.05859375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.032958984375,
0.028076171875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.025634765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0537109375,
-0.01513671875,
0.002105712890625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.02587890625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0218505859375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.048095703125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0179443359375
] |
W. R. Peterson, J.
Defendant pursuant to a plea bargain entered a guilty plea to two counts of breaking and entering an unoccupied dwelling, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, and to a supplemental information charging him as a third felony offender, MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083. Subsequently the court imposed sentences of from 4 to 20 years on the breaking and entering convictions and from 6 to 20 years on the habitual offender conviction, to be served concurrently.
We must remand for resentencing.
In imposing sentence, the trial judge rejected the recommendation of the probation officer as being too short. His reasoning was based on the assumption that the actual sentence served would be far less than the minimum sentence imposed because the defendant would be the beneficiary of a number of 90-day time cuts under the Prison Overcrowding Emergency Powers Act, 1980 PA 519; MCL 800.71 et seq.; MSA 28.1437 (1) et seq. We take judicial notice of that with which the trial judge was familiar, namely that the act was being invoked at a rate of four times every 13 months and that the Department of Corrections had advised Michigan’s judges that that rate would continue into the indefinite future unless additional prison facilities were provided.
We also note that the Governor of Michigan has recently declined to invoke the act, that the Legislature is considering repeal of the act, and that the Legislature is also considering new prison construction.
Other panels of this Court have noted the impropriety of lengthening a sentence as a buffer against possible sentence time cuts resulting from application of the emergency powers act, holding it impermissible to impose a sentence based on speculation and conjecture that the 90-day time-cut provisions of the act would continue to be implemented in the future or be utilized with the same frequency and regularity as in the past. People v Fleming, 142 Mich App 119; 369 NW2d 499 (1985); People v Humble, 146 Mich App 198; — NW2d — (1985).
The decisions, however, are not an expression of confidence in the likelihood of legislative action to provide adequate prison space. And so, though remanding for resentencing, we sympathize with the frustration of the trial judge who is ordered to create certainty amid chaos. Though the Court in Fleming said that "[t]he sentencing court does not operate in a vacuum without consideration or concern for the actual effect of the judgment of sentence”, that vacuum wonderland is precisely where the sentencing judge functions today.
The realities of contemporary sentencing suggest a different version of the case of The Emperor’s New Clothes. Perhaps the tailors who crafted the marvelous garments that no one could see were not swindlers but were honest craftsmen, ordered to deliver a product for which the Emperor provided no materials and appropriated no funds. Judicial craftsmen are ordered by statute and the ideal of People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 NW2d 504 (1973), to produce a sentence:
"[T]ailored to the particular circumstances of the case and the offender in an effort to balance both society’s need for protection and its interest in maximizing the offender’s rehabilitative potential.”
It is sophistry to insist that this is or can be accomplished when the sentenced offender is delivered to a corrections system that is in shambles and from which, entirely apart from the EPA 90-day time cuts, inmates are precipitately returned to the community under a variety of programs designed to empty a cell for the most recently sentenced offender and with minimal regard for public safety, let alone for the needs of the offender. Pity the tailors; pity the jailers.
But the power to define limits of punishment and to provide the means of implementing corrections programs rests with the Legislature; the courts may not circumvent the legislative plan, even when that plan may seem to be an evasion of legislative responsibility. In its ordering of financial priorities, the Legislature has chosen to allow reduction of reasonable sentences and the early release of felons rather than to provide the prisons and the programs necessary to implement its own Criminal Code. By this we must abide. On remand, the sentencing judge must impose the sentence that he would have imposed without regard to the Prison Overcrowding Emergency Powers Act.
Another matter must be addressed on resentencing. The record is unclear as to the exact terms of the plea bargain struck between the prosecution and the defendant. Prior convictions were acknowledged and it is clear that defendant’s sentence herein was to be as a third offender under MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083. Guilty pleas were entered as to both of the charged offenses, but defendant claims that he was to receive only one sentence and that the imposition of two sentences violates the bargain. Unfortunately, a discussion between court and counsel attempting to clarify the agreement was held off the record.
The matter is remanded for ascertainment of the terms of the agreement and for resentencing in conformity therewith.
R. M. Maher, J. concurs in the result only.
Defendant had four prior felony convictions in other states and, while on bond for the within and other offenses in St. Joseph County, committed a breaking and entering in Kent County, Michigan, for which he had been sentenced as an habitual offender (second) to a term of from 3 to 15 years, which sentence was not consecutive.
Rex Imp v Tailors, xxxx Dansk, H. C. Andersen reporter.
The sentencing judge herein reasonably concluded that the defendant’s needs required a minimum amount of time in custody if he were to benefit from corrections programs. He has, however, no certainty that the time will be served or that such correctional programs will be available. Indeed, he knows that those inmates who are "only” property offenders are invariabley released within months after sentencing, and that even offenders against persons will be released long before the expiration of the minimum sentence imposed. | [
0.025634765625,
0.023193359375,
0.0123291015625,
0.03662109375,
-0.095703125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.052734375,
0.08837890625,
0.05419921875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.03076171875,
-0.021728515625,
0.055908203125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.022216796875,
0.01495361328125,
0.028564453125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0703125,
0.048095703125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0361328125,
0.043701171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.059814453125,
-0.0419921875,
0.0213623046875,
0.00982666015625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0269775390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0016021728515625,
0.034912109375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.03955078125,
0.000640869140625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0027008056640625,
0.05615234375,
0.026611328125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.02978515625,
0.03173828125,
0.037353515625,
0.00165557861328125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.04296875,
0.03955078125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01953125,
0.01214599609375,
0.0206298828125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.005218505859375,
0.035400390625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.025390625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00262451171875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.034423828125,
0.00897216796875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.04541015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02978515625,
0.05029296875,
0.015380859375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.05810546875,
-0.0439453125,
0.003662109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0478515625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0166015625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.028564453125,
0.03466796875,
0.01611328125,
0.00970458984375,
0.0224609375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.05859375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0169677734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.00115966796875,
0.02734375,
0.026123046875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.005096435546875,
0.01446533203125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.00113677978515625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.01416015625,
0.034423828125,
0.05224609375,
0.068359375,
0.04150390625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.016357421875,
0.00726318359375,
0.0361328125,
0.04833984375,
0.00860595703125,
0.034423828125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.031005859375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.052978515625,
0.007171630859375,
0.01416015625,
0.037353515625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.042236328125,
0.035888671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.020263671875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0150146484375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.052490234375,
0.00958251953125,
0.03125,
0.01177978515625,
0.0216064453125,
0.007568359375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0322265625,
0.049072265625,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.0169677734375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.04296875,
0.0218505859375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.043212890625,
0.01458740234375,
0.052978515625,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0283203125,
0.05615234375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.008056640625,
0.010009765625,
0.0947265625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.057861328125,
0.07177734375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.014892578125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.018310546875,
0.004730224609375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.02734375,
0.0079345703125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0238037109375,
0.004791259765625,
0.04052734375,
0.048583984375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.00616455078125,
0.037841796875,
0.072265625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.023681640625,
0.0174560546875,
0.033447265625,
0.043212890625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.03857421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0174560546875,
0.00531005859375,
0.0517578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.015869140625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.021728515625,
0.0024871826171875,
0.01318359375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.01708984375,
0.044677734375,
-0.000560760498046875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.048828125,
0.00665283203125,
0.03173828125,
0.025146484375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.02099609375,
0.04736328125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.000008165836334228516,
0.0142822265625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.03857421875,
-0.000701904296875,
0.011962890625,
-0.062255859375,
0.056396484375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0087890625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.053466796875,
0.0206298828125,
0.059326171875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.02734375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0380859375,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.00775146484375,
0.0023193359375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.034423828125,
0.0172119140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.03564453125,
0.000461578369140625,
0.00151824951171875,
0.00238037109375,
0.02294921875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.01019287109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.027587890625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.010498046875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.00360107421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.07666015625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.056884765625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0030670166015625,
0.01806640625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00064849853515625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.014892578125,
0.051025390625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.048828125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0751953125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.05615234375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0458984375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.07373046875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0078125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00335693359375,
0.01904296875,
0.03466796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0277099609375,
0.016357421875,
0.03564453125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0498046875,
-0.021728515625,
0.045654296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.058837890625,
0.050537109375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00014209747314453125,
0.03564453125,
0.048583984375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.013427734375,
0.0634765625,
0.02734375,
0.04150390625,
-0.039794921875,
0.02001953125,
-0.046630859375,
0.0281982421875,
0.023193359375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.033935546875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0791015625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0206298828125,
0.021484375,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0189208984375,
0.008056640625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.035888671875,
0.021240234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0162353515625,
0.037109375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.028076171875,
-0.037109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.01226806640625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0673828125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0240478515625,
0.036376953125,
0.00885009765625,
0.00043487548828125,
0.042724609375,
0.004119873046875,
0.01544189453125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0126953125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.000518798828125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.025390625,
-0.033203125,
0.013916015625,
0.0166015625,
0.046142578125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.03515625,
0.029541015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01153564453125,
0.052001953125,
0.0062255859375,
-0.03125,
-0.0057373046875,
0.000789642333984375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.007080078125,
0.01202392578125,
0.06787109375,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.0361328125,
0.0078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.04638671875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.025634765625,
0.021728515625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0546875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0439453125,
0.01483154296875,
0.016845703125,
0.004302978515625,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.030029296875,
0.02685546875,
-0.02294921875,
0.017578125,
0.0004253387451171875,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.004425048828125,
0.01495361328125,
0.02587890625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00927734375,
0.00445556640625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.031494140625,
0.025390625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.009765625,
0.02587890625,
0.025390625,
0.030517578125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.03466796875,
0.037109375,
-0.00193023681640625,
0.0400390625,
0.02734375,
0.007171630859375,
0.033935546875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0224609375,
0.01953125,
0.04296875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.029541015625,
0.02197265625,
-0.052734375,
0.00970458984375,
0.05908203125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.031982421875,
0.029052734375,
0.021728515625,
-0.004364013671875,
0.06005859375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.037353515625,
0.040771484375,
0.042236328125,
0.03271484375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.050048828125,
0.016845703125,
0.03564453125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0004100799560546875,
0.019287109375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.052734375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00250244140625,
0.0272216796875,
0.004058837890625,
0.033203125,
0.0250244140625,
0.03759765625,
0.037109375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.030029296875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00433349609375,
0.03125,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0146484375,
0.0206298828125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0439453125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.001434326171875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.05224609375,
-0.052978515625,
0.03955078125,
0.021484375,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0057373046875,
0.05224609375,
-0.08056640625,
-0.009033203125,
0.000698089599609375,
0.00140380859375,
0.01513671875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0361328125,
-0.020751953125,
0.01556396484375,
0.05224609375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.057861328125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.031005859375,
0.006866455078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.03466796875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.005615234375,
-0.000213623046875,
0.049072265625,
-0.009521484375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.031982421875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.026123046875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.036865234375,
0.007720947265625,
0.006500244140625,
-0.001495361328125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.08544921875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0001888275146484375,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.036865234375,
0.003814697265625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0078125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0002727508544921875,
0.0029144287109375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0054931640625,
0.00098419189453125,
0.002655029296875,
0.00421142578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.01300048828125,
0.033935546875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.037109375,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.052734375,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.05517578125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0673828125,
0.005615234375,
-0.008544921875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.053466796875,
0.034423828125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.021728515625,
0.00726318359375,
0.03857421875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.03369140625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.048095703125,
0.036865234375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.022216796875,
0.033935546875,
0.0022735595703125,
0.0220947265625,
0.03173828125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.07421875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.027587890625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.000583648681640625,
0.02099609375,
0.00323486328125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00927734375,
0.001983642578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.00116729736328125,
0.009765625,
0.06591796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.01318359375,
0.06396484375,
0.0103759765625,
0.01043701171875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0478515625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0498046875,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.02001953125,
-0.031005859375,
0.001983642578125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0142822265625,
0.00006151199340820312,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0341796875,
0.030029296875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0203857421875,
0.034423828125,
-0.000865936279296875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00000527501106262207,
0.0286865234375,
0.02783203125,
-0.013916015625,
0.000942230224609375,
0.0419921875,
0.01043701171875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.034912109375,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.040283203125,
0.04248046875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.008056640625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.00408935546875,
0.00787353515625,
0.047607421875,
0.00994873046875,
0.0301513671875,
0.043701171875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00057220458984375,
0.040283203125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.02734375,
-0.052001953125,
0.013671875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00335693359375,
0.01611328125,
0.02587890625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.0262451171875,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.060546875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0018157958984375,
0.022216796875,
0.003387451171875,
0.002838134765625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.06298828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0194091796875,
0.035888671875,
0.01416015625,
0.01519775390625,
0.0186767578125,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0126953125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0089111328125,
0.0306396484375,
0.00104522705078125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.02392578125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.06982421875,
0.279296875,
-0.0017547607421875,
-0.000598907470703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.043212890625,
0.006439208984375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0537109375,
0.009521484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00086212158203125,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.022705078125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0263671875,
0.000850677490234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0002689361572265625,
0.07373046875,
0.018798828125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0400390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.07568359375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0458984375,
0.0169677734375,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0087890625,
0.04248046875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.003387451171875,
0.024658203125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.032470703125,
0.06201171875,
-0.041259765625,
0.012451171875,
0.02490234375,
0.021240234375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.020751953125,
0.032958984375,
0.01409912109375,
0.0067138671875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00201416015625,
0.0142822265625,
0.05712890625,
0.04296875,
-0.00201416015625,
0.048583984375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0074462890625,
0.023681640625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.048583984375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.048095703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.02001953125,
0.0019073486328125,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0380859375,
-0.014404296875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.000392913818359375,
-0.00567626953125
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree, MCL 750.520b(l)(f); MSA 28.788(2)(l)(f), and was sentenced to a term of from 16 to 35 years in prison. He now appeals as of right.
Defendant’s sole claim on appeal is that the admission into evidence of the results of electrophoesis testing was error so prejudicial as to require reversal of his conviction. We find this argument without merit and affirm defendant’s conviction.
At trial, Dr. Henry Gershowitz, a qualified expert, testified out of the presence of the jury about the use of electrophoresis for identification of particular types of serum proteins and enzymes to classify people into certain distinct populations which possess these genetic qualities. It was Dr. Gershowitz’s opinion that electrophoresis has been generally accepted in the scientific community for well over 20 years. Defense counsel neither cross-examined Dr. Gershowitz nor objected to any of his testimony.
Subsequently, Charles Barna, qualified as an expert in forensic serology, testified to the results of the electrophoresis testing he did on bloodstains from the complainant’s bed sheet, her T-shirt, defendant’s plaid shirt, and a piece of bloodstained glass from a window broken by the assailant.
The bloodstain on the victim’s T-shirt, which she had worn the night of the attack, matched all of defendant’s genetic markers and did not match either the victim’s or her boyfriend’s markers. Only .68 percent of the population, or 1 in 147 people, could have contributed that bloodstain. The bloodstain on the victim’s bed sheet matched the genetic markings of defendant and did not match those of either the victim or her boyfriend. It was determined that .87 percent, 1 out of 115 people, could have deposited that bloodstain. The bloodstain on defendant’s shirt, which the victim testified defendant was wearing the night of the attack, did not match the victim’s markings but did match defendant’s. The tiny bloodstain on the piece of glass recovered from the victim’s apartment indicated only that it was type A blood. Both defendant and the victim have type a blood.
Defense counsel did not object to the qualifications or testimony of either Dr. Gershowitz or Mr. Barna at trial. On appeal, however, defendant contends that their testimony is not sufficient to establish either the acceptance or reliability of electrophoresis test results. Defendant bases his argument on the Supreme Court’s opinion in People v Young, 418 Mich 1; 340 NW2d 805 (1983), in which the Court determined that it was error for the trial court to have accepted testimony on electrophoresis tests because there had been no prior determination that the electrophoresis procedure enjoys general scientific acceptance among impartial and disinterested experts. The Court remanded Young to the trial court for a Davis-Frye evidentiary hearing to determine whether the results of serological electrophoresis testing had achieved general scientific acceptance for reliability among impartial and disinterested experts. The Court retained jurisdiction, but has not as yet ruled on the results of the hearing.
Unlike the situation in Young, the prosecution here introduced Dr. Gershowitz to testify to the scientific reliability of electrophoresis testing. Dr. Gershowitz is a Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Michigan. He was not affiliated with any law enforcement agency and testified that he had no financial interest in the use of serological electrophoresis testing. On this basis, we think his testimony that the electrophoresis procedure is generally accepted within the scientific community removed from this case the cause for concern expressed in Young. We agree with the prosecution that the question of admissibility of serological electrophoresis evidence has not been temporarily frozen pending the final outcome of Young. The prosecution in this case met its burden of establishing the general scientific acceptance of electrophoresis testing.
Defendant argues that, because the test results placed him in such a narrowly defined class, the testimony was highly prejudicial to his case. Evidence of guilt is always prejudicial. Only if it would unfairly prejudice defendant should probative evidence be excluded. MRE 403- This Court explored .the question of unfair prejudice in admitting blood-typing evidence in People v Goree, 132 Mich App 693; 349 NW2d 220 (1984). The Court concluded that the only possible danger was that the probative value of blood-typing evidence would be artificially inflated by the prestige of the witnesses called to the stand to introduce it. The Court concluded that danger was not significant enough to warrant excluding evidence that the defendant was among the small class of serologically possible perpetrators.
We note in passing that, along with the highly probative results of the electrophoresis testing, the record yields plenty of other evidence establishing defendant’s guilt. We find no abuse of discretion in the admission of the electrophoresis results.
Affirmed.
People v Davis, 343 Mich 348; 72 NW2d 269 (1955), Frye v United States, 54 US App DC 46; 293 F 1013 (1923). | [
0.01080322265625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0341796875,
0.040771484375,
-0.08203125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.053955078125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0537109375,
-0.00262451171875,
0.0020751953125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.00185394287109375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.01397705078125,
0.001495361328125,
-0.036865234375,
0.0166015625,
-0.028564453125,
0.015380859375,
0.0005035400390625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0301513671875,
0.019287109375,
-0.001800537109375,
0.01141357421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.07421875,
0.02294921875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.02783203125,
0.003875732421875,
0.000789642333984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.07177734375,
0.0009307861328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.040771484375,
0.016845703125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0341796875,
0.0184326171875,
0.00396728515625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0419921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0194091796875,
0.021240234375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.06787109375,
0.03173828125,
0.002166748046875,
0.00335693359375,
0.021484375,
0.024658203125,
0.01251220703125,
0.026123046875,
0.03271484375,
0.04541015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.037841796875,
0.015380859375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.05908203125,
-0.039794921875,
0.0233154296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0791015625,
-0.032470703125,
0.061767578125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.005859375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.00074005126953125,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0001888275146484375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0223388671875,
0.002288818359375,
0.0751953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.01318359375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.045166015625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.006591796875,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0301513671875,
0.05517578125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.033935546875,
-0.021728515625,
0.04931640625,
0.032470703125,
0.0087890625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.043212890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.00830078125,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.026611328125,
0.021728515625,
-0.048583984375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.046142578125,
0.033935546875,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0341796875,
0.07666015625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0159912109375,
0.048583984375,
0.04541015625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.00335693359375,
0.0654296875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.028564453125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.02099609375,
0.00543212890625,
0.048583984375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.034912109375,
0.01025390625,
0.01165771484375,
0.0595703125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.034423828125,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0146484375,
0.0322265625,
0.008544921875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.060791015625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.000942230224609375,
0.0111083984375,
0.019287109375,
0.04248046875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0072021484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0419921875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.030029296875,
0.004852294921875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0162353515625,
0.011962890625,
0.0135498046875,
0.048095703125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.033203125,
0.083984375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0206298828125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0306396484375,
0.0147705078125,
0.039794921875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.054443359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.007537841796875,
0.00159454345703125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.01953125,
0.0233154296875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.04296875,
-0.0234375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.044677734375,
0.00115966796875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.01611328125,
0.045166015625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.008056640625,
0.0155029296875,
0.031494140625,
0.01007080078125,
0.021728515625,
-0.053466796875,
0.06005859375,
0.00958251953125,
0.03955078125,
0.002471923828125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0703125,
-0.012939453125,
0.06494140625,
-0.025634765625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.03271484375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.017333984375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.06591796875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.06591796875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0546875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.053955078125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0712890625,
0.02490234375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.07958984375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.02294921875,
0.04638671875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.047119140625,
0.013427734375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0244140625,
-0.05419921875,
0.0030364990234375,
0.019775390625,
0.00067138671875,
0.053955078125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.01806640625,
0.002777099609375,
0.01611328125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.024169921875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.052978515625,
0.00189208984375,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00372314453125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0439453125,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0810546875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.000408172607421875,
0.02587890625,
0.05029296875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.015869140625,
0.043212890625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.017578125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.035888671875,
0.002716064453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00933837890625,
0.049072265625,
-0.000560760498046875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.03515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.033935546875,
0.01904296875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0238037109375,
0.02392578125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.007598876953125,
-0.02490234375,
0.01123046875,
0.032470703125,
0.064453125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.046630859375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.021240234375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00022983551025390625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.020263671875,
0.007171630859375,
0.009033203125,
0.055908203125,
0.042236328125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.018310546875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.060302734375,
0.056884765625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.029296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0439453125,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.02099609375,
-0.00058746337890625,
-0.050537109375,
0.023193359375,
0.04345703125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0185546875,
-0.03759765625,
0.05419921875,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.049072265625,
0.019775390625,
0.00579833984375,
0.0380859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.01904296875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.00634765625,
0.04248046875,
0.025390625,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.022216796875,
-0.00140380859375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.064453125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0002651214599609375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00872802734375,
0.020263671875,
-0.01123046875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.060302734375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.037109375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0244140625,
0.006134033203125,
0.00830078125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.040283203125,
0.000919342041015625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.04443359375,
0.00104522705078125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.02978515625,
0.02734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0810546875,
0.036865234375,
0.000125885009765625,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00189208984375,
0.03564453125,
0.00262451171875,
0.000823974609375,
0.0030670166015625,
0.005645751953125,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.054443359375,
0.01312255859375,
0.02685546875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.04931640625,
0.0166015625,
0.011474609375,
0.048583984375,
0.04345703125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.056640625,
0.06298828125,
-0.0478515625,
0.0101318359375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.0234375,
0.03759765625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.055908203125,
0.060546875,
0.01165771484375,
0.003448486328125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.027587890625,
0.002960205078125,
-0.048095703125,
0.05908203125,
0.05517578125,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0250244140625,
0.006500244140625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.03125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.062255859375,
0.003204345703125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.05810546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0517578125,
0.0234375,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.04296875,
-0.023681640625,
0.018798828125,
0.04833984375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0322265625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.01556396484375,
0.041015625,
-0.049560546875,
0.020263671875,
0.03955078125,
0.006500244140625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.05224609375,
0.018310546875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.016357421875,
0.013671875,
0.00145721435546875,
0.021484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0654296875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.06884765625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.040283203125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.00152587890625,
0.0155029296875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.05126953125,
0.0224609375,
0.041259765625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.004974365234375,
0.0028076171875,
0.025634765625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.061279296875,
0.031494140625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0703125,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.017578125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0115966796875,
0.042236328125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0074462890625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.030029296875,
0.008056640625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.013671875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0322265625,
0.030029296875,
-0.01171875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.01708984375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01904296875,
0.00390625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.025634765625,
-0.000022649765014648438,
-0.02197265625,
0.01220703125,
-0.00007915496826171875,
0.03369140625,
0.031494140625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.013427734375,
0.0291748046875,
0.004730224609375,
0.028564453125,
0.0498046875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0064697265625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.022705078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.044189453125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.08203125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.02099609375,
0.030517578125,
0.030029296875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.036865234375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0059814453125,
0.045166015625,
0.035888671875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.020263671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.012451171875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01513671875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0322265625,
0.01507568359375,
0.039306640625,
0.0118408203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.047119140625,
0.000621795654296875,
0.00830078125,
0.048828125,
0.006927490234375,
0.03173828125,
-0.002410888671875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0546875,
0.029296875,
0.029052734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.006927490234375,
0.0004024505615234375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0147705078125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.002349853515625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01263427734375,
0.0361328125,
0.025634765625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00634765625,
0.06494140625,
0.025390625,
-0.001678466796875,
0.0263671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.045654296875,
0.018310546875,
0.053955078125,
0.0634765625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.004730224609375,
0.01165771484375,
0.004791259765625,
0.00131988525390625,
0.03857421875,
-0.03173828125,
0.041015625,
0.018310546875,
0.04638671875,
-0.03125,
0.005889892578125,
0.043212890625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0072021484375,
0.0322265625,
0.005615234375,
0.03173828125,
-0.00014495849609375,
0.01904296875,
0.004241943359375,
0.0286865234375,
0.055908203125,
0.004791259765625,
0.0013580322265625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.02001953125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.00421142578125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.046142578125,
0.03466796875,
0.045654296875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.000446319580078125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.000965118408203125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0771484375,
-0.025390625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.000385284423828125,
0.03271484375,
0.01263427734375,
0.00799560546875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.049560546875,
0.0093994140625,
0.003082275390625,
0.045654296875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.029296875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.009765625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.011962890625,
0.044677734375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.01904296875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.00122833251953125,
0.00634765625,
-0.07763671875,
0.287109375,
0.020751953125,
0.022705078125,
0.00060272216796875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.04296875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0185546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0076904296875,
0.0052490234375,
0.007354736328125,
0.044921875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.051513671875,
0.052734375,
-0.001678466796875,
0.025146484375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.04443359375,
0.017822265625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0791015625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.020263671875,
0.01708984375,
0.02099609375,
0.01416015625,
0.05078125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.058349609375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0634765625,
0.037353515625,
0.046875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.00138092041015625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0250244140625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0283203125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.041015625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0189208984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.040283203125,
0.03857421875,
-0.056640625,
-0.01171875,
-0.000263214111328125,
0.008544921875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.06396484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.00029754638671875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0228271484375,
0.042236328125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.03125,
0.041748046875,
-0.052734375,
0.033447265625,
0.040283203125,
-0.010986328125
] |
Beasley, J.
This case presents an issue of first impression in Michigan which involves whether a municipal ombudsman may subpoena witnesses to appear before him. In fact, the whole matter of ombudsmen is of relatively recent origin in Michigan. Nationally, "ombudsmania” in the United States, which is defined as the emerging and growing ombudsman phenomenon, is sometimes said to date from 1966, when Walter Gellhorn published his seminal works on the subject. In the broad sense, the ombudsman concept is said to spring from the question of how best to inquire fairly and quickly into asserted official impropriety or insensitivity.
Some writers view the ombudsman concept as an informal procedural system which is in competition with our traditional adversary system for the resolution of governmental grievances. Those who believe in the ombudsman concept are likely to place limitations on the spread of adversary proceedings into every corner of the administrative law cupboard, as has occurred under the aegis of constitutional due process. Since we seem to be reaching the realization that use of the adversary process is, in some areas, bad social policy, perhaps the time has come to give the ombudsman concept a chance.
In the within case, defendant, James D. Ananich, in his capacity as ombudsman for the City of Flint, appeals as of right from a circuit court injunction permanently prohibiting him from issuing subpoenas.
Defendant is the ombudsman of the City of Flint and, in that capacity, he served plaintiff, Patricia Vance, with a subpoena to appear at his office on January 10, 1983, for the purpose of giving testimony. On January 5, plaintiff filed in circuit court a petition to quash the subpoena, alleging that defendant was without lawful authority to issue it. Following a show cause hearing, the circuit court granted plaintiff’s petition and ordered defendant to "cease and desist from issuing subpoenas”.
On appeal, defendant argues that conferring the power to issue an administrative subpoena upon the ombudsman was a valid exercise of permissive municipal powers under the home rule cities act, MCL 117.1 et seq.; MSA 5.2071 et seq. In general, the power to issue a subpoena must be expressly conferred by statute and, in the absence of a specific grant of authority, an administrative agency or official has no power to issue a subpoena. Subpoena power not expressly conferred will not be implied unless essential to fulfillment of the objectives of a statute.
Section 3-505 of the Charter of the City of Flint vests the city’s ombudsman with subpoena power:
"A. The Ombudsman may request and shall be given necessary assistance and information by each agency.
"B. The Ombudsman may subpoena witnesses, administer oaths, take testimony, require the production of evidence relevant to a matter under investigation, enter and inspect premises within the control of any agency during regular business hours, and establish rules of procedure in accordance with Section 1-801 of this Charter.”
The Flint City Charter was adopted pursuant to the home rule cities act. That act provides for certain mandatory provisions that all city charters must contain and also for other permissible provisions, which city charters may contain. The act also contains some express limitations on city power. The question of whether a city ombudsman has subpoena power involves neither a mandatory provision nor an express limitation. The issue in this case is whether it is a permissible exercise of municipal power. Section 4-j of the home rule cities act provides in pertinent part:
"Each city may in its charter provide:
"(1) For the establishment of any department that it may deem necessary for the general welfare of the city, and for the separate incorporation thereof: Provided, however, That these provisions shall not be construed to extend to and include public shcools;
* * *
"(3) For the exercise of all municipal powers in the management and control of muncipal property and in the administration of the municipal government, whether such powers be expressly enumerated or not; for any act to advance the interests of the city, the good government and prosperity of the municipality and its inhabitants and through its regularly constituted authority to pass all laws and ordinances relating to its municipal concerns subject to the constitution and general laws of this state.” MCL 117.4j; MSA 5.2083.
It is this section that defendant contends gives cities the power of administrative subpoena.
Cases construing the home rule cities act have not been altogether consistent as to the scope of powers granted to the cities. People v Sell quoting from earlier decisions, explained the change in city government which resulted from the home rule cities act:
" 'The new system (referring to the home rule act) is one of general grant of rights and powers, subject only to certain enumerated restrictions, instead of the former method of only granting enumerated rights and powers definitely specified. We must assume the act was passed with that intent and construe it accordingly.’ ”
The act was intended to secure a greater degree of home rule and to confer almost exclusive right in the conduct of municipal affairs to the cities themselves. The act is to be liberally construed, and the same presumption of constitutionality applies to a city ordinance as to a state statute. Sell went on to state: "Except as limited by the Constitution or by statute, the police power of Detroit as a home rule city is of the same general scope and nature as that of the State.”[ ]
In the within case, the trial court held that the home rule cities act granted the cities only those powers that are essential to local self-government, citing Dooley v Detroit, Home Owners’ Loan Corp v Detroit, and Dawley v Ingham Circuit Judge. However, in Dooley, in addition to stating that powers exercised by home rule cities should be essential, the Court also went on to state that every power exercised by a city need not be specifi cally delegated by legislative grant. In Dawley, in which the Court sustained the power of the City of Lansing to pass a zoning ordinance, the Court stated:
"It is fundamental that the legislature has power to delegate to cities authority to enact such ordinances as are essential or incident to local governmental functions.[ ]
In holding that administrative subpoena power is not essential to city government, the trial court in the instant case placed much emphasis on the potential for abuse of subpoena power by the ombudsman and of a lack of standards controlling its use. As indicated, in Michigan, the ombudsman concept is of relatively recent origin. In part, it represents an effort to bring the bureaucracy under better public scrutiny and to give citizens a means to be heard regarding minor grievances against government. On the other side of the coin, an ombudsman lacking in judgment could unfairly harass and impede public officials, as the trial court suggests.
We view the ombudsman procedure as an innovative, experimental idea and believe that it should be given a chance to see how it works. In that way, the Legislature will be in a better position to decide whether to continue and expand the ombudsman concept or whether to limit and terminate the powers of the ombudsman. If the Legislature is to receive that opportunity, the ombudsman must be permitted to exercise subpoena power. Otherwise, the ombudsman could become a kind of toothless tiger, as ineffective as a nonvoting member of a debating society. In this case, no finding has been made that the subpoena power exercised herein was being abused, just that it might be in the future.
While, as the trial court stated, no express grant of administrative subpoena power can be found in the home rule cities act, there is statutory authority which supports such a power, at least by analogy. In MCL 88.18; MSA 5.1714, the Legislature provided the city councils of fourth class cities with a subpoena power to compel the attendance of witnesses pursuant to an investigation. Likewise, the Legislature has specifically allowed county boards of supervisors to issue administrative subpoenas in aid of investigations.
The home rule cities act was intended to confer upon the cities almost exclusive rights in the conduct of their affairs. As stated, its provisions are to be liberally construed. Only those local provisions in conflict with the constitution or state statutes should be found invalid. Since there is no constitutional or statutory authority which would invalidate municipal administrative subpoena power, and the act is to be liberally construed, we find that the home rule legislation authorizes issuance of subpoenas, as was done by the ombudsman in this case.
In summary, we believe that the home rule cities act allows the establishment of an ombudsman office by the City of Flint. Because we view this procedure as being within the lawful scope of the Flint City Charter and also a potentially promising alternative method of governmental grievance resolution, we decline to find unlawful the action of the city in equipping that office with the appropriate powers necessary to effectively carry out its objectives, i.e., administrative subpoena power. Thus, we find support for this conclusion in analogous statutes and in the policy objectives of the home rule cities act.
Finally, we would welcome action by the Legislature specifically dealing with ombudsmen, their powers and their limitations. Particularly, we would request expression of intention by the Legislature relative to issuance of subpoenas by ombudsmen. In holding that the statutes inferentially permit ombudsmen to lawfully issue subpoenas, we do not decide the limits on the purposes for which such subpoenas may be issued, except to indicate that their purposes must be within the parameters of the ombudsman’s charter powers. For these reasons, we vacate the injunction issued by the trial court.
Reversed.
Danhof, C.J., concurred.
Verkuil, The Ombudsman and the Limits of the Adversary System, 75 Columbia Law Rev 845 (1975).
W. Gellhorn, Ombudsman and Others: Citizens’ Protectors in Nine Countries (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1966), and W. Gellhorn, When Americans Complain: Governmental Grievance Procedures (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1966).
73 CJS, Public Administrative Law & Procedure, § 82, pp 563-564.
73 CJS 564, citing Combs v Lipton, 44 Misc 2d 467; 254 NYS2d 143 (1964).
310 Mich 305, 313; 17 NW2d 193 (1945).
310 Mich 313-314.
310 Mich 315.
370 Mich 194; 121 NW2d 724 (1963).
292 Mich 511; 290 NW 888 (1940).
242 Mich 247; 218 NW 766 (1928).
242 Mich 249.
MCL 46.3; MSA 5.323. | [
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.005828857421875,
0.044677734375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.044677734375,
0.064453125,
0.0478515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00099945068359375,
-0.000972747802734375,
-0.02783203125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01611328125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.02783203125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.01068115234375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.005126953125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0006561279296875,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.03369140625,
0.026611328125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.06103515625,
0.052001953125,
-0.05419921875,
0.028564453125,
-0.005859375,
0.024658203125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.021240234375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.02734375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0016326904296875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00095367431640625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.07763671875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.042724609375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0166015625,
0.0211181640625,
0.01220703125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0017547607421875,
0.010009765625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.006744384765625,
0.0252685546875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.043701171875,
0.032470703125,
0.0150146484375,
0.02099609375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0400390625,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.00372314453125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.02099609375,
0.0031585693359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0118408203125,
0.048583984375,
0.014892578125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.02734375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0625,
0.0269775390625,
0.016845703125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.003570556640625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0108642578125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0302734375,
0.009765625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0028076171875,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.000911712646484375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0002994537353515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.01123046875,
-0.00311279296875,
0.035400390625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0322265625,
0.01611328125,
0.036376953125,
0.01953125,
0.08349609375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.06640625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.018310546875,
0.061279296875,
-0.015625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00830078125,
0.0537109375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.005615234375,
0.059326171875,
0.042236328125,
0.005401611328125,
-0.01416015625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0361328125,
0.02001953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.05810546875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0279541015625,
0.04150390625,
-0.01171875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.000698089599609375,
0.043701171875,
0.020263671875,
0.0263671875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.05517578125,
0.064453125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.011962890625,
0.024169921875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.00014781951904296875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.02587890625,
0.010009765625,
0.0205078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.03125,
0.08349609375,
-0.01171875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.012451171875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.041015625,
0.034912109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0123291015625,
0.0010223388671875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.044921875,
0.004180908203125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0191650390625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0615234375,
0.04150390625,
0.01434326171875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.031005859375,
0.045166015625,
0.028076171875,
-0.043701171875,
0.034912109375,
0.00015354156494140625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.003326416015625,
0.032470703125,
0.024658203125,
0.012939453125,
0.0135498046875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.02001953125,
0.01361083984375,
0.02490234375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.042724609375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.015869140625,
0.0390625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0478515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0264892578125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0279541015625,
0.00390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.072265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.02880859375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.00170135498046875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.03125,
-0.009765625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.005279541015625,
0.022216796875,
0.01251220703125,
0.030517578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0693359375,
0.002532958984375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0361328125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.029052734375,
0.026123046875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0908203125,
0.003753662109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.006072998046875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.000835418701171875,
0.0031585693359375,
0.02978515625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0208740234375,
0.00052642822265625,
0.040283203125,
0.00830078125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0048828125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.06005859375,
0.02392578125,
0.00640869140625,
0.03271484375,
0.003692626953125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.037109375,
0.005706787109375,
0.005035400390625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.04443359375,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.040771484375,
0.033203125,
-0.03759765625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01953125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.07470703125,
0.0216064453125,
0.0012969970703125,
0.03173828125,
0.027099609375,
0.02197265625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0062255859375,
0.0018768310546875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.031982421875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0517578125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0064697265625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00927734375,
0.0091552734375,
0.045166015625,
0.038818359375,
0.0654296875,
0.04150390625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.056884765625,
-0.031005859375,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.02001953125,
0.044921875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0140380859375,
0.034423828125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.000354766845703125,
0.05615234375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.033203125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.052001953125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0654296875,
0.02685546875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.03955078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0093994140625,
0.049560546875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0546875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.017333984375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.022216796875,
0.00156402587890625,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.0186767578125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0003223419189453125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.04052734375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.055419921875,
0.01416015625,
0.054443359375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.03857421875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0096435546875,
0.0380859375,
0.0029296875,
0.0235595703125,
0.042724609375,
-0.00213623046875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00823974609375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.036376953125,
0.00555419921875,
0.05029296875,
0.01806640625,
0.0004863739013671875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01171875,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01025390625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.006500244140625,
0.0693359375,
0.0267333984375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0000476837158203125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.041015625,
0.0419921875,
-0.064453125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.001922607421875,
0.0595703125,
0.0047607421875,
0.004119873046875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0322265625,
0.01385498046875,
0.01507568359375,
0.01220703125,
-0.0537109375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.00238037109375,
0.03076171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.046875,
0.0000028461217880249023,
0.0213623046875,
-0.056640625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.026123046875,
0.0130615234375,
0.021240234375,
0.011962890625,
0.024658203125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0157470703125,
0.06494140625,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.04541015625,
0.015869140625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0286865234375,
0.033935546875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.000701904296875,
0.053955078125,
0.038818359375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.046875,
-0.056884765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.001953125,
0.01251220703125,
0.05224609375,
0.004364013671875,
0.0120849609375,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.02099609375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.09033203125,
0.0194091796875,
0.024658203125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0028076171875,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.056884765625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00151824951171875,
0.023681640625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0255126953125,
0.006591796875,
0.031982421875,
0.052978515625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.03369140625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.024169921875,
0.054931640625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.02587890625,
0.02197265625,
0.043212890625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0004596710205078125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0380859375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0042724609375,
0.0263671875,
0.061767578125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06982421875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0296630859375,
0.00531005859375,
0.022216796875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0062255859375,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0050048828125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0361328125,
0.00104522705078125,
0.007049560546875,
0.04541015625,
0.095703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0037841796875,
0.02392578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.10302734375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.04150390625,
0.01068115234375,
0.0478515625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.050048828125,
0.03955078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.08056640625,
-0.013671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.02587890625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0074462890625,
0.012451171875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0458984375,
0.016845703125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.03857421875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0030517578125,
0.00017547607421875,
-0.0654296875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.009033203125,
0.021728515625,
0.005462646484375,
0.011962890625,
0.027099609375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0263671875,
0.021240234375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0299072265625,
0.007476806640625,
0.0546875,
0.003021240234375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.078125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03125,
-0.055419921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.056396484375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0625,
-0.05517578125,
0.04443359375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.0205078125,
0.027099609375,
0.026611328125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.022705078125,
0.008544921875,
0.06396484375,
0.0166015625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.044677734375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0595703125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0234375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.06494140625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0002841949462890625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.004150390625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.05224609375,
0.0264892578125,
0.052734375,
-0.016357421875,
0.044677734375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.015869140625,
0.06884765625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.00080108642578125,
0.023193359375,
0.01214599609375,
0.041748046875,
0.0289306640625,
0.05224609375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.052978515625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.03955078125,
0.052001953125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.032958984375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.038818359375,
0.00872802734375,
0.02978515625,
0.014892578125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.048095703125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.00714111328125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.013671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.003692626953125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.0196533203125,
0.022705078125,
0.00933837890625,
0.0137939453125,
0.00830078125,
-0.07568359375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.009521484375,
0.06689453125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0048828125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0224609375,
-0.037353515625,
0.03173828125,
0.0262451171875,
0.01483154296875,
0.03369140625,
0.01220703125,
0.022705078125,
-0.01708984375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.050048828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0108642578125,
0.013427734375,
0.009033203125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0537109375,
0.006988525390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.040771484375,
0.049072265625,
0.034423828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.041015625,
0.006866455078125,
0.013427734375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.009033203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.003692626953125,
0.043701171875,
0.032958984375,
0.033935546875,
0.045166015625,
0.02685546875,
0.046142578125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0137939453125,
0.01019287109375,
0.012939453125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.044189453125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.051025390625,
0.294921875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.055908203125,
0.003631591796875,
0.00830078125,
0.07080078125,
0.004608154296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00244140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.01806640625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0264892578125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.029052734375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.07080078125,
0.044189453125,
0.0322265625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.03173828125,
-0.06005859375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01708984375,
0.01385498046875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.026611328125,
0.045166015625,
0.002960205078125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.01953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00018024444580078125,
0.055419921875,
-0.005615234375,
0.060791015625,
0.00982666015625,
0.037109375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01531982421875,
0.027587890625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0390625,
0.0242919921875,
0.036865234375,
0.0189208984375,
0.00933837890625,
0.0145263671875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01611328125,
0.03564453125,
0.004150390625,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0693359375,
0.059326171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.019775390625,
0.004486083984375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.002410888671875,
0.0162353515625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01220703125,
0.03369140625,
0.014892578125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0361328125
] |
T. M. Burns, P. J.
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, Inc. [hereafter A & P] appeals from the entry of a default judgment in favor of plaintiff. The default was taken when A & P’s insurer’s adjuster failed to appeal at the mandatory settlement conference, Wayne County Court Rule 13.1, when requested to do so by the court. The trial court refused to set aside the default. We affirm.
Plaintiff brought suit against A & P for damages sustained from a slip and fall on ice in a parking lot shared by A & P and other businesses. A & P initiated a third-party action against those businesses and the snow removal service for the lot, and plaintiff amended her pleadings to include these defendants in her suit.
The case was noticed ready for trial, and the mandatory settlement conference was scheduled. At the conference, plaintiff settled her claims against all defendants except A & P. A & P was represented at the conference by an attorney with the authority to settle the claim for $7,500. This sum was rejected by plaintiff and her attorney.
When this impasse was reached, the court ordered A & P’s attorney to make the insurance adjuster responsible for this claim available so that settlement negotiations could continue. When notified, the adjuster failed to appear. The court then granted plaintiff’s motion for default judg ment and, after taking proofs, set damages at $44,000.
I
Relying on Luplow v Aubry Cleaners & Dyers, Inc, 366 Mich 353; 115 NW2d 110 (1962), A & P argues that the granting of a default judgment for nonappearance is not within the power of the court. In Luplow the Court stated that the granting of a default judgment pursuant to a local court rule, because of defendant’s attorney’s failure to appear at a pretrial conference, was beyond the power of the circuit court. The general court rule in effect at that time did not authorize default for nonappearance. The local rule, which did provide for default, was found to be no basis for the trial court’s action in light of the lack of such authority in the general court rule.
That is not the situation today. Both GCR 1963, 301.9 and Wayne County Court Rule 8.3 specifically authorize the entry of default for nonappearance. Luplow must be considered superseded by the promulgation of these rules. See, 2 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 11, 1977 Supp p 26.
II
A & P next argues that the granting of default judgment on the facts before him was an abuse of discretion by the circuit judge.
Wayne County Court Rule 13, see note 1, supra, requires that "[t]he attorneys who will be trying the action and the litigants must be present” at the mandatory settlement conference. A & P was present by its attorney who had authority to settle the matter for up to a specific sum. When negotiations reached an impasse at this sum, the trial court ordered A & P’s attorney to bring in someone with authority to continue negotiations, in this case A & P’s insurer’s adjuster.
The rule referred to requires litigants to be present, not parties and not just attorneys. A litigant is more than a party to a lawsuit. That term includes "one engaged in litigation; usually spoken of active parties, not of nominal ones”. Black’s Law Dictionary (rev 4th ed), p 1082. An adjuster for the insurance company which covered the claim, and would pay the ultimate judgment if any, is a litigant within the meaning of this rule. If it were otherwise, the trial court would be deprived of the authority to compel attendance of those who could conduct meaningful negotiations and the purpose of the local rule would be thwarted.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting default here. At the time the adjuster was contacted by A & P’s attorney, he was but seven blocks from the location of the conference. The trial court found that the refusal to appear was a "deliberate effort” to avoid the settlement conference. Deliberate efforts to avoid mandatory proceedings will result in the harsh consequence of a default judgment.
Ill
A & P finally claims the trial court erred in refusing to set aside the default judgment. The motion to set aside the default judgment in the trial court was accompanied by an affidavit of the adjuster explaining his refusal to attend the conference and an affidavit by A & P’s attorney based on information and belief.
Before a default judgment will be set aside under GCR 1963, 520.4, it is necessary for the party against whom the default was entered to show good cause for setting it aside and a meritorious defense supported by factual affidavits. See, 2 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), pp 662-663.
In this case, no affidavits were presented setting forth a meritorious defense to plaintiff’s slip and fall claim. The affidavit requirement is mandatory and the trial court’s discretion to set aside the default is not engaged until the affidavits are filed, even if good cause is shown. There was no error in the trial court’s refusal to set aside the default. Butler v Cann, 62 Mich App 663; 233 NW2d 827 (1975), Asmus v Barrett, 30 Mich App 570; 186 NW2d 819 (1971).
Affirmed.
Wayne County Court Rule 13.1 provides: "A mandatory settlement conference must precede the trial of a civil action. It is to be held the afternoon of the court day immediately before the day trial is scheduled to commence. Written notice that the settlement conference is to be held must be sent to the attorneys or parties in pro per. The notice must contain the name of the judge to whom it is assigned and the time and date of the conference.
"The attorneys who will be trying the action and the litigants must be present at this conference. If the action is not settled at the settlement conference, trial will commence at 9:00 A.M. on the court day immediately following the conference unless the judge who conducts the settlement conference is unavailable. If he is, the action must be returned to the 'Spin-OfF calendar for reassignment to another judge. Under no circumstances may an action be returned to the 'Spin-OfF calendar prior to 3:30 P.M. on the settlement conference day.
"If a judge to whom a settlement conference is assigned is absent, the judge’s designated alternate shall conduct the conference.”
Court Rule No 35, § 5 (1945).
We realize, of course, that a special problem is presented when the defendant is a corporation. However, the party must be represented at these conferences by someone with authority to settle the suit in the same manner as an individual party. In most instances, this will mean someone with discretion to make and accept offers not limited by predetermined amounts.
We reject summarily the claim that it is necessary to serve the insurance company or adjuster with formal notice or that a failure to do so resulted in the denial of due process. See, Link v Wabash R Co, 370 US 626; 82 S Ct 1386; 8 L Ed 2d 734 (1962).
The adjuster was given notice that his presence was required by A & P’s attorney. The court found his failure to appear after receiving this actual notice a deliberate effort to avoid the conference. | [
-0.0322265625,
0.015380859375,
0.039306640625,
0.04833984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.049560546875,
0.064453125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0074462890625,
0.018798828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0400390625,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.031005859375,
0.08447265625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.02197265625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0001239776611328125,
0.01123046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.017578125,
0.052001953125,
0.004364013671875,
0.0615234375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.007568359375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.00012969970703125,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01318359375,
0.0272216796875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00506591796875,
0.01446533203125,
0.03955078125,
-0.03076171875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0184326171875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.024658203125,
0.005706787109375,
0.005218505859375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.00146484375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.02197265625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.00001621246337890625,
0.0361328125,
0.0281982421875,
0.033203125,
-0.05029296875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0196533203125,
0.053466796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.036376953125,
0.02734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0419921875,
0.014404296875,
0.046630859375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.076171875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.030029296875,
0.01904296875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.044921875,
0.0014801025390625,
0.0517578125,
0.004241943359375,
0.01251220703125,
0.0145263671875,
0.011962890625,
0.034423828125,
-0.03173828125,
0.025634765625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.035400390625,
0.01025390625,
-0.010009765625,
0.005401611328125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.00408935546875,
0.000888824462890625,
0.036376953125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.04833984375,
0.023681640625,
0.06640625,
0.006256103515625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0693359375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.04833984375,
0.004791259765625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.033935546875,
-0.051025390625,
0.00787353515625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0087890625,
0.0390625,
-0.0625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.022216796875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0004367828369140625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0517578125,
0.007232666015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.04248046875,
0.0191650390625,
0.047119140625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01953125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.031494140625,
0.01287841796875,
0.03955078125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0576171875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.041015625,
0.05419921875,
0.0020599365234375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.026123046875,
0.02490234375,
0.03125,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.06103515625,
0.0400390625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0133056640625,
0.033935546875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.038330078125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.03076171875,
0.01165771484375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.019775390625,
0.021484375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.004180908203125,
0.06884765625,
0.02294921875,
-0.026123046875,
0.01904296875,
0.013427734375,
0.038818359375,
0.022216796875,
-0.000598907470703125,
0.06982421875,
0.0546875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.033203125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.02734375,
0.0419921875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.031005859375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0238037109375,
0.005279541015625,
0.0140380859375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.022216796875,
0.047119140625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00041961669921875,
0.0142822265625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.000888824462890625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.00054168701171875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.028564453125,
0.03955078125,
-0.02685546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0380859375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0517578125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.06591796875,
0.037109375,
0.0439453125,
0.018798828125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.003509521484375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.002593994140625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.006011962890625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0194091796875,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.055419921875,
-0.000942230224609375,
0.0068359375,
-0.009765625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0048828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.050048828125,
0.025146484375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.006683349609375,
0.00555419921875,
0.016845703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.05859375,
0.035888671875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.000263214111328125,
0.045654296875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.046875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0004787445068359375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.03564453125,
0.0361328125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0478515625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.04345703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.033935546875,
0.047607421875,
-0.02978515625,
0.05126953125,
0.025390625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.058837890625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.01953125,
0.017822265625,
0.057373046875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.038330078125,
0.0103759765625,
0.007568359375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.034423828125,
0.04150390625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.058349609375,
0.004638671875,
0.027099609375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.028564453125,
0.043701171875,
0.049072265625,
0.006988525390625,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.000591278076171875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.056640625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.010009765625,
0.0206298828125,
0.018310546875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.041748046875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0400390625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.059814453125,
0.09033203125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0284423828125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.006103515625,
0.01953125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01123046875,
0.0693359375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037353515625,
0.005828857421875,
0.00860595703125,
0.01080322265625,
0.054931640625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.036865234375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0152587890625,
0.03564453125,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.03515625,
-0.025146484375,
0.09326171875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.009033203125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0361328125,
0.078125,
-0.0078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0027008056640625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0174560546875,
0.030029296875,
0.0125732421875,
0.02783203125,
-0.014404296875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0281982421875,
0.03857421875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01416015625,
-0.015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.021728515625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.040771484375,
0.05029296875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0185546875,
-0.01171875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.038330078125,
0.046630859375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.03466796875,
0.044677734375,
0.0546875,
0.03955078125,
0.00286865234375,
0.041015625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0264892578125,
0.04296875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.05224609375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.017578125,
0.0030517578125,
-0.07275390625,
0.008544921875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.01904296875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.02783203125,
0.064453125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.006988525390625,
0.040283203125,
0.033935546875,
-0.048828125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.060546875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00125885009765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.034912109375,
0.04638671875,
0.0302734375,
0.0400390625,
0.013427734375,
0.05126953125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.043212890625,
0.072265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.042236328125,
0.058837890625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0008544921875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.010498046875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.05419921875,
0.004669189453125,
0.0712890625,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0257568359375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.009765625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0166015625,
-0.04248046875,
0.03076171875,
0.0419921875,
-0.024658203125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.005096435546875,
0.04052734375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0771484375,
0.037841796875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0576171875,
0.030029296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.021240234375,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0673828125,
0.049072265625,
-0.025390625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02392578125,
0.00311279296875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0693359375,
-0.040283203125,
0.00164031982421875,
0.0277099609375,
0.01171875,
0.026123046875,
-0.041748046875,
0.042724609375,
-0.03125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.041015625,
-0.002105712890625,
0.00897216796875,
0.0169677734375,
0.02197265625,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.029541015625,
0.01214599609375,
0.03369140625,
0.0625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.010986328125,
0.040771484375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.044921875,
0.027099609375,
0.009765625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.02978515625,
0.02490234375,
0.03759765625,
0.056884765625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.007415771484375,
0.00494384765625,
-0.02587890625,
0.000888824462890625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.07763671875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.051513671875,
0.03125,
0.053955078125,
-0.03076171875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0078125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.013916015625,
0.01513671875,
0.0062255859375,
0.032470703125,
0.033447265625,
-0.03125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.0191650390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0126953125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.029296875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.012451171875,
0.00994873046875,
0.035888671875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.029296875,
-0.029296875,
0.017578125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.0030059814453125,
0.046630859375,
0.06005859375,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0201416015625,
0.01434326171875,
0.0322265625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.08740234375,
-0.029296875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0810546875,
0.026611328125,
0.00958251953125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.02734375,
0.017333984375,
0.002532958984375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0093994140625,
0.02490234375,
0.003082275390625,
0.0390625,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.02197265625,
0.054931640625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.037353515625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01171875,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0107421875,
0.002227783203125,
-0.09326171875,
0.038330078125,
0.0035858154296875,
0.041748046875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.038818359375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.01007080078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.076171875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.039794921875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.030029296875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.044921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.056396484375,
0.043701171875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.04248046875,
0.00506591796875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.005889892578125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.00113677978515625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0006866455078125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00341796875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0400390625,
-0.005859375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.041748046875,
0.01043701171875,
0.0004215240478515625,
0.017822265625,
0.0078125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03466796875,
0.000148773193359375,
0.0037078857421875,
0.008056640625,
0.01483154296875,
0.028076171875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.001220703125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.091796875,
0.02587890625,
-0.003662109375,
0.06396484375,
-0.046142578125,
0.033935546875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0068359375,
0.039306640625,
0.004119873046875,
0.00775146484375,
0.01324462890625,
0.0166015625,
-0.01123046875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0322265625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.033935546875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0018157958984375,
0.056396484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00081634521484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00021457672119140625,
0.01104736328125,
0.04052734375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.045166015625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.011962890625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0213623046875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.023681640625,
-0.000850677490234375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0002956390380859375,
0.009033203125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0283203125,
0.00823974609375,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00384521484375,
0.003509521484375,
0.04345703125,
0.02099609375,
0.01397705078125,
0.037353515625,
0.01116943359375,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.031982421875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00011348724365234375,
-0.015625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.002960205078125,
0.034912109375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.032470703125,
0.26953125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.044189453125,
0.06689453125,
0.0009765625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.00104522705078125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.02734375,
-0.07177734375,
0.02392578125,
0.043212890625,
-0.06787109375,
0.00390625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0020751953125,
0.05419921875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00244140625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0004558563232421875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.010009765625,
-0.068359375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.02734375,
0.0185546875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03515625,
0.03857421875,
-0.048583984375,
0.015869140625,
0.01177978515625,
0.047119140625,
0.01263427734375,
0.01483154296875,
0.00811767578125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0072021484375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00677490234375,
0.04638671875,
0.0341796875,
0.047607421875,
0.06396484375,
0.000881195068359375,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.01611328125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.006134033203125,
0.01361083984375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.01025390625,
0.00286865234375,
0.04443359375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.01611328125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.008544921875,
0.03955078125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.000865936279296875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0380859375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00909423828125
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant Marie Ledford appeals as of right from a January 26, 1976, judgment after a nonjury trial in which $137,800 in damages were awarded to plaintiff against both defendants Marie and James Ledford. The trial court found both defendants negligent in the operation of a race track which functioned primarily as a drag strip. Prior to May 6, 1970, defendant Marie Led-ford was the sole owner of the land, approximately 25 acres, on which the drag strip was built. On that date she deeded the property to herself and to her son, defendant James Ledford, as tenants in common by a quitclaim deed for a consideration of $500.
On May 30, 1970, the first day that the drag strip had been opened to the public, defendant Howard Nickelson, one of the participants at the track, while racing his car, was shifting into third gear when his clutch came apart and the flywheel disintegrated. Pieces of the steel flywheel tore holes in the floorboard and roof of his car; one of the pieces was thrown through the air and injured Alan Merritt, a spectator. Merritt died from the injury.
The driver of the car, Nickelson, through his insurance company, paid the plaintiffs estate the sum of $8,500.
Plaintiff, as administratrix of Alan Merritt’s estate, claimed that defendants, Marie and James Ledford, as owners and operators of the track, were negligent in failing to make a safety inspection of the cars and in not requiring that the cars be equipped with a scatter shield for the flywheel. Rules promulgated by the National Hot Rod Association recommend that cars engaged in drag racing have scatter shields to contain pieces of the flywheel in the event it disintegrates. The trial court found both defendants negligent and further held that their negligence was the cause of Mr. Merritt’s death.
On appeal, defendant Marie Ledford claims that mere ownership of property by one co-tenant is not a sufficient basis on which to impose liability for the negligent acts of another co-tenant. We agree.
Nothing in the record discloses that Marie Led-ford operated the drag strip: to the contrary, uncontradicted testimony at trial made it clear that Marie Ledford was in no way involved in the operation of the drag strip. She was merely, along with her son, James Ledford, a tenant in common of the property.
Tenants in common are persons who hold land or other property by unity of possession. When two or more persons are entitled to land in such a manner that they have an undivided possession, but separate and distinct freeholds, they are tenants in common. Not only is the possession of one the possession of all, but the tenants respectively have the present right to enter upon the whole land, and upon every part of it, and to occupy and enjoy the whole. Fenton v Miller, 94 Mich 204; 53 NW 957 (1892), Metcalfe v Miller, 96 Mich 459; 56 NW 16 (1893), Tiffany, The Law of Real Property (3d ed), § 426, p 212.
Ordinarily, negligence of one co-owner is not imputed to the other co-owner. Mortensen v Knight, 81 Ariz 325; 305 P2d 463 (1956). The fact that one party is a tenant in common with a second party does not ipso facto render the first party liable for acts of the second party when that second party has exclusive control. McDonald v Standard Gas Engine Co, 8 Cal App 2d 464; 47 P2d 777 (1935).
To argue, as plaintiff does, that a co-owner’s right to possession of the premises is sufficient to hold that co-owner liable for all injuries on the premises is to be simplistic. The issue of control is preeminent.
"[T]he rights and liabilities arising out of the condition of land, and activities conducted upon it, have been concerned chiefly with the possession of the land * * * for the obvious reason that the man in possession is in a position of control, and normally best able to prevent any harm to others.” Prosser, Law of Torts (3d ed), § 57, p 358. (Footnote omitted.)
"Possession” differs from the "right to possession” and "ownership” because of the concept of control. Possession is the detention and control of anything which may be the subject of property, for one’s use and enjoyment. Blacks Law Dictionary (4th ed), p 1325. The mere "right to possession” does not necessarily entail the control inherent in the nature of "possession”.
It has been recognized in this state that control and possession are the determinative factors in the imposition of liability.
"It is a general proposition that liability for an injury due to defective premises ordinarily depends upon power to prevent the injury and therefore rests primarily upon him who has control and possession.” Dombrowski v Gorecki, 291 Mich 678, 681; 289 NW 293 (1939), citing Bannigan v Woodbury, 158 Mich 206; 122 NW 531 (1909).
See also Nezworski v Mazanec, 301 Mich 43; 2 NW2d 912 (1942), and Paisley v United Parcel Service, Inc, 17 Mich App 672; 170 NW2d 283 (1969).
In the instant case, defendant James Ledford had complete control over the drag strip according to trial testimony which plaintiff did not refute. Appellant Marie Ledford was merely a co-owner with no control whatsoever. In analogous situations, owners of land as tenants by the entirety or as joint tenants do not share liability when injury or negligence is attributable to the independent act of a single tenant who has exclusive control of the premises. Dombrowski v Gorecki, supra, Maynard v Hawley, 331 Mich 123; 49 NW2d 92 (1951).
Kearns v Steinkamp, 184 Ark 1177; 45 SW2d 519 (1932), is characteristic of this class of cases. A husband had constructed and operated a swimming pool owned jointly with his wife. The wife was held to be not liable for injuries to a swimmer using the pool, since she exercised no control over its operation and there was no relation of master and servant or principal and agent subsisting between husband and wife.
It is likewise true that a tenant in common cannot be held liable for injury caused by a co-tenant who has exclusive control of the object of common ownership.
"It is a general principle of tort law that a person is liable only as he participates in an activity giving rise to a tort. Mere co-ownership of land standing alone will not subject a person to liability for torts committed in the land by the other co-owners.” Musser v Loon Lake Shores Association, Inc, 384 Mich 616, 622; 186 NW2d 563 (1971).
Marie Ledford had no control over the condition of the drag strip or the cars driven there. As she did not participate in the operation of the raceway nor have any interest in it other than her status as a tenant in common, she cannot be held liable for injuries which occurred as a result of the race track’s operation.
We see nothing in the case warranting a new trial. However, plaintiff may have believed that for purposes of liability she need only show that Marie Ledford was a co-tenant of the property. Plaintiff may be able to present evidence which proves that Marie Ledford was more than a mere co-tenant and that she had some degree of possession and control. Mindful of this possibility, we remand this cause for a hearing before the trial judge at which time plaintiff may make an offer of proof of Marie Ledford’s status as possessor and controller of the property.
Should the offer of proof disclose a possible basis for liability, the judge will reopen the trial on the issue of liability alone. If the judge is satisfied that the proof plaintiff offers will be an insufficient basis on which to find Marie Ledford liable, the judgment of the trial court as to appellant is reversed. In either case, the damages remain the same. | [
-0.041748046875,
0.024658203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.00567626953125,
0.044677734375,
0.0198974609375,
0.02099609375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.033203125,
-0.042236328125,
0.048583984375,
0.0191650390625,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.056640625,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.04931640625,
0.0303955078125,
0.016357421875,
-0.021240234375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0400390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.006622314453125,
0.040283203125,
-0.060546875,
-0.015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.00927734375,
0.021240234375,
-0.03759765625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.037109375,
0.0263671875,
0.042236328125,
-0.03759765625,
0.020751953125,
-0.02880859375,
0.040771484375,
0.05224609375,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.006378173828125,
-0.013916015625,
0.00665283203125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.050048828125,
0.022216796875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.01806640625,
0.027099609375,
0.0218505859375,
0.010498046875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.01171875,
0.07275390625,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.04443359375,
0.014404296875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0004596710205078125,
-0.0205078125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.02685546875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0537109375,
0.009033203125,
0.02783203125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0068359375,
0.03173828125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.06689453125,
-0.024169921875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.009033203125,
0.046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0010223388671875,
0.0166015625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.037109375,
0.0014190673828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0419921875,
0.014892578125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.029052734375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0294189453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.022216796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.007110595703125,
0.0034027099609375,
0.01806640625,
0.0306396484375,
0.00860595703125,
0.020751953125,
0.035400390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0595703125,
0.009765625,
0.042236328125,
0.004302978515625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.048828125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0556640625,
-0.034912109375,
0.037109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.044189453125,
0.015869140625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.03564453125,
0.01153564453125,
0.011962890625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0458984375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.05517578125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.04541015625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0137939453125,
0.07373046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.038818359375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.02099609375,
0.016845703125,
0.00787353515625,
0.017822265625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.035888671875,
0.035400390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.013916015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.01141357421875,
0.04248046875,
-0.02734375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.03955078125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.033935546875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.000934600830078125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.007568359375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0089111328125,
0.07470703125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.007720947265625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0537109375,
0.07177734375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.00250244140625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.01055908203125,
0.00689697265625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.014404296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.00238037109375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0595703125,
0.01513671875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.080078125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0498046875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0279541015625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0693359375,
0.02685546875,
-0.01953125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.03466796875,
0.07666015625,
-0.01220703125,
0.026123046875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0498046875,
0.0098876953125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.020751953125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0074462890625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.046875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0205078125,
0.05126953125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.08447265625,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00927734375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00037384033203125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.007659912109375,
0.026123046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.072265625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.005859375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.003631591796875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0166015625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.056640625,
0.0228271484375,
0.01904296875,
0.008544921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.031005859375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.000186920166015625,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00921630859375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.03857421875,
0.01611328125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.002105712890625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.042724609375,
0.009765625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0004215240478515625,
-0.07177734375,
0.024169921875,
0.022705078125,
0.040283203125,
0.0252685546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.016845703125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.03466796875,
0.00177764892578125,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.04345703125,
0.02490234375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0390625,
0.00086212158203125,
0.009765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00927734375,
0.04736328125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0233154296875,
0.025634765625,
0.044921875,
0.038818359375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.025634765625,
0.01263427734375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.06396484375,
0.037109375,
0.0419921875,
-0.038818359375,
0.05908203125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.030029296875,
0.035400390625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0002307891845703125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.004425048828125,
0.047607421875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.000797271728515625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.001617431640625,
0.017333984375,
0.060546875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.002532958984375,
0.005340576171875,
0.000885009765625,
0.017333984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.059326171875,
0.06982421875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.07080078125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.034912109375,
0.01153564453125,
0.003570556640625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.021728515625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.00408935546875,
0.053466796875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.012939453125,
0.041015625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.002899169921875,
0.046142578125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.003204345703125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.026611328125,
-0.00927734375,
0.036865234375,
0.00225830078125,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.041015625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.001556396484375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.045654296875,
0.029052734375,
0.00022220611572265625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.001708984375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0037994384765625,
0.03466796875,
0.01806640625,
0.057373046875,
0.02392578125,
0.02294921875,
0.048583984375,
0.0191650390625,
0.01806640625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01025390625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.035888671875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0595703125,
0.047607421875,
0.03466796875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.00799560546875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0546875,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0439453125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.054931640625,
0.01513671875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0279541015625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0038909912109375,
-0.028564453125,
0.046630859375,
0.0078125,
0.0712890625,
0.0026092529296875,
0.01007080078125,
0.06103515625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.08740234375,
0.07421875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.005126953125,
0.045654296875,
-0.03662109375,
0.009765625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.09326171875,
0.0245361328125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0576171875,
0.018310546875,
0.0849609375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0390625,
0.029541015625,
0.055419921875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0012054443359375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0390625,
0.039794921875,
0.023681640625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.036376953125,
0.05419921875,
-0.0006561279296875,
0.0123291015625,
0.0185546875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0751953125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.032958984375,
0.0023193359375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.068359375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.02783203125,
0.00019931793212890625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.041015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.046142578125,
0.01458740234375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.033203125,
0.035888671875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.041748046875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.018310546875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0086669921875,
0.058349609375,
-0.0517578125,
0.004974365234375,
0.0546875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.006103515625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.004730224609375,
0.0303955078125,
0.00469970703125,
0.06884765625,
0.061767578125,
0.048095703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.04052734375,
-0.02099609375,
0.037109375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00049591064453125,
0.061767578125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.020751953125,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0546875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.03271484375,
0.002777099609375,
0.00445556640625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.01361083984375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0595703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.006195068359375,
0.046630859375,
-0.00005745887756347656,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.000152587890625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.021240234375,
0.021728515625,
0.0361328125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.055908203125,
0.026123046875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0042724609375,
0.039306640625,
0.040771484375,
-0.000659942626953125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.028076171875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.00927734375,
0.026123046875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0380859375,
0.0419921875,
0.016845703125,
0.04541015625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0263671875,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0034027099609375,
0.000614166259765625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.006011962890625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.04736328125,
0.031982421875,
0.05419921875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00244140625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.09765625,
0.0147705078125,
0.01019287109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.002227783203125,
-0.041015625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0118408203125,
0.034423828125,
0.03173828125,
0.041015625,
0.022705078125,
-0.000492095947265625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.04345703125,
0.0283203125,
0.035888671875,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.033935546875,
0.04931640625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.010986328125,
0.0556640625,
-0.03125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.058349609375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0167236328125,
0.01141357421875,
0.01153564453125,
0.0458984375,
0.016845703125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.010498046875,
0.01708984375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.058349609375,
0.008056640625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.037841796875,
0.028076171875,
0.011474609375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.000598907470703125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.030517578125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0150146484375,
0.051025390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.026611328125,
0.00592041015625,
0.01190185546875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.046142578125,
0.009033203125,
0.007415771484375,
0.0019683837890625,
0.04833984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.04248046875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.006103515625,
0.030517578125,
-0.059814453125,
0.041748046875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.00144195556640625,
0.042236328125,
0.0234375,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.017333984375,
0.058349609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0419921875,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.040283203125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0018768310546875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.0751953125,
0.0128173828125,
0.054443359375,
0.0023345947265625,
0.0115966796875,
0.00921630859375,
0.01177978515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.033203125,
0.01513671875,
-0.01171875,
-0.0390625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00823974609375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0234375,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.056396484375,
0.00396728515625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0068359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.059814453125,
0.29296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0322265625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00750732421875,
0.00098419189453125,
0.01055908203125,
0.04638671875,
0.01904296875,
-0.053955078125,
0.036376953125,
0.005859375,
-0.0615234375,
0.000050067901611328125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0006103515625,
0.048828125,
0.044921875,
0.027587890625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0927734375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0322265625,
-0.01708984375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0140380859375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0498046875,
0.0001506805419921875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.03271484375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.00555419921875,
0.04150390625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.02880859375,
0.044189453125,
0.07763671875,
-0.038330078125,
0.00135040283203125,
0.049560546875,
0.0208740234375,
0.01708984375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.06201171875,
0.016845703125,
-0.01953125,
0.00115966796875,
0.028564453125,
0.0137939453125,
0.0267333984375,
0.01385498046875,
0.003143310546875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0002689361572265625,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0166015625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0205078125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.06884765625,
0.002532958984375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.034423828125,
0.0137939453125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.072265625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.021240234375,
-0.01007080078125
] |
D. E. Holbrook, J.
Plaintiff, Rebecca Doan, was a former student at Kellogg Community College which is located in Battle Creek, Michigan. She brought suit in Calhoun County Circuit Court for injuries sustained when she was hit by a racquet while participating in a racquet ball class. The class was taught by James Stone, a physical education instructor at Kellogg Community College.
Kellogg Community College filed a motion for accelerated judgment claiming that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction over the person and the subject matter of the litigation. On February 9, 1977, the circuit court granted the motion, and held that it did not have jurisdiction over the claims against Kellogg Community College. This was based on the judge’s belief that jurisdiction was vested in the Court of Claims, pursuant to MCLA 600.6419; MSA 27A.6419. The motion was denied as to James Stone and that case is still pending in the circuit court. Plaintiff appeals as of right from the court’s order granting Kellogg Community College’s motion for accelerated judgment.
The issue raised on appeal is whether the Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over claims against Kellogg Community College.
Plaintiff maintains that only those institutions of education that are state-run are "state agencies” within the meaning of the Court of Claims act. In addition, plaintiff argues that community colleges are locally created and run, and thus are not state agencies. Defendant argues that the nature óf a community college is such that the state has an interest in maintaining exclusive jurisdiction over litigation in which it is involved.
The Michigan Supreme Court in Taylor v Auditor General, 360 Mich 146, 149-150; 103 NW2d 769 (1960), describes the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims as follows:
"The court of claims is a court of legislative creation. It came about in this way: the Constitution of 1908, in article 6, § 20, provided that the board of State auditors ’shall examine and adjust all claims against the State not otherwise provided for by general law. ’ In 1929, the State administrative board, which had been created in 1921, was ’vested with discretionary power and authority to hear, consider and determine claims presented to sard board against the State of Michigan, arising from or by reason of negligence, malfeasance or misfeasance of any State officer, employee, * * * and to allow same áñd order payment thereof.’
"The court of claims act was passed subsequently. This act conferred upon the newly-created court of Claims exclusive jurisdiction ’over claims and demands against the State or any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms or agencies. ’
" 'In short’, as we held in Manion v State Highway Commissioner, 303 Mich 1, 20 [5 NW2d 527 (1942)]: 'a "court of claims” was substituted by the legislature for the "board of State auditors” and the "State administrative board” for the purpose of hearing and determining "all claims and demands, liquidated and unliquidated, ex contractu and ex delicto against the State.” ’
"The court thus created was, as we have held, a court of limited jurisdiction. Farrell v Unemployment Compensation Commission, 317 Mich 676 [27 NW2d 135 (1947)]. It derives its powers only from the legislative act of its creation and does not possess the broad and inherent powers of a constitutional court of general jurisdiction. Manion v State Highway Commissioner, supra.
"What, then, is its jurisdiction, as expressed in the act of its creation? We turn to section 8 of the statute:
" 'The court shall have power and jurisdiction:
" T. To hear and determine all claims and demands, liquidated and unliquidated, ex contractu and ex delicto, against the State and any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms or agencies.’
"The jurisdiction thus granted is narrow and limited, substituting, merely, a 'court’ of claims for the superseded claims jurisdiction of the earlier boards.” (Footnotes omitted.) (Emphasis added.)
The question then becomes whether or not the narrow and limited jurisdiction of the Court of Claims includes claims against community colleges. There is no legal precedent in Michigan case law directly on point as to the Court of Claims jurisdiction over community colleges.
Certain governmental instrumentalities are within the Court of Claims jurisdiction. Among these are: the State Fair Commission, Hirych v State Fair Commission, 376 Mich 384; 136 NW2d 910 (1965); the State Auditor General, Taylor v Auditor General, 360 Mich 146; 103 NW2d 769 (1960); the State Liquor Control Commission, Norris v Liquor Control Commission, 342 Mich 378; 70 NW2d 761 (1955). State-supported colleges and universities are also within the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims. Sprik v Regents of the University of Michigan, 43 Mich App 178; 204 NW2d 62 (1972), aff’d 390 Mich 84; 210 NW2d 332 (1973), Fox v Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, 375 Mich 238; 134 NW2d 146 (1965), Kiluma v Wayne State University, 72 Mich App 446; 250 NW2d 81 (1976), lv den 399 Mich 863 (1977).
Certain governmental instrumentalities are never within the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims. These include: counties, cities, villages, townships and school districts. Their exclusion from the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims is provided by legislative enactment, MCLA 691.1401(b)(c)(d); MSA 3.996(101)(b)(c)(d). In the governmental immunity act, the Legislature denominated these bodies as "political subdivisions”. MCLA 691.1401(b); MSA 3.996(101)(b). The act further states that:
"Claims against the state authorized under this act shall be brought in the manner provided in sections 6401 to 6475 of Act No. 236 of the Public Acts of 1961, being sections 600.6401 to 600.6475 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, and against any political subdivision, municipal corporation or other governmental agency by civil action in any court having jurisdiction.” MCLA 691.1410; MSA 3.996(110). (Emphasis added.)
The Court of Claims act should be interpreted in light of the governmental immunity act. The latter statute, which was enacted three years after the former, refers to the same class of persons and shares a common objective of regulating claims against the state. Such statutes are "in pari materia” and should be interpreted so as to be comple mentary and not contradictory. Palmer v State Land Office Board, 304 Mich 628; 8 NW2d 664 (1943). Therefore, the question of whether community colleges should be likened to a state-supported university under the Court of Claims act or to a political subdivision not within the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims can be determined by looking at the enabling statute creating community colleges.
Community colleges are governed by MCLA 389.1, et seq.; MSA 15.615(101), et seq. Under this statute, a community college district is created by a local vote, not by the constitution nor by an act of the Legislature. From the statement of findings by the trial judge, it appears that the Kellogg Community College district is the same as the intermediate school district. Therefore, the decision to create the community college district was based on a vote of the people in the intermediate school district. MCLA 389.51; MSA 15.615(151). Additionally, the board of trustees of the community college are elected locally. MCLA 389.54; MSA 15.615(154). The tax rate for financing the school is also determined by a local vote. In fact, if the proposition to establish a maximum annual tax rate fails after being submitted three times, the community college district is dissolved. MCLA 389.55; MSA 15.615(155). Furthermore, the purpose of the community college is local, i.e., to provide education to persons in the community. MCLA 389.105; MSA 15.615(1105). The community college serves primarily residents in its own district and an additional fee is charged if a nonresident is enrolled. Thus, the intent of the Legislature is that community colleges should be local in nature.
Although this issue is one of first impression in the Michigan appellate courts, our conclusions are fortified by the appellate court in New York. In Brown v North Country Community College, 63 Misc 2d 442; 311 NYS2d 517 (1970), the court held that a negligence action brought against a community college need not be brought in the Court of Claims. We agree.
It is the holding of this Court that the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims is limited insofar as educational institutions are concerned to those universities and colleges that are created by the constitution or statute as state-wide educational institutions and not those educational institutions which provide primarily local services by boards elected locally. Therefore, we reverse the lower court and plaintiffs suit against Kellogg Community College is reinstated.
Reversed, no costs as a public question is involved.
MCLA 600.6419; MSA 27A.6419.
"(b) 'Political subdivision’ means any municipal corporation, county, township, charter township, school district, port district, or metropolitan district, or any combination thereof, when acting jointly, and any district or authority formed by 1 or more political subdivisions.
"(c) 'State’ means the state of Michigan and its agencies, departments, and commissions, and shall include every public university and college of the state, whether established as a constitutional corporation or otherwise.
"(d) 'Governmental agency’ means the state, political subdivisions, and municipal corporations as herein defined.
"Eff. July 1, 1965.” | [
-0.031494140625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0732421875,
0.0057373046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.033935546875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.017822265625,
0.057861328125,
0.004302978515625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.048095703125,
0.008056640625,
-0.02587890625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.015869140625,
0.045654296875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.06884765625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.002105712890625,
0.00811767578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.031005859375,
0.05224609375,
-0.054443359375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.0498046875,
0.011962890625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0185546875,
0.040283203125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0252685546875,
0.00213623046875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.055908203125,
0.0079345703125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.02392578125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.04052734375,
0.01251220703125,
0.029052734375,
0.033203125,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.03759765625,
0.00189208984375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.047119140625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0419921875,
0.036376953125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.07373046875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0595703125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01025390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0712890625,
-0.0185546875,
0.051025390625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0257568359375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03369140625,
0.00958251953125,
0.008056640625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.027099609375,
0.0225830078125,
0.046142578125,
0.033935546875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0213623046875,
0.033447265625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.01416015625,
0.00830078125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0216064453125,
0.01409912109375,
0.045654296875,
0.01458740234375,
0.02197265625,
-0.031494140625,
0.017578125,
0.011474609375,
-0.001495361328125,
0.058837890625,
-0.009033203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0037994384765625,
0.032958984375,
0.011474609375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.051513671875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.02001953125,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00506591796875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.001953125,
0.00750732421875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00022125244140625,
0.005157470703125,
0.027587890625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.031982421875,
0.01123046875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01531982421875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.016845703125,
0.0244140625,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0478515625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.03564453125,
0.00060272216796875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.000110626220703125,
0.00543212890625,
0.049560546875,
0.0196533203125,
0.00927734375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.09619140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00148773193359375,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.017578125,
-0.013427734375,
0.02294921875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0113525390625,
0.045654296875,
0.031982421875,
0.0498046875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0093994140625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.015380859375,
0.012939453125,
0.022705078125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.00116729736328125,
0.02783203125,
0.06640625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.05517578125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.04541015625,
0.00433349609375,
0.00092315673828125,
0.036865234375,
0.017333984375,
0.0142822265625,
0.01239013671875,
0.00799560546875,
0.06787109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.028076171875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0830078125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.038818359375,
0.01220703125,
0.00201416015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.064453125,
0.010986328125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.07763671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.030029296875,
-0.01220703125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00360107421875,
0.044677734375,
-0.01904296875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.021484375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.00193023681640625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.02001953125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.01904296875,
0.017822265625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.054931640625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.006103515625,
-0.0059814453125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.03857421875,
0.018798828125,
0.015380859375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.10498046875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.026123046875,
0.04443359375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0810546875,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.083984375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.03076171875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0244140625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.03125,
-0.03759765625,
0.01373291015625,
0.02099609375,
0.05078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0341796875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.06787109375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0576171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.01904296875,
0.001190185546875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0216064453125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.031494140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.037353515625,
0.005584716796875,
0.00030517578125,
0.043701171875,
-0.01904296875,
0.023193359375,
0.01953125,
0.011474609375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.08447265625,
0.00897216796875,
0.00506591796875,
0.03955078125,
0.024169921875,
0.035888671875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.041748046875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0439453125,
0.03759765625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0289306640625,
0.02978515625,
0.010498046875,
0.0216064453125,
0.047119140625,
0.0031585693359375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.05224609375,
0.04931640625,
0.00006079673767089844,
0.0186767578125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.001708984375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0283203125,
0.024658203125,
0.039306640625,
0.0006866455078125,
0.0234375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.00119781494140625,
0.0054931640625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.010009765625,
0.037109375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01416015625,
0.014892578125,
0.05712890625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.002197265625,
0.00131988525390625,
0.04248046875,
-0.018310546875,
0.016357421875,
0.011474609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0712890625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.06640625,
0.00113677978515625,
0.037109375,
-0.019287109375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.034423828125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.023681640625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.00335693359375,
0.030517578125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.030517578125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0101318359375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0703125,
-0.00482177734375,
0.00168609619140625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.045166015625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0205078125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.00860595703125,
0.006561279296875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.037353515625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.02734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.04638671875,
0.08251953125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.048828125,
0.0888671875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0272216796875,
0.025390625,
0.024658203125,
0.00179290771484375,
0.0240478515625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0027008056640625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0234375,
0.007568359375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00079345703125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.052734375,
-0.056640625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.01318359375,
0.02490234375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.03271484375,
0.051513671875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.009765625,
0.06591796875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0030517578125,
0.000507354736328125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0281982421875,
0.026123046875,
-0.000823974609375,
0.04736328125,
0.03173828125,
0.00013828277587890625,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0390625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.07763671875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.005218505859375,
0.01953125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.012939453125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0005340576171875,
0.026611328125,
0.008544921875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.07275390625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.041748046875,
0.04638671875,
0.050537109375,
0.0091552734375,
0.015869140625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.051025390625,
0.001251220703125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.041015625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01226806640625,
0.020751953125,
0.03173828125,
0.005859375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.020263671875,
0.00872802734375,
0.025634765625,
0.0220947265625,
0.00139617919921875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0302734375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.042236328125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00140380859375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0035247802734375,
0.053955078125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.029296875,
-0.045654296875,
0.03125,
0.0042724609375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.033935546875,
0.0017242431640625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.00072479248046875,
0.01556396484375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.024658203125,
-0.02734375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.032470703125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0556640625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.033203125,
0.007232666015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.029052734375,
0.013427734375,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.068359375,
-0.02978515625,
0.03955078125,
0.01318359375,
0.05078125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0267333984375,
0.00160980224609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.06103515625,
0.0272216796875,
0.04736328125,
-0.064453125,
-0.072265625,
-0.034423828125,
0.048828125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.000751495361328125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.055419921875,
0.01025390625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.04248046875,
0.026123046875,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.018798828125,
0.01416015625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.037841796875,
0.05126953125,
0.012451171875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.0208740234375,
0.016357421875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0015106201171875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.006591796875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0322265625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.04248046875,
0.02734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0693359375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0322265625,
0.04150390625,
0.058837890625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0120849609375,
0.02490234375,
0.031005859375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0048828125,
0.033447265625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.006591796875,
0.041748046875,
0.05322265625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.057373046875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0439453125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.01336669921875,
0.027587890625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.000431060791015625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0224609375,
-0.01953125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.002227783203125,
0.052734375,
0.004241943359375,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0185546875,
0.003204345703125,
-0.05029296875,
0.01171875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.047607421875,
0.02490234375,
0.004974365234375,
0.01025390625,
0.012451171875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0096435546875,
0.002227783203125,
-0.019287109375,
0.05126953125,
0.0205078125,
-0.013671875,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0546875,
0.060302734375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0322265625,
0.045166015625,
0.031982421875,
0.046142578125,
0.03857421875,
0.04443359375,
-0.02587890625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.04248046875,
0.024658203125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.013916015625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.03564453125,
0.041259765625,
0.01141357421875,
0.04931640625,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0181884765625,
0.00994873046875,
0.007049560546875,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.00151824951171875,
0.04150390625,
-0.0419921875,
0.00244140625,
-0.02783203125,
0.03515625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.014404296875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.02490234375,
0.052978515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0244140625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.07861328125,
0.060546875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.032470703125,
0.029052734375,
0.016845703125,
0.039306640625,
0.02294921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.018798828125,
0.033935546875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.052734375,
0.003570556640625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0005340576171875,
0.012451171875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.012451171875,
0.061767578125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.025390625,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.02197265625,
0.049560546875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03173828125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.046875,
-0.041259765625,
0.04541015625,
0.0196533203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0031585693359375,
0.01409912109375,
0.01611328125,
0.03076171875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.048583984375,
0.02783203125,
0.02197265625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.04638671875,
0.01904296875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.001678466796875,
0.0068359375,
0.03857421875,
-0.051025390625,
0.283203125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0810546875,
0.04443359375,
0.0002002716064453125,
-0.024169921875,
0.049072265625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.004638671875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.03515625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0625,
0.05615234375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.03857421875,
-0.06884765625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.01953125,
0.01513671875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.03759765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.010009765625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.009033203125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00022602081298828125,
0.0152587890625,
0.03662109375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.02197265625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.037841796875,
0.021728515625,
0.10205078125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0306396484375,
0.00799560546875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.055908203125,
0.034912109375,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.0223388671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.03515625,
0.0576171875,
0.039306640625,
-0.02294921875,
0.029296875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.036865234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.06591796875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0439453125,
0.033447265625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.05078125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01556396484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0137939453125,
0.0016632080078125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.03125
] |
Per Curiam.
This is an appeal from the granting of accelerated judgment in favor of defendants in an action for declaratory judgment brought by plaintiff insurance company. Plaintiff sought a determination that there existed no contract between the parties providing for uninsured motorist coverage with respect to a particular vehicle, and also sought to enjoin arbitration proceedings demanded by defendant Barry.
It is undisputed that there is an insurance contract between the parties applicable to a 1966 Mercury in which defendant claims she was driving when she was injured by an uninsured motorist. The insurer, though, denies that the policy includes uninsured motorist coverage. The policy contains an arbitration provision:
"8. Arbitration: If any person making claim hereunder and the company do not agree that such person is legally entitled to recover damages from the owner or operator of an uninsured automobile because of bodily injury to the insured, or do not agree as to the amount of payment which may be owing under this endorsement, then, upon written demand of either, the matter or matters upon which such person and the company do not agree shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association, and judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrators may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. Such person and the company each agree to consider itself bound and to be bound by any award made by the arbitrators pursuant to this endorsement.”
Under MCLA 600.5001(2); MSA 27A.500K2), "[s]uch an agreement shall stand as a submission to arbitration of any controversy arising under said contract not expressly exempt from arbitration by the terms of the contract”. Defendant contends and the trial court agreed that her dis pute with plaintiff as to the scope of her coverage is arbitrable under their contract; plaintiff insists otherwise.
The scope of arbitration is determined by the contract between the parties; whether an issue is arbitrable or not is a matter for judicial determination. Kaleva-Norman-Dickson School District No 6, Counties of Manistee, Lake & Mason v Kaleva-Norman-Dickson School Teachers’ Association, 393 Mich 583, 587; 227 NW2d 500 (1975), Brown v Holton Public Schools, 397 Mich 71, 74; 243 NW2d 255 (1976). But the scope of a court’s consideration whether an issue is arbitrable is sharply limited. If a claim on its face is governed by the contract, it should be decided by the arbitrator unless strong evidence demonstrates that the matter is outside the scope of the arbitration provision. Kaleva, supra, at 590-595, Ferris State College v Ferris Faculty Association, 72 Mich App 244, 247-248; 249 NW2d 375 (1976). Recently, this Court forcefully restated the rule of judicial deference toward the arbitration of arbitrability:
"Public policy in this state favors arbitration in the resolution of disputes. Kaleva-Norman-Dickson School District No 6 v Kaleva-Norman-Dickson School Teachers’ Association, 393 Mich 583; 227 NW2d 500 (1975). Arbitration clauses contained in contracts are to be liberally construed, Stadel v Granger Brothers, Inc, 4 Mich App 250, 258; 144 NW2d 609 (1966), resolving any doubts about the arbitrability of an issue in favor of arbitration. Chippewa Valley Schools v Hill, 62 Mich App 116; 233 NW2d 208 (1975), lv den, 395 Mich 806 (1975). If the arbitration clause arguably includes the asserted dispute, then arbitration should be ordered upon proper motion. GCR 1963, 769. Kaleva-NormanDickson School District No 6 v Kaleva-Norman-Dickson School Teachers’ Association, supra, at 592, Ferris State College v Ferris Faculty Association, 72 Mich App 244; 249 NW2d 375 (1976).” Campbell v Community Service Insurance Co of Lansing, Michigan, 73 Mich App 416, 419; 251 NW2d 609 (1977).
In this case, defendant’s claim "on its face” relates to the insurance contract for the 1966 Mercury created by the endorsement of January 3, 1975. It is true that on the merits the claim appears to be unsound. The endorsement by which the 1966 Mercury was substituted for another vehicle appears to make no provision for uninsured motorist coverage. But the question is not whether the claim is valid but rather who is to pass on its validity in the first instance. As Justice Levin wrote in his Kaleva opinion:
"In deciding whether a dispute involving an issue of contract interpretation is arbitrable, a court should guard against the temptation to make its own interpretation of the substantive provisions of the contract encompassing the merits of the dispute. If the parties have agreed that an arbitrator shall decide questions of contract interpretation, the merits of the dispute are for the arbitrator.
"Where a court finds itself weighing the pros and cons of each party’s interpretation of substantive provisions of the contract, it is likely that the court has gone astray. The question for the court is not whether one interpretation or another is correct, but whether the parties have agreed that an arbitrator shall decide which of the competing interpretations is correct.” 393 Mich at 594-595.
The arbitrability of an issue is ascertained through a three-stage inquiry.
First, is there an arbitration agreement in a contract between the parties? We agree with the trial court that there is. Plaintiff makes the strained argument that there are actually several contracts — for bodily injury liability, for property damage liability, etc. — between plaintiff and defendant with respect to each insured vehicle, consequently it can be said that there is no contract for uninsured motorist coverage under which to arbitrate anything. We disagree. The cases cited by plaintiff finding distinct insurance contracts which could be "stacked”, Citizens Mutual Insurance Co v Turner, 53 Mich App 616; 220 NW2d 203 (1974), Arminski v United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co, 23 Mich App 352; 178 NW2d 497 (1970), are inapposite, among other reasons, because, there, separate and independent premiums were paid on separate vehicles. We reject plaintiff’s argument in this context as an abstract formalism, as we have rejected similar arguments by other insurers seeking to avoid arbitration under agreements they had themselves prepared. See Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange v Spafford, 62 Mich App 365; 233 NW2d 283 (1975), and Campbell v Community Service Insurance Co of Lansing, Michigan, supra. We, therefore, conclude that the present dispute "presents questions of coverage”, Spafford, supra, at 369, and is a "dispute * * * over payment”, Campbell, supra, at 419.
Second, is the insured’s claim "on its face”, Kaleva, supra, or "arguably”, Campbell, supra, related to the contract? In answering this question, any doubts should be resolved in favor of arbitration. Chippewa Valley Schools v Hill, 62 Mich App 116, 120; 233 NW2d 208 (1975), lv den, 395 Mich 806 (1975), Campbell, supra, at 419. Defendant’s claim "on its face” is based on her insurance contract with plaintiff concerning the 1966 Mercury. The claim may well prove to be as groundless as defendant insists it is, but even if it would be a "clear error” to make an award to the defendant, the dispute is arbitrable. Compare Spafford, supra, with Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange v Spafford, 76 Mich App 85; 255 NW2d 780 (1977).
Third, is the dispute "expressly exempt” by the terms of the contract? If not, it is arbitrable. MCLA 600.5001(2); MSA 27A.500K2), Kaleva, supra, at 592-593. Plaintiff insurer has not claimed that the arbitration provision exempts disputes of this type, though there was nothing to prevent it from excluding "matters of coverage” from arbitration, see, e.g., American Motorists Insurance Co v Llanes, 64 Mich App 105, 108; 235 NW2d 77 (1975), rev on other grounds, 396 Mich 113; 240 NW2d 203 (1976). An ambiguous insurance contract is construed against the insurance company which prepared it. Lintern v Zentz, 327 Mich 595, 600; 42 NW2d 753; 18 ALR2d 713 (1950); 43 Am Jur 2d, Insurance, § 271, pp 329-331. The case against the defendant may well be as strong as the plaintiff insists, but the arguments should be addressed to the arbitrator, not the courts. This Court disfavors attempts "to segregate disputed issues into arbitrable sheep and judicially-triable goats (or vice versa)”. Maryland Casualty Co v McGee, 32 Mich App 539, 545; 189 NW2d 44 (1971); see also Michigan Mutual Liability Co v Graham, 44 Mich App 406, 407; 205 NW2d 289 (1973). If the arbitrator exceeds his authority because a nonarbitrable issue has been submitted to him, the award may be vacated. GCR 1963, 769.9, Detroit Demolition Corp v Burroughs Corp, 45 Mich App 72, 79-80; 205 NW2d 856 (1973), Ferndale Education Association v School District for the City of Ferndale #2, 67 Mich App 645, 649-650; 242 NW2d 481 (1976).
Plaintiff insists that it has to challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitrator before proceeding to arbitration or else waive any claim that the dispute is not arbitrable, citing American Motorists Insurance Co v Llanes, 396 Mich 113; 240 NW2d 203 (1976). In Llanes the Supreme Court held that since the insurer "proceeded without objection on arbitrability”, it could not raise that issue for the first time by a subsequent action for declaratory judgment:
"At the hearing before the arbitrator, American objected to the proceeding on the basis of insufficient notice and contended it was not liable under the 'hit and run’ provision of the policy. The issue of the arbitrability of the claim was not raised. Having proceeded without objection on arbitrability, American submitted the question to the arbitrator for decision. American may not now challenge the unfavorable award in court by complaining, for the first time, that the issue decided was excluded from arbitration. Hopkins v Auto-Owners Insurance Co, 41 Mich App 635; 200 NW2d 784 (1972); Detroit Demolition Corp v Burroughs Corp, 45 Mich App 72; 205 NW2d 856 (1973).” 396 Mich at 114.
The Supreme Court then cited an ALR Annotation:
"If a party to an arbitration agreement wants to object to the arbitrability of a specific issue, he should do so at the earliest opportunity. He should raise the objection before the issue is submitted for a hearing on its merits, because he may not voluntarily submit an issue to arbitration and then, if he suffers an adverse decision, move to set aside the adverse award on the ground that it was not an arbitrable issue.” Anno: Participation in Arbitration Proceedings as Waiver of Objections to Arbitrability, 33 ALR3d 1242, 1244.
We believe that the plaintiff has misinterpreted Llanes. There the insurance company never raised the arbitrability issue before the arbitrator himself, and the Supreme Court properly penalized it for participating in arbitration without objection in hopes of prevailing on the merits, then collaterally attacking the award in court by denying arbitrability in case of defeat. Llanes did not discuss what form the objection should take in order to preserve the issue for court consideration. The annotation makes clear that the manner of objection varies in different jurisdictions:
"In some states, it may be sufficient merely to raise the objection before or at the beginning of the arbitration hearing. If the arbitrators overrule the objection and proceed to decide the dispute, the objecting party ordinarily should move to vacate the award on the ground that the arbitrators did not have jurisdiction of the dispute or that the issue was not arbitrable. If the motion is denied, the parties may raise the issue on an appeal.” Anno: Participation in Arbitration Proceedings as Waiver of Objections to Arbitrability, 33 ALR3d 1242, 1245. (Footnote omitted.)
Llanes should be read in comparison with the Detroit Demolition case, supra, where the defendant participated in arbitration under court order, raised the arbitrability issue before the arbitrator, and later brought an action to vacate the award. 45 Mich App at 76-78. This show of resistance established that the insurer did not waive its objection by submitting to arbitration. 45 Mich App at 78-79. In this case, the plaintiff brought an action for declaratory judgment and to stay the arbitration; it moved for a rehearing when the motion was denied; it brought an interlocutory appeal to this Court to stay the arbitration during the pendency of this appeal; and finally it has appealed the granting of accelerated judgment. If plaintiff addresses its arguments against arbitrability to the arbitrator himself, it will have preserved its objection.
Plaintiff also points out, correctly, that it was improper to dispose of this case by accelerated judgment. GCR 1963, 116, Drouillard v Roseville, 9 Mich App 239; 156 NW2d 628 (1967). Summary judgment was the proper way to proceed. GCR 1963, 117, Pompey v General Motors Corp, 385 Mich 537; 189 NW2d 243 (1971). But no purpose would be served by a refusal to reach the merits predicated upon this basis. This Court may treat a motion for accelerated judgment as a motion for summary judgment. Sims v United Papermakers & Paperworkers AFL-CIO, 26 Mich App 129, 134; 182 NW2d 90 (1970), Schimmer v Wolverine Insurance Co, 54 Mich App 291, 298; 220 NW2d 772 (1974).
Affirmed.
Costs to appellees.
Plaintiff also expresses "perplexity” at the perceived inconsistency between Llanes and Nickerson v Citizens Mutual Insurance Co, 393 Mich 324; 224 NW2d 896 (1975). There the arbitrator was presented with the issue whether a person who got out of a stalled car and was injured by an uninsured motorist was "occupying” the car. The arbitrator declined to rule on that issue, saying that it was not arbitrable, and the Supreme Court eventually decided it. Id. at 327-328. The Court held that defendant’s failure to contest the award within 20 days pursuant to GCR 1963, 769.9(2) was immaterial because the arbitrator refused to decide the arbitrability issue anyway, although defendant did lose the right to challenge the two issues that were decided, fault and damages. Id. at 327-328. The essential difference between Llanes and Nickerson is that in Llanes the objecting party never raised the arbitrability issue before the arbitrator, whereas in Nickerson the issue was raised. | [
-0.05029296875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0107421875,
0.039794921875,
-0.04296875,
0.012939453125,
0.001556396484375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.05615234375,
0.048095703125,
0.0172119140625,
0.03955078125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.06689453125,
0.0791015625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.00180816650390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.01904296875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0634765625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.036865234375,
0.012939453125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.032470703125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0072021484375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.005859375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0233154296875,
0.01092529296875,
0.004730224609375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0234375,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.005889892578125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.03662109375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.02978515625,
0.06298828125,
-0.021240234375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0439453125,
0.042236328125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.036376953125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.045166015625,
0.009033203125,
0.034423828125,
0.0185546875,
0.00775146484375,
0.06103515625,
-0.036865234375,
0.059326171875,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.0167236328125,
0.005523681640625,
0.0247802734375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0458984375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.02001953125,
0.023681640625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.034912109375,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0361328125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0079345703125,
0.009521484375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0074462890625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0242919921875,
0.020263671875,
0.03076171875,
0.042724609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.041748046875,
0.00970458984375,
0.031494140625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.046142578125,
0.0179443359375,
0.060791015625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.072265625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.02978515625,
0.0361328125,
0.0191650390625,
0.005615234375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0517578125,
0.020751953125,
0.01422119140625,
0.0145263671875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00537109375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.031005859375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0322265625,
0.005035400390625,
0.06884765625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0263671875,
0.033203125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.056396484375,
0.00830078125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.037841796875,
0.0125732421875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.02294921875,
0.0133056640625,
0.00860595703125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.010986328125,
0.005462646484375,
0.056884765625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.036865234375,
0.046875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03173828125,
0.006866455078125,
0.023681640625,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0072021484375,
0.051025390625,
0.0052490234375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.024658203125,
0.033203125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.064453125,
-0.024658203125,
0.00732421875,
0.03662109375,
-0.00066375732421875,
0.036865234375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.007598876953125,
0.033203125,
0.0546875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.00830078125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.010498046875,
0.01385498046875,
0.021728515625,
0.030517578125,
0.00823974609375,
0.007720947265625,
0.036865234375,
0.029296875,
-0.00177764892578125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.04150390625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.04541015625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0211181640625,
0.00445556640625,
0.036376953125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.08154296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.04345703125,
0.060302734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0025634765625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.06884765625,
0.0419921875,
-0.041259765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.003143310546875,
0.0108642578125,
0.006103515625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0013885498046875,
0.033447265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.015625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.046875,
0.03466796875,
0.0068359375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.037109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0830078125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0048828125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.046875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.04150390625,
0.00933837890625,
0.019775390625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.044677734375,
0.026611328125,
0.072265625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0024261474609375,
0.015625,
-0.009521484375,
0.038818359375,
0.028076171875,
-0.021484375,
0.02294921875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0283203125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0546875,
0.056396484375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.05126953125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03369140625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.007110595703125,
0.02197265625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0400390625,
0.01318359375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0712890625,
-0.07861328125,
0.0272216796875,
0.02880859375,
0.030517578125,
0.005859375,
0.03271484375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.027587890625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0244140625,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0703125,
0.0147705078125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.02197265625,
0.021240234375,
0.00640869140625,
0.024169921875,
0.05078125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0400390625,
0.041259765625,
0.00007915496826171875,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.015625,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.02685546875,
0.028564453125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.033935546875,
0.002593994140625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.012939453125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0400390625,
0.00018978118896484375,
0.0260009765625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0169677734375,
0.001617431640625,
0.0888671875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.037353515625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0126953125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0400390625,
-0.045166015625,
0.050048828125,
-0.000789642333984375,
-0.0625,
0.00775146484375,
0.01904296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0263671875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.042236328125,
0.00141143798828125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01611328125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.03125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.05859375,
-0.02685546875,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.01171875,
-0.023193359375,
0.021484375,
-0.02978515625,
0.038818359375,
-0.011474609375,
0.009033203125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.02978515625,
0.01068115234375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.004150390625,
0.007354736328125,
0.016357421875,
0.00006532669067382812,
-0.031494140625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.044921875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.033203125,
0.010986328125,
0.00152587890625,
0.0286865234375,
0.0216064453125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.056640625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0034942626953125,
0.019287109375,
0.00067138671875,
0.035888671875,
0.01031494140625,
0.044189453125,
0.05712890625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0302734375,
0.03466796875,
0.010498046875,
0.03271484375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.01171875,
-0.000492095947265625,
-0.0537109375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.025634765625,
0.02734375,
0.0028076171875,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.03369140625,
0.055419921875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0247802734375,
0.06591796875,
0.00823974609375,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.06201171875,
0.0087890625,
-0.05859375,
0.0244140625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.01019287109375,
0.048095703125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0654296875,
0.011474609375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0732421875,
0.05615234375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0546875,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0419921875,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.02734375,
-0.064453125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0615234375,
0.041259765625,
0.04736328125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.02392578125,
0.01019287109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0032958984375,
0.00006961822509765625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.04150390625,
0.016357421875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.039794921875,
0.01531982421875,
0.029296875,
0.078125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.052734375,
0.0045166015625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.044189453125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0751953125,
0.0478515625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.022705078125,
-0.043212890625,
0.006103515625,
-0.028564453125,
0.000690460205078125,
0.0380859375,
-0.052490234375,
0.0011749267578125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0751953125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0004444122314453125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.037353515625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0791015625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.07666015625,
-0.011474609375,
0.009765625,
0.01446533203125,
0.064453125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0419921875,
0.034423828125,
0.034423828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.0693359375,
0.0303955078125,
0.054443359375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.025390625,
0.05126953125,
0.0283203125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0017242431640625,
0.030029296875,
-0.008544921875,
0.00147247314453125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.02734375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.049560546875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.022705078125,
0.01287841796875,
0.02880859375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0185546875,
-0.040283203125,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.01708984375,
0.015380859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.000946044921875,
-0.044921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0205078125,
0.05712890625,
0.01318359375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.017578125,
-0.044677734375,
0.01611328125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.015625,
0.0277099609375,
0.056640625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.0196533203125,
0.0206298828125,
0.01287841796875,
0.0196533203125,
0.01275634765625,
0.018310546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.03125,
0.041015625,
0.06884765625,
0.0181884765625,
0.060302734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0263671875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0011444091796875,
0.0034942626953125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.006866455078125,
0.017333984375,
0.035888671875,
-0.028564453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.005859375,
0.031982421875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.009521484375,
0.021484375,
-0.013671875,
0.005462646484375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.064453125,
0.033935546875,
-0.00157928466796875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0654296875,
0.001373291015625,
0.000293731689453125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.07666015625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0159912109375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.038818359375,
0.0419921875,
0.02001953125,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.049560546875,
0.03466796875,
0.033203125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00579833984375,
0.04052734375,
0.0181884765625,
0.025390625,
-0.00081634521484375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.015625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.072265625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.022705078125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.013427734375,
0.005859375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.000202178955078125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.02685546875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0002803802490234375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0556640625,
0.01116943359375,
0.03125,
0.02392578125,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.04052734375,
0.0230712890625,
0.032470703125,
0.0002899169921875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.030517578125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.03955078125,
0.014892578125,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0673828125,
0.021728515625,
0.04833984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0458984375,
0.0194091796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.00860595703125,
0.027099609375,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0115966796875,
0.0546875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.004150390625,
-0.060546875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.03857421875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.033447265625,
-0.043212890625,
0.004302978515625,
-0.009765625,
-0.019775390625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.06884765625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.05419921875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.038330078125,
0.022216796875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.030517578125,
0.027099609375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.01708984375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.023193359375,
0.03564453125,
0.037353515625,
0.0308837890625,
0.034912109375,
0.007080078125,
0.028076171875,
0.00921630859375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0120849609375,
0.006591796875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.006011962890625,
0.05810546875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.002410888671875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0595703125,
0.00823974609375,
0.005462646484375,
0.0283203125,
0.03369140625,
-0.052001953125,
0.26953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.020263671875,
0.0013427734375,
0.033447265625,
0.044921875,
0.020263671875,
0.00006866455078125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0390625,
0.034912109375,
-0.03857421875,
0.021240234375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.025146484375,
0.046875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.04736328125,
0.007598876953125,
-0.03076171875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.029296875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.004974365234375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.015869140625,
0.01226806640625,
0.01611328125,
0.00136566162109375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.052001953125,
0.057373046875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0284423828125,
0.007080078125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.003265380859375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.02734375,
-0.037109375,
0.017822265625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.06982421875,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0283203125,
0.036865234375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0029296875,
0.047607421875,
0.01116943359375,
0.000385284423828125,
0.00543212890625,
0.00107574462890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.031982421875,
0.0120849609375,
0.022216796875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.012451171875,
0.0308837890625,
0.00225830078125,
0.052734375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.028564453125,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0301513671875
] |
Allen, J.
Defendant was convicted of first-degree murder by an Oakland County jury on August 24, 1975. MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548. He was later sentenced to life in prison as required by the statute, and appeals as of right.
The killing occurred on May 11, 1974. On that day, Edward Rasen and William Day went to defendant’s home in Farmington Hills. Their encounter resulted in William Day’s death and left Edward Rasen severely wounded. The exact details of what occurred are, of course, disputed.
Rasen was the main prosecution witness. Testimony at trial showed that Rasen and the defend ant were members of a nationwide marijuana syndicate. The shooting incident which led to these charges resulted from a dispute over proceeds from a syndicate shipment and defendant’s refusal to return a truck to Rasen.
When Rasen testified at the preliminary examination, in May of 1974, he lied about his reasons for being in the Detroit area and did not disclose the true nature of his argument with the defendant. Specifically, he said nothing about the marijuana syndicate in which both he and the defendant were principals. The prosecution knew, even before the preliminary examination, that major portions of Rasen’s story were fabricated. For example, they knew that he had flown into Detroit from California on the day before the shooting. At the preliminary examination, Rasen repeatedly testified that he had hitch-hiked from California and had arrived on the morning of the day the shooting occurred.
Rasen and his attorneys were continuously involved in negotiations with Federal and state prosecuting authorities. As part of an immunity bargain, Rasen eventually disclosed to the Michigan authorities the full details of his involvement with the defendant. These details were known to the prosecution not later than January of 1975. Despite repeated defense requests for discovery and specific inquiries as to whether Rasen had abandoned the testimony he gave at the preliminary examination, the prosecution refused to confirm that the preliminary examination testimony had been false. Consequently, the defense did not know how Rasen would testify until he actually took the stand at trial. Once it became apparent that his story had changed, the defense impeached him with excerpts from his preliminary examination testimony.
On the first day of the trial, the defendant asked the trial judge to authorize subpoena and witness fees for two out-of-state witnesses. The trial judge first questioned the defendant’s indigency since he was represented by retained counsel. However, the judge later seemed to concede that the defendant was indigent but nevertheless ruled that he would not authorize the expenditure of county funds unless the defense first revealed the names of the proposed witnesses and the nature of their testimony. The defendant’s attorney refused to do this in open court, but he did offer to submit affidavits for in camera inspection by the court. The judge rejected that offer and the defense refused to disclose the information in open court. One of the proposed witnesses was an orthopedic surgeon with ballistics expertise. The other witness was acquainted with Rasen from California and would have testified as an impeachment witness to attack Rasen’s credibility. Because of the adverse rulings, neither witness testified for the defense.
The defendant has raised 23 separate issues on appeal. We find one which clearly requires reversal. Two others deserve some comment. The remainder are without merit.
We reverse the defendant’s conviction because we are convinced that the prosecution knowingly presented false testimony at the preliminary examination. The extent of the prosecution’s knowledge at that point in time might be debated, but it is clear that the authorities knew that some portions of Rasen’s testimony were false.
Without more, there would be no reversible error. However, the situation changed when the immunity negotiations led to the change in Ra-sen’s story. At that point, the prosecution knew beyond any doubt that Rasen had lied at the preliminary examination. It also knew that he would tell a significantly different story at trial. But this information was withheld from the defense despite specific requests.
There are signs that we may be approaching a rule of complete discovery in criminal cases — at least discovery of materials held by the prosecution. See People v Dellabonda, 265 Mich 486; 251 NW 594 (1933), People v Maranian, 359 Mich 361; 102 NW2d 568 (1960), Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963), People v Aldridge, 47 Mich App 639; 209 NW2d 796 (1973), and People v Walton, 71 Mich App 478; 247 NW2d 378 (1976).
The present case does not require that we further expand the frontiers of criminal discovery. Based on existing authorities, we are convinced that error occurs when (1) the prosecution knowingly presents false testimony or (2) the prosecution refuses pertinent and specific defense requests for discovery after learning that a prosecution witness gave false testimony on a material point at the preliminary examination.
"The legal concept of a criminal trial has changed considerably in modern times. It is seen less as an arena where 2 lawyer gladiators duel with the accused’s fate hanging on the outcome and more as an inquiry primarily directed toward the fair ascertainment of truth.” People v Johnson, 356 Mich 619, 621; 97 NW2d 739 (1959).
The arguments of the prosecutor in the present case suggest an outdated adherence to the gladiator concept.
In People v Walton, supra, the Court cited People v Aldridge, supra, for the general rule that questions of criminal discovery should be determined according to whether fundamental fairness to the defendant, in preparing his defense, requires that he have access to the information. That test is met in the present case. The trial judge ruled and the prosecutor argued against disclosure on grounds that the changes in Rasen’s testimony were not material. By this they mean that Rasen’s version of the shooting incident remained unchanged. The major changes in Rasen’s testimony concerned his description of his trip from California to Detroit and his admission of his involvement in the marijuana syndicate. The theoretical basis for the prosecutor’s argument is sound. If the testimony changes are not material, nondisclosure might not be considered error or, at least, the error would be harmless. But we reject the contention that the changes in the present case are not material. Rasen’s admission of his involvement in the marijuana operation would materially affect a jury’s perception of how and why the shooting incident occurred. Further, jury knowledge of Rasen’s involvement and the fact that he lied about that involvement in prior testimony would adversely affect his credibility as a witness. Therefore, we believe that the changes were material even though Rasen’s testimony about the shooting incident itself was consistent.
Alternatively, the prosecution argues that the defendant was not prejudiced because his attorney was able to impeach Rasen at trial with evidence of his prior inconsistent testimony. We concede that defense counsel was effective in this regard, but his effectiveness was unavoidably limited by his uncertainty as to which story Rasen would present. This uncertainty limited opportunities for pre-trial investigation and required the defense to expend time and effort preparing to attack both of Rasen’s stories. Therefore, the nondisclosure was prejudicial even though the defense had an opportunity for cross-examination.
For the reasons stated, the defendant’s conviction is reversed. Given the possibility of another trial, we will briefly comment on two other issues raised on appeal.
The defendant’s efforts to subpoena and transport two out-of-state witnesses at county expense are detailed earlier in this opinion. The trial judge refused to consider that request unless the defendant would first disclose in open court the names of the proposed witnesses and the substance of their testimony. Existing authorities support that ruling. MCLA 775.15; MSA 28.1252 requires a defendant to show "to the satisfaction of the judge presiding over the court wherein such trial is to be had * * * [that] he cannot safely proceed to a trial [without the proposed witness]”. Rulings on such motions are expressly left to the discretion of the trial court. The cited statute is limited to witnesses "within the jurisdiction of the court”. But there is no reason to believe that a different rule should obtain where a defendant seeks the production of witnesses who live outside Michigan. Given the statute, it is apparent that the trial judge ruled correctly in the present case. See also People v Thomas, 1 Mich App 118; 134 NW2d 352 (1965).
However, there is some reason to doubt the continuing validity of the statute. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 17(b), formerly contained a provision very similar to the Michigan statute as interpreted by the judge in this case. The rule was amended in 1966 to allow defendants to apply for witness fees ex parte, i.e., without revealing names and testimony to the prosecution. Cases commenting on the amendment indicate that the rule was changed because of the disturbing equal protection problem evident on the face of a rule which would require indigents to disclose their defense theory to the prosecution while not requiring similar disclosure from defendants who are able to pay their own fees. See United States v Meriwether, 486 F2d 498 (CA 5, 1973), United States v Barker, 553 F2d 1013 (CA 6, 1977). For a general discussion of the Federal rule and the impetus behind the 1966 changes, see 1 Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure (1969), Chapter 5, § 272, pp 539-544. These constitutional problems could be avoided on retrial in the present case if the trial judge accepts the defendant’s offer to submit the names of the witnesses and outlines of their testimony for in camera inspection. This procedure would be similar to the ex parte practice now followed in the Federal courts.
Defendant also contends that some of the instructions on intent were reversibly erroneous because they established presumptions in the prosecution’s favor and placed the burden of proof on the defendant to overcome those presumptions. These arguments have been rendered moot by our reversal of the defendant’s conviction. On retrial, the court would do well to avoid similar instructions. It is appropriate to tell the jury that they may draw an inference from certain facts. However, instructions which create presumptions in favor of the prosecution are disapproved. See People v Martin, 392 Mich 553; 221 NW2d 336 (1974), People v Wright, 78 Mich App 246; 259 NW2d 443 (1977).
Conclusion
We express no opinion as to whether the instruction on presumptions or the ruling on the witness fees question would require reversal. Our comments on those issues are intended solely for the guidance of the parties and the trial court on retrial. The defendant’s conviction is reversed because of the refusal to permit discovery of the complaining witness’s perjury.
Reversed.
The prosecutor at the preliminary examination did question Rasen about his reasons for coming to Detroit and his mode of travel. Thus, it might be argued that an effort to bring out the truth was made. However, the questions also evidenced the prosecution’s doubts about their own witness’s veracity. These doubts were never shared with the defense. | [
0.0201416015625,
-0.000324249267578125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.005584716796875,
0.040283203125,
0.080078125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.03564453125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.009765625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.019775390625,
0.00146484375,
0.05029296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0047607421875,
0.038818359375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.02099609375,
0.047607421875,
-0.06396484375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.048828125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.048828125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0135498046875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01220703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.05615234375,
0.0244140625,
-0.034423828125,
0.005950927734375,
0.0419921875,
0.045654296875,
-0.03515625,
-0.044921875,
-0.05908203125,
0.0279541015625,
0.008544921875,
-0.008056640625,
0.025390625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0054931640625,
0.001190185546875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0478515625,
-0.01416015625,
0.01171875,
0.0341796875,
0.05126953125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0419921875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.024169921875,
0.004547119140625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.003875732421875,
0.0419921875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0010528564453125,
0.010009765625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.018798828125,
0.00885009765625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0147705078125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.03466796875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.02685546875,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0203857421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.029052734375,
0.00927734375,
0.040283203125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.037841796875,
0.040283203125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.06005859375,
0.056884765625,
-0.02783203125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.02099609375,
0.04150390625,
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.00384521484375,
0.037841796875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.012451171875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0284423828125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.009765625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0045166015625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.003387451171875,
0.05224609375,
0.02001953125,
0.0771484375,
-0.0390625,
0.0693359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.007568359375,
0.035888671875,
0.048583984375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.031494140625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.045166015625,
0.0439453125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.020263671875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.024169921875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.052734375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.03466796875,
0.042236328125,
0.005645751953125,
0.0546875,
0.027099609375,
0.01361083984375,
0.009033203125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0003948211669921875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0011138916015625,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.00738525390625,
0.00274658203125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0302734375,
-0.00174713134765625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0164794921875,
0.02734375,
0.032470703125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.017333984375,
0.0017242431640625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.044677734375,
0.0625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.058349609375,
0.0615234375,
0.00970458984375,
0.0189208984375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01953125,
0.048583984375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.040283203125,
0.028564453125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0390625,
0.032958984375,
0.000843048095703125,
-0.03466796875,
0.039794921875,
0.051513671875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.024169921875,
0.042236328125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0224609375,
0.040771484375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0296630859375,
0.01031494140625,
0.008056640625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.031982421875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.018798828125,
0.06103515625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.026123046875,
0.00537109375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.03369140625,
0.0279541015625,
0.016845703125,
-0.055419921875,
0.0093994140625,
0.041015625,
-0.01953125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0260009765625,
0.015869140625,
0.02294921875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0390625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0107421875,
0.00021457672119140625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.037109375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.04296875,
-0.0361328125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.036865234375,
0.06884765625,
-0.014404296875,
0.0216064453125,
0.03515625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.021240234375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.03173828125,
0.00011444091796875,
0.000705718994140625,
0.01611328125,
0.015625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.050537109375,
-0.01171875,
-0.025390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0033416748046875,
0.025634765625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0419921875,
0.009765625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.028564453125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.03369140625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0517578125,
0.01318359375,
-0.0014190673828125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.046142578125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.011474609375,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.00390625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.017822265625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03173828125,
0.02783203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.01953125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.031494140625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0341796875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.035888671875,
0.043212890625,
0.00274658203125,
0.018310546875,
0.01904296875,
0.0517578125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.015625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.014892578125,
0.0419921875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.041748046875,
0.003814697265625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.042724609375,
0.05859375,
0.0120849609375,
0.01300048828125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0341796875,
0.01007080078125,
0.049560546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.052734375,
0.0654296875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0244140625,
0.025390625,
0.01336669921875,
0.036376953125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0380859375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.052490234375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0615234375,
-0.0419921875,
0.026123046875,
-0.04541015625,
0.02294921875,
0.019775390625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0028076171875,
0.048828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.038818359375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0179443359375,
0.01019287109375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.02392578125,
0.01953125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.01025390625,
0.005126953125,
0.00885009765625,
0.016845703125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.001617431640625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.05029296875,
0.042236328125,
0.049072265625,
0.004791259765625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.051513671875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.027099609375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.028076171875,
0.037109375,
0.010009765625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.052734375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.061279296875,
-0.049072265625,
0.02880859375,
0.009033203125,
0.001129150390625,
0.0074462890625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0390625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0029296875,
0.056884765625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.026123046875,
-0.056884765625,
0.061279296875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.05029296875,
0.043701171875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0186767578125,
0.05224609375,
0.052001953125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0400390625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0390625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.055419921875,
0.020263671875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.002349853515625,
0.00616455078125,
0.0244140625,
0.004302978515625,
-0.000007987022399902344,
0.0205078125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0238037109375,
0.030029296875,
0.01324462890625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.06103515625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0390625,
0.009765625,
0.01373291015625,
0.005401611328125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.046875,
0.01904296875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.052734375,
0.06103515625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00183868408203125,
0.057861328125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0693359375,
0.004669189453125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0230712890625,
0.06884765625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.06201171875,
0.040771484375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.005615234375,
-0.015625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.048828125,
0.000701904296875,
-0.05029296875,
0.00250244140625,
0.023193359375,
0.0302734375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0458984375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0244140625,
0.0322265625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.033203125,
0.02978515625,
0.038818359375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.053955078125,
0.0068359375,
0.027099609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.002044677734375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0030517578125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.040283203125,
0.00009632110595703125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.015625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0174560546875,
0.034423828125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.014892578125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0274658203125,
0.015869140625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01806640625,
0.015625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.003662109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0498046875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0272216796875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.016845703125,
0.00738525390625,
0.053466796875,
-0.09765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.029296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0615234375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0341796875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.060302734375,
-0.0029296875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0380859375,
0.003570556640625,
-0.053955078125,
0.000568389892578125,
0.033447265625,
0.03125,
0.0064697265625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.017578125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0194091796875,
0.01263427734375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.000006943941116333008,
0.007171630859375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.01220703125,
0.028564453125,
0.056640625,
-0.005126953125,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.01953125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.005889892578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.041259765625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.005523681640625,
0.00628662109375,
0.016845703125,
0.035888671875,
0.0218505859375,
0.04150390625,
0.031005859375,
0.033203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.046142578125,
0.008544921875,
0.038818359375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.03857421875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.035888671875,
0.00640869140625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.018798828125,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.036865234375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0179443359375,
0.02734375,
0.047119140625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.044921875,
0.06396484375,
0.0224609375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.013427734375,
0.06005859375,
0.03662109375,
0.02294921875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.05078125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0380859375,
0.026611328125,
0.00640869140625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.06201171875,
0.0255126953125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0003070831298828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.06494140625,
0.001922607421875,
0.041748046875,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01904296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.022705078125,
0.0625,
0.046875,
0.03955078125,
0.0247802734375,
0.04638671875,
0.032958984375,
0.02392578125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.011474609375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0361328125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.040771484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.000843048095703125,
-0.0732421875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.01202392578125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00274658203125,
0.0546875,
0.012451171875,
0.0120849609375,
0.02490234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0272216796875,
0.041748046875,
0.0081787109375,
0.00188446044921875,
0.0167236328125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.015869140625,
0.007049560546875,
0.030517578125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.057373046875,
0.018798828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.014404296875,
0.00482177734375,
0.007232666015625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.000141143798828125,
0.01904296875,
0.01806640625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.046875,
0.0264892578125,
0.017822265625,
0.047607421875,
0.037109375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.003570556640625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00933837890625,
0.011962890625,
-0.009765625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.002838134765625,
0.00604248046875,
0.03857421875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0155029296875,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.041259765625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.033203125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.036376953125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.029052734375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.024658203125,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.006591796875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.051513671875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.061279296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0150146484375,
0.033935546875,
0.02294921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.01318359375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.003173828125,
-0.03271484375,
0.005401611328125,
0.033203125,
-0.0390625,
0.267578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.031982421875,
0.004364013671875,
0.0302734375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.016357421875,
0.006683349609375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.011474609375,
-0.038330078125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0184326171875,
0.029296875,
0.0263671875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.0390625,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.004150390625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.034912109375,
0.0390625,
-0.042236328125,
0.03515625,
0.05126953125,
0.0035858154296875,
0.03662109375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01220703125,
0.054931640625,
-0.0556640625,
0.043212890625,
0.0751953125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.05126953125,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.009765625,
0.05029296875,
0.033447265625,
0.0458984375,
0.0166015625,
-0.029541015625,
0.034912109375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.001922607421875,
0.0225830078125,
0.058837890625,
0.0301513671875,
0.06494140625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0888671875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.02490234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0103759765625,
0.00093841552734375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.02294921875,
0.00836181640625,
0.01202392578125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.025390625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.00138092041015625,
0.00750732421875
] |
Per Curiam.
On March 10, 1976, defendant was convicted by a jury of two counts of first-degree felony murder under MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548 for allegedly intentionally setting fire to a dwelling in Ypsilanti, Michigan, which resulted in the deaths of Odel Barnes and Joe Thomas. On March 25, 1976, defendant was sentenced to life imprison ment. He appeals as of right. The prosecution has filed a motion to affirm defendant’s conviction.
Defendant’s sole contention on appeal is that in instructing the jury on the crime of first-degree felony murder the trial court committed reversible error by imputing malice to the killing as a matter of law from the intent to commit the underlying felony. The trial judge instructed the jury as follows:
"Defendant is charged with a crime of murder in the first degree. The law insofar as it applies to the case states that all murder which shall be committed during and as a result of the committing or attempting to commit arson shall be murder in the first degree. The defendant pleads not guilty to this charge. To establish this charge the People must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: first, that Joe Thomas and Odel Barnes died on or about October 3rd, 1975; second, that the death was caused by the defendant or that occurred as the direct result of the commission of the crime of arson, that is that Joe Thomas and Odel Barnes died as a result of an arson of the dwelling at 420 South Washington, Ypsilanti, Michigan; third, that at the time of the burning which caused the death of Joe Thomas and Odel Barnes the defendant consciously intended to commit the crime of arson; fourth, that at the time of the burning which cause the death of Joe Thomas and Odel Barnes, defendant was committing the crime of arson.
"For murder of the first degree there must be proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing occurred as a result of the crime of arson and that the defendant was at the time engaged in committing, or attempting to commit, or was aiding another in the commission of that crime.”
The trial judge then instructed the jury on the lesser included offenses of first-degree murder, i.e., second-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter.
After some deliberation, the jury communicated with the judge. One member of the jury asked if the conviction of arson implies conviction of murder in the first degree exclusively or if one can also be convicted of arson in connection with second-degree murder or involuntary manslaughter. In response, the trial judge reinstructed the jury on the charged offense of murder in the first degree and upon the lesser included offenses. These instructions were identical to the original instructions given on the same points.
Defendant argues that the instruction upon first-degree murder was erroneous because the trial judge omitted the essential element of malice from the charge by instructing the jury that it could return a verdict of first-degree murder if it was found that the victims were killed during the perpetration of the crime of arson by defendant. The prosecution does not contend that the charge did contain an instruction on malice nor that the jury was permitted to consider what the prosecution acknowledges is an essential element of first-degree murder. Rather, it contends that the essential element is supplied by the underlying felony, that malice may be imputed to the killing as a matter of law because of the arson. The prosecution would have it that murder need not be proved: to constitute first-degree murder it is only necessary that the killing be committed during the course of one of the felonies enumerated in MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548. We do not agree.
The instruction of the trial judge removed the element of malice from jury consideration. The court imputed malice to the killing because of defendant’s act. This it may not do.
The common-law felony murder doctrine provided that any homicide committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate a felony was murder. In People v Fountain, 71 Mich App 491; 248 NW2d 589 (1976), this Court, after a thorough analysis, concluded that the common-law felony murder doctrine did not exist in Michigan, even in modified form. Likewise, the Court found that Michigan has not adopted the felony murder doctrine by statute.
Fountain held that malice may not be imputed to an act of killing from the perpetrator’s mere intent to commit the underlying felony. "Although malice may be inferred from the nature of the underlying felony and the circumstances surrounding its commission, the presence or absence of malice in each case remains a question for jury determination”. 71 Mich App at 506. See also, People v Martin, 75 Mich App 6; 254 NW2d 628 (1977), where Fountain is cited with approval.
We reach the same conclusion as the Fountain court. In order to convict a defendant of felony murder, the prosecution must establish (1) a homicide; (2) that the homicide is murder; and (3) that the murder occurred in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate one of the felonies enumerated in MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548. People v Wimbush, 45 Mich App 42; 205 NW2d 890 (1973), People v Smith, 55 Mich App 184; 222 NW2d 172 (1974). Thus, before a party may be convicted under the first-degree murder statute, a common law murder must be proved.
The Supreme Court acknowledged this in a series of cases in 1975 dealing with lesser included offenses. A lesser included offense is either a "necessarily included” or a "cognate” offense. It must be impossible to commit the greater offense with out having committed the lesser offense. People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich 379; 236 NW2d 461 (1975), People v Chamblis, 395 Mich 408; 236 NW2d 473 (1975).
In People v Carter, 395 Mich 434; 236 NW2d 500 (1975), the Supreme Court held there are lesser included offenses to first-degree felony murder. In so holding, the Court had occasion to expressly disapprove a rule which would allow proof of an essential element by proof of the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate a specific felony. Under such a rule, neither second-degree murder nor manslaughter could possibly be lesser included offenses. The Court stated:
"Second-degree murder is always a lesser included offense of first-degree murder. First-degree murder is second-degree (common-law) murder plus an element, viz., either premeditation or the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate an enumerated felony. People v Allen, 390 Mich 383; 212 NW2d 21 (1973). Conversely, second-degree murder is first-degree murder minus premeditation or the enumerated felony.” 395 Mich at 437-438.
See, also, People v Crown, 75 Mich App 206, 215; 254 NW2d 843 (1977).
Murder in the second degree, a crime which must be established before murder in the first degree can be established, requires proof of malice. People v Benberry, 24 Mich App 188; 180 NW2d 391 (1970), People v Stinson, 58 Mich App 243; 227 NW2d 303 (1975). The law may not impute the element of malice necessary for a conviction of second-degree or common-law murder.
"To give the homicide the legal character of murder, all the authorities agree that it must have been perpetrated with malice prepense or aforethought. This mal ice is just as essential an ingredient of the offense as the act which causes the death; without the concurrence of both, the crime can not exist; and, as every man is presumed innocent of the offense with which he is charged till he is proved to be guilty, this presumption must apply equally to both ingredients of the offense — to the malice as well as to the killing. Hence, though the principle seems to have been sometimes overlooked, the burden of proof, as to each, rests equally upon the prosecution, though the one may admit and require more direct proof than the other; malice, in most cases, not being susceptible of direct proof, but to be established by inferences more or less strong, to be drawn from the facts and circumstances connected with the killing, and which indicate the disposition or state of mind with which it was done. It is for the court to define the legal import of the term, malice aforethought, or, in other words, that state or disposition of mind which constitutes it; but the question whether it existed or not, in the particular instance, would, upon principle, seem to be as clearly a question of fact for the jury, as any other fact in the cause * * * .” Maher v The People, 10 Mich 212, 218 (1862). (Emphasis in original.)
See People v Bourne, 385 Mich 170; 188 NW2d 573 (1971), and People v Martin, 392 Mich 553; 221 NW2d 336 (1974).
First-degree felony murder is murder in the second degree plus the element of perpetration of an enumerated felony. People v Carter, supra. Since the law may not impute malice to a second-degree murder, Maher v The People, supra, it accordingly may not impute the malice requisite to a conviction of first-degree felony murder.
MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548, the first-degree murder statute, may be utilized only after a common-law or second-degree murder has been established. People v Allen, supra. As to the fact of a murder, the statute is redundant. As to degree, it is not. Functionally, premeditation and the proof of a felony serve the same purpose, elevating an otherwise second-degree murder to the crime of murder in the first degree. People v Sparks, 53 Mich App 452; 220 NW2d 153 (1974). In premeditated murder it is the act of premeditation and deliberation that elevates the crime to first degree, while in felony murder it is the act of committing murder during the perpetration of a felony that aggravates the nature of the offense. People v Martin, 75 Mich App 6; 254 NW2d 628 (1977).
The trial court erred when it instructed the jury on first-degree murder. Having been told that the law imputed malice from the underlying felony, the jury was not allowed to consider all the essential elements of the crime of first-degree felony murder.
The trial court failed to instruct the jury that defendant could be convicted of first-degree felony murder only if the jury found the killing was done with malice. This failure constituted reversible error. The essential element of malice was imputed to the killing as a matter of law. It was properly a matter for the jury’s consideration. Defendant’s conviction must be reversed. | [
-0.0322265625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.033203125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.05712890625,
0.0439453125,
0.0087890625,
0.0400390625,
-0.020263671875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.03125,
-0.026611328125,
0.041015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.00738525390625,
0.00347900390625,
0.02783203125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.000659942626953125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.00070953369140625,
0.0211181640625,
0.050048828125,
0.0400390625,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.00091552734375,
-0.015380859375,
0.04541015625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01153564453125,
0.00775146484375,
0.0225830078125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.052734375,
-0.032470703125,
0.01171875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.041748046875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00830078125,
0.04638671875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0024261474609375,
0.0478515625,
0.051025390625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.017578125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0126953125,
0.02392578125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.00103759765625,
0.017822265625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.003753662109375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.01953125,
0.0179443359375,
0.06396484375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.017578125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.00482177734375,
0.0206298828125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.036376953125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.004852294921875,
0.057373046875,
0.0185546875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0194091796875,
0.02294921875,
-0.037841796875,
0.022216796875,
0.0458984375,
0.021484375,
0.08203125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.00384521484375,
-0.003082275390625,
0.02001953125,
0.002685546875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.083984375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0673828125,
-0.012451171875,
0.03173828125,
0.0001220703125,
0.00506591796875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.024169921875,
0.03076171875,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.00102996826171875,
0.02880859375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0126953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0267333984375,
0.04541015625,
0.050537109375,
0.004669189453125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0064697265625,
-0.021484375,
0.0703125,
0.00958251953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0478515625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.06201171875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0174560546875,
0.00762939453125,
0.034912109375,
-0.005615234375,
0.044921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.021240234375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00225830078125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.057861328125,
0.004638671875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0263671875,
0.00482177734375,
0.06689453125,
0.033935546875,
0.05615234375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01483154296875,
0.0185546875,
0.022705078125,
0.01165771484375,
0.026611328125,
-0.01953125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.05078125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.000518798828125,
0.0556640625,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0257568359375,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0615234375,
0.0107421875,
-0.04931640625,
0.02294921875,
0.0595703125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.013427734375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00653076171875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0380859375,
0.032958984375,
-0.047607421875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04736328125,
0.00921630859375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0234375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.034912109375,
0.038818359375,
0.048828125,
-0.025390625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.007568359375,
0.0230712890625,
0.00909423828125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.037353515625,
0.041748046875,
0.023193359375,
0.00909423828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.003173828125,
0.08837890625,
0.041015625,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.059814453125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.03515625,
0.02197265625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.015625,
0.00567626953125,
0.05078125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.00064849853515625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.021728515625,
0.003662109375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0283203125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.029296875,
0.0186767578125,
0.00579833984375,
0.0546875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.035400390625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.027099609375,
-0.060302734375,
0.06591796875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0135498046875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.07470703125,
0.0146484375,
0.046875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.026123046875,
-0.03466796875,
0.011962890625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0162353515625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.032470703125,
0.02099609375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.030029296875,
-0.015380859375,
0.01348876953125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0576171875,
0.00274658203125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.007049560546875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.00048065185546875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0128173828125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.033203125,
0.04052734375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.005035400390625,
0.01171875,
0.05908203125,
0.0150146484375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.025390625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0302734375,
0.031982421875,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.02880859375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.027099609375,
0.03564453125,
-0.047607421875,
0.044677734375,
0.032958984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.03759765625,
-0.03515625,
0.01324462890625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.00830078125,
0.021240234375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01513671875,
0.03759765625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.00150299072265625,
-0.00067138671875,
0.0074462890625,
0.013671875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.04443359375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.026123046875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0140380859375,
0.052001953125,
0.052490234375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0146484375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.053466796875,
0.05419921875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.01129150390625,
0.04296875,
0.029541015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0615234375,
0.019287109375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.04150390625,
-0.024658203125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.01513671875,
0.07763671875,
-0.025634765625,
0.02880859375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0137939453125,
0.01708984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0341796875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.044921875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.031494140625,
0.036376953125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.04296875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.046875,
-0.02685546875,
0.006195068359375,
0.09033203125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00933837890625,
0.0011138916015625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.02587890625,
0.03564453125,
-0.022705078125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.00067138671875,
0.01153564453125,
0.00982666015625,
0.017333984375,
-0.042236328125,
0.013916015625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.025634765625,
0.01116943359375,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.056884765625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.01953125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.05078125,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.0654296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.05078125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.053466796875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0009765625,
0.0250244140625,
0.02880859375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.052001953125,
0.0072021484375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.039306640625,
0.035400390625,
0.025146484375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0126953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.033447265625,
0.006256103515625,
0.01318359375,
0.00079345703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.024658203125,
0.031494140625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.016357421875,
0.01251220703125,
0.01483154296875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.004852294921875,
0.033203125,
0.03564453125,
0.01025390625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.05810546875,
0.060302734375,
-0.015625,
0.021484375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.01141357421875,
0.005828857421875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.078125,
0.044921875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.025390625,
0.008056640625,
0.040283203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.01513671875,
0.08203125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.058837890625,
0.029052734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.040283203125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.05615234375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.054931640625,
0.0341796875,
0.0126953125,
0.03564453125,
0.04541015625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0498046875,
0.041748046875,
0.0634765625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.041259765625,
-0.03369140625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.011962890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.021484375,
0.0087890625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.009765625,
0.016357421875,
0.0103759765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.060302734375,
0.01214599609375,
0.046142578125,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.02587890625,
0.00823974609375,
0.00823974609375,
0.05859375,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.02490234375,
0.02734375,
-0.052734375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.04931640625,
0.0189208984375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0791015625,
-0.003509521484375,
0.02783203125,
0.00927734375,
0.03466796875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03955078125,
0.007293701171875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.000591278076171875,
0.000701904296875,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0849609375,
0.00173187255859375,
0.09033203125,
-0.014892578125,
0.01171875,
-0.03125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.014892578125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.00537109375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0128173828125,
0.041259765625,
-0.05029296875,
0.00347900390625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0155029296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.033203125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0224609375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.050048828125,
0.0189208984375,
0.00007295608520507812,
-0.04541015625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0186767578125,
0.048583984375,
0.003997802734375,
0.035888671875,
0.01177978515625,
0.04345703125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.01251220703125,
0.0341796875,
0.07470703125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.03515625,
-0.029296875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.03173828125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.055908203125,
0.02197265625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.0068359375,
0.0245361328125,
0.03076171875,
0.015869140625,
0.00341796875,
-0.04296875,
0.0732421875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0537109375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.000827789306640625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0245361328125,
0.054443359375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.05078125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.021240234375,
0.0076904296875,
0.00110626220703125,
0.024169921875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.013671875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.06005859375,
0.03369140625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00830078125,
0.025390625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.037109375,
0.0166015625,
0.002227783203125,
-0.013671875,
0.0194091796875,
0.00177764892578125,
0.0458984375,
0.035400390625,
0.048583984375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0361328125,
0.0576171875,
0.0103759765625,
0.039794921875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.00201416015625,
-0.00061798095703125,
-0.039306640625,
0.030517578125,
0.01904296875,
0.033935546875,
0.059326171875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.06201171875,
0.041748046875,
0.0005340576171875,
0.00726318359375,
0.017578125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.027099609375,
0.022705078125,
0.00927734375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.05712890625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.03125,
0.01513671875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.01904296875,
-0.052490234375,
0.031982421875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00927734375,
0.034912109375,
0.002197265625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0216064453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.037109375,
0.0002689361572265625,
0.0277099609375,
0.04736328125,
0.05908203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01141357421875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.060302734375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.04248046875,
0.0033721923828125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0167236328125,
0.00689697265625,
0.02490234375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.006622314453125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.02587890625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0830078125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.020263671875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0272216796875,
0.020751953125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0294189453125,
0.01434326171875,
0.012451171875,
0.0294189453125,
0.00189208984375,
-0.005859375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.024169921875,
0.026123046875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0084228515625,
0.02001953125,
-0.06494140625,
0.2578125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.05712890625,
0.040771484375,
0.01104736328125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0087890625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00836181640625,
0.0238037109375,
0.01446533203125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.003326416015625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.02490234375,
0.041259765625,
0.023193359375,
0.03271484375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.04052734375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.00003528594970703125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.021240234375,
-0.01025390625,
0.03173828125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0439453125,
0.04443359375,
0.049560546875,
-0.037353515625,
0.03125,
-0.00372314453125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.00095367431640625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.046142578125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0126953125,
0.035400390625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.00921630859375,
0.0069580078125,
0.0244140625,
-0.03515625,
0.044677734375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.015869140625,
0.027099609375,
0.04443359375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0078125,
-0.03125,
0.0023193359375,
0.0262451171875,
0.02197265625,
0.010986328125,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.05859375,
0.0087890625,
-0.01806640625,
0.03564453125,
0.0079345703125,
0.031005859375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0146484375
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant was charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCLA 750.520b(l); MSA 28.788(2X1), for allegedly forcing the complaining witness at knifepoint to engage in sexual intercourse with him. Following a three-day trial by jury he was found guilty as charged and, on May 13, 1976, was sentenced to a term of 15 to 30 years in prison. He appeals of right asserting four grounds for reversal or remand for resentencing.
The principal ground relied upon for reversal is that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the prosecutor to impeach the defendant by use of a prior felony conviction for assault with intent to rape. At trial, defendant admitted the intercourse but testified that it was by mutual consent. He further testified that the knife was procured for him by the complaining witness so that he might cut some string to tie a blanket that was in his car. In what was obviously to be a one-on-one confrontation at trial as to whether the complaining witness or the defendant was telling the truth, defense counsel requested a protective order to exclude all references to five prior felony convictions during trial. Four of the prior convictions were for burglary. The trial court ruled that the prosecutor could not use the prior convictions for burglary but that the prior conviction for assault with intent to rape could be used.
A defendant may not be impeached by reference to prior felony convictions carte blanche. Instead, the court must weigh the prejudicial impact on the jury of reference to a prior felony conviction against its probative value to the issue of credibility. People v Farrar, 36 Mich App 294, 301-303; 193 NW2d 363 (1971); Gordon v United States, 127 US App DC 343; 383 F2d 936 (1967); People v Jackson, 391 Mich 323, 325; 217 NW2d 22 (1974). But contrary to defendant’s contention that impeachment by prior conviction must be limited to crimes directly related to credibility, viz: fraud, embezzlement, perjury, false pretenses, impeachment may, under proper circumstances, be based upon any prior felony conviction. People v Payne, 27 Mich App 133, 134; 183 NW2d 371 (1970), People v Cantrell, 27 Mich App 210, 213; 183 NW2d 401 (1970). However, prior convictions which are for the same crime should be admitted with extreme caution. The more similar the prior conviction is to the offense for which the accused is being tried, the more hesitant should be the trial judge in allowing its admission. As the Chief Justice, then Judge Burger, said in Gordon, supra:
"A special and even more difficult problem arises when the prior conviction is for the same or substantially the same conduct for which the accused is on trial. Where multiple convictions of various kinds can be shown, strong reasons arise for excluding those which are for the same crime because of the inevitable pressure on lay jurors to believe that 'if he did it before he probably did so this time’. As a general guide, those convictions which are for the same crime should be admitted sparingly; one solution might well be that discretion be exercised to limit the impeachment by way of a similar crime to a single conviction and then only when the circumstances indicate strong reasons for disclosure, and where the conviction directly relates to veracity.” (Footnote omitted.) Gordon, supra, at 347; 383 F2d at 940.
Unfortunately, the trial court in the instant case, though properly recognizing that it had discretion in the matter, appears to have exercised that discretion upside down in admitting the prior conviction because it was similar to the offense for which the defendant was charged.
Nevertheless, we do not find error. First, even Gordon, supra, does not per se bar every impeachment by a prior similar conviction. In People v Townsend, 60 Mich App 204, 206; 230 NW2d 378 (1975), this Court allowed impeachment of a defendant on trial for breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with convictions of two crimes of the same kind. As stated by the Court:
"While it is true the offenses were similar to the one for which defendant was on trial, this alone does not require their exclusion. We find no error.” Townsend, supra, at 206.
Second, and more importantly for disposition of this cause, defendant was not impeached by a prior conviction of assault with intent to rape. Instead, defendant was impeached on cross-exami nation by his own admission to pleading guilty to an assault (by shooting) on a girl in the front seat of his automobile. Defendant denied that he pled guilty to a sexual assault and explained that the shooting was accidental. When the prosecution then sought to call a detective for the purpose of testifying that defendant had told him he had pled guilty to assault with intent to rape, the trial court sustained defense counsel’s objection that a defendant could not be impeached on a collateral matter. The witness was never called and the matter was dropped. Thus, on the record there was no impeachment by a prior sexual assault. The jury was never put in the position found so objectionable in Gordon, supra, that "if he did it before, he probably did so this time”. Third, in instructing the jury, the trial court charged that the evidence of a prior criminal conviction could not be considered by the jury as evidence of guilt of the crime charged but only could be considered insofar as it affected the defendant’s credibility.
Defendant’s remaining claims of error are of less importance and are rejected on sound grounds. No objection was made to the prosecutor’s cross-examination of defendant on this question of the nature of the prior conviction and when objection was finally made it was sustained. People v Council, 36 Mich App 682, 686; 194 NW2d 34 (1971), is distinguishable since there the cross-examination extended beyond the prior offense and, by reference, sought to bring in an FBI report. Except in first-degree murder cases, failure to charge on lesser included offenses is not error in the absence of a request to so charge. People v Henry, 395 Mich 367, 374; 236 NW2d 489 (1975), People v Combs, 69 Mich App 711, 717; 245 NW2d 338 (1976). The sentencing transcript suggests the trial court did not consider the prior Georgia conviction in imposing sentence; but assuming arguendo, that the court did so consider it, defendant has failed to follow the post-sentencing relief procedure mandated for a Tucker-type hearing. In People v Moore, 391 Mich 426; 216 NW2d 770 (1974), the Supreme Court held that the Court of Appeals may refrain from considering a Tucker claim until the matter is first presented to the trial court. Defendant has not followed that procedure.
Affirmed.
"THE COURT: * * * I certainly wouldn’t admit evidence of a narcotics conviction or a marijuana conviction. But here we have a case of assault with intent to rape, and he was convicted of another charge of assault with intent to rape. Any charge that this man is convicted of wherein there is an assault involved, I will allow the prosecutor to go into it because it is my feeling that the triers of fact, the jury, are entitled to decide whom to believe. In this case we have the complaining witness and the defendant testifying, and the triers of fact are entitled to know that he has been convicted of another assaultive type of crime, in that case being an identical situation, assault with intent to rape. The trier of fact is entitled to know that before they make their decision. Regarding the other cases of burglary, I do not feel that that has any particular bearing on the charge of rape.”
In the past, this panel has noted several instances when trial courts and counsel have similarly misinterpreted Farrar and Jackson and Gordon. See also People v Osteen, 46 Mich App 409, 419-20; 208 NW2d 198 (1973), dismissed as moot, 390 Mich 760 (1973), wherein this Court seems to have made a similar mistake. We believe that the confusion is traceable to prior contrary Michigan law — see People v Simard, 314 Mich 624; 23 NW2d 106 (1946) — and to the manner in which Gordon was paraphrased in Farrar and Jackson. The original opinion in Gordon should be consulted for clarification.
(1) It was error for the prosecutor to cross-examine at length into the nature of the prior felony conviction.
(2) It was error for the trial court to omit to instruct on the lesser included offense of criminal sexual conduct in the second degree.
(3) It was error for the sentencing court to consider a conviction for which the defendant was not represented by counsel and was indigent.
United States v Tucker, 404 US 443; 92 S Ct 589; 30 L Ed 2d 592 (1972). | [
0.0030670166015625,
-0.0002593994140625,
0.0167236328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.07763671875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0341796875,
0.044189453125,
0.04296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0091552734375,
0.024658203125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0167236328125,
0.006195068359375,
0.029541015625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.04736328125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0302734375,
0.00482177734375,
0.048828125,
0.00885009765625,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.052734375,
-0.046875,
0.01220703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.035888671875,
0.00144195556640625,
0.01708984375,
0.000331878662109375,
0.0093994140625,
0.01123046875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00946044921875,
0.0027313232421875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.031005859375,
0.00014019012451171875,
0.022705078125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.06494140625,
0.026611328125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.000396728515625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01373291015625,
0.009033203125,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0167236328125,
0.033203125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0040283203125,
0.027099609375,
0.00009202957153320312,
0.02685546875,
-0.00069427490234375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.059326171875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.004638671875,
0.0106201171875,
0.050537109375,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.03857421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00091552734375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.059814453125,
0.00537109375,
0.000759124755859375,
0.01446533203125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0004253387451171875,
0.01055908203125,
0.00787353515625,
0.00180816650390625,
0.0079345703125,
0.0177001953125,
0.00537109375,
0.031005859375,
0.046875,
0.006439208984375,
0.019775390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.07080078125,
0.040283203125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00634765625,
0.039306640625,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.07568359375,
0.0296630859375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.03271484375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.051513671875,
0.002227783203125,
0.0093994140625,
0.02197265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0390625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.051513671875,
0.000263214111328125,
0.020751953125,
0.01141357421875,
0.01055908203125,
0.009521484375,
-0.041015625,
0.032958984375,
0.0537109375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.009765625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.020263671875,
0.044921875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.056396484375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0263671875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.004974365234375,
0.057861328125,
0.004669189453125,
-0.052734375,
0.06591796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0032501220703125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.00506591796875,
-0.06591796875,
0.0234375,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.005615234375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.041259765625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.00592041015625,
0.033203125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.0196533203125,
0.057373046875,
-0.01953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0002994537353515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0013275146484375,
-0.01953125,
0.0035247802734375,
0.01348876953125,
0.036865234375,
0.0291748046875,
0.00726318359375,
0.0240478515625,
0.056884765625,
0.0113525390625,
0.0087890625,
0.0302734375,
0.002410888671875,
0.0048828125,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.00738525390625,
0.03466796875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.051025390625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0279541015625,
0.05126953125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0224609375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.018798828125,
0.04150390625,
0.05419921875,
0.0498046875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.021484375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.041015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.023193359375,
0.023681640625,
-0.055908203125,
0.00150299072265625,
0.035888671875,
0.015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.032470703125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.053955078125,
0.068359375,
0.06591796875,
0.0166015625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0625,
-0.0869140625,
0.0242919921875,
0.030517578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.03759765625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.005218505859375,
0.035888671875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.001953125,
0.0098876953125,
0.00909423828125,
0.044677734375,
0.025634765625,
0.039794921875,
-0.046630859375,
0.06298828125,
-0.00013065338134765625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.00157928466796875,
0.039794921875,
-0.076171875,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.029541015625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.029052734375,
0.022705078125,
0.03857421875,
0.0400390625,
-0.083984375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.033203125,
0.0035552978515625,
0.05322265625,
0.028076171875,
-0.004730224609375,
0.011474609375,
-0.000911712646484375,
0.022216796875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01080322265625,
0.0078125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0537109375,
0.01171875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.03955078125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0146484375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.032958984375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0084228515625,
0.00701904296875,
0.0625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.0205078125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0341796875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0078125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00054931640625,
0.017333984375,
0.049560546875,
0.0341796875,
0.034423828125,
0.0125732421875,
0.040283203125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.029296875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0615234375,
0.0166015625,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0147705078125,
0.00628662109375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.041259765625,
0.00096893310546875,
0.039306640625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.021484375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.037353515625,
0.037109375,
0.05322265625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.03369140625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.041015625,
-0.03759765625,
0.04248046875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.022705078125,
0.08251953125,
-0.03125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0537109375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00439453125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0216064453125,
0.00146484375,
-0.001556396484375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.08056640625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0299072265625,
0.06689453125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.043701171875,
0.05224609375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0048828125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.033447265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.033447265625,
0.00933837890625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0263671875,
0.02099609375,
0.033203125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.04736328125,
0.00823974609375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.00067138671875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0191650390625,
0.006866455078125,
0.0087890625,
-0.017333984375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.008056640625,
0.032958984375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0068359375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.000926971435546875,
0.0004405975341796875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.06591796875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.055908203125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.05224609375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0380859375,
0.034423828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0419921875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.024169921875,
-0.07177734375,
0.015869140625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.05859375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.013671875,
0.029052734375,
0.0281982421875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0164794921875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.055908203125,
0.01953125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0189208984375,
0.04248046875,
0.025634765625,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.031494140625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.02734375,
0.052001953125,
0.039306640625,
0.03857421875,
0.008056640625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.08447265625,
0.046875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.004852294921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.01007080078125,
0.00021839141845703125,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.04736328125,
0.052001953125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.000560760498046875,
0.08447265625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.02880859375,
0.034912109375,
0.06103515625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.015625,
0.016845703125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.07275390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.00537109375,
0.0296630859375,
0.09521484375,
0.044921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.05078125,
0.04345703125,
-0.068359375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.057861328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.025390625,
-0.036865234375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.09765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.056396484375,
0.00341796875,
0.00185394287109375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.022216796875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.01904296875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.060302734375,
0.00885009765625,
0.00439453125,
0.054931640625,
-0.020751953125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.005126953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01251220703125,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.08203125,
-0.035888671875,
0.035888671875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.07763671875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.021240234375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.052734375,
0.035888671875,
0.060546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.02001953125,
0.01324462890625,
0.0152587890625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.03125,
-0.0224609375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0166015625,
0.048583984375,
0.0098876953125,
0.00738525390625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.000017881393432617188,
-0.0130615234375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0078125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01708984375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.051025390625,
0.00732421875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.011474609375,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0198974609375,
0.031005859375,
0.006988525390625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0174560546875,
0.019287109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0301513671875,
0.035400390625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.0010528564453125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0255126953125,
0.038330078125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.07861328125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0400390625,
0.0286865234375,
0.00897216796875,
0.005157470703125,
0.015625,
-0.072265625,
0.0751953125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.056884765625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.03759765625,
0.010009765625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.04296875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.03076171875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00439453125,
0.0118408203125,
0.038818359375,
0.0181884765625,
0.016845703125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04638671875,
0.013427734375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.020263671875,
0.0546875,
0.013427734375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.017333984375,
0.04541015625,
0.03955078125,
0.006103515625,
0.020263671875,
0.060302734375,
0.007110595703125,
0.0179443359375,
0.009033203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.004974365234375,
0.00946044921875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.000774383544921875,
-0.037841796875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0013275146484375,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.0322265625,
-0.06494140625,
0.025634765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.002716064453125,
0.028076171875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0283203125,
0.091796875,
0.029541015625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0029296875,
0.013671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0029296875,
0.02734375,
0.033203125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.002044677734375,
0.00860595703125,
0.00860595703125,
0.0126953125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00013065338134765625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.006683349609375,
0.001220703125,
0.064453125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.02392578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01806640625,
0.057373046875,
-0.00048828125,
0.01611328125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.046875,
0.042236328125,
0.0208740234375,
0.04052734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.0205078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.022705078125,
0.02001953125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.032470703125,
0.00830078125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.008056640625,
0.036865234375,
0.04296875,
0.021484375,
-0.029052734375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.009033203125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01171875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.08447265625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.037353515625,
0.038330078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.017578125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.01611328125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.025146484375,
0.049072265625,
0.000263214111328125,
-0.021728515625,
0.038330078125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.024169921875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.01483154296875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0167236328125,
0.01708984375,
0.02685546875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.044921875,
0.009521484375,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.0703125,
0.244140625,
0.007537841796875,
0.007171630859375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.035400390625,
0.03369140625,
0.023193359375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.04541015625,
0.01446533203125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.008544921875,
0.043212890625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.05908203125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.027587890625,
0.07080078125,
0.0198974609375,
0.0234375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.015625,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.052734375,
0.04296875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.003021240234375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.037109375,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.042724609375,
0.023681640625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.041259765625,
0.04248046875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.02734375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.037109375,
0.00390625,
0.0272216796875,
0.044677734375,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0390625,
0.01220703125,
0.03271484375,
0.037841796875,
0.01611328125,
0.047119140625,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.0703125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0439453125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.021240234375,
0.039306640625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.04052734375,
0.03125,
0.021240234375,
0.012939453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0128173828125,
0.017333984375,
-0.034912109375,
0.019287109375,
0.029052734375,
0.008056640625
] |
W. R. Brown, J.
Defendant was convicted of absconding on or forfeiting bond, MCLA 750.199a; MSA 28.396(1). Defendant claims an appeal as of right from the conviction and June 9, 1976, sentence of 2-1/2 to 4 years in prison. Prior to trial, defendant timely moved to quash the order binding defendant over for trial and this motion was denied. We reverse.
The statute under which the defendant was charged reads in pertinent part as follows:
"Any person who shall abscond on or forfeit a bond given in any criminal proceedings wherein a felony is charged shall be deemed guilty of a felony.”
At the preliminary examination it was shown that defendant failed to appear in circuit court on March 4, 1975, for a trial on a charge of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny therein. No proofs were submitted to the magistrate showing that defendant was given notice of the trial date or that he was otherwise apprised of the trial date and neglected to attend. Thus, the significant issue in this appeal is whether the above-quoted statute requires proof of scienter. We hold that it requires minimal proof of reckless neglect or disregard of a known obligation to appear and defend.
In People v Litteral, 75 Mich App 38, 43-44, n 2; 254 NW2d 643 (1977), this Court considered the mental element required for conviction of absconding under the statute. Litteral indicated that proof of a general criminal intent would be sufficient but a holding in this regard was made unnecessary by the finding of specific intent. Likewise, we need not resolve the question of whether specific intent or general intent is required for conviction, since there was no showing before the examining magistrate of any mental state.
We recognize that in civil law a forfeiture may be effected without any intent to forfeit, unlike an abandonment. See In re Manse Spring and Its Tributaries In Nye County, 60 Nev 280; 287-288; 108 P2d 311, 315 (1940). We also recognize that as between a bonding company and the State of Michigan, a bond may be declared forfeited without inquiry into intent of the principal to forfeit since "a surety bond * * * is a contract between the government and the principal and surety”. People v Tom Johnson, 72 Mich App 702, 707; 250 NW2d 508 (1976). However, a felony prosecution for forfeiture of a bond requires a minimal showing that a defendant recklessly neglected or disre garded a known obligation to appear and defend. Before such a finding can be made, it must be shown that a defendant was apprised of his or her court date.
We so construe the statute in order to maintain its validity. This we are bound to do if possible. In re Petition of State Highway Commission, 383 Mich 709, 714; 178 NW2d 923 (1970). If the statute does not require proof of notice from which recklessness or intentional conduct can be proven or inferred, the statute may be fatally defective under Lambert v California, 355 US 225; 78 S Ct 240; 2 L Ed 2d 228 (1957). We acknowledge that the Legislature has great latitude in specifying offenses and excluding elements of knowledge and diligence from the definition of an offense. However, there are situations in which notice must be required in order to sustain the validity of a criminal law. This category is delineated in 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law, § 6, p 87, as follows:
"[CJonduct which is wholly passive, unaccompanied by any activity or any circumstances to alert the defendant to a duty to act, cannot constitutionally be punished where the defendant did not know of the duty and there is no proof or probability of such knowledge.”
We regard the present case as falling within this limitation. Absent proof of notice to a defendant of his court date, he cannot incur criminal liability under MCLA 750.199a; MSA 28.396(1). Staying away from a courthouse is wholly passive activity. Absent proof of notice of a court date, there is nothing to alert a defendant that he has a duty to appear. Since there was no proof at the preliminary examination that defendant was apprised of his court date, the magistrate erred in binding defendant over for trial. The motion to quash the order binding defendant over should have been granted and we reverse the denial of that motion.
Defendant also argues that the trial judge should have disqualified himself. The record, however, does not show such actual bias or prejudice as would be necessary for reversal on this ground. People v Lobsinger, 64 Mich App 284, 288-290; 235 NW2d 761, lv den, 395 Mich 802 (1975). Prior adverse rulings do not automatically disqualify a judge on this ground. See People v Ginther, 39 Mich App 113, 114-115; 197 NW2d 281 (1972), reversed on other grounds, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973). See also People v Moran, 36 Mich App 730, 734; 194 NW2d 555 (1971).
We regard the remaining issues raised by defendant as unnecessary for discussion or lacking in merit.
Reversed.
MCLA 750.110; MSA 28.305. | [
-0.0011138916015625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0079345703125,
0.032470703125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.06689453125,
0.06103515625,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.00041961669921875,
-0.0003185272216796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0400390625,
0.004852294921875,
0.04052734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.02587890625,
0.01385498046875,
0.01953125,
0.060546875,
0.041015625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.015869140625,
0.011962890625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.09033203125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0213623046875,
0.036376953125,
0.019287109375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.03759765625,
0.026611328125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.03369140625,
0.050537109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01953125,
0.00634765625,
0.013427734375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.013916015625,
0.0174560546875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.033935546875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.037109375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.02734375,
-0.001495361328125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0003871917724609375,
0.006500244140625,
0.01287841796875,
0.004974365234375,
0.0029449462890625,
0.0576171875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.02197265625,
0.019287109375,
0.01513671875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.04833984375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.00225830078125,
0.037109375,
-0.0234375,
0.06298828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.028076171875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0791015625,
-0.01171875,
-0.03515625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.05810546875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.05419921875,
0.004547119140625,
0.0322265625,
-0.02587890625,
0.015869140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0003871917724609375,
0.03271484375,
0.032470703125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0021209716796875,
0.030517578125,
0.03369140625,
0.0260009765625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0152587890625,
0.031005859375,
0.05126953125,
0.04736328125,
0.04931640625,
0.0091552734375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.024658203125,
-0.0712890625,
0.026611328125,
0.034423828125,
0.01708984375,
0.037109375,
0.01202392578125,
0.010986328125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.051025390625,
0.01263427734375,
0.004547119140625,
0.050537109375,
-0.037841796875,
0.007568359375,
0.02197265625,
0.009033203125,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.01171875,
0.02490234375,
0.0014190673828125,
0.04248046875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0011138916015625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0283203125,
0.00445556640625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.032958984375,
0.01171875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.05517578125,
0.0286865234375,
0.0262451171875,
0.040283203125,
-0.031005859375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0234375,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0810546875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.07861328125,
0.0478515625,
0.00665283203125,
0.0001220703125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.022705078125,
0.00860595703125,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0064697265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.015380859375,
0.039794921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.013671875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.000469207763671875,
0.0228271484375,
0.04248046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0517578125,
0.0120849609375,
0.043212890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0267333984375,
0.06884765625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.00186920166015625,
0.01513671875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.058349609375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.005706787109375,
0.010986328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.064453125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0390625,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.009521484375,
0.03173828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.00238037109375,
0.021728515625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0859375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0654296875,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0118408203125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.083984375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.03125,
0.012451171875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.033203125,
0.040771484375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00009679794311523438,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.015869140625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.06640625,
0.01434326171875,
0.00927734375,
-0.012939453125,
0.07861328125,
0.0419921875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.025390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.003997802734375,
0.0126953125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.046875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.002197265625,
0.025634765625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.000041961669921875,
0.06103515625,
0.010498046875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.00341796875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0181884765625,
0.00537109375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.021484375,
0.00074005126953125,
0.021240234375,
0.001953125,
0.024658203125,
-0.010986328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.021240234375,
0.055908203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.037353515625,
0.008544921875,
-0.046875,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.052001953125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0002079010009765625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.038818359375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.023681640625,
0.040771484375,
0.03564453125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0003662109375,
-0.03271484375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.052734375,
0.0035400390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.046875,
0.000316619873046875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.020751953125,
-0.002838134765625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0302734375,
0.031005859375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.028076171875,
0.07177734375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.04443359375,
0.01025390625,
0.051513671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0142822265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.033935546875,
0.08251953125,
0.048583984375,
0.033447265625,
-0.02978515625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.06982421875,
-0.001953125,
0.0498046875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.060546875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0341796875,
0.00994873046875,
0.03466796875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00081634521484375,
0.002716064453125,
0.0068359375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0001811981201171875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.005615234375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.025634765625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0240478515625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.039794921875,
-0.04345703125,
0.041748046875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.009521484375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.04248046875,
0.04296875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0223388671875,
0.01385498046875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.037353515625,
0.03271484375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0546875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0341796875,
0.01312255859375,
0.05126953125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.060546875,
0.0233154296875,
0.00555419921875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.007568359375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00157928466796875,
0.0712890625,
0.00897216796875,
0.059814453125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0289306640625,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.032958984375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00116729736328125,
0.041748046875,
0.011474609375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.00262451171875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0281982421875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.044921875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.057861328125,
0.00035858154296875,
0.0289306640625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0001316070556640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.044677734375,
0.05517578125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.000637054443359375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00433349609375,
0.00927734375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.00762939453125,
0.032958984375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.018310546875,
0.0322265625,
0.003814697265625,
0.00013637542724609375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.036865234375,
0.029296875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0216064453125,
0.000621795654296875,
0.003662109375,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0247802734375,
0.032958984375,
0.023681640625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.055908203125,
0.009033203125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.007232666015625,
0.059326171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.036376953125,
0.02001953125,
0.024169921875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.02734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0205078125,
0.00628662109375,
0.0262451171875,
0.03173828125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.0439453125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.040283203125,
0.023681640625,
0.031005859375,
0.068359375,
0.03857421875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.013671875,
0.0294189453125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.016357421875,
0.025634765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.044189453125,
0.005157470703125,
0.003662109375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0205078125,
0.028564453125,
0.038818359375,
-0.036865234375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.07275390625,
0.028076171875,
0.0235595703125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0126953125,
0.0089111328125,
0.019775390625,
0.002227783203125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.004150390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.055908203125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0166015625,
0.04345703125,
0.00103759765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.015380859375,
-0.048095703125,
0.020751953125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.095703125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.046630859375,
0.0380859375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01904296875,
0.041748046875,
0.041748046875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.04052734375,
0.07861328125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.0517578125,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0201416015625,
0.000040531158447265625,
-0.006591796875,
0.052001953125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.01953125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.041259765625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0017547607421875,
0.02392578125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0068359375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.015625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.0234375,
-0.029541015625,
0.011962890625,
-0.0078125,
-0.05126953125,
0.0167236328125,
0.006103515625,
0.034912109375,
0.01171875,
0.023193359375,
-0.02587890625,
0.007171630859375,
0.001678466796875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0185546875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00048065185546875,
0.002410888671875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.059326171875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.058349609375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.004791259765625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.04052734375,
-0.00067901611328125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0004634857177734375,
0.043701171875,
0.03076171875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0069580078125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.02099609375,
0.042724609375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.05078125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0211181640625,
0.036865234375,
0.020263671875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.000270843505859375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0244140625,
0.00439453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.032470703125,
0.0037078857421875,
0.00604248046875,
-0.059326171875,
0.021728515625,
-0.022216796875,
0.044189453125,
0.058349609375,
0.02294921875,
0.0045166015625,
0.037109375,
0.05322265625,
0.00994873046875,
0.0380859375,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.03515625,
0.01300048828125,
0.00537109375,
0.004241943359375,
0.032958984375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01348876953125,
0.003387451171875,
-0.03125,
0.029296875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.009521484375,
-0.032470703125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0458984375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.01171875,
-0.056396484375,
0.0228271484375,
0.014404296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0234375,
0.01470947265625,
0.00096893310546875,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.0146484375,
0.00070953369140625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.003997802734375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.04736328125,
0.03662109375,
-0.000720977783203125,
-0.03369140625,
0.05517578125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.031005859375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0361328125,
0.05908203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.03662109375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.05615234375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.05078125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.00653076171875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.01708984375,
0.0264892578125,
0.04296875,
0.0625,
0.033203125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.03076171875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0615234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.01220703125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.032470703125,
0.00775146484375,
0.037109375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00177764892578125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.020751953125,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.043701171875,
0.07568359375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0322265625,
0.021240234375,
0.00933837890625,
0.0341796875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.039306640625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.003326416015625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0045166015625,
0.000202178955078125,
-0.0625,
-0.03125,
0.00165557861328125,
0.005615234375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0458984375,
-0.07470703125,
0.25390625,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.010986328125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.000263214111328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.015380859375,
0.026123046875,
0.011474609375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.008544921875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.07177734375,
0.01190185546875,
0.0146484375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.025390625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.045166015625,
0.02880859375,
-0.072265625,
-0.038818359375,
0.03125,
0.05322265625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.012939453125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00537109375,
0.045166015625,
0.0576171875,
-0.055419921875,
0.01214599609375,
0.02294921875,
0.019775390625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.04931640625,
0.046875,
0.01153564453125,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00177001953125,
0.0283203125,
0.00634765625,
0.050048828125,
0.00592041015625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0732421875,
0.02685546875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.03125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.053955078125,
0.0576171875,
-0.01904296875,
0.012939453125,
0.0654296875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0390625,
0.040283203125,
0.029541015625,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.05859375,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.025634765625,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.025634765625
] |
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff had summary judgment entered against it in a suit challenging a special street assessment, and appeals. We reverse and remand to the trial court.
Upon determining that it would improve one of its streets, defendant established a special assessment district and assessed the property owners therein 59.6 percent of the cost of improvements. Plaintiff, an owner of apartment buildings in the district, alleged in its complaint that the improvements were undertaken to relieve traffic problems on other streets, would increase traffic on the improved street and destroy its residential character. Because the improvements would not benefit the property owners of the district, the assessment was alleged to be unlawful.
After answering plaintiffs complaint, defendant moved for summary judgment on the ground that there was no substantial issue of material fact and that it was therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law. GCR 1963, 117.2(3). The city assessor stated by affidavit, on personal knowledge, that the street had many holes and washouts, was only partially paved, that plaintiff had five curb cuts onto the street, and multiple dwelling units in the vicinity housed approximately 800 people. The improvements were to consist of curb, gutter and drainage structures, and concrete pavement.
Plaintiff filed objections to the motion, and in support thereof, plaintiffs attorney filed an affidavit, on belief, that plaintiffs property would not be benefited by the improvements, and that there were sufficient witnesses to support that allegation.
The trial court, finding no allegation of fraud or bad faith on the part of defendant, granted summary judgment for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Thus summary judgment was not granted on the ground asserted by defendant, but rather under GCR 1963, 117.2(1).
The grant of summary judgment cannot be sustained on the rationale advanced by the trial court. It is true that an assessment should not be disturbed absent fraud or bad faith. Marks v Detroit, 246 Mich 517, 523; 224 NW 619 (1929). However, a special assessment is improper absent benefit to the landowner’s property. MCLA 102.2; MSA 5.1807, Johnson v Inkster, 401 Mich 263; 258 NW2d 24 (1977), Fluckey v Plymouth, 358 Mich 447; 100 NW2d 486 (1960). Plaintiffs allegation of no benefit was the functional equivalent of alleging fraud or bad faith, and stated a cause of action.
The city assessor’s affidavit set forth specific facts demonstrating that the street needed improvements. But the affidavit did not set forth any facts, only conclusions, showing that plaintiff benefited from such improvements any more than the general public. The determination of benefits to plaintiff is a question of fact, so that summary judgment was not proper under GCR 1963, 117.2(3), either.
Reversed and remanded for trial. Costs to plaintiff. | [
-0.0361328125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.00341796875,
-0.07763671875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00244140625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0673828125,
0.034423828125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0185546875,
0.00457763671875,
0.0234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.0002841949462890625,
0.0224609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0078125,
-0.021484375,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.034912109375,
0.035888671875,
0.0146484375,
0.013427734375,
0.0927734375,
0.041259765625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.006683349609375,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.06640625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0078125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.060546875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0302734375,
0.044677734375,
-0.06005859375,
0.002685546875,
0.01953125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.050048828125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0069580078125,
0.022216796875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.044677734375,
0.04150390625,
0.030517578125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.001007080078125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.012939453125,
0.058349609375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.030517578125,
0.01318359375,
0.018310546875,
0.01123046875,
0.0125732421875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0205078125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01220703125,
0.0263671875,
0.059326171875,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.037841796875,
-0.00250244140625,
0.03369140625,
0.046142578125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0791015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0177001953125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.03466796875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.01171875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.07177734375,
0.01007080078125,
0.001983642578125,
0.004150390625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.010009765625,
0.0242919921875,
0.00555419921875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.009521484375,
0.04296875,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.05029296875,
0.00927734375,
-0.024169921875,
0.0076904296875,
0.01495361328125,
0.0361328125,
0.01409912109375,
0.0341796875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.041015625,
0.00823974609375,
0.049072265625,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.053955078125,
0.007354736328125,
0.0228271484375,
0.03564453125,
0.0390625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.04052734375,
0.020263671875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.00531005859375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.016357421875,
0.002685546875,
0.033203125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.03125,
0.026611328125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0157470703125,
0.01177978515625,
0.033203125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.00958251953125,
0.044189453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0172119140625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.04541015625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.03173828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.029541015625,
0.052001953125,
-0.04296875,
-0.031494140625,
0.055419921875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0011138916015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0089111328125,
0.0031585693359375,
0.00927734375,
-0.041748046875,
0.041748046875,
0.0087890625,
0.032470703125,
0.025634765625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.019775390625,
0.015869140625,
-0.01318359375,
0.021484375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0103759765625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.004974365234375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.01409912109375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.000736236572265625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.021484375,
0.01275634765625,
0.005340576171875,
0.064453125,
0.0235595703125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.049072265625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.03173828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.01513671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.005096435546875,
0.038330078125,
0.0390625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0419921875,
0.0625,
-0.04296875,
-0.049560546875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.02197265625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.07421875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0537109375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.000682830810546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.04736328125,
0.03125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.006927490234375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.052001953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.032958984375,
0.00921630859375,
0.0458984375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.07666015625,
0.0103759765625,
0.04296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.029296875,
-0.031494140625,
0.002655029296875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.02197265625,
0.00750732421875,
0.00010061264038085938,
0.0034332275390625,
0.003631591796875,
0.017578125,
0.0019073486328125,
0.045166015625,
0.01373291015625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.042236328125,
0.07470703125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.046875,
0.00048065185546875,
0.030517578125,
0.045654296875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.033203125,
0.00323486328125,
0.00007390975952148438,
-0.00078582763671875,
0.031494140625,
0.0198974609375,
0.021728515625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.030517578125,
0.0888671875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00726318359375,
0.0205078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0126953125,
0.0245361328125,
0.022705078125,
0.017578125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.04150390625,
0.023681640625,
0.0146484375,
0.01171875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.021240234375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.018798828125,
0.02001953125,
0.00146484375,
-0.049560546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0693359375,
0.031494140625,
0.0233154296875,
0.000736236572265625,
0.02880859375,
0.021728515625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.033203125,
0.033203125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00009870529174804688,
-0.03369140625,
0.0123291015625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.057373046875,
0.02978515625,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.03466796875,
0.00830078125,
0.027587890625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.0546875,
0.039306640625,
0.004425048828125,
0.0277099609375,
0.054443359375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.040283203125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.033203125,
0.02099609375,
0.021484375,
0.0067138671875,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0016937255859375,
0.050048828125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.01385498046875,
0.01171875,
0.045166015625,
0.017578125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.035888671875,
-0.04296875,
0.0228271484375,
0.033447265625,
0.00125885009765625,
-0.00341796875,
0.02197265625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.013671875,
0.068359375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.044921875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.00677490234375,
0.057373046875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.017333984375,
0.0123291015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.017822265625,
0.01953125,
-0.02392578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.08251953125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.076171875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.041015625,
-0.021484375,
0.00482177734375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.02392578125,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.016845703125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.033203125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.06689453125,
0.027587890625,
0.021240234375,
0.00872802734375,
0.03515625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.044677734375,
-0.002685546875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0654296875,
-0.025634765625,
0.02001953125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.032470703125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.016357421875,
0.05419921875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0027008056640625,
0.037109375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.021240234375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.051025390625,
0.021484375,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.03515625,
0.0322265625,
-0.02587890625,
0.02783203125,
0.01263427734375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00390625,
-0.041015625,
0.044921875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.00156402587890625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.000823974609375,
0.00970458984375,
0.0302734375,
0.031982421875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0556640625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01708984375,
0.04833984375,
0.0234375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.05810546875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.03173828125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.08642578125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.02880859375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.07373046875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00072479248046875,
0.046630859375,
0.0859375,
0.001556396484375,
0.029541015625,
-0.038330078125,
0.004913330078125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.03369140625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.054443359375,
0.05224609375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.02734375,
0.01611328125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.030517578125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0283203125,
0.043701171875,
0.04638671875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0006866455078125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.011962890625,
0.036376953125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0240478515625,
0.033935546875,
0.016845703125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0076904296875,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.01708984375,
0.01611328125,
-0.013671875,
-0.015625,
0.0390625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0004329681396484375,
0.05859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0101318359375,
0.02685546875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.08837890625,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.017578125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0115966796875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.03466796875,
0.03125,
0.023193359375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0145263671875,
0.03515625,
0.02685546875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.014892578125,
0.0634765625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.056640625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.03125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.09765625,
-0.04345703125,
0.00110626220703125,
0.048828125,
-0.0107421875,
0.024169921875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.04638671875,
0.013427734375,
-0.015625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0185546875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.0087890625,
0.041259765625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0576171875,
0.019287109375,
0.049072265625,
0.040771484375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.037109375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0089111328125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.000446319580078125,
0.042236328125,
0.0107421875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.042724609375,
0.0255126953125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.033203125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.07080078125,
0.07861328125,
0.02734375,
0.00537109375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0634765625,
0.005218505859375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.007080078125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0101318359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.050537109375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.006561279296875,
0.030517578125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0010986328125,
0.0220947265625,
0.000690460205078125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0927734375,
0.01141357421875,
0.00921630859375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0011444091796875,
-0.00732421875,
0.0233154296875,
0.03076171875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.05126953125,
0.0186767578125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.040771484375,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.044677734375,
0.01251220703125,
0.029296875,
0.00002491474151611328,
0.005706787109375,
0.039794921875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01708984375,
0.002685546875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.003662109375,
0.03173828125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0004100799560546875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.006317138671875,
0.008056640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.009521484375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0003833770751953125,
0.01806640625,
0.05419921875,
0.0390625,
0.0030670166015625,
0.02490234375,
0.0220947265625,
0.010986328125,
-0.06982421875,
0.007537841796875,
0.068359375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.02587890625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.083984375,
0.0166015625,
0.002685546875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0791015625,
0.00107574462890625,
0.04150390625,
2.5331974029541016e-7,
-0.06005859375,
0.036865234375,
0.048828125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.022216796875,
0.041259765625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0155029296875,
0.042236328125,
-0.017822265625,
0.035888671875,
0.0008697509765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.01513671875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04296875,
0.009033203125,
0.0017242431640625,
0.00732421875,
0.052001953125,
-0.05078125,
0.034423828125,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.00714111328125,
0.03564453125,
0.02001953125,
0.052734375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.011474609375,
0.0057373046875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.046630859375,
0.02734375,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.05078125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00110626220703125,
0.031005859375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.031494140625,
0.000579833984375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.02685546875,
0.00439453125,
0.00946044921875,
0.0030059814453125,
0.020263671875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0189208984375,
0.038818359375,
0.01104736328125,
0.01171875,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0003643035888671875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0106201171875,
0.0341796875,
-0.07080078125,
0.259765625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0126953125,
0.041259765625,
0.07958984375,
0.0022735595703125,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.031005859375,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0126953125,
0.039306640625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0234375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.031982421875,
0.06396484375,
0.028564453125,
0.01385498046875,
0.004119873046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.010986328125,
-0.017822265625,
0.02392578125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0125732421875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.02978515625,
0.02197265625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.04638671875,
0.01953125,
0.0771484375,
-0.052978515625,
0.0478515625,
0.017822265625,
0.01190185546875,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00001823902130126953,
0.0126953125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0045166015625,
0.0030517578125,
0.01068115234375,
0.0673828125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.041015625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.002197265625,
0.0106201171875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01275634765625,
0.03662109375,
-0.00439453125,
0.04931640625,
0.0390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.01446533203125,
0.040283203125,
0.0341796875,
-0.00020503997802734375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0087890625,
0.003631591796875,
0.006744384765625,
0.006591796875
] |
R. E. Robinson, J.
This case involves a dispute over the threatened reduction of the state portion of individual plaintiff Jean Martin’s Supplemental Security Income (hereafter SSI) payments from home for the aged to independent living level of care. Plaintiffs brought this action in Wayne County Circuit Court seeking a declaratory judgment that an alleged administrative rule of the Michigan Department of Social Services (hereafter DSS) is invalid. Following hearings held on July 9 and August 18, 1976, the trial court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, and plaintiffs appeal.
Plaintiff Martin is a disabled person under 65 years of age who resides in Allan Dee — Wayne Residential Center, a home for the aged. She has been receiving SSI payments at the home for the aged rate, but the complaint alleges that defendants have threatened to change her certification to a lower rate. This threat was based on the alleged rule formulated by defendants that persons under age 65 living in a home for the aged may not be certified for home for the aged level of care because, as defendants view it, the Nursing Home and Home for the Aged Licensing Act, MCLA 331.651, et seq.; MSA 14.1281, et seq. (hereafter Licensing Act), requires that persons living in a home for the aged be at least 65 years old. This standard is applied only to the state-funded portion of SSI benefits.
An understanding of SSI benefits is necessary to an analysis of this case. In 1972, the Federal government decided to supplement the social security benefits to blind, aged, and disabled persons with an additional monthly benefit. 86 Stat 1465 (1972); 42 USC 1381-1383c, 87 Stat 957 (1973); 42 USC 1382c. Originally, states were given the option of supplementing the Federal supplemental benefits, 87 Stat 965 (1973); 42 USC 1382e, but state supplements were made mandatory in 1974, 88 Stat 291 (1974); 42 USC 1382(a)(1), in order for the state to continue to be reimbursed for its expenditures under the Medicaid program.
Federal statute provides for an agreement between a state and the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (hereafter HEW); the agreement between Michigan and the Secretary provides in part:
"The Secretary shall:
"A. Make determinations of eligibility for supplementary payments with respect to individuals residing in the State who are or will be receiving (or would but for their income be eligible to receive) basic Federal payments, and make determinations of eligibility for mandatory minimum supplements pursuant to the terms of this agreement with respect to any individual certified by the State to the Secretary pursuant to article III.
"B. Make such supplementary payments or mandatory minimum supplements (whichever are higher) to individuals determined to be eligible to receive such payments in such amounts and at such times- as prescribed by the terms of this agreement.
"C. Establish the amount of such supplementary payments or mandatory minimum supplements in accordance with the terms of this agreement.
"E. Provide individuals reasonable notice and opportunity for a hearing with respect to any adverse decisions as to the rights of such individuals to receive such supplementary payments, or mandatory minimum supplements, or both.”
Thus, although an employee of the Michigan DSS may complete a referral form, the determination of level of care is made by the district office of the Social Security Administration. The information provided by the DSS is checked by the Social Security Administration, either verifying the level of care certified by the DSS or making an independent finding if the DSS’s recommendation is incorrect.
After considering the arguments of the parties and the above-quoted language from the agreement between the DSS and the Secretary of HEW, the trial court concluded that it had no jurisdiction to decide the case. It also concluded that plaintiff Allan Dee’s only remedy was derivative of the individual plaintiff’s, and the matter was therefore dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
With respect to plaintiff Martin, the trial court’s ruling was correct; the courts of this state have no jurisdiction to hear cases involving SSI rate disputes. Although concurrent jurisdiction is the general rule and exclusive Federal court jurisdiction the exception, state courts have concurrent jurisdiction only "where it is not excluded by express provision, or by incompatibility in its exercise arising from the nature of the particular case”. Claflin v Houseman, 93 US 130, 136; 23 L Ed 833 (1876), quoted in Charles Dowd Box Co, Inc v Courtney, 368 US 502, 507; 82 S Ct 519; 7 L Ed 2d 483 (1962).
Here, concurrent jurisdiction is precluded by "express provision”. 90 Stat 2700; 42 USC 1383(c) provides for hearings before the Secretary of HEW in SSI benefit disputes, and subsection (3) of that section provides:
"(3) The final determination of the Secretary after a hearing under paragraph (1) shall be subject to judicial review as provided in section 405(g) of this title to the same extent as the Secretary’s final determinations under section 405 of this title.”
The provision for judicial review in 86 Stat 1364; 42 USC 405(g) reads:
"Any individual, after any final decision of the Secretary made after a hearing to which he was a party, irrespective of the amount in controversy, may obtain a review of such decision by a civil action commenced within sixty days after the mailing to him of notice of such decision or within such further time as the Secretary may allow. Such action shall be brought in the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the plaintiff resides or has his principal place of business, or, if he does not reside or have his principal place of business, within any such judicial district, in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.” (Emphasis added.)
Furthermore, the agreement between the DSS and the Secretary of HEW provides that the Secretary shall determine eligibility for both the Federal supplement and the mandátory minimum state supplement; it is also the Secretary’s duty to provide notice and an opportunity for a hearing on adverse determinations with respect to both the state and Federal supplements. The SSI coordinator from the DSS stated by affidavit that the DSS does not make rate determinations for either the state or Federal portion of the supplement; nor does it have any appeals process for rate disputes or the authority to notify an SSI recipient of a rate change.
Therefore, both by statute and the terms of the agreement between the state and the Secretary of HEW, SSI rate disputes are first heard by the Secretary, and a civil action contesting his ruling "shall be brought” in Federal district court. Consequently, concurrent jurisdiction is excluded by "express provision” in 86 Stat 1364; 42 USC 405(g), and the trial court was without jurisdiction to resolve the instant dispute. Thus, whether or not an actual controversy existed, Kuhn v East Detroit, 50 Mich App 502; 213 NW2d 599 (1973), lv den, 391 Mich 815 (1974), declaratory relief would have been inappropriate. A circuit court may grant such relief only "[i]n a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction”, GCR 1963, 521.1. Because the dispute between plaintiff Martin and defendants was not within its jurisdiction, the trial court properly dismissed the action.
The trial court’s ruling that plaintiff Allan Dee did not have standing to seek a declaratory judgment was also correct. Allan Dee’s only interest here is derivative; the threatened reduction of SSI benefits will simply make it more difficult for Allan Dee’s residents who are SSI recipients under the age of 65 to pay the fees which Allan Dee charges.
This case is thus distinguishable from Michigan Savings & Loan League v Municipal Finance Commission, 347 Mich 311; 79 NW2d 590 (1956), in which the plaintiff challenged the defendant’s ruling that school districts were not permitted to invest money from their debt retirement funds in state and Federal building and loan associations or savings and loan associations. In that case, the plaintiff had standing because it sought a ruling on its authority to retain funds invested by school districts.
Likewise, the case at bar differs from Mayor of City of Dearborn v Dearborn Retirement Board of Trustees, 315 Mich 18; 23 NW2d 186 (1946), where the plaintiff was held to have standing to contest, in a declaratory judgment action, a budget item passed by the city council over his veto. The mayor’s standing was premised on his duty to prepare, approve and administer the annual budget as required by the city charter.
Similarly, the instant case can be distinguished from National Bank of Detroit v Department of Revenue, 334 Mich 132; 54 NW2d 278 (1952), where the plaintiff bank was held to have standing to contest the imposition of state sales taxes on purchases it made as a consumer. Although the sales tax was technically imposed on the retailer, it was intended to be passed on to the consumer. Since the economic burden of the tax fell on plaintiff, it had standing to seek a declaratory judgment as to whether it could assert Federal immunity and thus avoid the tax.
In the case at bar, however, Allan Dee is not seeking to litigate its rights, duties, or liabilities, but rather those of one of its residents. It is clear that the real party in interest, GCR 1963, 201.2, is plaintiff Martin, the SSI recipient who claims that her level of support is threatened. Allan Dee’s interest is derivative of plaintiff Martin’s interest because her SSI benefits enable her to pay the charges Allan Dee imposes. Consequently, the trial court properly concluded that Allan Dee had no standing.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved. | [
-0.01007080078125,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.041259765625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.06640625,
0.0205078125,
0.001434326171875,
0.03857421875,
0.0152587890625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.045654296875,
0.03662109375,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.036865234375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.02587890625,
0.033447265625,
0.06005859375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.045654296875,
0.021240234375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.02978515625,
0.047607421875,
-0.05224609375,
0.017578125,
-0.02734375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0283203125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.09228515625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.032470703125,
0.04296875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.031494140625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0045166015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.058349609375,
0.01092529296875,
0.02001953125,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.017333984375,
0.032958984375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0038299560546875,
0.03076171875,
0.01287841796875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.04736328125,
0.026611328125,
0.02197265625,
0.029052734375,
-0.003814697265625,
0.015625,
-0.040283203125,
0.05615234375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0191650390625,
0.043701171875,
-0.02294921875,
0.021240234375,
0.07080078125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0142822265625,
0.006072998046875,
0.031494140625,
0.06689453125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0191650390625,
0.003997802734375,
0.000965118408203125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0123291015625,
0.022705078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.01904296875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0673828125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0238037109375,
0.044921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.034912109375,
0.02587890625,
0.0140380859375,
0.00897216796875,
0.002777099609375,
0.01202392578125,
0.0625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0004787445068359375,
0.0191650390625,
0.00634765625,
0.038330078125,
0.05908203125,
0.01031494140625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.00347900390625,
0.02001953125,
0.00007677078247070312,
0.022705078125,
0.041748046875,
0.028564453125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0174560546875,
0.000644683837890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.000644683837890625,
0.0517578125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.013916015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.00058746337890625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0152587890625,
0.052001953125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.038818359375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.056884765625,
0.036376953125,
0.023681640625,
0.064453125,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.02099609375,
-0.036376953125,
0.004974365234375,
0.0546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.06103515625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.049072265625,
0.040771484375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.021240234375,
0.016357421875,
0.06103515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.034912109375,
0.05029296875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.00019073486328125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.046142578125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0400390625,
0.0263671875,
0.057373046875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.007659912109375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.008544921875,
0.020751953125,
0.0196533203125,
0.064453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00372314453125,
0.0250244140625,
0.030517578125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.003387451171875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.033203125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.030517578125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.00177001953125,
0.05322265625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.024169921875,
0.00537109375,
-0.068359375,
-0.0205078125,
0.03369140625,
0.006683349609375,
0.0478515625,
0.0230712890625,
0.001739501953125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.041015625,
-0.041259765625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.039306640625,
0.044677734375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01416015625,
-0.02294921875,
0.023681640625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0595703125,
0.002471923828125,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.06689453125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0263671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.033935546875,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.032470703125,
0.035888671875,
-0.025390625,
-0.02880859375,
0.01025390625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.03173828125,
0.003326416015625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0029296875,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.07861328125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.018310546875,
0.0201416015625,
0.00726318359375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.033203125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0269775390625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.046142578125,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0081787109375,
0.029296875,
0.00689697265625,
0.01300048828125,
0.0220947265625,
0.04248046875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.041259765625,
0.034912109375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.046875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.05224609375,
0.049560546875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0062255859375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.045166015625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0003757476806640625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0203857421875,
0.051513671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.08544921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0029296875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0224609375,
0.018798828125,
0.05126953125,
0.0159912109375,
0.03271484375,
0.01123046875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0439453125,
0.046630859375,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.006103515625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.015625,
0.01458740234375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.000545501708984375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01171875,
0.0181884765625,
0.00885009765625,
0.00958251953125,
0.043701171875,
-0.051025390625,
0.00182342529296875,
-0.0341796875,
0.038330078125,
0.04833984375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0390625,
0.00128936767578125,
0.050048828125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.039794921875,
0.024169921875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.068359375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.034423828125,
0.032958984375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0089111328125,
0.036865234375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.008544921875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0341796875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.049560546875,
-0.017822265625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.06689453125,
0.002044677734375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.003936767578125,
0.035400390625,
-0.04345703125,
0.031005859375,
0.059326171875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0517578125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.035400390625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0185546875,
0.003875732421875,
0.001129150390625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.038818359375,
0.01141357421875,
0.027099609375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00093841552734375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0234375,
0.011474609375,
0.03857421875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.05908203125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01806640625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0252685546875,
0.00830078125,
0.035400390625,
-0.00311279296875,
0.07763671875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.033203125,
0.05810546875,
-0.018798828125,
0.042724609375,
0.0439453125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.000782012939453125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.056396484375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01513671875,
0.028076171875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.05078125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0269775390625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.000827789306640625,
0.026123046875,
0.009521484375,
0.035888671875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0035552978515625,
0.01202392578125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01025390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.07568359375,
0.0068359375,
0.03955078125,
0.0024261474609375,
0.011474609375,
-0.08251953125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0206298828125,
0.06103515625,
0.000370025634765625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0303955078125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.043701171875,
0.003662109375,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.029296875,
0.06787109375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.04345703125,
-0.03125,
-0.07080078125,
0.0299072265625,
0.018798828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.030029296875,
0.01312255859375,
0.038818359375,
-0.025634765625,
0.047119140625,
0.0673828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01708984375,
0.015869140625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.09423828125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.046142578125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.028564453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.05859375,
0.0306396484375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.06005859375,
0.027099609375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.03759765625,
0.005126953125,
0.058349609375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.000934600830078125,
0.03466796875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0137939453125,
0.039794921875,
0.06591796875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.032470703125,
0.0615234375,
0.05517578125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.02734375,
0.041748046875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.0098876953125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.025146484375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00390625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0194091796875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0004291534423828125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.050048828125,
0.0078125,
0.004638671875,
-0.0732421875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0017852783203125,
0.01953125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0224609375,
0.02978515625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0113525390625,
0.049560546875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00390625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.056640625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0086669921875,
0.04248046875,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0223388671875,
0.07421875,
0.0595703125,
-0.02685546875,
0.05810546875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.068359375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.04248046875,
0.025146484375,
0.00335693359375,
0.020263671875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.041015625,
0.045166015625,
0.0135498046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.017578125,
0.00128173828125,
-0.052734375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0517578125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.019287109375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0517578125,
0.0439453125,
0.00131988525390625,
0.0205078125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.058349609375,
0.0390625,
0.002227783203125,
0.011962890625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.051513671875,
0.00061798095703125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0498046875,
0.050048828125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0113525390625,
0.03955078125,
0.04931640625,
0.034423828125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.055908203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.011474609375,
0.000030040740966796875,
0.034912109375,
0.0140380859375,
0.03466796875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.030517578125,
0.005126953125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.004241943359375,
0.060302734375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.02392578125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0198974609375,
0.00732421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.00787353515625,
0.004150390625,
0.04150390625,
0.0017547607421875,
0.0023345947265625,
0.01470947265625,
0.0240478515625,
0.007232666015625,
0.02880859375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0390625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.033203125,
0.0224609375,
0.02392578125,
0.01904296875,
0.03125,
-0.029541015625,
0.035888671875,
0.018310546875,
-0.05029296875,
0.004547119140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.02490234375,
0.0245361328125,
0.06982421875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01287841796875,
0.00537109375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0050048828125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.037841796875,
0.0556640625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.05859375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.04296875,
-0.011962890625,
0.017578125,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.011962890625,
0.008056640625,
-0.03466796875,
0.05419921875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0185546875,
0.01318359375,
0.0120849609375,
0.027099609375,
0.0166015625,
0.002410888671875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.003692626953125,
0.019287109375,
0.011962890625,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0162353515625,
0.049072265625,
-0.06005859375,
0.275390625,
0.03857421875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.03857421875,
0.061279296875,
-0.00084686279296875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01165771484375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.041015625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.050048828125,
0.07568359375,
0.0191650390625,
0.01251220703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.056884765625,
0.01953125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.030029296875,
0.01708984375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.03125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.037841796875,
0.05615234375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0107421875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03857421875,
0.00653076171875,
0.0341796875,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.0101318359375,
0.015869140625,
-0.047119140625,
0.00640869140625,
0.037841796875,
0.01263427734375,
0.040771484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.027587890625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.004486083984375,
0.0050048828125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0068359375,
0.06982421875,
0.044189453125,
-0.041748046875,
0.02099609375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.03271484375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.005706787109375,
0.05224609375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.001800537109375,
0.000339508056640625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.007568359375,
-0.028564453125
] |
H. D. Stair, J.
Appellants Township of Port Sheldon and Township of Wright have raised a common issue and two individual issues concerning the method of equalization of their property tax assessments for the year 1974. This Court has consolidated their appeals. We will first discuss the common issue.
Under the General Property Tax Act all property subject to taxation within the State of Michigan shall be annually assessed by the supervisor or assessing officer of the various cities, villages or townships. MCLA 211.10; MSA 7.10. These assessments, after approval by the board of review of each assessing unit (MCLA 211.29; MSA 7.29) are submitted to the county board of commissioners. MCLA 211.34; MSA 7.52.
Under § 34(1), the county board of commissioners meets each year, and:
"shall examine the assessment rolls of the several townships or cities and ascertain whether the real and personal property in the respective townships or cities has been equally and uniformly assessed at true cash value. If, on the examination, it shall deem the assessments to be relatively unequal, it shall equalize the same by adding to or deducting from the valuation of the taxable property in a township or city an amount as in its judgment will produce a sum which represents the true cash value thereof, and the amount added to or deducted from the valuations in a township or city shall be entered upon the records. Notwithstanding any other provision of this act, effective December 31, 1970, the boards of commissioners and the state tax commission shall equalize real and personal property, separately by adding to or deducting from the valuation of taxable real property, and by adding to or deducting from the valuation of taxable personal property in a township, city, or county, an amount as will produce a sum which represents the proportion of true cash value established by the legislature. * * * Equalized values for both real and personal property shall be equalized uniformly at the same proportion of true cash value in the county. The county board of commissioners shall also cause to be entered upon its records the aggregate valuation of the taxable real and personal property of each township or city in its county as determined by it. The board shall also make alterations in the description of any lands upon the rolls as may be necessary to render the descriptions conformable to the requirements of this act.”
Section 34(2) mandates the creation of county equalization departments to assist the various county boards of commissioners in this task.
After county equalization has been completed, the assessment figures are transmitted to the State Board of Equalization. The state board then seeks to equalize the levels of assessment between the state’s 83 counties. MCLA 209.4; MSA 7.604.
By constitutional provision assessment for property tax purposes cannot exceed 50% of actual cash value:
"The legislature shall provide for the determination of true cash value of such property; the proportion of true cash value at which such property shall be uniformly assessed, which shall not, after January 1, 1966, exceed 50 percent; and for a system of equalization of assessments.” Const 1963, art 9, § 3.
In MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27, the Legislature mandated that all property "shall be assessed at 50% of its true cash value”, in line with the constitutional limit.
The process of equalization is one by which the county, and then the state, seeks to enforce uni form assessment levels over the body of assessing units under its jurisdiction. For example, city A’s assessor determines the true cash value of the property in the city and submits its assessment figures to the county. City B does likewise. The county then reviews the assessment figures and determinations of cash value. If the county assessors disagree with the city’s figures as to cash value, or if the city’s assessment level falls below 50% of the cash value, the county multiplies the city’s assessment figure by the ratio calculated to bring the assessment level to the 50% standard. In this way the county ideally will equalize assessment levels over the entire county, thereby eliminating disparities both in tax burdens borne by the taxpayers of the individual units and in the amount of state aid (education, welfare, etc.) available to the units.
In 1974 appellants submitted their assessment figures to Ottawa County. There are 23 assessing units within Ottawa County. The practice of the county has been to equalize on a rotation basis. This system entailed review of 1/3 to 1/4 of the assessing units each year on a rotating order. The remaining units’ assessment figures were accepted as if assessed at the 50% level. In 1974 Ottawa County’s Board of Commissioners and equalization department studied six governmental units within the county, including appellants.
As a result of the 1974 equalization study, the county determined that Port Sheldon Township has assessed at a level of 37.02% of true cash value and accordingly increased the total assess ment figure of the township by a factor of 1.36. Wright Township was found to be assessing at 39.63%, and its assessment was therefore increased by a factor of 1.27. An assessment taken at face value to be at the 50% level would receive a multiplier ratio of 1.0, leaving the assessment unchanged.
Appellants challenged the equalization procedures of the county before the Michigan Tax Tribunal. The Tribunal indicated in its opinion that there were deficiencies in the manner in which Ottawa County rotated its equalization studies:
"In our view, it must be stressed that county equalization is not an assessing process. Its main purpose is to insure a uniform level of assessment between local taxing units within the county and to arrive at an aggregate valuation of such local units at 50% of true cash value. There is no statutory direction as to whether equalization must be by actual appraisal or by study nor as to the number of units appraised or studied or whether the units appraised or studied must be appraised completely or spotchecked — however, any method the county adopts must be uniformly applied in a non-discriminatory manner to all and it must be fair, just and equitable within reasonable acceptable standards. If it is on a regular cycle basis whereby a 1/3 or a 1/4 or so of the local units are studied or appraised on an annual basis because realistically and economically it is the only reasonable efficient and effective feasible method to perform such governmental function, this method would appear legally sufficient. However, it appears that if such method is used to apply only to the local units appraised or studied and not used as a spotcheck for purposes of determining total county aggregate value, such method creates only a partial annual county equalization and not the whole as required by law. If in the alternative, such appraisals or studies of the 1/3 or 1/4 or so units are applied countywide whether or not accompanied by spotchecks of the balance of the units within the county it follows that, although not the best or preferable method it should and in our opinion does suffice to meet the lawful annual county equalization requirements. To do otherwise, is not to equalize the non-appraised or non-studied units for periods of 3 to 4 years and when such units are appraised or studied during their cyclical time there results a great disparity between the true cash value and assessed value in the local unit, resulting in a ratio accompanied with an abnormally high factor as the records herein historically reveal.”
MTT Docket No. 4-122 pp 4-5
While the Tribunal recognized the disparity in any given year between the assessment adjustments imposed by the county equalizers on those units studied in that year as opposed to the remaining units, the opinion did not reject this method for the year in question:
"As a consequence, in 1974, of the 6 units studied, the percentage of increase of equalized value over the preceding year was as follows: 43%, 50%, 35%, 40%, 60% and 46%. Among the remaining 17 units not studied in 1974 the percentage of increase of equalized value ranged from a low of 3% to a maximum of 19%. The disparity in the one year increase in SEV between the units studied and those not studied makes it apparent that the method permits a substantial lag to occur in the two or three years intervening the studies of a given unit.
"While we are not disposed to hold that this practice is illegal in the instant case, such practice should be discontinued forthwith as it is sufficiently questionable that it may well be ruled invalid in future actions.”
MTT, supra at 9
Appellants are now challenging the rotation method of equalization before this Court. We agree with the discussion of the Tax Tribunal that the rotating procedure frustrates the basic principles of the equalization process, and must consequently reverse the decision of the Tribunal upholding the use of this method for the 1974 tax year.
In Ann Arbor Twp v State Tax Commission, 393 Mich 682, 687-688; 227 NW2d 784 (1975), the Michigan Supreme Court stated:
"Plaintiffs have raised another question concerning equalization. Noting that the constitutional goal in taxation is uniformity, plaintiffs argue that the STC subordinated that principle by denying the relevancy of evidence concerning the equalizátion results and practices in other counties.
"In Allied Supermarkets, Inc v Detroit, 391 Mich 460; 216 NW2d 755 (1974), we said that the 'process of equalization is designed to enhance the goal of uniformity’. That goal is achieved by both intra- and inter-county equalization, by uniformity within and between the counties.
"The STC’s final order in this case intended to achieve uniformity within Washtenaw County. However, its final order resulted in an increase in the state equalized valuation of Washtenaw County. In attempting to achieve uniformity within counties, it must be remembered that uniformity should also be maintained between counties. In balancing the one scale the other should not be unbalanced.” (Footnotes omitted.)
A similar analysis is applicable to the case at bar. Ottawa County, by studying only a limited number of its governmental units per year, maintained uniformity between those units at the cost of creating disparity between them and the remaining units within the county. While the county’s argument that over the term of the cycle all of the units are actually studied shows a lack of discrimination in the method, the fact remains that the county is statutorily mandated to equalize the assessment figures on a yearly basis. MCLA 211.34; MSA 7.52. There is no question but that the rotation method creates unequal assessment levels over the county in any particular year. This frustration of the principle of equalized tax levels is not overcome by a system of planned rotation of the tax disparities. See In re Appeal of General Motors Corp, 376 Mich 373; 137 NW2d 161 (1965).
In a related situation the Michigan Supreme Court found that a varying method of determining the tax levels violated the goal of equal treatment. In Titus v State Tax Commission, 374 Mich 476; 132 NW2d 647 (1965), the Court found it a denial of equality and uniformity for a city assessor to use a different method to assess approximately 20% of the city than was used for the rest of the property. The possibility that the new method might in the future be applied to the entire city did not condone the disparity arising in the particular year in which the different methods were used.
While appellee in the present case is correct that assessment and equalization are different concepts, the rationale of the Titus decision applies to the instant situation. Ottawa County essentially employed a different system of equalization to appellants in 1974 than it did to the majority of other governmental units in the county. Since uniformity is the "primary” goal of equalization , this intentional exercise in selective review is facially invalid.
We are not unmindful of the county’s response that it would be economically impossible for the equalization department to do a full study of each unit each year unless the department was drastically increased in personnel and funding. In rejecting the county’s rotation method we are not conversely requiring that the county do a detailed survey of each city and township for every year. There are methods by which the county can achieve the goals of uniformity and equality within the limitations of its resources. For example, as indicated in the Tax Tribunal’s opinion , an acceptable method of equalization would be to randomly sample all of the units or a given number of units to determine equalization factors to then be applied to each unit in the county, as long as the system chosen does not by design create tax disparities between the concerned units.
We therefore reverse the holding of the Tax Tribunal and remand the matter for a uniform reappraisal of Ottawa County’s 1974 tax assessments.
Port Sheldon Township’s individual issue deals with the treatment given to its various classes of real property. Approximately 80% of the real property consists of industrial property owned by Consumers Power Company. The township’s assessment of the Consumers Power property was $43,101,897.
When the county conducted its review of the township’s assessment figures no reevaluation of the industrial, property was undertaken. Instead, the county reviewed the assessments and cash values of the remaining 20% of real property in the township. From this study an average assessment level of 37.02% was calculated. The county then reevaluated the cash value of the industrial property, using the township’s assessment figure as 37.02% of cash value, to be $116,428,679. The 37.02% assessment level calls for an equalization ratio of 1.35.
Consumers Power appealed its assessment in a separate case to the Tax Tribunal . In the instant case the Tribunal took notice of a stipulation as to true cash value entered into as part of the Consumers Power case. The Tribunal thus set the cash value of the industrial property as $86,203,794, slightly more than the stipulated value and exactly twice the township’s assessment figure. However, the Tribunal then did not accept the township’s assessment figure as compliance with the 50% standard, but rather, apparently accepting the previous figure of 37.02%, lowered the assessment figure to $31,912,264. The result of the reduction of the assessment for the industrial property was to retain the equalization ratio of 1.35 for the entire township.
The township now challenges the Tribunal’s authority to revise an assessment figure by means other than the equalization ratio. The township argues that had the industrial property been found to have been assessed at 50%, the average assessment level for all real property would have been 46.87%, with a resulting equalization ratio of 1.0667. By amending the assessment figure itself prior to the application of the ratio, the township contends, the Tribunal has invalidly equalized by class of property rather than by governmental unit.
In an appeal to the Tax Tribunal concerning assessments and equalization, the Tribunal is given statutory power to alter assessments:
"The state tax tribunal shall, upon hearing determine if in its judgment there is a showing to the effect that the equalization complained of is unfair, unjust, inequitable, or discriminatory. The state tax tribunal shall have the same authority to consider and pass upon the action and determination of the board of commissioners in equalizing valuations as it has to consider complaints relative to the assessment and taxation of property. * * * If the state tax tribunal shall decide that the determination and equalization made by the board of commissioners is correct, no further action shall be taken. If the state tax tribunal, after the hearing, decides that the valuations of the county have been improperly equalized, it shall proceed to make deductions from, or additions to, the valuations of the respective townships, cities, or school districts as may be deemed proper, and in so doing the tribunal shall have the same powers as the board of commissioners had in the first instance.” MCLA 211.34(3); MSA 7.52(3).
The power of the board of commissioners is set out in MCLA 211.34(1); MSA 7.52(1), which reads in part:
"The county board of commissioners shall examine the assessment rolls of the several townships or cities and ascertain whether the real and personal property in the respective townships or cities has been equally and uniformly assessed at true cash value. If, on the examination, it shall deem the assessments to be relatively unequal, it shall equalize the same by adding to or deducting from the valuation of the taxable property in a township or city an amount as in its judgment will produce a sum which represents the true cash value thereof, and the amount added to or deducted from the valuations in a township or city shall be entered upon the records. Notwithstanding any other provision of this act, effective December 31, 1970, the boards of commissioners and the state táx commission shall equalize real and personal property, separately by adding to or deducting from the valuation of taxable real property, and by adding to or deducting from the valuation of taxable personal property in a township, city, or county, an amount as will produce a sum which represents the proportion of true cash value established by the legislature.”
The resulting power of the Tax Tribunal is to make adjustments to the equalized assessment figures in order to reflect the true cash value of the property. True cash value is reflected when the assessment level is at the statutorily-mandated level of 50%.
In the instant case the Tax Tribunal found that the true cash value of the industrial property in Port Sheldon Township was $86,203,794. At this point the township’s submitted assessment figure of $43,101,897 met the 50% level and thus reflected the true cash value. Under its statutory authority the Tax Tribunal did not have the authority to then alter the stated assessment. It appears that the Tribunal felt obligated to apply the previously determined average assessment ratio of 1.35 to the industrial property. Having found the county in error as to the property’s cash value, the Tribunal was in error in applying an average assessment figure that ignored 4/5 of the property concerned.
Given that the township did in fact assess the industrial property at the 50% level, the average rate of assessment for the township should have been adjusted by the Tribunal. We likewise must remand this issue to the Tribunal for redetermination of the township’s assessment.
The final issue was raised by Wright Township. The county appraiser testified that in reaching a cash value figure for agricultural property in the township he disregarded the present economic income of the property. Instead, the appraiser considered solely the "soil capability” of the land.
Cash value is defined in MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27:
" 'Cash value’, means the usual selling price at the place where the property to which the term is applied shall be at the time of assessment, being the price which could be obtained for the property at private sale, and not at forced or auction sale.”
To aid assessors, the Legislature included a list of factors relevant to the determination of cash value:
"the assessor shall also consider the advantages and disadvantages of location, quality of soil, zoning, existing use, present economic income of structures, including farm structures and present economic income of land when the land is being farmed”. (Emphasis added.) MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27.
The township argues that the county, in ignoring the "present economic income” of the land, violates the statutory definition of cash value. The county responds that consideration of actual economic income to determine cash value will benefit a lazy farmer through reduced taxes and encourage the holding of farm land for speculation.
While this Court finds the county’s motives to be laudable, the clear language of the statute requires us to hold their methods unacceptable. In a similar situation, the Michigan Supreme Court held that an assessor must take into account the actual rent earned from income-producing property rather than the "going rate” for similar property in the area, even where the actual rent is substantially less: .
"Unlike 'economic rent’, 'economic income’ is not a well-defined term of art. Given this fact, the statutory meaning of this term must be derived from the statutory and constitutional context within which the term is used. From this context it is apparent that the Legislature intended that 'economic income’ would have relation to the definition of 'usual selling price’ (or fair market value) of property under assessment. The tax commission’s construction permits the assessor to contend that actual income relevant to a determination of 'usual selling price’ may be ignored. If the Legislature intended the construction urged by the tax commission it was incumbent upon that body to make such intention apparent by its choice of statutory language. Given a failure of clear legislative expression in this regard, such a construction is not tenable. We conclude that 'economic income’ as used in MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27 means actual income.” (Footnote omitted.) CAF Investment Co v State Tax Commission, 392 Mich 442, 454; 221 NW2d 588 (1974).
Even though actual income is not the sole factor in determining cash value ("soil quality” is expressly included in the statute), the assessor cannot ignore its effect on the market value of farm land. On remand the actual income of agricultural property must be taken into account in order to assess farm property.
We find no error in the county’s valuation of agricultural property in terms of small parcels of land, since the evidence indicates that there were no sales of large parcels by which market value could have been evaluated.
Remanded to the Tax Tribunal for proceedings consistent with this opinion. No costs, this being a public question.
MCLA 211.1 et seq.; MSA 7.1 et seq.
MCLA 209.1 et seq.; MSA 7.601 et seq.
For a more detailed explanation of the intricacies and effects of the equalization process see Emmet County v State Tax Commission 397 Mich 550, 559-569; 244 NW2d 909 (1976) (Williams, J., dissenting); Comment, The Michigan Property Tax: Assessment, Equalization, and Taxpayer Appeals, 17 Wayne L Rev 1397 (1971).
In re Appeal of General Motors Corp, supra at 379.
MTT, Docket No. 4-122, p 5.
MTT, Docket No. 4-Í512. | [
-0.03564453125,
0.046142578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.010986328125,
-0.0888671875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.023681640625,
0.044921875,
0.0218505859375,
0.0027008056640625,
0.01953125,
0.0019683837890625,
0.013671875,
0.00439453125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.019287109375,
0.06689453125,
0.0059814453125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.03515625,
0.0118408203125,
0.040771484375,
0.002838134765625,
0.0654296875,
0.03466796875,
-0.03955078125,
0.009765625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.006591796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0546875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.004150390625,
0.051025390625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.03369140625,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0038909912109375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0118408203125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0185546875,
0.06787109375,
0.02978515625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.000020384788513183594,
-0.05908203125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.006988525390625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.000743865966796875,
0.02099609375,
0.01953125,
-0.0634765625,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0003871917724609375,
0.042236328125,
0.00579833984375,
-0.02392578125,
0.038330078125,
0.00390625,
0.0086669921875,
0.08251953125,
0.056640625,
0.003448486328125,
0.01300048828125,
0.0419921875,
-0.015869140625,
0.00555419921875,
0.05126953125,
0.00665283203125,
0.0556640625,
-0.03076171875,
0.003997802734375,
0.0003948211669921875,
0.019287109375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0302734375,
0.024658203125,
-0.002044677734375,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01904296875,
0.046630859375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.031494140625,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.00439453125,
0.018798828125,
0.042236328125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.040283203125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0052490234375,
0.0125732421875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0380859375,
0.03271484375,
0.0164794921875,
0.03564453125,
0.01190185546875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0147705078125,
0.034912109375,
0.0301513671875,
0.03125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.00994873046875,
0.03662109375,
0.04443359375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0478515625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00225830078125,
-0.03125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.061279296875,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.03857421875,
0.00714111328125,
0.039306640625,
0.04296875,
0.01708984375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.058349609375,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01318359375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.06103515625,
0.04345703125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0537109375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0220947265625,
0.00156402587890625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.03125,
0.0771484375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0673828125,
0.043701171875,
0.017822265625,
-0.033935546875,
0.025634765625,
0.013671875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.020263671875,
0.053955078125,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.00125885009765625,
0.048828125,
-0.0013427734375,
0.024658203125,
0.025146484375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.01708984375,
0.0169677734375,
0.031494140625,
0.004791259765625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01806640625,
0.01708984375,
0.051025390625,
0.017822265625,
0.00927734375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.019287109375,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.033447265625,
0.061767578125,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0576171875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.030517578125,
0.0103759765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0013427734375,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.000667572021484375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.0654296875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.025146484375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.021484375,
0.00714111328125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0155029296875,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.036865234375,
0.00012302398681640625,
0.037841796875,
0.0067138671875,
0.04345703125,
-0.047607421875,
0.03515625,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.037109375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0419921875,
0.010986328125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.044677734375,
0.001861572265625,
-0.045166015625,
0.004302978515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.04296875,
0.01458740234375,
0.023681640625,
0.03369140625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.03125,
0.040771484375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.011474609375,
0.002410888671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01806640625,
0.037353515625,
0.04150390625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01312255859375,
0.01611328125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0228271484375,
0.036865234375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0002727508544921875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.033447265625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.002349853515625,
0.03369140625,
0.047607421875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.05224609375,
0.03125,
-0.048828125,
0.06298828125,
0.058837890625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.06201171875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.052490234375,
0.041748046875,
0.000782012939453125,
0.00567626953125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.0191650390625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.016845703125,
0.024658203125,
0.0380859375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.003204345703125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0498046875,
0.03564453125,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.017578125,
0.0546875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.00014781951904296875,
0.0311279296875,
0.0169677734375,
0.0107421875,
0.0556640625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.036865234375,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0137939453125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0634765625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.01318359375,
0.0079345703125,
0.005218505859375,
0.00189208984375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.0458984375,
-0.064453125,
0.03564453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.033935546875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.028076171875,
0.01324462890625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.040283203125,
0.004638671875,
0.054931640625,
0.002197265625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.033203125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0050048828125,
0.07177734375,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0537109375,
0.00762939453125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.04541015625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.00787353515625,
0.05126953125,
-0.056396484375,
0.06787109375,
-0.06005859375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.07275390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.051513671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.02099609375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.030029296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0458984375,
0.029541015625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.046630859375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00026702880859375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03955078125,
0.021728515625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.025146484375,
0.008056640625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.032470703125,
0.010009765625,
0.04345703125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0079345703125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0177001953125,
0.028076171875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.029296875,
-0.026123046875,
0.00439453125,
0.004302978515625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.007720947265625,
0.06494140625,
0.03857421875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.00439453125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00016689300537109375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.002197265625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.041015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.022705078125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.01312255859375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.06982421875,
0.019287109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.02587890625,
0.045166015625,
-0.01953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0517578125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.03515625,
0.00640869140625,
0.0703125,
0.006439208984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02978515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.031494140625,
0.0283203125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.017333984375,
0.048828125,
0.004608154296875,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0439453125,
0.018798828125,
0.00274658203125,
0.0218505859375,
0.04833984375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.021484375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.037109375,
0.06103515625,
0.060791015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0341796875,
0.040283203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0166015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.05322265625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.00089263916015625,
0.022216796875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.04541015625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.02490234375,
0.01055908203125,
0.04248046875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0322265625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.04052734375,
0.022216796875,
0.0291748046875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0576171875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.02783203125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0244140625,
0.020263671875,
0.003082275390625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.030517578125,
0.04541015625,
0.00537109375,
-0.047119140625,
0.018798828125,
0.04736328125,
0.005584716796875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0260009765625,
0.01458740234375,
0.0145263671875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0771484375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.022216796875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.017578125,
0.000046253204345703125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.04638671875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0537109375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0045166015625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.005126953125,
0.039794921875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.049072265625,
0.02001953125,
-0.03662109375,
0.044921875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.000156402587890625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0439453125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0244140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0869140625,
0.046630859375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.000759124755859375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0185546875,
0.022705078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.017822265625,
0.01373291015625,
0.0322265625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.013916015625,
0.055908203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.038330078125,
0.00286865234375,
0.021728515625,
0.0341796875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.02734375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0458984375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0003032684326171875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.057861328125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.023193359375,
0.005889892578125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0712890625,
0.041259765625,
0.046630859375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0595703125,
0.044677734375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03515625,
0.01202392578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.003143310546875,
-0.04052734375,
0.00787353515625,
0.023193359375,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.006591796875,
0.0223388671875,
0.056884765625,
0.054931640625,
0.006744384765625,
0.0218505859375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.039794921875,
0.01239013671875,
0.03759765625,
-0.048828125,
-0.016357421875,
0.004791259765625,
0.02490234375,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.056640625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0439453125,
0.049560546875,
-0.048828125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.00927734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.06298828125,
0.0419921875,
0.033203125,
0.0289306640625,
0.02392578125,
0.051025390625,
0.036376953125,
0.0279541015625,
0.0478515625,
-0.025390625,
0.0284423828125,
0.044921875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.000591278076171875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.009033203125,
0.035400390625,
-0.002532958984375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0216064453125,
0.01318359375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.033935546875,
0.025390625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.041259765625,
0.0302734375,
0.026123046875,
-0.010009765625,
0.052734375,
0.0078125,
0.0281982421875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.004119873046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.064453125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.017578125,
-0.06982421875,
0.007659912109375,
-0.031494140625,
0.01556396484375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.025146484375,
-0.05859375,
0.279296875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.00946044921875,
0.00634765625,
0.024658203125,
0.05615234375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.014404296875,
0.0004405975341796875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.004669189453125,
0.017578125,
0.043212890625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.000774383544921875,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0966796875,
0.061767578125,
0.04150390625,
0.019287109375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.054931640625,
0.05810546875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0458984375,
0.001953125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.034912109375,
0.01348876953125,
0.01312255859375,
0.000019073486328125,
0.0016632080078125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0224609375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.042236328125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.025634765625,
0.0050048828125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.016357421875,
0.036376953125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.05126953125,
-0.052734375,
0.007568359375,
0.0419921875,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.02197265625,
0.025146484375,
-0.024169921875,
0.033935546875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0120849609375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.040283203125,
0.02734375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.037353515625,
0.03369140625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0145263671875,
0.00799560546875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.000835418701171875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.018798828125
] |
Allen, J.
We are asked to decide whether a regulation of the Wayne County Air Pollution Control Division declaring it unlawful and a criminal offense for any person to permit or cause the emission of air contaminants which would be detrimental to or endanger the health, comfort or safety of any person or the public, is void and unenforceable for vagueness. On August 27, 1976, the circuit court for Wayne County held it was, and granted defendant’s motion to dismiss. Plaintiff appeals by leave granted.
Article VI, § 6.5 of the Wayne County Air Pollution Control Regulation, the single section in dispute in the instant case, is preceded by §§ 6.1-6.4, each of which prescribe specific measurable standards for determining air pollution. Section 6.5 is a generally worded section not subject to definitely ascertainable measurement. It reads:
"Section 6.5 General Prohibition:
"a. It shall be unlawful for any person to permit or cause the emission of such quantities of air contaminants from whatever source in such place or manner as to be detrimental to any person or to the public or to endanger the health, comfort, or safety of any person or the public, or in such manner as to cause injury or damage to property or business. Each day wherein a violation of this section occurs shall constitute a separate offense. Any act of emission of air contaminants from any single or multiple source in violation or excess of the limitations established in or pursuant to 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 of this Regulation shall be unlawful, and may be ordered abated by the Director. Such abatement may be in addition to the fines and penalties herein provided.
"b. Nothing in any section of this Regulation relating to regulation of emission of air contaminants shall in any manner be construed as authorizing or legalizing the erection or maintenance of a nuisance.”
In September 1975, two complaints were filed against defendant, alleging that on five different days the defendant violated § 6.5. Following trial in the municipal court for the City of Hamtramck, defendant was found guilty of three of the four counts of the first complaint and guilty of the single charge in the second complaint and was fined $100 on each count. Defendant appealed to the circuit court which granted defendant’s motion to dismiss, and vacated the convictions.
I
Our first inquiry is whether, as plaintiff claims, § 6.5 states a separate offense or whether, as defendant contends, it only states in general language emissions which violate the specific standards spelled out in §§ 6.1-6.4. Defendant contends a 6.5 offense arises only where §§ 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, or 6.4 have been violated and cites the following passage from People v Powell, 280 Mich 699, 704; 274 NW 372 (1937):
"Where no intention to the contrary appears, general words used after specific terms are to be confined to things ejusdem generis with the things previously specified.
"When, after an enumeration, the statute employs some general term to embrace other cases, the other cases must be understood to be cases of the same general character, sort or kind with those named.” (Citations omitted.)
The issue posed is important because plaintiff frankly admitted at oral argument that the emissions in question did not violate §§ 6.1-6.4. The offensive nature of the violations charged was odor, which being non-sulphuric in nature, was not chargeable under § 6.3. According to plaintiff, most odors, being invisible, are difficult to define and hence are chargeable under the comprehensive language of 6.5.
There is no question but that § 6.5 is inartfully drawn and is subject to four possible interpretations. This possible four-way ambiguity primarily arises because § 6.5 specifically refers to the preceding four sections but also provides that any violation of the four sections may be abated in addition to the criminal penalties imposed. A violation of 6.5 is punishable by criminal penalty without abatement. Both litigants agree, as do we, that the regulatory provisions must be read as a whole. People v Babcock, 343 Mich 671, 678-679; 73 NW2d 521 (1955). Having read the air pollution regulations in their entirety and having considered the entire regulation in terms of the objective sought to be attained, we are convinced that the legislative intent was to include as an offense those emissions which, while not measurable by precise standards (and thus not falling within the provisions of §§ 6.1-6.4), nevertheless are injurious or actually endanger the public health or harm property. Given the multitude of emissions of varying types and the rapidity with which technology develops innovative processes and utilizes new compounds it becomes impossible to define in advance what may constitute an impermissible emission. Thus it is both rational and necessary to include in any code one general all-encompassing section. We believe this was the legislative intent in the case of § 6.5. Having made this determination, the question remains whether the language employed in § 6.5 is too inclusive or too vague. But before deciding this question, we first turn to the issue of nuisance.
II
The plaintiff claims that § 6.5 is merely a definition of a common-law criminal nuisance and thus cannot be impermissibly vague. We disagree because we believe the section purports to define conduct quite different and distinct from a common-law nuisance. Nuisance is not mentioned as such in 6.5a and there is no indication therein that it is directed at proscribing a common-law nuisance. Furthermore, subsection 6.5b states that nothing in subsection 6.5a should be construed as authorizing the maintenance of a nuisance. If 6.5a prohibited common-law nuisances, 6.5b would be unnecessary. The fact that 6.5b was included is persuasive that 6.5a was intended to describe conduct different than a nuisance.
Ill
This brings us to the crucial issue of vagueness. The law of this state and the United States on the question of statutory vagueness is summarized in the recent case of People v Posner, 79 Mich App 63, 71; 261 NW2d 209 (1977):
"It has been held that a statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that people of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates the first essential of due process of law. Lanzetta v New Jersey, 306 US 451, 453; 59 S Ct 618; 83 L Ed 888 (1939), People v Herron, 68 Mich App 381; 242 NW2d 584 (1976). The constitutional requirement of definiteness is followed in Michigan. People v Austin, 301 Mich 456; 3 NW2d 841 (1942), People v Goulding, 275 Mich 353; 266 NW 378 (1936), People v Ellis, 204 Mich 157; 169 NW 930 (1918). As found by the United States Supreme Court in Giaccio v Pennsylvania, 382 US 399, 402; 86 S Ct 518; 15 L Ed 2d 447 (1966):
" 'A law fails to meet the requirements of the Due Process Clause if it is so vague and standardless that it leaves the public uncertain as to the conduct it prohibits or leaves judges and jurors free to decide, without any legally fixed standards, what is prohibited and what is not in each particular case.’ ”
See also, People v Purifoy, 34 Mich App 318, 320; 191 NW2d 63 (1971). Does § 6.5, when read together with the entire code of regulations, sufficiently inform potential defendants of what they may or may not do? The vague and cloudy words are "detrimental”, "comfort”, "to any person”, and "manner”. What is "detrimental” to the public? Is an odor or other emission "detrimental” when it offends some but not all people? Must there be a provable and ascertainable injury or damage to property or is it sufficient to only prove that the "comfort” of any person is endangered? When is comfort endangered? Health authorities tell us that cigarette smoking endangers health. Certainly it disturbs the comfort of many people. Is this an offense under the regulation? What disturbs the comfort of some people or what some persons believe "endangers” their comfort or health is not disturbing to others.
This statutory opaqueness grows even more cloudy when we look to the definition section, Article I, § 1.3 of the regulations:
"Air Contaminant: Any gaseous, liquid, or solid matter, which when present in the outdoor atmosphere contributes to a condition of air pollution, including, but not limited to dust, soot, mist, smoke, fumes, flyash, cinders, gases, vapors, aerosols, and odors.
"Air Pollution: The presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such duration and characteristics which are or may tend to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, or property, or which interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or the conduct of business.” (Emphasis supplied.)
From the underscored portions of the definitions cited above it clearly appears that a violation may occur where the emissions are not actually injurious to health or property but merely "tend to be” or "which interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or the conduct of business”. But as we have stated before, what interferes with some people’s enjoyment does not interfere with others’ enjoyment. Given these subjective words, we cannot conclude that manufacturers can determine in advance what may or may not be criminally punishable. No one can be punished for doing an act prohibited by a statute unless an ordinary person can determine in advance what he or she may or may not do under that statute. People v Goulding, 275 Mich 353, 358; 266 NW 378 (1936). A second element in determining vagueness is whether those charged with administering the statute have adequate standards to guide them.
"A vague law impermissibly delegates basic policy matters to policemen, judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, with the attendant dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application.” Grayned v City of Rockford, 408 US 104, 108-109; 92 S Ct 2294; 33 L Ed 2d 222 (1972).
Section 6.5 offers no reasonably precise standard to those charged with enforcing the regulation. Police, judges and juries are given nothing but their own subjective judgment as to what constitutes an odor or other emission which is "detrimental to any person” or "endangers * * * the comfort * * * of any person or the public”. Contrary to plaintiff’s claim that the regulation prohibits only a common-law nuisance or an emission which substantially harms the public health or property, the regulation is so inclusive that potential offenders may be in full compliance with §§ 6.1-6.4 but still be subject to criminal penalties based only on the perceptions of others as to what is detrimental to or endangers one’s comfort. The precepts of criminal enactment do not permit such imprecision.
Environmental legislation is not exempt from the due process requirement of definiteness. In Verona v Shalit, 92 NJ Super 65; 222 A2d 145 (1966), challenge was made on the grounds of vagueness to a local ordinance whose definitional terms closely parallel § 6.5 in the instant case." The court first held the ordinance invalid as in conflict with the state air pollution act but then went on to declare the act invalid for vagueness, saying:
"[2] Section 6 is invalid for another reason, because it fails to inform those to whom it is addressed of a proscribed standard of conduct, so that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application.
"In City of Milwaukee v Milbrew, 240 Wis 527, 3 NW2d 386, 141 ALR 277 (Sup Ct. 1942), in a somewhat similar situation, it is stated:
" 'To construe this ordinance as attempting to condemn as "offensive” any odor that is merely disagreeable to, or disliked by, an indefinite number of persons in a given neighborhood would render the legislation void as too vague and indefinite for enforcement, [citations] or would turn the question of the existence of a nuisance into a plebiscite of the neighborhood and amount to an unlawful delegation of authority [citations].’ ” 92 NJ Super at 69, 72; 222 A2d at 147, 149.
In defending § 6.5 against the charge of vagueness, plaintiff refers to cases from other jurisdictions which sustained air pollution ordinances. In particular, plaintiff cites three decisions which specifically addressed the vagueness issue. Southern Illinois Asphalt Co, Inc v Environmental Protection Agency, 15 Ill App 3d 66; 303 NE2d 606 (1973), Department of Health v Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp, 100 NJ Super 366; 242 A2d 21 (1968), Air Pollution Commission v Coated Materials Co, 1 Envir Rep 1444 (Pa Common Pleas, 1970). To these decisions we sua sponte add City of Monmouth v Pollution Control Board, 57 Ill 2d 482; 313 NE2d 161 (1974), Lloyd A Fry Roofing Co v Pollution Control Board, 20 Ill App 3d 301; 314 NE2d 350 (1974), cert den 420 US 996; 95 S Ct 1438; 43 L Ed 2d 679 (1975), and Fleischmann Malting Co v Pollution Control Board, 28 Ill App 3d 659; 329 NE2d 282 (1975). We find the cases distinguishable. All deal with a definition of air pollution rather than, as in the case before us, with a general prohibition. Each definition of air pollution is more restricted and limited than the instant regulation. The Illinois cases all relate to a definition of air pollution considerably less encompassing than § 6.5. Under the Illinois statute the emission must "unreasonably” interfere with the enjoyment of property whereas under the instant regulation any detriment or endangerment to a single person’s comfort, no matter how slight, is grounds for criminal prosecution. The same distinction appears in the definition at issue in Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp, supra. More relevant to the case at hand is Milwaukee v Milbrew, Inc, 240 Wis 527; 3 NW2d 386 (1942), where defendant, a manufacturer of yeast, was charged under a city ordinance making it a criminal offense for any business to "emit foul or offensive odors, gasses, effluvia or stenches, or which shall be dangerous or prejudicial to the public health”. In reversing a conviction, the court said:
"The word 'offensive,’ as defined in Webster’s New International Dictionary (2d ed), means 'giving pain or unpleasant sensations,’ 'revolting,’ or 'obnoxious.’ To construe this ordinance as attempting to condemn as 'offensive’ any odor that is merely disagreeable to, or disliked by, an indefinite number of persons in a given neighborhood would render the legislation void as too vague and indefinite for enforcement, (citations omitted); or would turn the question of the existence of a nuisance into a plebiscite of the neighborhood and amount to an unlawful delegation of authority.” Id. at 538.
See also State v Hayes, 17 Or App 79; 520 P2d 465 (1974), where the court struck down as impermissibly vague a statute which prohibited anyone to "set on fire or cause to be set on fire any combustible material” without first securing a permit.
Our decision that § 6.5 is impermissibly vague, while embarrassing to plaintiff, is not crippling to the cause of environmental protection. Just recently the Air Pollution Control Division of the Wayne County Department of Health secured a favorable decision from this Court under the Michigan Environmental Protection Act, MCLA 691.1201 et seq.; MSA 14.528(201) et seq., directing Olsonite Corporation to adopt a supplemental odor control system designed to prevent the future emission of the identical odors for which Olsonite is charged under § 6.5 in the instant suit. Wayne County Department of Health v Olsonite Corporation, 79 Mich App 668; 263 NW2d 778 (1977). The remedy provided in that suit is probably more effective than the penalties which were sought in the instant case.
However, we do not believe that suit under the Environmental Protection Act need be the exclusive remedy in future cases involving odor emission. At oral argument, plaintiff was asked whether § 6.3 prescribing definite standards as to sulphur oxide odors could not be expanded to include other odors. Counsel responded that while there were difficulties in so doing the division was working on and hoped to adopt a set of measurable odor standards. In this connection we note that the Federal government has adopted the United States EPA Odor Detection Chart. Such a chart employs a numerical rating system designed to eliminate the ambiguity inherent in a narrative description or citizen-registered complaint of odor intensity. Addition of this or a similar chart to § 6.3 would eliminate much of the ambiguity in the present code and provide potential offenders with a specific standard. Finally, §§ 1.3 and 6.5 could be quickly and easily reworded so as to bring them within the definitional standards approved in Southern Illinois Asphalt and Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp, supra. Such an amendment would be in the public interest and would prevent otherwise needless litigation.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.
Section 6.1 deals with visible emissions measured in terms of the Ringelmann chart published by the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of Interior, which is a method of grading shades of visible emissions by use of a scale from 1 to 5, or by percentage of opacity of a visible plume that is in a state that renders material partially impervious to rays of light and causes obstruction to an observer’s view. Section 6.2 pertains to particulate matter and establishes maximum allowable emissions measured in pounds of particulate per thousand pounds of exhaust gas. Violation of § 6.2 is determined by use of instrumentation which probes the stack or violating source and extracts a sample of the effluent which is being emitted into the atmosphere. Section 6.3 deals with the particular odor of sulphur oxide but does not define other odors. Section 6.4 prohibits open burning.
The four possible interpretations are: (1) 6.5 is a totally separate violation for which criminal penalties apply. 6.1-6.4 violations are totally unrelated and, in addition to the criminal penalties imposed, may be abated. (2) 6.5 is a separate violation but can also include violations of 6.1-6.4. Where a 6.1-6.4 violation is part of the 6.5 violation, abatement is an additional remedy. (3) Only where the regulations of 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 or 6.4 have also been violated is there a 6.5 violation. Under this interpretation, compliance with 6.1-6.4 avoids violation of 6.5, but a 6.1-6.4 violation does not necessarily mean 6.5 has been violated. (4) A 6.1-6.4 violation is always a violation of 6.5. Plaintiff interprets the regulations as per interpretation (1), and defendant argues for interpretation (4).
See III, infra.
" 'The maintaining of anything whatsoever which is a hazard or a danger to human health, and the following specific acts, conditions or states are, each and every one, declared to be and constitute a nuisance.
" 'The escape of any gas, fumes, smoke or other odors that may be of a menace to human life, or is by reason of disagreeable or obnoxious odors a source of physical distress to persons in the vicinity.’ ” (Emphasis supplied.) Verona v Shalit, supra, at 66-67; 222 A2d at 146.
Section 3(b) of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act defines air pollution as "the presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, to health, or to property, or to unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property”. Ill Rev Stat 1971, ch 111 1/2, paragraph 1003(b). (Emphasis supplied.)
Section 1.10 of the New Jersey Air Pollution Control Code defines air pollution as "the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants in such quantities and duration as are, or tend to be; injurious to human health or welfare, animal or plant life or property, or would unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property throughout the State”. NJSA 26:2C-2. (Emphasis supplied.)
"Under the statute one would be prohibited to light a fire in one’s fireplace, to light a cigarette, start one’s car, etc., without first obtaining a permit. A citizen could not tell what activity by him was, in fact, intended to be prohibited without first securing a permit. In terms of both its own language and of its legislative purpose, the statute is overbroad and standardless.” State v Hayes, supra at 82-83.
During the nine-day trial in the above mentioned case, testimony was given that the Air Pollution Control Division received 59 citizen complaints against Olsonite in 1973, 38 in 1974, 24 in 1975, and 13 as of August 31, 1976. Thirteen citizens testified the odors caused nausea, burning eyes, headaches and loss of sleep. In the instant case each count in the two complaints brought under § 6.5 alleged violations in July and August 1975.
Wayne County Department of Health v Olsonite, supra, at 676, footnotes 3 and 4. | [
-0.0245361328125,
0.00933837890625,
0.03466796875,
0.013671875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0390625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.07421875,
0.045166015625,
0.0203857421875,
0.01904296875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.02197265625,
0.0595703125,
0.0277099609375,
0.01513671875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.017333984375,
0.023193359375,
0.041259765625,
0.05712890625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.018310546875,
0.02490234375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01171875,
-0.00927734375,
0.0390625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0224609375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.052001953125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0179443359375,
0.035400390625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0054931640625,
0.03759765625,
0.045166015625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.012939453125,
0.00640869140625,
0.06396484375,
0.0185546875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.037109375,
0.0283203125,
0.032470703125,
-0.022216796875,
0.01904296875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.017822265625,
0.0166015625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.021240234375,
0.01953125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0025787353515625,
0.037109375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.01141357421875,
0.0400390625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.05029296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.01153564453125,
0.002044677734375,
0.034912109375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.02978515625,
0.027099609375,
0.0185546875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0250244140625,
0.032470703125,
0.0150146484375,
0.08154296875,
0.0015869140625,
0.07373046875,
0.0074462890625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.03125,
-0.006805419921875,
0.00179290771484375,
0.01239013671875,
0.047607421875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0016632080078125,
0.076171875,
-0.040771484375,
0.03759765625,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.026123046875,
0.00167083740234375,
0.041259765625,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0167236328125,
0.01171875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.033203125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0673828125,
0.01422119140625,
0.031982421875,
0.0322265625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.00640869140625,
0.068359375,
0.00506591796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.00213623046875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.09423828125,
-0.00408935546875,
0.052978515625,
0.018310546875,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.00677490234375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.03125,
0.04248046875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.05029296875,
0.035888671875,
-0.00128173828125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.038818359375,
-0.01513671875,
0.016357421875,
0.008056640625,
0.000446319580078125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.02783203125,
0.0361328125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.053466796875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0007171630859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0164794921875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.05322265625,
0.02734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.04296875,
0.001220703125,
-0.006805419921875,
0.046875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.015869140625,
0.02734375,
0.056640625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00090789794921875,
0.0206298828125,
0.00634765625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.04931640625,
0.013427734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03125,
0.00433349609375,
0.030029296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.00848388671875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0078125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.024169921875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.016845703125,
0.07080078125,
0.02783203125,
0.037353515625,
0.045166015625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0732421875,
0.039306640625,
0.00830078125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.044677734375,
0.000247955322265625,
-0.048828125,
0.005157470703125,
0.033935546875,
0.0419921875,
0.0086669921875,
0.029296875,
0.038818359375,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.033447265625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.0673828125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.006134033203125,
0.00002014636993408203,
0.03857421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.068359375,
0.05712890625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0625,
-0.050537109375,
0.04736328125,
0.0032501220703125,
0.0007476806640625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.09326171875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.03271484375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.041259765625,
0.002288818359375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.000324249267578125,
0.04052734375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0087890625,
0.05810546875,
-0.05126953125,
0.013427734375,
0.043212890625,
0.00640869140625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01171875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00714111328125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0419921875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01416015625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0390625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.003021240234375,
0.0263671875,
0.034423828125,
0.021240234375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00079345703125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0068359375,
0.0047607421875,
0.03759765625,
-0.03173828125,
0.050537109375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0400390625,
0.02685546875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.048583984375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.02734375,
-0.041259765625,
0.041015625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.03076171875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.033447265625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00506591796875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.028076171875,
0.017822265625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.01953125,
0.014892578125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.026123046875,
0.039306640625,
0.015869140625,
0.0419921875,
0.039794921875,
0.01483154296875,
0.004241943359375,
0.017578125,
0.04443359375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.047607421875,
0.04638671875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.044921875,
0.02392578125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0198974609375,
0.0294189453125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.01806640625,
0.00075531005859375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.042724609375,
0.01043701171875,
0.027587890625,
-0.051513671875,
0.033203125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.048583984375,
0.043701171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.044189453125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.03125,
-0.017822265625,
0.01361083984375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.03662109375,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00010538101196289062,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.03955078125,
0.056640625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0244140625,
0.035888671875,
0.034912109375,
0.007171630859375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0517578125,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.056396484375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.040283203125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.055908203125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.05126953125,
0.01361083984375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.022705078125,
0.046875,
0.0034637451171875,
0.005615234375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.043701171875,
0.009033203125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.03466796875,
0.02490234375,
0.0262451171875,
0.01318359375,
0.002197265625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0089111328125,
0.02734375,
0.039306640625,
-0.014404296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.038330078125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.051025390625,
0.01007080078125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.02001953125,
-0.06298828125,
0.005462646484375,
0.000644683837890625,
0.0155029296875,
0.015625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.07763671875,
0.050048828125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04833984375,
0.046875,
-0.0185546875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.042236328125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.041015625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.02392578125,
0.017578125,
-0.015869140625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0224609375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.005523681640625,
0.029541015625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.060302734375,
0.0732421875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00156402587890625,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0537109375,
0.01953125,
0.02734375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0000286102294921875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.04296875,
0.00113677978515625,
0.0830078125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0172119140625,
0.025634765625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.030029296875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.043701171875,
0.009765625,
0.048583984375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0400390625,
0.005859375,
0.046142578125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0703125,
-0.046875,
0.030517578125,
0.046630859375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.04931640625,
0.0322265625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.03515625,
0.00982666015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0078125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.047119140625,
0.0211181640625,
0.002685546875,
0.05078125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.008544921875,
-0.052490234375,
0.037353515625,
0.027587890625,
-0.000682830810546875,
0.0322265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.01953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0224609375,
-0.046875,
0.03076171875,
0.046630859375,
0.00007677078247070312,
-0.0712890625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.048095703125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0169677734375,
0.036865234375,
0.007568359375,
0.03125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0159912109375,
0.037109375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.025390625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.064453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0155029296875,
0.037109375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.005218505859375,
0.02734375,
-0.026611328125,
0.051513671875,
-0.041259765625,
0.02099609375,
0.00927734375,
0.0068359375,
0.00701904296875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0245361328125,
0.015380859375,
-0.043701171875,
0.034423828125,
0.078125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0213623046875,
0.06005859375,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.033203125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0203857421875,
0.032958984375,
0.000522613525390625,
-0.025390625,
0.01397705078125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0228271484375,
0.00049591064453125,
-0.0086669921875,
0.044189453125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01507568359375,
0.060791015625,
0.008544921875,
0.002105712890625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0791015625,
0.037353515625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0419921875,
0.0013885498046875,
0.006103515625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.023681640625,
0.04541015625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.07568359375,
0.00182342529296875,
0.007568359375,
0.0166015625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.08056640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.03125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0155029296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.06396484375,
0.0093994140625,
0.027099609375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0390625,
-0.044189453125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.024169921875,
0.0028839111328125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.001953125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0625,
0.0281982421875,
0.040283203125,
0.0247802734375,
0.01904296875,
0.06005859375,
0.041748046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0000029802322387695312,
-0.01953125,
0.01953125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.033447265625,
0.056640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.031005859375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.015625,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.01904296875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.02734375,
0.002288818359375,
0.03173828125,
0.04833984375,
0.0016632080078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.03125,
0.0003986358642578125,
0.058349609375,
0.00439453125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.004913330078125,
0.01385498046875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.04150390625,
0.033935546875,
0.007568359375,
-0.06298828125,
0.021484375,
-0.0283203125,
0.036865234375,
-0.03125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0498046875,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.03076171875,
0.072265625,
0.0011749267578125,
0.0048828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.042724609375,
0.026123046875,
0.030029296875,
0.0546875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.04638671875,
0.02099609375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.013671875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.00026702880859375,
-0.0458984375,
0.007659912109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.001434326171875,
0.01708984375,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.04296875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.036865234375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.03125,
0.000942230224609375,
-0.03076171875,
0.042236328125,
0.013916015625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0634765625,
0.0155029296875,
0.01373291015625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0390625,
-0.009521484375,
0.006622314453125,
0.00421142578125,
0.015869140625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.01171875,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.060546875,
0.006866455078125,
0.000537872314453125,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.00174713134765625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.02197265625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.037841796875,
0.267578125,
0.00022602081298828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.009033203125,
0.04345703125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.048583984375,
-0.044921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0361328125,
0.0361328125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0224609375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.07275390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.012451171875,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.041748046875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.041748046875,
0.005126953125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.017578125,
-0.005126953125,
0.033203125,
0.01080322265625,
0.011962890625,
-0.04296875,
0.01318359375,
0.016357421875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.01171875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.040283203125,
0.03125,
0.0634765625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0576171875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0172119140625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01348876953125,
0.006256103515625,
0.0185546875,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0004253387451171875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0054931640625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.02734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.025634765625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.04150390625,
0.026611328125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.03955078125,
0.013916015625,
0.003570556640625,
0.027099609375,
-0.03271484375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0390625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.00335693359375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0242919921875
] |
Per Curiam.
A Detroit Recorder’s Court jury convicted defendant of third-degree criminal sexual conduct. MCLA 750.520d(l)(b); MSA 28.788(4)(1)(b) (sexual penetration accomplished by force or coercion). He appeals.
I.
On August 25, 1975, between 6 and 7 p.m., the complaining witness, Angela B., her sister Terry and their infant children were looking for an apartment to rent on West Grand Boulevard. There they encountered their brother, Timothy, and the defendant. Defendant offered the women and children a ride home because it had begun to rain. Defendant then suggested that they stop for a drink and that immediately after he would drive them home; the women agreed. After arriving at the bar, defendant soon expressed dissatisfaction with the shortage of available pool tables. At his suggestion, he drove the group (four adults and two children) to another bar. The group did not leave this bar until 1 or 1:30 a.m., despite the women’s requests for an early departure.
Instead of driving the women and children home, defendant drove the group (which now in- eluded another man, one "Little Jesus” or "Jessie”) to an address on Chamberlain where defendant and Timothy resided. Defendant parked the car in the alley behind the garage. Timothy unlocked the garage and entered followed by defendant; the rest remained outside.
Upon hearing a conversation, Angela peered through the opening between the garage doors and saw defendant pointing a rifle at Timothy. She began to cry, whereupon defendant dropped the rifle and emerged from the garage with Timothy. On seeing Angela in tears, Timothy summoned an ambulance for her, but when it arrived she said she did not want to go to the hospital; thus, Timothy sent the ambulance away. Defendant then threatened to kill Terry if anything happened to Angela. At this, Terry ran from the scene with her child. Defendant directed "Little Jesus” to follow Terry and encourage her to return. Defendant then told Timothy to take Angela’s child and attempt to locate Terry; Timothy complied.
According to the complainant, defendant then pulled her into the garage, flipped the overhead latch on the doors and began to undo her slacks. Upon complainant’s resistance, defendant slapped her across her face and neck. He then allegedly forced himself upon her, requiring Her to participate in acts of intercourse and fellatio. Unable to reach the door-latch overhead, complainant eventually escaped by suggesting to defendant that she heard someone tampering with his car. As he unlocked the doors, she ran from the garage and grabbed her child from the side of her brother who had since returned and fallen asleep in the car. Thus awakened, the brother chased complainant, eventually catching her a few blocks away. She allowed him to hail her a cab. Shortly before 4 a.m., she arrived at her parents’ home and tearfully reported the rape to her mother. The next morning, at her father behest, complainant related the incident to the police.
II.
Defendant’s first argument, concerning the prosecutor’s nonproduction of certain res gestae and indorsed witnesses, is not properly before us, defendant having failed to file a motion for new trial before the lower court. People v Robinson, 390 Mich 629; 213 NW2d 106 (1973). Although the trial court, at the instance of defendant, took evidence and rendered findings on the failure to produce some of these witnesses, Robinson remains unsatisfied. See People v Allen, 76 Mich App 585; 257 NW2d 263 (1977), People v Ebejer, 66 Mich App 333; 239 NW2d 604 (1976), and People v Carpenter, 69 Mich App 81; 244 NW2d 338 (1976). But see, People v Schwartz, 62 Mich App 188; 233 NW2d 517 (1975), People v Wynn, 60 Mich App 636; 231 NW2d 269 (1975), People v Jones, 65 Mich App 619; 237 NW2d 584 (1975), and People v Staples, 68 Mich App 220; 242 NW2d 74 (1976).
III.
Next, defendant claims that the trial court erred in permitting, over defense objection, complainant’s testimony regarding defendant’s handling of the rifle. Defendant assails the relevance and materiality of the testimony, given the absence of any showing at trial that defendant ever threatened complainant with the rifle or that she noted its presence during the alleged crime.
The argument is not well taken. Third-degree criminal sexual conduct requires sexual penetra tion accomplished by force or coercion. MCLA 750.520d(l)(b); MSA 28.788(4)(l)(b). This "includes but is not limited to” situations where "the actor overcomes the victim through the actual application of physical force or physical violence” or where "the actor coerces the victim to submit by threatening to use force or violence on the victim, and the victim believes that the actor has the present ability to execute these threats”. MCLA 750.520b(l)(f)(i) and (ii); MSA 28.788(2)(l)(f)(i) and (ii). (Emphasis added.)
In the instant case, complainant had witnessed defendant pointing a rifle at her brother, had heard defendant threaten to kill her sister and had received a hard slap from defendant when she spurned his advances. At the very least, then, the jury could have interpreted the slap as a "threat * * * to use force or violence” and it could have considered the availability of the rifle together with defendant’s previous threatening words and deeds as justifying a belief in complainant that defendant "ha[d] the present ability to execute these threats”. Accordingly, we rule that testimony concerning the rifle constituted relevant and material evidence, People v Oliphant, 399 Mich 472, 488-489; 250 NW2d 443 (1976), properly admitted in the trial court’s discretion. Id. at 490, People v DerMartzex, 390 Mich 410, 415; 213 NW2d 97 (1973).
IV.
Defendant’s third assignment of error is answered by People v Hooper, 50 Mich App 186, 197; 212 NW2d 786 (1973), People v Gant, 48 Mich App 5, 8-10; 209 NW2d 874 (1973), and People v Ford, 59 Mich App 35, 39; 228 NW2d 533 (1975).
V.
Defendant next raises an issue that has sparked considerable controversy among recent panels of this Court, namely, the extent to which MCLA 750.520j; MSA 28.788(10) may constitutionally exclude evidence of complainant’s previous sexual experiences with persons other than the defendant. See People v Dawsey, 76 Mich App 741; 257 NW2d 236 (1977), People v Thompson, 76 Mich App 705; 257 NW2d 268 (1977), and People v Patterson, 79 Mich App 393; 262 NW2d 835 (1977). Relying on Davis v Alaska, 415 US 308; 94 S Ct 1105; 39 L Ed 2d 347 (1974), defendant maintains that the cited provision infringed his Sixth Amendment right to confront adverse witnesses.
In Davis, the United States Supreme Court held that on the facts at bar an Alaska statute and court rule designed to encourage juvenile rehabilitation by shielding a youth’s record of delinquency from trial scrutiny must yield to a defendant’s right to uncover the potential bias of an adverse witness:
"We do not and need not challenge the State’s interest as a matter of its own policy in the administration of criminal justice to seek to preserve the anonymity of a juvenile offender. Cf. In re Gault, 387 US 1, 25, [87 S Ct 1428; 18 L Ed 2d 527] (1967). Here, however, petitioner sought to introduce evidence of Green’s probation for the purpose of suggesting that Green was biased and, therefore, that his testimony was either not to be believed in his identification of petitioner or at least very carefully considered in that light. Serious damage to the strength of the State’s case would have been a real possibility had petitioner been allowed to pursue this line of inquiry. In this setting we conclude that the right of confrontation is paramount to the State’s policy of protecting a juvenile offender. Whatever temporary embarrassment might result to Green or his family by disclosure of his juvenile record — if the prosecution insisted on using him to make its case — is outweighed by petitioner’s right to probe into the influence of possible bias in the testimony of a crucial identification witness.” 415 US at 319; 94 S Ct at 1112; 39 L Ed 2d at 355.
In a comparable setting, the Court again resorted to a balancing of competing interests when, in the face of a claim of executive privilege, it refused to quash the Watergate Special Prosecutor’s subpoena seeking "demonstrably relevant” evidence:
"[T]he allowance of the privilege to withhold evidence that is demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial would cut deeply into the guarantee of due process of law and gravely impair the basic function of the courts. A President’s acknowledged need for confidentiality in the communications of his office is general in nature, whereas the constitutional need for production of relevant evidence in a criminal proceeding is specific and central to the fair adjudication of a particular criminal case in the administration of justice. Without access to specific facts a criminal prosecution may be totally frustrated. The President’s broad interest in confidentiality of communications will not be vitiated by disclosure of a limited number of conversations preliminarily shown to have some bearing on the pending criminal cases.
"We conclude that when the ground for asserting privilege as to subpoenaed materials sought for use in a criminal trial is based only on the generalized interest in confidentiality, it cannot prevail over the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of criminal justice. The generalized assertion of privilege must yield to the demonstrated, specifíc need for evidence in a pending criminal trial.” United States v Nixon, 418 US 683, 712-713; 94 S Ct 3090, 3110; 41 L Ed 1039, 1066-1067 (1974). (Emphasis supplied.)
Returning to MCLA 750.520j(l); MSA 28.788(10)(1), we observe that this provision — an integral part of Michigan’s criminal sexual conduct act — represents an explicit legislative decision to eliminate trial practices under former law which had effectually frustrated society’s vital interests in the prosecution of sexual crimes. In the past, countless victims, already scarred by the emotional (and often physical) trauma of rape, refused to report the crime or testify for fear that the trial proceedings would veer from an impartial examination of the accused’s conduct on the date in question and instead take on aspects of an inquisition in which complainant would be required to acknowledge and justify her sexual past.
Thus, the evidentiary exclusion of MCLA 750.520j; MSA 28.788(10), like comparable provisions in statutes of other jurisdictions, strives to foster a number of salutary purposes.
"Primarily, * * * [rape shield statutes] serve the substantial interests of the state in guarding the complainant’s sexual privacy and protecting her from undue harassment. In line with these goals, they encourage the victim to report the assault and assist in bringing the offender to justice by testifying against him in court. Insofar as the laws in fact increase the number of prosecutions, they support the government’s aim of deterring would-be rapists as well as its interest in going after actual suspects. These statutes are also intended, however, to bar evidence that may distract and inflame jurors and is of only arguable probative worth. To the degree that they aid in achieving just convictions and preventing acquittals based on prejudice, they naturally further the truth-determining function of trials in addition to more collateral ends. In order to assess the rape shield laws one must ask whether these state interests, as embodied in particular statutory standards applied in specific factual contexts, outweigh the defendant’s valued right to meet the prosecution’s case with proof that he is indeed innocent. Where the balance inclines toward the accused, any provision excluding his evidence cannot be squared with the Constitution.” Berger, Man’s Trial, Woman’s Tribulation: Rape Cases in the Courtroom, (Hereafter "Rape Cases in the Courtroom”), 11 Col L Rev 1, 54-55 (1977). (Footnotes omitted.)
In the present case, defendant cites two instances where the trial court allegedly barred evidence of complainant’s prior sexual conduct. As these instances raise separate questions, we treat each separately.
Upon cross-examination by defense counsel, complainant testified that she was an 18-year-old, unmarried mother of two children and that she originally was unwilling to press charges but did so at her father’s request. She denied that her father forced her to report the incident and denied ever having pressed rape charges before. The court, citing the statute, prohibited defendant’s attorney from asking complainant if she knew the fathers of her children. On grounds of irrelevance, the court also sustained objections to defense questions regarding when and why she moved from her parents’ home.
Later, out of hearing of the jury, defense counsel objected to the court’s restrictions on cross-examination:
"MR. SAPERSTEIN: [Defense attorney] Before the jury returns, Your Honor, I would like to make an objection on the record at this point here with respect to the matters in which I was limited to on cross-examination. I realize this is a new statute which we are working with, the new rape law, and as far as I am concerned, I think there is some question as to the Constitutionality of it that can resolve itself at some other time, but the Court is not allowing me to go into this witness’s background in relationship with her father, because I believe that her father is in this instance the instigator, and I would like to go into that in more detail, Your Honor, and by not being allowed to do this, Your Honor, not going into her background under the statute, — the new statute, that I feel that I am being denied a defense being his rights of confrontation of witnesses, due process and equal protection, and I just want to make that statement on the record.”
In response, the court quoted the statute and then noted:
'[THE COURT] Now the only limitations the Court really has placed on your examination of the witness, Miss B * * * , was [sic] your questions relating to her children, whether or not the father was known and so on. Now I think, as a matter of fact, as to those questions, Counsel clearly knew that they were inadmissible, and inasmuch as we are making a record, I wanted that clear on the record. And as far as the Court is concerned, it is only as clear as to those questions that objections have been sustained and, as a matter of fact, Counsel has gone considerably beyond what the statute would allow. As to your questions concerning the effect her father has had on the complaint to the police department, if anything, that is a collateral issue, but beyond that the witness has indicated that her father was one of the moving sources and forces behind her complaint to the police department. The jury is well aware of that. To go any deeper into that, which is a collateral matter, I think would serve no purpose. Notwithstanding, if you had some specific question that you desire to direct to her, then certainly you may ask that question. I know of no matter in which I have limited counsel in, that regard. Notwithstanding, the relation she had with her father, for instance, as to whether or not he has ever struck her is so over broad as to have absolutely no bearing upon any of the issues that are involved in this case.
"MR. SAPERSTEIN: My argument at this time was not so much with the Court, but with the rape law and so forth. There are no other cases, no other type of defense which spells out what you can do, or limitations on it as this rape law does.
"THE COURT: Well, I am not going to defend the statute, the statute is there, but it does seem to the Court that there is no logical inference that can be drawn from the fact of a prior sexual experience as opposed to conduct on a specific instance.
"The witness is present, subject to confrontation and cross-examination. Her testimony, if believed, would certainly indicate that, regardless of what kind of sexual conduct she is engaged in in the past [sic]. But on this particular instance it was her desire not to engage in any sexual conduct with this Defendant, and her will was overborne, and his affections or attentions were forced upon her person. And under those circumstances, the statute — and I think rightfully so, while that is unimportant — would indicate that her prior sexual conduct should not be the determining factor in the minds of the jury. It is his actions that the jury should hear in determining and not hers.
"All right, you may bring the jury back.”
The transcript discloses that on cross-examination of complainant and her father, defendant’s attorney did not again pose questions relating to complainant’s motive for bringing the charges. In closing argument, however, counsel did hypothesize "that perhaps * * * [complainant’s] father, saw a way of bringing his family back together again” by encouraging complainant to press charges.
On this record, we agree with the trial court in holding that defendant has failed to make a preliminary showing of the logical nexus between complainant’s past sexual conduct and the claim of a parentally-inspired motive for pressing charges. Here, complainant’s previous sexual encounters with persons other than defendant have no "tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence”. Proposed Michigan Rule of Evidence 401. See also People v Nichols, 341 Mich 311, 331; 67 NW2d 230 (1954), People v Becker, 300 Mich 562, 565; 2 NW2d 503 (1942), Stewart v People, 23 Mich 63, 75 (1871), and Detroit Iron & Steel Co v Detroit Gray Iron Foundry Co, 240 Mich 677, 680; 216 NW 391 (1927). Since the record discloses no "demonstrated, specific need for evidence in a * * * criminal trial”, cf., Nixon, supra, we perceive no error of a constitutional dimension. Moreover, since the trial court permitted the asking of specific questions designed to show motive and allowed the issue of motive to reach the jury during closing argument, we perceive no error whatsoever.
With regard to the other claimed instance of an unconstitutional exclusion of evidence, the trial transcript discloses a pertinent colloquy occurring in the jury’s absence:
"THE COURT: All right, there is one other thing I wanted to place on the record also, we have neglected to do that.
"Mr. Saperstein did indicate at the bench in relation to the information he had hoped to elicit from Mr. B * * * [complainant’s brother] that he believed would be contained in the transcript—
"MR. SAPERSTEIN: That is Timothy B * * * ?
"THE COURT: Yes, Timothy B * * * —that he believed would be contained in the transcriptf ] was a statement, and I am quoting now when he was talking to sister, Angela, he was alleged to have said something along the lines that 'You ought to drop the charges. What difference does it make? You fucked half the neighborhood anyway.’ And it was * * * [Prosecutor] Kenny’s recollection that he, while that was said, he didn’t believe, at any rate, that it was Mr. Timothy B * * * who made that statement. And, again, the Court has already made a ruling that it was a collateral issue at any rate; and, secondly, it would be extremely prejudicial to the People and, again, would go to the face of the statute which indicates that prior sexual conduct is not a proper issue for the jury’s consideration; and * * * of course this would be unreliable inasmuch as it would be hearsay information.
"But, again, your objections are noted.”
Defendant did not testify at trial; instead he offered the testimony of one witness who related defendant’s and complainant’s behavior at the second bar. During closing argument, defendant’s attorney offered a defense of consent.
In his appellate brief, defendant now claims (without elaboration) that "evidence of [complainant’s] prior sexual conduct may logically be used to establish the probability of * * * consent”. Defendant does not characterize the above, excluded evidence as that of reputation, cf., People v McLean, 71 Mich 309, 312; 38 NW 917 (1888), with State ex rel Pope v Superior Court, 113 Ariz 22, 29; 545 P2d 946, 953 (1976); nor does he suggest that the instant "proof of prior sexual conduct pertains narrowly to acts evincing a pattern of voluntary encounters characterized by distinctive facts similar to the current charges”. Berger, Rape Cases in the Courtroom, supra, at 60. (Emphasis in original.) Furthermore, defendant does not even address the holdings below that the evidence should be omitted because (1) it raises a collateral issue; (2) it bears the strong potential for prejudice; and (3) it is unreliable hearsay.
In this context, then, with the evidence hewn in absolute terms and stemming from an uncertain source, we agree with the trial court that no logical inference can fairly be drawn from complainant’s sexual background which would shed light on the issue of consensual sex with defendant on the date in question. See People v Blackburn, 56 Cal App 3d 685, 690-691; 128 Cal Rptr 864, 866-867 (1976):
"The relevance of past sexual conduct of the alleged victim of the rape with persons other than the defendant to the issue of her consent to a particular act of sexual intercourse with the defendant is slight at best. The historical rule allowing the evidence may be more a creature of a one-time male fantasy of the 'girls men date and the girls men marry’ than one of logical inference.”
Similarly, see Advisory Committee Note to Fed R Evid 404 which acknowledges "doubts of the basic relevancy” of sexual-conduct character evidence to show complainant’s consent and recognizes that permitting such proof finds a basis "more in history and experience than in logic”.
Even if, arguendo, we were to recognize some marginal relevance on the present record, we fail to perceive an abuse of discretion in the lower court’s decision to exclude such evidence.
"The trial judge, here as whenever any evidence is offered for any purpose, enjoys the discretion of excluding relevant evidence if its probative value is outweighed by the risks of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues or misleading the jury.” People v DerMartzex, 390 Mich 410, 415; 213 NW2d 97 (1973). (Footnote omitted.) To the same effect, see People v Oliphant, 399 Mich 472, 489-490; 250 NW2d 433 (1976).
Accordingly, without suggesting that MCLA 750.520j; MSA 28.788(10) is necessarily free of all constitutional infirmity, see Berger, Rape Cases in the Courtroom, supra, 77 Col L Rev 1, 56-69 (1977), and the proposed statute therein, § 1(b)(1)- (7), at 97-99, we hold, as before, that absent demonstrably relevant evidence, defendant cannot require us to balance the previously cited state interests in promoting prosecution of sexual crimes against the fundamental requirements of the Confrontation Clause. Cf., Davis v Alaska, and United States v Nixon, supra.
VI.
We agree with defendant’s fifth appellate contention, namely, that the lower court erred reversibly in admitting, over objection, People’s Exhibit No 1 (a pair of ripped, semen- and blood-stained underpants) without first establishing that complainant wore the item on the night in question. People v Tobey, 60 Mich App 420, 430; 231 NW2d 403 (1975). We, therefore, remand the cause on this issue for an evidentiary hearing wherein complainant can aver or deny that People’s Exhibit No 1 was the undergarment she wore at the time in question. If she so avers, defendant’s conviction is affirmed. Otherwise, defendant would be entitled to a new trial.
Defendant raises one other assignment of error, but we find it meritless.
Affirmed in part; remanded for proceedings consistent with Part VI of this opinion.
Complainant’s mother, father and the examining physician testified that a reddish bruise appeared along complainant’s face and neck.
"Sec. 520j. (1) Evidence of specific instances of the victim’s sexual conduct, opinion evidence of the victim’s sexual conduct, and reputation evidence of the victim’s sexual conduct shall not be admitted under sections 520b to 520g unless and only to the extent that the judge finds that the following proposed evidence is material to a fact at issue in the case and that its inflammatory or prejudicial nature does not outweigh its probative value:
"(a) Evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with the actor.
"(b) Evidence of specific instances of sexual activity showing the source or origin of semen, pregnancy, or disease.
"(2) If the defendant proposes to offer evidence described in subsection (l)(a) or (b), the defendant within 10 days after the arraignment on the information shall file a written motion and offer of proof. The court may order an in camera hearing to determine whether the proposed evidence is admissible under subsection (1). If new information is discovered during the course of the trial that may make the evidence described in subsection (l)(a) or (b) admissible, the judge may order an in camera hearing to determine whether the proposed evidence is admissible under subsection (1).” MCLA 750.520j; MSA 28.788(10).
The "transcript” apparently refers to a transcript of a tape-recorded telephone conversation of September 11, 1975, between complainant and her brother Timothy, urging her to drop the charges against defendant. Timothy B. was later arrested on a charge of obstruction of justice, but the record does not reveal the resolution of this charge. Two others, however, were convicted on obstruction-of-justice charges stemming from similar pressures on complainant to recant.
This witness, a waitress at the second bar, testified that complainant and defendant "were sitting at a table kissing”. Earlier, complainant had testified on cross-examination:
"Q [Mr. Saperstein] * * * [W]ere you so to speak making out with Mr. Khan in the bars?
"A He was pulling on me, but I wasn’t making out with him, no.
"Q You weren’t kissing him or anything like that in the bar?
"A He would pull me and hold me there. I wouldn’t have no choice, I would pull away and I told him to stop, and he would tell me, you don’t like me, or something like that. But I wouldn’t pull on him or kiss him.”
Although the statute is silent on the defense of consent, we believe it impliedly comprehends that a willing, noncoerced act of sexual intimacy or intercourse between persons of sufficient age who are neither "mentally defective”, MCLA 750.520a(c); MSA 28.788(l)(c), "mentally incapacitated”, MCLA 750.520a(d); MSA 28.788(l)(d), nor "physically helpless”, MCLA 750.520a(e); MSA 28.788(l)(e), is not criminal sexual conduct. Otherwise, there would be no reason for the foregoing definitional sections to employ terms referring to an ability to appraise or control one’s conduct or to communicate unwillingness to an act. Nor would there be any apparent reason for permitting the discretionary use of evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with the actor, MCLA 750.520j(l)(a); MSA 28.788(10)(l)(a), other than to show previous instances of consensual sex. See, Note, 23 Wayne L Rev 203, 215 Fn 94 (1976). See also, People v Oliphant, 399 Mich 472, 510, n 8; 250 NW2d 443 (1976) (Levin, J., dissenting):
"The new criminal sexual conduct act does not speak in terms of the victim’s consent or will but of whether 'force or coercion is used to accomplish the sexual penetration’ or 'contact’. MCLA 750.520a, et seq.; MSA 28.788(1) et seq. The act provides that the 'victim need not resist the actor’. MCLA 750.520Í; MSA 28.788(9).
"The primary issue is whether force or coercion is used; non-consent may, it would appear, be an inference from evidence of force or coercion. Consent would, of course, be a defense. See generally Robinson, Civil and Criminal Evidence, 21 Wayne L Rev 437, 484 (1975).” Compare, People v Howell, 396 Mich 16, 23; 238 NW2d 148 (1976).
The correct view, we believe, is advanced in Nordby, Legal Effects of Proposed Rape Reform Bills: S B 1207 and HB 5802, submitted to the House Judiciary Committee on April 23, 1974:
"The present law imposes an extra and unfair burden on the prosecutor by requiring a showing of nonconsent in * * * [rape] cases. If actual force or threats of force sufficient to meet the 'force’ requirement can be shown, it is redundant to also require a separate showing of 'nonconsent’ as part of the case in chief. The laws of a few other states recognize the injustice in this situation by providing that proof of the victim’s consent can be shown as an affirmative defense but need not be established beyond a reasonable doubt as part of the prosecutor’s case. See, Calif. Penal Code § 261; Ohio Statutes § 2907.02; Pennsylvania Statutes § 3121. When the victim is threatened with a dangerous weapon, or is beaten, robbed or kidnapped, the possibility of her willingly consenting to sexual intercourse is so unlikely that it ought only be raised as an alternative theory for the defense rather than have to be shown from the outset. This is the approach of the proposed reform legislation.” Id. at 7-8. (Emphasis in original.)
Similarly, see the House Judiciary Committee analysis of Senate Bill 1207 (which bill eventually became the enrolled act) quoted in People v Nelson, (Amended Opinion), 79 Mich App 303, 318, f 31; 261 NW2d 299 (1977).
" 'The Manner in Which the Bill Addresses Itself to the Problem:
" '5. Non-Consent: The bill eliminates the present requirement that the non-consent of the victim must be proved “beyond a reasonable doubt” at the outset of a "rape” trial.’
"One 'Argument For’ the bill, presented in the same analysis, stated:
" 'The question as to whether or not the victim "consented” is not an issue in any felony other than rape. This bill would make the rape standard consistent with the standard for other felonies by allowing the victim to assess rationally the danger of injury or death and conduct herself/himself accordingly.’ ”
Accord: Comment, Towards a Consent Standard in the Law of Rape, 43 U Chi L Rev 613, 635 ff. (1976). | [
-0.01422119140625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0169677734375,
0.02392578125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0001354217529296875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0035400390625,
0.017333984375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0234375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.023681640625,
0.007537841796875,
0.045654296875,
0.0030975341796875,
0.03369140625,
0.020263671875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0498046875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.000560760498046875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0498046875,
-0.052001953125,
0.010498046875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.001861572265625,
0.005645751953125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.048583984375,
0.00396728515625,
0.021240234375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.005126953125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.068359375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.022216796875,
0.0289306640625,
0.025390625,
0.02392578125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.00020885467529296875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0244140625,
0.01043701171875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.015625,
0.031982421875,
0.013427734375,
0.005645751953125,
0.00121307373046875,
0.07080078125,
0.058837890625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0263671875,
0.033203125,
-0.0006256103515625,
0.00445556640625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.04833984375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0234375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.06298828125,
-0.019775390625,
0.058349609375,
0.02294921875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0615234375,
0.0009307861328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.019287109375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.037353515625,
0.01153564453125,
0.05859375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0069580078125,
0.028076171875,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.013916015625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0072021484375,
0.01495361328125,
0.05615234375,
0.068359375,
0.0185546875,
0.0269775390625,
0.025634765625,
0.00836181640625,
0.0849609375,
0.037353515625,
0.03564453125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.049072265625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.00035858154296875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0269775390625,
0.04833984375,
0.047607421875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.052734375,
0.03466796875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.028564453125,
0.04443359375,
-0.01708984375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.02197265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.029296875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.04345703125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0302734375,
0.049072265625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0128173828125,
0.0439453125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.04296875,
0.01104736328125,
0.029296875,
-0.0556640625,
0.0223388671875,
0.031005859375,
0.050537109375,
0.0028839111328125,
0.00113677978515625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0091552734375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.06005859375,
0.057861328125,
0.04296875,
0.011962890625,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.0517578125,
0.032958984375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.016357421875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.030517578125,
0.00017070770263671875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0126953125,
0.02392578125,
0.000873565673828125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0439453125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.039306640625,
0.032470703125,
0.01953125,
0.023193359375,
0.027587890625,
0.007293701171875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.0703125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.0137939453125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.009765625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0009613037109375,
0.055908203125,
0.01220703125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.00665283203125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.04736328125,
0.00445556640625,
0.03564453125,
0.030029296875,
0.0390625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.025390625,
0.04052734375,
0.00762939453125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.06103515625,
0.03466796875,
0.0169677734375,
0.035888671875,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.029296875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.04052734375,
0.018310546875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.025146484375,
0.058349609375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.044921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.011474609375,
0.00762939453125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0078125,
0.031005859375,
0.00164031982421875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.03515625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.025146484375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.000751495361328125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.036376953125,
0.025390625,
0.0013427734375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.05029296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.009033203125,
0.00015926361083984375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.05859375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.04931640625,
0.0279541015625,
0.042724609375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0478515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.03173828125,
0.037841796875,
0.046875,
0.029296875,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0341796875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.02099609375,
0.04150390625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.06689453125,
0.0196533203125,
0.033447265625,
0.06591796875,
0.0322265625,
0.036376953125,
-0.01318359375,
0.0390625,
0.046630859375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.03271484375,
0.058837890625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.037841796875,
0.01336669921875,
0.033203125,
0.051025390625,
0.0263671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.004913330078125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.03515625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0859375,
0.017822265625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0732421875,
0.051025390625,
0.02587890625,
0.02734375,
-0.023193359375,
0.029052734375,
0.00010967254638671875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.05078125,
-0.018798828125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0206298828125,
0.00750732421875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.017822265625,
-0.04736328125,
0.056884765625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.034912109375,
0.02587890625,
0.0069580078125,
0.000560760498046875,
-0.024169921875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.003875732421875,
0.03271484375,
0.007110595703125,
0.0162353515625,
0.00008440017700195312,
-0.0091552734375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.056396484375,
0.0016021728515625,
0.0089111328125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.0390625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.048828125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.01611328125,
0.0361328125,
0.015380859375,
0.00531005859375,
0.00037384033203125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.003662109375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.03662109375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01708984375,
0.01324462890625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.006591796875,
0.02294921875,
-0.047119140625,
0.031005859375,
-0.023681640625,
0.050537109375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.035888671875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.000583648681640625,
0.03955078125,
-0.006591796875,
0.036865234375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0244140625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0137939453125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0103759765625,
0.029541015625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.08984375,
-0.059814453125,
0.0341796875,
-0.000270843505859375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.041748046875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.00003933906555175781,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03955078125,
0.005859375,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.032470703125,
0.053955078125,
0.019287109375,
0.0004215240478515625,
-0.031005859375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.046875,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00634765625,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.039306640625,
0.033935546875,
0.044677734375,
0.02734375,
0.006103515625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.080078125,
0.056884765625,
-0.0302734375,
0.000484466552734375,
0.0242919921875,
0.001983642578125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.009033203125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0673828125,
0.0400390625,
0.00897216796875,
0.002838134765625,
-0.016845703125,
0.026611328125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0390625,
0.02880859375,
0.078125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.021484375,
-0.039794921875,
0.032470703125,
0.032958984375,
-0.03173828125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0128173828125,
0.0076904296875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.04296875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.03515625,
0.03515625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0595703125,
0.06103515625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04296875,
0.0247802734375,
0.041015625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0023193359375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.048828125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.042236328125,
0.04638671875,
0.042724609375,
0.0291748046875,
0.004791259765625,
0.020751953125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0341796875,
0.029296875,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.000614166259765625,
0.04052734375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.024658203125,
0.06396484375,
-0.052001953125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0205078125,
0.005401611328125,
0.031982421875,
-0.08642578125,
-0.004852294921875,
0.06103515625,
0.0020751953125,
0.052978515625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.017822265625,
0.03466796875,
0.020263671875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.04541015625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01416015625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00244140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00086212158203125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00225830078125,
0.01123046875,
-0.014892578125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.050048828125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0146484375,
0.025634765625,
0.0380859375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.047119140625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.02587890625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0595703125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.00262451171875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.025146484375,
0.026123046875,
0.01416015625,
0.0107421875,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0133056640625,
0.04443359375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.022705078125,
0.018310546875,
0.045654296875,
0.000213623046875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.037353515625,
0.041259765625,
0.0194091796875,
0.032958984375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0537109375,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0263671875,
0.029541015625,
0.005401611328125,
0.01416015625,
0.001861572265625,
-0.017333984375,
0.05810546875,
0.040283203125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.02587890625,
0.00927734375,
0.049072265625,
0.0142822265625,
0.013427734375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0213623046875,
0.05126953125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.017578125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0126953125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.068359375,
0.0016632080078125,
0.01025390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.030517578125,
0.01397705078125,
0.035400390625,
0.0301513671875,
0.03662109375,
0.04345703125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.02734375,
0.06884765625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.01409912109375,
0.037109375,
0.03955078125,
0.04296875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.023681640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0380859375,
0.03515625,
-0.0002040863037109375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0302734375,
-0.038818359375,
0.00011491775512695312,
-0.023681640625,
-0.002655029296875,
0.01416015625,
-0.09375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.029296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.005828857421875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01953125,
0.04296875,
0.021484375,
0.01708984375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00537109375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0223388671875,
0.049072265625,
-0.005615234375,
0.005035400390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.00799560546875,
0.00677490234375,
0.003448486328125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.003662109375,
0.03076171875,
0.0478515625,
0.0091552734375,
0.006866455078125,
0.057861328125,
0.003326416015625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0225830078125,
0.017578125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0250244140625,
0.000156402587890625,
0.03369140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.029541015625,
-0.06640625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.045654296875,
0.01904296875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.046875,
0.039794921875,
0.019775390625,
0.0291748046875,
0.034423828125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.030029296875,
0.03955078125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.03125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.007232666015625,
0.013916015625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.02099609375,
0.02685546875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.00017642974853515625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.08984375,
0.028076171875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.05078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.00634765625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.035400390625,
0.00494384765625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0107421875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.051513671875,
0.007171630859375,
0.00079345703125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.06689453125,
0.259765625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.03662109375,
0.042236328125,
0.026611328125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0242919921875,
0.005523681640625,
0.01373291015625,
0.04052734375,
0.0107421875,
0.042724609375,
0.06201171875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.028076171875,
0.078125,
0.0123291015625,
0.03076171875,
0.04296875,
-0.076171875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.047607421875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.037109375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.02587890625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.024658203125,
0.023681640625,
0.00156402587890625,
0.040283203125,
0.003143310546875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.05126953125,
0.031494140625,
0.08837890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01220703125,
0.039794921875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.03857421875,
0.02490234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02294921875,
0.0264892578125,
0.04345703125,
0.0205078125,
0.01806640625,
-0.03955078125,
0.01318359375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.060302734375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.038330078125,
0.05029296875,
0.045166015625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.06640625,
-0.01123046875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.002471923828125,
0.03515625,
0.006805419921875
] |
H. D. Stair, J.
Defendants James Roy, Jr. and Harrison Berrier were arrested and charged with four offenses: conspiracy to deliver heroin, MCLA 750.157a; MSA 28.354(1), MCLA 335.341(1); MSA 18.1070(41)(1), conspiracy to possess heroin, MCLA 750.157a; MSA 28.354(1), MCLA 335.341(4), MSA 18.1070(41)(4), attempted delivery of heroin, MCLA 750.92; MSA 28.287, MCLA 335.341(1); MSA 18.1070(41)(1), and attempted possession of heroin, MCLA 750.92; MSA 28.287, MCLA 335.341(4); MSA 18.1070(41)(4). Defendant Roy was also charged with wilful neglect of duty, MCLA 750.478; MSA 28.746.
Prior to the scheduled trial date defendants filed a motion to quash the information, asserting that they had been entrapped. After oral arguments and a stipulation that the trial judge consider the preliminary examination transcript in lieu of an evidentiary hearing, the court ruled that defendants had been entrapped and ordered all evidence suppressed and the charges dismissed. The prosecution brings the present appeal.
The facts of the present case were detailed at the preliminary examination. Ronald Stardevant, an inmate of Jackson Prison, wrote a letter to the Michigan Attorney General’s office seeking a personal interview. Special agent Charles Rettstadt, of the Attorney General’s Organized Crime Division, met with Stardevant on October 21, 1975. Stardevant expressed a fear that California authorities were in some manner seeking to interfere with his chances of parole. Stardevant sought the agent’s help in gaining parole. At one point of the conversation Stardevant mentioned the amount of drug traffic in Jackson Prison, but denied personal knowledge of the methods used.
At a second meeting Stardevant told Rettstadt that he had found out how drugs could be smuggled into the prison. The method was that an inmate who had a drug seller on the outside would pass on his seller’s phone number to an inmate who had a contact with a prison employee. The employee would phone the seller, meet with him outside of the prison, and then transport the drugs into the prison. The employee would give the drugs to his inmate-contact, who would then deliver them to the buyer. The employee and the inmate-contact would be paid a service charge for their part of the transaction. After hearing of this method Rettstadt instructed Stardevant to find out specific names of inmates who would arrange this type of drug deal.
At their next meeting Stardevant told Rettstadt that he had talked to defendant Berrier, a fellow inmate, and that Berrier had told him that if he had a contact on the outside that drugs could get into the prison. Rettstadt gave Stardevant a phone number and code name to pass on to Berrier.
Stardevant informed Berrier of the phone number and code name. A few days later Rettstadt received a call from a man, later identified as Roy, at the special number. Roy asked for "Duke”, the code name. Rettstadt arranged to meet with Roy at a shopping center parking lot.
At the meeting Rettstadt gave to Roy $100 in cash and a packet containing a facsimile of heroin that had been prepared by a state police chemist. Rettstadt told Roy that he would pay another $100 after he learned that his buyer (Stardevant) received the drugs. Roy at one point told Rettstadt that he was a prison employee, and another time said that he was a prison guard. In fact, Roy was a prison industries employee.
The next day Stardevant received a foil package containing a powdery substance from Berrier, which Berrier said had been brought into the prison from Stardevant’s dealer. Berrier apparently suspected that the substance was not real heroin and took some of it to test.
Stardevant gave the package to a prison security guard who then transferred it to Rettstadt. The chemist analyzed the substance and found it to be the same facsimile heroin he had originally provided.
When Berrier asked Stardevant why the heroin was fake, Stardevant replied that his dealer had not trusted the arrangment and had sent through a test package to see if it would actually reach Stardevant. Stardevant told Berrier to have his contact call the phone number again to set up the real transaction.
The same day Rettstadt received another call from Roy. A new meeting was set up. At the second meeting Rettstadt gave Roy more money and another package of facsimile heroin. Roy was then arrested as he drove out of the parking lot. Berrier was arrested inside of the prison.
In People v Turner, 390 Mich 7; 210 NW2d 336 (1973), the Michigan Supreme Court adopted for use in Michigan the "objective test” for entrapment. This test was originally set out by the dissenting opinion of Justice Stewart in United States v Russell, 411 US 423; 93 S Ct 1637; 36 L Ed 2d 366 (1973). In Russell, Justice Stewart stated the objective test as follows:
"[W]hen the agents’ involvement in criminal activities goes beyond the mere offering of such an opportunity, and when their conduct is of a kind that could induce or instigate the commission of a crime by one not ready and willing to commit it, then — regardless of the character or propensities of the particular person induced — I think entrapment has occurred. For in that situation, the Government has engaged in the impermissible manufacturing of crime, and the federal courts should bar the prosecution in order to preserve the institutional integrity of the system of federal criminal justice.” United States v Russell, supra, at 445.
The objective test thus focuses on the police conduct itself without regard to the predisposition of the particular defendant to have engaged in the crime.
Entrapment under the objective test is a legal question to be decided by the trial court. People v Sheline, 64 Mich App 193; 235 NW2d 177 (1975), lv granted, 395 Mich 817 (1975). The legal decision focuses basically on public policy grounds, specifically on which police tactics involving the detection and prevention of crime are justifiable in a free society. In Turner, supra, the Court criticized the use of the subjective test because it:
"fails to focus on the real concern in these cases— whether the actions of the police were so reprehensible under the circumstances, that the Court should refuse, as a matter of public policy, to permit a conviction to stand”. People v Turner, supra, at 22.
The present case involves a situation where the government agents were operating on both ends of a supposed drug transaction. The informant inside of Jackson Prison acted as the buyer and had direct contact with defendant Berrier. The undercover agent on the outside acted as the supplier and had direct contact with defendant Roy. This type of arrangement is sometimes referred to as a "take back” sale, where the intermediary between the two government agents is arrested for his part of the transaction. Although a different panel of this Court has held a "take back” sale to constitute entrapment, we do not find that the defense was established in the present case.
Focusing solely on the police conduct, as required by the Turner test, this Court does not consider that conduct to be reprehensible under the circumstances. It must be presumed that of the two defendants involved, the key person in the government’s view was Roy, the prison employee. Without a conduit who can freely bring drugs into the prison and transfer them to an inmate there would be no drug trafficking. Under these facts, the investigation centered on getting direct evidence of Roy’s involvement.
Roy, however, did not operate unless an inmate provided him with an outside source of drugs. To obtain the required evidence, therefore, it was necessary for the police to provide the outside contact. But the method of operation was not suggested by the police. The plan originated with Roy and Berrier. Nor did the police use any tactics calculated to induce the defendants to commit a crime they were not otherwise ready to commit. They merely followed instructions given them by Berrier.
In United States v Russell, supra, Justice Stewart stated his view that a person’s predisposition to crime should not expose him to unlawful government participation in the criminal transaction. He qualified that opinion, however, with the following statement:
"This does not mean, of course, that the Government’s use of undercover activity, strategy, or deception is necessarily unlawful. Lewis v United States, 385 US 206, 208-209; 87 S Ct 424; 17 L Ed 2d 312 (1966). Indeed, many crimes, especially so-called victimless crimes, could not otherwise be detected. Thus, government agents may engage in conduct that is likely, when objectively considered, to afford a person ready and willing to commit the crime an opportunity to do so. Osborn v United States, 385 US 323, 331-332; 87 S Ct 429; 17 L Ed 2d 394 (1966).” United States v Russell, supra, at 445.
In our judgment, the government agents in this case did nothing more than afford two persons ready and willing to commit a crime an opportunity to do so. The police conduct was not "of a kind that could induce or instigate the commission of a crime by one not ready and willing to commit it”. United States v Russell, supra, at 445. We find no entrapment in this case.
The order of the trial court is reversed. The case is remanded for reinstitution of the charges.
Quinn, J., did not participate.
Under the subjective test, adopted by the Russell majority, the focus of the entrapment inquiry is on whether the particular defendant was predisposed to commit the crime. If so, the entrapment defense is not available.
People v Stanley, 68 Mich App 559; 243 NW2d 684 (1976), see also Hampton v United States, 425 US 484; 96 S Ct 1646; 48 L Ed 2d 113 (1976) (Brennan, J., dissenting). | [
0.01239013671875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.01531982421875,
0.041259765625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.052490234375,
0.06201171875,
0.028076171875,
-0.003173828125,
0.003326416015625,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0038299560546875,
0.021484375,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.00738525390625,
0.013916015625,
-0.020263671875,
0.027587890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.019775390625,
0.002899169921875,
0.021240234375,
0.052978515625,
0.0419921875,
0.0174560546875,
0.00701904296875,
0.115234375,
-0.06982421875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.06298828125,
-0.08056640625,
0.0419921875,
-0.028564453125,
0.004150390625,
0.0201416015625,
0.038818359375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.076171875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.001678466796875,
0.04345703125,
-0.037109375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.00726318359375,
0.046875,
0.010986328125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.017333984375,
-0.05419921875,
0.01336669921875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.056884765625,
0.005462646484375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.025390625,
0.0198974609375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0205078125,
0.004669189453125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.02197265625,
0.03955078125,
0.03759765625,
0.0296630859375,
0.02294921875,
0.037353515625,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.04638671875,
0.06640625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0010833740234375,
0.043212890625,
0.00064849853515625,
0.044921875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.02978515625,
0.0224609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01007080078125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.029296875,
0.006591796875,
0.048583984375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.046142578125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.03515625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.05224609375,
0.041748046875,
0.03173828125,
-0.041748046875,
0.04150390625,
0.00494384765625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.00946044921875,
0.036865234375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.045654296875,
0.01055908203125,
0.0169677734375,
0.022705078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01397705078125,
0.03173828125,
0.033203125,
0.0556640625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0260009765625,
0.06591796875,
0.006500244140625,
0.060546875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.043701171875,
-0.02001953125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0035400390625,
0.046875,
0.015625,
0.02734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.048828125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.00445556640625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.05126953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.037353515625,
0.045166015625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00017452239990234375,
0.0234375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.0020751953125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.029052734375,
0.02685546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.034423828125,
0.03857421875,
0.01153564453125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.012939453125,
0.034912109375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0147705078125,
0.00445556640625,
0.06103515625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0693359375,
0.04052734375,
0.01300048828125,
0.00002014636993408203,
0.0194091796875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0302734375,
-0.046875,
0.023681640625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.039794921875,
-0.00341796875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.016357421875,
0.01483154296875,
0.035888671875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.020751953125,
0.00927734375,
0.0595703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.02001953125,
0.037109375,
0.01007080078125,
0.019775390625,
0.05615234375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.040283203125,
0.004608154296875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0062255859375,
0.02294921875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0255126953125,
0.055419921875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.018798828125,
0.0118408203125,
0.04541015625,
0.007354736328125,
0.003021240234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.008544921875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0004119873046875,
0.04833984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.05517578125,
0.020751953125,
0.0311279296875,
0.02294921875,
0.0252685546875,
0.032470703125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0142822265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.047607421875,
0.0283203125,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0146484375,
0.007720947265625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01904296875,
0.054443359375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.048828125,
0.0024566650390625,
0.03662109375,
-0.045166015625,
0.023193359375,
0.00095367431640625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.041015625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.0013580322265625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.004638671875,
0.0166015625,
0.0390625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0224609375,
0.0303955078125,
0.005828857421875,
0.03369140625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.048828125,
0.021484375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.04638671875,
0.036376953125,
0.01116943359375,
0.04052734375,
-0.037109375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.018798828125,
0.057373046875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.02734375,
0.0001430511474609375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0311279296875,
0.02099609375,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.02734375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0205078125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.029541015625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.006805419921875,
0.01373291015625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.061279296875,
0.000949859619140625,
-0.017333984375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00013828277587890625,
-0.0234375,
0.0277099609375,
0.034912109375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.00311279296875,
0.0390625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00836181640625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.03369140625,
0.037841796875,
0.031982421875,
0.031982421875,
-0.00152587890625,
0.057373046875,
0.04443359375,
0.043212890625,
0.02587890625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0478515625,
0.07861328125,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0020751953125,
0.0281982421875,
0.07373046875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.039306640625,
0.005462646484375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.068359375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.00311279296875,
0.034423828125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0225830078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.00004410743713378906,
-0.008056640625,
0.048583984375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.06494140625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.0087890625,
0.000934600830078125,
0.030517578125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.02880859375,
0.04541015625,
-0.017822265625,
0.028564453125,
-0.007415771484375,
0.023681640625,
0.0001659393310546875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0244140625,
0.021728515625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.048828125,
0.05029296875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.034423828125,
0.006927490234375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.03564453125,
0.00579833984375,
0.039306640625,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.037841796875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0086669921875,
0.03466796875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.003997802734375,
0.03076171875,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.018798828125,
0.03369140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.00009441375732421875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.019287109375,
0.031005859375,
0.016845703125,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.039794921875,
0.022705078125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.020751953125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.005645751953125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01611328125,
0.01239013671875,
0.0013427734375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0634765625,
0.0030670166015625,
0.07275390625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0205078125,
0.0235595703125,
0.06201171875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.03515625,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.04736328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.056640625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00189208984375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.02099609375,
0.0218505859375,
0.007080078125,
-0.025146484375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0322265625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.008056640625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0185546875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.03515625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.05078125,
0.031982421875,
0.014404296875,
0.0191650390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.028564453125,
0.06396484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.001861572265625,
0.00885009765625,
0.033935546875,
0.042724609375,
0.041259765625,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.03955078125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0064697265625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.036865234375,
-0.043701171875,
0.03564453125,
0.0634765625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.001708984375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0087890625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0068359375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.048828125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.00494384765625,
0.0164794921875,
0.043212890625,
0.0111083984375,
0.043701171875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.031494140625,
0.028564453125,
0.0233154296875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0016021728515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0546875,
-0.0020751953125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0069580078125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.08984375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01220703125,
0.036376953125,
0.038818359375,
0.035888671875,
0.032958984375,
-0.039794921875,
0.029052734375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.040283203125,
0.050048828125,
0.015869140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.046142578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.0013580322265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.002655029296875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0458984375,
0.00982666015625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01171875,
0.03759765625,
-0.08056640625,
-0.037841796875,
0.04443359375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.05029296875,
-0.08203125,
-0.045166015625,
0.00099945068359375,
0.007293701171875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.046875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.025146484375,
0.053466796875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.017822265625,
-0.01513671875,
0.01611328125,
-0.029296875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.015625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0011749267578125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.042724609375,
0.00970458984375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.029541015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.043701171875,
-0.005859375,
-0.001373291015625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0400390625,
0.004913330078125,
-0.014892578125,
0.01031494140625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.00070953369140625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.04150390625,
0.01318359375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0142822265625,
0.0303955078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01318359375,
0.041748046875,
0.0093994140625,
0.02490234375,
-0.017578125,
0.0030670166015625,
0.00360107421875,
0.048583984375,
0.0120849609375,
0.037841796875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.04296875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01513671875,
0.02001953125,
0.0311279296875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.005859375,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.037353515625,
0.04150390625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.00066375732421875,
0.0283203125,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.0242919921875,
0.01513671875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00628662109375,
0.04150390625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0018157958984375,
0.0615234375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0020294189453125,
0.014404296875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0341796875,
0.02099609375,
0.0164794921875,
0.017578125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.068359375,
0.0361328125,
0.050048828125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.053466796875,
0.0439453125,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.01806640625,
0.01043701171875,
0.01025390625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0419921875,
0.007080078125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.000629425048828125,
0.0048828125,
0.00421142578125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.07861328125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0341796875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.028564453125,
0.058837890625,
0.02099609375,
0.003631591796875,
0.01324462890625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.015625,
0.015625,
0.002197265625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.02490234375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.03515625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.017822265625,
0.05224609375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0107421875,
-0.035888671875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.023681640625,
0.039794921875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0269775390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.02734375,
-0.03759765625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.02734375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.053466796875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0205078125,
0.004241943359375,
0.031494140625,
0.0380859375,
-0.043212890625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01953125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0849609375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.017822265625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0576171875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.038818359375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.006622314453125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.017578125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.076171875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.04345703125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.004150390625,
0.0064697265625,
0.007568359375,
-0.032470703125,
0.03759765625,
0.017333984375,
-0.047607421875,
0.27734375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.023681640625,
0.027587890625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.052490234375,
0.017578125,
-0.02001953125,
0.044677734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.012451171875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00006866455078125,
-0.021240234375,
0.032958984375,
0.04248046875,
-0.003692626953125,
0.04736328125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.001800537109375,
0.039306640625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.000050067901611328125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.05078125,
-0.02978515625,
0.038818359375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.037109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.00738525390625,
0.07763671875,
0.00141143798828125,
0.045166015625,
-0.00091552734375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0390625,
0.01611328125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.057861328125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0003299713134765625,
-0.008544921875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.015625,
0.0634765625,
0.0296630859375,
0.00323486328125,
0.037353515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.015625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0235595703125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0042724609375,
-0.028564453125,
0.033935546875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.005523681640625
] |
Allen, J.
Plaintiff appeals a ruling of the Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) that an earlier Workmen’s Compensation Bureau (Bureau) determination that she was not totally and permanently disabled bars a renewed claim by the plaintiff unless she can show that her condition has changed for the worse since the first determination. We must decide whether the WCAB has properly applied the doctrine of res judicata in this instance.
The plaintiff injured her back in 1960, but continued working until 1963, at which point her back condition degenerated to the extent that she could no longer work. The defendant voluntarily paid benefits for several years, and the plaintiff underwent extensive treatment and multiple surgical procedures.
In 1967, she filed a petition for workers’ compensation benefits, requesting a ruling that she was totally and permanently disabled as that term was defined in the former 1948 CL 412.10(b)(7). The equivalent current provision is found in MCLA 418.361(2)(g); MSA 17.236(361)(2)(g). The hearing referee determined that the plaintiff was totally disabled and entitled to some benefits, but concluded that she did not have a "total and permanent disability” as defined by the cited statute.
The statute in effect at the time of the plaintiff’s injury limited benefits for total disability to 500 weeks. 1948 CL 412.9(a) [since repealed and replaced by MCLA 418.351(1); MSA 17.237(351X1)]. This limit did not apply to persons found to have a "total and permanent disability”. The 500-week limitation was removed by 1965 PA 44, but it nevertheless applied to the plaintiff’s case because —absent a clear legislative expression of contrary intent — compensation rights are determined under the law in effect on the date of injury. Briggs v Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co, 379 Mich 160; 150 NW2d 752 (1967). But cf. Lahti v Fosterling, 357 Mich 578; 99 NW2d 490 (1959).
When her 500 weeks of compensation benefits expired late in 1972, the plaintiff filed a new petition, again requesting a finding of "total and permanent disability”. The administrative law judge ruled on September 30, 1974, that the plain tiff was "totally and permanently disabled” and was entitled to further benefits.
The defendants appealed this decision to the WCAB which reversed the administrative law judge in an opinion which may be summarized by the following quotation.
"Defendants raise the doctrine of res judicata alleging that the issue of total and permanent disability was litigated in 1968 and absent a change in the plaintiffs physical condition, the issue may not be relitigated. There is no question that defendants are correct in their interpretation of res judicata in workmen’s compensation cases.”
The WCAB went on to find that the plaintiffs condition had not changed. It therefore reversed the administrative law judge and held that the plaintiff was not entitled to further benefits.
We hold that the WCAB misapplied the doctrine of res judicata in this instance. We therefore remand this case to the WCAB for reconsideration in light of the principles set forth below.
The doctrine of res judicata does apply to workers’ compensation proceedings. Hlady v Wolverine Bolt Co, 393 Mich 368; 224 NW2d 856 (1975). But Hlady, the present case, and the just released Morgan v Freedman Artcraft, 401 Mich 54; 257 NW2d 85 (1977), amply demonstrate that application of the doctrine in this context is extremely difficult.
Assuming, arguendo, that the plaintiffs condi tion has not changed since the date of her first hearing, and assuming a proper application of the doctrine of res judicata, she may, nevertheless, still be entitled to benefits for "total and permanent disability”.
For example, it is possible that the referee who entered the first award in 1968 found that the plaintiff was then suffering a total loss of industrial use of her legs but that it was impossible at that time to determine whether or not the loss was permanent. A premature determination of permanancy would have been unwise and unfair to the defendants since it would have created an 800-week conclusive presumption of "total and permanent disability” and required the defendants to pay benefits for that period even if the plaintiff completely recovered from her disability at an earlier date. Hlady v Wolverine Bolt Co, supra, notes that the prior determination is "conclusive of all matters adjudicable at that time”. 393 Mich at 376. In this context, the question of permanancy may not have been adjudicable at the time of the 1968 hearing. The fact that the disability continued through 1972 would be further evidence of permanency and might permit a finding at that time that the loss of industrial use of the plaintiff’s legs was, in fact, permanent and that she was, therefore, entitled to a finding of "total and permanent disability”.
We have so far proceeded on the assumption that the referee found in 1968 that the plaintiff had totally lost the industrial use of her legs but it was too soon to decide whether that loss was permanent. However, given the cursory nature of the referee’s decision and the fact that neither party appealed that decision, at least one other possible interpretation of that decision must be discussed.
Whether or not the referee believed that the plaintiff’s condition was permanent, he may have found no "total and permanent disability” because he found no "loss of industrial use of both legs”. While the statutory phrase has remained the same, the case law interpretation of that phrase has undergone a considerable evolution beginning shortly after the plaintiff’s 1960 injury date. Paulson v Muskegon Heights Tile Co, 371 Mich 312; 123 NW2d 715 (1963), Lockwood v Continental Motors Corp, 27 Mich App 597; 183 NW2d 807 (1970), Burke v Ontonagon County Road Commission, 391 Mich 103; 214 NW2d 797 (1974). Today it is clear that a back injury which prevents use of the legs qualifies as a "loss of industrial use of both legs”. But, at the time of the plaintiff’s injury and her first hearing, that interpretation had not yet clearly emerged. If the referee found no "total and permanent disability” because he thought that a back injury could not be a "loss of industrial use of both legs”, then the plaintiff may, in fact, not be able to recover unless her condition changes for the worse. This is because Hlady v Wolverine Bolt Co seems to say that her failure to appeal that earlier adverse finding means that she cannot now take advantage of Paulson, Lockwood and Burke.
As explained above, significant consequences follow from a choice of interpretations of the 1968 referee’s decision. If that decision is read as merely deferring a determination of the permanency of the plaintiffs injury, there is a very good chance that she will now recover full benefits for "total and permanent disability”. On the other hand, if the referee found in 1968 that she had not suffered a "loss of industrial use of both legs”, then the plaintiff still faces considerable obstacles to a recovery.
From the present record, we are unable to choose between the two possible interpretations. If, on remand to the WCAB, a choice is still impossible, we believe that the WCAB should adopt the first interpretation and proceed accordingly. Absent any other basis for determination, the WCAB should adopt the interpretation favorable to the plaintiff in order to effectuate the underlying intent of the workers’ compensation legislation. Wilson v Doehler-Jarvis Division of National Lead Co, 358 Mich 510; 100 NW2d 226 (1960).
The order of the WCAB is vacated and the cause is remanded to the WCAB for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
We here refer to "total and permanent disability” as specially defined in the former 1948 CL 412.10(b)(7), since repealed and replaced by MCLA 418.361(2)(g); MSA 17.237(361)(2)(g). A person may have a "total and permanent disability” within the meaning of the statute even though she is neither totally disabled nor permanently disabled in fact. Conversely, a person may be both totally disabled and permanently disabled in fact and still be found not to have a "total and permanent disability” within the meaning of the statute.
"Total and permanent disability * * * means:
"(7) Permanent and total loss of industrial use of both legs * * * .”
The Morgan decision held that a redetermination of the plaintiffs compensation entitlement was not barred by res judicata because "[t]he evidence available to the referee prior to his first decision was incomplete on these issues”. 401 Mich at 55. That ruling was made without citation of authority so it is not clear whether the Supreme Court is devising a new "incomplete evidence” exception to the res judicata doctrine. We have reached our decision in the present case without reliance upon Morgan.
A hearing on date X can adjudicate only the plaintiffs condition on that date and prior to that date. It cannot adjudicate her condition on dated X + 1, X + 2 * * * X + n. A new petition might be filed at a later date and a determination of her condition on that later date would be required. If no change in condition is found, that closes several avenues of recovery, but it will not always be a complete bar to recovery — as the present case demonstrates.
1948 CL 412.10(b)(7) states that permanency is to be determined "not less than 30 days before the expiration of 500 weeks from the date of injury”. If that phrase means not sooner than [496 weeks after injury] res judicata would not be a problem to the plaintiff. However, read carefully, the phrase seems to say not later than [496 weeks after injury]. Therefore, we do not rely upon this provision.
We have not attempted to resolve this question at this time. There are important differences between this case and Hlady. This plaintiff had very little incentive to appeal the 1968 determination because it did award her benefits for up to 500 weeks. She did renew the fight as soon as the earlier ruling began to cost her money, i.e., when the 500 weeks ran out. By contrast, Hlady waited without benefits for many years before reentering the courts when the law had changed to her advantage. | [
-0.000804901123046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0020751953125,
0.058349609375,
-0.031005859375,
0.007080078125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0478515625,
0.0205078125,
0.01422119140625,
0.03662109375,
-0.029052734375,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.023193359375,
0.026611328125,
-0.04638671875,
0.05908203125,
0.003631591796875,
0.039794921875,
-0.040771484375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0150146484375,
0.00531005859375,
0.04150390625,
0.05078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.000339508056640625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.049072265625,
0.006988525390625,
0.04345703125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.05419921875,
0.0047607421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.04736328125,
-0.054443359375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.01953125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.014404296875,
0.008056640625,
0.005126953125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.009765625,
-0.050537109375,
0.06884765625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.002197265625,
-0.041015625,
-0.00439453125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.041015625,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0004119873046875,
0.00537109375,
-0.000545501708984375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0234375,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.07373046875,
0.06201171875,
-0.00555419921875,
0.04541015625,
0.02587890625,
0.01123046875,
-0.034423828125,
0.024169921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.003753662109375,
0.00555419921875,
0.041259765625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.041015625,
0.017822265625,
0.046142578125,
0.021728515625,
0.056884765625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0133056640625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.006866455078125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00634765625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.027099609375,
0.034423828125,
0.057861328125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.04541015625,
0.0135498046875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00732421875,
0.04296875,
0.00677490234375,
0.01190185546875,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.047119140625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0224609375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.02880859375,
0.002685546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.038818359375,
0.028564453125,
0.052001953125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.01708984375,
0.07763671875,
0.0189208984375,
0.01116943359375,
0.004852294921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.013427734375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0003948211669921875,
0.02587890625,
0.02392578125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.041015625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0322265625,
0.0269775390625,
0.08642578125,
-0.009033203125,
0.005157470703125,
0.023193359375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0146484375,
0.0264892578125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0002346038818359375,
-0.046875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.020751953125,
0.000438690185546875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.012939453125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.01226806640625,
0.02734375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.05078125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.013427734375,
0.05810546875,
0.0322265625,
0.01904296875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.02197265625,
0.01177978515625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.00537109375,
0.0595703125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.047607421875,
0.00872802734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0048828125,
0.019775390625,
0.012939453125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0125732421875,
0.060546875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00830078125,
0.034912109375,
0.02978515625,
0.035888671875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.03271484375,
0.01251220703125,
0.058349609375,
-0.000438690185546875,
-0.03955078125,
0.031494140625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.047119140625,
0.007110595703125,
0.00927734375,
-0.0002460479736328125,
0.03271484375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.03271484375,
0.005859375,
-0.0625,
-0.033203125,
0.0218505859375,
0.037109375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.049560546875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0185546875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.041259765625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.046875,
0.09326171875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01953125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0625,
0.017578125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.001983642578125,
0.0556640625,
0.011962890625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.041259765625,
0.023681640625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0013885498046875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.021240234375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0341796875,
0.01141357421875,
0.0341796875,
-0.02734375,
-0.046875,
-0.031982421875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0067138671875,
0.00013256072998046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.044921875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.035888671875,
0.0186767578125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.021484375,
0.00408935546875,
0.00543212890625,
0.07421875,
-0.01123046875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.000054836273193359375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.080078125,
0.07958984375,
0.0244140625,
0.01458740234375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0179443359375,
0.012939453125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0458984375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0111083984375,
0.038330078125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0198974609375,
0.041259765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.046630859375,
0.04052734375,
0.0086669921875,
0.040771484375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.034423828125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.046630859375,
0.03857421875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0157470703125,
0.031982421875,
0.0201416015625,
0.01263427734375,
0.00439453125,
0.04052734375,
0.0517578125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0458984375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.01806640625,
-0.012939453125,
0.0255126953125,
0.020263671875,
0.034423828125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.02197265625,
0.01055908203125,
0.0234375,
-0.047607421875,
0.058349609375,
-0.04052734375,
0.032470703125,
0.00139617919921875,
0.033447265625,
-0.032958984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.022705078125,
0.05810546875,
0.01123046875,
-0.000469207763671875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.004669189453125,
0.00830078125,
0.060546875,
-0.02734375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0242919921875,
0.00921630859375,
0.00732421875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.02294921875,
-0.027099609375,
0.05517578125,
-0.03515625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.033203125,
-0.003326416015625,
0.033447265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.012451171875,
0.04541015625,
0.00787353515625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.056884765625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0250244140625,
0.024658203125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.047119140625,
0.058349609375,
0.001007080078125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.01708984375,
0.01092529296875,
0.0135498046875,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03515625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0113525390625,
0.027099609375,
0.00543212890625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00116729736328125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.024169921875,
0.03466796875,
0.005279541015625,
0.014892578125,
-0.052978515625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.07421875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.03857421875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.02490234375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.033935546875,
0.03125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0517578125,
0.01708984375,
-0.010009765625,
0.000835418701171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.08349609375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0286865234375,
0.044189453125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.006591796875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0234375,
0.01373291015625,
0.032958984375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0146484375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0091552734375,
0.04345703125,
0.0107421875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.039306640625,
-0.00604248046875,
0.00162506103515625,
0.0269775390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.017333984375,
0.00830078125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0152587890625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.000881195068359375,
-0.07958984375,
0.0281982421875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0164794921875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.009765625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.02294921875,
0.00055694580078125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0576171875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.033935546875,
0.06640625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.003143310546875,
0.076171875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.08544921875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.026611328125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.080078125,
0.02587890625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.05859375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.033447265625,
0.017578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0087890625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0380859375,
0.04296875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.044189453125,
0.00537109375,
-0.00081634521484375,
0.027099609375,
0.0361328125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.013671875,
-0.04931640625,
0.036376953125,
0.047607421875,
-0.07275390625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.00860595703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.07421875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0181884765625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.04296875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.009765625,
0.0263671875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.04296875,
0.01141357421875,
0.048095703125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.015869140625,
0.04150390625,
-0.000392913818359375,
0.059326171875,
0.0361328125,
0.049072265625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.022705078125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.055419921875,
0.02001953125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.03271484375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.03076171875,
0.00051116943359375,
0.0205078125,
-0.033203125,
0.0196533203125,
0.01373291015625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0458984375,
0.0106201171875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0283203125,
0.022705078125,
0.036865234375,
0.01434326171875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.046875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.030029296875,
0.046142578125,
0.041748046875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.029296875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.0703125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0086669921875,
0.00072479248046875,
0.00052642822265625,
0.03125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.010986328125,
0.0220947265625,
0.06884765625,
0.0478515625,
0.0087890625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.055908203125,
0.00506591796875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.03857421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.004425048828125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.046630859375,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0224609375,
0.036865234375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.064453125,
0.027099609375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.03271484375,
0.000614166259765625,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00634765625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0078125,
-0.056640625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03515625,
0.00372314453125,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.0419921875,
0.0147705078125,
0.05078125,
0.041259765625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0029296875,
0.01611328125,
0.03857421875,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.002899169921875,
0.00311279296875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.04296875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.04345703125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.01953125,
0.02392578125,
0.005889892578125,
0.01318359375,
0.053955078125,
0.047119140625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0087890625,
0.052001953125,
0.06591796875,
0.01129150390625,
0.01202392578125,
0.024169921875,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0341796875,
0.0018310546875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.017822265625,
0.058349609375,
-0.04638671875,
0.00144195556640625,
0.056884765625,
0.011474609375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0159912109375,
0.034423828125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0361328125,
0.005584716796875,
0.030029296875,
-0.032958984375,
0.006744384765625,
0.026611328125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.08203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.00762939453125,
0.016845703125,
0.00167083740234375,
0.0078125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.004638671875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0556640625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0003948211669921875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00537109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0245361328125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.03173828125,
0.023681640625,
0.043701171875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.024658203125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.047119140625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.04052734375,
0.037109375,
0.049560546875,
0.05419921875,
0.0220947265625,
0.00970458984375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.01171875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.02294921875,
0.01171875,
0.0263671875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.032958984375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0732421875,
0.25390625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.058349609375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0634765625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0014801025390625,
0.0101318359375,
0.04443359375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.034912109375,
0.007415771484375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0185546875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0732421875,
0.0174560546875,
0.026611328125,
0.0244140625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.059326171875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.03173828125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.00093841552734375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.03125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.001861572265625,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.057373046875,
0.04833984375,
-0.02490234375,
0.04638671875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.01043701171875,
0.05712890625,
0.025390625,
0.033935546875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.014892578125,
0.0517578125,
0.0244140625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.025146484375,
0.07421875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0380859375,
0.044189453125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.015625,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00106048583984375,
0.005096435546875,
0.057861328125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0234375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0390625
] |
T. M. Burns, P. J.
This case requires yet another venture into the abyss of the mechanics’ lien statute, MCLA 570.1 et seq.; MSA 26.281 et seq., for a determination of when and what a general contractor dealing directly with the owner must do before being allowed to foreclose a statutory lien. The circuit court found that plaintiff was required to file a notice of intent to claim a lien within 90 days after the project was begun, MCLA 570.1; MSA 26.281, and to file the contractor’s sworn statement of account, MCLA 570.4; MSA 26.284, within 90 days of completion of the project. Since P. H. I. Construction Company failed to do either within the time mentioned, the circuit court granted summary judgment to Riverview Commons Associates and other defendants.
I
P. H. I. entered into a contract as the general contractor with Riverview Commons for the construction of a shopping center on January 5, 1973. The first labor or materials were furnished pursuant to the contract on February 7, 1973. The last labor or materials were furnished on March 31, 1975. Within 90 days of this last date, June 20, 1975, the contractor recorded its lien statement with the Wayne County Register of Deeds. MCLA 570.5; MSA 26.285. Immediately before the com plaint was filed in this case, June 14, 1976, P. H. I. served a sworn statement of account on Riverview Commons. No notice of intent to claim a lien was ever served on the owner.
II
The trial court found that P. H. I.’s failure to serve notice of intent to claim a lien within 90 days of furnishing the first labor or materials pursuant to the contract invalidated P. H. I.’s claim to a lien. The trial court apparently relied upon this court’s split panel decision in Burton Drywall, Inc v Kaufman, 69 Mich App 85; 244 NW2d 367 (1976), lv granted, 399 Mich 875 (1977). P. H. I. asked that Burton Drywall not be followed or, alternatively, that it be applied only to projects begun after its release date.
We do not believe that Burton Drywall is controlling. Rightly or wrongly, the Supreme Court has stated that a contractor dealing directly with the owner is not required to file notice of intent to claim a lien, even after the amendment to the statute by 1929 PA 264. Mielis v Everts, 264 Mich 363, 364; 249 NW 875 (1933), Wallich Lumber Co v Golds, 375 Mich 323, 328; 134 NW2d 722 (1965). Members of the construction industry have understandably relied upon these pronouncements.
Nor should the lien be defeated by the contractor’s failure to give this notice. The purpose of the notice is to protect the owner from possibly unknown claims of those who have not dealt directly with him. The owner has notice of the claim of one with whom he has contracted. Wallich Lumber Co, supra. The owner should not be allowed to use a statute designed for his protection to defeat a lien where the purpose of the statute, notice, is fulfilled by direct dealing.
It is also clear that the panel in Burton Drywall was not required to address the direct dealing exception. Burton Drywall was a subcontractor dealing with the general contractor, not the owner. The general contractor had an interest in the ownership of the realty, but they were not the same entity. The owner of the general contractor was only one of the three partners in the ownership of the realty. Rather than attempting to strike down the direct dealing exception, the panel should have found it inapplicable. Cf. J Altman Co’s, Inc v Saginaw Plumbing & Heating Supply Co, 42 Mich App 747; 202 NW2d 707 (1972).
The trial court erred in granting summary judgment because P. H. I. failed to serve notice of intent to claim a lien within 90 days after the furnishing of the first labor or materials. Notice of intent to claim a lien was unnecessary because P. H. I. dealt directly with the owners of the realty.
Ill
The circuit court also found that P. H. I.’s claimed lien must fail because it had failed to timely serve the statement of account required by MCLA 570.4; MSA 26.284, on the owner. P. H. I. argues that it may serve this statement on the owner within the one year allowed to foreclose liens, MCLA 570.9; MSA 26.289, if it has timely recorded its statement of lien with the register of deeds, MCLA 570.5; MSA 26.285. Riverview Commons agrees that service of the § 4 statement may occur after the statement of lien, § 5, is recorded, but argues that it must occur within the same 90 days allowed for recording the statement of lien.
Unlike the other sections of the statute, § 4 does not contain its own time limit within which the statement of account required therein must be filed or the lien lost. In relevant part, the statute provides:
"The original contractor shall, whenever any payment of money shall become due from the owner * * * or whenever he desires to draw any money from the owner, * * * on such contract, make out and give to the owner, * * * a statement under oath of the number and names of every subcontractor or laborer in his employ, and of every person furnishing materials, giving the amount, if anything, which is due or to become due to them, or any of them, for work done or materials furnished, * * * . Until the statement provided for in this section is made, in manner and form as herein provided, the contractor shall have no right of action or lien against the owner * * * on account of such contract * * * MCLA 570.4; MSA 26.284.
The statute states only that until the sworn statement is served, the lien does not attach and no action can be maintained. It does not provide guidance on when the statement must be filed or the possibility of a lien forever lost. Nor have the cases specifically addressed this point. All that can be said from examination of the prior cases is that serving the sworn statement within the period for recording the lien is sufficient, while serving it beyond the period for enforcing the lien under MCLA 570.9; MSA 26.289, is not. Compare, e.g., Dittmer v Bath, 117 Mich 571; 76 NW 89 (1898), with Holliday v Mathewson, 146 Mich 336; 109 NW 669 (1906), and River Rouge Savings Bank v S & M Building Co, 359 Mich 189, 201; 101 NW2d 260; 91 ALR2d 409 (1960).
The Supreme Court has recently held that the statute should be liberally construed, Spartan Asphalt Paving Co v Grand Ledge Mobile Home Park, 400 Mich 184, 188-189; 253 NW2d 646 (1977), seemingly overruling a long line of cases which had limited liberal construction of the various provisions to a period after the lien had attached. See, MCLA 570.27; MSA 26.307.
Approaching the question in that light, we hold that the § 4 sworn statement of account may be served, and the lien perfected, at any time before the suit to foreclose a lien is begun. Strangers to the contract are given constructive notice of the contractor’s claim by the statement of lien recorded with the register of deeds within 90 days of the completion of the project P. H. I. timely recorded its statement of lien in this case. The owner is protected from claims for double payment from subcontractors, laborers or materialmen by his right to require a sworn statement before making any payments to the contractor. The statute should be interpreted in such a way as to protect liens, not require that they be extinguished.
In light of the above, the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment to Riverview Commons on the basis that P. H. I. failed to comply with § 4. The case is remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded. No costs. | [
-0.037353515625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.037109375,
-0.06103515625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0272216796875,
0.038818359375,
0.0087890625,
0.0242919921875,
0.019775390625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0068359375,
-0.026611328125,
0.037109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.04248046875,
0.014404296875,
0.03125,
0.00007152557373046875,
-0.013916015625,
0.0001392364501953125,
-0.002685546875,
-0.0002803802490234375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.06591796875,
0.0478515625,
-0.033203125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.028076171875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.007171630859375,
0.034423828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0458984375,
0.00010728836059570312,
-0.042724609375,
0.0126953125,
-0.04541015625,
0.059814453125,
-0.04052734375,
0.00830078125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0458984375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.024169921875,
0.019287109375,
-0.000492095947265625,
0.037841796875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.005859375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.012451171875,
0.019775390625,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.023681640625,
0.01336669921875,
0.00144195556640625,
0.04345703125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.04443359375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0257568359375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.045166015625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0025634765625,
0.03173828125,
0.041015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0233154296875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.01904296875,
0.01904296875,
0.08349609375,
0.01123046875,
0.0634765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.056640625,
-0.010009765625,
0.00726318359375,
0.031005859375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.037109375,
0.080078125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.003021240234375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.013671875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.014404296875,
0.01611328125,
0.0036163330078125,
0.0078125,
0.041015625,
0.035400390625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0115966796875,
0.01300048828125,
0.001861572265625,
0.051513671875,
0.027587890625,
0.059326171875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0107421875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.041015625,
0.00830078125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.02001953125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.048095703125,
0.02197265625,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.05615234375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.056884765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.015625,
0.0615234375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.03857421875,
0.057373046875,
0.01202392578125,
0.016845703125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.05712890625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0615234375,
0.017578125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0234375,
-0.039794921875,
0.052734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0341796875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0113525390625,
0.01409912109375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.022216796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0234375,
0.002685546875,
-0.0023193359375,
0.00958251953125,
0.003570556640625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0211181640625,
0.06201171875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.049560546875,
0.004547119140625,
0.018310546875,
0.0247802734375,
0.00933837890625,
0.03173828125,
-0.000896453857421875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.000560760498046875,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.050537109375,
0.0302734375,
0.00848388671875,
0.001068115234375,
0.0194091796875,
0.00127410888671875,
0.00860595703125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.03515625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.03564453125,
0.032470703125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.01708984375,
0.004730224609375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.01416015625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.056640625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0126953125,
0.034912109375,
-0.057373046875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.05078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0458984375,
0.006103515625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.04296875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.017578125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00005626678466796875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.02392578125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.037109375,
0.03125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.05029296875,
0.04638671875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.005889892578125,
0.0615234375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.020263671875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0238037109375,
0.01123046875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0030975341796875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0537109375,
0.036865234375,
-0.051513671875,
0.017578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.025390625,
0.003692626953125,
0.041015625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.035400390625,
0.026123046875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0283203125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.060302734375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.040771484375,
0.040283203125,
-0.022216796875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0400390625,
0.024169921875,
0.05517578125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.052490234375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0625,
0.0439453125,
0.036865234375,
0.00213623046875,
0.0147705078125,
0.032470703125,
-0.009033203125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0146484375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.06689453125,
0.029296875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.018798828125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.01458740234375,
0.022216796875,
0.037109375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0185546875,
-0.021240234375,
0.06787109375,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.001129150390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.000946044921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0654296875,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.044921875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.060546875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.07568359375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.03369140625,
-0.010986328125,
0.01422119140625,
0.00994873046875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.01904296875,
0.052490234375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.008544921875,
0.045166015625,
-0.0283203125,
0.05908203125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0556640625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.041015625,
0.033447265625,
-0.02734375,
0.01116943359375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0234375,
0.04150390625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.003265380859375,
0.00946044921875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.01416015625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00022220611572265625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.026123046875,
0.01361083984375,
0.034912109375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.015869140625,
0.00128936767578125,
0.021728515625,
-0.04150390625,
0.00092315673828125,
0.06396484375,
0.02197265625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0263671875,
0.076171875,
-0.01708984375,
0.00604248046875,
0.042724609375,
0.048583984375,
0.0252685546875,
0.031494140625,
0.031982421875,
0.0322265625,
0.03173828125,
0.013916015625,
0.036865234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0003185272216796875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0234375,
0.007171630859375,
0.04443359375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.030029296875,
0.021240234375,
0.02001953125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0595703125,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.027587890625,
0.0159912109375,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.037109375,
0.0205078125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.002838134765625,
-0.00390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0255126953125,
0.03662109375,
0.0042724609375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.059814453125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.046142578125,
0.005523681640625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.06494140625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.023193359375,
0.016357421875,
0.06982421875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0068359375,
0.0037841796875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.017578125,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00543212890625,
0.004425048828125,
0.00049591064453125,
-0.02978515625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.029296875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.044921875,
0.0230712890625,
0.00152587890625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.022216796875,
0.03125,
0.0096435546875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.078125,
0.03369140625,
0.0458984375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0322265625,
0.025634765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.025390625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.04443359375,
0.0272216796875,
0.017578125,
-0.0029296875,
0.01434326171875,
0.05126953125,
0.05859375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0107421875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0174560546875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.007476806640625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0279541015625,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.007354736328125,
0.01348876953125,
0.1025390625,
-0.01025390625,
0.006988525390625,
0.024169921875,
0.03076171875,
-0.044921875,
-0.00028228759765625,
-0.03369140625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.059326171875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0576171875,
0.01434326171875,
0.04931640625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0107421875,
0.01904296875,
0.0011749267578125,
0.0283203125,
0.03955078125,
0.02978515625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.046630859375,
0.0751953125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.02197265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.00005078315734863281,
0.005462646484375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.00096893310546875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.02001953125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0478515625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.018798828125,
0.021728515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0081787109375,
0.0546875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01251220703125,
0.0025634765625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.07373046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.024169921875,
0.023681640625,
0.017578125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0224609375,
0.00054168701171875,
0.03466796875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.017822265625,
0.042724609375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.036865234375,
0.03173828125,
0.0693359375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0576171875,
0.01513671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00421142578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00173187255859375,
0.017333984375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0238037109375,
0.01007080078125,
0.04638671875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.07568359375,
0.03466796875,
0.0106201171875,
0.019287109375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0234375,
0.01336669921875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0546875,
0.033447265625,
0.02392578125,
0.0181884765625,
0.06884765625,
0.0205078125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0283203125,
0.06591796875,
0.038818359375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0390625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.07275390625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0146484375,
-0.017333984375,
0.004669189453125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01220703125,
0.03857421875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0400390625,
0.03125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.002410888671875,
0.03076171875,
-0.010009765625,
0.03466796875,
0.0081787109375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.06640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.02685546875,
0.058349609375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.004119873046875,
0.050048828125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01171875,
0.0478515625,
0.003875732421875,
-0.03466796875,
0.024169921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.00148773193359375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.068359375,
0.02490234375,
0.055908203125,
0.06787109375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.048583984375,
0.0234375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00390625,
0.023681640625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0234375,
0.07177734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.043212890625,
0.046142578125,
0.0032501220703125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.04150390625,
0.005615234375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00341796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.01904296875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.049072265625,
0.025146484375,
0.00189208984375,
0.000732421875,
0.048828125,
0.01519775390625,
0.039306640625,
0.01434326171875,
0.02001953125,
-0.03125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.049072265625,
0.00836181640625,
0.019287109375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.003631591796875,
0.0016632080078125,
0.03759765625,
-0.05029296875,
0.263671875,
0.00775146484375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.03173828125,
0.0302734375,
0.017822265625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.01190185546875,
0.002410888671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0184326171875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01171875,
-0.023193359375,
0.06591796875,
0.0146484375,
0.0191650390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0439453125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0625,
-0.033935546875,
0.031982421875,
0.036865234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.015869140625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0128173828125,
0.004119873046875,
0.0031890869140625,
0.003265380859375,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.03955078125,
0.03466796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.01055908203125,
0.047119140625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.006103515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.031982421875,
0.046875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.009521484375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00238037109375,
0.038818359375,
0.01361083984375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.02197265625,
0.036376953125,
0.0439453125,
-0.023681640625,
0.04736328125,
0.05224609375,
0.0283203125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.03857421875,
0.02587890625,
0.02734375,
0.0084228515625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.07275390625,
0.0001277923583984375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00250244140625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00445556640625,
0.022216796875
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant was tried by jury and found guilty of first-degree murder and assault with intent to commit murder. He received concurrent life sentences for each offense and now appeals.
The instant prosecution arose out of events occurring on the morning of May 21, 1972. On that date defendant, Rueben Herrerra and Michael Colleran were riding in a rented 1973 Gremlin automobile in Oak Park, Michigan. Defendant was driving. All three men were on parole. Michael Colleran had a .38-caliber revolver on his person. There was also a sawed-off shotgun in the car. The shotgun was owned by defendant.
Oak Park Police Officer Henry Wolf began following defendant’s automobile which was exceed ing the speed limit. He reported the pursuit by radio. Defendant realized that he was being followed and became concerned over the fact that Colleran had a revolver on his person. Defendant slowed down and Colleran jumped out but he threw the revolver on the front passenger seat. Officer Wolf pulled behind the defendant and directed him to stop. Defendant left the car, met the officer midway between the two vehicles and produced his driver’s license. Wolf then accompanied the defendant to defendant’s automobile where he asked Rueben Herrerra for identification. A struggle between the three men ensued and Officer Wolf was shot in the back.
Defendant removed the officer’s body from the side of the automobile and drove off. As he did so, Officer Nimmor, responding to Officer Wolfs radio report, turned onto the street on which the shooting had occurred. According to Officer Nimmor, as the two cars approached one another, defendant rested a revolver on the steering wheel of his vehicle and shot at the officer. Ultimately, the two cars collided and defendant was taken into custody.
On appeal defendant argues, in part, that the trial court erred in permitting a prosecution witness to be called in rebuttal and in denying his motion for a directed verdict as to the charge of first-degree murder.
During cross-examination the prosecutor questioned the defendant as to his conversations with Frank Parker in the Oakland County jail following defendant’s arrest on the present charges. Defendant denied that he had admitted the shootings to Parker and that he had asked Parker to be a witness in his behalf. Parker was called as a rebuttal witness. Defense counsel objected on the grounds that Parker had not been indorsed on the information and that his testimony should have been introduced in the prosecutor’s case in chief. The trial court permitted Parker to testify.
Parker took the stand and testified that defendant had asked him to be a witness. He produced instructions, handwritten by the defendant, concerning the testimony which he was to give, and also a letter, written by the defendant to Parker’s wife, directing her to examine the scene of the shooting in order to determine the plausibility of the testimony. Parker also testified that defendant told him that he held Officer Wolf expecting Herrerra to shoot, and that when Herrerra failed to do so, defendant seized the officer’s own revolver and shot him. According to Parker, defendant also admitted shooting at Officer Nimmor during the attempted escape.
After cross-examining the witness briefly, defense counsel moved that Parker’s testimony be stricken and a mistrial declared on the same grounds earlier argued. Relying on its former ruling, the trial court denied the motion. The court granted defense counsel’s request, however, that his cross-examination of the witness be continued to the following day in order to permit further preparation.
The next day, after defense counsel’s cross-examination of Parker, defendant was called in surrebuttal. Defendant testified that it was Parker who suggested that he be a witness in defendant’s favor. Defendant further testified that he had maintained his innocence to Parker. He admitted writing the instructions and letter to Parker’s wife but stated that the exhibits were prepared at Parker’s direction. Except for Parker’s presence at the scene, defendant stated that the facts recited in the handwritten instructions were true. He further testified that he changed his mind about permitting Parker to testify after discussing the matter with defense counsel.
Defendant’s objections to the admission of the testimony were renewed in a motion for a new trial. The motion was denied.
The Michigan Supreme Court long ago ruled that the prosecution should not be permitted to divide the testimony upon which it proposes to prove its case. The defendant is entitled to have the testimony introduced in its proper order. People v Quick, 58 Mich 321; 25 NW 302 (1885), People v Wright, 74 Mich App 297; 253 NW2d 739 (1977), People v Parker, 65 Mich App 592; 237 NW2d 572 (1975). Evidence which tends to prove the commission of the crime itself or the immediate circumstances surrounding the offense cannot ordinarily be classified as rebuttal. People v Quick, supra. "Legitimate rebuttal testimony is limited to the refutation or impeachment of relevant and material evidence properly raised by the opposing party”. People v Ebejer, 66 Mich App 333, 340; 239 NW2d 604, 609 (1976). Also, People v Bennett, 393 Mich 445; 224 NW2d 840 (1975). An admission can only be presented during the prosecutor’s case in chief. People v Bennett, supra, People v Lowe, 71 Mich App 340; 248 NW2d 263 (1976). See, People v Parker, supra. The trial court erred in the instant case, therefore, by permitting Parker to testify in rebuttal. We do not, however, find the error reversible.
This Court will not reverse a conviction because of a trial error unless the error results in a mis carriage of justice. MCLA 769.26; MSA 28.1096. Two separate inquiries are involved in determining whether the error complained of substantially prejudiced the rights of an accused. First, whether the error is so offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process that it can never be regarded as harmless. Second, whether it is reasonably possible that in a trial free of the error one juror may have voted to acquit. People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551; 194 NW2d 709 (1972), People v Swan, 56 Mich App 22; 223 NW2d 346 (1974), People v Christensen, 64 Mich App 23; 235 NW2d 50 (1975).
The introduction of evidence in rebuttal, which properly belongs in the prosecution’s case in chief, is not an error which is always regarded as prejudicial. People v Rose, 268 Mich 529; 256 NW 536 (1934), People v Atcher, 65 Mich App 734; 238 NW2d 389 (1975). See, People v Ebejer, supra. In the present case, this Court is convinced that the exclusion of Parker’s testimony from rebuttal would not have altered the verdict as to either charge. Not only was the evidence of defendant’s guilt overwhelming, but Parker’s testimony in large measure merely duplicated testimony earlier given by other witnesses and by defendant himself.
Lawrence Connolly, who resided near the scene of the shooting, saw Officer Wolf standing next to the Gremlin leaning inside. Connolly witnessed the defendant struggle with the officer, grab Wolfs revolver, step back and shoot him. Another witness, Hoy Smith, who was driving near the scene, saw the defendant standing outside the Gremlin holding a gun behind his back and also saw the feet and legs of someone bending over the front seat of the vehicle. Smith testified: "[T]he accused either spun or pushed the officer and the gun came out from behind his back and went inside the car and there was a shot”. Other witnesses, while not seeing a weapon fired, corroborated the positions of the officer and the defendant and defendant’s struggle with Wolf, during which time defendant grabbed at the officer’s side. The Oakland County medical examiner testified that Officer Wolf died as a result of a gunshot wound between the shoulder blades. A state police officer trained and employed in firearms identification testified that the bullet which caused Wolfs death had markings similar to those contained in the revolver of the decedent. Officer Wolfs revolver was found on the ground near the defendant following defendant’s collision with the vehicle driven by Officer Nimmor. The testimony of Officer Nimmor regarding defendant’s assault upon him was fully corroborated by a second eyewitness. Finally, a forensic chemist testified that the presence of certain chemicals on defendant’s left hand, and the area of their concentration, was consistent with the defendant having fired a gun.
The testimony presented at trial concerning defendant’s actions and the location of the fatal wound to Officer Wolf demonstrates, in our opinion, that had Parker’s testimony been eliminated the jury would still have convicted the defendant of each offense.
Where evidence improperly presented in rebuttal merely expands upon or supports testimony previously admitted, no prejudice results. People v Leonard E Smith, 15 Mich App 173; 166 NW2d 504 (1968), People v Joseph Barbara, Jr, 23 Mich App 540; 179 NW2d 105 (1970), People v Rosemary Gibson, 71 Mich App 543; 248 NW2d 613 (1976).
Moreover, any prejudice caused by allowing the prosecutor to present at the conclusion of the trial evidence which properly should have been presented in his case in chief was dissipated by the fact that the court granted defense counsel’s request for a continuance to prepare for cross-examination of the rebuttal witness and by defendant’s surrebuttal testimony. People v Rosemary Gibson, supra.
This Court similarly finds that the trial court did not err in permitting Parker to testify notwithstanding the fact his name had not been indorsed on the information.
MCLA 767.40; MSA 28.980 provides that the prosecutor shall indorse on the information the names of the witnesses known to him at the time at which the information is filed. Additional witnesses may be indorsed on the information before or during trial by leave of the court. The mandatory requirement of indorsement and production has been restricted to res gestae witnesses. People v Kayne, 268 Mich 186; 255 NW 758 (1934), People v Davis, 343 Mich 348; 72 NW2d 269 (1955), People v Rimson, 63 Mich App 1; 233 NW2d 867 (1975). The purpose of the requirement is to protect the accused from false accusation, People v Kayne, supra, and to permit a criminal defendant an opportunity to prepare for cross-examination, Peo pie v Quick, supra, People v Hammack, 63 Mich App 87; 234 NW2d 415 (1975). The latter reason suggests that rebuttal witnesses, if known to the prosecutor, should also be indorsed on the information. People v Quick, supra, People v Rose, supra, People v Hammack, supra. See, also, People v Gaiter (amended order), 392 Mich 689; 222 NW2d 1 (1974).
The late indorsement of witnesses is within the discretion of the trial court, having due regard for the defendant’s right to a fair trial. People v Tann, 326 Mich 361; 40 NW2d 184 (1949), People v Harrison, 44 Mich App 578; 205 NW2d 900 (1973), People v Hammack, supra. Ordinarily, the late indorsement of a witness should be permitted and a continuance granted so as to obviate any potential prejudice. People v Harrison, supra.
In the case at bar, Frank Parker was never formally indorsed on the information. Nevertheless, defense counsel requested and was granted a continuance to prepare for cross-examination, People v Harrison, supra, his subsequent questioning of the witness was vigorous, People v Hammack, supra, and defendant’s surrebuttal testimony demonstrated counsel’s familiarity with the subject of Parker’s testimony some time prior to trial. Under the circumstances of the present case, the trial court did not err in permitting Parker to testify.
At the conclusion of the prosecution’s case defense counsel moved for a directed verdict as to the charge of first-degree murder. Counsel argued that the prosecutor had failed to introduce evidence from which the jury could infer that the murder of Officer Wolf was deliberate and premeditated. The trial court denied the motion. Defendant now attacks the ruling of the trial court as erroneous. We agree.
In reviewing a motion for a directed verdict of acquittal, the record as it existed at the time the motion was made must be examined in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether the people have introduced some evidence as to each element of the crime charged. People v DeClerk, 400 Mich 10; 252 NW2d 782 (1977), People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1976).
First-degree murder consists of the common-law offense of murder committed under any of the circumstances enumerated by statute. MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548, People v Morrin, 31 Mich App 301; 187 NW2d 434 (1971). In the present case defendant was charged with having murdered Officer Wolf with premeditation.
"To premeditate is to think about beforehand; to deliberate is to measure and evaluate the major facets of a choice or problem. As a number of courts have pointed out, premeditation and deliberation characterize a thought process undisturbed by hot blood. While the minimum time necessary to exercise this process is incapable of exact determination, the interval between initial thought and ultimate action should be long enough to afford a reasonable man time to subject the nature of his response to a 'second look’ ”. People v Morrin, supra, at 329-330; 187 NW2d 449. (Footnotes omitted.)
Accord, People v Vail, 393 Mich 460; 227 NW2d 535 (1975), People v Moss, 70 Mich App 18; 245 NW2d 389 (1976). Factors to be considered in determining whether the accused had an opportunity to subject his actions to a second look include: (1) the previous relationship of the parties, (2) the defendant’s actions prior to the actual killing, (3) the circumstances of the killing itself, and (4) the defendant’s conduct after the homicide. People v Berthiaume, 59 Mich App 451; 229 NW2d 497 (1975), People v Gill, 43 Mich App 598; 204 NW2d 699 (1972).
We have reviewed all of the evidence relating to the circumstances surrounding the commission of the instant crime. We are persuaded that that evidence will not support the inference that the defendant murdered Officer Wolf with premeditation and deliberation. Accordingly, we remand the present cáse for the entry of a judgment convicting defendant of second-degree murder and for resentencing on that conviction. People v Hoffmeister, 394 Mich 155; 229 NW2d 305 (1975), People v Morrin, supra.
We have carefully considered the remaining issues raised by the defendant and find them to be without merit.
Affirmed in part; modified in part; and remanded.
MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548.
MCLA 750.83; MSA 28.278.
Defendant was unconcerned with the presence of the sawed-off shotgun in the automobile being of the opinion that its possession did not constitute a felony.
An error deliberately injected by the prosecution is such an affront to the maintenance of a sound judicial system that it automatically requires reversal. People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551; 194 NW2d 709 (1972), People v Swan, 56 Mich App 22; 223 NW2d 346 (1974).
Following the definitive ruling of the Supreme Court in People v Bennett, 393 Mich 445; 224 NW2d 840 (1975), regarding the introduction of admissions, an error such as that which occurred in the present case might well be regarded as intentional. In the present case, however, we note that the trial occurred eight months prior to the Court’s decision and that the procedure followed in the case at bar had previously been upheld by the Court. People v DeLano, 318 Mich 557; 28 NW2d 909 (1947), cert den, 334 US 818; 68 S Ct 1082; 92 L Ed 1748 (1948). | [
0.006439208984375,
0.0001354217529296875,
0.0054931640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.044189453125,
0.07373046875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.05615234375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.01171875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0001850128173828125,
0.03466796875,
0.0084228515625,
0.01055908203125,
0.005340576171875,
0.078125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.056884765625,
-0.0693359375,
0.0181884765625,
0.021484375,
0.048583984375,
-0.000823974609375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.053955078125,
0.00567626953125,
0.00162506103515625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.05908203125,
0.037841796875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0023040771484375,
0.017578125,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00897216796875,
0.03369140625,
0.043701171875,
0.03271484375,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.033935546875,
0.031005859375,
-0.000225067138671875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.016845703125,
-0.002960205078125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0255126953125,
0.040771484375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0184326171875,
0.01239013671875,
0.0302734375,
0.005218505859375,
0.006103515625,
0.06103515625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.051513671875,
0.0283203125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.059326171875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0595703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.033203125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.007476806640625,
-0.01220703125,
0.0194091796875,
0.018798828125,
0.039794921875,
0.023193359375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.01171875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.026123046875,
0.0439453125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.04931640625,
0.033203125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03759765625,
0.01611328125,
0.04150390625,
0.02490234375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.040283203125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0057373046875,
0.0255126953125,
0.04150390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0166015625,
0.04345703125,
0.01953125,
0.0177001953125,
0.01141357421875,
0.06103515625,
0.0302734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.05908203125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0732421875,
0.005279541015625,
0.034912109375,
0.039306640625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.000051021575927734375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0299072265625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.02392578125,
0.04736328125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.00921630859375,
0.000217437744140625,
0.0021514892578125,
0.007415771484375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.000522613525390625,
0.016357421875,
0.0169677734375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0341796875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0234375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0302734375,
0.00811767578125,
0.032958984375,
0.05029296875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.043212890625,
0.03076171875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.06396484375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.033203125,
0.08740234375,
0.036376953125,
0.01513671875,
-0.00537109375,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0096435546875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.013671875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.006072998046875,
0.04296875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.076171875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.059814453125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.05810546875,
0.013427734375,
0.01434326171875,
0.0703125,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.031982421875,
0.03125,
0.015380859375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01220703125,
0.058837890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0152587890625,
0.01953125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.04443359375,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.01123046875,
0.001556396484375,
0.0081787109375,
0.013916015625,
-0.037109375,
-0.029296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0087890625,
0.059326171875,
-0.0205078125,
0.021240234375,
0.030029296875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.033935546875,
0.031494140625,
0.033935546875,
-0.03759765625,
0.03125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.013671875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.08642578125,
0.020263671875,
0.030029296875,
-0.035888671875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.03369140625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.002685546875,
0.02978515625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0223388671875,
0.036376953125,
0.049560546875,
0.006256103515625,
0.07421875,
0.0007171630859375,
0.00433349609375,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0517578125,
0.0034027099609375,
0.0234375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.03466796875,
0.013671875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.03759765625,
0.00848388671875,
0.0272216796875,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0233154296875,
0.019775390625,
0.0556640625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.013671875,
-0.07470703125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0185546875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0712890625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.013671875,
0.028564453125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.064453125,
0.0146484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0693359375,
-0.012939453125,
0.01019287109375,
0.01031494140625,
0.006439208984375,
0.0296630859375,
0.013427734375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0341796875,
0.0013885498046875,
0.0235595703125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.037109375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0002498626708984375,
-0.03662109375,
0.021484375,
0.0079345703125,
0.0380859375,
0.01434326171875,
0.044921875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.055419921875,
0.0380859375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.02685546875,
0.08544921875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.032470703125,
0.050537109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.000720977783203125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.05078125,
0.058349609375,
0.01007080078125,
0.0439453125,
-0.02734375,
0.02001953125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00138092041015625,
0.0220947265625,
0.08251953125,
-0.0166015625,
0.043701171875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.05517578125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.006195068359375,
0.0118408203125,
0.019775390625,
0.03271484375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.038330078125,
0.026611328125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.076171875,
0.0283203125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.04296875,
0.01446533203125,
0.029541015625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.011962890625,
0.03759765625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0145263671875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.029052734375,
0.00010585784912109375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.004791259765625,
0.02197265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.01953125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.046875,
0.00018310546875,
0.003631591796875,
0.0234375,
0.0087890625,
0.031005859375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.014892578125,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0517578125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.01513671875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.05224609375,
-0.059326171875,
0.003326416015625,
0.013427734375,
-0.036865234375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0264892578125,
0.029541015625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0322265625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.06640625,
-0.031982421875,
0.04296875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0277099609375,
0.00049591064453125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.000461578369140625,
0.0198974609375,
0.08056640625,
0.006378173828125,
0.010498046875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.03515625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.048828125,
0.05908203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0361328125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.005218505859375,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.003570556640625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0390625,
0.003387451171875,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0478515625,
0.04541015625,
0.0703125,
-0.013671875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.038330078125,
0.044189453125,
0.041748046875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.02001953125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.049560546875,
0.005279541015625,
0.001220703125,
0.041748046875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.024658203125,
0.03515625,
0.01092529296875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0546875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.059326171875,
0.02734375,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.02734375,
0.00011157989501953125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.02734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.039306640625,
0.01324462890625,
0.0113525390625,
0.01177978515625,
0.01806640625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.02099609375,
0.0218505859375,
0.025390625,
-0.031494140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.06787109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.01092529296875,
0.00634765625,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.021484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.08740234375,
-0.041015625,
0.0390625,
-0.0126953125,
0.03515625,
-0.08447265625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.040283203125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.033203125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.022705078125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.02734375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.01324462890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.014404296875,
0.006011962890625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0003528594970703125,
-0.036376953125,
0.027587890625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0322265625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.044921875,
-0.000644683837890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0106201171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.024658203125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.03076171875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0458984375,
0.007080078125,
-0.036376953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.031982421875,
0.03759765625,
0.01513671875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0390625,
0.027099609375,
0.044189453125,
0.020751953125,
0.0263671875,
0.0115966796875,
0.044189453125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.056884765625,
0.021484375,
0.0230712890625,
0.02099609375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.006378173828125,
0.00014781951904296875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0269775390625,
0.003753662109375,
0.041015625,
0.021484375,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.05908203125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.06982421875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.013427734375,
0.005096435546875,
0.002227783203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0003719329833984375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.015625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0005340576171875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.06689453125,
0.003875732421875,
0.01513671875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.01416015625,
0.033935546875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.02734375,
-0.037841796875,
0.059326171875,
0.05810546875,
0.043212890625,
0.0128173828125,
0.0302734375,
0.0390625,
0.041015625,
0.031982421875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.010009765625,
0.044677734375,
0.0220947265625,
0.020263671875,
0.056396484375,
-0.0302734375,
0.00848388671875,
0.00299072265625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.030517578125,
-0.0654296875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.000835418701171875,
0.003448486328125,
0.055908203125,
0.016357421875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.05908203125,
0.029052734375,
-0.02734375,
0.006103515625,
0.00604248046875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.01043701171875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.046875,
0.006378173828125,
0.011962890625,
0.05322265625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.022705078125,
0.048095703125,
0.00012969970703125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.014892578125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.033935546875,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.052001953125,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.02001953125,
0.012939453125,
0.01153564453125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.04345703125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0068359375,
0.048095703125,
0.0016326904296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0198974609375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.07568359375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.040283203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.031982421875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.047119140625,
0.044677734375,
0.029296875,
0.022705078125,
0.01953125,
0.03076171875,
0.0189208984375,
0.057861328125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.01287841796875,
0.009765625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0072021484375,
0.0098876953125,
0.00390625,
0.031005859375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.000492095947265625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0008544921875,
-0.045166015625,
0.25,
-0.0001735687255859375,
-0.0224609375,
0.038330078125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0439453125,
0.038818359375,
0.03125,
-0.0537109375,
0.002166748046875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.033203125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.03564453125,
0.0242919921875,
0.00616455078125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.05078125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.00115966796875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.041015625,
0.033203125,
0.013671875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.043701171875,
0.02783203125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.03466796875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.006744384765625,
0.001953125,
0.04248046875,
0.03759765625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0111083984375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.07421875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.047607421875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.06591796875,
0.005401611328125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0162353515625,
0.01043701171875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0693359375,
0.01611328125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0400390625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.0654296875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.016357421875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0030364990234375,
0.023681640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.00109100341796875,
0.00183868408203125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.02294921875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00848388671875
] |
D. C. Riley, P.J.
This case involves an appeal from a judgment on an arbitration award and from a subsequent order modifying that judgment. The merits of the award itself are not challenged.
Plaintiffs were involved in an automobile accident on March 1, 1976, with an individual named White. On November 11, 1978, plaintiffs commenced a lawsuit against White, seeking damages for injuries caused by the accident. Sometime thereafter, plaintiffs discovered that White was uninsured. On August 10, 1979, plaintiffs filed a demand for arbitration of a disputed claim under the uninsured motorist coverage provisions of their insurance policy with defendant. That demand was received by Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange (DAIIE) on August 13, 1979. On February 6, 1981, the arbitrators rendered an award in favor of plaintiff Mary Moultrie in the amount of $11,500. Plaintiff John Moultrie was awarded no damages.
Sometime during the spring of 1981, plaintiffs filed a motion for an order confirming the arbitration award and a motion for entry of judgment. Plaintiffs brought those motions under the docket number assigned to their action against Mr. White, the individual involved in the accident, but named DAIIE as defendant. On October 9, 1981, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motions and entered an order confirming award of arbitrators and a judgment on award of arbitration which included an award of interest at five percent per annum from August 13, 1979, the date of defendant’s receipt of plaintiffs’ demand for arbitration, as well as costs.
The trial court subsequently granted plaintiffs’ motion for rehearing and on October 9, 1981, it entered an order modifying its earlier judgment to "provide for interest at the rate established by MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013 of 6% [percent] per annum from” the date of plaintiffs’ filing of their complaint against White, the uninsured motorist.
Defendant appeals as of right alleging that the trial court erred as a matter of law in awarding interest, pursuant to MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013, on the arbitration award from the date that plaintiffs filed their complaint against White, as it was not a party to that action. We agree.
In Osinski v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Ex change, 69 Mich App 426, 428; 245 NW2d 76 (1976), this Court reversed an award of interest on an arbitration award, pursuant to MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013, from the date of filing the arbitration award, noting:
"By its express terms § 6013 applies only to a money judgment recovered in a 'civil action’ and permits interest to accrue from the date of filing the complaint. A civil action is commenced only 'by filing a complaint with the Court’. GCR 1963, 101; MCL 600.1901; MSA 27A.1901. In the instant case the arbitration proceedings were instituted by a filing of a claim for arbitration with the insurance company — not a complaint with the court. The pre-circuit court proceedings simply were not the equivalent of civil action, and therefore § 6013 does not authorize the payment or receipt of interest on an arbitration award entered prior to the filing of a complaint with the circuit court.”
The Court went on to hold that, based on MCL 438.7; MSA 19.4 and MCL 438.31; MSA 19.15(1), the proper interest on the arbitration award was five percent from the date the award was made and not from the date of filing the demand for arbitration. Osinski, supra, pp 428-430. Accord Reinshuttle v Aetna Life & Casualty Ins Co, Inc, 72 Mich App 74; 248 NW2d 671 (1976); Babayan v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exchange, 121 Mich App —; — NW2d — (1982). We are in accord with those decisions and, therefore, we hold that plaintiffs were entitled to interest on the arbitration award at the rate of five percent per annum from February 6, 1981, the date of the arbitration award.
Moreover, we note that plaintiffs’ reliance on an unpublishéd opinion of this Court is misplaced since unpublished opinions are of no precedential value. See Borgess Hospital v Berrien County, 114 Mich App 385, 386, fn 1; 319 NW2d 354 (1982).
Inasmuch as defendant was not a party to plaintiffs’ action against the uninsured motorist, White, it would be inappropriate to use the date of filing of that complaint as the date from which interest should commence.
Further, we reject plaintiffs’ position that under the provisions of their insurance contract defendant was obligated to pay interest pursuant to MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013. Assuming, without deciding, that this issue was properly before the trial court, we would hold that the court erred in its interpretation of the contract.
The contract in question obligated the defendant to pay "all sums the insured shall be legally entitled to recover as damages”. Defendant correctly points out that the term "damages” does not include prejudgment interest. Dittus v Geyman, 68 Mich App 433, 438-439; 242 NW2d 800 (1976), lv den 397 Mich 837 (1976). We conclude, therefore, that under the provisions of the insurance contract, defendant was not obligated to pay interest. Plaintiffs are only entitled to recover interest pursuant to MCL 438.7, 438.31; MSA 19.4, 19.15(1).
Defendant also contends that the trial court erred as a matter of law in awarding plaintiffs the costs of the arbitration proceedings. We disagree. An identical claim was rejected by this Court in its recent decision in Babayan, supra, wherein the Court held that MCL 600.2401 et seq.; MSA 27A.2401 et seq., authorizes circuit courts to award certain costs incurred in special proceedings. GCR 1963, 769.12 provides that costs in confirming an arbitration award will be taxed as in all civil actions, which, under GCR 1963, 526.1, means that costs will be allowed the prevailing party. Neither MCL 600.2401 et seq.; MSA 27A.2401 et seq., nor GCR 1963, 769.12, expressly limit allowable costs to those incurred after the filing of the petition in circuit court, and subrule 769.12 expressly provides that the circuit courts may allow "for the fees and expenses of the arbitrators”.
We conclude that the trial court did not err in awarding costs as part of its order confirming the arbitration award. This case is remanded for modification of the award of interest pursuant to MCL 438.31; MSA 19.15(1).
Reversed in part and affirmed in part.
No costs, neither party having prevailed in full.
Wahls, J., concurred. | [
-0.08251953125,
0.007568359375,
0.00165557861328125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.048095703125,
0.00384521484375,
0.06884765625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0015106201171875,
-0.0014190673828125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.039306640625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.003814697265625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0166015625,
0.06201171875,
0.019287109375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0185546875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.046875,
-0.048095703125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0380859375,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.014892578125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.08447265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0634765625,
-0.04296875,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.00081634521484375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.007080078125,
0.0040283203125,
0.036376953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.045654296875,
0.0361328125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0087890625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00095367431640625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0086669921875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.045654296875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.056396484375,
0.003875732421875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.026123046875,
-0.051025390625,
0.04638671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.024658203125,
0.05126953125,
0.050048828125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.020751953125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.032958984375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.044921875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0458984375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01611328125,
0.015869140625,
0.0244140625,
0.0048828125,
0.0294189453125,
0.007080078125,
-0.057373046875,
0.025634765625,
-0.000579833984375,
0.044189453125,
-0.03125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0556640625,
-0.013671875,
0.005889892578125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0106201171875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0087890625,
0.034423828125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0322265625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.02294921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.030517578125,
0.01953125,
0.04541015625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0224609375,
0.04833984375,
0.0419921875,
0.04345703125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01953125,
-0.036865234375,
0.0150146484375,
0.05419921875,
0.044677734375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0087890625,
0.005889892578125,
0.0096435546875,
0.006744384765625,
0.00927734375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00396728515625,
0.01495361328125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.00098419189453125,
-0.042236328125,
0.06103515625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.05712890625,
0.0150146484375,
0.0267333984375,
0.048095703125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.015625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0004291534423828125,
0.041748046875,
-0.01220703125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.04443359375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.048828125,
0.044677734375,
0.004974365234375,
0.006866455078125,
0.022216796875,
0.024658203125,
0.02490234375,
0.0252685546875,
0.003692626953125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.032958984375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.05224609375,
0.06640625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0263671875,
-0.023193359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.01068115234375,
0.050048828125,
0.005706787109375,
0.03125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01416015625,
0.039306640625,
-0.02734375,
0.027099609375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.02880859375,
0.006561279296875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0147705078125,
0.0302734375,
0.02197265625,
0.020263671875,
-0.00335693359375,
0.046875,
0.04541015625,
0.02001953125,
0.0001621246337890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.029541015625,
0.02099609375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0289306640625,
0.031982421875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0172119140625,
0.005157470703125,
0.052001953125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.030517578125,
0.005859375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.048828125,
-0.033203125,
-0.01953125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.076171875,
-0.00067138671875,
-0.038818359375,
0.07861328125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.027587890625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.047607421875,
0.02783203125,
-0.021240234375,
0.039794921875,
-0.045166015625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.028564453125,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.060546875,
-0.036865234375,
0.00762939453125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.03369140625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00147247314453125,
0.044677734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.019775390625,
0.02880859375,
0.0015716552734375,
0.036865234375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0034027099609375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.029296875,
-0.018798828125,
0.019287109375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.01019287109375,
0.01263427734375,
0.01458740234375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.000354766845703125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.036865234375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.033203125,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0155029296875,
0.040283203125,
0.0322265625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0177001953125,
0.00457763671875,
0.01092529296875,
0.03759765625,
0.018798828125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.043701171875,
0.06201171875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.05859375,
0.038818359375,
0.01708984375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.005645751953125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.013427734375,
0.021728515625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.000217437744140625,
-0.046875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0140380859375,
0.01263427734375,
0.028076171875,
0.0103759765625,
0.038818359375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0244140625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.00213623046875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.02587890625,
0.045166015625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.018798828125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0128173828125,
0.03125,
0.0712890625,
0.012451171875,
0.0096435546875,
0.022216796875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.015625,
-0.007080078125,
0.03466796875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0185546875,
0.0245361328125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.064453125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0322265625,
-0.033203125,
0.09130859375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.03173828125,
-0.05908203125,
0.00022220611572265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.029541015625,
0.004180908203125,
0.0157470703125,
0.08056640625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.02392578125,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.0302734375,
0.01214599609375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0091552734375,
0.052490234375,
0.02734375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0810546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.043212890625,
0.01495361328125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.033935546875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0016632080078125,
0.0030517578125,
0.056640625,
0.045654296875,
-0.052978515625,
0.001861572265625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.05078125,
-0.0078125,
0.0234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.03125,
0.006866455078125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0458984375,
0.01123046875,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.00124359130859375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.019287109375,
0.00003719329833984375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0093994140625,
0.026611328125,
0.019287109375,
-0.052734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.027587890625,
-0.01123046875,
0.035888671875,
0.043701171875,
0.0029449462890625,
0.000164031982421875,
0.017822265625,
0.047607421875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.050537109375,
0.00836181640625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0133056640625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.00038909912109375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.037109375,
0.019287109375,
0.06005859375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.055908203125,
0.0146484375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0017242431640625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0157470703125,
0.0013885498046875,
0.05224609375,
-0.019287109375,
0.042236328125,
0.00055694580078125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0062255859375,
-0.08740234375,
0.0537109375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0157470703125,
0.052978515625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0888671875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.04296875,
-0.000705718994140625,
-0.07666015625,
0.0159912109375,
0.037109375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.005126953125,
0.004638671875,
0.018798828125,
-0.034423828125,
0.004547119140625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.022216796875,
0.00372314453125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.000202178955078125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.038818359375,
0.01275634765625,
0.053466796875,
0.00848388671875,
0.046875,
0.059326171875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.03466796875,
0.020263671875,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.015380859375,
0.031982421875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0673828125,
0.052490234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0419921875,
0.00323486328125,
0.068359375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0194091796875,
0.012939453125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0712890625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.006378173828125,
0.012451171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.003997802734375,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0693359375,
-0.0751953125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0390625,
0.015625,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0008087158203125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0791015625,
0.01470947265625,
0.0380859375,
0.0272216796875,
0.0517578125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03466796875,
0.0152587890625,
0.038818359375,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.0458984375,
0.00946044921875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0341796875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.036865234375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0478515625,
0.02880859375,
0.03076171875,
0.0019378662109375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.034423828125,
0.026123046875,
0.0296630859375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.04541015625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.04345703125,
-0.06591796875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0032958984375,
0.044189453125,
0.032958984375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0036163330078125,
0.037109375,
0.00244140625,
0.0263671875,
0.0106201171875,
0.01434326171875,
0.01708984375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01373291015625,
0.036376953125,
0.046142578125,
0.028076171875,
0.05322265625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.025390625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0302734375,
0.00311279296875,
0.01031494140625,
0.0101318359375,
0.005523681640625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.02978515625,
0.033447265625,
0.000579833984375,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.03857421875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01043701171875,
0.047119140625,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.01025390625,
-0.064453125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.018798828125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.04541015625,
0.020263671875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.025390625,
-0.04296875,
-0.009033203125,
0.0380859375,
0.01953125,
0.0257568359375,
0.004302978515625,
0.021728515625,
0.048828125,
0.036376953125,
0.057861328125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.005523681640625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0263671875,
0.059326171875,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0068359375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.026123046875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0048828125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.027587890625,
0.0032958984375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.037353515625,
0.03369140625,
0.03125,
0.039306640625,
0.032470703125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.024169921875,
0.017333984375,
0.0179443359375,
0.044189453125,
0.0255126953125,
0.039306640625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.07861328125,
0.029541015625,
-0.01171875,
0.05615234375,
-0.048583984375,
0.03466796875,
0.029296875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.00787353515625,
0.00213623046875,
0.007568359375,
0.00054931640625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00004506111145019531,
0.0135498046875,
-0.041015625,
-0.018798828125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0004100799560546875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.055908203125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.011962890625,
0.046875,
-0.0011138916015625,
0.0830078125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0576171875,
-0.07080078125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00396728515625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0191650390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.041015625,
0.04052734375,
0.036376953125,
0.03076171875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.015869140625,
0.034423828125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0198974609375,
0.020263671875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0242919921875,
0.008544921875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.01220703125,
0.0380859375,
0.031982421875,
-0.051513671875,
0.25390625,
0.00390625,
-0.032470703125,
0.004638671875,
0.028564453125,
0.03076171875,
0.010986328125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.034423828125,
0.02099609375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.05615234375,
0.025146484375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.03955078125,
0.00115203857421875,
0.0419921875,
-0.06591796875,
0.049072265625,
0.047607421875,
0.007415771484375,
0.033935546875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.03515625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.005096435546875,
0.00159454345703125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00121307373046875,
-0.044189453125,
0.056396484375,
0.053466796875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.006439208984375,
0.04052734375,
0.060546875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0296630859375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.015380859375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.03125,
0.04345703125,
0.05078125,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.032958984375,
0.025390625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0084228515625,
0.01092529296875,
0.03271484375,
0.00396728515625,
-0.02978515625,
0.05810546875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.003143310546875,
-0.03076171875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0181884765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.046875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04296875
] |
Per Curiam.
Does the two-year statute of limitations governing a malicious prosecution action begin to run when the trial court enters judgment in the alleged maliciously prosecuted action or, where an appeal is taken, when the appellate decision is rendered? On December 7, 1981, the trial court ruled that the action accrued at the time the circuit court judgment was entered and granted defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment. Plaintiff appeals as of right. This question of first impression in Michigan comes to us upon an agreed statement of facts which has been submitted for purposes of this appeal.
In March, 1975, Joseph A. Parisi, Jr. (plaintiff), left his position as Executive Director of Michigan Townships Association (defendant). The association filed suit against Parisi on December 11, 1975, alleging that Parisi had misappropriated the association’s funds and committed other wrongful acts. A jury verdict was rendered in Parisi’s favor and judgment was entered May 3, 1979. The association appealed that judgment and this Court affirmed the jury verdict in an unpublished per curiam opinion released July 8, 1980. On September 16, 1981, Parisi filed the instant action against the association for malicious civil prosecution. The association moved for and was granted an accelerated judgment because the statute of limitations had run. The parties agree that the limitations period is two years pursuant to MCL 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805. The dispute is whether the action accrued May 3, 1979, when the circuit court judgment was entered, as the lower court ruled in the instant case, or whether it accrued July 8, 1980, when this Court’s opinion affirming the circuit court’s judgment was rendered. We hold that the action accrued on July 8, 1980, and reverse.
As a general rule, tort actions accrue when all the elements of a cause of action have occurred and can be alleged in a proper complaint. Campbell v Detroit, 51 Mich App 34; 214 NW2d 337 (1973); Lefever v American Red Cross, 108 Mich App 69;. 310 NW2d 278 (1981). The elements of a malicious prosecution action are: (1) a prior proceeding terminated in favor of the present plaintiff, (2) absence of probable cause for those proceedings, (3) a purpose for bringing the prior proceedings other than that of securing the proper adjudi cation of the claim, and (4) injury, including special injury. Friedman v Dozorc, 412 Mich 1, 48; 312 NW2d 585 (1981).
Courts of other jurisdictions which have considered this issue are divided on whether the first element, termination of the prior proceeding in favor of the present plaintiff, occurs upon rendition of the judgment in the original action or when the appeal is decided. See cases collected in Anno: 41 ALR2d 863, and Anno: 87 ALR2d 1047. In Commercial Credit Corp v Ensley, 148 Ind App 151; 264 NE2d 80 (1970), the Indiana Court of Appeals, when faced with the exact issue raised here, said:
"In Indiana, under our statutory appeal, the suit is not legally terminated until it has been finally decided by our court of appeals to which it is finally submitted, and its opinion certified to the trial court.
"Appellant also relies upon Waring v Fletcher, 152 Ind 620; 52 NE 203 (1899). Appellant cites Waring for the proposition that an appeal in the State.of Indiana, without filing an appeal bond, does not suspend the judgment from which the appeal is taken. We are in complete agreement with that statement and agree that it is the law in Indiana. However, that is not the issue here — the question to be decided in this appeal is when the action for malicious prosecution accrued.
"Where a litigant is prevented from enforcing his remedy because of pending legal proceedings, the time during which he is thus prevented will not be counted against him in determining whether a statute of limitations has barred his action. * * *
"It is true that appellees could have filed the suit for malicious prosecution before the outcome of the pending appeal — instituted by appellant — was known. We are of the opinion, however, that appellees could not have enforced their remedy until ñnal disposition of the attachment proceedings [the underlying action] * * *. To hold appellees’ action was barred by the statute of limitations would have the effect of forcing parties to initiate litigation with the full knowledge that it may be made groundless. This we will not do.
"We are in agreement with Comment on Clause (b) of 3 Restatement Torts, § 674, pp 444-445 (1938), which is as follows:
" 'g. Termination in favor of the person against whom civil proceedings are brought. Civil proceedings may be terminated in favor of the person against whom they are brought under the rule stated in Clause (b), (1) by the favorable adjudication of the claim by a competent tribunal, or (2) by the withdrawal of the proceedings by the person bringing them, or (3) by the dismissal of the proceedings because of his failure to prosecute them. A favorable adjudication may be by a judgment rendered by a court after trial or upon demurrer or its equivalent. In either case the adjudication is a sufficient termination of the proceedings, unless an appeal is taken. If an appeal is taken, the proceedings are not terminated until the fínal disposition of the appeal and of such further proceedings as it may entail.’ (Emphasis supplied.)
"Our decision regarding the statute of limitations is only applicable to suits for malicious prosecution. Justice would- be defeated if we were to hold that the statute of limitations began to run before an essential element of malicious prosecution, final termination in favor of the plaintiff, occurred.” 148 Ind App 160-161; 264 NE2d 85-86. (Emphasis in original.)
In Levering v National Bank of Morrow County, 87 Ohio St 117; 100 NE 322 (1912), the Ohio Supreme Court appears to have reached a contrary result:
"The general rule is that until the original suit between the parties has been legally terminated in favor of the plaintiff in the malicious prosecution action, the latter has no remedy, because until that point is reached no presumption of malice and want of probable cause arises. That presumption arises eo instante when the court which has jurisdiction of the original action renders judgment for the defendant, the plaintiff in the malicious prosecution case. A proceeding in error could not affect the right of the defendant to bring his action for malicious prosecution; because if the judgment in his favor should be affirmed by the reviewing court, the presumption in his favor continues, and if the judgment should be finally reversed, that may be pleaded as a defense to the pending action for malicious prosecution. The pendency of a proceeding in error may be a good reason for a stay of proceedings in the action for malicious prosecution until the error proceeding is disposed of, but it would be no reason for dismissing the petition for damages on account of malicious prosecution.” 87 Ohio St 122; 100 NE 323.
The Levering decision was distinguished in Commercial Credit, supra, as turning on the difference between a "proceeding in error”, by which the original case is brought up to the superior court for review de novo upon the facts and the law merely by giving notice to the adverse party and giving a bond in the trial court, and a "statutory appeal” under the applicable Ohio statutes, although this distinction was deemed without substance in Miami Trace Local School Dist Bd of Ed, Fayette County v Marting, 7 Ohio Misc 64; 217 NE2d 712 (1966). In Marting, the Ohio Court of Common Pleas held that the period of limitation for an action of malicious prosecution is not tolled while an appeal is pending since "a judgment of a court speaks from the time it is entered upon its journal unless, and until, it is vacated, modified or reversed by a court of superior jurisdiction”. 7 Ohio Misc 72; 217 NE2d 718.
Finally, in Soble v Kallman, 57 Cal App 3d 719; 129 Cal Rptr 373 (1976), the California Court of Appeals held that an action for malicious prosecution accrues at the time judgment on the underlying action was entered in the trial court. The court reasoned that once a trial judge has entered judgment in the present plaintiffs favor in the alleged malicious action, that the plaintiffs right to bring suit for malicious prosecution is complete, "even if not perfect”, and lack of finality in the underlying judgment is a matter to be raised as a defense to a malicious prosecution suit. Plaintiff stresses, however, that Soble involved a plaintiffs claim that California’s one-year period of limitation for malicious prosecution actions should be extended by the six-month period for filing an appeal where the defendant never appealed the original suit.
We recognize there are strong policy reasons for holding that the action accrued upon entry of judgment in the trial court. As defense counsel so competently argues, if the limitation period does not commence until disposition of applications for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court and applications for rehearing, plaintiffs cause of action could survive ad infinitum. Defendant points out that such a holding would frustrate the purpose of limitations periods, namely, to prevent the bringing of stale claims which are difficult to prove and defend, especially where, as here, the intent of the parties and their possibly malicious motives are critical. Defendant suggests that the trial court would probably grant a stay of the malicious prosecution suit pending the resolution of the underlying suit on appeal. Thus, the plaintiff need not engage in costly litigation pending the outcome of the underlying suit on appeal, and, by requiring the plaintiff to file within two years of the rendition of the judgment in the trial court, the defendant would at least be put on notice to preserve evidence for the possibility of eventual litigation of an action for malicious prosecution.
After careful consideration of the cases from other jurisdictions and both counsels’ public policy arguments, we believe that the ends of justice will be better served by our holding that an action for malicious prosecution accrues upon rendition of the final judgment on appeal. We limit our holding to situations where the plaintiff in the underlying action has indeed pursued appellate remedies. We agree with the reasoning in Commercial Credit, supra, that all of the elements for malicious prosecution have not occurred until such cause of action against the present defendant may be prosecuted to a judgment on the merits. Since there is no certainty that a stay would be granted, though a stay could be granted until the appellate disposition, we believe it a waste of judicial resources and inequitable to require the present plaintiff (the defendant and winning party at trial) to file a suit which could be rendered meaningless. This is especially true where resolution of the underlying suit is prolonged by the present defendant’s continued challenges. We also note ¿hat evidence of malicious intent may come to light and additional damages may accrue from the present defendant’s continued prosecution of the underlying action through appellate review.
The association argues that even if the order granting accelerated judgment was improper, we should affirm because summary judgment for failure to state a cause of action should have been granted due to plaintiffs failure to allege special injury in his complaint. Friedman v Dozorc, supra, which makes it clear that special injury is an essential element of an action for malicious prosecution, was decided only two weeks before accelerated judgment was granted in this case. We decline to affirm on this basis since the association had not raised this issue below, and plaintiff may have been able to amend his complaint to cure the defect. The association may raise this issue upon remand with a motion for summary judgment, but plaintiff should then have an opportunity to amend his complaint. GCR 1963, 118.1.
For the above reasons, the order granting accelerated judgment is reversed and the matter remanded. Costs to plaintiff-appellant. | [
-0.038330078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.024658203125,
0.0361328125,
-0.052001953125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.052978515625,
0.005279541015625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0263671875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0283203125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.006317138671875,
0.01806640625,
0.03076171875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.07177734375,
0.0439453125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.038330078125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.02783203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0498046875,
0.00020122528076171875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0250244140625,
0.03515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.048828125,
-0.046875,
0.004150390625,
-0.043212890625,
0.024169921875,
-0.035400390625,
0.046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.00390625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.059326171875,
0.015625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.043701171875,
0.04833984375,
0.031005859375,
0.0234375,
-0.00140380859375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.02880859375,
0.0068359375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0169677734375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0010528564453125,
0.06298828125,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0263671875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.02392578125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01513671875,
0.036376953125,
0.0517578125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.06640625,
-0.0166015625,
0.031982421875,
0.0242919921875,
0.006744384765625,
0.052001953125,
-0.04541015625,
0.03564453125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.020751953125,
0.0145263671875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.037353515625,
0.016357421875,
-0.01318359375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.021484375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.057373046875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0625,
0.0014190673828125,
0.046630859375,
0.00994873046875,
0.0006561279296875,
0.060302734375,
0.0009765625,
0.0244140625,
0.00640869140625,
0.009521484375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.00732421875,
0.0186767578125,
0.041259765625,
0.0247802734375,
0.012939453125,
0.0556640625,
-0.05126953125,
0.034912109375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0048828125,
0.0238037109375,
0.049072265625,
0.04248046875,
-0.01611328125,
0.022705078125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0703125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.0027923583984375,
0.020751953125,
0.01153564453125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.050537109375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0101318359375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0002956390380859375,
-0.0185546875,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0072021484375,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.00830078125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0301513671875,
0.06103515625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0013580322265625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0478515625,
0.028564453125,
0.045166015625,
0.033935546875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.06591796875,
0.0047607421875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01275634765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0107421875,
0.037353515625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.044921875,
0.00372314453125,
0.041748046875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.06689453125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.03955078125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0166015625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.01171875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.005645751953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.023681640625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.044677734375,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.041015625,
0.00133514404296875,
0.06982421875,
0.005859375,
0.05078125,
-0.009521484375,
0.031982421875,
0.07421875,
0.017578125,
-0.038330078125,
0.06396484375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.003936767578125,
0.040283203125,
0.0010986328125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0002269744873046875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.000843048095703125,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0283203125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0166015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0107421875,
0.046630859375,
0.0419921875,
-0.09228515625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.05029296875,
0.00128173828125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.04736328125,
0.01171875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0537109375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00066375732421875,
0.00274658203125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.03271484375,
-0.053955078125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0302734375,
0.054443359375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0693359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0546875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0234375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.021240234375,
0.014892578125,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0654296875,
0.0302734375,
0.010009765625,
-0.033203125,
0.05126953125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.03271484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.01904296875,
0.041748046875,
-0.046875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0419921875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.020751953125,
0.0390625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.006439208984375,
0.0145263671875,
0.0478515625,
0.003875732421875,
0.002838134765625,
0.00543212890625,
0.01043701171875,
0.058349609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.04296875,
0.041259765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0054931640625,
0.01226806640625,
0.02880859375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.057861328125,
0.00118255615234375,
0.04638671875,
0.015625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0203857421875,
0.013916015625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.03125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0220947265625,
0.000865936279296875,
0.0234375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.042236328125,
0.0272216796875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.028076171875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.034912109375,
0.047607421875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01025390625,
0.009765625,
0.045654296875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00077056884765625,
0.03369140625,
0.00823974609375,
0.050537109375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0703125,
0.004486083984375,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.01171875,
0.039794921875,
0.0244140625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.037353515625,
0.005462646484375,
0.025390625,
-0.03662109375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.025146484375,
0.01953125,
0.01611328125,
0.044189453125,
-0.041015625,
0.058837890625,
-0.03076171875,
0.05078125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.060302734375,
0.01263427734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0263671875,
0.016845703125,
0.09423828125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00025177001953125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.002410888671875,
0.048095703125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.000881195068359375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.01220703125,
0.01190185546875,
0.023681640625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0498046875,
-0.048828125,
-0.02392578125,
0.01287841796875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0478515625,
0.039794921875,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.056640625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.028564453125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.08447265625,
-0.024169921875,
0.020263671875,
0.025634765625,
-0.030029296875,
0.00537109375,
0.00958251953125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.033935546875,
0.032470703125,
0.014892578125,
-0.017333984375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.000396728515625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.046875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01434326171875,
0.040771484375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00579833984375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.07275390625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.068359375,
-0.0322265625,
0.00927734375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.01953125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0595703125,
-0.05712890625,
0.000858306884765625,
0.0111083984375,
0.03125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0284423828125,
0.05419921875,
0.01324462890625,
0.00909423828125,
0.040771484375,
0.01220703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.07763671875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.038330078125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.03515625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.044677734375,
0.0076904296875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.05224609375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.031005859375,
0.04052734375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.00118255615234375,
0.04833984375,
0.02392578125,
-0.016357421875,
0.03125,
0.037109375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.08740234375,
0.047119140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0283203125,
0.03759765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.014404296875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.003143310546875,
0.007080078125,
-0.03125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.035400390625,
0.028564453125,
-0.039306640625,
0.03271484375,
0.0576171875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.013427734375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0208740234375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0625,
0.022705078125,
0.035400390625,
0.055419921875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.017578125,
0.00653076171875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0196533203125,
0.049072265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.051025390625,
0.00506591796875,
0.046142578125,
0.0086669921875,
0.00128936767578125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0029296875,
0.01806640625,
0.0147705078125,
0.04443359375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.04296875,
0.01104736328125,
0.0225830078125,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.0030517578125,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0146484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.039794921875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0673828125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.059814453125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.051025390625,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.07763671875,
-0.03515625,
0.052734375,
0.028076171875,
0.034423828125,
-0.068359375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.046630859375,
0.040771484375,
0.04345703125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0625,
-0.017822265625,
0.051025390625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0458984375,
0.003875732421875,
-0.01953125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00151824951171875,
0.0113525390625,
0.024169921875,
-0.022705078125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.037353515625,
0.008056640625,
0.034912109375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.048583984375,
0.0032958984375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0252685546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.07421875,
-0.021484375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.044921875,
0.02197265625,
0.03466796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0224609375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.019287109375,
0.01507568359375,
0.005645751953125,
0.033935546875,
0.002838134765625,
0.01104736328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.046875,
0.01385498046875,
0.05859375,
0.0234375,
0.01507568359375,
0.000904083251953125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.023681640625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0233154296875,
0.005859375,
0.003936767578125,
0.01043701171875,
0.0189208984375,
0.01904296875,
0.03125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01470947265625,
0.034423828125,
0.049072265625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0025634765625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.03125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0234375,
-0.037109375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0018157958984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.016357421875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.044921875,
0.0029754638671875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03662109375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0089111328125,
0.0264892578125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0009765625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.072265625,
0.007568359375,
0.01708984375,
0.033203125,
0.0177001953125,
0.04150390625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.01513671875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.021484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0439453125,
-0.06396484375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.032470703125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0625,
0.042724609375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.019775390625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0458984375,
0.01068115234375,
0.05712890625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.01171875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0634765625,
0.002227783203125,
0.01708984375,
0.06494140625,
-0.05419921875,
0.00090789794921875,
0.04150390625,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.031005859375,
0.030517578125,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.01324462890625,
0.01025390625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.04248046875,
-0.046630859375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04833984375,
0.025390625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.011962890625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.011474609375,
0.01458740234375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0174560546875,
0.001678466796875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.068359375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0216064453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0091552734375,
0.030029296875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0107421875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.042236328125,
0.033447265625,
0.040771484375,
0.015380859375,
0.01483154296875,
0.047119140625,
0.0244140625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.031494140625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0026092529296875,
0.018798828125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0064697265625,
0.00384521484375,
0.002655029296875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.031982421875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.26171875,
0.023193359375,
0.01953125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.04296875,
-0.00341796875,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.08056640625,
0.00750732421875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.06884765625,
0.00469970703125,
0.0126953125,
0.04638671875,
0.0164794921875,
0.000667572021484375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.06494140625,
0.048583984375,
0.023681640625,
0.004547119140625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01123046875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0390625,
0.017333984375,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.004180908203125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.03125,
-0.015869140625,
0.025146484375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0003452301025390625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.005157470703125,
0.04052734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.054931640625,
0.05712890625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.028076171875,
0.034912109375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.00970458984375,
0.0166015625,
0.05078125,
-0.0006103515625,
0.03271484375,
0.0286865234375,
0.01513671875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.00066375732421875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.02734375,
0.010986328125,
-0.01806640625,
0.029541015625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0234375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00095367431640625,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.01446533203125
] |
Bronson, P.J.
The issue common to these appeals is the trial judge’s holding that the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq., is unconstitutional.
In each case, the trial judge held that the act violated the single-object clause of Const 1963, art 4, § 24. The arrest record and polygraph provisions of the act were found to be nongermane to its object. In each case, the trial judge held that provisions of a statute found to violate the single-object clause are not severable.
None of these cases involves the arrest record or polygraph provisions of the act. All of the parties concede, therefore, that we must first address appellants’ contention that these provisions are severable. In holding that they are not, the trial judge in each case relied exclusively on the majority opinion in Advisory Opinion on Constitutionality of 1975 PA 227, 396 Mich 123, 130-132; 240 NW2d 193 (1975), in which the Court stated:
"Severability is not available in instances challenging constitutionality on this ground. A prohibition against the passage of an act relating to different objects expressed in the title makes the whole act void.”
The Court explained:
" 'It is impossible to tell which object was intended by the Legislature, and in such case both fall under the same condemnation.’ Skinner v Wilhelm, 63 Mich 568, 572; 30 NW 311 (1886).
"An early reference to the concept behind the constitutional prohibition is found in colorful language in People v Collins, 3 Mich 343, 384 (1854), a case in which the Court was evenly divided on the constitutionality of an act prohibiting the manufacture of intoxicating beverages and the traffic therein. The decision discussed other challenges, but in his opinion and indicative of judicial awareness of the problem, Justice Pratt said:
" 'This express and positive provision was incorporated into the constitution with the avowed intention on the part of the framers, of arresting, as far as possible, corruption and log rolling in legislation — you help me and I will help you — I will support your bill and help you pass it, if you will permit me to insert a section on a certain matter, etc.; a system of legislation that has often been carried so far as to become disgraceful to representatives and deeply injurious to the public.’ People v Collins, supra.
"Justice Cooley in People ex rel Drake v Mahaney, 13 Mich 481 (1865), says with respect to the same provision of the Constitution of 1850:
" 'The history and purpose of this constitutional provision are too well understood to require any elucidation at our hands. The practice of bringing together into one bill subjects diverse in their nature, and hav ing no necessary connection, with a view to combine in their favor the advocates of all, and thus secure the passage of several measures, no one of which could succeed upon its own merits, was one both corruptive of the legislator and dangerous to the state.’ Mahaney, supra, 494-495.
"This Court cannot engage in idle speculation as to whether, for instance, the provision relating to ethical conduct and conflict of interest contracts would on their own merits have been adopted by the Legislature, nor those relating to campaign contributions and expenditures, nor those establishing the state campaign fund for gubernatorial elections, nor those regulating lobbyists.”
We cannot agree with the holdings of the courts below that a violation of the single-object clause always requires the invalidation of the statute in which it appears. Although some of the language used by the Supreme Court above is absolute, the reasoning used by the Court in the entire passage undermines an absolute rule. It would be unwise-to impose a per se rule against severability on the basis of dicta, when such a rule is not supported by the well-known and long-accepted purposes underlying the constitutional provision.
This case shows why a slavish adherence to dicta in a Supreme Court opinion is often a poor substitute for legal analysis based on the reasoning of the same opinion. The analysis in Advisory-Opinion, supra, does not include any reasons why a per se rule against severability should be adopted. Instead, it tests the act in question against the traditional standards for severability. In People v McMurchy, 249 Mich 147, 159; 228 NW 723 (1930), the Court quoted 1 Cooley on Constitutional Limitations (8th ed), pp 362-363:
" 'If a statute attempts to accomplish two or more objects, and is void as to one, it may still be in every respect complete and valid as to the other. But if its purpose is to accomplish a single object only, and some of its provisions are void, the whole must fail unless sufficient remains to effect the object without the aid of the invalid portion. And if they are so mutually connected with and dependent on each other, as conditions, considerations, or compensations for each other, as to warrant the belief that the legislature intended them as a whole, and if all could not be carried into effect the legislature would not pass the residue independently, then if some parts are unconstitutional, all the provisions which are thus dependent, conditional, or connected must fall with them.’ ”
The test for severability used by the Court in Advisory Opinion, supra, is stated in the same passage from Cooley; whether it can be presumed that the Legislature "would have passed the one [provision] without the other”. McMurchy, supra, p 158. See also People ex rel Attorney General v Detroit Common Council, 29 Mich 108, 114 (1874).
We find that the application of a per se rule against severability will not promote the purpose of the single-object clause when applied to amendments. Defendants here have asked us to hold that the Legislature’s (at worst) inadvertence has resulted in the invalidation of a major piece of legislation. This case at least should raise the specter that minor nongermane amendments might be used to achieve the implicit repeal of other major statutory schemes. Such a perverse result could only be achieved with the help of a judiciary which ignores the presumptive validity of legislative enactments; we refuse to play this role here.
The Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act was adopted in 1976 (1976 PA 453). The polygraph provisions were added by separate amendments in 1978 (1978 PA 610) and 1979 (1979 PA 91). Nothing else was contained in either amendatory act. From an examination of the statute alone, without reference to any extrinsic aids, we can determine that the 1976 act was passed without consideration of the amendments to be made in the future. To do so, we need not engage in the "idle speculation” condemned by the Supreme Court in Advisory Opinion, supra. Even a cursory examination of the original act, its amendments and their dates of enactment, leaves absolutely no room to doubt the Legislature’s intent. We conclude that the polygraph provisions of the act are severable; we need not address the issue of their constitutional validity.
Appellants argue that the arrest record provisions of the act are also severable. We disagree. These provisions were in the act, as passed, in 1976. The act was amended by 1977 PA 162 to refer to these provisions in its title. Plaintiffs argue that the adoption of this amendment on its own merits indicates that it would have been enacted independent of the rest of the act. This argument, if accepted, would sustain only the arrest record provisions. The rest of the act was never passed without containing the arrest record provisions. We should not presume that the act would have passed in 1976 without those provisions. Since it is the validity of the remainder of the act which appellants wish to sustain, the severance argument cannot help them.
We have no reservations, however, about holding that the arrest record provisions of the act are germane to its object. Ignoring the Supreme Court’s numerous other opinions on the subject, defendants contend that this Court is bound to use what they call "the Reed test”, referring to Kent County ex rel Bd of Supervisors v Reed, 243 Mich 120; 219 NW 656 (1928), in applying the single-object clause. Defendants would ask two questions: first, does the object of a provision have any "necessary connection” with the object of the remaining provisions of an act; second, could the provisions have been enacted in separate laws without referring to, or affecting, one another? Defendants’ litmus-test analysis using a few phrases carefully excerpted from a Supreme Court opinion is not at all persuasive for several reasons. The Court, in Advisory Opinion, supra, did nothing to suggest that it was promulgating a "test” for deciding a single-object claim. Numerous other "tests” appear in the same opinion, e.g., does a provision add to an act "something foreign and incongruous”? (pp 132-133); is the act "exactly the type of legislation at which the framers of the Constitution directed their prohibition?” (p 130); are "distinct and unrelated objects” embraced in the same act? (p 129). While all of these "tests” may be useful, we must be guided primarily by the purpose of the constitutional provision: to prevent "logrolling”, described by Justice Cooley as:
"The practice of bringing together into one bill subjects diverse in their nature, and having no necessary connection, with a view to combine in their favor the advocates of all, and thus secure the passage of several measures, no one of which could succeed upon its own merits * * People ex rel Drake v Mahaney, 13 Mich 481, 494 (1865).
We believe that the Legislature was correct in its determination that its goal of promoting the civil rights of disadvantaged persons could be advanced by prohibiting a prospective employer from examining an applicant’s record of arrests without convictions. The federal courts have repeatedly sustained claims that the use of arrest records by prospective employers has a disproportionate adverse impact on the employment opportunities of black men. See Richardson v Hotel Corp of America, 332 F Supp 519 (DC La, 1971), aff’d 468 F2d 951 (CA 5, 1972); Gregory v Litton Systems, Inc, 316 F Supp 401 (DC Cal, 1970), modified on other grounds 472 F2d 631 (CA 9, 1972); Carter v Gallagher, 337 F Supp 626 (DC Minn, 1971), aff’d as modified 452 F2d 315 (CA 8, 1971), cert den 406 US 950; 92 S Ct 2045; 32 L Ed 2d 338 (1972); Green v Missouri Pacific R Co, 523 F2d 1290 (CA 8, 1975); Dozier v Chupka, 395 F Supp 836 (DC Ohio, 1975), See, also, Note, Title VII—Racial Discrimination in Employment—Employer’s Use of Record of Arrests Not Leading to Conviction, 17 Wayne L Rev 228 (1971); Note, Discrimination on the Basis of Arrest Records, 56 Cornell L Rev 470 (1971); Comment, Arrest Records as Racially Discriminatory Employment Criterion, 6 Harv Civil Rights L Rev 165 (1970); Note, Arrest Records, Hiring Policies, and Racial Discrimination, 57 Iowa L Rev 506 (1971); Comment, Arrest Records and Employment Discrimination, 32 Univ Pitts L Rev 254 (1971); Note, Civil Rights—An Employment Policy of Disqualifying Frequently Arrested Applicants Unlawfully Discriminates Against Blacks Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 49 Tex L Rev 141 (1970); Comment, Discriminatory Hiring Practices Due to Arrest Records—Private Remedies, 17 Villanova L Rev 110 (1971).
Numerous cases before the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission involving claims of racial discrimination based on an employer’s use of arrest records are discussed in Anno: Consideration of Arrest Record as Unlawful Employment Practice Violative of Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 USC §§ 2000e et seq.), 33 ALR Fed 248. Whether or not we are convinced that the subject of the use of arrest records by employers is best treated in a statute the purpose of which is the promoting of civil rights is irrelevant. It is the Legislature, not the courts, to whose discretion the proper placement of statutory provisions is committed. It is obvious that, in 1976, the Legislature had some reason to believe that the arrest record provisions were germane to the general object of the act.
We also find that the arrest record provisions, to be enforced by the state civil rights commission, would have required a reference to the Elliott-Larsen Act if placed in a different statute. It makes sense to group the provisions concerning the powers and duties of the civil rights commission in one statute.
We conclude that the trial judges erred by ruling that the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act is constitutionally invalid.
Several other issues in the Seals case are before this Court. Defendants sought a summary judgment on plaintiff’s prayer for an award of attorney fees pursuant to the statute. The trial judge held that the statutory provision for fees in actions brought under the Elliott-Larsen Act, limiting their award to plaintiffs, violated the rights of defendants to equal protection of the laws. MCL 37.2802; MSA 3.548(802) states:
"A court, in rendering a judgment in an action brought pursuant to this article, may award all or a portion of the costs of litigation, including reasonable attorney fees and witness fees, to the complainant in the action if the court determines that the award is appropriate.”
See, also, MCL 37.2801(3); MSA 3.548(801X3). The trial judge held that he was bound by the Supreme Court’s decision in Wilder v Chicago & West Michigan R Co, 70 Mich 382; 38 NW 289 (1888). In Wilder, the Court struck down a statute allowing plaintiffs to recover a fee for prevailing in a suit for damage to animals, without allowing prevailing defendants to recover a similar fee. By relying on Wilder, the trial court erred. The proper test for analyzing defendants’ equal protection claim was not used in Wilder, an opinion which was ill-reasoned by any standard.
The proper test is whether the statutory provision in question bears a reasonable relation to a permissible legislative objective. Davey v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exchange, 414 Mich 1, 10-12; 322 NW2d 541 (1982). A party challenging a legislative classification must show that the legislative scheme is without reasonable justification. Davey, supra, p 11. Where the legislative judgment is supported by any state of facts known to, or which could reasonably be assumed by, the Legislature, the legislative judgment msut be upheld, even if the facts are debatable. Davey, supra, p 12. We find that the Legislature could plausibly have believed that allowing plaintiffs in civil rights actions to recover attorney fees would encourage persons deprived of civil rights to seek legal redress of their grievances. The Legislature was also justified in believing that allowing an award of fees to defendants in similar actions would discourage the bringing of actions under the Elliott-Larsen Act. The classification defendants complain of does not violate their right to equal protection of the laws.
We decline to address defendants’ first two claims on cross-appeal. The questions of state action and the state equal protection clause may be moot in light of our determination that the Elliott-Larsen Act is constitutional. If these questions remain at issue between the parties, they should address their claims to the trial court, which can decide them in light of our holding that the act is constitutional.
Defendants also contend that the trial judge erred by denying their contention that part or all of plaintiffs claim is barred by the exclusive remedy provisions of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). We note first that the trial judge’s ruling was limited to Count IV of plaintiffs complaint, her claim for damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress. He ruled generally that plaintiffs complaint was not barred based on our opinion in Kissinger v Mannor, 92 Mich App 572; 285 NW2d 214 (1979). We affirm on the same basis.
In Seals, the summary judgment in defendants’ favor is reversed. Remanded for further proceedings. Costs to plaintiff.
In both Troyer cases, the summary judgments in favor of defendants are reversed. Remanded for further proceedings. Costs to plaintiffs. | [
0.003753662109375,
0.0135498046875,
0.03076171875,
0.037841796875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.015625,
-0.03076171875,
0.07958984375,
0.025634765625,
0.000965118408203125,
0.038330078125,
-0.027099609375,
0.015625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.02783203125,
0.04052734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0126953125,
0.01080322265625,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.01336669921875,
0.05712890625,
0.04443359375,
0.044921875,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.006591796875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.015869140625,
0.044189453125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00982666015625,
0.02880859375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.007415771484375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.02392578125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.02294921875,
-0.00732421875,
0.012939453125,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0252685546875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.052734375,
-0.000743865966796875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0244140625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0032958984375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.019287109375,
0.0030517578125,
0.00537109375,
0.05078125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.06396484375,
0.036376953125,
-0.1005859375,
-0.02685546875,
0.03271484375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0244140625,
0.03515625,
-0.06494140625,
0.035400390625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.07861328125,
-0.023681640625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0537109375,
0.055419921875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.02099609375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.027587890625,
0.046630859375,
-0.051025390625,
0.003753662109375,
0.0244140625,
0.03466796875,
0.046875,
0.044921875,
0.000942230224609375,
-0.01806640625,
0.021484375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0042724609375,
0.02197265625,
0.0341796875,
0.006103515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.020263671875,
0.01141357421875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0277099609375,
0.0120849609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.023681640625,
0.0181884765625,
0.050537109375,
0.00897216796875,
0.037353515625,
0.001708984375,
0.022216796875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.02490234375,
0.004302978515625,
0.045654296875,
0.03564453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.058349609375,
0.012939453125,
0.0224609375,
-0.037109375,
0.027587890625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.005401611328125,
0.032958984375,
0.016357421875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0162353515625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0654296875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0478515625,
0.017333984375,
0.00194549560546875,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.005859375,
0.032958984375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01220703125,
0.050048828125,
0.04638671875,
-0.05908203125,
0.0004177093505859375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.052490234375,
0.01220703125,
0.022705078125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.078125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.02880859375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.05078125,
0.008056640625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0224609375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.001129150390625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.00092315673828125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.03857421875,
0.040771484375,
0.076171875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.00445556640625,
0.0108642578125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0390625,
0.007232666015625,
0.0262451171875,
0.051513671875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.03369140625,
0.05126953125,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.00457763671875,
0.01953125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.036865234375,
0.0194091796875,
0.036865234375,
0.01953125,
0.007049560546875,
0.02099609375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0576171875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0498046875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.061279296875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.012451171875,
0.054931640625,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0087890625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0230712890625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00830078125,
0.044677734375,
0.037353515625,
0.03271484375,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.04345703125,
0.044189453125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.000476837158203125,
-0.052734375,
-0.05712890625,
0.0390625,
0.02392578125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01446533203125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.015625,
-0.003692626953125,
0.010986328125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0126953125,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.041748046875,
0.04541015625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0322265625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01708984375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03125,
0.011474609375,
0.0198974609375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0498046875,
0.022705078125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00070953369140625,
0.0018157958984375,
-0.0234375,
0.007476806640625,
0.02001953125,
0.05224609375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00077056884765625,
0.025634765625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01611328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0101318359375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.03125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.014892578125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.01904296875,
0.009765625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.041748046875,
-0.062255859375,
0.037841796875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.03076171875,
0.013427734375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.042724609375,
0.04248046875,
0.003173828125,
0.01611328125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0166015625,
-0.009521484375,
0.01806640625,
-0.01171875,
0.0244140625,
-0.002532958984375,
0.002685546875,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.008056640625,
0.027587890625,
0.00177764892578125,
0.06494140625,
0.03076171875,
0.0284423828125,
0.00616455078125,
0.00201416015625,
0.00927734375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.07421875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01055908203125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0269775390625,
0.053466796875,
0.035400390625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.078125,
-0.019287109375,
0.000324249267578125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.045166015625,
0.038330078125,
0.016845703125,
0.033203125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.05322265625,
0.021484375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0673828125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0634765625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.0086669921875,
0.01611328125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.05078125,
0.0118408203125,
0.055419921875,
-0.037109375,
0.010498046875,
-0.015869140625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.02490234375,
0.010009765625,
0.0263671875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.04150390625,
-0.0302734375,
0.019287109375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0048828125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0010833740234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.010009765625,
0.002349853515625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.001251220703125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.024169921875,
0.05419921875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0458984375,
0.000652313232421875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.072265625,
0.0010223388671875,
0.02490234375,
0.052978515625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.004638671875,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.008056640625,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.020751953125,
0.08154296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.033447265625,
0.031005859375,
0.06787109375,
0.00083160400390625,
-0.044189453125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.000035762786865234375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.05029296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.045166015625,
0.043701171875,
0.038818359375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.054931640625,
0.014892578125,
0.048583984375,
0.0625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.029296875,
0.00860595703125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.041259765625,
-0.021484375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.06298828125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0078125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.02001953125,
0.03564453125,
0.013427734375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.026611328125,
0.05517578125,
0.005462646484375,
0.0035400390625,
-0.01220703125,
0.02783203125,
0.003631591796875,
0.002197265625,
-0.00146484375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.042724609375,
0.03271484375,
0.031494140625,
0.015380859375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0126953125,
0.076171875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.01519775390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.058837890625,
0.0400390625,
0.05126953125,
0.045166015625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.02685546875,
0.046142578125,
0.005126953125,
0.03271484375,
0.044189453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.044921875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0419921875,
0.0179443359375,
0.011962890625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.061767578125,
0.017822265625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.027587890625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.009765625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.000888824462890625,
0.049560546875,
-0.00024318695068359375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.034423828125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.003387451171875,
0.02978515625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.005584716796875,
0.0771484375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.030029296875,
0.007080078125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.033203125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0888671875,
0.01171875,
0.0257568359375,
0.03515625,
0.0634765625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00188446044921875,
0.034912109375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0269775390625,
0.052001953125,
0.0517578125,
-0.07421875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.0303955078125,
0.004913330078125,
0.0216064453125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0625,
-0.00150299072265625,
-0.0380859375,
0.020751953125,
0.0263671875,
0.004302978515625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.044921875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.018310546875,
0.006317138671875,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.09375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.000522613525390625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0078125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00537109375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.020263671875,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.036376953125,
0.0205078125,
0.020263671875,
0.01318359375,
-0.002349853515625,
0.02197265625,
-0.015380859375,
0.016845703125,
0.00396728515625,
0.055419921875,
0.01953125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.01202392578125,
0.00689697265625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0625,
-0.0185546875,
0.043212890625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.07421875,
0.0458984375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.023681640625,
0.00604248046875,
0.0048828125,
-0.06591796875,
0.072265625,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.00927734375,
0.01708984375,
-0.04345703125,
0.049072265625,
0.022705078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01458740234375,
0.00592041015625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0390625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0167236328125,
0.01544189453125,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.07470703125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.015869140625,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0007781982421875,
-0.05517578125,
0.020263671875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.016357421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0126953125,
0.02880859375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0234375,
0.00384521484375,
0.01531982421875,
0.0517578125,
0.0245361328125,
0.020263671875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0400390625,
0.0419921875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0281982421875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.03955078125,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.028564453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.07666015625,
0.036376953125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.023681640625,
0.021240234375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.009765625,
0.032470703125,
0.00732421875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.009765625,
0.07177734375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.000911712646484375,
0.0302734375,
0.027587890625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0693359375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.033203125,
0.05615234375,
-0.01220703125,
0.0069580078125,
0.02685546875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0439453125,
0.02294921875,
0.01953125,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0267333984375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.027587890625,
0.047119140625,
0.0096435546875,
0.022216796875,
0.05078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.049560546875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.040771484375,
0.046875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.029541015625,
0.041259765625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.000591278076171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.037841796875,
0.00087738037109375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0157470703125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.030517578125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0230712890625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.04296875,
0.004486083984375,
0.004730224609375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.03173828125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0361328125,
0.0126953125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0302734375,
-0.038818359375,
0.03125,
0.00933837890625,
0.010986328125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00738525390625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.06396484375,
0.2734375,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.009765625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0286865234375,
0.006591796875,
0.0179443359375,
0.00341796875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.037109375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.017333984375,
0.031494140625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01708984375,
0.026123046875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.04541015625,
0.02734375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.07470703125,
0.0004119873046875,
-0.044189453125,
0.005859375,
-0.052734375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.001251220703125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.041259765625,
0.09814453125,
-0.038330078125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.017578125,
0.0517578125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0064697265625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0556640625,
0.0269775390625,
0.01220703125,
0.0133056640625,
0.06640625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0034637451171875,
0.057373046875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.03173828125,
0.02587890625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.055908203125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.000640869140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.020751953125,
0.041259765625,
0.054443359375,
-0.000835418701171875,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0400390625
] |
Per Curiam.
The defendant school districts, boards of education, and their respective employees appeal by leave granted from the trial court’s order denying their motion for summary judgment and finding that defendants were not protected by governmental immunity under MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107).
Plaintiff minor, Tamara Grames, was allegedly injured when she was assaulted in the locker room of Pontiac Northern High School following a girls’ basketball game. Ms. Grames was a student at Walled Lake High School and a member of the school’s basketball team. She was allegedly assaulted by certain Pontiac Northern students following a game between Pontiac Northern and Walled Lake.
Ms. Grames and her parents filed this action against several parties including the Walled Lake and Pontiac School Districts and boards of education (hereinafter the school districts) and various employees of each school district (hereinafter the employees). The above-mentioned defendants filed a motion for summary judgment based on governmental immunity. The trial court denied the motion, finding that supervision of a locker room following an extracurricular sports event was not of essence to governing within the meaning of Parker v Highland Park, 404 Mich 183; 273 NW2d 413 (1978). Separate applications for leave to appeal filed by both school districts and their respective employees were granted by this Court and the matters were consolidated.
Under MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107), a governmental agency is immune from tort liability when it is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. We will address separately the questions of whether the governmental immunity statute applies, 1) to the school districts, and 2) to the individual employees of the school districts.
The School Districts
Plaintiffs, in order to state a valid claim against a governmental agency such as a school district, must plead facts in avoidance of governmental immunity. McCann v Michigan, 398 Mich 65, 77; 247 NW2d 521 (1976). This means that plaintiffs must demonstrate either that the school districts’ activity comes within one of the statutory exceptions to governmental immunity or that the activity did not constitute the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.
In the case at bar, the amended complaint contained an allegation of "premises liability”, which apparently sought to invoke the public building exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1406; MSA 3.996(106). However, the trial court did not address the public building exception in its opinion and plaintiffs on appeal do not argue its applicability. Upon a review of the amended complaint, we find that plaintiffs have failed to plead facts in avoidance of governmental immunity under the public building exception. The premises liability count alleges that Pontiac Northern negligently failed to provide a separate locker room and facilities for the visiting Walled Lake team. The premises liability allegation stems not from a defective or dangerous condition in the building itself but from the defendants’ alleged failure to properly supervise activities conducted within the building. The public building exception is therefore inapplicable. See Vargo v Svitchan, 100 Mich App 809; 301 NW2d 1 (1980); Belmont v Forest Hills Public Schools, 114 Mich App 692, 698; 319 NW2d 386 (1982). Moreover, plaintiffs have failed to comply with the notice requirement contained in the statute.
The remaining question is whether the school districts were engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. The Supreme Court, despite numerous attempts, has to date been unable to reach a clear majority as to what is meant by the legislative term "governmental function”. The Court’s most recent pronouncement occurred in Ross v Consumers Power Co, 415 Mich 1; 327 NW2d 293 (1982). This Court is aware that with the recent changes in the membership of the Supreme Court, the law is likely to change with the issuance of the Court’s next opinion on the subject. Nonetheless, it is the duty of this Court, being bound under the doctrine of stare decisis, to decide the instant appeal consistent with the law as it now exists rather than to attempt to predict the positions which may ultimately be adopted by newly seated members of the Supreme Court.
The four presently seated justices who have voiced opinions on the issue are apparently irre concilably divided. Justices Ryan and Williams hold to the "common good of all test” while Justices Kavanagh and Levin continue to look to whether the agency’s activity is "of essence to governing”. Justices Cavanagh, Riley, and Brickley have not during their tenure on the Supreme Court expressed an opinion on the issue.
In the wake of the three-three-one split which existed in the Supreme Court prior to November, 1982, several panels of this Court have applied the standard enunciated by the late Justice Moody in Parker v Highland Park, supra. This practice was recognized, and indeed, approved by Justice Ryan in Ross, supra:
"As an innovative and logical alternative, several panels of the Court of Appeals have treated Justice Moody’s version of the "essence of governing” test as though it were the rule, not because any other member of this Court has subscribed to it — none has — but because, as a practical matter, on the facts of a particular case, Justice Moody, employing his own test, was probably the tie-breaker for determining whether an activity is a 'governmental function’. That is what occurred in the decisions of Perry [v Kalamazoo State Hospital, 404 Mich 205; 273 NW2d 421 (1978)] and Parker, supra.” Ross, supra, p 12.
Justice Moody, writing separately in Parker, summarized his version of the test as follows:
"To delineate a complete and balanced definiton of governmental function within a simplistic format would be presumptuous. However, as a basic guideline, the crux of the governmental essence test should be founded upon the inquiry whether the purpose, planning and carrying out of the activity, due to its unique character or governmental mandate, can be effectively accomplished only by the government. Unless liability would be an unacceptable interference with government’s ability to govern, activities that fall outside this perimeter, although performed by a government agency, are not governmental functions and therefore not immune.” Parker, supra, p 200.
We recognize that Justice Moody’s test has never been the law of this state and that it has not been adopted by even one of the present members of the Supreme Court. Nonetheless, it is this Court’s duty, in the absence of clear direction from the Supreme Court, to adopt and apply what it perceives to be the appropriate rule of law. In our opinion, Justice Moody’s test, which embraces a middle-ground approach between the "common good of all test” on the one hand and the "of essence to governing” test on the other, represents the better view. We will therefore apply Justice Moody’s test to the present facts.
The recent panels of this Court have consistently held that the operation of a public school is a governmental function. Weaver v Duff Norton Co, 115 Mich App 286, 289; 320 NW2d 248 (1982); Belmont v Forest Hills Public Schools, supra. However, this simple statement of the rule is not sufficient. In determining whether an activity is a governmental function, the focus must be on the precise activity giving rise to plaintiffs’ claim rather than on the overall operations of the agency. Weaver, supra, p 292. Accordingly, the question is whether the school districts’ operation of extracurricular sports programs constitutes a governmental function, _
In Churilla v East Detroit School Dist, 105 Mich App 32; 306 NW2d 381 (1981), the plaintiff minor, a junior high school student and a member of the school’s football team, was injured during a football practice. Judge Bashara, writing for the majority, applied Justice Moody’s test and held that the school’s operation of a football program was a governmental function. Similarly, in Deaner v Utica Community School Dist, 99 Mich App 103; 297 NW2d 625 (1980), the plaintiff was injured during a wrestling class which was part of his high school’s physical education program. Applying Justice Moody’s test, the Court found that the defendant school was engaged in the exercise of a governmental function in operating the physcial education class.
In our opinion, the school districts’ operation of extracurricular sports programs such as the girls’ basketball programs here involved provides opportunities to student athletes which, as a practical matter, could not be provided except through operation of the public schools. We also view such programs as an adjunct of the school districts’ statutory mandate to provide students with physical education, MCL 380.1502; MSA 15.41502, and they are an aspect of the schools’ day-to-day operations. We conclude that the purpose, planning, and carrying out of such extracurricular programs can only be effectively accomplished by the school districts. Under Justice Moody’s test, therefore, we find that the school districts were engaged in a governmental function. The trial court erred in failing to grant summary judgment in their favor.
The School District Employees
The individual employees named in the amended complaint are the superintendents, athletic directors, principals, and basketball coaches of the two schools, plus an assistant vice-principal of Walled Lake and a staff assistant of Pontiac Northern. The amended complaint alleges that defendants were negligent in failing to assure that the students under their supervision were not unreasonably exposed to harm.
Two separate tests have evolved for determining whether individual employees of an agency engaged in a governmental function are protected by the cloak of immunity. One test looks only to whether the individual defendants were acting within the scope of their employment. If so, they are entitled to the protection of governmental immunity. See Gaston v Becker, 111 Mich App 692, 699; 314 NW2d 728 (1981); Shwary v Cranetrol Corp, 119 Mich App 736; 326 NW2d 627 (1982). The other test provides immunity where the individual was fulfilling a discretionary, as opposed to ministerial, duty. Cook v Bennett, 94 Mich App 93; 288 NW2d 609 (1979); Willis v Nienow, 113 Mich App 30; 317 NW2d 273 (1982). Unfortunately, neither test has been endorsed by a clear majority of the Supreme Court. See Bush v Oscoda Area Schools, 405 Mich 716; 275 NW2d 268 (1979), and Lockaby v Wayne County, 406 Mich 65; 276 NW2d 1 (1979). Panels of this Court are divided over the interpretation to be given the multiple opinions issued in Bush and Lockaby.
In Bush, a suit was brought against a school district, a teacher, a principal, and a superintendent. The Supreme Court issued four opinions. Concerning the individual liability of the school district employees, Justice Williams abandoned the ministerial-discretionary test, finding that "ultra vires activities of public employees are the only ones not protected by governmental immunity because the exercise or discharge of a governmental function is not involved”. Bush, supra, p 734. Justices Levin, Kavanagh, and Fitzgerald concluded that "[t]he complaint did not state claims against the individual defendants”, without providing an analysis. Bush, supra, p 733. Justice Moody found the individual defendants immune from liability as to ordinary negligence because they "were performing primarily discretionary activities that are of essence to government”. Bush, supra, p 734. Justice Coleman concurred with Justice Moody on this issue. Justice Ryan also found no liability on the part of the individual defendants without discussing the ministerial-discretionary test.
In Gaston v Becker, supra, Judge Bronson offered the following interpretation of the Bush and Lockaby decisions:
"We note Judge Bashara’s partial dissent in Cook in which he observes that the governmental immunity statute does not distinguish between discretionary and ministerial acts. Relying on Justice Williams’ opinion in Bush, Judge Bashara contends that the proper test to apply is merely whether the principal and superintendent were acting within the scope of their employment. If so, they cannot be held liable.
"We are inclined to agree with Judge Bashara’s view. However, in our opinion, to adopt this position requires some comment on Justice Moody’s statement in Bush that the individual defendants, who were held immune from liability, were engaged primarily in the exercise of 'discretionary activities’. Justice Moody’s opinion at least suggests that the discretionary-ministerial dichotomy does indeed have continuing vitality.
"It is our belief that Justice Moody’s subsequent opinion in Lockaby v Wayne County, 406 Mich 65, 83-84; 276 NW2d 1 (1979), shows that he, like Justice Williams, is really concerned with whether the individual defendants were acting within the scope of their employment as opposed to whether their activities were discretionary. In Lockaby, Justice Moody stated:
" 'However, plaintiff fails to state a cause of action against the defendants under Count II of his complaint. The operation of a county jail is essentially a governmental function. The county is, therefore, immune under this claim. See Parker, supra; Perry v Kalamazoo State Hospital, 404 Mich 205; 273 NW2d 421 (1978). In addition, the officers and employees of the county, while acting within the scope of their employment maintaining a jail, primarily are performing essential public duties. Thus, they are immune from alleged negligent actions or selection of personnel. See Bush v Oscoda Area Schools, 405 Mich 716; 275 NW2d 268 (1979).’ Id., 84.
"As can be seen, Justice Moody did not give the slightest hint that a distinction between discretionary and ministerial activities was important to his decision. We believe his reference in Bush to 'discretionary activities’ had no significance to his holding.” (Footnote omitted.) Gaston, supra, pp 698-699.
It should be noted that Justice Coleman’s opinion in Lockaby, joined by Justice Ryan, also found the individual defendants immune based on the "scope of employment” standard:
"In addition, as noted by Justice Moody in his opinion in the case at bar, the county’s officers and employees, while acting in the scope of their employment operating and maintaining a jail, are likewise immune.” Lockaby, supra, p 79.
Needless to say, this area of the law has become even more unsettled with the recent changes in the membership of the Supreme Court.
It is our opinion that the proper standard to determine whether individual employees are entitled to governmental immunity is whether they were acting within the scope of their employment. If so, they are immune from liability. Shwary, supra; Lewis v Beecher School System, 118 Mich App 105, 111; 324 NW2d 779 (1982); Gaston, supra; Everhart v Roseville Community Bd of Ed, 108 Mich App 218, 223; 310 NW2d 338 (1981). Cf., Willis v Nienow, supra; Layton v Quinn, 120 Mich App 708; 328 NW2d 95 (1982).
Plaintiffs’ allegations against the defendant employees sound in ordinary negligence. Plaintiffs do not assert that defendants’ acts were ultra vires or outside the scope of their employment. Defendant employees are therefore entitled to governmental immunity.
Reversed and remanded for entry of summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellants.
MCL 691.1406; MSA 3.996(106), provides in part:
"Governmental agencies have the obligation to repair and maintain public buildings under their control when open for use by members of the public. Governmental agencies are liable for bodily injury and property damage resulting from a dangerous or defective condition of a public building if the governmental agency had actual or constructive knowledge of the defect and, for a reasonable time after acquiring knowledge, failed to remedy the condition or to take action reasonably necessary to protect the public against the condition. Knowledge of the dangerous and defective condition of the public building and time to repair the same shall be conclusively presumed when such defect existed so as to be readily apparent to an ordinary observant person for a period of 90 days or longer before the injury took place. As a condition to any recovery for injuries sustained by reason of any dangerous or defective public building, the injured person, within 120 days from the time the injury occurred, shall serve a notice on the responsible governmental agency of the occurrence of the injury and the defect. The notice shall specify the exact location and nature of the defect, the injury sustained and the names of the witnesses known at the time by the claimant.”
See Ross v Consumers Power Co, 415 Mich 1; 327 NW2d 293 (1982), for a complete explanation of the positions adhered to by the various justices.
The trial court focused on the narrow activity of supervising a locker room following an extracurricular sports event. We believe the court narrowed the focus too far. In this regard, we agree with Judge Danhof’s dissent in Bokano v Wayne-Westland Community Schools, 114 Mich App 79, 86-88; 318 NW2d 613 (1982).
Judge Bronson, dissenting in Churilla v East Detroit School Dist, 105 Mich App 32; 306 NW2d 381 (1981), and writing for the majority in Gaston v Becker, 111 Mich App 692; 314 NW2d 728 (1981), strongly criticized the Churilla decision. He holds the view that a school district is immune from tort liability only as to those activities which relate to education qua education. Gaston, supra, p 697. | [
-0.031982421875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.02978515625,
0.05810546875,
-0.0322265625,
0.00148773193359375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.044189453125,
0.068359375,
0.007568359375,
0.0299072265625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.046875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.045654296875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.037109375,
0.029052734375,
0.0517578125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.054443359375,
0.02978515625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.044189453125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.039794921875,
0.08154296875,
-0.02490234375,
0.033203125,
0.0002918243408203125,
0.0284423828125,
0.019775390625,
0.03515625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.017333984375,
0.052490234375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0185546875,
0.0380859375,
-0.021484375,
-0.00152587890625,
0.003265380859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.031982421875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0264892578125,
0.01904296875,
-0.059326171875,
0.04931640625,
0.00836181640625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.00116729736328125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01312255859375,
0.03173828125,
-0.048828125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0081787109375,
0.030029296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.03662109375,
0.047607421875,
0.025146484375,
0.01312255859375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.032470703125,
0.029541015625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0341796875,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.055419921875,
0.049560546875,
-0.05322265625,
0.00885009765625,
0.0634765625,
-0.0576171875,
0.0150146484375,
0.02880859375,
-0.003143310546875,
0.056640625,
0.023681640625,
0.020263671875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.008056640625,
0.000545501708984375,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.03515625,
-0.022216796875,
0.005218505859375,
0.00897216796875,
0.048095703125,
-0.016357421875,
0.03271484375,
0.06689453125,
0.0201416015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.033447265625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0130615234375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.037841796875,
0.01068115234375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0059814453125,
0.015625,
-0.0028076171875,
0.0341796875,
0.049560546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.06787109375,
-0.01171875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.0322265625,
0.043701171875,
0.03173828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0238037109375,
0.047607421875,
0.01318359375,
0.007476806640625,
0.02880859375,
-0.007110595703125,
0.00946044921875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.017578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.000301361083984375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.05126953125,
0.041015625,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0301513671875,
0.015625,
0.000286102294921875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.053466796875,
0.016357421875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.021484375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0361328125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.017333984375,
0.03125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0498046875,
0.0810546875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0035400390625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.018798828125,
-0.037109375,
0.026611328125,
-0.03173828125,
0.02880859375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.044189453125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0419921875,
0.017822265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0069580078125,
0.01422119140625,
0.06396484375,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.029296875,
0.0029144287109375,
0.031494140625,
0.058349609375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.011474609375,
0.054443359375,
0.026123046875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.03857421875,
0.04296875,
0.010986328125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0069580078125,
0.025390625,
0.04833984375,
0.0002117156982421875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.041015625,
-0.00020122528076171875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.009765625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.034912109375,
0.0177001953125,
0.037109375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.06494140625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0458984375,
0.0615234375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01904296875,
-0.023193359375,
0.038818359375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0537109375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0185546875,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.048583984375,
0.044921875,
0.07275390625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00086212158203125,
0.004791259765625,
0.00482177734375,
0.043212890625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0498046875,
0.034912109375,
0.026611328125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.057373046875,
0.01544189453125,
0.00016689300537109375,
-0.0390625,
0.038330078125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.00860595703125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.033203125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.005126953125,
0.0205078125,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.064453125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0028228759765625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.000362396240234375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0020751953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.037353515625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.04296875,
-0.003662109375,
0.00640869140625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.031982421875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.049072265625,
0.047607421875,
0.039306640625,
0.0277099609375,
0.01397705078125,
0.00787353515625,
0.00101470947265625,
0.020263671875,
0.00136566162109375,
0.06982421875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00982666015625,
0.041259765625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.06494140625,
0.00927734375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.020263671875,
0.02685546875,
0.041015625,
0.0303955078125,
0.01470947265625,
0.056640625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.041015625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.05517578125,
0.029296875,
-0.035888671875,
0.026611328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.020263671875,
0.011474609375,
0.01953125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0634765625,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0478515625,
0.020751953125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.024658203125,
-0.05615234375,
0.01043701171875,
0.017578125,
-0.000415802001953125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0390625,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.025390625,
0.0498046875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.080078125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.004150390625,
0.043701171875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01611328125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00830078125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.068359375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0341796875,
0.06591796875,
-0.026611328125,
0.033203125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.00750732421875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.016845703125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01275634765625,
0.060302734375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.021728515625,
0.0478515625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.029052734375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0003032684326171875,
-0.01416015625,
0.00144195556640625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0179443359375,
0.01318359375,
0.016357421875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.03076171875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.000881195068359375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0025634765625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.009765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0205078125,
0.03662109375,
0.00421142578125,
0.042724609375,
0.044921875,
0.01031494140625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01806640625,
0.02685546875,
0.01226806640625,
0.002410888671875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.019775390625,
0.00024127960205078125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.02734375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.01904296875,
0.04345703125,
0.0152587890625,
0.01806640625,
0.017333984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.007171630859375,
0.00189208984375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.04150390625,
0.02001953125,
0.07275390625,
0.04296875,
0.00011968612670898438,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.033203125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00250244140625,
0.032470703125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.036376953125,
0.044677734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.01611328125,
0.003570556640625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0556640625,
0.042724609375,
-0.035400390625,
0.005279541015625,
0.011474609375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.021728515625,
0.02685546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0771484375,
0.0240478515625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.08251953125,
0.05126953125,
0.07763671875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.048828125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0003108978271484375,
0.025634765625,
0.029541015625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.046875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.033203125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0380859375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0203857421875,
0.002685546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.00665283203125,
0.0185546875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.005218505859375,
0.0234375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.036376953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.017578125,
-0.00439453125,
0.05029296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0038604736328125,
0.028076171875,
0.06494140625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01611328125,
0.02490234375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.000957489013671875,
-0.072265625,
0.01318359375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.07568359375,
0.007110595703125,
0.0196533203125,
0.000682830810546875,
0.05224609375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.005462646484375,
0.01513671875,
0.042724609375,
0.035888671875,
0.0703125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.028076171875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.025146484375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.03662109375,
0.004150390625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.007080078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.041015625,
0.0004444122314453125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0439453125,
0.003448486328125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0004367828369140625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.044189453125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01422119140625,
0.02490234375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0142822265625,
0.04736328125,
0.0634765625,
0.037109375,
0.009033203125,
0.0284423828125,
0.004638671875,
0.023193359375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0294189453125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0003509521484375,
0.0126953125,
0.056640625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0068359375,
0.00177001953125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.037109375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.031005859375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0037841796875,
0.0004177093505859375,
0.01953125,
0.0390625,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.00061798095703125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.060546875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.0595703125,
0.02001953125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0888671875,
0.026123046875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.002349853515625,
0.057861328125,
0.0010986328125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.06591796875,
0.062255859375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0294189453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0186767578125,
0.01007080078125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.05322265625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.038818359375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.052001953125,
0.0283203125,
0.015625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0419921875,
0.00384521484375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0003681182861328125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.011962890625,
0.043701171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0001583099365234375,
0.037109375,
-0.005859375,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0322265625,
0.00439453125,
0.00457763671875,
0.0142822265625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0016326904296875,
0.054931640625,
-0.0625,
-0.00213623046875,
0.041259765625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0283203125,
0.018310546875,
0.017333984375,
0.038818359375,
0.022705078125,
0.039794921875,
0.01434326171875,
0.056640625,
-0.02490234375,
0.0380859375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00927734375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.043212890625,
0.00909423828125,
0.00836181640625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.02685546875,
0.000499725341796875,
-0.0185546875,
0.01251220703125,
0.00897216796875,
0.044921875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00335693359375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.04638671875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.052734375,
0.00970458984375,
0.04150390625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0556640625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.041259765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.00323486328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.023193359375,
0.016845703125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0001850128173828125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.003143310546875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.009521484375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.00122833251953125,
0.02197265625,
-0.05078125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.007568359375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.033203125,
0.00262451171875,
0.0040283203125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.091796875,
0.275390625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.021728515625,
0.006683349609375,
0.0086669921875,
0.033203125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.004638671875,
0.00159454345703125,
-0.0439453125,
0.00811767578125,
0.0115966796875,
0.0032958984375,
0.005584716796875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.02197265625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.027587890625,
-0.048095703125,
0.07080078125,
0.03759765625,
-0.031982421875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.072265625,
-0.00168609619140625,
-0.018310546875,
0.004638671875,
-0.036865234375,
0.022216796875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0128173828125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0035400390625,
0.000576019287109375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.00445556640625,
0.01397705078125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.07470703125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0712890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.06298828125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.044921875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0240478515625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.035888671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.007415771484375,
0.024658203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.052734375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0322265625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.049560546875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.02783203125,
0.026123046875,
0.003631591796875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01483154296875
] |
Per Curiam.
On October 15, 1980, defendant pled guilty to breaking and entering a business place with intent to commit larceny, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. Defendant’s plea was induced by a sentence bargain under which defendant was to be sentenced tó imprisonment for no more than three to ten years. Defendant was sentenced to probation for a period of five years. On May 14, 1981, defendant pled guilty to probation violation. Defendant was sentenced to imprisonment for six years, eight months to ten years and appeals by right.
Defendant argues that his sentence for probation violation violated the original sentence bargain. Sentence bargaining was recently clarified in People v Killebrew, 416 Mich 189; 330 NW2d 834 (1982). The Court emphasized that defendants rely on the prosecutor’s ability to deliver a bargained-for sentence in deciding to plead guilty and held that a defendant must be permitted to withdraw his plea if the court declines to approve a sentence bargain or to carry out a sentence recommendation. Here, however, the original sentence bargain had been carried out. A five-year term of probation is a lesser sentence than three to ten years in prison, even though the probation sentence carries with it the possibility that further misconduct by defendant will result in additional punishment. A defendant may rely on a sentence bargain in deciding to plead guilty, but a defendant cannot rely on a sentence bargain in deciding whether to violate probation.
Defendant relies on MCL 771.4; MSA 28.1134, which provides in part:
"In case such probation order is terminated or revoked the court may proceed to sentence such probationer in the same manner and to the same penalty as it might have done if such probation order had never been made.”
The statute does not expressly refer to sentence bargaining. Where the language employed in a statute is ambiguous or unclear, the duty of the court is to construe the language so as to effectuate the evident purpose of the legislation. Grand Rapids Motor Coach Co v Public Service Comm, 323 Mich 624, 635; 36 NW2d 299 (1949). We do not believe the Legislature intended this provision to preserve the original sentence bargain for a defendant who subsequently violated probation. Such a statutory scheme would lead to absurd results. For example, a defendant who pled guilty in return for a bargained-for sentence of probation would be immune from punishment for probation violation. We construe the statute to require merely that the sentence for probation violation falls within the statutory limits for sentencing for the original crime.
The record shows that no updated presentence report was prepared for defendant’s sentencing for probation violation and that the sentencing judge relied on the report prepared for the original sentencing. A reasonably updated presentence report is required if a defendant is resentenced. People v Triplett, 407 Mich 510; 287 NW2d 165 (1980). The same rule applies to sentencing after revocation of probation. People v Bruce, 102 Mich App 573, 580; 302 NW2d 238 (1980). Here, when defendant exercised his right of allocution, he suggested various changed circumstances, including his acquisition of a family and his reformation from drug use. Defendant’s failure to comply with the terms of probation imposed after the original report suggests changed circumstances of a type less favorable to defendant. The prosecution argues that the original presentence report was sufficiently updated because it was only five months old at the time of the sentencing for probation violation. We need not decide whether presentence reports of such an age are inherently defective; the record here contains sufficient allegations of changed circumstances that we can say that at least the report at issue here was not reasonably updated.
On remand, defendant shall be resentenced before a different judge, who shall use a reasonably updated presentence report. People v Triplett, supra, p 516.
Remanded for resentencing in accordance with this opinion. We retain no jurisdiction. | [
0.0191650390625,
0.001220703125,
0.00421142578125,
0.08349609375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0654296875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.013671875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0654296875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.06103515625,
0.00494384765625,
0.07666015625,
0.038818359375,
0.007476806640625,
0.015625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.044677734375,
-0.042724609375,
0.01708984375,
0.0032501220703125,
0.030029296875,
0.0113525390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.04052734375,
-0.055419921875,
0.016845703125,
0.00176239013671875,
0.032470703125,
-0.03125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.028076171875,
0.05029296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.006500244140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0498046875,
0.005157470703125,
0.0206298828125,
0.005126953125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.037109375,
0.01019287109375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.03173828125,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.006805419921875,
0.018310546875,
0.017333984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.017578125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.044189453125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0281982421875,
0.008544921875,
0.0057373046875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.056884765625,
0.00390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.038818359375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.005584716796875,
0.050048828125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.009765625,
0.06201171875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00225830078125,
-0.03466796875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.021728515625,
0.03759765625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.041015625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0546875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.009521484375,
0.053466796875,
-0.02001953125,
0.03173828125,
0.0390625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0302734375,
0.00634765625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.015380859375,
0.0380859375,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.04296875,
0.0322265625,
0.0654296875,
0.03857421875,
0.01104736328125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0009765625,
0.03515625,
0.03076171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.041748046875,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0380859375,
0.013671875,
-0.08251953125,
0.032470703125,
0.0294189453125,
0.01708984375,
0.00927734375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0390625,
0.009521484375,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.037841796875,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.057373046875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0595703125,
-0.000050067901611328125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.04052734375,
0.020263671875,
0.01312255859375,
0.027099609375,
0.005157470703125,
0.019287109375,
-0.0000972747802734375,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0302734375,
0.015869140625,
0.018310546875,
-0.04150390625,
0.00101470947265625,
0.056884765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0245361328125,
0.04736328125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.036865234375,
0.00543212890625,
0.07568359375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.059814453125,
0.054931640625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.031005859375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00124359130859375,
-0.031982421875,
0.015869140625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.020751953125,
-0.02294921875,
0.013671875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0157470703125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.02587890625,
0.052001953125,
0.05224609375,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.01123046875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0152587890625,
0.04150390625,
0.041748046875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.01025390625,
0.042236328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.06787109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.023681640625,
0.015380859375,
0.0634765625,
0.01513671875,
0.00135040283203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.01171875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.025146484375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.01904296875,
0.030517578125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01470947265625,
0.03857421875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0341796875,
0.04296875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.059326171875,
0.01953125,
-0.060546875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.001953125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.04052734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0262451171875,
0.028564453125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.016357421875,
-0.056396484375,
0.048583984375,
0.012451171875,
0.022705078125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.07958984375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0361328125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.01116943359375,
0.00023174285888671875,
-0.00078582763671875,
0.0003376007080078125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.02001953125,
0.029541015625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0390625,
0.0081787109375,
0.000789642333984375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.0000705718994140625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.011474609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0113525390625,
0.00714111328125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.03173828125,
0.020263671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.046142578125,
-0.03564453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.013916015625,
0.048583984375,
0.05908203125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.00049591064453125,
-0.00173187255859375,
0.005950927734375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01513671875,
0.041015625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.00244140625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03857421875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.046875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0390625,
0.0128173828125,
0.0576171875,
0.046875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.06103515625,
0.05126953125,
0.0081787109375,
0.00933837890625,
0.016357421875,
0.032958984375,
-0.026123046875,
0.03125,
0.01373291015625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.022705078125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.01953125,
-0.008056640625,
0.03125,
0.010009765625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0174560546875,
0.044189453125,
-0.00408935546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.01171875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.052490234375,
0.044189453125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01397705078125,
0.01446533203125,
0.04833984375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0595703125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0390625,
0.004241943359375,
0.052001953125,
0.045654296875,
0.030517578125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.058349609375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0057373046875,
0.06005859375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.040283203125,
-0.025146484375,
0.003875732421875,
0.08154296875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01165771484375,
0.040771484375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.042236328125,
0.0390625,
0.0302734375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00372314453125,
-0.00396728515625,
0.03857421875,
-0.021240234375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0169677734375,
0.054443359375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0390625,
0.051513671875,
-0.015625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0068359375,
0.025634765625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.03466796875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0140380859375,
0.00946044921875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.003692626953125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.0205078125,
0.0458984375,
-0.039306640625,
0.030029296875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.051025390625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.013916015625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0294189453125,
0.041748046875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00823974609375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.032958984375,
0.045654296875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.048583984375,
0.038818359375,
0.0146484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.039306640625,
0.018798828125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.005340576171875,
0.055419921875,
0.033447265625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0498046875,
0.000362396240234375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.02734375,
-0.05322265625,
0.0257568359375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0018157958984375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03173828125,
0.042724609375,
-0.015625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0003986358642578125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01348876953125,
0.056396484375,
0.008544921875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03173828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0106201171875,
0.029052734375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.052490234375,
0.01422119140625,
0.01373291015625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.031005859375,
0.048095703125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.017578125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.03369140625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.037109375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0191650390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.05859375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.044921875,
0.035888671875,
0.07470703125,
0.01318359375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.060546875,
0.037841796875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0078125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.041259765625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0078125,
0.0634765625,
-0.060546875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.045166015625,
0.044921875,
0.0208740234375,
0.04833984375,
0.03076171875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.046875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.06640625,
0.0024566650390625,
0.044189453125,
-0.018798828125,
0.040283203125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.045654296875,
0.006927490234375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.032958984375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.06396484375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.04150390625,
0.04296875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0478515625,
0.045166015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.05322265625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00970458984375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0546875,
0.00994873046875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.000035762786865234375,
0.016357421875,
-0.08740234375,
-0.036865234375,
0.037353515625,
0.041259765625,
0.0439453125,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.05810546875,
0.013671875,
0.0130615234375,
0.05224609375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.048583984375,
0.00087738037109375,
0.058349609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.000255584716796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.037109375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.029541015625,
0.0230712890625,
0.000225067138671875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.037841796875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.002685546875,
0.006744384765625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.00482177734375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0255126953125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.0048828125,
-0.015625,
0.00274658203125,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.0123291015625,
0.040771484375,
-0.047607421875,
0.0040283203125,
0.0113525390625,
0.02392578125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.04736328125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0341796875,
0.002166748046875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0196533203125,
0.059814453125,
-0.05810546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0096435546875,
0.058349609375,
0.005096435546875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0283203125,
0.05810546875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.033935546875,
0.01153564453125,
0.009521484375,
0.03515625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.038330078125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.045166015625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00457763671875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0108642578125,
0.018798828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.00092315673828125,
0.00927734375,
0.029052734375,
0.000782012939453125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.00128936767578125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.04150390625,
0.033935546875,
0.03955078125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.00738525390625,
0.01220703125,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.021240234375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.020751953125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.04931640625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.028076171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.052490234375,
0.02734375,
0.010986328125,
-0.02734375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.047607421875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.000701904296875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.04052734375,
0.000881195068359375,
0.021728515625,
0.03955078125,
-0.00927734375,
0.01043701171875,
0.002349853515625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00518798828125,
0.039306640625,
0.027587890625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.048828125,
0.01513671875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.029296875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.0076904296875,
0.005828857421875,
0.047119140625,
0.007232666015625,
0.0179443359375,
0.03271484375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.000133514404296875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.01611328125,
0.00958251953125,
0.000270843505859375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0150146484375,
0.00982666015625,
0.017578125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.000171661376953125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0037384033203125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0888671875,
0.036376953125,
-0.024658203125,
0.03857421875,
0.0267333984375,
0.044189453125,
0.0213623046875,
0.039794921875,
-0.000911712646484375,
0.029052734375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.000865936279296875,
-0.00189208984375,
0.037353515625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.003173828125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.0263671875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0003261566162109375,
0.00250244140625,
-0.09228515625,
0.25,
0.0157470703125,
0.004486083984375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0498046875,
0.005615234375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.014404296875,
0.035888671875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0054931640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.006988525390625,
0.000732421875,
0.05322265625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.013427734375,
-0.052734375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00830078125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.07080078125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.051025390625,
0.044189453125,
0.04541015625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0283203125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.009033203125,
0.006683349609375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.031494140625,
0.051025390625,
0.08642578125,
-0.046875,
0.037353515625,
0.011474609375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.01177978515625,
0.044189453125,
0.01953125,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.037353515625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.06591796875,
0.007476806640625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.04541015625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0673828125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0185546875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.009033203125,
0.0260009765625,
0.002685546875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.011474609375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0294189453125
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted after a bench trial of possession of cocaine, possession of pentazocine, and possession of diazepam, MCL 333.7403; MSA 14.15(7403). On June 30, 1981, he was sentenced to serve a term of one year’s probation in the Detroit House of Correction. Defendant appeals as of right.
Defendant first argues that his convictions must be reversed because the controlled substance provision of the Public Health Code violates the title-object clause of Const 1963, art 4, § 24. This claim has been rejected by several panels of the Court. See People v Kidd, 121 Mich App 92; 328 NW2d 394 (1982); People v Swindlehurst, 120 Mich App 606; 328 NW2d 92 (1982); People v Ensign (On Rehearing), 112 Mich App 286; 315 NW2d 570 (1982); People v Trupiano, 97 Mich App 416; 296 NW2d 49 (1980).
Defendant next argues that his conviction of possession of pentazocine must be reversed because the Legislature has never declared that the possession of pentazocine is a crime. Pursuant to the authority granted to it under MCL 333.7215; MSA 14.15(7215), the State Board of Pharmacy classified pentazocine as a schedule 3 controlled substance. Defendant claims that the provisions of the con trolled substances act which allow the State Board of Pharmacy to add substances to the schedule of proscribed substances constitutes an unlawful delegation of the Legislature’s power to create criminal offenses to an administrative agency. Members of this Court are divided on the issue, in People v Uriel, 76 Mich App 102; 255 NW2d 788 (1977), lv den 402 Mich 851 (1978), the panel upheld the provisions. In People v Turmon, 117 Mich App 345; 323 NW2d 698 (1982), a divided panel reached the opposite conclusion. The most recent case on this issue is People v O’Neal, 122 Mich App 370; 333 NW2d 56 (1983), which holds the provisions constitutional. We find the O’Neal opinion thorough and persuasive and for the reasons stated therein conclude that the delegation to the Board of Pharmacy is constitutional.
Affirmed. | [
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.046142578125,
0.041015625,
-0.06640625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.035400390625,
0.064453125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0026702880859375,
0.01373291015625,
0.01708984375,
0.00060272216796875,
-0.030517578125,
0.048583984375,
0.01055908203125,
0.05712890625,
0.034423828125,
0.022216796875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.01556396484375,
0.01251220703125,
0.00194549560546875,
0.037841796875,
0.02734375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.07958984375,
-0.03955078125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.001953125,
0.04931640625,
-0.022216796875,
0.029296875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.023193359375,
0.007476806640625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.015380859375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0172119140625,
0.004974365234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0146484375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0179443359375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.03955078125,
0.01904296875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.020751953125,
-0.005859375,
-0.049560546875,
0.0089111328125,
0.02001953125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0269775390625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.00726318359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.044677734375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.04638671875,
0.052734375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.007080078125,
0.0101318359375,
0.00885009765625,
0.0004177093505859375,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0380859375,
0.041015625,
-0.013671875,
-0.02392578125,
0.054931640625,
-0.05078125,
0.031494140625,
0.0294189453125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0771484375,
-0.004638671875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0169677734375,
0.014404296875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0224609375,
0.03271484375,
-0.046142578125,
0.0032958984375,
0.05810546875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.05224609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.02197265625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.00360107421875,
0.03564453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.000301361083984375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.000518798828125,
0.0018157958984375,
0.005126953125,
-0.0086669921875,
0.05029296875,
0.010009765625,
0.032958984375,
0.03369140625,
0.006439208984375,
0.0272216796875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0242919921875,
0.064453125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.03173828125,
0.040283203125,
0.005096435546875,
0.0274658203125,
0.037353515625,
0.001922607421875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0001201629638671875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0244140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.02880859375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0458984375,
0.02001953125,
0.0022430419921875,
0.0234375,
-0.053955078125,
0.007354736328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.000247955322265625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0123291015625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0146484375,
0.00799560546875,
0.01214599609375,
0.01171875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.061279296875,
0.00616455078125,
0.0087890625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0537109375,
-0.000885009765625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.035888671875,
0.025634765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0002536773681640625,
0.00148773193359375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0263671875,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.030029296875,
0.046875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0242919921875,
0.013427734375,
0.0419921875,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.023681640625,
0.037109375,
0.048583984375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.01190185546875,
0.025390625,
0.01239013671875,
0.006195068359375,
0.07958984375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0322265625,
0.006805419921875,
0.0263671875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.02734375,
0.031494140625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01300048828125,
0.043701171875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.033935546875,
0.02001953125,
0.0036468505859375,
0.005157470703125,
0.003509521484375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.06787109375,
-0.0390625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.03662109375,
0.064453125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.006927490234375,
0.00982666015625,
0.046142578125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.07275390625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.007568359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0576171875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.005126953125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0703125,
0.01806640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0908203125,
0.0140380859375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.009765625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.015380859375,
0.003173828125,
-0.021484375,
-0.021484375,
0.02001953125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.033203125,
0.016357421875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.07275390625,
0.046875,
0.00482177734375,
0.00970458984375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.059326171875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0673828125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.000518798828125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.010498046875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0081787109375,
0.0009918212890625,
0.027587890625,
-0.034423828125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0263671875,
0.05859375,
0.011474609375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.02978515625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0022125244140625,
0.00830078125,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.010986328125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.005889892578125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0169677734375,
0.053466796875,
-0.02587890625,
0.048095703125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.035400390625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.03125,
-0.031494140625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0003566741943359375,
0.00970458984375,
0.009521484375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.046875,
0.00482177734375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0634765625,
0.036376953125,
0.05810546875,
0.0235595703125,
0.057373046875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.032470703125,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.06982421875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.045166015625,
0.01904296875,
0.01043701171875,
0.040283203125,
0.007598876953125,
0.033203125,
-0.036865234375,
0.003082275390625,
0.024658203125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0296630859375,
0.00040435791015625,
0.037841796875,
-0.025634765625,
0.0146484375,
-0.00830078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.028564453125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.030029296875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.08349609375,
0.04833984375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.034423828125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.039794921875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0302734375,
0.0245361328125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0125732421875,
0.00439453125,
-0.0390625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.021240234375,
0.051025390625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.031005859375,
0.02685546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.030029296875,
0.025634765625,
0.013671875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.005462646484375,
0.056640625,
-0.057373046875,
0.00016880035400390625,
0.037841796875,
0.0068359375,
-0.035888671875,
0.01513671875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0004787445068359375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.003570556640625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.007598876953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.037109375,
-0.03076171875,
0.004241943359375,
0.041259765625,
0.035400390625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.006591796875,
0.006378173828125,
0.00250244140625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0703125,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0498046875,
0.006866455078125,
0.041748046875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0281982421875,
0.005950927734375,
0.01544189453125,
0.0196533203125,
0.044677734375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.052734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.052490234375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.018310546875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.023193359375,
0.010009765625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.049072265625,
0.01409912109375,
0.042236328125,
-0.009765625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.037109375,
0.00408935546875,
-0.028564453125,
0.00921630859375,
0.0478515625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.058349609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.01409912109375,
0.0008392333984375,
0.01806640625,
0.042724609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.06396484375,
0.072265625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.009033203125,
0.005096435546875,
0.0096435546875,
0.00701904296875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01171875,
-0.07275390625,
0.021484375,
0.0264892578125,
0.005157470703125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.060546875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.06396484375,
0.00885009765625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0130615234375,
0.014404296875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.02783203125,
0.022705078125,
0.037109375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.04931640625,
-0.022705078125,
0.056396484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.058837890625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0027923583984375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.05126953125,
0.031982421875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.080078125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.036376953125,
-0.022216796875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0078125,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.053466796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.034912109375,
0.004364013671875,
0.020751953125,
0.033447265625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.032470703125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.056640625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0908203125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.05078125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.038330078125,
0.01123046875,
0.0296630859375,
0.06787109375,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.007720947265625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.042236328125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.015625,
0.016845703125,
0.0198974609375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0107421875,
-0.046142578125,
0.032470703125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0244140625,
0.03759765625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00049591064453125,
0.032958984375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.035888671875,
0.00439453125,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.021484375,
0.0233154296875,
0.03125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0517578125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0022735595703125,
0.013427734375,
0.023681640625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.00933837890625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.043212890625,
0.01519775390625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.004058837890625,
0.0654296875,
0.044921875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.017578125,
0.0390625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.000339508056640625,
-0.016845703125,
0.017578125,
-0.033203125,
0.05859375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.000946044921875,
0.0218505859375,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0225830078125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.005615234375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.007080078125,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.08544921875,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02783203125,
0.01068115234375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00011110305786132812,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.021240234375,
0.060302734375,
0.046630859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.0189208984375,
0.048583984375,
0.0228271484375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.04296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0458984375,
0.034912109375,
0.002960205078125,
0.0062255859375,
0.036376953125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.01556396484375,
0.021484375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0028076171875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.016845703125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.010986328125,
0.04150390625,
0.048095703125,
0.020751953125,
0.00799560546875,
0.020751953125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.01129150390625,
0.02734375,
0.023681640625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.03515625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.033447265625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.00034332275390625,
-0.045654296875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0302734375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0233154296875,
0.00012969970703125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0272216796875,
0.034423828125,
0.042724609375,
0.021484375,
0.0068359375,
0.0693359375,
0.00086212158203125,
0.056396484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.014404296875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.027587890625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.056396484375,
0.012939453125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.007781982421875,
0.01611328125,
0.033447265625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0546875,
-0.059326171875,
0.01153564453125,
0.024658203125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0059814453125,
0.03662109375,
0.0142822265625,
0.004302978515625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0341796875,
0.028564453125,
0.038330078125,
0.0234375,
0.0301513671875,
0.026123046875,
0.029296875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.037109375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.02880859375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0004558563232421875,
0.022705078125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.00335693359375,
0.01300048828125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01263427734375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.06591796875,
0.275390625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.020263671875,
0.058349609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.018310546875,
0.036865234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0245361328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01165771484375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.052490234375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.042724609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.005615234375,
-0.029052734375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.032470703125,
0.041748046875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.006622314453125,
0.0142822265625,
0.01287841796875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.005615234375,
0.004791259765625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0289306640625,
0.06982421875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.00193023681640625,
0.01171875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0016021728515625,
0.032958984375,
0.040771484375,
0.01470947265625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00009775161743164062,
0.01300048828125,
0.039306640625,
0.002899169921875,
0.002197265625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.000499725341796875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.010498046875,
0.0025787353515625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.03564453125,
0.04345703125,
0.00732421875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.037109375,
0.015380859375,
-0.02734375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.009765625,
0.01263427734375,
0.01531982421875,
0.0224609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.046875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.017333984375
] |
Per Curiam.
The facts in this case are not in dispute. On June 6, 1981, the defendant came to the door of Webb Wood’s house asking the whereabouts of Wood’s daughter. When he learned that she was not in the house, defendant shot at Wood three times, hitting him twice. Wood died of these injuries.
The defendant relied upon an insanity defense in his bench trial. At the close of trial, the court found the defendant to be guilty of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, and felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), but mentally ill. Sentenced to from 15 to 40 years for second-degree murder and 5 years for felony-firearm, defendant appeals by right.
Defendant raises several claims on appeal which we discuss seriatim.
Defendant first contends that the trial court’s findings of fact do not adequately explain the court’s rejection of defendant’s insanity defense. GCR 1963, 517.1 provides in pertinent part:
"In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the court shall find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon and direct the entry of the appropriate judg ment. It will be sufficient if the court makes brief, definite, and pertinent findings and conclusions upon the contested matters without over elaboration of detail or particularization of facts. If an opinion or memorandum decision is filed, it will be sufficient if the findings and conclusions appear therein.”
This court rule applies to criminal as well as civil cases. People v Jackson, 390 Mich 621; 212 NW2d 918 (1973). The purpose of these special findings of fact in bench trials is to aid appellate review. People v Robert Jackson, 63 Mich App 249; 234 NW2d 471 (1975), lv den 395 Mich 825 (1976). Consequently, "the required findings must cover the trial court’s steps with the degree of specificity necessary to disclose the basis for each critical determination”. People v Robert Jackson, supra, p 254. Such specificity is lacking in the present case.
The trial court’s only allusion to defendant’s insanity defense is contained in the following passage: "[T]he testimony of the three psychologists indicate [sic] that he [the defendant] was mentally ill * * *”. A criminal defendant is presumed sane. However, "once any evidence is presented to suggest otherwise, the burden of proof rests on the prosecution to prove a defendant’s sanity beyond a reasonable doubt”, People v Philpot, 98 Mich App 257, 263; 296 NW2d 229 (1980) (D. C. Riley, J., concurring in part). In rejecting defendant’s insanity defense, the trial court must have concluded either that the defendant had not rebutted the presumption of sanity or that the prosecutor had proved defendant’s sanity beyond a reasonable doubt. The findings of fact, however, do not disclose the path the trial court traveled to its conclusion. Therefore, we must remand for additional factfinding on the record already made.
Defendant next argues that his attorney so poorly prepared and presented defendant’s insanity defense that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. Michigan courts apply a two-part test to ineffective assistance of counsel claims. People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1976). In the first part, a reviewing court measures defense counsel’s performance against the standard of competency announced in Beasley v United States, 491 F2d 687, 696 (CA 6, 1974):
"Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his client’s interest, undeflected by conflicting considerations.”
The second prong of the test considers whether defense counsel made a "serious mistake” and, if so, whether "but for this mistake defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal”. People v Garcia, supra, p 266.
Defense counsel’s performance developing his client’s insanity defense satisfies both parts of the test. He put on two witnesses who testified that defendant was insane or nearly insane. Another defense witness recounted examples of defendant’s bizarre behavior. In addition, defense counsel succeeded in diminishing the credibility of the prosecution’s expert witness. In light of these efforts, we cannot say that defendant’s attorney failed to measure up to the Beasley standard.
Nor do we find that defense counsel made a serious mistake in his preparation of the insanity defense. Defendant complains that his lawyer should have acquired an independent psychiatric evaluation of defendant’s mental condition. The results of such an evaluation may have further supported defendant’s defense; however, we decline to hold that "but for this mistake defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal”.
Third, defendant argues that the introduction of evidence of his prior conviction requires reversal. Because defendant did not object to this evidence at trial, appellate review is barred absent manifest injustice. People v Hogan, 105 Mich App 473; 307 NW2d 72 (1981). Evidence of a defendant’s criminal record is inadmissible "until such time as the defendant takes the witness stand and raises the issue of his character or credibility”. People v Stinson, 113 Mich App 719, 726-727; 318 NW2d 513 (1982). Nevertheless, "an unresponsive, volunteered answer to a proper question is not cause for granting a mistrial”. Id., 727.
Defendant did not testify and place his character or credibility in issue. Evidence of his criminal record emerged, however, in the prosecutor’s cross-examination of defendant’s brother, called as a defense witness:
"Q. Was he employed — When was he last employed, to your knowledge?”
"A. To my knowledge, the place he was employed was at Budd Wheel.
"Q. How long ago?
"A. I would say, it had to be three years prior to the time he got in trouble.
”Q. Three years prior to this last summer?
"A. Yes, that’s right, it had to be three years prior to last summer because he was up for some time in Jackson prior to that time on violation of parole.
The witness’s answer was volunteered and unresponsive. It explained how he remembered the date of defendant’s last employment. The prosecutor, however, had not challenged the witness’s memory. Therefore, the admission of evidence of defendant’s criminal record was not cause to grant a mistrial and does not require reversal. Moreover, we cannot accept defendant’s claim that his counsel’s failure to move for mistrial following the testimony excerpted above constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. The testimony was so obviously volunteered and unresponsive that a competent lawyer could have decided to forego a motion for mistrial. Furthermore, it is likely that such a motion would have failed.
Finally, defendant asserts that we must remand his case for resentencing because the sentencing court used a five-month-old presentence report prepared for another offense. We agree. In People v Triplett, 407 Mich 510, 515; 287 NW2d 165 (1980), the Supreme Court announced that "a reasonably updated presentence report must be utilized in sentencing for felonies * * An accurate, reliable and complete presentence report, the Court found, is necessary to effectuate our society’s goal of individualized sentencing:
"In People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 NW2d 504 (1973), this Court emphasized its commitment to the principles that criminal punishment must fit the offender rather than the offense alone and that sound discretion must be exercised in sentencing matters. We stated:
" 'The modern view of sentencing is that the sentence should be tailored to the particular circumstances of the case and the offender in an effort to balance both society’s need for protection and its interest in maximizing the offender’s rehabilitative potential. While the resources allocated for rehabilitation may be inadequate and some persons question whether rehabilitation can be achieved in the prison setting, this view of sentencing is the present policy of the state. A judge needs complete information to set a proper individualized sentence.’ (Emphasis supplied.) [Citations omitted.]
"To effectuate these goals, it is patent that sentencing inquiries must not be undertaken in a vacuum. Rather such inquiries must be guided by complete and detailed information regarding the offender if the sentence prescribed is to fulfill society’s dual goals of rehabilitation and protection. See Williams v New York, 337 US 241, 247; 69 S Ct 1079; 93 L Ed 1337 (1949).
"The presentence report is a vital and necessary component of this effort to prescribe informed, individualized punishment in felony matters. People v Lee, 391 Mich 618, 631-639; 218 NW2d 655 (1974). See generally Case Note, Criminal Procedure — Accuracy of Presentence Reports, 22 Wayne L Rev 899 (1976). Indeed, unlike its discretionary predecessor, 1927 PA 175, ch XI, § 14, the present act mandates that '[b]efore sentencing any person charged with a felony, * * * the probation officer shall inquire into the antecedents, character and circumstances of such person or persons, and shall report thereon in writing to such court or magistrate’. (Emphasis supplied.) MCL 771.14; MSA 28.1144. See generally McFarlin, supra, 567-571. In People v Brown, 393 Mich 174, 181; 224 NW2d 38 (1974), this Court explicitly recognized the critical importance of such a document in our holding that sentence may not be pronounced without the aid of a presentence report. It was further held that such a report may not be waived 'even if the prosecutor, judge and defendant deemed it expedient in a particular case’ to do so. Id., 181. Our case law and statutory pronouncements therefore clearly attest to the pivotal significance of both the presentence investigation and report in the development of individualized sentencing determinations.” People v Triplett, supra, p 513-515.
In the present case, the court sentenced defendant using a five-month-old presentence report prepared for another offense. In People v Anderson, 107 Mich App 62, 67; 308 NW2d 662 (1981), this Court held, on remarkably similar facts, that "a defendant is entitled to be sentenced on the basis of a presentence report that is prepared especially for the offense for which he is being sentenced”. The Court found that, without such a report, the sentencing court could not "examine the particular circumstances of the case”. Id., 65. The court would not have the benefit of the probation agent’s objective description of the offense nor the offender’s description of the offense and its surrounding circumstances. In Anderson, such .information was especially important because the defendant was convicted on a guilty plea. It is equally important in the instant case, even though the defendant was convicted after a trial. Defendant’s trial was no substitute for a presentence report prepared specifically for the offense for which he was to be sentenced. Because the defendant did not testify, the trial court did not hear his version of the offense. Nor did the court hear an objective description of the offense prepared with sentencing — rather than guilt — in mind. Indeed, a trial and a presehtence report have radically different purposes: the one to ascertain guilt, the other to facilitate individualized sentencing once guilt has been determined. We hold, therefore, that a defendant may not be sentenced on the basis of a presentence report prepared for another offense even though the defendant was convicted after a trial. Accordingly, the defendant in the present case is entitled to resentencing on the basis of a reasonably updated presentence report prepared for the offense for which he is to be sentenced.
Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. | [
0.00775146484375,
0.01202392578125,
0.0225830078125,
0.021484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00494384765625,
0.027587890625,
0.031982421875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0184326171875,
0.004791259765625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0322265625,
0.0019073486328125,
0.027099609375,
0.021484375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00087738037109375,
0.0220947265625,
0.06884765625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0703125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.004425048828125,
0.064453125,
-0.041259765625,
0.00909423828125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.013427734375,
0.0140380859375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.017578125,
0.00457763671875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.037353515625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.026123046875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.0245361328125,
0.027587890625,
0.03857421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.045654296875,
0.031005859375,
0.031005859375,
0.01263427734375,
0.015625,
0.000545501708984375,
-0.0400390625,
0.004730224609375,
0.0166015625,
-0.0234375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.000438690185546875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0242919921875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.00164794921875,
0.005340576171875,
0.04931640625,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.0439453125,
0.03076171875,
0.05029296875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0576171875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.05029296875,
-0.013671875,
0.015625,
0.0341796875,
0.0233154296875,
0.050537109375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.032958984375,
0.00384521484375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.03466796875,
0.0068359375,
0.03076171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.06884765625,
0.00384521484375,
0.01251220703125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01416015625,
0.051513671875,
-0.00830078125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0224609375,
0.04443359375,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0244140625,
0.0264892578125,
0.006866455078125,
0.037353515625,
0.003936767578125,
0.024658203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0078125,
0.02978515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.019775390625,
0.047607421875,
0.040771484375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.043701171875,
-0.037353515625,
0.01806640625,
-0.060546875,
0.002349853515625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0184326171875,
0.06689453125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.007568359375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0234375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.021484375,
0.01708984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.046875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.049560546875,
0.02685546875,
0.03955078125,
-0.011474609375,
0.0159912109375,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0712890625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01483154296875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01123046875,
0.014404296875,
0.033447265625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0654296875,
0.0439453125,
0.0037384033203125,
0.016357421875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00244140625,
0.00537109375,
-0.060546875,
0.0189208984375,
0.02783203125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0537109375,
-0.054443359375,
0.033935546875,
-0.003692626953125,
0.0361328125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.008544921875,
0.0234375,
-0.0166015625,
0.021484375,
0.0380859375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.002197265625,
0.04296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.03076171875,
0.031982421875,
0.00107574462890625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.000640869140625,
0.00457763671875,
0.05712890625,
0.01806640625,
0.012939453125,
0.0458984375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.012939453125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0142822265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.01123046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.03125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.015869140625,
0.00567626953125,
0.00811767578125,
0.03173828125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.021484375,
0.042236328125,
-0.044189453125,
0.01318359375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0303955078125,
0.000873565673828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.07177734375,
0.016357421875,
0.022705078125,
0.0234375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.078125,
-0.04345703125,
0.046875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01611328125,
0.0002956390380859375,
-0.033203125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0341796875,
0.031982421875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0322265625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.05615234375,
0.024658203125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.03759765625,
0.078125,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.04638671875,
0.010986328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.07421875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.010498046875,
0.00049591064453125,
0.01226806640625,
0.00604248046875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04736328125,
0.01953125,
0.0081787109375,
0.035400390625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.016357421875,
0.033447265625,
0.004119873046875,
0.0634765625,
-0.000701904296875,
0.001312255859375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.00396728515625,
0.004058837890625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.018798828125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.05029296875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.053466796875,
0.038330078125,
-0.02783203125,
0.048828125,
0.00457763671875,
-0.021484375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.041748046875,
0.000499725341796875,
0.041259765625,
0.01123046875,
0.0150146484375,
0.029052734375,
0.0556640625,
0.001556396484375,
-0.00927734375,
0.0004673004150390625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.01318359375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.00830078125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0147705078125,
0.031982421875,
0.00677490234375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.033447265625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0390625,
0.0078125,
-0.07373046875,
0.054931640625,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.02880859375,
0.039794921875,
0.0439453125,
0.054443359375,
0.02294921875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.033203125,
0.025634765625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.024169921875,
0.054443359375,
0.0250244140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.009765625,
-0.046875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.041015625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.038818359375,
0.056396484375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.00103759765625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.009521484375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.0184326171875,
0.041259765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.031005859375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0296630859375,
0.049560546875,
-0.052001953125,
0.03857421875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.057373046875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.048095703125,
0.04443359375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.006500244140625,
0.035888671875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0322265625,
0.016845703125,
0.001983642578125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.004791259765625,
0.01806640625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0002574920654296875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0263671875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01611328125,
0.007537841796875,
0.0133056640625,
0.005645751953125,
0.006927490234375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.037109375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0009765625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00347900390625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.03125,
-0.044921875,
0.002655029296875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.09033203125,
0.010986328125,
0.0322265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0181884765625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.041015625,
0.0498046875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0537109375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.014404296875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.00445556640625,
-0.046875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.046630859375,
0.016845703125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.06005859375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.02001953125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0257568359375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0164794921875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.003875732421875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.017578125,
0.0203857421875,
0.00787353515625,
0.02734375,
0.02685546875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0234375,
-0.04736328125,
0.06884765625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.021484375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.00023555755615234375,
-0.020751953125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0458984375,
0.037841796875,
0.025146484375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.058837890625,
0.07470703125,
0.0693359375,
0.000484466552734375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0054931640625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0703125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.02734375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.021484375,
-0.01953125,
0.0128173828125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.037109375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.035400390625,
0.056640625,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.05810546875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.040283203125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.02490234375,
0.032470703125,
-0.053466796875,
0.01904296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01708984375,
0.041015625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.03759765625,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02734375,
0.0264892578125,
0.029541015625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0135498046875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.033203125,
0.018798828125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0419921875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.060302734375,
0.01708984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.07275390625,
-0.037109375,
0.03857421875,
0.041259765625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0419921875,
0.015380859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0361328125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.019775390625,
0.052734375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04345703125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.028564453125,
0.00714111328125,
0.0185546875,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00872802734375,
0.0262451171875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0016021728515625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0181884765625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0023345947265625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0625,
0.001953125,
-0.02783203125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.054931640625,
0.0004634857177734375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.009765625,
0.0081787109375,
0.037109375,
0.046875,
0.0029296875,
0.007171630859375,
0.0052490234375,
0.0186767578125,
0.016357421875,
-0.004486083984375,
0.048095703125,
0.013671875,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0206298828125,
0.046875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.08203125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0615234375,
0.04296875,
0.037109375,
0.003631591796875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.049072265625,
0.04296875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.048828125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.048828125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.02099609375,
0.035400390625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0002803802490234375,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.046875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.019775390625,
0.01171875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.017578125,
0.009765625,
0.06201171875,
0.029052734375,
0.03759765625,
0.0001220703125,
0.0283203125,
0.05419921875,
0.049560546875,
0.041015625,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0294189453125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0155029296875,
0.00927734375,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.04296875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.04296875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0615234375,
0.015869140625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.021484375,
0.0081787109375,
0.03662109375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0005340576171875,
0.036865234375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0030059814453125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0093994140625,
0.01416015625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.000026106834411621094,
0.07275390625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.04443359375,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0194091796875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0218505859375,
0.047607421875,
0.04736328125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.004974365234375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.021484375,
0.0164794921875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.036376953125,
0.017333984375,
-0.01171875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.030517578125,
0.0400390625,
-0.046142578125,
0.013671875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0732421875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.015869140625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0185546875,
0.05615234375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.048828125,
0.003631591796875,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.046875,
0.01123046875,
-0.00555419921875,
0.002838134765625,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0098876953125,
0.036376953125,
0.00982666015625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.047607421875,
0.021484375,
0.016357421875,
-0.099609375,
0.26171875,
0.00537109375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.038330078125,
0.00830078125,
0.03515625,
-0.05810546875,
0.01513671875,
-0.00061798095703125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01202392578125,
0.060302734375,
0.02001953125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0147705078125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0693359375,
0.033203125,
-0.00927734375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.047119140625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.015625,
-0.0439453125,
0.032958984375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0400390625,
0.043701171875,
0.01129150390625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.004058837890625,
0.0185546875,
-0.037353515625,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.049072265625,
0.0302734375,
-0.037109375,
0.0224609375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.00830078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.002197265625,
0.0064697265625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.02392578125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.03759765625,
0.0201416015625,
0.01300048828125,
0.058349609375,
0.00022411346435546875,
-0.022705078125,
0.00061798095703125,
0.0111083984375,
0.00004839897155761719,
-0.00250244140625,
0.004913330078125,
0.08154296875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.025146484375,
0.009521484375,
0.06494140625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0400390625,
0.03076171875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0191650390625
] |
D. E. Holbrook, Jr., J.
Plaintiff and Martha Lula were married on September 15, 1927, living thereafter as husband and wife until August 22, 1975. Martha Lula Walters filed a complaint for divorce in Newaygo County Circuit Court. Ancillary to the filing of her complaint, she obtained a preliminary injunction prohibiting plaintiff from coming upon the marital premises and also "from selling, transferring or disposing of any assets owned jointly by the parties or individually by either of them during the pendency of this suit”.
While the divorce and preliminary injunction were pending, Mrs. Walters delivered an envelope to defendant Norlin, her sister, containing a collection of silver dollars and cash totaling $6,792. The cash came from a joint savings account held with her sister, defendant Matych. The same evening, Mrs. Walters died in a fire, thereby terminating the divorce proceedings.
On April 21, 1976, plaintiff was appointed by the Newaygo County Probate Court to administer the estate of Mrs. Walters. On July 30, 1976, plaintiff’s attorney petitioned the probate court to close the probate estate "due to the absence of any property to be administered”, noting that the sum of $6,329.73 had been paid to defendant Norlin prior to the death of Mrs. Walters and, accordingly, no assets remained in her estate. The petition was granted and the estate closed on August 2, 1976.
On May 12, 1977, plaintiff petitioned the probate court to reopen the estate, claiming that the transfer of funds to defendant Norlin was not a gift but was merely a transfer for safekeeping and, there fore, should have been in the estate on the day of death. Following a hearing, the probate court dismissed the petition to reopen the estate based on the lack of newly discovered assets.
Thereafter, plaintiff instituted this action in circuit court seeking to recover the cash and silver dollars. The circuit court ruled in favor of plaintiff and defendants appeal said ruling.
First defendants contend the trial court erred in finding the defense of res judicata to be inapplicable to the circuit court proceedings. The circuit court held:
"This court finds that the defense of res judicata does not apply in this matter. At the time that the probate estate was commenced there was not a de facto estate. Therefore the estate was dismissed for lack of assets. However there was a latent dejure estate which has been brought to life by this present circuit court proceeding. The probate court action was not resolved 'on the merits’ but instead on the basis of procedural grounds. An actual probate of an estate had not taken place. There was no litigation in probate court as to the conveyances by the deceased. This court agrees that the Newaygo County Probate Court could have determined title to the conveyed assets, however that opportunity did not materialize. Thus the matter was not litigated 'on the merits’.”
We disagree with the circuit court’s findings and hold the probate court’s order barred any further action in the circuit court. The probate judge made the following findings and order:
"Whereas, it has been determined that there were no probatable assets within the estate of Martha Lula Walters upon her death March 29, 1976, and whereas the administrator, Hugh T. Walters, has no goods, chattels, money, effects, nor property of estate, said estate in his hands to administer, said estate is closed and the limited letters of authority granted to the administrator, Hugh T. Walters, on April 27, 1976, are hereby revoked and canceled and said administrator is discharged.”
First, the probate court action was a decision on the merits, based on pleadings and admissions, and was not merely procedural. The probate court made a finding that there were no probatable assets and, based on that finding, issued an order. Second, res judicata applies not only to issues which were litigated, but also to issues which could have been litigated. Gose v Monroe Auto Equipment Co, 409 Mich 147; 294 NW2d 165 (1980). Third, the issue herein was "actually litigated”.
"A question has not been actually litigated until put in issue by the pleadings, submitted to the trier of fact for a determination, and thereafter determined.” Sahn v Brisson, 43 Mich App 666, 670; 204 NW2d 692 (1972).
The question of whether these assets were probatable was pleaded, submitted to the trier of fact for a determination, and thereafter determined.
Second, defendants claim that the trial court erred in finding that the injunctive order, ancillary to the divorce proceedings, was equally applicable to Mrs. Walters. We agree. Under equitable principles, the trial court held that since plaintiff was precluded from transferring any assets of his personal estate or the marital estate during the pendency of the divorce so too was Mrs. Walters.
While it may have been equitable to impose the same restrictions on Mrs. Walters as she sought to have imposed against plaintiff, the injunctive order simply did not put those restrictions on her. The order was addressed specifically and applied only to plaintiff. It sought to enjoin him only, not Mrs. Walters, as she was the complainant in the action. Moreover, the General Court Rules provide:
"Form and Scope of Injunction. Every order granting an injunction or restraining order
"(1) shall set forth the reasons for its issuance;
"(2) shall be specific in terms;
"(3) shall describe in reasonable detail, and not by reference to the complaint or other document, the act or acts sought to be restrained; and
"(4) is binding only upon the parties to the action, their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and upon those persons in active concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order by personal service or otherwise.” GCR 1963, 718.9.
The court rule makes it clear that injunctions are to be specific and narrowly construed. We hold the transfers made By Mrs. Walters were not violative of the court’s injunctive order.
We further hold that, contrary to the trial court’s findings, Mrs. Walters made valid gifts of the money and coins. She had sufficient ownership in each to validly dispose of them prior to her death. The validity of these gifts was conclusively decided by the probate court order which took into consideration the following representations made by plaintiff through his attorney in the Newaygo County Probate Court:
"Russell E. Price, Attorney for Hugh T. Walters, Administrator of the above captioned estate, represents to the court as follows:
"That thorough investigation for assets owned by the deceased as of date of death, March 29, 1976, revealed no probate estate.
"Further, that the Martha Walters bank account with the Fremont Bank & Trust Company had been withdrawn by the decedent prior to her death on March 29, 1976 and paid over to her sister, Mrs. Henry E. Norlin of Pickeral Lake, Newaygo, Michigan 49337, in the amount of approximately $6,329.73. Therefore, said property was not in the estate of Martha Lula Walters at her date of death.”
These representations, made five months after Mrs. Walters’ death, strongly indicate that plaintiff had no claim to the money or coins. It was not until ten months later that plaintiff attempted to have the estate reopened to make a claim of ownership.
The circuit court is reversed and the matter is remanded for an order dismissing plaintiff’s action. Costs to appellants. | [
-0.02099609375,
0.013916015625,
0.01708984375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.036376953125,
0.05908203125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0247802734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.042724609375,
0.01373291015625,
0.01165771484375,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.015625,
0.015625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.01031494140625,
0.052001953125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.00634765625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0751953125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0263671875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.02880859375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.00146484375,
0.04052734375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00970458984375,
0.05517578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0390625,
0.021240234375,
0.021728515625,
-0.000217437744140625,
-0.017578125,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.005767822265625,
0.024658203125,
0.02734375,
0.0004024505615234375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0057373046875,
-0.023681640625,
0.049560546875,
0.015625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.03759765625,
0.072265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.02099609375,
0.038330078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0361328125,
0.005157470703125,
0.036376953125,
0.0140380859375,
0.00421142578125,
0.01495361328125,
0.007720947265625,
0.07080078125,
0.00408935546875,
0.0120849609375,
0.021240234375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0390625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.04296875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0419921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.058349609375,
0.00106048583984375,
0.033447265625,
0.002227783203125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.06787109375,
0.032958984375,
0.01300048828125,
0.0361328125,
0.005340576171875,
0.003692626953125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0123291015625,
0.00640869140625,
0.01043701171875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.04150390625,
0.032958984375,
0.000396728515625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0537109375,
0.03125,
0.06640625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0712890625,
0.0189208984375,
0.05322265625,
0.0361328125,
0.052978515625,
-0.015869140625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.021728515625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.018310546875,
0.0069580078125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0220947265625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0255126953125,
0.022705078125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.014404296875,
0.053466796875,
0.004180908203125,
0.04150390625,
-0.021484375,
-0.004150390625,
0.035888671875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0152587890625,
0.02294921875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.00023937225341796875,
0.003082275390625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.046875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.036865234375,
0.01708984375,
0.047607421875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0018310546875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03125,
-0.03955078125,
0.006256103515625,
0.06298828125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.09375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.00531005859375,
0.012451171875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.04150390625,
0.034423828125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.015380859375,
0.013427734375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0035400390625,
0.061767578125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.025146484375,
0.017333984375,
0.008056640625,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00738525390625,
0.0029296875,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.00182342529296875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01361083984375,
0.07177734375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0004825592041015625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.002532958984375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.04541015625,
-0.03125,
0.017333984375,
-0.042236328125,
0.044677734375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0013580322265625,
0.03271484375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.048828125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.02978515625,
0.0166015625,
-0.083984375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0546875,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00494384765625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0322265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.01806640625,
0.020751953125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.05517578125,
0.005767822265625,
0.016845703125,
0.0537109375,
0.0000934600830078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.052490234375,
0.007537841796875,
0.00095367431640625,
-0.001220703125,
0.01495361328125,
0.00004410743713378906,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.010498046875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03955078125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.014892578125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02099609375,
0.05810546875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0263671875,
0.07421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.052001953125,
0.007568359375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.00095367431640625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.03662109375,
-0.07080078125,
0.0291748046875,
0.01434326171875,
0.0045166015625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0286865234375,
0.002838134765625,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00131988525390625,
0.055908203125,
0.004669189453125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0224609375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.027587890625,
0.04150390625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.002899169921875,
-0.015625,
0.040283203125,
0.04345703125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0169677734375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.024658203125,
0.046875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.042236328125,
0.010986328125,
0.0128173828125,
0.043212890625,
0.01300048828125,
0.036865234375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0087890625,
0.021240234375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.049560546875,
0.052001953125,
-0.04736328125,
0.00616455078125,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.03564453125,
0.040283203125,
0.030517578125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0040283203125,
0.01513671875,
0.0380859375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0198974609375,
0.00022220611572265625,
0.0289306640625,
0.000823974609375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.00830078125,
0.04150390625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.018798828125,
0.049560546875,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.001495361328125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0703125,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.01019287109375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.03662109375,
0.02001953125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.04150390625,
0.060791015625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0693359375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.02685546875,
0.04541015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.029296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.005950927734375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0194091796875,
0.033203125,
0.0126953125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.033203125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0048828125,
0.0198974609375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.000888824462890625,
0.0234375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0546875,
-0.028564453125,
0.03173828125,
0.0048828125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.01611328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.015625,
0.022216796875,
0.006317138671875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0234375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.041015625,
0.06591796875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.00921630859375,
0.01806640625,
0.05224609375,
0.004058837890625,
0.0233154296875,
0.06298828125,
0.01519775390625,
0.005615234375,
0.03955078125,
0.0498046875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.038330078125,
0.042236328125,
-0.041015625,
0.016845703125,
0.0185546875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0458984375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.05859375,
-0.0849609375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.00628662109375,
0.017822265625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01953125,
-0.052734375,
0.0556640625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0126953125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.0419921875,
0.005950927734375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0087890625,
0.014404296875,
0.0091552734375,
0.03369140625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.046142578125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.09375,
0.00714111328125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.018798828125,
0.00101470947265625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.099609375,
0.028076171875,
-0.006866455078125,
0.00830078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.06787109375,
0.02392578125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0791015625,
-0.02880859375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.027587890625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.021484375,
0.0260009765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01171875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.06640625,
0.05126953125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.054443359375,
0.032958984375,
0.028076171875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.02001953125,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.029296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0150146484375,
0.06591796875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0264892578125,
0.036865234375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0244140625,
-0.05322265625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.047607421875,
0.01220703125,
0.032958984375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0166015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0279541015625,
0.048583984375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0113525390625,
0.049560546875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.048095703125,
0.03857421875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.06591796875,
0.007232666015625,
0.0179443359375,
0.038330078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0498046875,
0.006500244140625,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.0625,
0.02099609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.05615234375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.046875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0274658203125,
0.003021240234375,
0.02392578125,
0.000339508056640625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.00145721435546875,
0.016357421875,
0.0031890869140625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0556640625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0034942626953125,
0.01177978515625,
0.0245361328125,
0.01611328125,
0.02490234375,
0.0458984375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0022430419921875,
0.0064697265625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.076171875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.046142578125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.035888671875,
0.03515625,
0.048583984375,
0.022705078125,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.008544921875,
0.033935546875,
0.005950927734375,
0.025146484375,
0.010498046875,
0.022705078125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.029296875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.02392578125,
0.010986328125,
0.017333984375,
0.035888671875,
0.02197265625,
0.025390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.045166015625,
0.037109375,
-0.000046253204345703125,
0.03173828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.015380859375,
0.00250244140625,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.037841796875,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.05517578125,
0.03369140625,
0.0050048828125,
0.009033203125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.029296875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0390625,
0.015380859375,
0.00482177734375,
0.044189453125,
0.01171875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0556640625,
0.0289306640625,
0.036865234375,
-0.02978515625,
0.013427734375,
0.0419921875,
0.0101318359375,
0.039794921875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.04443359375,
-0.03857421875,
0.020263671875,
0.00665283203125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.015380859375,
0.005859375,
0.0155029296875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0556640625,
0.0137939453125,
0.00127410888671875,
0.009521484375,
0.00335693359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.05517578125,
0.000659942626953125,
0.0068359375,
0.03759765625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.030029296875,
0.020263671875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.06884765625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.055908203125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00445556640625,
0.041015625,
0.000629425048828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.02587890625,
0.05712890625,
0.033203125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.01336669921875,
0.029052734375,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.000949859619140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.01397705078125,
0.021240234375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0517578125,
0.036376953125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.03271484375,
0.07666015625,
0.0146484375,
0.0400390625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.046630859375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.04931640625,
0.025634765625,
-0.06689453125,
0.04833984375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00048828125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.044921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.02490234375,
0.0301513671875,
0.024658203125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.000568389892578125,
0.039306640625,
-0.001953125,
0.006134033203125,
0.038818359375,
0.0201416015625,
0.015625,
0.0064697265625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.005126953125,
0.01287841796875,
0.03515625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.037109375,
0.023681640625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.043701171875,
0.038330078125,
-0.1044921875,
0.271484375,
-0.006591796875,
0.0003795623779296875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.055908203125,
0.007537841796875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0001926422119140625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.009521484375,
0.00014495849609375,
0.0120849609375,
0.00182342529296875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.003753662109375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0008697509765625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0654296875,
0.03857421875,
-0.003265380859375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0546875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00927734375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0018157958984375,
0.028076171875,
0.022216796875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0087890625,
-0.0556640625,
0.058837890625,
0.08447265625,
-0.044677734375,
0.03271484375,
0.0225830078125,
0.035400390625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0002079010009765625,
-0.00360107421875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.052734375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.000202178955078125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0283203125,
0.06396484375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01416015625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.07275390625,
0.02685546875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0286865234375,
0.049072265625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.06640625,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0537109375,
0.01190185546875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.01483154296875,
0.00811767578125
] |
W. F. Hood, J.
Plaintiff brought this declaratory action seeking a determination that defendant was obligated to defend John M. Uganski, doing business as Uganski Crane 8c Truck Service, in a suit for damages for personal injury brought against Uganski by Richard Helmer. From a grant of summary judgment in defendant’s favor, plaintiff appeals as of right.
Helmer was an employee of defendant’s insured, Michigan Foundry & Supply Company, and on the day he was injured he was driving his employer’s truck on his employer’s premises when the truck became stuck. An employee of Uganski was working nearby and undertook to assist Helmer in freeing the truck. To do so Uganski’s employee positioned a vehicle described as a Case Loader 4200, belonging to Uganski, a few feet from the mired truck, intending to tow it. When Helmer went between the two vehicles to attach a tow chain to the truck, the Case Loader rolled backward pinning Helmer against the truck and injuring him. Plaintiff insured Uganski under a comprehensive liability policy and pursuant thereto undertook to defend Uganski in Helmer’s suit. Plaintiff brought this action against Michigan Foundry & Supply Company’s insurer, the defendant herein, claiming that defendant, also, was obligated to defendant Uganski because Uganski was an omnibus insured under defendant’s policy with Michigan Foundry.
The insuring clause of defendant’s policy reads in pertinent part:
"The company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of
"Coverage C. bodily injury * * * to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use, including loading and unloading, of any automobile, and the company shall have the right and duty to defend any suit against the insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury * *
The policy defines the term "insured” as follows:
"II. Persons Insured. Each of the following is an insured under this insurance to the extent set forth below:
"(c) any other person while using an owned automobile * * * with the permission of the named insured, provided his actual operation or (if he is not operating) his other actual use thereof is within the scope of such permission * * *
"(d) any other person or organization but only with respect to his or its liability because of acts or omissions of an insured under (a), (b) or (c) above.”
Plaintiff contends that Uganski’s employee was an insured under clause (c) because the employee’s actions in preparing to tow the Michigan Foundry truck constituted use of that truck and that Uganski was an insured under clause (d) because Uganski was legally responsible for the acts of his employee.
The trial court held that Uganski and his employee were not additional insureds under the omnibus clause in defendant’s policy because the action of Uganski’s employee in preparing to tow the Michigan Foundry truck did not constitute use of the truck. The trial court further held that even if Uganski and his employee were additional insureds under defendant’s policy, there was no coverage with respect to Helmer’s claim because Helmer was an employee of defendant’s named insured, Michigan Foundry, and a policy provision expressly excluded coverage of claims for bodily injury to an employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of his employment by the insured. We reverse as to both holdings.
We note initially that plaintiff is not seeking a declaration that the defendant has the primary responsibility to defend and pay any judgment against Uganski and is not seeking a declaration that plaintiff has no responsibility to Uganski under plaintiff’s policy. If both policies provide coverage to Uganski, then how that coverage should be shared or allocated between plaintiff and defendant will be decided in subsequent proceedings. The sole issue involved in this appeal is whether or not Uganski is entitled to coverage under defendant’s policy. The fact that Uganski is also covered by other insurance is immaterial to the issue here presented.
The language of the omnibus clause is to be construed broadly to effectuate a strong legislative policy of assuring financial protection for innocent victims of automobile accidents. Chicago Ins Co v Security Ins Co of Hartford, 111 NJ Super 291, 295; 268 A2d 296 (1970). The phrase "using an automobile”, for the purpose of the omnibus clause, is not limited to operating or having the benefit of the automobile, but includes doing something "to or with” an automobile. 1 Long, Law of Liability Insurance, § 1.22, p 1-62.1. Illustrative of this concept is the case of Liberty Mutual Ins Co v O’Rourke, 122 NJ Super 68; 298 A2d 725 (1973), where the court held that omnibus coverage was afforded to men helping the named insured’s wife restart an automobile after it became stalled on the highway. One of the men was pouring gasoline into the carburetor when an explosion occurred and the gasoline can caught fire. The man threw the container away from him and in the direction of the insured’s son, who was severely burned. The court said: "It is reasonable to describe this activity as a 'use’ of the automobile within the meaning of the omnibus clause of the insurance policy”. 122 NJ Super 75.
In Neice v Nationwide Mutual Ins Co, 100 Misc 2d 595; 419 NYS2d 799 (1978), a person was attempting to attach a trailer to a Jeep and had his hand crushed when the trailer rolled forward against the Jeep. The court held that the Jeep was clearly being used, regardless of the fact it was motionless at the time of the injury.
In keeping with the "to or with” concept, towing operations are generally considered to be within the meaning of the phrase "using an automobile”. Thus in Dairyland Ins Co v Drum, 193 Colo 519; 568 P2d 459 (1977), where the owner of an automobile was sitting in and steering his vehicle while it was being towed by another vehicle, the court held that the operator of the towing vehicle and the driver of the towed vehicle were each using the other’s vehicle as well as his own, so that each was entitled to the protection of the policies covering both vehicles.
Towing, as a "use” of an automobile, extends to activities directly relating to the preparation for such towing or termination thereof. 7 Am Jur 2d, Automobile Insurance, § 131, p 608. The case of St Paul Fire & Marine Ins Co v Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co, 244 Cal App 2d 826; 53 Cal Rptr 650 (1966), involved facts very similar to the instant case. A sand truck became mired in mud at a construction site, and a water truck was used in an attempt to tow it out. The attempt was unsuccessful. The sand truck driver went between the two vehicles to disconnect the tow chain and was injured when the water truck rolled forward, pin ning him against the sand truck. The court held that the water truck driver was "using” the sand truck at the time of the accident.
In Hall v United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co, 107 Ohio App 13; 155 NE2d 462 (1957), the plaintiff owned two vehicles, a Jeep and a Studebaker, which were separately insured with different companies. The Jeep stalled and plaintiff decided to try to start it by towing it with his Studebaker. An assistant went between the two vehicles to attach the tow line and was injured when plaintiff negligently allowed the Studebaker to roll backward, pinning the assistant between the two vehicles. The court held that the Jeep was being used at the time of the injury, despite the fact it was motionless, and that the owner was entitled to the protection of both policies.
In the case of Bituminous Casualty Corp v Aetna Life & Casualty Co, 599 SW2d 516 (Mo App, 1980), a truck became mired at a landfill site. An employee of the landfill operation was asked to assist in extricating the truck by pushing it with a bulldozer. After the truck had been pushed free, the bulldozer blade struck and injured the truck driver. The court held that the truck was being used by the bulldozer operator so that he and his employer were insured under the truck policy’s omnibus provisions. It was regarded as immaterial that contact between the truck and bulldozer may have ceased prior to the injury.
We conclude that the activity of Uganski’s employee in positioning his Case Loader and holding it in readiness for the attachment of the tow chain to the Michigan Foundry truck constituted "using” such truck within the meaning of the omnibus clause of defendant’s policy.
In the cases last mentioned, as well as in the case at bar, the proximate cause of injury was alleged to be the negligent operation of the rescue vehicle; and it was not claimed the insured vehicle was itself negligently operated or negligently used. This is immaterial. The omnibus clause extends protection to "any * * * person while using an owned automobile with the permission of the named insured * * Its coverage is limited by a time frame — the period of use. The clause does not purport to limit coverage according to causation.
The insuring clause does limit coverage of an insured, named or omnibus, to an injury "arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use * * * of (a covered) automobile”. However, the phrase "arising out of’ is much broader than "proximately caused by”. As stated in 1 Long, Law of Liability Insurance, § 1.22, pp 1-57, 1-59 — 1-60:
"The phrase 'arising out of is not to be construed to mean 'proximately caused by.’ The thought expressed by the words 'arising out of the use of an automobile’ is comprehensive and broad in service. The phrase itself is much broader than a phrase such as 'proximately caused by the use of an automobile.’ The words 'arising out of mean causally connected with, not 'proximately caused by’ use.
"The term ['arising out of] is ordinarily understood to mean 'originating from,’ or 'growing out of,’ or 'flowing from.’ It does not require a finding that the injury was proximately caused by use of the automobile, but only that it arose out of the use. An injury does not arise out of the use of an automobile if it is directly caused by some independent act or intervening cause wholly disassociated from, independent of, and remote from its use.” (Footnote omitted.)
Preparing to tow a disabled or stuck vehicle is an activity that is identifiable with the mainte nance and use of such vehicle and foreseeably necessary. Operation of the Case Loader was directly involved with the towing preparations and cannot be considered such an independent, intervening, disassociated act that Helmer’s injury did not arise out of or flow from maintenance or use of the Michigan Foundry truck.
A further issue to be considered is whether coverage by defendant’s policy of Helmer’s claim against Uganski is excluded because Helmer was an employee of defendant’s named insured, Michigan Foundry, and the injury occurred in the course of his employment.
Pertinent to this issue are two provisions of defendant’s policy. One is an exclusionary clause which reads:
"This insurance does not apply to:
"(c) to bodily injury to any employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of his employment by the insured * * *.”
The second provision is a severability of interests clause which states:
"The insurance afforded applies separately to each insured against whom claim is made or suit is brought, except with respect to the limits of the company’s liability * * *.”
Defendant contends, and the trial court held, that the exclusionary clause operated to deny Uganski coverage of Helmer’s claim under defendant’s policy. We disagree.
The obvious purpose of the employee exclusion is to make clear that the automobile liability policy does not provide coverage for claims arising under workers’ compensation laws. Helmer was not an employee of Uganski and his claim against Uganski was not and could not be brought under the workers’ compensation laws. Applying the exclusion to defeat coverage in this situation would serve no rational purpose and would arbitrarily expose a permissive user of a vehicle to a claim against which the omnibus insurance provisions seem designed to protect.
The purpose of a severability of interests clause is to prevent the employee exclusion clause from being applied where it does not belong. This is discussed in Shelby Mutual Ins Co v Schuitema, 183 So 2d 571 (Fla App, 1966), aff’d 193 So 2d 435 (Fla, 1967). In that case, Shelby Mutual had issued an automobile liability policy to an automobile dealership. While showing an automobile to a prospective customer, a salesman employee of the dealership was injured as a result of the customer’s negligence. The employee sued the customer and the customer requested Shelby Mutual to defend the customer as an additional insured under the omnibus provisions of Shelby’s policy. Shelby refused. On appeal in a declaratory action, the sole issue presented was whether Shelby Mutual could avoid coverage of the customer based upon the clause in its policy which excluded coverage for injuries to employees of the insured. The court said:
"Under the standard automobile policy in use before 1955 there was a split of authority as to whether coverage was provided under facts similar to the instant case. See Anno: 50 ALR2d 99. In 1955 the insurance underwriters attempted to eliminate the confusion of interpretation then existing by adding the 'severability of interests’ clause here involved. It appears to be the virtually unanimous opinion of the legal scholars writing on the subject that the purpose of the addition of the severability of interests clause was to provide coverage under the facts in the instant case. * * * Since the adoption of the severability of interests clause in a policy which would or might apply to several insureds, the term 'the insured’, as used in the exclusions and conditions of the policy, means only the person claiming coverage. Thus, for example, the exclusion for injury to an employee of 'the insured’ deprives no one of coverage except with respect to his own employees. This is true because the term 'the insured’ is used severally and not collectively.
"The conclusion that the insuror and the insured intended only to protect the named insured as to third parties not in the status of employees overlooks the fact that, although an insurance policy could be obtained protecting only the named insured, nevertheless, this insurance policy includes, in addition to the named insured, any person using an automobile of the named insured with his permission. It is apparent then that the parties intended to furnish coverage to persons other than the named insured. The effect of the sever-ability of interests clause is to make it certain that, when a claim is asserted against one who is an insured under the policy, then that person becomes 'the insured’ for the purpose of determining the insuror’s obligations with respect to that claim. The exclusion as to employees of the insured is thus limited and confined to the employees of the employer against whom the claim is asserted. A conclusion to like effect was reached in Gulf Ins Co v Mack Warehouse, 212 F Supp 39 (DC Pa, 1962), and Pepsi Cola Bottling Co of Charleston v Indemnity Ins Co, 318 F2d 714 (CA 4, 1963).” 183 So 2d 573, 574. (Citations omitted.)
Cases in other jurisdictions in accord with the Florida view include: Bituminous Casualty Corp v Aetna Life & Casualty Co, supra; Marwell Construction, Inc v Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London, 465 P2d 298 (Alas, 1970); Phoenix Assurance Co v Hartford Ins Co, 29 Colo App 548; 488 P2d 206 (1971); Pleasant Valley Lima Bean Growers & Warehouse Ass’n v Cal-Farm Ins Co, 142 Cal App 2d 126; 298 P2d 109 (1956); Greaves v Public Service Mutual Ins Co, 5 NY2d 120; 155 NE2d 390 (1959); Travelers Ins Co v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 1 Ohio App 2d 65; 203 NE2d 846 (1964).
Although all jurisdictions do not agree, we believe the Shelby case represents the better-reasoned view, and should be followed in Michigan.
Reversed and remanded. | [
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.05078125,
-0.00054931640625,
0.058349609375,
0.035400390625,
0.005462646484375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.027587890625,
0.00592041015625,
0.03662109375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.023193359375,
0.056396484375,
0.060302734375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01611328125,
0.053955078125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.000024557113647460938,
-0.00543212890625,
0.009521484375,
0.0123291015625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01123046875,
0.0439453125,
-0.044921875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.002105712890625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.02734375,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0517578125,
0.0242919921875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.004150390625,
0.01904296875,
0.037109375,
-0.0634765625,
0.0322265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.01092529296875,
0.015625,
0.0181884765625,
0.034423828125,
0.00107574462890625,
0.010986328125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0361328125,
0.0146484375,
-0.036376953125,
0.055419921875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0634765625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0003757476806640625,
-0.033203125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0361328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.05126953125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0120849609375,
0.046630859375,
0.00787353515625,
0.060791015625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.04833984375,
0.0002613067626953125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01068115234375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.02880859375,
0.034423828125,
-0.00244140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.07861328125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.03466796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.026123046875,
0.057373046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.005462646484375,
0.00604248046875,
0.0242919921875,
0.037353515625,
0.0020751953125,
0.021240234375,
0.0198974609375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.055419921875,
0.00970458984375,
0.05419921875,
0.015380859375,
0.018310546875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0064697265625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0159912109375,
0.052734375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.00927734375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0205078125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0087890625,
0.0234375,
0.01055908203125,
0.027099609375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.033203125,
0.05908203125,
0.01031494140625,
0.072265625,
-0.0009002685546875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0027618408203125,
0.030029296875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.00537109375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0302734375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.00078582763671875,
0.0439453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00156402587890625,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.04150390625,
0.04833984375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.046630859375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.013671875,
0.041748046875,
-0.025390625,
-0.00128173828125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.04638671875,
0.003753662109375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0003604888916015625,
0.017822265625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01092529296875,
0.07763671875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.039794921875,
0.06201171875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.037109375,
-0.007568359375,
0.024169921875,
0.0198974609375,
0.04150390625,
-0.021484375,
0.01556396484375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00030517578125,
0.0009002685546875,
0.027099609375,
0.00011682510375976562,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00390625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0084228515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.03857421875,
0.017822265625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.031494140625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0107421875,
0.027587890625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0174560546875,
0.01025390625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0079345703125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.03466796875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0458984375,
0.041259765625,
-0.047119140625,
0.011962890625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0245361328125,
0.006317138671875,
0.0001125335693359375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.060302734375,
0.01220703125,
0.0244140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.056884765625,
0.0179443359375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.06396484375,
0.04931640625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.036376953125,
0.00909423828125,
0.00164794921875,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0185546875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0012054443359375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.037109375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.02783203125,
0.028076171875,
0.01519775390625,
0.036865234375,
-0.033203125,
0.0135498046875,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0380859375,
0.03955078125,
0.046875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0054931640625,
0.0003604888916015625,
0.043212890625,
0.0296630859375,
0.00194549560546875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0296630859375,
0.01953125,
0.00372314453125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.02587890625,
0.016845703125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0927734375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.03466796875,
0.019775390625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0038909912109375,
0.005584716796875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.05029296875,
0.022705078125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.055908203125,
0.04736328125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0205078125,
0.00189971923828125,
0.043701171875,
0.0067138671875,
0.040771484375,
0.052490234375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.000362396240234375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02783203125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.05078125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.000022292137145996094,
-0.006561279296875,
0.07470703125,
0.0068359375,
0.00390625,
0.019775390625,
0.01611328125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.042724609375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0732421875,
-0.03857421875,
0.042724609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.01220703125,
0.036865234375,
-0.051025390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.023681640625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.0130615234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.06494140625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.009765625,
0.0291748046875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0654296875,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.03515625,
0.0247802734375,
0.05029296875,
-0.01025390625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.05224609375,
0.0093994140625,
0.01953125,
0.018310546875,
0.0034027099609375,
0.05029296875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0142822265625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0003948211669921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.042724609375,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.04638671875,
0.03564453125,
-0.06201171875,
0.08251953125,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.00022411346435546875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.07177734375,
0.01953125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0159912109375,
0.02001953125,
0.048583984375,
-0.029296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0693359375,
0.024169921875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.05419921875,
0.00128173828125,
0.02783203125,
0.031005859375,
0.044921875,
-0.003570556640625,
0.013671875,
0.0147705078125,
0.03076171875,
0.02978515625,
0.038330078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.04736328125,
0.02392578125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00372314453125,
0.01409912109375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.037109375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.072265625,
-0.03515625,
0.036865234375,
0.07275390625,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.024169921875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.013671875,
0.0211181640625,
0.047119140625,
0.04443359375,
0.00250244140625,
0.0458984375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.012451171875,
0.00634765625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0546875,
0.0625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0020751953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.01416015625,
0.01275634765625,
0.00193023681640625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.06005859375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.048828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.017578125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0234375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0177001953125,
0.016357421875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.04248046875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0908203125,
0.036865234375,
0.0086669921875,
0.053955078125,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.048095703125,
0.032470703125,
-0.017578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.05078125,
0.0390625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.041015625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.009765625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.027587890625,
0.0311279296875,
0.01123046875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.07958984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0283203125,
0.01202392578125,
0.00732421875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0002498626708984375,
-0.04248046875,
0.01287841796875,
0.050537109375,
-0.062255859375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.020263671875,
0.064453125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.020751953125,
0.003143310546875,
0.00018405914306640625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.072265625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.006256103515625,
0.0024871826171875,
0.031494140625,
-0.08056640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.016845703125,
-0.044921875,
0.040283203125,
0.037841796875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0234375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0079345703125,
0.015869140625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.047607421875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0029296875,
0.00128936767578125,
0.004974365234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.00885009765625,
0.010986328125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.000518798828125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0072021484375,
0.052734375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.031005859375,
0.041259765625,
0.025390625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.036376953125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.029541015625,
-0.05419921875,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0791015625,
0.0458984375,
0.005401611328125,
0.026611328125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.02392578125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.030029296875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.004547119140625,
0.03466796875,
0.01556396484375,
0.017822265625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.040771484375,
-0.031982421875,
0.04296875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0106201171875,
0.037109375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0001010894775390625,
0.0224609375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.07763671875,
0.002593994140625,
0.004241943359375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.010498046875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0322265625,
0.01190185546875,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0281982421875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.045166015625,
0.037841796875,
0.04931640625,
0.00531005859375,
0.036865234375,
0.01397705078125,
0.045166015625,
0.02783203125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.030029296875,
0.038818359375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.02099609375,
0.0537109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.017333984375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.031494140625,
0.08984375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00897216796875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.018310546875,
0.000823974609375,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.052734375,
0.02294921875,
0.04150390625,
0.0218505859375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.04296875,
-0.000728607177734375,
-0.078125,
0.0301513671875,
0.007781982421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.054931640625,
0.003997802734375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.051025390625,
0.043212890625,
0.0244140625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0019683837890625,
0.010498046875,
0.0189208984375,
0.033447265625,
0.019287109375,
-0.033203125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.06591796875,
0.013427734375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.02880859375,
0.00848388671875,
0.037841796875,
0.037353515625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.060546875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0234375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.07421875,
0.0189208984375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.05078125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.037353515625,
0.031982421875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0595703125,
0.05615234375,
0.03515625,
0.029296875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0732421875,
0.0296630859375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.02685546875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.037353515625,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.029296875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0211181640625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.06005859375,
0.283203125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.02197265625,
0.0264892578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0034027099609375,
0.0079345703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.05908203125,
0.04638671875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.02685546875,
0.062255859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.0038909912109375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.03515625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0133056640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.055419921875,
0.018798828125,
0.06787109375,
-0.06103515625,
0.029296875,
0.0419921875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0029144287109375,
0.047607421875,
0.01806640625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.02734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.005950927734375,
0.031982421875,
0.04638671875,
0.0303955078125,
0.018310546875,
0.0263671875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.006744384765625,
0.0048828125,
0.01611328125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.03466796875,
0.01422119140625,
0.022216796875,
0.0172119140625,
0.037109375,
0.03955078125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.010498046875,
0.045166015625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.00087738037109375,
0.036865234375,
0.0159912109375
] |
R. B. Burns, P.J.
Plaintiffs appeal from the trial court’s granting of summary judgment, pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1) and (3). Specifically, the trial court found that no action for fraud was properly alleged in the pleadings, plaintiffs had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, and there was no genuine issue as to material fact based upon the pleadings and affidavits. We hold that no error occurred under the facts of this case.
This action originally was filed on July 22, 1974, against Shell Oil Company and George Francisco, Jr. Defendants named in this appeal were not joined until April, 1975. After numerous amendments to the pleadings, Shell Oil and Francisco settled with plaintiffs. Summary judgment was granted to the remaining defendants just before the cause was scheduled for trial.
A motion for summary judgment based upon GCR 1963, 117.2(1) tests the legal sufficiency of the pleadings. Demido v Attorney General, 100 Mich App 254; 299 NW2d 43 (1980); Todd v Biglow, 51 Mich App 346; 214 NW2d 733 (1974). The trial court, when ruling on the motion, must accept as true all well-pleaded facts in the complaint. Abel v Eli Lilly & Co, 94 Mich App 59; 289 NW2d 20 (1979), relying upon Lompre v Venetjoki, 76 Mich App 521; 257 NW2d 151 (1977).
However, a mere statement of conclusions, without factual allegations to support them, will not suffice to state a cause of action or survive a motion for summary judgment. Demido v Attorney General, supra; Central Advertising Co v Novi, 91 Mich App 303; 283 NW2d 730 (1979).
A meticulous review of the voluminous pleadings filed in the instant case reveals that plaintiffs, despite numerous amendments, failed to state a factual basis to support the assertion that defendant Robert Faith had a duty to disclose certain alleged information regarding the potential productivity of plaintiffs’ property. Although this Court has recognized a cause of action for fraudulent concealment under certain circumstances, see Fassihi v Sommers, Schwartz, Silver, Schwartz & Tyler, PC, 107 Mich App 509; 309 NW2d 645 (1981); Williams v Benson, 3 Mich App 9; 141 NW2d 650 (1966), it is clear that "an action in fraud must definitely and issuably set forth the facts complained of and relied upon for recovery”. Dutkiewicz v Bartkowiak, 372 Mich 386, 389; 126 NW2d 705 (1964). Because plaintiffs failed to adequately set forth facts supporting the allegation that Robert Faith had a duty to disclose certain information, the trial court properly granted summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1).
Next, plaintiffs claim that the trial court erred in finding that no genuine issue of material fact existed on the record. We disagree.
The trial court’s determination was based not on whether plaintiffs have developed a case sufficient to go to the jury but rather on whether they have produced enough evidence to permit them to go to trial. See Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich 363; 207 NW2d 316 (1973). Plaintiff Robert Zaschak testified by deposition that defendant Faith, in response to questioning regarding the property, told plaintiffs that he was unaware of any oil and gas exploration activity in the area. Because Faith possesses a graduate degree in geology and undoubtedly had information regarding oil and gas exploration in the area of plaintiffs’ land, we have little doubt that Faith could have concealed material facts from plaintiff. However, Michigan law dictates that a prospective purchaser is under no duty to disclose facts or possible opportunities within his knowledge which materially affect the value of the property. Furman v Brown, 227 Mich 629; 199 NW 703 (1924); Stuart v Dorow, 216 Mich. 591; 185 NW 662 (1921), see also Williams v Spurr, 24 Mich 335 (1872) (no duty by purchaser to disclose the extent and value of iron deposits on the property). Michigan courts have not yet recognized a duty on the part of a vendee to disclose facts relevant to the value of the real estate in question even when specifically asked. We decline to promulgate such a duty on the facts of this case. Although plaintiffs claim that they would not have sold the mineral rights absent Faith’s alleged concealment of facts, the record discloses that plaintiffs received what was then the accepted value for the rights, $200 per acre. Moreover, rather than obtain an independent appraisal of the property’s mineral potential, plaintiffs relied upon Francisco, with whom they have previously settled, who assured them that $200 per acre was the going rate for mineral rights.
Even though a question of fact possibly could exist on whether defendant Faith misrepresented the value of the mineral rights, summary judgment was properly granted, because under any development of the facts, Faith had no recognized duty to disclose his alleged knowledge of the potential oil and gas activity in the area of plaintiffs’ land. Although the trial court did not need to decide defendants’ motion based upon GCR 1963, 117.2(3), because plaintiffs had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and thus their claim was subject to summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1), employing the proper standard, the motion should have been granted anyway. Albro v Total Petroleum, Inc, 108 Mich App 1; 310 NW2d 252 (1981).
Affirmed. | [
-0.0242919921875,
0.01422119140625,
0.031005859375,
0.0322265625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.04052734375,
0.015869140625,
0.05859375,
0.0732421875,
-0.00128173828125,
0.016357421875,
0.0142822265625,
0.009033203125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0361328125,
0.01904296875,
0.00099945068359375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0341796875,
0.00787353515625,
0.00092315673828125,
0.0634765625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0000629425048828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.068359375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0361328125,
0.025634765625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.021728515625,
-0.003997802734375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.041015625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.05419921875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0238037109375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0020904541015625,
0.00445556640625,
0.000040531158447265625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00095367431640625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.00098419189453125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.051025390625,
0.00885009765625,
0.02587890625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.01806640625,
0.068359375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.055908203125,
0.018310546875,
0.00634765625,
0.026611328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.023193359375,
-0.02880859375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.04150390625,
0.00176239013671875,
0.0537109375,
0.043701171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0084228515625,
0.01092529296875,
0.007476806640625,
0.0245361328125,
0.05419921875,
0.00823974609375,
0.08251953125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.047607421875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.017333984375,
0.01312255859375,
0.00628662109375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.030029296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.027587890625,
0.018798828125,
0.018798828125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.044189453125,
0.02880859375,
0.007354736328125,
0.012451171875,
0.01708984375,
0.029052734375,
0.005706787109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0181884765625,
0.00061798095703125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0634765625,
0.0277099609375,
0.052001953125,
0.0069580078125,
0.021484375,
-0.031982421875,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.039794921875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0186767578125,
0.052001953125,
0.038330078125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.03759765625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.009765625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0013427734375,
0.00927734375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0791015625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0167236328125,
0.045654296875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0322265625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0020751953125,
0.002777099609375,
0.04736328125,
0.03564453125,
0.013427734375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.02294921875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.037353515625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.04345703125,
0.02294921875,
0.00136566162109375,
0.0390625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.004730224609375,
0.0257568359375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.0400390625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00098419189453125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.03857421875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.044921875,
0.03515625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0234375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.00982666015625,
0.00836181640625,
0.030517578125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.019775390625,
0.03515625,
0.00506591796875,
0.01806640625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.0145263671875,
0.0546875,
0.0007781982421875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.05517578125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00946044921875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.055908203125,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.034912109375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0400390625,
0.031005859375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.037109375,
0.0198974609375,
0.00090789794921875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.056640625,
0.004638671875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.013916015625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.03515625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.04296875,
0.035400390625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.03955078125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.00250244140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.032470703125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.031494140625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.044921875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.016845703125,
0.044921875,
0.03173828125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.02587890625,
0.03515625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0849609375,
0.0021820068359375,
0.018310546875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00946044921875,
0.032470703125,
0.055908203125,
-0.057861328125,
0.005859375,
-0.033203125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.029296875,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0308837890625,
0.002288818359375,
0.04248046875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.06005859375,
0.012939453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.006805419921875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.000015735626220703125,
-0.00927734375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0244140625,
0.004302978515625,
0.02783203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.039794921875,
0.033447265625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00823974609375,
0.0045166015625,
0.011474609375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.029296875,
0.0220947265625,
0.01177978515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.000438690185546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.048095703125,
0.035888671875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0206298828125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.03125,
0.00311279296875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00396728515625,
0.008056640625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0196533203125,
0.016845703125,
0.0576171875,
0.055419921875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.06640625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.02880859375,
0.04052734375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.006591796875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.00848388671875,
0.010009765625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.001678466796875,
0.023681640625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.021484375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.04638671875,
0.01531982421875,
0.051025390625,
-0.045166015625,
0.049072265625,
-0.051513671875,
0.03466796875,
0.003173828125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.002838134765625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0107421875,
0.10009765625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.020751953125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.00469970703125,
0.06494140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.013916015625,
0.04736328125,
0.0167236328125,
0.021240234375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.047119140625,
0.062255859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.060302734375,
-0.04150390625,
0.050537109375,
-0.04541015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.049072265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.072265625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00714111328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.0252685546875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.037841796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00067138671875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.01556396484375,
0.0150146484375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0262451171875,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00775146484375,
0.09716796875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0242919921875,
0.019775390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.000766754150390625,
0.0081787109375,
0.050048828125,
0.0002117156982421875,
0.008056640625,
0.0712890625,
0.049072265625,
-0.021484375,
-0.040283203125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.05078125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0004482269287109375,
0.012939453125,
0.0244140625,
0.02197265625,
0.0078125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0419921875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.046875,
-0.04443359375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0108642578125,
0.020263671875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.000705718994140625,
-0.008544921875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0242919921875,
0.010498046875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.053466796875,
0.0260009765625,
0.0400390625,
0.034423828125,
-0.041015625,
-0.029296875,
-0.09228515625,
0.04931640625,
-0.033203125,
0.00078582763671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.00390625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.052490234375,
0.00238037109375,
0.01611328125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.064453125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.019775390625,
0.05029296875,
0.07861328125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0284423828125,
0.006072998046875,
-0.052734375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01171875,
-0.024658203125,
0.0024871826171875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.057373046875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0211181640625,
0.032470703125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0458984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.030517578125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.03515625,
0.0322265625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.011962890625,
0.045654296875,
-0.05517578125,
0.001800537109375,
0.03466796875,
0.0341796875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.047607421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.032470703125,
0.04345703125,
0.0107421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.034423828125,
0.00121307373046875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0400390625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0087890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0311279296875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.04736328125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0235595703125,
0.00323486328125,
0.06396484375,
-0.04296875,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.0218505859375,
0.034423828125,
-0.06396484375,
0.006134033203125,
0.0283203125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.033203125,
-0.003570556640625,
0.048828125,
0.002349853515625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.002105712890625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.019775390625,
0.01092529296875,
0.034912109375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.00494384765625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.034423828125,
0.010986328125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0361328125,
0.00830078125,
0.004241943359375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.01202392578125,
0.004302978515625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0242919921875,
0.032470703125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0133056640625,
0.021728515625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.034423828125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.044921875,
0.034912109375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.022216796875,
0.02734375,
0.035400390625,
0.037109375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.047119140625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0234375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0267333984375,
0.00994873046875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0002727508544921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.051513671875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01031494140625,
0.02685546875,
0.01025390625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.037353515625,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.068359375,
-0.005584716796875,
0.03662109375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.043701171875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.02587890625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0147705078125,
0.016357421875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0023193359375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.03125,
0.0205078125,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0703125,
0.0380859375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.042236328125,
0.0419921875,
0.0035247802734375,
0.034912109375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.041015625,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.000043392181396484375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.004638671875,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.030517578125,
0.01904296875,
0.01953125,
0.01275634765625,
0.003387451171875,
0.01275634765625,
0.027099609375,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.06787109375,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.006500244140625,
0.02294921875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.001556396484375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.09423828125,
0.00052642822265625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00177001953125,
0.028076171875,
0.005615234375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.016845703125,
0.044921875,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.044921875,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0234375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.025634765625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.046875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.004180908203125,
0.0185546875,
0.017333984375,
-0.05908203125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.010986328125,
0.0093994140625,
0.0098876953125,
0.00433349609375,
0.0693359375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0107421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.021484375,
-0.060791015625,
0.01318359375,
0.003692626953125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.058349609375,
0.0087890625,
0.03076171875,
0.00064849853515625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.041015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.015625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.02880859375,
0.005584716796875,
-0.019775390625,
0.028076171875,
0.0439453125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.012939453125,
0.000591278076171875,
0.0654296875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.023681640625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0264892578125,
0.047607421875,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.00037384033203125,
-0.029052734375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0001621246337890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.00946044921875,
0.045166015625,
-0.052490234375,
0.30078125,
0.003082275390625,
-0.016357421875,
0.008056640625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.052978515625,
0.010498046875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0177001953125,
0.02197265625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.000949859619140625,
0.0263671875,
0.01171875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.04931640625,
0.05810546875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0029296875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0849609375,
-0.01953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.01025390625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.01611328125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.04345703125,
0.03466796875,
-0.07666015625,
0.027099609375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.08251953125,
-0.05712890625,
0.039306640625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.018310546875,
0.03466796875,
0.029296875,
0.01043701171875,
0.03759765625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0224609375,
0.03955078125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.00040435791015625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.01177978515625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0037841796875,
0.064453125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0150146484375,
0.046142578125,
0.00994873046875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0045166015625,
0.04443359375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0027618408203125
] |
Per Curiam.
The claimant appeals by right a circuit court order reversing a decision of the Michigan Employment Security Commission Board of Review. The board had reversed the decision of its hearing officer who had found the claimant disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits.
The parties agreed on the facts which led to the claimant’s discharge from employment. At approximately 10:45 p.m. on January 22, 1979, the claimant had entered the plant parking lot prior to beginning work on his shift. Another employee was moving his car from one space in the lot to another prior to finishing work on his shift. The claimant’s vehicle was struck by the vehicle driven by the other employee. The claimant and the other employee got out of their respective cars. While the other employee apologized, claimant opened a penknife and struck him with it in the neck and chest.
The MESC referee held that the claimant was disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits by MCL 421.29; MSA 17.531, which then stated in part:
"(1) Grounds. An individual shall be disqualified for benefits in all cases in which he:
"(h) Was discharged for an act of assault and battery connected with his work.”
The claimant sought review of this determination by the MESC Board of Review. The board held that the assault was not connected with the claimant’s employment and reversed the referee’s determination.
The board stated that:
"* * * the assault and battery did not arise either from the performance of the work assignments of the claimant and the victim, or from a dispute between the claimant and the victim over the failure to perform their work assignments, or the improper performance of their assignment, or even from a disagreement as to the methods by which their work assignments were to be performed. The assault and battery arose from a purely personal matter which happened to occur on the employer’s premises and within moments of the termination of their shift.”
We agree with the circuit judge that the review board’s interpretation of the phrase "connected with his work” was too narrow. In interpreting the Michigan Employment Security Act (MESA), we strictly construe its disqualification provisions to avoid disqualification where the Legislature’s intent is unclear. Anderson v Top O’Michigan Rural Electric Co, 118 Mich App 275; 324 NW2d 603 (1982). The primary rule in interpreting MESA, however, is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature’s intent; all other rules of construction merely serve as guides to assist the courts in determining such intent with a greater degree of certainty. Grand Rapids v Crocker, 219 Mich 178; 189 NW 221 (1922).
In the present case, we believe that the circuit judge and the MESC referee more accurately discerned the Legislature’s intent than did the MESC Board of Review. The board construed the statute to require not only that an assault be connected with an individual’s work but that the reasons for the assault be connected with an individual’s work. We agree with the circuit judge that disqualification may be based on an assault connected with a claimant’s work even though the reasons for the assault are not related to the work.
In the present case, the assault occurred on company property. The assailant and his victim were both employees of Ford and were both at the plant to work. Under the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act of 1969, the injuries to the victim of the claimant’s assault arose out of and in the course of employment. MCL 418.301, subds (1), (3); MSA 17.237(301), subds (1), (3). See Queen v General Motors Corp, 38 Mich App 630; 196 NW2d 875 (1972); Brady v Clark Equipment Co, 72 Mich App 274; 249 NW2d 388 (1976). The injury to, and potential for injury to, the employer’s interests is evident in the present case. See Gallagher v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 400 A2d 926 (Pa Commw Ct, 1979). We believe that the circuit judge correctly held that the MESC Board of Review made an error of law in its interpretation of the "connected with work” requirement.
Affirmed. No costs. | [
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.000629425048828125,
0.052978515625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.015625,
0.0693359375,
0.02197265625,
0.017578125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.005859375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.03564453125,
-0.03466796875,
0.057861328125,
0.027587890625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0078125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.020751953125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.05078125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.01171875,
0.048828125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.007080078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0654296875,
-0.047607421875,
0.00165557861328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.000392913818359375,
0.019775390625,
0.034423828125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0106201171875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.037109375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0458984375,
0.01068115234375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0263671875,
0.031982421875,
0.02880859375,
0.0086669921875,
0.01507568359375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.021484375,
0.0400390625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.0087890625,
0.0014801025390625,
0.01251220703125,
0.01141357421875,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.04931640625,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0458984375,
0.02197265625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0011444091796875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0390625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.030517578125,
0.044677734375,
0.026611328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0036163330078125,
0.021240234375,
0.0198974609375,
0.051513671875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.015380859375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.04248046875,
0.034912109375,
0.0140380859375,
0.032958984375,
0.00604248046875,
0.0235595703125,
0.06689453125,
0.01507568359375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.0042724609375,
0.039306640625,
-0.025634765625,
0.06494140625,
0.021728515625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.000782012939453125,
0.015380859375,
0.000022411346435546875,
0.030517578125,
0.033447265625,
0.029052734375,
0.04638671875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0194091796875,
0.020751953125,
0.004119873046875,
0.03759765625,
0.02197265625,
0.031494140625,
0.010986328125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01220703125,
0.0439453125,
0.029052734375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.015625,
0.04248046875,
-0.006103515625,
0.00714111328125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.01123046875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.01434326171875,
0.016845703125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0361328125,
0.0225830078125,
0.05322265625,
0.003814697265625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.025390625,
-0.04541015625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.029052734375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0067138671875,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.017822265625,
0.000659942626953125,
0.0234375,
0.027587890625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.011474609375,
0.021484375,
0.032470703125,
0.00201416015625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.015869140625,
0.036376953125,
0.055419921875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.07373046875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0296630859375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.053466796875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0322265625,
0.00146484375,
-0.052001953125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.005706787109375,
0.0032501220703125,
0.041259765625,
0.0264892578125,
0.00013828277587890625,
-0.037353515625,
0.04443359375,
0.00994873046875,
0.037109375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0012969970703125,
0.033447265625,
0.03662109375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0166015625,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.03076171875,
0.03369140625,
0.032470703125,
0.022705078125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00012493133544921875,
0.013916015625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.028076171875,
0.03662109375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0250244140625,
0.016845703125,
0.0302734375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0004215240478515625,
0.00012874603271484375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.046142578125,
0.07373046875,
-0.06640625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.024658203125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.029541015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.01251220703125,
0.032958984375,
0.02734375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.053466796875,
0.034423828125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.000537872314453125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.035888671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.041259765625,
0.013916015625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0113525390625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.017578125,
0.03173828125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.046630859375,
0.004730224609375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0400390625,
0.00078582763671875,
-0.08349609375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.032958984375,
0.007537841796875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.05322265625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04638671875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.00002288818359375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.005859375,
0.06298828125,
0.036865234375,
-0.03076171875,
0.053955078125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0020751953125,
-0.008056640625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.031494140625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.047607421875,
0.0279541015625,
0.00531005859375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03564453125,
0.04833984375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0224609375,
-0.01171875,
0.01904296875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.05078125,
-0.034423828125,
0.033447265625,
-0.035888671875,
0.047607421875,
0.006317138671875,
0.037353515625,
0.0228271484375,
0.041015625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0189208984375,
0.019287109375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.021240234375,
0.04345703125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0238037109375,
0.053955078125,
0.06103515625,
-0.026123046875,
0.023681640625,
0.03173828125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.00982666015625,
0.01513671875,
0.05029296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.02490234375,
0.037109375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.038818359375,
0.01409912109375,
0.03076171875,
0.031005859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.037109375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.060546875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.005767822265625,
0.03271484375,
-0.041015625,
-0.041015625,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0157470703125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.017822265625,
0.00019359588623046875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.058837890625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.054443359375,
0.00531005859375,
0.040771484375,
-0.004425048828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.042724609375,
0.025634765625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0235595703125,
0.01104736328125,
0.002349853515625,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.04296875,
-0.01513671875,
0.0087890625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.026611328125,
0.041015625,
0.00689697265625,
0.0322265625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0004138946533203125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.018310546875,
0.013916015625,
0.0400390625,
0.006134033203125,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0000782012939453125,
-0.0625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.006317138671875,
0.0072021484375,
0.0037078857421875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.022216796875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03076171875,
0.042236328125,
-0.038818359375,
0.037353515625,
0.005859375,
0.046875,
0.0283203125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.004638671875,
0.03125,
0.00909423828125,
0.031494140625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.018310546875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.05078125,
-0.059326171875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.03564453125,
0.051513671875,
0.01434326171875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0517578125,
0.020751953125,
0.0087890625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.039794921875,
0.0888671875,
0.049072265625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00927734375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.017333984375,
0.032958984375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.018798828125,
0.050048828125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0576171875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.057861328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.018798828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0125732421875,
0.00885009765625,
0.005615234375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0712890625,
0.0341796875,
0.0130615234375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0054931640625,
0.0263671875,
-0.080078125,
0.031005859375,
0.0791015625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.03759765625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0244140625,
0.018310546875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0137939453125,
0.046142578125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0003986358642578125,
0.064453125,
0.000484466552734375,
0.0281982421875,
0.0654296875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.02197265625,
0.044921875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0478515625,
0.04248046875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.03173828125,
0.02783203125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.023681640625,
0.00531005859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.037109375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.022216796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.026611328125,
0.046142578125,
0.01129150390625,
0.021240234375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.049560546875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0390625,
0.00811767578125,
0.025146484375,
0.05419921875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0004634857177734375,
0.0291748046875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.05712890625,
0.006805419921875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.02880859375,
0.00113677978515625,
0.0556640625,
0.03515625,
0.06689453125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01513671875,
0.018310546875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.01409912109375,
0.035400390625,
0.009765625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.031982421875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0458984375,
0.005859375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.026123046875,
0.01708984375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00104522705078125,
0.0166015625,
0.03125,
-0.072265625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.006103515625,
-0.006591796875,
0.0279541015625,
0.06396484375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0009765625,
0.010498046875,
0.03125,
0.0291748046875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.05419921875,
0.0262451171875,
0.08056640625,
0.03125,
0.0107421875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.027587890625,
0.012451171875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.031982421875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.02001953125,
0.05126953125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0703125,
0.005157470703125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.055908203125,
0.00008535385131835938,
0.014404296875,
0.03662109375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00063323974609375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.017822265625,
0.02587890625,
0.046875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.0218505859375,
0.00775146484375,
0.016357421875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.00160980224609375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.03369140625,
0.04345703125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0166015625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.017822265625,
0.019775390625,
0.005859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0128173828125,
0.04052734375,
0.045166015625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0274658203125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.015625,
0.0673828125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.00213623046875,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.029296875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0013580322265625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.004547119140625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.010986328125,
0.057861328125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.050048828125,
0.00531005859375,
0.01434326171875,
0.03759765625,
0.0291748046875,
0.02392578125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.030517578125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.056640625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0107421875,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.00927734375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.012939453125,
0.00531005859375,
0.006378173828125,
0.038330078125,
0.00732421875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.045654296875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.000591278076171875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0255126953125,
0.029052734375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.00628662109375,
0.02392578125,
0.00408935546875,
0.009765625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0634765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.052001953125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0322265625,
0.025146484375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.00148773193359375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0279541015625,
0.003692626953125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.022705078125,
0.00848388671875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.03662109375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01025390625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.055908203125,
0.248046875,
0.01416015625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.048095703125,
0.03955078125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.047119140625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.041015625,
0.006500244140625,
0.0296630859375,
0.03271484375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.056640625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.044677734375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00070953369140625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.06689453125,
0.025390625,
0.0302734375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.076171875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.04443359375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.03271484375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.036376953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.06982421875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0133056640625,
0.004608154296875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0380859375,
0.032958984375,
0.08544921875,
-0.03955078125,
0.047607421875,
0.016845703125,
0.033447265625,
-0.03125,
-0.00555419921875,
0.03564453125,
0.0068359375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.027587890625,
0.048095703125,
0.060546875,
0.000545501708984375,
0.01904296875,
0.037841796875,
-0.015625,
0.0032501220703125,
0.052490234375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0302734375,
0.00083160400390625,
-0.053466796875,
0.050048828125,
0.007354736328125,
0.0234375,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00096893310546875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.00537109375,
0.015625,
0.046875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.072265625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.0281982421875
] |
J. E. McDonald, J.
Plaintiffs David and Patricia Snyder, and their minor daughter, plaintiff Brenda Snyder, reside in Eaton County, Michigan, where Brenda is enrolled in the sixth grade at the Charlotte Christian Academy. In 1981, Patricia Snyder attempted to enroll Brenda in the band course offered by the Charlotte Junior High School. The principal of the school refused to admit Brenda for band instruction because of the school district’s policy of allowing attendance in its schools of only full-time students.
Thereafter, on September 8, 1981, plaintiffs filed suit in the Eaton County Circuit Court seeking an injunction requiring defendant Charlotte Public School District to admit Brenda to the band class. Following a bench trial held on September 25, 1981, a final judgment of no cause of action and dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaint was rendered by the trial judge. Plaintiffs appeal as of right. The Attorney General of the State of Michigan has intervened as an appellant, and various parties have filed as amici curiae.
On appeal, plaintiffs contend that defendant school district’s policy of denying admission to its courses violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and, further, that the school board is acting without statutory authority. After careful analysis of plaintiffs’ arguments, we disagree and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I. Constitutional Considerations
Plaintiffs rely heavily on the Supreme Court’s decision in Traverse City School Dist v Attorney General, 384 Mich 390; .185 NW2d 9 (1971), for the proposition that defendant has refused to offer "shared time” band instruction to Brenda, thereby denying her equal protection of the law and coercing her into choosing between her constitutionally guaranteed right to freely exercise her religion and her desire for musical training. Defendant counters that it has elected not to provide any kind of shared time instruction whatsoever and is within its constitutional and statutory authority in doing so.
The Supreme Court discussed the concept of shared time instruction at length in Traverse City, supra, a case which involved certified questions regarding the constitutionality of Proposal C, an amendment to Const 1963, art 8, § 2. Proposal C prohibited the state or any municipality from directly or indirectly aiding private or other nonpublic schools. Consideration of Proposal C required the Court to consider the ramification for shared time instruction as it has existed in Michigan since 1921. The Court defined shared time as:
"an operation whereby the public school district makes available courses in its general curriculum to both public and nonpublic school students normally on the premises of the public school.” 384 Mich 411, fn 3.
The Court invalidated that part of Proposal C which categorically prohibited any support for nonpublic school students for part-time instruction received at public institutions, holding that such a prohibition violates the free exercise of religion and equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the federal constitution. 384 Mich 414-415. In discussing the constitutional implications of the amendment, the Court stated:
"The Attorney General’s interpretation of Proposal C severely curtails the constitutional right of school selection while the state interests advanced by Proposal C do not require this intrusion upon the exercise of a fundamental constitutional right. Consequently, excluding private school children from receiving shared time instruction or auxiliary services at the public school is a denial of equal protection. This does not mean that a public school district must offer shared time instruction or auxiliary services; it means that if it does offer them to public school children at the public school, nonpublic school students also have a right to receive them at the public school.
"When a private school student is denied participation in publicly funded shared time courses or auxiliary services offered at the public school because, of his status as a nonpublic school student and he attends a private school out of religious conviction, he also has a burden imposed upon his right to freely exercise his religion. The constitutionally protected right of the free exercise of religion is violated when a legal classification has a coercive effect upon the practice of religion without being justified by a compelling state interest. * * * As pointed out above, there are no compelling state interests advanced by Proposal C which justify the burden placed on the choice of attending a private school out of a religious conviction.” (Citations omitted; emphasis added.) 384 Mich 432-433.
When this language is considered together with the Court’s definition of "shared time”, it is clear that the Supreme Court meant that, while participation in shared time instruction could not turn on the status of the student seeking to participate, the initial decision to offer shared time instruction is discretionary with the local school district. Only after the initial decision to offer shared time instruction has been made are the constitutional strictures of equal and nondiscriminatory treatment imposed. A school district may permissibly decline to offer any shared time instruction whatsoever; however, once it chooses to offer such instruction, participation may not depend upon the particular religious or personal convictions of the individual student.
In this case, defendant has developed and implemented a policy of nonadmission to its courses to any but full-time resident students. Defendant has developed and administered its policy on a consistent and evenhanded basis. It has not denied Brenda Snyder admission to its band class because of her religious beliefs. The district has simply elected not to make its courses available to nonpublic school students. Traverse City, supra, indicates that it was within its rights to do so. Consequently, plaintiffs’ remedy is not with the courts but, rather, to elect a school board which will change the district’s policy.
Decisions of the United States Supreme Court, with which Traverse City, supra, is fully consistent, support the conclusion that defendant’s policy in no way contravenes the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. In fact, these cases demonstrate that this case presents no bona fide constitutional issue.
In Norwood v Harrison, 413 US 455; 93 S Ct 2804; 37 L Ed 2d 723 (1973), the Court rejected the contention that a state’s refusal to lend free textbooks to racially discriminatory nonpublic schools constituted an invidious classification and denied equal protection simply because the parents had chosen to exercise their constitutionally protected right to send their children to nonpublic schools. Although that dispute involved racial discrimination, the Court discussed at length the implications of the First Amendment in resolving the permissible boundaries of state aid to nonpublic schools. The Court noted that, while the appellees had intimated that the state must provide assistance to private schools equivalent to that it provides to public schools,
"Clearly, the State need not. Even as to church-sponsored schools * * *, any absolute right to equal aid was negated, at least by implication, in Lemon v Kurtzman, 403 US 602; 91 S Ct 2105; 29 L Ed 2d 745 (1971).” 413 US 462.
The Court further noted that, since the religion clauses of the First Amendment strictly confine state aid to sectarian education, a state could rationally conclude as a matter of legislative policy that constitutional neutrality as to sectarian schools might be best achieved by withholding all assistance. Id.
Plaintiffs have cited Pierce v Society of Sisters, 268 US 510; 45 S Ct 571; 69 L Ed 1070 (1925), for the proposition that their constitutional right to send Brenda to a nonpublic school requires defendant to open its band classes to her. However, the Supreme Court, in Norwood, supra, 413 US 462, explicitly rejected that contention:
"In Pierce the Court affirmed the right of private schools to exist and to operate; it said nothing of any supposed right of private or parochial schools to share with public schools in state largesse, on an equal basis or otherwise. It has never been held that if private schools are not given some share of public funds allocated for education that such schools are isolated into a classification violative of the Equal Protection Clause. It is one thing to say that a State may not prohibit the maintenance of private schools and quite another to say that such schools must, as a matter of equal protection, receive state aid.”
Other courts have, in conformity with Norwood, rejected claims similar to those advocated by plaintiffs herein. In Luetkemeyer v Kaufmann, 364 F Supp 376 (WD Mo, 1973), ail’d 419 US 888; 95 S Ct 167; 42 L Ed 2d 134 (1974), the Court held that a Missouri statute which provided bus transportation to public students but not to nonpublic students did not unconstitutionally deny equal protection and due process to nonpublic school children by forcing them to forego their free exercise rights. There, the Court reiterated that Pierce did not imply that the constitution required all services which a state may decide to provide to public schools must also be provided to nonpublic schools. Similarly, the court in Cook v Griffin, 47 App Div 2d 23; 364 NYS2d 632 (1975), held that there was no equal protection violation in refusing to provide bus transportation to nonpublic school students for a field trip. In so holding, the Court noted:
"[W]e are dealing not with the question of what a school district may do but what it must do.” 47 App Div 2d 28; 364 NYS2d 637.
Norwood and its sequels compel the conclusion that the proper standard of review for defendant’s policy is not, as plaintiffs aver, the "compelling state interest” standard, but rather the "rational relationship” standard. The Luetkemeyer Court, citing McGowan v Maryland, 366 US 420; 81 S Ct 1101; 6 L Ed 2d 393 (1961), for its choice of the rational relationship standard, held that the plaintiffs were required to establish that the state decision to deny bus transportation to nonpublic school students was wholly arbitrary and capricious. Luetkemeyer, supra, 382.
In this case, defendants state that the reasons for their full-time residency policy include the fact that admission of part-time students would cause a dilution of the school program for regularly enrolled students and a disproportionate taking of scarce resources, the administrative and educational advantages in full-time attendance in a single school, and that permitting part-time admission would cause an overall decline in full-time student enrollment resulting in a decline of state aid. We agree with defendants that these reasons are rationally related to the operation of a public school district. In any event, they indicate that the district’s policy is certainly not arbitrary or capricious.
In addition, there was testimony at trial indicating that implementation of a shared time program would require extensive coordination between the Charlotte public schools and nonpublic schools, a notion which itself evokes the spectre of unconstitutionality. In Meek v Pittenger, 421 US 349; 95 S Ct 1753; 44 L Ed 2d 217 (1975), the Supreme Court stated that the continuing need for surveillance over the integration of public and nonpublic curricula and functions presented too great a potential for "entanglement”, resulting in a violation of the First Amendment. In Americans United for Separation of Church & State v Porter, 485 F Supp 432, 440 (WD Mich, 1980), the court stated that "monitoring is itself an indicator of excessive entanglement”.
The potential for excessive entanglement required by the coordination of public and nonpublic school students’ activities disposes of plaintiffs’ argument that Brenda has an unrestricted statutory right to attend courses at defendant’s schools. Although MCL 380.1147; MSA 15.41147 provides that a school district resident has a right to attend school in the district, that right is subject to the limitations of the First Amendment. Indeed, it may be argued that if plaintiff has the right to attend band classes notwithstanding defendant’s full-time residency policy, her right extends to chemistry, art, and other classes without restriction, resulting in a situation similar to that struck down in Porter, where the religious school was able to offer a full curriculum while supporting only part of it. While this Court’s decision in Citizens to Advance Public Education v State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 65 Mich App 168; 237 NW2d 232 (1975), lv den 397 Mich 854 (1976), cited by all parties to this appeal, upheld an arrangement of shared time secular educational programs operated on premises leased from nonpublic schools, the decision may well be of dubious constitutionality if the Porter analysis is followed by the federal courts. In fact, the Michigan Supreme Court anticipated the holding of Meek, supra, that extensive coordination of activities between public and nonpublic schools posed too great a potential for entanglement when it remarked in Traverse City, supra, 384 Mich 417:
"It should be needless to observe special circumstances not considered above may create unconstitutional religious entanglements, but shared time in and of itself does not.”
In sum, defendant’s policy of enrolling only full-time students in its courses does not deny to Brenda Snyder the free exercise of religion guaranteed by the First Amendment. Nor does its policy violate the Michigan Constitution of 1963, art 1, § 4, which is subject to interpretation similar to that of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Advisory Opinion re Constitutionality of PA 1970, No 100, 384 Mich 82; 180 NW2d 265 (1970), app dis 401 US 429; 91 S Ct 938; 28 L Ed 2d 210 (1971). Likewise, the policy does not deny Brenda the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Const 1963, art 1, §2.
II. Statutory Considerations
Defendant, as a third class school district, is authorized to establish and maintain the grades, schools, and departments or courses of study it deems necessary or desirable for the maintenance and improvement of public education. MCL 380.244(a); MSA 15.4244(a). This statutory mandate is reiterated in MCL 380.1282; MSA 15.41282. Review of a school district’s actions pursuant to this grant of authority utilizes the arbitrary and capricious or abuse-of-discretion standard appropriate to administrative bodies. The presumption is in favor of the reasonableness and propriety of the board’s actions. Hiers v Detroit Superintendent of Schools, 376 Mich 225, 234-235; 136 NW2d 10 (1965). We do not believe defendant’s refusal to enroll Brenda in band class was such an abuse of discretion. This action was taken pursuant to the district’s long-standing and reasonable policy of requiring full-time enrollment in its schools.
Nevertheless, plaintiffs argue that defendant was required to enroll Brenda in band class pursuant to its statutory duties respecting "auxiliary services”. This argument is untenable, however, because band instruction is not an auxiliary service.
Local school districts are empowered by statute to provide certain auxiliary services for their students. MCL 380.1296; MSA 15.41296 provides:
"The board of a school district that provides auxiliary services specified in this section to its resident pupils in the elementary and secondary grades shall provide the same auxiliary services on an equal basis to pupils in the elementary and secondary grades at nonpublic schools. The board may use state school aid to pay for the auxiliary services. The auxiliary services shall include health and nursing services and examinations; street crossing guards services; national defense education act testing services; teacher of speech and language services; school social work services; school psychological services; teacher consultant services for handi capped pupils and other ancillary services for the handicapped; remedial reading; and other services determined by the legislature. Auxiliary services shall be provided under rules promulgated by the state board.”
As the statute indicates, the state board of education is authorized to promulgate rules governing the provision of auxiliary services. Rule 340.292 of the Michigan Administrative Code describes which services are included within the statutory authorization. These include health and nursing examinations, speech correction services and remedial reading services. Band instruction is conspicuously absent.
Auxiliary services were discussed by the Michigan Supreme Court in Traverse City, supra, 384 Mich 418-419, where it stated:
"By statutory definition and practical application, auxiliary services are special educational services designed to remedy physical and mental deficiencies of school children and provide for their physical health and safety. Functionally, they are general health and safety measures.
"Since auxiliary services are general health and welfare measures, they have only an incidental relation to the instruction of private school children. They are related to educational instruction only in that by design and purpose they seek to provide for the physical health and safety of school children, or they treat physical and mental deficiencies of school children so that such children can learn like their normal peers.”
Plaintiffs argue that the Traverse City Court did not distinguish between shared time and auxiliary services, implying that the two concepts are interchangeable. This assertion is incorrect. The language quoted above clearly indicates that the Court recognized the characteristic health and safety nature of auxiliary services. Shared time, on the other hand, includes the provision of any course which the local school district chooses to offer.
Band instruction cannot be construed to be an auxiliary service under the statute or the implementing rule. Further, the Supreme Court in Traverse City, supra, 384 Mich 420, noted that certain restrictions attend the provision of auxiliary services:
"Of course, what this Court holds regarding auxiliary-services is limited to those services enumerated in the auxiliary services act. The clause in the act which states that auxiliary services shall include 'such other services as may be determined by the legislature’ does not give the legislature a blank check to make any service a health and safety measure outside the reach of Proposal C simply by calling it an auxiliary service.”
Consequently, the argument that defendant has a statutory duty to provide band instruction to Brenda as an auxiliary service has no basis in fact or logic and is rejected.
Finally, we note briefly that plaintiffs’ claim that the trial judge demonstrated bias is meritless. In S C Gray, Inc v Ford Motor Co, 92 Mich App 789; 286 NW2d 34 (1979), this Court stated that it is presumed that a trial judge is fair and impartial, and a litigant who would challenge that has a heavy burden. Plaintiffs have not met this burden. The transcript clearly reveals that the trial judge decided this dispute on the applicable and appropriate principles of law.
III. Conclusion
Plaintiffs’ contention that the provision of auxil iary services and shared time instruction is mandatory under the Traverse City decision is simply without foundation. The Traverse City decision did not alter the board’s authority to establish attendance policies or curricula, nor did it alter the scope of the board’s discretion in providing auxiliary services. Defendant’s contention that it was not required to offer band instruction as an auxiliary service, and that it was not required to offer any shared time instruction whatsoever, is correct.
We find no violation of plaintiffs’ constitutional rights in the denial of band instruction to Brenda Snyder at the public school. Likewise, we find no statutory violation by defendant in its full-time residency policy. While defendant certainly had the discretion to offer shared time band instruction, this Court finds no authority to require defendant to do so.
The decision of the trial court is affirmed.
D. E. Holbrook, Jr., P.J., concurred. | [
-0.007720947265625,
0.00396728515625,
0.0026702880859375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0439453125,
0.056396484375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0087890625,
0.058349609375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.009765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.05859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0244140625,
0.007293701171875,
0.030517578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.003448486328125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0299072265625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0057373046875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.07275390625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.053955078125,
0.007781982421875,
0.02685546875,
0.04052734375,
0.01324462890625,
0.02587890625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.001007080078125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.028564453125,
0.000789642333984375,
0.038330078125,
0.0023193359375,
0.000598907470703125,
0.03466796875,
-0.06298828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0128173828125,
0.01239013671875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01513671875,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0004291534423828125,
0.053466796875,
0.01055908203125,
0.00176239013671875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.06982421875,
0.058837890625,
-0.03271484375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.029541015625,
0.043701171875,
-0.07421875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0810546875,
0.04052734375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.013916015625,
0.021240234375,
-0.03857421875,
0.041748046875,
0.013427734375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0361328125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.035400390625,
-0.0048828125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.064453125,
0.01336669921875,
0.02001953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.045166015625,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.031982421875,
-0.001800537109375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0235595703125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0301513671875,
0.06640625,
0.0218505859375,
0.027587890625,
0.02880859375,
-0.028076171875,
0.01141357421875,
0.0155029296875,
0.0059814453125,
0.07177734375,
0.028564453125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.015625,
0.00010967254638671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.03564453125,
0.051513671875,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.041259765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0016632080078125,
0.005218505859375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.000606536865234375,
-0.0048828125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.05419921875,
0.022216796875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0234375,
0.005828857421875,
0.030029296875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.000782012939453125,
-0.044677734375,
0.00372314453125,
0.083984375,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.002960205078125,
0.025146484375,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.015869140625,
0.03759765625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.033203125,
0.03173828125,
0.037353515625,
0.06640625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.043212890625,
0.064453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.0286865234375,
0.0191650390625,
0.02685546875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.003814697265625,
0.008056640625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.055908203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.006103515625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.01513671875,
0.013671875,
0.06005859375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.02099609375,
0.02783203125,
0.0057373046875,
-0.029052734375,
0.043701171875,
0.010498046875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0693359375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.008056640625,
0.005126953125,
0.03173828125,
0.035888671875,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0005340576171875,
0.056884765625,
0.009765625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.02734375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.007354736328125,
0.00101470947265625,
0.006134033203125,
0.0277099609375,
0.007049560546875,
0.01239013671875,
0.003082275390625,
0.030029296875,
0.049072265625,
0.006988525390625,
-0.04296875,
-0.008056640625,
0.03564453125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.08984375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0107421875,
0.0322265625,
0.01611328125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0069580078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0244140625,
-0.053466796875,
0.055908203125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.004119873046875,
0.036865234375,
-0.03662109375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0693359375,
0.02392578125,
0.0269775390625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.000652313232421875,
0.0277099609375,
0.053955078125,
-0.08935546875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0087890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.03564453125,
0.003387451171875,
0.043701171875,
0.0037841796875,
-0.052978515625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.036376953125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.03564453125,
0.049560546875,
0.001556396484375,
1.51805579662323e-7,
-0.03564453125,
0.00897216796875,
0.012451171875,
-0.00537109375,
0.0018310546875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01171875,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.0111083984375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0703125,
0.00732421875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.000888824462890625,
0.03515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.033203125,
0.045654296875,
0.04052734375,
0.07470703125,
-0.031982421875,
0.030517578125,
0.014404296875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00341796875,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.000774383544921875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.030517578125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.005615234375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.012451171875,
0.0086669921875,
0.00054931640625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.052490234375,
0.028076171875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.023193359375,
0.02734375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.042236328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.003570556640625,
0.032958984375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0380859375,
0.00982666015625,
0.0198974609375,
0.056396484375,
0.005279541015625,
0.003692626953125,
0.037353515625,
0.009765625,
-0.03125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.036376953125,
0.02001953125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0478515625,
0.061279296875,
0.03955078125,
0.0101318359375,
0.0546875,
0.0027618408203125,
0.05029296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.03125,
0.00732421875,
-0.06689453125,
0.039306640625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.044921875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.016357421875,
-0.0390625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.025634765625,
0.035888671875,
-0.03125,
0.02294921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0184326171875,
0.037841796875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.017578125,
-0.02880859375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.000759124755859375,
0.0057373046875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0030059814453125,
0.0142822265625,
0.091796875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.02197265625,
-0.033935546875,
0.004150390625,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.037841796875,
-0.025634765625,
0.03564453125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.00341796875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.000904083251953125,
0.02685546875,
0.011962890625,
0.004302978515625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.00457763671875,
0.07666015625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.00872802734375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.032958984375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.03759765625,
0.01190185546875,
0.0093994140625,
0.046630859375,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0283203125,
-0.01123046875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.011962890625,
0.00787353515625,
0.033203125,
0.0625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.00408935546875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0240478515625,
0.046142578125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01171875,
-0.03662109375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.022705078125,
0.01220703125,
0.02001953125,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01556396484375,
0.00063323974609375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.03759765625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0029296875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.033203125,
0.000091552734375,
0.04541015625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.03271484375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.038330078125,
0.018310546875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0002422332763671875,
0.040283203125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.041015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.000186920166015625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0306396484375,
0.0038909912109375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.017578125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0625,
0.0021820068359375,
0.044921875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.056396484375,
0.047607421875,
0.07177734375,
-0.02587890625,
0.00058746337890625,
-0.016845703125,
0.00017452239990234375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.04833984375,
0.007781982421875,
-0.036865234375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0244140625,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0078125,
0.01611328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.0005035400390625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.021240234375,
0.03125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.049072265625,
0.0390625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.036376953125,
0.01318359375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.061767578125,
0.0206298828125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.009765625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.00225830078125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.012939453125,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.014404296875,
0.016357421875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.013671875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.015869140625,
0.05029296875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00022602081298828125,
0.00823974609375,
0.0703125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.000362396240234375,
0.009033203125,
-0.000339508056640625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.040771484375,
0.02099609375,
0.0303955078125,
0.0191650390625,
0.052490234375,
-0.015625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.000156402587890625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.016357421875,
0.033447265625,
0.01043701171875,
0.012939453125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.035888671875,
0.04052734375,
0.010986328125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0286865234375,
0.030029296875,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.060546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.005126953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.052001953125,
0.01904296875,
0.028564453125,
0.009765625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.009765625,
0.0026092529296875,
0.04736328125,
-0.03125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.01556396484375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0009307861328125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.040771484375,
0.00433349609375,
-0.000339508056640625,
0.07666015625,
0.05615234375,
-0.052978515625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.062255859375,
0.03369140625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.02734375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01611328125,
0.046630859375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.015869140625,
0.0341796875,
0.048095703125,
0.01318359375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.005035400390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0712890625,
0.0203857421875,
0.027587890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0498046875,
0.000637054443359375,
0.024169921875,
0.007598876953125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.021484375,
-0.056640625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.032958984375,
0.032958984375,
0.0322265625,
0.006744384765625,
0.046875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.021484375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0145263671875,
0.07421875,
0.0234375,
0.0439453125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.031494140625,
0.0203857421875,
0.06591796875,
0.019775390625,
0.0014190673828125,
0.0068359375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00872802734375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.049072265625,
0.058349609375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.002410888671875,
0.01220703125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0234375,
0.01513671875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.002899169921875,
0.025146484375,
0.01220703125,
0.05615234375,
0.0244140625,
0.04931640625,
0.00775146484375,
0.022705078125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.01953125,
0.017333984375,
0.01123046875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0005340576171875,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04052734375,
-0.050048828125,
0.00543212890625,
0.043701171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.05322265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0302734375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0203857421875,
0.03466796875,
0.0458984375,
0.0026092529296875,
0.012939453125,
0.023681640625,
-0.044921875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.015869140625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0576171875,
0.021240234375,
0.027587890625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.018798828125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0113525390625,
0.03125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01361083984375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.017822265625,
0.031982421875,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.05908203125,
0.00162506103515625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.005615234375,
0.05810546875,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0240478515625,
0.02294921875,
-0.021484375,
0.0211181640625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.0306396484375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.05615234375,
0.001708984375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.03515625,
0.018798828125,
0.000743865966796875,
-0.002044677734375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.046630859375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.06396484375,
0.275390625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.00244140625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.020751953125,
0.027587890625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.026611328125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.05322265625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.027099609375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.00628662109375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0908203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.04638671875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.03369140625,
-0.05126953125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.013671875,
-0.0419921875,
0.019287109375,
-0.05322265625,
0.018310546875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.037109375,
-0.00927734375,
0.01239013671875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0250244140625,
0.032470703125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.000766754150390625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.046875,
0.019775390625,
0.07177734375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.04248046875,
0.012451171875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.01483154296875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0213623046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0673828125,
0.00150299072265625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.048828125,
-0.0390625,
0.0205078125,
0.034912109375,
0.009521484375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0020599365234375,
0.01324462890625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.060302734375,
0.0010986328125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.046630859375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.017333984375,
0.007720947265625,
0.025390625,
0.07861328125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0220947265625,
0.017822265625,
0.0096435546875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0255126953125
] |
D. F. Walsh, P.J.
Following issuance of defendant Department of Natural Resources’s orders directing a 60-day suspension of their commercial fishing licenses, plaintiffs, Roger and Kirk Tail-man, Wayne Seaman and Gerald Casey, petitioned for judicial review in circuit court. MCL 24.301 et seq.; MSA 3.560(201) et seq. The suspensions were based on plaintiffs’ refusal to allow inspections without warrants, in open water, of their fishing vessels by state conservation officers. On the authority of People v Lansing Municipal Judge, 327 Mich 410; 42 NW2d 120 (1950), and Dep’t of Natural Resources v Seaman, 396 Mich 299; 240 NW2d 206 (1976), the circuit court ruled that plaintiffs’ vessels were not subject to inspections without warrants absent probable cause and exigent circumstances. Finding probable cause in the case of the Tallmans, the court affirmed suspension of their license. Suspensions of Seaman’s and Casey’s licenses were, however, overruled. Plaintiffs Tallman appeal; defendant DNR cross-appeals. We affirm.
The commercial fishing license of each of the plaintiffs provides that, by acceptance and utilization of the license, each licensee agrees to conduct his fishing operations in accordance with the provisions of the license. One of those provisions states:
"The director of the Department of Natural Resources or his representative may at any time inspect the. vessels, vehicles, books, records, documents or other property used in carrying on the licensee’s [or licensees’] fishing operation and business; and further, may inspect and examine any fish in transport or in storage at any warehouse or in any truck, train or other conveyance whether common carrier or not.”
The licenses were restricted in this way in accordance with the authority vested in the director of conservation (director of natural resources) under MCL 308.1b(2)(e); MSA 13.1491(2)(2)(e):
"In addition to the requirements of this act and rules promulgated pursuant to this act, the license issued by the director of conservation may contain provisions:
“(e) Specifying other conditions, terms and restrictions which are deemed to be necessary in carrying out the provisions of this act, including but not limited to the right to inspect the licensee’s fishing operations in the waters, on board or ashore.”
In Dep’t of Natural Resources v Seaman, supra, the Supreme Court defined the constitutional limitations on official inspections of commercial fishing vessels without warrants. The Court held that the searches of the defendants’ vessel without warrants constituted an unreasonable search in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article 1, § 11, of the Michigan Constitution. MCL 300.12; MSA 13.1222 specifically authorizes conservation officers to search commercial fishing vessels without a warrant if they have probable cause to believe that conservation laws are being violated. To save the statute from invalidation on constitutional grounds, the Court construed it to require the presence of exigent circumstances. Dep’t of Natural Resources v Seaman, supra, pp 314-315. The Court apparently attached no significance to the fact that the defendants’ license was subject to 1970-1971 AACS, R 299.889, which provided:
"Rule 9. (1) The director of the department of natural resources or his representatives may inspect a licensee’s fishing operations in the waters, on board or ashore.
"(2) If, upon inspection, the catch of protected species is deemed to be excessive, the director many [sic] cause the nets to be moved or removed, or close an area to commercial fishing.
"(3) The right to inspect a licensee’s fishing operations shall include, but not be limited to, review of records, sales receipts and other documents pertinent to the operation.” See Seaman, supra, p 320.
On the authority of this binding precedent, we affirm the circuit court’s ruling that probable cause and exigent circumstances must accompany inspections without warrants or, as in this case, attempted inspections without warrants, of commercial fishing vessels. The decision in DNR v Seaman, supra, clearly sets forth the constitutional parameters of inspections of commercial fishing vessels. To the extent that licenses and regulations permit such inspections without warrants and without probable cause and exigent circumstances, they are invalid. Commercial fishing licenses cannot be suspended by reason of the licensees’ failure to cooperate with attempted unconstitutional inspections.
We also affirm the circuit court’s findings of fact. There has been no allegation of either probable cause or exigent circumstances in the cases of plaintiffs Seaman and Casey. Their licenses, therefore, may not be suspended. There was, however, probable cause to believe that the Tallmans were using illegal trap nets. Conservation officers saw trap nets lying on the deck of the Tallmans’ vessel. Exigent circumstances existed insofar as incriminating evidence could have been easily slipped into the water as the boat proceeded to port. Suspension of the Tallmans’ license was, therefore, permissible.
Although we affirm the circuit court in this case, we note that the law in Michigan, as established in DNR v Seaman, supra, is contrary to that in several other jurisdictions.
In United States v Biswell, 406 US 311; 92 S Ct 1593; 32 L Ed 2d 87 (1972), and Colonnade Catering Corp v United States, 397 US 72; 90 S Ct 774; 25 L Ed 2d 60 (1970), the Supreme Court discussed regulatory searches of commercial property and recognized a limited exception to the warrant requirement. The Colonnade-Biswell exception applies to industries where:
"if the law is to be properly enforced and inspection made effective, inspections without warrant must be deemed reasonable official conduct under the Fourth Amendment. * * * [I]f inspection is to be effective and serve as a credible deterrent, unannounced, even frequent, inspections are essential. In this context, the prerequisite of a warrant could easily frustrate inspection; and if the necessary flexibility as to time, scope, and frequency is to be preserved, the protections afforded by a warrant would be negligible.” United States v Biswell, 406 US 316.
The Supreme Court recently discussed the. Colonnade-Biswell exception:
"The Secretary urges that an exception from the search warrant requirement has been recognized for 'pervasively regulated businesses],’ United States v Biswell, 406 US 311, 316; 92 S Ct 1593, 1596; 32 L Ed 2d 87 (1972), and for closely regulated’ industries 'long subject to close supervision and inspection.’ Collonade Catering Corp v United States, 397 US 72, 74, 77; 90 S Ct 774, 777; 25 L Ed 2d 60 (1970). These cases are indeed exceptions, but they represent responses to relatively unique circumstances. Certain industries have such a history of government oversight that no reasonable expectation of privacy, see Katz v United States, 389 US 347, 351-352; 88 S Ct 507, 511; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967), could exist for a proprietor over the stock of such an enterprise. Liquor (Colonnade) and firearms (Biswell) are industries of this type; when an entrepreneur embarks upon such a business, he has voluntarily chosen to subject himself to a full arsenal of governmental regulation.
"Industries such as these fall within the 'certain carefully defined classes of cases,’ referenced in Camara [v Municipal Court, 387 US 523, 528; 87 S Ct 1727; 18 L Ed 2d 930 (1967)]. The element that distinguishes these enterprises from ordinary businesses is a long tradition of close government supervision, of which any person who chooses to enter such a business must already be aware. 'A central difference between those cases [Colon nade and Biswell] and this one is that businessmen engaged in such federally licensed and regulated enterprises accept the burdens as well as the benefits of their trade, whereas the petitioner here was not engaged in any regulated or licensed business. The businessman in a regulated industry in effect consents to the restrictions placed upon him.’ Almeida-Sanchez v United States, 413 US 266, 271; 93 S Ct 2535, 2538; 37 L Ed 2d 596 (1973).” Marshall v Barlow’s, Inc, 436 US 307, 313; 98 S Ct 1816, 1820-1821; 56 L Ed 2d 305 (1978). See also Donovan v Dewey, 452 US 594; 101 S Ct 2534; 69 L Ed 2d 262 (1981).
Applying the Colonnade-Biswell exception, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals recently ruled that a statute authorizing inspections without warrants of commercial fishing vessels was constitutional. State v Erickson, 101 Wis 2d 224; 303 NW2d 850 (1981). The Court observed that Wisconsin’s fishing industry had a history of pervasive state regulation and that the industry affected an important government interest: the preservation of a natural resource of the state. The Court further reasoned that a warrant requirement would substantially impair the state’s enforcement of laws enacted to further that vital interest and that, since commercial fishing licenses were expressly conditioned on a grant by the licensees of inspection rights to the state, licensees effectively consented to spot inspections by state officials and had no expectation of privacy.
Other courts have also applied the ColonnadeBiswell exception in the context of commercial fishing. See, e.g., State v Westside Fish Co, 31 Or App 299; 570 P2d 401 (1977); State v Mach, 23 Wash App 113; 594 P2d 1361 (1979); State v Marconi, 113 NH 426; 309 A2d 505 (1973); United States v Raub, 637 F2d 1205 (CA 9, 1980), cert den 449 US 922; 101 S Ct 322; 66 L Ed 2d 150 (1980); United States v Tsuda Maru, 470 F Supp 1223 (D Alas, 1979); United States v Kaiyo Maru No 53, 503 F Supp 1075 (D Alas, 1980).
We invite the' Michigan Supreme Court to reexamine its decision in DNR v Seaman, supra. That Michigan’s commercial fishing industry is pervasively regulated cannot be gainsaid. MCL 308.1 et seq.; MSA 13.1491 et seq. The Legislature has declared that all fish in Michigan waters of the Great Lakes are property of the state and that the taking thereof is a privilege. MCL 308.1; MSA 13.1491. In our judgment, there is not necessarily any constitutional infirmity in inspections without warrants, without probable cause and exigent circumstances, of the vessels of individuals who, pursuant to Michigan’s comprehensive regulatory scheme, are granted licenses to take for their own profit an important, protected natural resource of the state.
We must, however, affirm the trial court in all respects. No costs, a public question.
M. F. Cavanagh, J., concurs in the result only.
Plaintiffs Roger and Kirk Tallman were issued a joint license.
MCL 308.1b(4); MSA 13.1491(2)(4), provides that the director of conservation may suspend or revoke a commercial fishing license whenever a licensee fails to fulfill or violates any of the conditions, terms or restrictions of the license. | [
0.01275634765625,
-0.008056640625,
0.0032958984375,
0.021484375,
-0.0400390625,
0.00341796875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0028839111328125,
0.0108642578125,
0.07080078125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.017822265625,
-0.02197265625,
0.020751953125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.005157470703125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.009033203125,
0.041259765625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.01068115234375,
0.01220703125,
0.046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0034637451171875,
0.048095703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01324462890625,
0.045654296875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.06298828125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.033447265625,
0.00921630859375,
0.007720947265625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.002044677734375,
0.033203125,
0.005645751953125,
0.00225830078125,
0.031005859375,
0.000293731689453125,
0.0072021484375,
0.041259765625,
-0.03125,
-0.000293731689453125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0002193450927734375,
0.056640625,
-0.043701171875,
0.03515625,
0.01513671875,
0.0033111572265625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0000457763671875,
0.043212890625,
-0.004638671875,
0.034423828125,
0.0654296875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.02783203125,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.052490234375,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.10205078125,
-0.0439453125,
0.055419921875,
0.0234375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.01416015625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0625,
0.01470947265625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.06298828125,
-0.017333984375,
0.03857421875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0390625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.00244140625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0086669921875,
0.0517578125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.032470703125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.013671875,
0.033203125,
0.03369140625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0272216796875,
0.006622314453125,
0.004791259765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.03515625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.03955078125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.019775390625,
0.04296875,
0.01495361328125,
0.01953125,
0.01171875,
0.03955078125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.061767578125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.00060272216796875,
0.0205078125,
0.009765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.04052734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.03564453125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0145263671875,
0.024658203125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0390625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.004638671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0673828125,
-0.00341796875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01531982421875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.00150299072265625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0791015625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0205078125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0234375,
0.0079345703125,
0.0147705078125,
0.00848388671875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.014404296875,
0.0703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.007415771484375,
0.0196533203125,
0.00469970703125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.008544921875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.043212890625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.01416015625,
0.050048828125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0166015625,
0.042236328125,
0.016845703125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0291748046875,
0.047607421875,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.026611328125,
0.058349609375,
0.02685546875,
0.0286865234375,
0.01251220703125,
0.004669189453125,
0.0224609375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0234375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0002117156982421875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.014404296875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.05078125,
-0.000701904296875,
-0.056396484375,
0.00665283203125,
0.03369140625,
0.001708984375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.035400390625,
0.037353515625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0390625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03125,
0.009521484375,
-0.04541015625,
0.033203125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0016937255859375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.01123046875,
0.03759765625,
-0.048828125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.007415771484375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.07763671875,
0.006378173828125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.037109375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01025390625,
-0.04150390625,
0.033203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.005645751953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.041748046875,
0.014892578125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.03564453125,
0.03369140625,
0.014404296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.037109375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0361328125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.041748046875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.07958984375,
0.01470947265625,
0.046630859375,
0.0234375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.006103515625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0390625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00341796875,
0.04052734375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.044189453125,
0.038818359375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01171875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.044921875,
-0.04541015625,
0.0419921875,
0.0537109375,
0.0069580078125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.08447265625,
0.03759765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.02783203125,
0.0269775390625,
0.004302978515625,
0.0308837890625,
0.028564453125,
0.00022029876708984375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.017578125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01513671875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0218505859375,
0.03271484375,
0.0263671875,
0.034912109375,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.033203125,
0.0107421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.006591796875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0556640625,
0.01031494140625,
0.01220703125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.013916015625,
0.014892578125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.003875732421875,
0.005523681640625,
0.06640625,
-0.030029296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.060546875,
0.032958984375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.026123046875,
0.03857421875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.034423828125,
0.035400390625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.033203125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.01806640625,
0.031005859375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00634765625,
0.040283203125,
0.008544921875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.020263671875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.027099609375,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.080078125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0712890625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.020263671875,
0.00311279296875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.02490234375,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.072265625,
-0.037841796875,
0.00714111328125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.037109375,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.021240234375,
-0.02392578125,
0.061767578125,
-0.025634765625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.035888671875,
0.0205078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04248046875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0595703125,
0.031982421875,
0.022705078125,
0.03662109375,
-0.056640625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.026611328125,
0.0439453125,
0.032470703125,
0.056884765625,
0.0010986328125,
-0.012451171875,
0.0081787109375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.015625,
0.016357421875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0167236328125,
0.01422119140625,
0.034423828125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.04248046875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0003986358642578125,
-0.08642578125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0546875,
-0.04736328125,
0.048828125,
0.0159912109375,
0.054443359375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.010986328125,
0.039306640625,
-0.006317138671875,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01141357421875,
0.045166015625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.017333984375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.052734375,
0.01318359375,
-0.00018596649169921875,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0242919921875,
0.00469970703125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0439453125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.045654296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.02880859375,
0.0038604736328125,
0.0028533935546875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0205078125,
0.01025390625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.011474609375,
-0.0234375,
0.0390625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.06396484375,
0.004913330078125,
0.053955078125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.08349609375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01953125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0244140625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01611328125,
0.03466796875,
0.05322265625,
0.00811767578125,
0.028076171875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.044677734375,
0.006805419921875,
0.017822265625,
0.057861328125,
0.01611328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.025634765625,
0.007476806640625,
0.0234375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.055419921875,
0.021484375,
0.003326416015625,
-0.03125,
-0.017333984375,
0.029052734375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.027099609375,
0.03564453125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01220703125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0048828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0439453125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.054931640625,
0.0703125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00439453125,
0.028564453125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01446533203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.014892578125,
0.017333984375,
0.048583984375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.052734375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.03173828125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.027587890625,
0.0018768310546875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0322265625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0478515625,
0.03369140625,
0.04248046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0234375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.012451171875,
0.00250244140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0128173828125,
0.0224609375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0361328125,
0.01324462890625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.050048828125,
0.00970458984375,
0.00022792816162109375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.032470703125,
0.00726318359375,
0.05224609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0224609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00022125244140625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.032470703125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00049591064453125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.02978515625,
0.003326416015625,
0.055908203125,
0.0008087158203125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0301513671875,
0.01190185546875,
0.056884765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.005126953125,
0.0546875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.001953125,
0.01708984375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0361328125,
0.03955078125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.016357421875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.005859375,
-0.015625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.08349609375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.011474609375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.064453125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.025146484375,
0.05126953125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.049072265625,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.06689453125,
0.042724609375,
-0.000946044921875,
0.006561279296875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00244140625,
-0.024658203125,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0220947265625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0732421875,
0.03369140625,
0.04248046875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0135498046875,
0.0206298828125,
0.01434326171875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.05029296875,
0.051025390625,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.040283203125,
-0.047119140625,
0.00689697265625,
0.014892578125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.021240234375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0002803802490234375,
0.034912109375,
0.04296875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.028076171875,
0.008544921875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0140380859375,
0.025146484375,
0.04541015625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.02685546875,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.000301361083984375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.013427734375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.053955078125,
0.06787109375,
0.00762939453125,
0.02001953125,
0.018798828125,
0.034912109375,
0.036865234375,
0.0004367828369140625,
0.07177734375,
-0.060791015625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0234375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.03515625,
0.0225830078125,
0.045654296875,
0.008544921875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0166015625,
0.035400390625,
0.003631591796875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01416015625,
0.0032501220703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0126953125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.046630859375,
0.04052734375,
0.003173828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0478515625,
0.00726318359375,
0.0281982421875,
0.037353515625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.01202392578125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.042236328125,
0.043212890625,
-0.00164794921875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00714111328125,
0.0234375,
-0.005859375,
-0.046142578125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.2734375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.003326416015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0234375,
-0.015625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0517578125,
0.023193359375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0137939453125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.029296875,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0201416015625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.052001953125,
0.03564453125,
0.01300048828125,
0.037841796875,
-0.07470703125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.06103515625,
0.033203125,
0.009033203125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.00128173828125,
0.0150146484375,
0.022705078125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.00390625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.00994873046875,
0.0888671875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.04345703125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.033203125,
0.0751953125,
-0.01953125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0546875,
-0.025390625,
0.01263427734375,
0.0654296875,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.0322265625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.049560546875,
0.022705078125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.05224609375,
0.0400390625,
0.017822265625,
0.01708984375,
0.050537109375,
-0.035400390625,
0.004638671875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.017578125,
-0.029541015625,
0.0478515625,
0.04296875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.017578125,
0.0137939453125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.01495361328125
] |
G. R. McDonald, J.
Defendant was convicted after a bench trial on September 4, 1980, of two counts of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, and was sentenced to concurrent terms of 10 to 20 years, with 254 days credit. In February, 1981, application for delayed appeal was granted.
Defendant first contends that he was deprived of his right to compulsory process when his only corroborating witness pled the Fifth Amendment after the prosecutor, in the witness’s presence, asked the trial court to inform the witness of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. We agree.
The defense called to the stand a witness named Anthony Brown. After the witness was sworn and gave his name for the record, the prosecutor interrupted and addressed the court as follows:
"I would ask the court to advise Mr. Brown, of his Fifth Amendment rights. It’s our understanding that by testifying, he would be admitting to a probation violation which will subject him to prison.”
Following the above-quoted prosecutor’s request the defense counsel questioned the witness and elicited the contents of a previous discussion between the witness, his probation officer and defense counsel wherein the witness was told by his probation officer that his probation would not be violated as a result of his expected testimony in court on behalf of the defendant.
Subsequent to the above-quoted examination by defense counsel the prosecutor again addressed the court as follows:
"Your Honor, counsel knows and the court knows Carn Cunningham [the witness’s probation officer] does not bind the prosecuting attorney. We are not bound by any agreement that she might have with this witness. We do intend to prosecute should he admit criminal involvement, and I would request the court to give this witness his Fifth Amendment rights.”
Following the above-quoted second request by the prosecutor, the court began to advise the witness of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. The court’s discussion with the witness was very lengthy, over 14 pages of trial transcript, with interruptions by both defense counsel and the prosecutor. During this discussion the court took a brief recess and called the witness’s probation officer in the presence of counsel for clarification of the aforesaid alleged promise to the witness that his probation would not be violated if he testified on behalf of the defendant. The trial judge returned to the courtroom and advised the witness that he misunderstood his probation officer and that his probation could be violated if he testified to matters that incriminated him beyond the matters discussed with his probation officer. The witness indicated to the court that he understood.
During the lengthy discussion between the court and the witness, the prosecutor further informed the court that the witness was on probation for the offense of assault with intent to rob while armed and that if the witness’s probation was violated "he could go to prison for the rest of his life. I want that clear. That’s what our records show.”
Near the end of the aforesaid lengthy discussion, the prosecutor further informed the court that he had spoken with the witness during a recess and offered the witness use immunity and explained to the witness that he would not use what the witness said against him but reserved the right to prosecute him if the prosecution could establish a corpus.
The witness indicated to the court that he wished to exercise his rights under the Fifth Amendment and was excused by the court.
The prosecutor argues that the witness was never threatened by the prosecutor or the court but was merely advised of the facts and possible consequences should the witness choose to testify.
Defendant argues that he has the right to call his witness without having the prosecutor intimidate him and that the trial judge supported, restated, repeated and expanded upon the prosecutor’s threats and consequently compelled the witness to leave the stand.
The specific question before this Court is what action the prosecutor may take, under these circumstances, in fulfilling his duty as an officer of the court without infringing on a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process.
In discussing compulsory process the United States Supreme Court stated:
"The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies. Just as an accused has the right to confront the prosecution’s witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense. This right is a fundamental element of due process of law.” Washington v Texas, 388 US 14, 19; 87 S Ct 1920; 18 L Ed 2d 1019 (1967).
In every prosecutorial abuse question, the reviewing court must examine the pertinent portion of the record and evaluate the alleged wrongful acts in context. A limited review of previous case law on prosecutorial or judicial abuse complaints reveals that such questions are usually decided on a case-by-case basis with each decision depending heavily on the peculiar facts before the court.
Webb v Texas, 409 US 95; 93 S Ct 351; 34 L Ed 2d 330 (1972), reversed where the trial judge admonished the defendant’s only witness on his own initiative; United States v Mendez-Rodriguez 450 F2d 1 (CA 9, 1971), reversed where the prosecutor deported three defense witnesses before the defendant had an opportunity to interview them; People v Pena, 383 Mich 402; 175 NW2d 767 (1970), reversed where the prosecutor sent an official letter to each defense witness stating he would prosecute them for perjury if they testified for the defendant and perjured themselves; People v Butler, 30 Mich App 561; 186 NW2d 786 (1971), reversed where the prosecutor, outside the courtroom, told a witness that he was under investigation for the offense and that he could plead the Fifth Amendment if he wished; People v Williams #1, 45 Mich App 623; 207 NW2d 176 (1973), reversed where the prosecutor informed the witness of her rights under the Fifth Amendment and told her that if she testified she would be prosecuted for carrying a concealed weapon or for perjury.
An examination of the pertinent portion of the record in this case does not reveal any intentional wrongful conduct on the part of the prosecutor, defense counsel or the court.
However, the prosecutor’s remarks to the court, in the presence of the witness, that he intended to possibly charge the witness with a new offense or to institute probation violation proceedings which could possibly result in a sentence of life imprisonment, were intimidating regardless of the factual accuracy of the statements and, coupled with the court’s additional and lengthy warnings, drove the defendant’s witness from the stand. Even if the prosecutor’s motives were impeccable, the implication of his statements transformed a willing witness to one who refused to testify. United States v Smith, 156 US App DC 66; 478 F2d 976 (1973). The court made an admirable attempt to expand and explain the prosecutor’s remarks, however we feel the court’s warnings were unduly emphasized to the point where they were transformed into instruments of intimidation. People v Shapiro, 50 NY2d 747, 762; 409 NE2d 897, 905 (1980).
We recognize that, under certain circumstances, the prosecutor, as an officer of the court, has a duty to inform the court that it may be necessary for the court to inform a witness of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. Usually, a trial judge has no knowledge of the content of a proposed witness’s testimony.
However, we feel it is a better practice for the prosecutor to inform the court, in the appropriate case, out of the presence of the witness, of the possible need for a witness to be informed of his or her rights under the Fifth Amendment. The prosecutor should further state the basis for such a request and the trial judge shall exercise his discretion in determining whether such warnings should issue. If the trial judge determines that such warnings are appropriate under the facts presented then the court shall inform the witness of his rights under the Fifth Amendment on the record out of the presence of the jury, if that be the case.
We feel such a practice will greatly reduce if not eliminate future accusations of prosecutorial abuse or misconduct under the circumstances herein and would further relieve the trial court of trying to mitigate or explain away undue or overzealous warnings to a witness by the prosecution and thus unwittingly or otherwise force a trial judge to overemphasize legitimate warnings, thereby transforming them into instruments of intimidation.
The prosecutor’s tardy offer of use immunity to the witness does not dissipate the coercion of the witness as found by this Court. The prosecutor reserved the right to prosecute within the offer of use immunity. At the point in time that such offer was made, we do not believe that the witness would believe that use immunity would protect his rights.
The remaining errors alleged by the defendant of whether the trial judge should have sua sponte disqualified himself because he had decided most of the pretrial motions and, further, that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence, will not be decided by this Court in light of the reversal of the conviction on other grounds as stated herein.
The remaining problem in this case is how to dispel the intimidation of a witness once it occurs. The Court in People v Williams #1, supra, left the solution to the trial court and the prosecutor with instructions that a record be made setting forth whatever steps were taken to undo the damage. Normally, this Court would not order a prosecutor to grant any form of immunity at a new trial. However, since the prosecutor had previously offered use immunity to the witness herein, and to ensure that the coercion found herein is dissipated, the witness Anthony Brown shall be given use immunity at the new trial ordered herein.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. | [
-0.001068115234375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0208740234375,
0.055908203125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.06982421875,
0.056884765625,
0.04345703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0301513671875,
0.00518798828125,
0.01287841796875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0234375,
0.04345703125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.028076171875,
0.0218505859375,
0.0537109375,
0.02294921875,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.05859375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0546875,
-0.060791015625,
0.025390625,
0.014892578125,
0.01202392578125,
0.006378173828125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0791015625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0311279296875,
0.015625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.01904296875,
0.033447265625,
0.01226806640625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0673828125,
0.004302978515625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00390625,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0208740234375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.000057220458984375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.02734375,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0390625,
0.036376953125,
-0.00005435943603515625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.05712890625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0028076171875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.058349609375,
0.015625,
0.016845703125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.024658203125,
0.053466796875,
0.006561279296875,
0.06591796875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.04296875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0223388671875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0224609375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.013427734375,
0.044189453125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0093994140625,
0.000667572021484375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.027587890625,
0.0400390625,
0.009033203125,
0.06103515625,
0.0238037109375,
0.034423828125,
0.007080078125,
0.00982666015625,
0.013427734375,
0.04541015625,
0.0269775390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.044189453125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0166015625,
0.045654296875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0172119140625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0169677734375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.021484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.055419921875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0296630859375,
0.0146484375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.014892578125,
0.0439453125,
-0.030029296875,
0.01446533203125,
0.01806640625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.00244140625,
-0.049560546875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0186767578125,
0.006439208984375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.02001953125,
0.010986328125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.033203125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.052001953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0185546875,
-0.039794921875,
0.01025390625,
0.024658203125,
0.0654296875,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.054443359375,
0.04833984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.002685546875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.057861328125,
0.02685546875,
-0.048583984375,
0.014892578125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.015869140625,
-0.005859375,
0.038330078125,
0.08056640625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0146484375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.046630859375,
-0.00011730194091796875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.052734375,
0.00145721435546875,
0.04443359375,
0.033203125,
-0.015625,
0.007781982421875,
0.0703125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.052490234375,
0.00103759765625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.01708984375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0439453125,
0.003387451171875,
0.015380859375,
-0.032470703125,
0.018310546875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.037841796875,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0274658203125,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.000316619873046875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0004119873046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0152587890625,
0.011474609375,
-0.034912109375,
0.023681640625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0341796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.037353515625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.08251953125,
0.0299072265625,
0.052978515625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.022216796875,
0.016845703125,
-0.053466796875,
0.006103515625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0021209716796875,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.020263671875,
0.01171875,
0.04345703125,
0.03564453125,
-0.000751495361328125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.010986328125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.052734375,
0.0478515625,
0.0133056640625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.032958984375,
0.00390625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.025390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00109100341796875,
0.05029296875,
0.017822265625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.02783203125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.04443359375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.003173828125,
0.00970458984375,
0.038330078125,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.002471923828125,
0.003173828125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00323486328125,
0.047607421875,
-0.00086212158203125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0081787109375,
0.007171630859375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.013671875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.038818359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.06298828125,
0.0341796875,
0.0047607421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.003387451171875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.01220703125,
0.00701904296875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.008544921875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0003814697265625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0234375,
0.033935546875,
0.0546875,
0.016357421875,
0.025146484375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0205078125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.05810546875,
0.05712890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.037353515625,
0.002288818359375,
0.03271484375,
0.0128173828125,
0.060791015625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.011962890625,
0.033203125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0234375,
0.06396484375,
0.054443359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.051513671875,
-0.02734375,
0.032958984375,
0.007110595703125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0030059814453125,
0.0849609375,
-0.000545501708984375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.017578125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.036865234375,
0.02783203125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.02734375,
-0.02978515625,
0.00191497802734375,
0.0006103515625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.054443359375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0654296875,
0.007080078125,
0.05078125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.050537109375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.047119140625,
0.006988525390625,
0.03515625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.04345703125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.036865234375,
0.02001953125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.02734375,
0.0279541015625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.03515625,
0.004608154296875,
0.0076904296875,
0.0005950927734375,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01513671875,
0.01446533203125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.04345703125,
0.003570556640625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.025390625,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.024169921875,
0.01171875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0003299713134765625,
-0.048828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0625,
-0.0341796875,
0.04541015625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0096435546875,
0.018798828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.031982421875,
0.023193359375,
-0.011474609375,
0.0272216796875,
0.06884765625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.029541015625,
0.003143310546875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.054931640625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.03759765625,
0.029296875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0284423828125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.030029296875,
0.037841796875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0050048828125,
0.0208740234375,
0.01361083984375,
0.027099609375,
-0.035400390625,
0.037353515625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.038330078125,
0.029296875,
0.0267333984375,
0.020751953125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.043701171875,
0.033447265625,
0.042236328125,
0.013671875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.060302734375,
0.06640625,
-0.043212890625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0013275146484375,
0.002655029296875,
0.00048828125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.033447265625,
0.06640625,
0.01953125,
-0.000812530517578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.03857421875,
0.07177734375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.01220703125,
-0.06005859375,
0.03466796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0029296875,
-0.05859375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.033203125,
0.0196533203125,
0.005401611328125,
0.0140380859375,
0.01025390625,
0.0196533203125,
0.037353515625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.047119140625,
0.053955078125,
0.00180816650390625,
0.035888671875,
0.0537109375,
-0.041015625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.064453125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0810546875,
-0.037353515625,
0.002593994140625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0205078125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.002960205078125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0078125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0625,
0.028076171875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0205078125,
0.02001953125,
0.007659912109375,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0400390625,
0.040771484375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0263671875,
0.03662109375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0439453125,
0.09033203125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0157470703125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.021240234375,
0.044189453125,
-0.000751495361328125,
-0.09716796875,
-0.0498046875,
0.036376953125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0028076171875,
0.015869140625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.06103515625,
0.0076904296875,
0.03369140625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00732421875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.036865234375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.027587890625,
0.028564453125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0284423828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.019775390625,
0.0106201171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00159454345703125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01458740234375,
0.02197265625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.013427734375,
0.004241943359375,
0.03759765625,
0.03759765625,
0.011474609375,
0.02392578125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0213623046875,
0.007049560546875,
0.042724609375,
-0.00069427490234375,
0.033935546875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.029296875,
0.013916015625,
0.033203125,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.022705078125,
0.019287109375,
-0.08154296875,
-0.05712890625,
0.026611328125,
0.03271484375,
0.025390625,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.041015625,
0.0625,
0.021484375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.00016307830810546875,
0.07958984375,
0.01171875,
0.01953125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01025390625,
0.022216796875,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.06298828125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01708984375,
0.029296875,
0.0269775390625,
0.0306396484375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.055908203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.048583984375,
0.00408935546875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.060546875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.00457763671875,
0.0419921875,
0.0252685546875,
0.04345703125,
0.006866455078125,
0.0341796875,
0.002685546875,
0.0189208984375,
0.046875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.01446533203125,
0.01458740234375,
0.06298828125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.048095703125,
0.00628662109375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0087890625,
0.01953125,
-0.052490234375,
0.025390625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.039794921875,
0.02294921875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0028228759765625,
0.012451171875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.042236328125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0263671875,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0654296875,
0.016845703125,
0.00457763671875,
0.03125,
-0.02392578125,
0.004364013671875,
0.03271484375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.02392578125,
0.045654296875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.003204345703125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0166015625,
0.03515625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0166015625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.04345703125,
0.038330078125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0390625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.00726318359375,
0.007293701171875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.031982421875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.010986328125,
0.01483154296875,
0.01300048828125,
0.0556640625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.000835418701171875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01171875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.039794921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00830078125,
0.035888671875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.02099609375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0380859375,
0.048583984375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.039794921875,
0.05322265625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0177001953125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00634765625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.008544921875,
0.01141357421875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.02490234375,
0.004791259765625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0145263671875,
0.02001953125,
-0.05419921875,
0.010498046875,
0.015625,
-0.06787109375,
0.275390625,
0.046630859375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.038330078125,
0.046142578125,
-0.003082275390625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.048095703125,
0.0081787109375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0002689361572265625,
0.03271484375,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0010833740234375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0517578125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0238037109375,
0.052001953125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.000286102294921875,
-0.064453125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0849609375,
-0.03125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0244140625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0478515625,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.023193359375,
-0.04736328125,
0.036376953125,
0.05615234375,
-0.05322265625,
0.01080322265625,
0.007080078125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.03369140625,
0.04150390625,
0.032958984375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0302734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.033935546875,
0.04736328125,
0.031494140625,
0.055908203125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.03271484375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.05078125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0029449462890625,
0.03515625,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.04296875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.023681640625
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant Michigan Department of Commerce, the successor in interest to defendant State Treasurer, appeals as of right from a judgment of the Hillsdale Circuit Court altering the legal description of plaintiffs’ lot, but excusing plaintiffs from preparing a new plat reflective of this change. Defendant argues only that the circuit court erred in not ordering the preparation of the new plat as required under §229(1) of the Subdivision Control Act, MCL 560.229(1); MSA 26.430(229)(1). We agree.
Section 229(1) provides:
If the court orders a plat to be vacated, corrected, or revised in whole or in part, the court shall also direct plaintiff to prepare, in the form required by this act for a final plat, either a new plat of the part of the subdivision affected by the judgment or a new plat of the entire subdivision if the court’s judgment affects a major part of the subdivision.
"If the language of the statute is clear, it is assumed that the Legislature intended the plainly expressed meaning, and the statute must be enforced as written.” Bailey v DAIIE, 143 Mich App 223, 225; 371 NW2d 917 (1985). Section 229(1) clearly calls for a new plat whenever the old plat is revised "in whole or in part” by a circuit coúrt order. Plaintiffs’ contention that this mandate is inapplicable when the change is only "minor” conflicts with the specific language of § 229(1). The only discretion given the court is the determination whether the plat is to be prepared for a "part of’ or for the "entire” subdivision. To read the statute otherwise would conflict with the policy expressed in § 103(3) of the act, which requires that a "survey and plat shall be made when any amendment, correction, alteration or revision of a recorded plat is ordered by a circuit court.” MCL 560.103(3); MSA 26.430(103)(3).
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed and this case is remanded for entry of the appropriate order. | [
-0.0250244140625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.01007080078125,
0.011474609375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.03466796875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0003490447998046875,
0.060791015625,
0.05810546875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.005950927734375,
0.0074462890625,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0361328125,
-0.03369140625,
0.056640625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.02294921875,
0.00162506103515625,
0.0037841796875,
0.0234375,
0.06591796875,
0.0263671875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.01025390625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0078125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.03125,
0.032470703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.044921875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.05078125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.03662109375,
-0.060791015625,
0.0030059814453125,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.000850677490234375,
0.00732421875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.003326416015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0390625,
0.03125,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.007080078125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.00323486328125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.03125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.017578125,
0.03369140625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0234375,
0.0223388671875,
0.031005859375,
0.0177001953125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0341796875,
0.031005859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.04296875,
0.039794921875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0615234375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0201416015625,
0.057373046875,
0.005279541015625,
0.07666015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.003082275390625,
0.055419921875,
-0.04296875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.036376953125,
0.08154296875,
-0.04443359375,
0.01904296875,
0.00177764892578125,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.009521484375,
0.011474609375,
0.0361328125,
-0.027099609375,
0.00994873046875,
0.02197265625,
0.00537109375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.004425048828125,
0.04931640625,
0.022216796875,
0.0245361328125,
0.02294921875,
0.0206298828125,
0.0157470703125,
0.035888671875,
0.004638671875,
0.02197265625,
0.0361328125,
0.0247802734375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.031494140625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.015625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0048828125,
0.032470703125,
0.0478515625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00927734375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0050048828125,
0.00238037109375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0015411376953125,
0.02001953125,
-0.02734375,
0.044189453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.025390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.049560546875,
0.019775390625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0732421875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.02197265625,
0.006988525390625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.05615234375,
0.034423828125,
0.020263671875,
0.01373291015625,
0.025390625,
0.00872802734375,
0.034423828125,
-0.013671875,
0.01953125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.000843048095703125,
0.041015625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.068359375,
0.0439453125,
0.000415802001953125,
-0.041015625,
0.021484375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0186767578125,
0.010009765625,
0.02099609375,
0.041259765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.000316619873046875,
0.00341796875,
0.0240478515625,
0.024658203125,
0.047607421875,
0.01531982421875,
0.00433349609375,
0.0361328125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.01025390625,
0.0145263671875,
0.01263427734375,
0.0267333984375,
0.041748046875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.039794921875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.029296875,
0.0211181640625,
0.01220703125,
0.029052734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.000354766845703125,
0.01904296875,
-0.022705078125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.00141143798828125,
0.01513671875,
0.0022430419921875,
0.05712890625,
0.027099609375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.06298828125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0201416015625,
0.01422119140625,
0.043212890625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.03515625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.044677734375,
0.048828125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.011474609375,
-0.015380859375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.036865234375,
0.0218505859375,
0.060546875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.072265625,
0.03369140625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0029449462890625,
0.002166748046875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.012451171875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.002166748046875,
0.032958984375,
0.0087890625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.039306640625,
0.041259765625,
0.007354736328125,
0.00836181640625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00439453125,
0.015869140625,
0.01507568359375,
0.04833984375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.0458984375,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0091552734375,
0.0167236328125,
0.033447265625,
0.0074462890625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0224609375,
0.055419921875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0164794921875,
0.014892578125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0537109375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00157928466796875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0283203125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.03076171875,
0.046630859375,
0.01312255859375,
0.0458984375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.011962890625,
0.045654296875,
-0.018798828125,
0.017822265625,
0.02197265625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.054931640625,
0.0167236328125,
0.005523681640625,
0.01226806640625,
0.004913330078125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0050048828125,
0.0615234375,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.037109375,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.058349609375,
0.041748046875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0159912109375,
0.031982421875,
0.025390625,
0.034423828125,
0.05078125,
0.0145263671875,
0.01361083984375,
0.048828125,
-0.045166015625,
0.0380859375,
-0.043701171875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.038330078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.03173828125,
0.02734375,
0.00897216796875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0289306640625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0128173828125,
0.00091552734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.068359375,
0.064453125,
-0.0341796875,
0.01373291015625,
0.06298828125,
0.001556396484375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.03515625,
0.08642578125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.07861328125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0196533203125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0133056640625,
0.044677734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.05126953125,
-0.04345703125,
0.051025390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.021484375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0174560546875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.055419921875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02978515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.014404296875,
0.043212890625,
0.01611328125,
0.019775390625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.033203125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.03662109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.05224609375,
0.01708984375,
-0.02880859375,
0.02294921875,
0.021728515625,
0.030517578125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.02783203125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0106201171875,
0.04931640625,
-0.0004100799560546875,
0.022705078125,
0.01348876953125,
0.00067138671875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.052734375,
-0.03125,
-0.00335693359375,
0.06494140625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.05126953125,
0.05224609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0380859375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0152587890625,
0.035888671875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.017333984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.009765625,
0.008056640625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.04443359375,
0.009521484375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0234375,
0.031005859375,
0.03515625,
-0.005859375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.016845703125,
-0.032470703125,
0.04736328125,
-0.022705078125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0091552734375,
0.02734375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0244140625,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0240478515625,
0.017822265625,
0.0181884765625,
0.00860595703125,
0.038330078125,
0.0018463134765625,
0.01153564453125,
0.040771484375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0810546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.038330078125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.047119140625,
0.02587890625,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0654296875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.025146484375,
0.05126953125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0205078125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.031982421875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.001220703125,
0.0164794921875,
0.007537841796875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0291748046875,
0.03125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.04736328125,
0.041015625,
0.0400390625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0264892578125,
0.046142578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.057373046875,
0.035888671875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0458984375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0296630859375,
0.001739501953125,
-0.025634765625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.037841796875,
0.021240234375,
0.01171875,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0096435546875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0003376007080078125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.00518798828125,
0.04736328125,
0.052001953125,
-0.025146484375,
0.025146484375,
0.03466796875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.041748046875,
0.031982421875,
0.0302734375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.014404296875,
0.00897216796875,
0.03662109375,
0.033935546875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.041748046875,
0.01513671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.000904083251953125,
0.046630859375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.005859375,
-0.0234375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.008544921875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0250244140625,
0.004791259765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0098876953125,
0.06982421875,
0.03173828125,
0.020263671875,
-0.03564453125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0107421875,
0.01153564453125,
0.027587890625,
-0.03125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0279541015625,
0.050048828125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0390625,
-0.056396484375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.009765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.040771484375,
0.034912109375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.000766754150390625,
0.003936767578125,
0.021240234375,
0.0458984375,
0.01416015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.022705078125,
0.00714111328125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0654296875,
0.040283203125,
0.006011962890625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.03662109375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.08544921875,
0.045166015625,
0.0028076171875,
0.011474609375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0625,
0.0234375,
-0.025146484375,
0.00341796875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0272216796875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0086669921875,
0.033935546875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0693359375,
0.019775390625,
-0.003662109375,
0.01318359375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00078582763671875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0016021728515625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.00180816650390625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.026123046875,
0.015625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.04248046875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.04931640625,
0.0299072265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.036376953125,
0.04345703125,
0.049560546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.02490234375,
0.05322265625,
-0.08251953125,
-0.002197265625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0048828125,
0.02978515625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0089111328125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.04150390625,
-0.000720977783203125,
0.000652313232421875,
0.0279541015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.035400390625,
0.0218505859375,
0.041748046875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.014404296875,
0.014892578125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.007171630859375,
0.033203125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.00018310546875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.076171875,
0.0002613067626953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.049072265625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0185546875,
0.03955078125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.07275390625,
0.046875,
0.01263427734375,
0.01904296875,
0.03271484375,
0.032958984375,
0.025390625,
0.00182342529296875,
0.017578125,
0.0004119873046875,
0.05517578125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.02392578125,
0.027099609375,
0.00189208984375,
0.036376953125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0050048828125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.03515625,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0167236328125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.036865234375,
0.0111083984375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.022216796875,
0.006744384765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01513671875,
0.029052734375,
0.02490234375,
0.0234375,
0.01495361328125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0390625,
0.03173828125,
0.013427734375,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.026123046875,
0.00823974609375,
0.03125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0081787109375,
0.02001953125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.026611328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.050048828125,
0.267578125,
-0.005615234375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.00135040283203125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.05859375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.040771484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.06494140625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.00482177734375,
0.03955078125,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.04150390625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0146484375,
0.019287109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.02392578125,
0.0283203125,
-0.01953125,
0.0018310546875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.030029296875,
0.056640625,
0.06982421875,
-0.05126953125,
0.05126953125,
-0.001617431640625,
0.03271484375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0185546875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.05712890625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0024261474609375,
0.002349853515625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.0244140625,
0.03662109375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0361328125,
0.03857421875,
-0.03564453125,
0.025146484375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.00244140625,
0.01348876953125,
0.044921875,
0.0361328125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0390625,
0.017822265625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.003997802734375,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.018798828125
] |
Per Curiam.
In this consolidated appeal, plaintiffs appeal from two orders. The first is the order of the” Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board reversing the decision of the referee granting workers’ compensation benefits to plaintiff Mary L. Dunlap. The wcab reversed on the grounds that plaintiff’s injury did not arise out of and in the course of her employment. The second is the order of the Court of Claims which held that plaintiffs’ action was barred by the statute of limitations. We reverse the first order and affirm the second.
The facts are undisputed. In December, 1980, plaintiff Mary L. Dunlap was a food service worker at Clinton Valley Center, a psychiatric hospital. Plaintiff worked on December 13, then had December 14, 15, and 16 off. Although scheduled to work on December 17 and 18, plaintiff took those days off to be with her daughter, who was hospitalized. Because December 18 was a payday, plaintiff stopped at the center to pick up her paycheck. She slipped and fell in a puddle of water in the dining room and was injured. On February 2, 1982, a referee awarded her workers’ compensation benefits, but the decision was reversed by the wcab on February 6, 1987. The wcab held that plaintiff’s injury did not arise out of and in the course of her employment. Plaintiff appeals from this order.
In reviewing a decision of the wcab, this Court is charged with reviewing questions of law and deciding whether there is any competent evidence in the record to support the findings of fact made by the wcab. Schaefer v Williamston Community Schools (After Remand), 150 Mich App 186, 190; 387 NW2d 856 (1986). We believe the decision of the wcab in the instant case was contrary to law. The wcab relied on Kelly v Dixie Fuel & Supply Co, 329 Mich 466; 45 NW2d 356 (1951). In Kelly, the Court held that the plaintiff was not entitled to workers’ compensation benefits where he was injured when he came to pick up his check the day after he was discharged. Kelly, supra, pp 471-473. However, the Court placed much emphasis on the fact the plaintiff had been discharged. The Court stated:
But we think many of the cases upon which plaintiff relies are distinguishable from the instant case either because of the fact that at the time of his injury the employee had not yet left the premises of the employer, or because he had not been discharged from his employment. [Kelly, supra, p 470. Emphasis added.]
Many states allow benefits where the claimant was injured while coming to his place of employment to pick up his check. See Martinez v Stoller, 96 NM 571, 632 P2d 1209 (1981); Texas General Indemnity Co v Luce, 491 SW2d 767 (Tex Civ App, 1973); Singleton v Younger Brothers, Inc, 247 So 2d 273 (La App, 1971); Elmer E Stockman, Jr Construction Co v Industrial Comm, 463 SW2d 610 (Mo App, 1971); Parrott v Industrial Comm of Ohio, 145 Ohio St 66, 60 NE2d 660 (1945); Griffin v Acme Coal Co, 161 Pa Super 28; 54 A2d 69 (1947); Consolidated Engineering Co v Feikin, 188 Md 420; 52 A2d 913 (1947); Crane Co v Industrial Comm, 306 Ill 56; 137 NE 437 (1922). Accord: 1A Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 26.30, pp 5-301 et seq. We agree with these cases which hold that the plaintiffs injury arises out of the course of his employment when he is at his place of employment to pick up his check and is injured. Receiving remuneration for one’s work is a part of one’s duties for his employer. The wcab also relied on MacDonald v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 132 Mich App 688; 348 NW2d 12 (1984), lv den 419 Mich 912 (1984). In MacDonald, the plaintiff left work and dropped her keys in the parking lot. Thinking that she had retrieved them all, she drove off to a store two miles away to do some shopping. However, she discovered she was missing one key, so she drove back to her place of employment to look for it. She slipped and fell. We reversed the wcab, which had found that the plaintiff’s injury arouse out of the course of her employment. MacDonald, supra, p 692. MacDonald is distinguishable from the instant case as, in the instant case, plaintiff was on the premises to pick up her paycheck, which her employer was legally required to give her under MCL 408.472; MSA 17.277(2). The plaintiff in MacDonald had left work to go shopping and returned to her employer’s premises to look for her car’s trunk key, which had nothing to do with her employment. Thus, we find that the wcab erred in reversing the referee’s award of benefits to plaintiff.
In the consolidated case, plaintiffs, Mary L. Dunlap and her husband, appeal as of right from the Court of Claims’ dismissal of plaintiffs’ action on the ground that it was barred by the three-year statute of limitations, MCL 600.5805(1), (8); MSA 27A.5805(1), (8). Following the wcab’s reversal of the referee’s decision, plaintiffs filed suit against defendant in the Court of Claims, on February 23, 1987, claiming negligence under the public building defect exception to governmental immunity. Plaintiffs alleged that, since the wcab held that plaintiff’s injury did not arise out of her employment, the wcab no longer had exclusive jurisdiction and, thus, the Court of Claims had jurisdiction over the action. The court granted defendants’ motion for summary disposition on the ground that the three-year statute of limitations, MCL 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805, barred the suit.
On appeal, plaintiffs claim that the statute of limitations was tolled under MCL 600.5856(2); MSA 27A.5856(2) while the workers’ compensation action was pending. This statute states:
The statutes of limitations are tolled when * * *
(2) jurisdiction over the defendant is otherwise acquired.
Plaintiffs claim that jurisdiction was acquired
over defendant in the compensation proceeding and therefore, under subsection (2), the statute of limitations was tolled. However, both the Michigan Supreme Court and this Court have clearly held that an administrative proceeding does not toll the statute of limitations under this subsection. Mair v Consumers Power Co, 419 Mich 74, 82-83; 348 NW2d 256 (1984); Badger State Mutual Casualty Ins Co v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 128 Mich App 120, 133-134; 339 NW2d 713 (1983). Contrary to plaintiffs’ assertion, Mair and Badger are not distinguishable and are instead directly on point with the instant case. Plaintiffs could have protected themselves by filing suit within the period of limitations while the workers’ compensation proceeding was pending. Having failed to do so, plaintiffs are barred by the three-year statute of limitations.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part. | [
-0.0380859375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.057861328125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.07568359375,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0113525390625,
0.052734375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0625,
0.033203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.000732421875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01708984375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.039306640625,
0.03076171875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.022705078125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.07275390625,
-0.048828125,
0.013427734375,
0.000762939453125,
0.00146484375,
0.0098876953125,
0.0458984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.060302734375,
0.01287841796875,
0.00604248046875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0419921875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.00079345703125,
0.04345703125,
-0.04052734375,
0.043701171875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.03271484375,
0.00171661376953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0380859375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0026702880859375,
0.024658203125,
0.006988525390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.029296875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.049072265625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.048095703125,
0.039794921875,
0.02587890625,
-0.026123046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0029296875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.03515625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.007568359375,
0.01385498046875,
0.0206298828125,
0.060302734375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.00213623046875,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0400390625,
0.010009765625,
0.054443359375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.04833984375,
0.04248046875,
0.111328125,
0.0186767578125,
0.04150390625,
0.012939453125,
0.028564453125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0031280517578125,
0.05712890625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.026611328125,
0.00970458984375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0003986358642578125,
0.00146484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0439453125,
0.01171875,
0.01239013671875,
0.03759765625,
0.000240325927734375,
0.0220947265625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0283203125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.045166015625,
0.02294921875,
0.047119140625,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0023193359375,
0.0296630859375,
0.014404296875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.03125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.032470703125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.039794921875,
0.03125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.045654296875,
0.038330078125,
0.0830078125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0126953125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0264892578125,
0.032470703125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0107421875,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.03125,
0.0419921875,
0.03173828125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.005706787109375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.026611328125,
0.00335693359375,
0.03369140625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.02392578125,
0.068359375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0152587890625,
0.000499725341796875,
-0.0400390625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.029052734375,
-0.078125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.033203125,
0.05322265625,
-0.011474609375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0093994140625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.00081634521484375,
0.03271484375,
0.05712890625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0234375,
0.0189208984375,
0.056640625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0191650390625,
0.03173828125,
0.047607421875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.041748046875,
0.01434326171875,
0.024169921875,
0.005828857421875,
0.034423828125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0089111328125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.016845703125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.04052734375,
-0.021728515625,
0.03857421875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0771484375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0185546875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.043701171875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.064453125,
0.0234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.05712890625,
0.03515625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.048828125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.029052734375,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.04345703125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.005828857421875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0147705078125,
0.007568359375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.05712890625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.042236328125,
0.005859375,
-0.00025177001953125,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0184326171875,
0.038818359375,
-0.00537109375,
0.01422119140625,
0.01171875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.05126953125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0654296875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.019775390625,
0.015380859375,
0.01123046875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0240478515625,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0537109375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0028533935546875,
0.004241943359375,
0.05126953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.03955078125,
0.024169921875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.06787109375,
0.007415771484375,
0.004180908203125,
0.0380859375,
0.00104522705078125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.038818359375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.058349609375,
0.05322265625,
0.027099609375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.015625,
0.005950927734375,
0.033935546875,
0.039306640625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01953125,
0.051025390625,
0.041015625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.05419921875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.02880859375,
0.015869140625,
-0.02685546875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.050048828125,
0.02783203125,
-0.019287109375,
0.002471923828125,
0.0000629425048828125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.03515625,
0.04541015625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0615234375,
-0.0419921875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03662109375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.043212890625,
0.059814453125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.03662109375,
0.01348876953125,
0.068359375,
-0.02734375,
-0.068359375,
0.00946044921875,
0.01434326171875,
0.037353515625,
-0.01220703125,
0.000640869140625,
0.01458740234375,
0.00537109375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.07568359375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.03662109375,
0.043701171875,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.0002994537353515625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.04541015625,
0.018798828125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.04248046875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0302734375,
0.01953125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0107421875,
0.023681640625,
0.0146484375,
0.0089111328125,
0.00830078125,
0.0186767578125,
0.019287109375,
0.0023193359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.01513671875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0008544921875,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.021240234375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.01611328125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0206298828125,
0.03369140625,
0.02490234375,
0.0003662109375,
0.01513671875,
0.031005859375,
0.0174560546875,
0.035400390625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.048583984375,
0.0032958984375,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.06884765625,
0.015380859375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0380859375,
0.007232666015625,
0.025390625,
0.02197265625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0279541015625,
0.001617431640625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0712890625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.053955078125,
0.0625,
0.033447265625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0286865234375,
0.047119140625,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.054931640625,
-0.00250244140625,
0.028564453125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0380859375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.029296875,
0.0169677734375,
0.0299072265625,
0.0016632080078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.054931640625,
0.03173828125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0517578125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.05419921875,
0.044921875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.000743865966796875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.009521484375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.001251220703125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.018798828125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.031494140625,
0.00186920166015625,
0.060546875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0135498046875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.048095703125,
0.005157470703125,
0.051513671875,
0.021240234375,
-0.03515625,
0.07470703125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.058837890625,
0.016357421875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0703125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0380859375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01123046875,
0.02490234375,
0.029296875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0283203125,
0.032958984375,
0.056396484375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.04541015625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.005767822265625,
0.030517578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0299072265625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0257568359375,
0.00244140625,
0.039306640625,
0.04052734375,
0.0625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.02001953125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.001708984375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.013427734375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.000591278076171875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.025634765625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.021484375,
0.0380859375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0025787353515625,
0.021240234375,
-0.004730224609375,
0.031982421875,
-0.00095367431640625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0260009765625,
0.045654296875,
0.036865234375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0126953125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01275634765625,
0.037841796875,
0.039794921875,
-0.02392578125,
0.00084686279296875,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0081787109375,
0.00173187255859375,
0.037353515625,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.002685546875,
-0.030517578125,
0.04052734375,
0.06982421875,
0.041015625,
0.033203125,
0.022216796875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.044677734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.05078125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.03857421875,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.005584716796875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0008697509765625,
0.0036773681640625,
0.015869140625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0634765625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.06884765625,
0.0185546875,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.051513671875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.000942230224609375,
-0.047119140625,
0.01141357421875,
0.052001953125,
0.0478515625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0260009765625,
0.01806640625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.01953125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.009033203125,
0.004974365234375,
0.027099609375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.017578125,
0.044189453125,
0.031005859375,
0.03271484375,
0.00482177734375,
0.040283203125,
0.010986328125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01708984375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0283203125,
0.032470703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.041259765625,
0.00004649162292480469,
0.0267333984375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.00848388671875,
0.04931640625,
-0.044677734375,
0.01422119140625,
0.05126953125,
0.012939453125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0034942626953125,
0.01495361328125,
0.041015625,
0.007354736328125,
0.007354736328125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.041015625,
-0.051513671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.013916015625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00323486328125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0003299713134765625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.05908203125,
0.000911712646484375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0031585693359375,
0.01483154296875,
0.05419921875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0015716552734375,
0.009033203125,
0.03759765625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0849609375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0235595703125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00018310546875,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.050537109375,
0.036865234375,
0.02197265625,
0.032470703125,
0.034912109375,
0.01953125,
0.016845703125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.007568359375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0185546875,
0.004486083984375,
0.01806640625,
0.00016021728515625,
0.02099609375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.06884765625,
0.248046875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.004638671875,
0.0234375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0322265625,
0.01104736328125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03955078125,
0.00170135498046875,
0.0213623046875,
0.055908203125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0205078125,
0.04638671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.07470703125,
0.028076171875,
0.038818359375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.05078125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.060546875,
0.037841796875,
-0.02783203125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.04052734375,
0.046875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.03955078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.052001953125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.03564453125,
0.06591796875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0234375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0302734375,
0.01507568359375,
0.0791015625,
0.01202392578125,
0.021240234375,
0.04296875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.03076171875,
0.047119140625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.052490234375,
0.01513671875,
-0.009521484375,
0.0234375,
0.041259765625,
-0.00008678436279296875,
0.00179290771484375,
0.009765625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.010009765625,
0.0211181640625,
0.037353515625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.033935546875,
0.03564453125,
0.000053882598876953125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0107421875,
0.00099945068359375
] |
Cynar, P.J.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder conviction and two years for the felony-firearm conviction. The convictions followed an earlier jury trial in which the jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict. Defendant appeals as of right. We reverse.
The second trial commenced on October 25, 1983. The instant charges arose out of the shooting death of Johnnie Lee Reed (also known as Johnny). Reed was shot on September 17, 1982, as he stood on the front porch of his residence at 606 Florence Street in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The shooting occurred sometime around noon.
Robert Lee Jones, a witness for the prosecution, placed defendant at the scene of the crime. Jones’ testimony was offered as part of a plea-bargain agreement between Jones and the prosecutor. In exchange for testifying against defendant, Jones received immunity from prosecution for any involvement in the instant case.
On September 17, 1982, at about 11:00 A.M., Jones was at the Polar Bear store with his brother Jimmy Lee. Jones when they saw defendant drive a blue van onto the store’s parking lot. Defendant told them that he had a gun and he was "hunting” for Reed. The Jones brothers left the store. Sometime later, defendant went by Jones’ house and motioned him over to the van. Jones got into defendant’s van after they decided to commit a breaking and entering.
They drove to a house, but did not break and enter since the resident was at home. While defendant and Jones were driving around, defendant saw Reed walking up Florence Street. Defendant circled another block, stopped, told Jones to drive and park across from Reed’s house. After they waited five to fifteen minutes, Reed came out of his house. Defendant reached out of the passenger window and shot Reed with a rifle as Reed was coming off the porch. Defendant fired five shots, three of which were fired before defendant told Jones to drive off.
Fifteen-year-old Ella Thompson was living with Reed before he was killed. She began living with Reed in October, 1981. Previously, Reed and his wife, Ola Mae Reed, had argued about Reed and Thompson living together. Reed told Ola that he was going to stay with Thompson rather than return to Ola. Afterwards, Ola used to come by and sit on the front steps of Reed’s house at different times during the day.
On the day of the shooting, Thompson was sweeping the floor in the apartment and Reed was on the front porch when Thompson heard shots. She went outside and saw Reed lying face down on the porch. Thompson had seen a blue van, but she could not identify it as the one belonging to defendant. Thompson also stated that Reed and Ola had argued on the morning he was killed.
Kalamazoo Police Officer Jack Orr testified that, about twenty-five minutes after hearing a police dispatch of the shooting and that a light blue van was a suspect vehicle, Orr spotted the van on North Westnedge Street. Orr felt the engine hood, which was very warm. He also saw ammunition on the dash tray. The van belonged to defendant.
Ola stated that she saw Reed at her home around 9:00 a.m. They argued and she told him to leave. Later in the day, Ola was in a blue van belonging to the Lively Stone Church, of which she was a member. Pastor Eldon Mitchell, who was driving, had picked up Ola "around noon” and she went to a downtown hospital. The prosecutor then asked Ola if she was a religious person and how long she has belonged to the church she attends.
Several Florence Street residents heard the shots and saw the blue van. However, none of the residents identified the van as belonging to defendant.
Officers Robert McFletcher and Thomas Martin testified that they arrested defendant on February 6, 1983. Martin related, without objection, defendant’s statement in the booking area:
He and I had been speaking and I asked him to remove his prosthesis — he has got a wooden leg— so that I could examine it to make sure there was [sic] no weapons concealed in it or anything like that. As he did that, I asked him how he lost his leg, and he told me that he — he said to me, "That guy on the paper that I killed ran over me on a motorcycle.” I asked him to repeat himself and he said, "That guy you say I killed on that paper ran over me on a motorcycle.”
On cross-examination, Martin acknowledged that he may have misheard defendant, even though he thought that he had heard defendant’s first statement very clearly.
On the fourth day of trial, the prosecutor informed the trial court of his intention to endorse Ethel Phillips, defendant’s mother-in-law, as a witness, but the police could not serve her a subpoena because she would not come out of her house. The prosecutor claimed that Phillips was afraid because of threats made against her by defendant’s family. The prosecutor asked the court to issue a capias writ in order for the officers to go into her house and bring her to court. The court issued the writ.
Afterwards, the prosecutor sought to endorse Phillips as a witness. The court denied the prosecutor’s request for a late endorsement. However, the court permitted Phillips to testify as a rebuttal witness. Defense counsel vigorously objected to Phillips’ testimony, claiming that defendant had not opened the door during his case which would entitle the prosecutor to call a rebuttal witness. The trial court ruled in favor of the prosecutor.
Phillips testified that, on the day Reed was killed, defendant came to her home between 12:10 p.m. and 12:20 p.m. to use the telephone. Phillips and defendant had the following conversation:
He come [sic] to my house to use the phone, and then he said, "I think I got myself into a little trouble.”
Q. (By Mr. Christopherson, continuing) Did you say anything to him, then?
A. I said, "I won’t ask what kind.”
Q. What did he say, then?
A. He said, "Well, that one guy that caused^me to lose my leg, I think I got him.”
Q. After he stated — you know— "The one guy that caused me to lose my leg, I think I got him,” what did you say after that?
A. "Yes, was it bad?”
Q. What did he say after that?
A. He didn’t know, but he found out later on.
Following his convictions, defendant moved to set aside the jury verdict and dismiss the charges due to the prosecutor’s misconduct involving Phillips. The trial court denied defendant’s motions.
Defendant raises numerous issues on appeal. First, he claims that he was denied a fair trial due to pretrial and trial publicity of his case. We first note that defendant has failed to provide an adequate record for us to review this issue by not supplying this Court with a transcript of the jury voir dire. This alone requires us to affirm. People v Coons, 158 Mich 735, 740; 405 NW2d 153 (1987), lv den 428 Mich 900 (1987). Having failed to provide this Court with the jury voir dire transcript and having failed to move for a change of venue, defendant has not met his burden of showing that the publicity deprived him of a fair trial.
Next, defendant claims that the inculpatory statement he made to Officer Martin should have been excluded since he was not given the Miranda warnings. In addition, defendant alleges that the trial court, on its own motion, should have conducted a Walker hearing so as to test the voluntariness of defendant’s statements.
Initially, we note that the issue of whether these statements were taken in violation of Miranda was not raised in the proceedings below. As a general rule, this Court will not review an issue raised for the first time on appeal. People v Davis, 122 Mich App 597; 333 NW2d 99 (1983). However, where an important constitutional question is raised regarding the admissibility of the evidence and is decisive of the outcome of the case, appellate review is appropriate. People v Catey, 135 Mich App 714, 722; 356 NW2d 241 (1984), lv den 422 Mich 940 (1985).
In this case, defendant has failed to meet either requirement so as to warrant appellate review of this issue. The Miranda rule is not in itself a constitutional right. Rather, it is only a procedural safeguard designed to protect an individual’s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. People v Godboldo, 158 Mich App 603, 605; 405 NW2d 114 (1986). Secondly, the statements testified to by Martin were not outcome determinative due to the equivocal nature of Martin’s testimony. Martin testified that he may have misheard defendant’s statements. Thus, we decline to review this claim.
In addition, we reject defendant’s assertion that the trial court, sua sponte, should have conducted a Walker hearing to determine if defendant’s statements were voluntarily made. In People v Hooks, 112 Mich App 477, 480; 316 NW2d 245 (1982), lv den 413 Mich 902 (1982), citing United States v Powe, 192 US App DC 224; 591 F2d 833 (1978), this Court set forth the rule regarding when a trial judge, sua sponte, must test the voluntariness of a confession:
In Powe, the defendant was convicted by a jury of distributing a controlled substance. That defendant stated that her confession was made in response to offers of leniency and, therefore, was not voluntary. The court held that generally a trial court is not required to address a question of the voluntariness of a confession sua sponte. However, certain "alerting circumstances” may impose a duty on the judge to assume a more active role and investigate the need for a hearing on the voluntariness of a confession. Alerting circumstances may be a defendant’s mental, emotional or physical condition, evidence of police threats, or other obvious forms of physical and mental duress. Powe, supra, 843, fn 31. The court limited its holding to cases where "a substantial question of voluntariness was raised.” Id., 844.
See also People v Ray, 156 Mich App 31, 48; 401 NW2d 296 (1986).
In this case, there were no "alerting circumstances” indicating that defendant’s volitional capacity may have been impaired. Thus, the trial court was not obligated, sua sponte, to conduct a Walker hearing and test the voluntariness of defendant’s statements.
Next, defendant alleges several instances of prosecutorial misconduct which deprived him of a fair trial. We will address each instance separately.
Defendant claims that, despite counsel’s having obtained a discovery order, the prosecutor withheld certain information on Jones’ credibility. Before Jones testified, defense counsel informed the trial court of his intention to bring an oral motion to allow him to look in chambers at the prosecutor’s file on Jones. Counsel claimed that the prosecution had used Jones as its witness on many occasions and counsel sought "at least a production of the list of cases.” The prosecutor claimed that no such file existed.
It has long been the law in this state that a defendant is entitled to have produced at trial all the evidence bearing on his guilt or innocence which is within the prosecutor’s control, including prior statements of witnesses which may be used for impeachment. People v Dellabonda, 265 Mich 486, 500-501; 251 NW 594 (1933); People v Florinchi, 84 Mich App 128, 133; 269 NW2d 500 (1978), lv den 405 Mich 828 (1979). Further, in People v Turner, 120 Mich App 23, 32-33; 328 NW2d 5 (1982), this Court stated:
Discovery exists to allow the defendant a decent opportunity to prepare and to extend to him the fundamental fairness which the adversary system seeks to provide. State v Johnson, 524 SW2d 97, 101 (Mo, 1975). Furthermore:
"[A] principal purpose of discovery is to advise defense counsel what the defendant faces in standing trial; it permits a more accurate evaluation of the factors to be weighed in considering a disposition of the charges without trial. While we cannot know whether such disclosure would in this case have led to disposition without trial, we do know that such disclosure does result in such dispositions in many cases.” Lewis, supra, 167 US App DC [232] 236; 511 F2d [798] 802 [1975].
In the within case, the prosecutor did not refuse to disclose materials, reports, or evidence to defendant. There was simply no file on Jones. Defense counsel claimed that he had information from other attorneys that they had had cases in which Jones was a prosecution witness. However, counsel could not provide an explanation why he could not obtain the names of these other cases from his sources. Thus, defendant has not shown that the prosecutor withheld discoverable material or misrepresented that all material was provided.
Defendant claims that the prosecutor, in closing argument, vouched for the credibility of his witnesses, argued facts not in evidence and made a civic duty argument. We disagree.
A prosecutor’s closing argument is proper if it is based upon the evidence and the jury is not called upon to decide a case on the basis of the prestige of his office. People v Yearrell, 101 Mich App 164, 167; 300 NW2d 483 (1980). The people have the right to comment upon the testimony in a case, argue the facts and evidence that a witness is not worthy of belief and to contend that a defendant is lying. People v Jansson, 116 Mich App 674, 693; 323 NW2d 508 (1982).
As to defendant’s first two claims of improper argument by the prosecutor, we have examined the comments in their context and are convinced that no error occurred since the prosecutor was merely commenting on the witnesses’ credibility, a proper area for closing argument, especially when there is conflicting evidence and the question of defendant’s guilt or innocence turns on which witness is to be believed. People v Flanagan, 129 Mich App 786, 795-796; 342 NW2d 609 (1983). We also find no merit to defendant’s claim that the prosecutor made a civic duty argument. Urging the jury to place credibility in the testimony of Officers Gay and Hannechow and former prosecutor Reynolds did not amount to a civic duty appeal to the jury to support the police by convicting defendant. See People v Wright (On Remand), 99 Mich App 801, 808-811; 298 NW2d 857 (1980), lv den 410 Mich 854 (1980).
Defendant also complains that he was denied a fair trial when the court refused his petition for a writ of habeas corpus to return Jones for further testimony. During a jury recess, Jones apparently stood up in court and identified a spectator as the assailant hired by defendant, who allegedly shot up his car, kidnapped him and threatened to kill him if he testified against defendant. This argument is totally specious since the jury was not present during this incident.
In his fifth claim of error, defendant alleges that the prosecutor injected error by asking Ola Mae Reed if she was a religious person. The prosecutor asked:
Q. Ola are you a religious person.
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. How long have you belonged to the church you go to now?
A. For nine years.
This line of questioning by the prosecutor is clear error. In People v Hall, 391 Mich 175, 179-183; 215 NW2d 166 (1974), the Supreme Court held that a prosecutor’s question to the defendant inquiring whether he believed in a Supreme Being, although it was merely a reminder to the defendant that he was under oath, and despite no objection by defense counsel, violated Const 1963, art 1, § 18 and MCL 600.1436; MSA 27A.1436 and constituted error requiring reversal. The Court noted that the statute left little room for analysis by the Court since asking this question was clear legal error. Id.
In addition, the Hall Court rejected any application of a harmless error analysis to violations of the statute:
The state argues, and it was so held by the Court of Appeals, that since no objection to the question appears on the record, and since "manifest injustice” was not shown, this type of error does not require reversal. We disagree. If we were, on a case by case basis, to evaluate the entire record to determine if prejudice or manifest injustice occurred therein because of this type of question, we would emasculate our statute and the legislative intent behind it. Our statute clearly states that an accused is entitled to be tried and convicted without the question of his religious opinions ever being put in front of the judge or jury for their consideration. Whether the defendant hesitates, or unhesitatingly responds negatively or positively, or if he should quite properly refuse to respond, he still cannot avoid the risk of stimulating an offensively prejudicial reaction in some quarter of the jury. This Court feels that it is inappropriate for it to take it upon itself to determine whether or not such prejudicial reaction did in fact occur, when our statute clearly attempts to foreclose such review by forbidding the asking of the prejudicial question itself. A defendant is entitled to a trial free of such improper questions. Once the question is asked, this is no longer possible. A new trial is mandated. [391 Mich 182-183.]
The Hall holding was reaffirmed in People v Bouchee, 400 Mich 253; 253 NW2d 626 (1977). In People v Wells, 82 Mich App 543, 545-546; 267 NW2d 448 (1978), lv den 405 Mich 828 (1979), this Court reversed the defendant’s second-degree criminal sexual conduct conviction, finding a violation of the Hall holding when the prosecutor, on direct examination, asked the complainant if she attended church. Judge Kelly dissented in Wells, claiming that the Hall holding should be subjected to a harmless error analysis as provided in MCL 769.26; MSA 28.1096 where there was no objection to the testimony.
In People v Burton, 401 Mich 415, 418; 258 NW2d 58 (1977), the Court distinguished Hall and Bouchee and found no violation of Hall since in Burton, before the defendant answered the question regarding his belief in God, the trial court quickly intervened and instructed the jury to disregard the question. The Court felt that the trial court’s swift action obviated the need for appellate speculation whether defendant was prejudiced by this question.
As indicated earlier, the questions were improper. Reversal of defendant’s convictions is thus mandated. Unlike in Burton, supra, there was no cautionary instruction by the trial court. The witness was permitted to answer the questions. Although we are reversing, we wish to express our disagreement with the Hall prohibition against the application of a harmless error analysis. The inquiry herein involved two brief questions to which the answers totalled four words. Further, the two brief questions and two brief answers could only have uncertain meaning to the listener. While the questions should not have been asked, the questions and the answers have little value in terms of swaying the jury. We are convinced the improper questions had no bearing in determining the ques tion of defendant’s guilt. In this case, because a harmless error analysis is appropriate, it is suggested the Supreme Court revise Hall and its progeny.
Defendant also challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion for a directed verdict. More specifically, defendant does not argue that the prosecutor failed to establish the requisite elements of first-degree murder. Instead, he alleges that the evidence was insufficient because Jones was an inherently incredible witness. This argument is totally spurious. In reviewing a claim for the denial of a directed verdict motion, we view the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Hampton, 407 Mich 354, 368; 285 NW2d 284 (1979), cert den 449 US 885; 101 S Ct 239; 66 L Ed 2d 110 (1980); People v Marks, 155 Mich App 203, 219; 399 NW2d 469 (1986). It is well settled that the credibility of witnesses is a matter within the province of the jury. Johnson v Corbet, 423 Mich 304, 314; 377 NW2d 713 (1985). Thus, the trial court properly denied defendant’s directed verdict motion.
Defendant also claims that he was denied effective assistance of counsel at his preliminary examination, trial and appeal. Initially, we note that defendant did not move for a new trial or for a Ginther hearing. Generally, this is required unless the error is apparent from the record for this Court to review the issue. People v Juarez, 158 Mich App 66, 73; 404 NW2d 222 (1987). We, however, decline to review defendant’s claim that he received ineffective assistance of counsel either at the preliminary examination or trial.
As to his claim of ineffective appellate counsel, this claim is wholly meritless, since this Court is reviewing all of defendant’s claims of trial errors.
We also reject defendant’s assertion that the trial court improperly denied his motion for a new trial on the basis that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence.
The question of whether a conviction is against the great weight of the evidence generally involves issues of credibility or circumstantial evidence. People v McCumby, 130 Mich App 710, 717; 344 NW2d 338 (1983), lv den 419 Mich 911 (1984). In reviewing this issue on appeal, the Court looks to whether there was an abuse of discretion in denying the motion for a new trial rather than resolving credibility issues anew. People v Atkins, 397 Mich 163, 172; 243 NW2d 292 (1976). An abuse of discretion will be found only where the trial court’s denial of the motion was manifestly against the clear weight of the evidence. People v Ross, 145 Mich App 483, 494; 378 NW2d 517 (1985). We find no abuse of discretion. The evidence was conflicting. It was for the jury to decide what weight it should assess to the testimony. Thus, there was no error.
In addition, defendant claims that it was improper for the court to permit an evidentiary hearing to allow the prosecutor to explain the circumstances surrounding his decision to withhold Phillips’ endorsement until just prior to his proofs. In his motion for a new trial, defendant bootstrapped his claim of improper rebuttal testimony by Phillips to the court’s denial of the late endorsement of this witness claiming that she was a res gestae witness and the prosecutor was not duly diligent in producing her. We disagree. Since defendant claimed that Phillips was a res gestae witness and the prosecutor was not duly diligent in endorsing her as a witness, the court was required to hold an evidentiary hearing to decide these questions. See People v Pearson, 404 Mich 698, 721-723; 273 NW2d 856 (1979), reh den 406 Mich 1104 (1979).
Finally, defendant claims that the trial court erred in allowing Phillips to testify in rebuttal. The decision to admit evidence in rebuttal rests within the trial court’s discretion. People v Hubbard, 159 Mich App 321, 327; 406 NW2d 287 (1987). If evidence is improperly admitted during rebuttal, reversal is required only if the error was so egregious as to result in a miscarriage of justice. Id.
We find no abuse of discretion. On August 5, 1983, the trial was convened to hear the prosecution’s motion to strike defendant’s alibi defense, on the basis that the notice of alibi was deficient for lack of specificity. Although Phillips was listed as an alibi witness on defendant’s original notice, her name was stricken by defendant at the August 8, 1983, hearing. The prosecution withdrew its motion to strike defendant’s alibi defense. Phillips was not among the names of rebuttal witnesses on the prosecutor’s list of witnesses endorsed on the information. Phillips did not testify in the first trial. The defendant did not testify either. Defendant presented an alibi through Tracy and Leon Snell. Snell’s testimony supported defendant’s alibi since Snell claimed that defendant was with him during the time the crime was committed. Phillips’ testimony directly rebutted Snell’s testimony since she stated that defendant came to use her phone during the time he was allegedly with Snell. Thus, it was not error to allow Phillips to testify in rebuttal.
Reversed.
R. M. Pajtas, J., concurred.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966).
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965).
The constitutional provision provides:
No person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief.
The statute provides:
No person may be deemed incompetent as a witness in any court, matter or proceeding, on account of his opinions on the subject of religion. No witness may be questioned in relation to his opinions on religion, either before or after he is sworn.
People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973). | [
0.007232666015625,
0.023193359375,
0.025390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.068359375,
-0.0703125,
-0.09130859375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.05224609375,
0.029541015625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.004913330078125,
0.017333984375,
-0.02734375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0289306640625,
0.00799560546875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.07958984375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.018310546875,
0.03466796875,
0.045166015625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0517578125,
-0.045166015625,
0.002197265625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.047119140625,
-0.0625,
0.013916015625,
0.012939453125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.06689453125,
0.009765625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.031005859375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0263671875,
-0.018310546875,
0.03662109375,
-0.04296875,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.025146484375,
0.06982421875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.003662109375,
0.00958251953125,
0.004058837890625,
0.02001953125,
0.00090789794921875,
0.011962890625,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.017578125,
0.004486083984375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.05078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.030517578125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0028839111328125,
0.0703125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.053955078125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.02392578125,
0.0087890625,
0.0537109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01611328125,
0.08349609375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.001373291015625,
-0.017578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.052978515625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0002498626708984375,
-0.001556396484375,
0.0257568359375,
0.005645751953125,
0.0400390625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0147705078125,
0.03515625,
-0.0517578125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.00909423828125,
0.060546875,
0.00732421875,
0.047119140625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.030517578125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.03466796875,
0.009765625,
0.006256103515625,
0.008056640625,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.008544921875,
0.04833984375,
0.04296875,
0.01397705078125,
0.008056640625,
0.041748046875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0693359375,
0.0089111328125,
0.037353515625,
0.00201416015625,
0.03173828125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.01806640625,
-0.10107421875,
0.02490234375,
0.030517578125,
0.01708984375,
0.046630859375,
0.024658203125,
0.01513671875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.024169921875,
0.034423828125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.000583648681640625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.041748046875,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.056884765625,
0.019775390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.05419921875,
0.031982421875,
0.03369140625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0002231597900390625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.059326171875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0146484375,
0.015869140625,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.03955078125,
0.03515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.052001953125,
0.08740234375,
0.03369140625,
0.014404296875,
-0.00341796875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0015869140625,
-0.041015625,
0.033935546875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0283203125,
0.00543212890625,
0.0157470703125,
0.019775390625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.016845703125,
0.001983642578125,
0.055908203125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0302734375,
0.01190185546875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0107421875,
0.0771484375,
0.0091552734375,
0.030517578125,
0.07666015625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0380859375,
0.02392578125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.02880859375,
-0.010498046875,
0.02880859375,
0.03515625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00830078125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.05419921875,
0.003997802734375,
0.01708984375,
0.0257568359375,
0.02978515625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.033203125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.015625,
0.02490234375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.057861328125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.00836181640625,
0.029541015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.00732421875,
0.0076904296875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.055419921875,
0.050048828125,
0.01025390625,
0.0184326171875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.059814453125,
0.003814697265625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0205078125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.048095703125,
0.01434326171875,
0.027587890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.008056640625,
0.0277099609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.043212890625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.031005859375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0001926422119140625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.03662109375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.007080078125,
0.017822265625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.052001953125,
0.018798828125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.035400390625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0380859375,
0.04296875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.033203125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.002532958984375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.025146484375,
-0.015380859375,
0.04638671875,
0.025390625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00927734375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.0130615234375,
0.0201416015625,
0.057373046875,
0.0145263671875,
0.03857421875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.013427734375,
0.007415771484375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0390625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.07421875,
0.0244140625,
0.0024261474609375,
0.01287841796875,
0.008056640625,
0.037109375,
0.0166015625,
0.06591796875,
0.031005859375,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.06396484375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0130615234375,
0.06640625,
0.002227783203125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0205078125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0673828125,
-0.030029296875,
0.032958984375,
-0.023193359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.053955078125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0107421875,
-0.039306640625,
0.022216796875,
0.06982421875,
-0.037109375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0048828125,
0.023193359375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.033203125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.025390625,
-0.043212890625,
0.02001953125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.019287109375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0002613067626953125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.039306640625,
-0.026611328125,
0.03076171875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.041015625,
0.04296875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.05419921875,
0.0035247802734375,
0.007171630859375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0283203125,
0.025390625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.044189453125,
0.004150390625,
0.004791259765625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0235595703125,
0.00634765625,
-0.050048828125,
0.015625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.023193359375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.033935546875,
0.003997802734375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.021484375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0235595703125,
0.01153564453125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00738525390625,
0.015380859375,
-0.0283203125,
0.015869140625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.029541015625,
0.0023956298828125,
0.031494140625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0224609375,
-0.000030517578125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00830078125,
0.00360107421875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00051116943359375,
0.025634765625,
0.044921875,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.03515625,
0.0015869140625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.000385284423828125,
0.02587890625,
0.0009765625,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0400390625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0274658203125,
0.014404296875,
-0.080078125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.050048828125,
0.07958984375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0439453125,
0.01141357421875,
0.011962890625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.07763671875,
0.04833984375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.02392578125,
0.023193359375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.052001953125,
0.06396484375,
0.0771484375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.018310546875,
-0.04931640625,
0.038330078125,
0.0390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0078125,
0.04443359375,
0.002685546875,
0.0546875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.05322265625,
0.0279541015625,
0.044189453125,
0.0625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.05859375,
0.0177001953125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0703125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0029296875,
-0.02978515625,
0.007415771484375,
0.04248046875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.009765625,
0.0142822265625,
0.015380859375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01708984375,
0.014892578125,
0.035888671875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.004638671875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.029296875,
-0.011962890625,
0.06396484375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.025390625,
0.03271484375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.019775390625,
0.025390625,
-0.10693359375,
-0.0263671875,
0.01165771484375,
0.027099609375,
0.076171875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0361328125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.046875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.059814453125,
-0.03515625,
0.04052734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.02734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0439453125,
0.021728515625,
-0.021484375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0283203125,
0.04296875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0615234375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0181884765625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.04931640625,
0.009033203125,
-0.021728515625,
0.000904083251953125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0283203125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.01458740234375,
0.01080322265625,
0.03125,
0.003204345703125,
0.015380859375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.031005859375,
0.03955078125,
0.01611328125,
0.03515625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.015869140625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.046142578125,
0.03173828125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0859375,
0.006072998046875,
0.0194091796875,
0.00762939453125,
0.048095703125,
0.0029144287109375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.038330078125,
0.021484375,
0.025390625,
-0.03515625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0118408203125,
0.043212890625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00017547607421875,
0.0115966796875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.003997802734375,
0.046875,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0206298828125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.014892578125,
-0.04833984375,
0.009033203125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.00958251953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0078125,
0.025390625,
0.000919342041015625,
0.017578125,
-0.015625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0537109375,
0.03564453125,
0.08056640625,
0.006622314453125,
0.028564453125,
0.04541015625,
0.038330078125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.027099609375,
-0.02783203125,
0.01409912109375,
0.0272216796875,
0.0145263671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.052978515625,
0.000881195068359375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0625,
0.003753662109375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0130615234375,
0.003082275390625,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.0634765625,
0.0380859375,
-0.000946044921875,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0164794921875,
0.006988525390625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.019287109375,
0.033203125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.01190185546875,
0.004547119140625,
0.05859375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.052490234375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0068359375,
0.01416015625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.021484375,
0.017333984375,
0.0213623046875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.051025390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0037689208984375,
0.002685546875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00201416015625,
0.0260009765625,
0.029296875,
-0.00095367431640625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.026123046875,
-0.037109375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.035400390625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0419921875,
0.064453125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0279541015625,
0.03759765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0458984375,
-0.001953125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00830078125,
0.020751953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.00537109375,
0.021484375,
0.029052734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.01611328125,
0.009033203125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.06494140625,
0.259765625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01708984375,
0.00933837890625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0206298828125,
0.017822265625,
-0.01611328125,
0.05859375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.05078125,
0.04833984375,
0.026611328125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.042724609375,
0.000164031982421875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.03515625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.04638671875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0002841949462890625,
0.0267333984375,
0.015380859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01171875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.04443359375,
0.054443359375,
0.09375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01153564453125,
0.0034942626953125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.010986328125,
0.04736328125,
0.00732421875,
0.01171875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.03564453125,
0.017578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.026611328125,
0.02880859375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0233154296875,
0.052490234375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01513671875,
-0.01123046875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.035888671875,
0.052734375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.059814453125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.043701171875,
0.00299072265625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.031005859375,
0.01092529296875,
0.035400390625,
-0.017333984375,
0.03515625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.06103515625,
-0.041015625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.027587890625
] |
J. H. Gillis, P.J.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of third-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520d(1)(a); MSA 28.788(4)(1)(a). Defendant was sentenced to ten to fifteen years imprisonment. Defendant appealed as of right, claiming that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed him to be impeached by evidence of his 1976 Ohio conviction for gross sexual imposition and that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. This Court affirmed defendant’s conviction. People v Cope, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided February 14, 1985 (Docket No. 70305). Defendant sought leave to appeal and our Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, vacated our opinion and remanded this case to us for reconsideration in light of its recent decision in People v Allen, 429 Mich 558; 420 NW2d 499 (1988). People v Cope, 430 Mich 871; 421 NW2d 917 (1988). We affirm.
As noted above, defendant was charged with third-degree criminal sexual conduct. Defendant had three prior convictions: (1) a Michigan third-degree esc conviction in 1978, (2) an Ohio unarmed robbery conviction in 1976, and (3) an Ohio gross sexual imposition conviction in 1976. Defendant’s trial was held in October, 1982. The trial court suppressed evidence of defendant’s third-degree esc conviction, but allowed him to be impeached with evidence of the Ohio convictions. Defendant only challenges the trial court’s decision to admit evidence of the gross sexual imposition conviction. We note that at trial defendant testified on direct examination that the gross sexual imposition conviction was related to the robbery incident and was not a rape charge. Defendant and defendant’s witnesses testified that defendant was not with the victim when the crime occurred or that defendant was not alone with the victim long enough for the crime to occur. The prosecution’s witnesses’ testimony indicated that defendant had been alone with the victim long enough for the crime to occur. The fourteen-year-old victim had a vaginal bruise consistent with forcible intercourse and one nonmotile sperm was found. The victim was not examined until the day following the assault and the examining physician testified that sperm could live for seventy-two hours. Defendant hypothesized that the victim had had intercourse with someone else.
Applying the clarified balancing test in Allen to these facts, we find that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of the gross sexual imposition conviction for impeachment purposes. Nevertheless, having reviewed the entire record, we believe that this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Our opinion concerning the great weight of the evidence issue remains unchanged.
Affirmed.
Cynar, J., concurred. | [
-0.00701904296875,
0.00004410743713378906,
0.0267333984375,
0.016845703125,
-0.07421875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.015625,
0.0224609375,
0.018310546875,
-0.029296875,
0.044921875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.008056640625,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.000614166259765625,
0.032470703125,
0.01953125,
-0.055419921875,
0.04052734375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.037109375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0439453125,
-0.04541015625,
0.023193359375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.040283203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0016021728515625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0030059814453125,
0.016845703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.02294921875,
-0.01123046875,
0.021728515625,
-0.039306640625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.004364013671875,
0.039306640625,
0.0224609375,
0.033447265625,
0.00004553794860839844,
-0.0478515625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0123291015625,
0.0068359375,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.025390625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0048828125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.013671875,
0.02490234375,
-0.01513671875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.04931640625,
0.037353515625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.01953125,
-0.000690460205078125,
0.07568359375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0380859375,
-0.025634765625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.033203125,
0.0107421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.024658203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.01416015625,
0.037353515625,
-0.00146484375,
0.06201171875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.04345703125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.002349853515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.053466796875,
0.00128173828125,
0.06396484375,
0.01080322265625,
0.031005859375,
0.0303955078125,
0.02734375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.017578125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.000751495361328125,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.01446533203125,
0.05029296875,
0.03125,
0.0419921875,
0.043212890625,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.0166015625,
0.0262451171875,
0.00084686279296875,
0.0810546875,
0.0294189453125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0255126953125,
0.01953125,
0.001251220703125,
-0.09375,
0.041748046875,
0.03125,
0.0238037109375,
0.038818359375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.023193359375,
0.0224609375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.031494140625,
0.007415771484375,
0.0025634765625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.01953125,
-0.043701171875,
0.00640869140625,
0.033935546875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.044921875,
0.038330078125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0294189453125,
0.038330078125,
0.046875,
0.018310546875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.068359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0390625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0004787445068359375,
0.015625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0135498046875,
0.06982421875,
0.035888671875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0546875,
0.04296875,
-0.01611328125,
0.004302978515625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.03515625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.022705078125,
0.01318359375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.00128173828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.054443359375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.019775390625,
-0.00031280517578125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0390625,
0.0283203125,
0.03173828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.00174713134765625,
0.06982421875,
0.000579833984375,
0.00116729736328125,
0.042236328125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.021484375,
-0.024169921875,
0.034912109375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.044677734375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.00970458984375,
0.039306640625,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.017578125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0257568359375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0263671875,
-0.03515625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.034912109375,
-0.04541015625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.007568359375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.056640625,
0.03173828125,
0.0162353515625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.09619140625,
0.004852294921875,
0.041259765625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0146484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.01708984375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.037109375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01361083984375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.01904296875,
0.01220703125,
0.036376953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.03271484375,
0.033935546875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.001953125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0693359375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.033203125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.02734375,
0.00958251953125,
0.02001953125,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.036865234375,
0.03369140625,
0.00384521484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.013671875,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.055908203125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.024658203125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.004180908203125,
0.03369140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0400390625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.02490234375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.003387451171875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.060546875,
-0.015380859375,
0.04345703125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.03564453125,
0.02490234375,
-0.006072998046875,
0.03955078125,
0.0019989013671875,
0.034912109375,
0.0093994140625,
0.07421875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.021240234375,
-0.01708984375,
0.01318359375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.02880859375,
0.04248046875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0751953125,
0.049072265625,
0.046142578125,
-0.019287109375,
0.04296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0186767578125,
0.03125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0155029296875,
0.038330078125,
0.048828125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0263671875,
0.000637054443359375,
0.011962890625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.037109375,
-0.024658203125,
0.02978515625,
0.023681640625,
0.052734375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.05712890625,
0.06494140625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.039306640625,
-0.046142578125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0654296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.013671875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0001773834228515625,
0.0172119140625,
0.046875,
0.0142822265625,
0.00518798828125,
0.00244140625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0498046875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0380859375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.048583984375,
0.028564453125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.04833984375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0087890625,
0.029296875,
-0.025390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.02490234375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.046630859375,
0.01708984375,
0.029541015625,
0.0263671875,
-0.010986328125,
0.0008392333984375,
0.034912109375,
0.016845703125,
-0.03125,
-0.0146484375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00081634521484375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.009521484375,
0.00787353515625,
0.018310546875,
0.00390625,
-0.00830078125,
0.03076171875,
-0.053955078125,
0.000537872314453125,
0.0093994140625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0068359375,
0.005523681640625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00023365020751953125,
-0.01416015625,
0.0732421875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.04248046875,
0.00244140625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.01373291015625,
0.017822265625,
0.06005859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.047607421875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0341796875,
0.046875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0341796875,
0.00160980224609375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.05615234375,
0.020751953125,
0.0245361328125,
0.0004367828369140625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.019287109375,
0.033935546875,
0.06396484375,
0.033203125,
-0.01611328125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01806640625,
0.006256103515625,
0.03955078125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.034423828125,
0.042236328125,
0.0216064453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.08056640625,
0.0517578125,
-0.0234375,
0.005523681640625,
0.032958984375,
0.0084228515625,
0.00885009765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.025390625,
-0.03125,
0.05712890625,
0.02734375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0274658203125,
0.078125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.031005859375,
0.050048828125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.031005859375,
0.004608154296875,
0.01422119140625,
0.05517578125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.07958984375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.07470703125,
0.0732421875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00341796875,
0.039306640625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.034912109375,
0.003631591796875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.05810546875,
0.008056640625,
0.0205078125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.03369140625,
0.0145263671875,
0.044921875,
-0.048583984375,
0.01397705078125,
0.011474609375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.04296875,
0.0103759765625,
0.0174560546875,
0.004150390625,
0.038818359375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.056396484375,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0458984375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.007568359375,
0.017822265625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0537109375,
0.000629425048828125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.009765625,
0.02734375,
0.0120849609375,
0.03857421875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0546875,
-0.03125,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.041015625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0869140625,
-0.02783203125,
0.035400390625,
-0.031005859375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.002471923828125,
0.001312255859375,
-0.03515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0234375,
0.01031494140625,
0.01953125,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.001220703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.042724609375,
0.044189453125,
-0.001556396484375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.017333984375,
0.01116943359375,
0.03173828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.012451171875,
0.00830078125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.02001953125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0390625,
0.037109375,
-0.009765625,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.002197265625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.026123046875,
-0.01171875,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.031005859375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.016357421875,
0.016357421875,
0.013671875,
0.05322265625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.04150390625,
0.037109375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.03955078125,
0.005645751953125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.020263671875,
-0.07470703125,
-0.035888671875,
0.033935546875,
0.029541015625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.052001953125,
0.054931640625,
0.040771484375,
-0.03125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.007080078125,
0.056396484375,
0.03173828125,
0.01324462890625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.052978515625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.029296875,
0.007232666015625,
0.004791259765625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.07373046875,
0.00653076171875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.013671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0390625,
0.01416015625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00897216796875,
0.02490234375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00390625,
0.0390625,
0.043701171875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.044189453125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0233154296875,
0.027099609375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.021728515625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.04638671875,
0.025390625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.013671875,
-0.07861328125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.00244140625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.004638671875,
0.004150390625,
0.03515625,
0.07275390625,
0.034912109375,
0.00531005859375,
0.045654296875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00445556640625,
0.037841796875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0166015625,
0.000012993812561035156,
-0.00885009765625,
0.000865936279296875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.004364013671875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.019287109375,
0.04443359375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.011474609375,
0.07568359375,
-0.02734375,
0.0068359375,
0.048828125,
0.0223388671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.047607421875,
0.009765625,
0.0208740234375,
0.040283203125,
-0.06591796875,
0.0052490234375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.000743865966796875,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.018310546875,
0.002410888671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0277099609375,
0.03759765625,
0.050537109375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0234375,
0.04833984375,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0206298828125,
0.001617431640625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.05615234375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.04150390625,
0.006256103515625,
0.04931640625,
0.00167083740234375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0439453125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.005401611328125,
0.008544921875,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.03662109375,
0.047119140625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01953125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0390625,
-0.017578125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00066375732421875,
0.0179443359375,
0.03125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01513671875,
-0.025390625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.08251953125,
0.265625,
0.03759765625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.04296875,
0.004364013671875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0166015625,
-0.043701171875,
0.034423828125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.03076171875,
0.049072265625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0419921875,
0.064453125,
0.016357421875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.034912109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0869140625,
-0.033203125,
0.01202392578125,
0.013671875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.002655029296875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01806640625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.038330078125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.009521484375,
0.03125,
0.001068115234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.01531982421875,
0.05126953125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.019287109375,
0.019287109375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0400390625,
0.03076171875,
0.036865234375,
0.045654296875,
0.0133056640625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0546875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.04931640625,
-0.017578125,
-0.00225830078125,
0.00927734375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.037353515625,
0.048828125,
0.028564453125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.031494140625,
0.000812530517578125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00311279296875,
0.02490234375,
0.01153564453125
] |
Doctoroff, J.
Defendant appeals as of right from a final judgment of divorce. We affirm.
The parties hereto had a long and tumultuous relationship spanning a period in excess of thirty years. This relationship was interrupted on two prior occasions by divorces. The parties were married in 1954, divorced, then married again in 1963. They were then divorced and remarried in 1969. A third divorce was filed in Oakland Circuit Court in 1983 by the plaintiff. Defendant filed her counter-complaint in March, 1985.
The only witnesses at trial were the parties, who testified regarding the marital assets to be divided. Defendant testified that part of the marital assets consisted of the marital home in Novi purchased in February, 1985, for $75,000 and a one hundred-year-old home in Saranac purchased in 1979 for $8,000 but valued at $25,000. Title to the Saranac property was in defendant’s name and that of her son born out of wedlock. There was also a family business named Perrin Souvenirs that was formed in 1979-80.
Plaintiff testified that the value of the Saranac property was $25,000 and stated that the mortgage balance for the Novi property was approximately $68,000. Plaintiff then testified extensively regarding the family business. Although he could not determine its present value, he "hoped” it would be worth $100,000. He did indicate, however, that the business inventory was worth $41,000, accounts payable were $81,000, and accounts receivable were $50,000. Gross sales from the business in the 1984-85 fiscal year were $535,000. The company’s employees consisted of plaintiff, plaintiff’s son and a salesman. Plaintiff received a salary of $23,000, but admitted that he derived other benefits from the business such as a company car, a 1984 Buick Park Avenue, a 1985 Chevy van, health insurance, life insurance, and various personal expenses claimed as business expenses in the amount of $4,000 to $5,000. Two other vehicles, a 1969 Lincoln and a 1980 van, were apparently also considered marital assets.
Further, plaintiff testified that he had no stocks, no pension or profit sharing plan, and no retirement plan. The balance in the business checking account was between $5,000 and $7,000. Plaintiff’s personal checking account contained only $348 and his debts included a Visa bill of $2,000 and an overdraft loan of $1,500.
Plaintiff admitted that defendant had several health problems that would severely restrict her employability. He further admitted having a relationship with another woman for at least four years.
On rebuttal, defendant confirmed her severe health problems but refuted plaintiff’s estimation of the worth of the family business. She alleged that neither the income tax returns nor plaintiff’s claimed salary were accurate. She also testified regarding instances of what she termed to be mental abuse by plaintiff. These occurrences included threats, confiscated mail and failure to pay an agreed amount of support.
Following closing arguments, the court made its findings and distributed the marital assets. Defendant received the 1984 Buick with payments to be continued by plaintiff. She was to receive a new car every four years. The court felt this was the only way to give defendant something out of the business. Secondly, defendant received a one-half interest in the Saranac property. Additionally, defendant received the marital home, the 1969 Lincoln, and was to be continued as beneficiary of plaintiff’s life insurance policy. She was also awarded permanent alimony in the amount of $250 per week, the trial court finding that she had severe health problems which made her unemployable at that time.
Plaintiff was awarded the full interest in the family business. This business was never independently evaluated. The parties disagreed on the gross sales figure for the 1984-85 fiscal year. As indicated, plaintiff testified that he "hoped” its value was at least $100,000. There was no evidence presented by plaintiff to support that figure, nor was there any evidence presented by the defendant from which the court could establish that the value of the company was a different amount.
Defendant now claims that the trial court abused its discretion because evidence presented regarding the value of certain marital assets was so insufficient that no property settlement could be devised. She contends that a fair and equitable distribution of the marital assets cannot be achieved without first determining the value of the assets.
The division of marital property is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. Thomas v Thomas, 164 Mich App 618, 622; 417 NW2d 563 (1987). This Court reviews property settlements de novo on the record, but will not reverse or modify the property division unless it is convinced that it would have reached another result had it occupied the position of the trial court. Vance v Vance, 159 Mich App 381, 385; 406 NW2d 497 (1987); Bone v Bone, 148 Mich App 834, 838; 385 NW2d 706 (1986). The trial court’s findings of fact, including its valuation of marital assets, may not be disturbed by this Court unless they are clearly erroneous. Thomas, supra, p 622. A finding is clearly erroneous only if, after review of the entire record, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Kowalesky v Kowalesky, 148 Mich App 151, 155; 384 NW2d 112 (1986), lv den 425 Mich 876 (1986).
Although the trial court has great discretion in the adjustment of property rights upon divorce, the objective is to reach a fair and equitable division in light of all circumstances. Id.; Vance, supra, pp 385-386. No set mathematical formulas are used. However, the court should consider the duration of the marriage, contributions of the parties to the joint estate, the parties’ stations in life and earning abilities, fault or past misconduct and other equitable circumstances. Parrish v Parrish, 138 Mich App 546, 558; 361 NW2d 366 (1984); Vance, supra, p 386.
Although it is true that the court did not place a dollar value on the family business, the court did hear testimony from the plaintiff relative to it and obviously considered the family business when making an award of property, stating that no evidence was offered to establish its actual value and that everything "was in vague generalities.” Defendant would have this Court reverse the trial court because the trial court did not do the job that the parties were obligated to do, that is, prepare their cases. The parties had been divorced twice before and the instant divorce had been pending in one way or another for three years before the trial. There was plenty of time for the parties, through their attorneys, to conduct all the discovery that was necessary to conduct this rather uncomplicated divorce. This Court hesitates to direct the trial court to perform the services for the parties for which their attorneys were retained. The trial court is to see that the parties receive a fair trial and cannot be responsible for what is presented in evidence and what is not. Its role is that of factfinder, not fact provider. To send this case back for further proceedings would defeat the policy of resolving litigation with finality and fairness.
We find no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in awarding the property in the manner in which it did. We are not convinced that we would have reached a different result had we occupied the trial court’s position. Vance, supra. We thus affirm the court’s award of property.
Next, defendant claims that the trial court abused its discretion by signing a judgment that did not address certain issues raised at trial.
The judgment, which was signed by the judge after it was signed by plaintiff, plaintiff’s counsel and defendant’s counsel, but not defendant, did not list the items that plaintiff claimed as personal property or business items to be removed from the marital residence. Further and of significance to the defendant, who was found to suffer from heart disease, chronic cystitis, arthritis and hypertension, the court, although indicating a willingness to alter the award to allow defendant to remain a one-percent shareholder in the family business if necessary to maintain her on the health insurance policy, did not insist that the judgment of divorce contain a provision reflecting this willingness.
This Court has held that a party or his counsel, who is aware of certain irregularities at the time the property settlement is entered into, but who fails to address the irregularities, cannot later seek relief in the form of modification. See Villadsen v Villadsen, 123 Mich App 472, 477; 333 NW2d 311 (1983), lv den 418 Mich 884 (1983). Furthermore, defendant did not give the trial court the opportunity to consider this issue by petitioning for modification, but raises the issue for the first time on appeal. See Norton Shores v Carr, 81 Mich App 715, 723; 265 NW2d 802 (1978), lv den 403 Mich 812 (1978). The trial court did not abuse its discretion by signing a judgment of divorce that was also signed by plaintiff and both attorneys.
Accordingly, we affirm this matter with the caveat to the trial bar that this Court will not impose on trial courts the obligation or responsibility of conducting trials, particularly where the parties have selected and obtained counsel of their choice.
Affirmed. | [
0.003936767578125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.00054931640625,
0.033935546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.002197265625,
0.040283203125,
0.041015625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.06494140625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0244140625,
0.03369140625,
0.017822265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.06591796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.02001953125,
0.00946044921875,
0.028564453125,
0.006195068359375,
0.035400390625,
0.0115966796875,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00634765625,
0.0037841796875,
0.03076171875,
-0.0615234375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.017822265625,
0.02734375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.040771484375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.060546875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0595703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02197265625,
0.030517578125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0126953125,
0.04443359375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0068359375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.036376953125,
0.032470703125,
0.0208740234375,
0.03076171875,
-0.000629425048828125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.038330078125,
0.007049560546875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0089111328125,
0.01416015625,
-0.020263671875,
0.040771484375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.025390625,
0.03271484375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.048828125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.000885009765625,
0.05859375,
0.0234375,
-0.041259765625,
0.00286865234375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0032958984375,
0.006988525390625,
0.0242919921875,
0.030517578125,
0.0625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.06787109375,
0.028076171875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.045166015625,
0.040283203125,
0.004425048828125,
0.0615234375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.037109375,
-0.01171875,
-0.000881195068359375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0478515625,
0.0022125244140625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.052490234375,
0.0615234375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.06103515625,
0.00604248046875,
0.006103515625,
0.031982421875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0002956390380859375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.025146484375,
0.00159454345703125,
0.048828125,
-0.00732421875,
0.0181884765625,
0.036376953125,
0.0439453125,
0.03271484375,
0.00567626953125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.005859375,
-0.0888671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0216064453125,
0.03759765625,
0.06982421875,
-0.02294921875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.037353515625,
0.03515625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.04736328125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0262451171875,
0.01025390625,
0.0087890625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.02294921875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0322265625,
0.00970458984375,
0.047119140625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.043212890625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.05322265625,
0.04541015625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0284423828125,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.000141143798828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0004138946533203125,
0.017822265625,
0.002227783203125,
0.0106201171875,
0.002471923828125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.034423828125,
0.0400390625,
0.0003986358642578125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0693359375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.025146484375,
0.0230712890625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.072265625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.042724609375,
0.003936767578125,
0.03271484375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01806640625,
0.025634765625,
0.015625,
-0.017578125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0052490234375,
0.043212890625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.06005859375,
0.023681640625,
0.004791259765625,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0184326171875,
0.06005859375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0869140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.000827789306640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.052490234375,
0.035888671875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.015625,
0.029541015625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0302734375,
0.016357421875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.015380859375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.05126953125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.004638671875,
0.003875732421875,
0.0189208984375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.03857421875,
-0.006195068359375,
0.046875,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.03515625,
-0.034912109375,
0.002227783203125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0107421875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.01416015625,
0.044677734375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.00078582763671875,
0.04248046875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.01904296875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.01190185546875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0263671875,
0.045166015625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.006072998046875,
0.0146484375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0439453125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0250244140625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0003414154052734375,
0.004425048828125,
0.037353515625,
-0.001129150390625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0546875,
0.01055908203125,
0.04150390625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.06787109375,
0.007568359375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.048583984375,
0.035400390625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.059326171875,
0.07373046875,
-0.047119140625,
0.007568359375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0400390625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0213623046875,
0.042724609375,
0.026123046875,
0.028076171875,
-0.03271484375,
0.006744384765625,
0.0296630859375,
0.021484375,
0.01953125,
0.0008544921875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.04296875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.022216796875,
0.030517578125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0250244140625,
0.038330078125,
0.004547119140625,
0.016845703125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.029296875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01171875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.021484375,
0.01318359375,
0.041748046875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.017578125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0296630859375,
0.043701171875,
0.0703125,
-0.0400390625,
0.007049560546875,
-0.06884765625,
0.0238037109375,
0.03662109375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0068359375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.000270843505859375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0006561279296875,
0.021484375,
-0.0244140625,
0.0078125,
0.0181884765625,
0.058349609375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.017822265625,
0.0024566650390625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0242919921875,
0.01953125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.039794921875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.040771484375,
-0.044189453125,
0.026123046875,
-0.05126953125,
0.07861328125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.05126953125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.049560546875,
0.0028533935546875,
0.01385498046875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0000010654330253601074,
0.0198974609375,
0.029296875,
0.0224609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.019775390625,
-0.03515625,
0.024169921875,
-0.013671875,
0.031494140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.046875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.028076171875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.021484375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.042236328125,
0.013671875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.004180908203125,
0.01141357421875,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.06494140625,
-0.03125,
0.0133056640625,
0.021484375,
0.037109375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.04296875,
0.030517578125,
0.031494140625,
0.06689453125,
0.047607421875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.034912109375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.00067138671875,
0.04443359375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0152587890625,
0.00946044921875,
0.048583984375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.00098419189453125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.013916015625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0108642578125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.025634765625,
0.01324462890625,
0.01190185546875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.02880859375,
0.031494140625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0150146484375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0849609375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.010986328125,
0.054443359375,
0.00830078125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.06103515625,
0.038330078125,
0.008056640625,
0.016357421875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0419921875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.036376953125,
0.0859375,
0.00506591796875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.056640625,
0.03271484375,
0.030517578125,
-0.046630859375,
0.000835418701171875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.029296875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.002197265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.00022411346435546875,
0.0078125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.054443359375,
0.005279541015625,
0.047607421875,
0.01336669921875,
0.03857421875,
0.048583984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.045654296875,
0.03125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.039794921875,
0.046875,
0.00012493133544921875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.050048828125,
0.037353515625,
-0.05859375,
-0.037109375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.06787109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.048095703125,
0.0341796875,
0.04638671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.02099609375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.03857421875,
0.05078125,
0.01953125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0087890625,
0.0166015625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0478515625,
0.01324462890625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0654296875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.01324462890625,
0.0216064453125,
0.021728515625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.019775390625,
0.000568389892578125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.05029296875,
0.0089111328125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0419921875,
0.042236328125,
0.032470703125,
0.038330078125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.007080078125,
0.03173828125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00250244140625,
-0.04296875,
-0.044677734375,
0.003814697265625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0380859375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.007568359375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.05126953125,
0.03125,
-0.025390625,
0.045166015625,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.01318359375,
0.00823974609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0146484375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.031005859375,
0.01031494140625,
0.02734375,
0.000469207763671875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.037109375,
0.01171875,
0.05615234375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.021728515625,
0.02685546875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.015625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.02490234375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.03564453125,
0.006256103515625,
0.03662109375,
0.0186767578125,
0.04443359375,
0.015869140625,
0.0126953125,
0.013671875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.06103515625,
0.047607421875,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.057861328125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00128936767578125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.04296875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0014495849609375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0283203125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.021484375,
-0.000522613525390625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.009521484375,
0.048583984375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0240478515625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.03125,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.016845703125,
0.01092529296875,
0.03173828125,
0.022216796875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.005859375,
-0.0048828125,
0.014404296875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.039794921875,
0.02783203125,
0.03759765625,
0.024169921875,
0.043701171875,
0.0185546875,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.017578125,
0.05126953125,
0.031982421875,
0.05517578125,
0.025634765625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0238037109375,
0.03515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.0003509521484375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0003948211669921875,
0.0076904296875,
0.00848388671875,
0.031982421875,
0.00008153915405273438,
0.0037689208984375,
0.018310546875,
0.01373291015625,
0.016845703125,
0.0390625,
0.034912109375,
-0.048828125,
0.01416015625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.021728515625,
0.00701904296875,
0.041259765625,
0.005218505859375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0093994140625,
0.01611328125,
-0.08984375,
0.0517578125,
0.01031494140625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.050537109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.047119140625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0390625,
0.0035858154296875,
0.025390625,
0.0087890625,
0.05859375,
0.047119140625,
-0.042724609375,
0.001251220703125,
0.027099609375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.002716064453125,
0.00787353515625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.000911712646484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0137939453125,
0.00439453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.04541015625,
0.051513671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.03125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0771484375,
0.007080078125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0213623046875,
0.025390625,
0.007110595703125,
0.014404296875,
0.029052734375,
0.0235595703125,
0.020263671875,
0.02880859375,
0.0240478515625,
0.008544921875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.029296875,
0.02099609375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0126953125,
0.027099609375,
0.035400390625,
0.00347900390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0001964569091796875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0625,
0.259765625,
0.04638671875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.000904083251953125,
0.018798828125,
0.038330078125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.02783203125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0390625,
0.045654296875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.00096893310546875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.0107421875,
0.044189453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.029541015625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.048095703125,
0.02734375,
-0.06640625,
0.03173828125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0262451171875,
0.029296875,
0.0040283203125,
0.021484375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.015625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0517578125,
0.07421875,
0.048828125,
-0.044189453125,
0.02685546875,
0.0400390625,
0.058837890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.044921875,
0.00262451171875,
-0.021484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0283203125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00653076171875,
0.07666015625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0203857421875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0015106201171875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.05859375,
0.02685546875,
0.03662109375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.032958984375,
0.07177734375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0009307861328125,
0.001861572265625,
0.02734375,
0.004791259765625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0025482177734375,
0.03369140625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01165771484375
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of prison escape, MCL 750.193; MSA 28.390. Defendant subsequently pled guilty to habitual offender-second offense, MCL 769.10; MSA 28.1082, and was sentenced to a term of from 5 to 7½ years. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm.
Defendant was an inmate at the State Prison of Southern Michigan, Trusty Division, the Root Farm, a minimum security prison. Defendant was discovered missing during the early morning hours of July 6, 1985, when prison guards discovered that a stuffed laundry bag had been placed in defendant’s bed and covered up to resemble a body. Defendant was arrested in Dallas, Texas, on September 11, 1985, where he was working under an alias.
Defendant signed a waiver on September 12, 1985, and was returned to prison in Michigan on October 3, 1985. Defendant was charged with prison escape on December 30, 1985. Defendant was served with a supplemental information charging him as an habitual offender-second offense, at his February 4, 1986, arraignment.
At defendant’s March 11, 1986, pretrial conference, defendant informed the court that he no longer wanted to be represented by his appointed counsel, Jerry Engle. Defendant wanted to proceed in propria persona with the help of another inmate. The trial court informed defendant that he could not have a nonattorney inmate represent him and ordered Mr. Engle to continue as defendant’s counsel. Mr. Engle indicated that defendant intended to present a duress defense. The trial court informed defendant that notice of the duress defense must be timely filed in the form and manner required by statute and that the cutoff date for motions was April 11, 1986.
On March 31, 1986, defendant filed a notice of duress defense which stated:
[A]fter the murders of Mr. and Mrs. Mroz, life at the prison farm became unbearable, as the neighbors were shooting at the farm barracks [4 days before defendant’s escape], and on at least one occasion [7 days before defendant’s escape] the Defendant was at the edge of the camp when someone in a red convertible drove up, pointed a gun at him and threatened to kill him if he did not return to camp. There is a history of useless complaints that the Defendant made trying to be moved from the camp, and in protection of his own life, he left the camp.
Witnesses to be called in support of said defense are: Inmates Christian #168786, McKinney #158651, Spann #130663, Moss Howe, Officer Edwards, Mr. Komar, Barbara Lucas, and all inmates and guards at the Root Farm within two weeks prior to July 6, 1985.
In an April 11, 1986, motion, Mr. Engle informed the court that there was no attorney-client relationship and that defendant wanted to proceed in propria persona. The trial court allowed defendant to proceed in pro per, with Mr. Engle assisting. The prosecution then moved to preclude defendant’s duress defense on the basis that defendant had not alleged any facts showing an immediate threat to defendant and that defendant did not state why the witnesses listed were material to the defense. The trial court ruled that defendant’s duress defense was insufficient under the statute and told defendant to put into writing why his witnesses were material and how their testimony would pertain to the issue of immediacy of harm. The trial court granted defendant twenty days to file a more complete notice of his duress defense and told defendant that the court would probably preclude his duress defense unless he filed a more complete notice. Defendant did not file any supplement to his original notice of duress defense.
At defendant’s April 25, 1986, motion hearing, defendant, in propria persona, asked for an adjournment until his newly retained counsel, Jon Marcus, could appear. Since defendant had set the motions and no appearance had been filed for Marcus, the trial court denied defendant’s motion. Defendant then brought a motion to dismiss the escape charge under the federal constitution and the 180-day rule, MCL 780.131; MSA 28.969(1), arguing that the rule began to run on October 3, 1985. Defendant also challenged his extradition on the basis that the state did not get a governor’s warrant to return defendant to Michigan. The trial court denied defendant’s motions, explaining that extradition must be challenged in the state of asylum and that the 180-day rule began to run on December 30, 1985, when the complaint and warrant were issued.
On May 2, 1986, the prosecution again moved to preclude defendant’s duress defense. Defense counsel Marcus argued that there was no basis for precluding the defense. The trial court granted the prosecution’s motion, holding that there had been no showing of an immediate threat to defendant. The trial court told defense counsel to take an interlocutory appeal if he wished to supplement defendant’s duress defense. No interlocutory appeal was filed. Defendant also moved for a continuance, alleging that counsel had insufficient time to prepare for the May 5, 1986, trial. The trial court denied defendant’s motion, noting defendant had delayed the case. Defendant called no witnesses and presented no defense at his May 5, 1986, trial.
On appeal, defendant first contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant’s motion for a continuance. We disagree. Requests for continuances are addressed to the trial court’s discretion, and the decision will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. People v Parker, 76 Mich App 432, 439-440; 257 NW2d 109 (1977). Adjournments or continuances are not to be granted except for good cause shown. Id. In reviewing this question, this Court must consider (1) whether defendant is asserting a constitutional right, (2) whether there is a legitimate reason for asserting the right, (3) whether defendant is guilty of negligence, (4) whether adjournments were at defendant’s behest, and (5) whether prejudice to defendant will result. People v Bell, 155 Mich App 408, 412-413; 399 NW2d 542 (1986).
In this case, we find that defendant was asserting a constitutional right, the right to effective assistance of counsel. However, defendant himself was responsible for any lack of preparation since he rejected his court-appointed attorney and his retained attorney did not appear until three days before trial. The denial of a continuance is proper when the lack of counsel’s proper preparation is partly a result of defendant’s negligence. Bell, 155 Mich App 413. Nor was defendant prejudiced by his inability to raise the duress defense at trial. Defendant was repeatedly warned that his duress defense was inadequate, he was allowed additional time to amend his notice and he was informed that he could seek an interlocutory appeal. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s request.
Defendant’s second contention is that the trial court erred by precluding defendant’s duress defense. We disagree. A defendant is required to file a notice prior to trial containing specific information relative to the defense. MCL 768.21b(1); MSA 28.1044(2)(1). The duress defense is available when a defendant can show that his escape was necessitated by an immediate threat of death or serious bodily harm. People v Mendoza, 108 Mich App 733, 742; 310 NW2d 860 (1981), lv den 411 Mich 1084 (1981). However, there must be some evidence from which each element of the defense may be inferred before defendant may present the defense to the trier of fact. People v Hubbard, 115 Mich App 73, 77; 320 NW2d 294 (1982), lv den 417 Mich 910 (1983). The United States Supreme Court has held that an escapee may not present a duress defense unless he has sufficient evidence showing an immediate threat which made the escape necessary. United States v Bailey, 444 US 394, 410-411; 100 S Ct 624; 62 L Ed 2d 575 (1980). We find that defendant’s notice of duress defense did not contain any evidence of immediate harm which prompted defendant’s escape.
Defendant next argues that his trial violated the 180-day rule because it did not occur until seven months after defendant was returned to Michigan. We disagree. The administrative warrant issued by the Department of Corrections following a defendant’s escape does not trigger the running of the 180-day statutory period. As the trial court informed defendant, the 180-day period does not begin until the prosecutor issues a charging warrant or complaint. People v Roscoe, 162 Mich App 710; 413 NW2d 483 (1987).
Finally, defendant argues that his sentence of from 5 to 7½ years for prison escape and habitual offender is excessive. We disagree. Prison escape is punishable by further imprisonment of up to five years. MCL 750.193(1); MSA 28.390(1). When a defendant is convicted of habitual offender-second offense, the sentencing court may increase the sentence to 1½ times the maximum term. MCL 769.10(1)(a); MSA 28.1082(1)(a). Our conscience is not shocked by defendant’s sentence. People v Coles, 417 Mich 523; 339 NW2d 440 (1983).
Affirmed. | [
0.0218505859375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.0478515625,
-0.08935546875,
-0.041015625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.032470703125,
0.07275390625,
0.06298828125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.013916015625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0546875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0244140625,
0.03076171875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0189208984375,
0.021240234375,
0.057861328125,
0.04736328125,
0.00634765625,
0.002685546875,
0.048095703125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.078125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.033935546875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0859375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.027587890625,
0.041259765625,
0.052978515625,
-0.044677734375,
0.04296875,
0.0091552734375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0205078125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0390625,
0.00008058547973632812,
-0.040771484375,
0.0087890625,
0.034912109375,
0.035888671875,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.03125,
0.021484375,
0.0030975341796875,
0.022705078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.01318359375,
0.01531982421875,
0.017578125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0223388671875,
0.0050048828125,
0.001220703125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.021728515625,
0.012939453125,
0.01434326171875,
0.006866455078125,
0.046142578125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.056884765625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.048828125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.043212890625,
-0.052734375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0211181640625,
0.004058837890625,
0.06689453125,
0.00160980224609375,
0.02490234375,
0.004180908203125,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00885009765625,
0.02880859375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.01043701171875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.000274658203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.017578125,
0.038330078125,
0.00701904296875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.037841796875,
0.003448486328125,
0.005126953125,
0.00921630859375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.037841796875,
0.03369140625,
0.039794921875,
0.038818359375,
0.043701171875,
-0.003143310546875,
0.012939453125,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.0245361328125,
0.064453125,
0.046142578125,
0.041748046875,
0.0009918212890625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.05859375,
0.011474609375,
0.0018768310546875,
0.046630859375,
0.045166015625,
0.0279541015625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.068359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.00147247314453125,
0.02880859375,
-0.013916015625,
0.034423828125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0224609375,
0.010986328125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.000008821487426757812,
-0.040771484375,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.01275634765625,
0.015869140625,
0.022705078125,
0.040283203125,
0.04345703125,
0.006378173828125,
-0.049560546875,
0.002716064453125,
0.0272216796875,
0.00005269050598144531,
-0.014404296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0185546875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.018310546875,
0.00927734375,
0.028076171875,
0.038818359375,
0.00830078125,
0.01312255859375,
0.01025390625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.04736328125,
0.01025390625,
0.02587890625,
0.07763671875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.072265625,
0.0751953125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.01953125,
0.0087890625,
-0.04296875,
0.001708984375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.04248046875,
-0.04150390625,
0.03857421875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.03662109375,
0.03076171875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0225830078125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0185546875,
0.00244140625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0126953125,
0.035888671875,
0.0537109375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0286865234375,
0.043701171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01068115234375,
0.050537109375,
0.00148773193359375,
0.0164794921875,
0.032470703125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01708984375,
0.00138092041015625,
0.00469970703125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0023193359375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.02001953125,
0.0184326171875,
0.001007080078125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.019287109375,
0.01043701171875,
0.05322265625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.03759765625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.014892578125,
0.05859375,
-0.03662109375,
0.00070953369140625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.05517578125,
0.01708984375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.00090789794921875,
0.00067901611328125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0002765655517578125,
0.00799560546875,
0.047607421875,
0.011474609375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.05908203125,
0.03076171875,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0252685546875,
0.00811767578125,
0.0478515625,
-0.06103515625,
0.011962890625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.046875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.055419921875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.0211181640625,
0.03076171875,
-0.043212890625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.057373046875,
0.016845703125,
0.000579833984375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01953125,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.017333984375,
0.0140380859375,
0.0093994140625,
0.0115966796875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.040771484375,
0.000030040740966796875,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00086212158203125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.040771484375,
0.000492095947265625,
-0.026611328125,
0.06640625,
-0.020263671875,
0.040771484375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00003266334533691406,
-0.03759765625,
-0.03662109375,
0.02734375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.007598876953125,
-0.003631591796875,
0.03125,
0.00775146484375,
0.021728515625,
0.0322265625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0006256103515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.044189453125,
0.05859375,
0.029296875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0595703125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.03271484375,
0.031982421875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04931640625,
0.053955078125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0267333984375,
0.07080078125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.03125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0185546875,
0.039794921875,
0.02294921875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0087890625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.05078125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.049560546875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00494384765625,
0.07177734375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0208740234375,
0.001708984375,
0.033447265625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0361328125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0087890625,
0.002349853515625,
0.00177764892578125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.049560546875,
0.034912109375,
0.0556640625,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.057373046875,
0.01953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00057220458984375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.02734375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0048828125,
0.0277099609375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00077056884765625,
0.0302734375,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.021484375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.011474609375,
0.007415771484375,
0.003326416015625,
0.0299072265625,
0.031982421875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.028076171875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0341796875,
0.033203125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0301513671875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.022705078125,
0.018310546875,
0.07177734375,
-0.002716064453125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0390625,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0400390625,
-0.00035858154296875,
0.041748046875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.02734375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.010009765625,
0.03369140625,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.02099609375,
0.047119140625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0439453125,
0.046875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.019287109375,
0.039306640625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.015625,
0.030517578125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.016845703125,
0.025146484375,
-0.002410888671875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0167236328125,
0.02734375,
0.002105712890625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.0216064453125,
0.00958251953125,
0.018798828125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0556640625,
0.039794921875,
0.0167236328125,
0.03271484375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.048095703125,
0.003509521484375,
-0.0146484375,
0.012939453125,
0.056396484375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.005859375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00148773193359375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.021484375,
0.0213623046875,
0.00341796875,
0.046875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.038330078125,
0.00262451171875,
0.0303955078125,
0.04052734375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0003604888916015625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.03515625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.03759765625,
0.00262451171875,
0.01953125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00244140625,
0.031005859375,
0.002685546875,
0.021240234375,
0.0257568359375,
0.03564453125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.05712890625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0478515625,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.031982421875,
0.026123046875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0322265625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0113525390625,
0.0142822265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.019287109375,
0.019287109375,
0.0186767578125,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.02734375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.04541015625,
0.00653076171875,
0.050048828125,
-0.095703125,
-0.024169921875,
0.026611328125,
0.010009765625,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.02880859375,
-0.039794921875,
0.00021076202392578125,
0.030029296875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.025390625,
-0.047119140625,
0.048095703125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.012939453125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0174560546875,
0.00872802734375,
0.01708984375,
-0.021484375,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0086669921875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.02099609375,
0.004150390625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0025634765625,
0.025390625,
0.00994873046875,
0.004150390625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.022216796875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.008544921875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.013671875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0025787353515625,
0.0145263671875,
0.017333984375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0074462890625,
0.007171630859375,
0.033203125,
0.0341796875,
0.0205078125,
0.043212890625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.007354736328125,
0.046630859375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.018310546875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.076171875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0390625,
0.05419921875,
0.011962890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.051025390625,
-0.040283203125,
0.048828125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.026123046875,
0.0283203125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.034423828125,
0.01953125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.035400390625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0224609375,
0.04443359375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.04296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01165771484375,
0.01336669921875,
0.0341796875,
0.01025390625,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0302734375,
0.01507568359375,
0.0004177093505859375,
0.0517578125,
0.030029296875,
0.03076171875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0576171875,
0.0693359375,
0.0155029296875,
0.029052734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0341796875,
0.01239013671875,
0.00543212890625,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0206298828125,
0.00102996826171875,
0.00162506103515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.02978515625,
0.041748046875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.05419921875,
0.013427734375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.036865234375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0537109375,
0.02001953125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.00408935546875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0147705078125,
0.035400390625,
0.017822265625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.005035400390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.06689453125,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.019775390625,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.0005035400390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.041748046875,
0.017822265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.044921875,
-0.056640625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.010498046875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.02978515625,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.025390625,
0.010009765625,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0003604888916015625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.029296875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00543212890625,
0.03515625,
0.04443359375,
0.009765625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0133056640625,
0.0191650390625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0263671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.0014801025390625,
0.016845703125,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.013671875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0517578125,
0.047119140625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0361328125,
0.036376953125,
0.0101318359375,
0.000701904296875,
0.005279541015625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0078125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0556640625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.00080108642578125,
-0.05126953125,
0.267578125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.033203125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0478515625,
-0.057861328125,
0.046630859375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.033203125,
0.0185546875,
0.004425048828125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0205078125,
0.05810546875,
0.0172119140625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.050048828125,
0.015380859375,
-0.053955078125,
0.0001583099365234375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00244140625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00164031982421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.02099609375,
0.09326171875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0038299560546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.005096435546875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0048828125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0517578125,
0.004364013671875,
0.024658203125,
0.02197265625,
0.031982421875,
0.040283203125,
0.0361328125,
0.0380859375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.016845703125,
0.06689453125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0096435546875,
0.0576171875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0068359375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.052001953125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.000957489013671875,
-0.000942230224609375
] |
M. J. Kelly, P.J.
We previously affirmed defendant’s convictions on two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(e); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(e); however, we vacated defendant’s concurrent sentences of prison terms of from forty to eighty years and remanded this case to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing and resentencing, while retaining jurisdiction. See People v Hurst, 155 Mich App 573; 400 NW2d 685 (1986). As noted in the first opinion, the sentencing guidelines recommended a minimum sentence range of prison terms of from ten to twenty years.
The concern that prompted remand was whether a person given a lengthy indeterminate sentence for a Proposal b violation was significantly worse off for purposes of parole consideration than a person given a life sentence for the same crime. If so, then the forty-year minimum imposed would shock our conscience. We noted that defendant here was convicted of Proposal b offenses which carry maximum sentences of life imprisonment. The "Lifer Law” provides a carrot. It gives the parole board authority and jurisdiction to release the prisoner, subject to certain conditions, after serving ten calendar years. Proposal B provides that inmates serving indeterminate sentences for any one of the eighty crimes listed in the statute remain ineligible for parole until the minimum sentence, less disciplinary credit, is served. MCL 791.233b; MSA 28.2303(3). See also People v Johnson, 421 Mich 494, 498; 364 NW2d 654 (1984).
On remand, commencing July 17, 1987, the trial court conducted the evidentiary hearing mandated by our decision of October 21, 1986, 155 Mich App 573.
At the evidentiary hearing William J. Hudson, an employee of the Michigan Department of Corrections and Chairman of the Michigan Parole Board, testified. He stated that his duties included administration of the parole board, but primarily he was concerned with matters of parole and indeterminate sentences.
Using the example of defendant, a person convicted of criminal sexual conduct and sentenced to from forty to eighty years imprisonment, Hudson testified that the parole board calculates a potential minimum date and an actual minimum date. Similarly it calculates a potential maximum date and an actual maximum date. Given a forty-year minimum sentence, with the application of the maximum disciplinary credits that are available to be awarded, defendant had a potential minimum sentence of thirty-two years and six months. The potential maximum sentence, based on an eighty-year actual maximum, was calculated to be approximately sixty-four years imprisonment.
Mr. Hudson testified that, although the Prison Overcrowding Emergency Powers Act, MCL 800.71 et seq.; MSA 28.1437(1) et seq., had not yet played a role in defendant’s sentence, if the Governor were to invoke the act, the potential minimum sentence would be reduced by ninety days, reducing the potential minimum to thirty-two years and three months. Subsequent invocation of the act would also reduce the potential minimum by ninety days on each occasion.
Asked whether an inmate is generally paroled the first time the calculated release date is reached, Hudson testified that, although that was generally the public’s perception, in reality it was not the case. He stated that the primary consideration at that point was the risk the inmate might pose to society. Other considerations included the nature and circumstances of the offense, prior history and overall institutional adjustment.
When asked to compare this example to that of someone given a life sentence for a Proposal b violation, Hudson testified that he did not think a person given a life sentence under these circumstances was ever "eligible” for parole in the same manner as a person given an indeterminate sentence. Falling within the jurisdiction of the parole board does not translate to "eligibility” unless all conditions are fulfilled. He stated that such an inmate only falls within the jurisdiction of the parole board after serving ten calendar years in prison. He stated that the first hurdle was that the parole board must be in favor of parole. Next, there must be a public hearing. Finally, if the sentencing judge or successor judge files written objections, the inmate serving a life sentence remains ineligible for parole. Hudson emphasized that, so long as the sentencing judge or successor judge objects, the person can never be released on parole.
Chairman Hudson described the public’s misconception about the distinction between a parole board interview and actual parole consideration. Each inmate, whether serving a life sentence or an indeterminate sentence for a Proposal b crime, is interviewed by the parole board at the end of the first four years imprisonment and then every other year thereafter. Hudson stated that it was error to equate the interview procedure with eligibility for parole and that inmates were interviewed although not eligible for parole consideration. He emphasized that an inmate with a life sentence for a Proposal b crime was "not eligible for parole until such time as there has been a public hearing and a sentencing or successor judge has not filed written objections.”
Hudson went on to testify that in 1985 there were a total of nine prisoners serving life sentences for crimes other than first-degree murder or major controlled substance offenses who were released on parole. Hudson estimated that during that same year there were between seven hundred and one thousand inmates serving similar life sentences.
Chairman Hudson was also asked to compare the effect of Proposal b on various indeterminate sentences. His response may be summarized in the tabular form as follows:
TERM min/max BEST MINIMUM OUT BEFORE PROPOSAL B BEST MINIMUM OUT AFTER PROPOSAL B
10-20 6 yrs., 4 mos., 27 days 8 yrs., 1 mo., 14 days
20-30 10 yrs., 8 mos., 25 days 16 yrs., 2 mo., 29 days
40-80 15 yrs., 11 mo., 33 days [sic] 32 yrs., 6 mo., 3 days
150-300 Approx. 51 yrs. 120 yrs.
Chairman Hudson took exception to the statement on page 578 of our original opinion in this matter (155 Mich App 578) concerning computation of disciplinary credits. He correctly pointed out that our footnote 2 quoted the subsection related to good time credits and not disciplinary credits. We erred. We should have cited MCL 800.33(5); MSA 28.1403(5).
Chairman Hudson opined that there is the potential that someone given a life sentence for a Proposal b violation could be eligible for parole in ten years. When compared with an indeterminate sentence of forty to eighty years, the comparison showed:
I think the big — the difference and the thing that you have to remember is that even with the 40 to 80, while the time is substantial, that that person must serve, there does come a time even on the 80 when that person would discharge, that means would walk out the door with no control of the department or anybody else for that matter, whereas the life sentence, as long as the sentencing Court or his successor file written objections, that person could never be released.
We are not willing to chalk up an unqualified plus. For any meaningful analysis the sentencer would be expected to factor in the prisoner’s age. Hudson had already testified that an eighty-year maximum could be reduced to sixty-four years if, and only if, all favorable sentence reduction possibilities came about.
Moreover, as he also stated, prisoners given indeterminate sentences for Proposal b violations, such as defendant, are not considered for parole after serving the first ten years of their sentence. They remain ineligible for parole consideration until their potential minimum sentence is served.
Hudson seemed of the opinion that, depending on the sentencing judge, the person with a long indeterminate sentence for a Proposal b violation is potentially much better off in terms of eligibility for parole than is the person serving life for a Proposal b violation. But large double digit sen- fences eclipse the light at the end of the tunnel. Hurst was born September 24, 1957, making him twenty-seven years old at the time of his original sentence. With a forty-year Proposal b minimum, less 166 days jail credit, his earliest out date would be May 2, 2017. Hudson stated that many more inmates probably serve a life sentence "than are ever released under a life sentence.” However, since there is as yet .no Proposal b lifer who has been released, since none have served ten years, Hudson said there are no figures available on the average Proposal b lifer term of imprisonment. With all the uncertainties inherent in the game, and knowing that only He who tossed the ball onto the field knows the outcome, we think life is the better alternative.
Subsequently, the trial court resentenced defendant on August 7, 1987. The sentencing judge stated:
So, therefore, sir, for the purpose of punishment and to protect society from you and since you already have a prior Armed Robbery conviction and since you have a Criminal Sexual Conduct, First Degree, two counts, let’s not lose sight of that fact, conviction.
It is the sentence of this Court, you be committed to the Department of Correction and placed in the custody of the State Prison, Southern Michi gan in the hopes of rehabilitation, to protect society from you and utilization of the whole factors, life imprisonment.
In light of the concerns enunciated here and in our previous opinion we view these as sentences which do not shock our conscience.
Affirmed
MCL 791.234(4); MSA 28.2304(4) provides:
A prisoner under sentence for life or for a term of years, other than prisoners sentenced for life for murder in the first degree and prisoners sentenced for life or for a minimum term of imprisonment for a major controlled substance offense, who has served 10 calendar years of the sentence is subject to the jurisdiction of the parole board and may be released on parole by the parole board, subject to the following conditions:
(a) One member of the parole board shall interview the prisoner at the conclusion of 4 calendar years of the sentence and biennially thereafter until such time as the prisoner is paroled, discharged, or deceased.
(b) A parole shall not be granted a prisoner so sentenced until after a public hearing held in the manner prescribed for pardons and commutations in sections 44(d) to 44(f) and 45. Notice of the public hearing shall be given to the sentencing judge or the judge’s successor in office, and parole shall not be granted if the sentencing judge, or the judge’s successor in office, files written objections to the granting of the parole within 30 days of receipt of the notice of hearing. The written objections shall be made part of the prisoner’s file.
(c) A parole granted under this subsection shall be for a period of not less than 4 years and subject to the usual rules pertaining to paroles granted by the parole board. A parole ordered under this subsection shall not become valid until the transcript of the record is filed with the attorney general whose certification of receipt of the transcript shall be returnable to the office of the parole board within 5 days. Except for medical records protected by section 2157 of Act No. 236 of the Public Acts of 1961, being section 600.2157 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, the file of a prisoner granted a parole under this subsection shall be a public record.
(d) A parole shall not be granted under this subsection in the case of a prisoner who is otherwise prohibited by law from parole consideration. In such cases the interview procedures in section 44 shall be followed.
MCL 791.234(4)(a); MSA 28.2304(4)(a).
The procedure was mandated by the Legislature from considerations not altogether clear to the parole board and apparently not endorsed by its chairman. At the conclusion of direct and cross-examination the chairman got a few things off his chest:
The Court: Anything else?
Thank you Mr. Chairman.
The Witness: I would like to discuss it further sometime or even now, Judge Talbot and I don’t want to infringe on you and counsel, and Mr Hurst certainly, because he is a kind of a spinoff of anything I would like to say, except there is a lot of confusion and that part of it is understandable. But, I think it does not need to be confusing and when people quote newspapers and reports of newspapers, then I think we only add to the confusion.
In fact, in the opinion, I take no argument with the Appellate Court, but you know, they don’t have it right, they don’t have the information correct. There may be good arguments that they haven’t included, but in this one, they even included they didn’t read it far enough, they included the schedule of good time, the old good time application rather than disciplinary credits.
The law does not, footnote two, that schedule is provided is good time credit, that’s not ....
The Court: We haven’t used that.
The Witness: We used it some.
The Court: For the other fellows applicable.
The Witness: Right, but it doesn’t apply to Mr. Hurst and never did. His is disciplinary credits, in fact, it’s seven days per month. So, I think it’s unfortunate and counsel mentioned the article on seven years and I don’t know if he specifically is referring to April 1st, 1986, but there was something put out by the Justice Department that said in Michigan the average life sentence was seven years and they cited 24 cases. I almost drove off the expressway when I heard it on wjb because I knew it wasn’t true. So, when I got back I specifically asked who are they talking about and in fact, 15 of these 24 have been transferred to mental or medical facilities. Four had died while in prison in less than seven years one had been transferred to a Federal institution and three had been paroled.
So the point I was trying to make and I have three cases in my hand and those — of those three that were released, the average of those released, I think this has to be underscored of those released, of those three was 16 years, that is only of those that were released now.
So, I think we need to, I guess I am asking also, Judge, to have some greater communications and have a feeling that yours is not as much confusion as some others, but there is a lot of things, there is a lot of information that somehow, we are doing something different and I think it was when the Legislature put the interview schedule in that immediately became consideration, and never was intended.
In fact, the Lifer Law hasn’t changed for forty years and it’s an excellent piece of legislation.
I think it truly allows the offended [sic] to be reconsidered at a later date, it allows the Board to make some decisions and yet, the Court always maintains jurisdiction in that kind of a case and I strongly support it and I hope that it never changes. I guess I would like to get it back so we can interview by policy rather than interviewing because my experience is if you sentence a person to a [sic] 150 years and I have to interview them in four years, he doesn’t want to hear what I have got to say and in fact, he won’t talk to me anyway, because he is very much involved in the appellate process, depending on the age, maybe you are having some significant adjustment problems and so on, but I don’t intend to lecture. But I came down here for several reasons, not only in Mr. Hurst [sic] and that’s all.
As the sentencing judge retains the key to the jailhouse door under MCL 791.234(4)(b); MSA 28.2304(4)(b), the prisoner perforce takes his chances on the quality of mercy being strained or not. But time works on the adamant too.
The Ball no question makes of ayes and noes
But Here or There, as strikes the Player, goes; and He that tossed it down onto the Field,
He knows about it all — He knows — HE knows!
Omar Khayyam, The Rubaiyat, stanza 70, translated by Edward Fitzgerald. | [
0.0162353515625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.017822265625,
0.055908203125,
-0.08740234375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.07080078125,
0.041748046875,
0.02783203125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0115966796875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.046142578125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.03369140625,
0.04638671875,
-0.026123046875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.04150390625,
0.02490234375,
0.0196533203125,
0.022216796875,
0.06884765625,
0.025634765625,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.03466796875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.032470703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.052978515625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.002197265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.032958984375,
0.033203125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.053466796875,
0.01300048828125,
0.001983642578125,
0.021728515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.00921630859375,
0.052978515625,
-0.01123046875,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.000823974609375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0048828125,
0.0361328125,
0.012451171875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.04541015625,
0.01385498046875,
0.027099609375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.03662109375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.0419921875,
0.008056640625,
0.00109100341796875,
0.0234375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.03955078125,
0.054931640625,
0.018310546875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.0234375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.03515625,
0.0107421875,
0.0263671875,
0.009765625,
0.02197265625,
0.017822265625,
-0.023193359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0439453125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.03857421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.034423828125,
0.00225830078125,
0.058349609375,
-0.00634765625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.027099609375,
0.004852294921875,
0.03857421875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.002166748046875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0206298828125,
0.05029296875,
0.009033203125,
0.019287109375,
0.00927734375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00958251953125,
0.043701171875,
0.017578125,
0.008544921875,
0.0166015625,
0.00531005859375,
0.01385498046875,
0.0029449462890625,
0.01031494140625,
0.01055908203125,
0.05712890625,
0.037353515625,
0.047607421875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.01275634765625,
0.00885009765625,
0.07470703125,
0.00101470947265625,
0.04345703125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0029754638671875,
0.0062255859375,
0.023681640625,
-0.050048828125,
0.0014495849609375,
0.0296630859375,
0.04052734375,
0.050048828125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.046630859375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.037353515625,
0.020263671875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0205078125,
0.041748046875,
0.0341796875,
0.017333984375,
-0.040771484375,
0.035400390625,
0.042724609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0004329681396484375,
0.024658203125,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.005401611328125,
0.03662109375,
0.0137939453125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.072265625,
0.0118408203125,
0.01239013671875,
0.0751953125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.03515625,
0.0419921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0106201171875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.029296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0283203125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.0233154296875,
0.01177978515625,
0.002105712890625,
-0.045166015625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0703125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0390625,
-0.00096893310546875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0595703125,
0.050537109375,
0.049072265625,
0.0128173828125,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.06494140625,
-0.00006961822509765625,
0.00836181640625,
0.05517578125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.064453125,
0.000583648681640625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0322265625,
0.01275634765625,
0.056396484375,
0.00372314453125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.029052734375,
0.025390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.00811767578125,
0.0224609375,
0.041015625,
-0.04638671875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.044921875,
0.046875,
-0.008056640625,
0.04345703125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.007080078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.061767578125,
-0.002899169921875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.052001953125,
0.00005555152893066406,
0.01416015625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03125,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.033203125,
0.0291748046875,
0.022216796875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.04541015625,
0.017333984375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.006072998046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.07421875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.054443359375,
0.023681640625,
0.01373291015625,
0.051513671875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0003414154052734375,
-0.04296875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.044921875,
0.01483154296875,
0.035888671875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.045166015625,
0.0036773681640625,
0.023681640625,
0.04931640625,
-0.043701171875,
0.01123046875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.05908203125,
0.0341796875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.036376953125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.022216796875,
0.005615234375,
0.0302734375,
-0.000507354736328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.03759765625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.056640625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0537109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0673828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.053466796875,
0.021728515625,
0.03515625,
0.001678466796875,
0.00579833984375,
0.0140380859375,
0.006988525390625,
0.00714111328125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.016845703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0004787445068359375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02099609375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.01336669921875,
0.0035247802734375,
0.0126953125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.06396484375,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0135498046875,
0.076171875,
0.06201171875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0107421875,
0.06396484375,
0.042236328125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.038330078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00732421875,
0.005401611328125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0771484375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.03466796875,
0.007171630859375,
0.0205078125,
-0.002532958984375,
0.006927490234375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.060546875,
0.045654296875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.02734375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0244140625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00194549560546875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0390625,
0.022705078125,
0.006683349609375,
0.007110595703125,
0.010498046875,
0.03125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.031982421875,
0.044921875,
0.00077056884765625,
0.023193359375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0048828125,
-0.03125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.001007080078125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.004608154296875,
0.00109100341796875,
0.007720947265625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.01239013671875,
0.02685546875,
-0.033447265625,
0.030029296875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0000629425048828125,
0.03857421875,
0.0164794921875,
0.038818359375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.029052734375,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.007720947265625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.03955078125,
0.01544189453125,
0.04541015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.034912109375,
0.01708984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.013671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0218505859375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.029052734375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0263671875,
0.011962890625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.020751953125,
0.03369140625,
0.01336669921875,
0.014892578125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.015380859375,
0.0283203125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0233154296875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.04345703125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.076171875,
0.0634765625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.046875,
0.006988525390625,
0.01953125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.004241943359375,
0.00982666015625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0556640625,
0.049560546875,
0.035888671875,
0.0047607421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.048095703125,
0.060791015625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0537109375,
0.047607421875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0002841949462890625,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.033203125,
0.0272216796875,
0.04931640625,
-0.019287109375,
0.04248046875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.027099609375,
0.032470703125,
0.0234375,
0.004547119140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.034912109375,
0.02978515625,
-0.04345703125,
0.036376953125,
0.0732421875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0361328125,
0.014404296875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.010498046875,
0.0223388671875,
0.029296875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.046630859375,
0.0279541015625,
0.03125,
0.00970458984375,
0.0003204345703125,
0.03466796875,
0.003265380859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.059814453125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.05078125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0166015625,
0.033447265625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.017578125,
0.01708984375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.017822265625,
0.017578125,
-0.083984375,
-0.0087890625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01220703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.061279296875,
0.010986328125,
0.0289306640625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.06640625,
-0.0703125,
-0.023681640625,
0.052734375,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01953125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.029052734375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0169677734375,
0.009521484375,
0.0262451171875,
0.014404296875,
0.01458740234375,
0.007659912109375,
0.0208740234375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0223388671875,
0.02197265625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.059326171875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00213623046875,
0.00994873046875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.023681640625,
0.008544921875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.02783203125,
0.02490234375,
0.05419921875,
0.002105712890625,
-0.009765625,
0.00021457672119140625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.006195068359375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.02197265625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.02685546875,
0.0042724609375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.046875,
0.010009765625,
-0.08154296875,
-0.047119140625,
0.035400390625,
0.037353515625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0556640625,
0.05859375,
0.044189453125,
-0.013671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.01513671875,
0.048095703125,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0147705078125,
0.00457763671875,
-0.068359375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0517578125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.029296875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0002994537353515625,
-0.020751953125,
0.00323486328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01080322265625,
0.04345703125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.011474609375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0152587890625,
0.033203125,
0.060791015625,
0.01092529296875,
0.04296875,
0.000835418701171875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0400390625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00006437301635742188,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.05712890625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.018310546875,
0.05322265625,
-0.049560546875,
0.05712890625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.03515625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0634765625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0306396484375,
0.0020751953125,
-0.015869140625,
0.006866455078125,
0.050048828125,
0.03955078125,
0.05517578125,
0.033447265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.000732421875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.002349853515625,
0.044677734375,
0.013916015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0172119140625,
0.003936767578125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.02197265625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0458984375,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.01171875,
0.058837890625,
0.01373291015625,
0.026123046875,
0.0068359375,
0.04345703125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0281982421875,
0.04296875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.047607421875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.000247955322265625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.04150390625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.0277099609375,
0.003387451171875,
0.00482177734375,
0.02978515625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0390625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.03271484375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.02880859375,
0.0166015625,
0.00014495849609375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.046875,
0.07470703125,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0478515625,
0.032470703125,
0.0174560546875,
0.003387451171875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.016845703125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00830078125,
0.01336669921875,
0.044677734375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.01373291015625,
0.0120849609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0008697509765625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0001735687255859375,
-0.06689453125,
0.279296875,
0.01458740234375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.044189453125,
0.035400390625,
0.026123046875,
0.019775390625,
-0.055419921875,
0.017333984375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0291748046875,
0.015625,
0.00127410888671875,
0.00927734375,
0.0126953125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.027587890625,
0.0673828125,
0.03271484375,
0.037109375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.044677734375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.029052734375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0108642578125,
0.03173828125,
0.015380859375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.040771484375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.006134033203125,
0.00457763671875,
0.021484375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01251220703125,
0.015869140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0030517578125,
0.0028533935546875,
0.049560546875,
0.01251220703125,
0.027587890625,
0.0245361328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.00104522705078125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.049072265625,
0.04248046875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.000797271728515625,
0.056640625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0057373046875,
0.0042724609375,
0.00250244140625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0157470703125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.010986328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00701904296875
] |
S. J. Latreille, J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order of summary disposition entered February 24, 1986, dismissing his medical malpractice claims against defendants Detroit Receiving Hospital, Harper Grace Hospital, Dr. Robert B. Stanley and Dr. Donald Levine. We affirm.
This case arises out of the care and treatment provided plaintiff in 1981 for a condition which was eventually diagnosed as tuberculosis. On June 29, 1981, plaintiff reported to the emergency room of Detroit Receiving Hospital, complaining of pain and swelling in his neck. He was released the following day with a diagnosis of soft-tissue swelling of the neck and anterior cervical lymphadenopathy and was instructed to report to the hospital’s ears, nose and throat clinic. Sometime between June 30, 1981, and July 7, 1981, plaintiff contacted the clinic and was examined by defendant Robert Stanley, an ears, nose and throat specialist.
Dr. Stanley admitted plaintiff to Detroit Receiving Hospital on July 8, 1981. Various tests and examinations were performed, including a tuberculosis test administered on July 17, 1981. On July 18, 1981, prior to receiving the results of the tuberculosis test, Dr. Stanley performed surgery on plaintiff’s neck, draining the abscess on plaintiff’s parotid (salivary) gland. Two days later Dr. Stanley noted on plaintiff’s hospital chart that plaintiff had tested positive for tuberculosis and was in need of consultation with a specialist in infectious diseases. On that same day, July 20, 1981, plaintiff was examined by defendant Donald Levine, an infectious disease specialist, in consultation with Dr. Stanley. However, no further diagnosis of or treatment for tuberculosis followed, and plaintiff was discharged on July 24, 1981.
Plaintiff thereafter returned to Dr. Stanley with the same symptoms and complaints. On August 17, 1981, plaintiff was admitted to Harper Grace Hospital with a diagnosis of parotid wound infection. According to plaintiff, a note written by Dr. Stanley on plaintiff’s hospital chart on August 17, 1981, indicated that the results of the tuberculosis test were pending and authorized the hospital staff to administer a second tuberculosis test. The second test was performed on August 22, 1981. Surgery was again performed on August 25, 1981, and, based on the results of the pathology report, plaintiff was diagnosed on August 28, 1981, as suffering from tuberculosis. Plaintiff was treated and released from Harper Grace Hospital on August 31, 1981.
Plaintiff filed this action on June 30, 1983, alleging that defendants were negligent in treating him for an abscess rather than tuberculosis. Specifically, plaintiff alleged negligence in defendants’ failure to: (1) obtain and maintain appropriate medical records, (2) properly diagnose plaintiff’s condition during his hospitalization at Detroit Receiving Hospital, (3) administer proper diagnostic tests, (4) refer to the results of the tuberculosis test prior to performing surgery, (5) refrain from performing unnecessary surgery and (6) provide adequate postoperative care.
All of the defendants answered the complaint and discovery proceeded. Although all parties were required under local court rule to submit their witness lists no later than December 30, 1984, plaintiff did not submit his list until March 19, 1985. Wayne Circuit Court Rule 2.301(4) (rescinded, effective March, 1986). Defendant Stanley moved to strike plaintiff’s witness list as untimely, and an order granting the motion was entered by the assigned pretrial judge on May 14, 1985. The order was granted without prejudice to "plaintiff’s right to seek relief from the Chief Judge of the Wayne County Circuit Court.” On May 22, 1985, plaintiff’s motion to submit a late witness list was denied. His motion for rehearing was denied by order of May 28, 1985.
On December 18, 1985, defendant Stanley filed a motion for summary disposition, which motion was subsequently joined in by the remaining defendants. Following oral argument on January 24, 1986, before the assigned pretrial judge, defendants’ motion for summary disposition was granted on the ground that plaintiff would be unable to support his claim of medical malpractice at trial because he was precluded from calling any expert witnesses. A final order was entered February 24, 1986, from which plaintiff now appeals as of right.
Initially, we reject plaintiffs procedural challenges to the order of summary disposition as lacking in merit. While it is true that defendants failed to identify the specific subrule under which they sought summary disposition, it is apparent from the written motions and from oral argument that defendants’ motion was at all times premised on plaintiffs inability to establish a prima facie case of medical malpractice because of the lack of expert testimony. Plaintiff could not have been confused or misled in defending against defendants’ motion, and, indeed, our review of the pleadings and transcript reveals that plaintiff clearly understood the issue before the court. Compare Wells v Firestone Tire & Rubber Co, 421 Mich 641, 646, n 1; 364 NW2d 670 (1984), where the designations summary and accelerated judgment were confused, with Hankins v Elro Corp, 149 Mich App 22, 25-26; 386 NW2d 163 (1986), where the confusion involved the subrules under the former summary judgment court rule, GCR 1963, 117.2. Moreover, since defendants’ motion rests entirely on the pleadings, the lack of impartiality in defendants’ affidavits is irrelevant to our review and disposition of this case.
Plaintiff raises several additional arguments challenging the order of summary disposition on its merits. We first hold that plaintiff is required to provide expert testimony in order to establish his prima facie case of medical malpractice against the defendants. Rice v Jaskolski, 412 Mich 206, 211; 313 NW2d 893 (1981). Plaintiff argues that this case fits within the exception to the rule requiring expert testimony because the malpractice committed here is so apparent that an ordinary lay person with common knowledge and experience is capable of determining whether defendants’ conduct conformed to professional standards. Sullivan v Russell, 417 Mich 398, 407; 338 NW2d 181 (1983); Clapham v Yanga, 102 Mich App 47; 300 NW2d 727 (1980). See also Thomas v McPherson Community Health Center, 155 Mich App 700, 705; 400 NW2d 629 (1986), for a discussion of this exception in the context of hospitals.
We do not agree with plaintiffs position. Even if we were to conclude that an ordinary lay person is competent to determine whether defendants’ failure to follow up on the initial diagnosis of tuberculosis falls below a professional standard of practice, expert testimony is nevertheless necessary to determine the course of treatment called for under the applicable standard of care once tuberculosis was suspected and to determine the extent to which defendants deviated from that standard in treating this plaintiff. For example, one of defendants’ positions is that surgery on plaintiffs abscess was a necessary part of any treatment of the underlying condition. We are not persuaded that an ordinary lay person is qualified to evaluate defendants’ actions in light of the applicable standard of care without the assistance of medical expert testimony. Absent such testimony, it is clear that plaintiff will be unable to establish his prima facie case of medical malpractice should the case proceed to trial.
Plaintiff responds that, even if expert testimony was required at trial, the order of summary disposition was premature because the judge assigned to try the case might have granted plaintiff the opportunity to call his witnesses on plaintiffs renewed motion and for good cause shown. We disagree. The judge assigned to try the case is without authority to set aside or vacate an order entered by the pretrial judge on a renewed motion. Totzkay v DuBois (After Remand), 140 Mich App 374, 379-381; 364 NW2d 705 (1985), lv den 424 Mich 873 (1986).
Plaintiff also responds that he could have established his prima facie case of medical malpractice through the testimony of the parties alone, including the individual defendants. However, plaintiff has no right to call Drs. Stanley or Levine as expert witnesses during his presentation of the case, since neither physician had been named in a timely filed witness list. See Beattie v Firnschild, 152 Mich App 785, 794; 394 NW2d 107 (1986), where we noted that defendants have the right to some notice in the event that they are to be called to testify against themselves.
Given the pretrial rulings made below, it is clear that plaintiff would have been unable to support his claims of medical malpractice against defendants at trial. The trial court did not err, therefore, in granting summary disposition under MCR 2.116(0(10).
Affirmed.
J. H. Gillis, J., concurred. | [
-0.0294189453125,
0.0013580322265625,
0.01251220703125,
0.039306640625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.048828125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0120849609375,
0.04736328125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.037841796875,
0.00323486328125,
-0.01171875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.000270843505859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.01171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.03125,
0.0245361328125,
0.068359375,
0.051025390625,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0166015625,
0.051025390625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.014404296875,
0.06005859375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0213623046875,
0.007415771484375,
0.031494140625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.016845703125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.045654296875,
0.000843048095703125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.035888671875,
0.00189208984375,
0.01275634765625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.03955078125,
0.04443359375,
0.00151824951171875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0830078125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.026611328125,
0.028076171875,
0.020263671875,
0.0361328125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.022705078125,
0.02392578125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.055908203125,
-0.031982421875,
0.029296875,
0.050537109375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.06884765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.000865936279296875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0123291015625,
0.01226806640625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.033203125,
0.04443359375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.026611328125,
0.026611328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.056396484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.01446533203125,
0.0113525390625,
0.0201416015625,
0.039794921875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.023193359375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.041748046875,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0032501220703125,
0.05517578125,
0.03515625,
0.0184326171875,
0.037109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.052490234375,
0.0517578125,
0.07080078125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.005859375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0162353515625,
0.01007080078125,
0.06982421875,
0.0703125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.00445556640625,
0.020751953125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.02099609375,
0.009765625,
0.000469207763671875,
-0.02001953125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.03857421875,
0.057373046875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0361328125,
0.03173828125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.010009765625,
0.034912109375,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0152587890625,
0.004364013671875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.04296875,
-0.047119140625,
0.01904296875,
-0.00095367431640625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0234375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.040283203125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.07666015625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0004291534423828125,
0.04150390625,
0.01116943359375,
0.026123046875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0279541015625,
0.01458740234375,
0.019287109375,
0.009033203125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.002593994140625,
0.007110595703125,
0.04541015625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0004444122314453125,
0.0225830078125,
0.03759765625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.01806640625,
-0.00244140625,
0.08935546875,
0.0234375,
-0.02587890625,
0.031005859375,
0.02197265625,
0.0147705078125,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0419921875,
0.047607421875,
0.0262451171875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0634765625,
0.09228515625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0390625,
0.046142578125,
0.0003490447998046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.02392578125,
0.03857421875,
0.01953125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0235595703125,
0.021484375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0079345703125,
0.048095703125,
-0.012451171875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0703125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.021484375,
0.06005859375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0023651123046875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0244140625,
0.0162353515625,
0.04052734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.07958984375,
-0.03759765625,
0.030029296875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0255126953125,
0.01483154296875,
0.015380859375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.049072265625,
0.049072265625,
-0.013427734375,
0.0098876953125,
0.0185546875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.04443359375,
0.03271484375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00390625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.017333984375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0078125,
0.02294921875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.021240234375,
-0.003173828125,
-0.00035858154296875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.016845703125,
-0.000476837158203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.003570556640625,
0.0234375,
0.04638671875,
0.028076171875,
-0.04443359375,
0.00775146484375,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.02734375,
0.017333984375,
-0.03076171875,
0.01361083984375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.047119140625,
0.00506591796875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.011474609375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0272216796875,
0.010498046875,
0.01470947265625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.002532958984375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.048095703125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0048828125,
0.015380859375,
0.0211181640625,
0.049072265625,
0.0157470703125,
0.050537109375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0284423828125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.005859375,
-0.009765625,
-0.0341796875,
0.058837890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.03125,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0177001953125,
0.021240234375,
0.024169921875,
0.0576171875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.056884765625,
0.068359375,
-0.03125,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.038330078125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.01611328125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0013427734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.034912109375,
0.06005859375,
-0.054931640625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.009521484375,
0.030029296875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.03173828125,
0.047607421875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.03173828125,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0002422332763671875,
0.0091552734375,
0.056640625,
0.0172119140625,
0.033935546875,
0.042724609375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.03759765625,
0.047119140625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.031005859375,
0.04345703125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.038818359375,
0.047607421875,
0.005859375,
0.045654296875,
-0.032958984375,
0.02001953125,
0.00677490234375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.02734375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0302734375,
0.0027008056640625,
0.0517578125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.00225830078125,
0.03125,
0.00830078125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.033203125,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.01171875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.00927734375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.003814697265625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.02880859375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.034423828125,
0.034423828125,
-0.056396484375,
0.056396484375,
0.00433349609375,
-0.000431060791015625,
0.02587890625,
-0.013671875,
0.036865234375,
0.01190185546875,
0.016357421875,
0.033447265625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.027587890625,
-0.048828125,
0.017578125,
0.00016021728515625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.053955078125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01953125,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.0264892578125,
0.04052734375,
-0.03271484375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0028839111328125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.046875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0908203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.048828125,
0.034423828125,
0.00168609619140625,
0.001678466796875,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.0224609375,
0.0361328125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0133056640625,
0.04541015625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0185546875,
0.015869140625,
-0.06640625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.020263671875,
0.0191650390625,
0.01287841796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.06591796875,
0.01446533203125,
0.009521484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0341796875,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.039794921875,
0.078125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0234375,
-0.000423431396484375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.021484375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0634765625,
-0.001007080078125,
0.02734375,
0.0517578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.048583984375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.05322265625,
0.027099609375,
-0.06103515625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0302734375,
0.0361328125,
0.0174560546875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0244140625,
0.055419921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.028564453125,
0.016845703125,
0.0203857421875,
0.015869140625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.017333984375,
0.022216796875,
0.029541015625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.01171875,
0.0654296875,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.030517578125,
0.002105712890625,
0.020751953125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.041015625,
-0.020751953125,
0.031005859375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.043212890625,
0.04638671875,
0.01123046875,
0.044677734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01312255859375,
0.03466796875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0859375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0022430419921875,
0.032470703125,
0.00142669677734375,
0.0007171630859375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00732421875,
0.019287109375,
-0.029052734375,
0.004791259765625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.06884765625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01104736328125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0101318359375,
0.041015625,
-0.025390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.01055908203125,
0.006011962890625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.0194091796875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.008544921875,
0.009521484375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.030029296875,
0.0291748046875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.02392578125,
0.047119140625,
0.0341796875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.020751953125,
0.000885009765625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.046875,
0.037353515625,
0.020751953125,
0.064453125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.046630859375,
0.010986328125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.02099609375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.004364013671875,
0.00726318359375,
0.052001953125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.031494140625,
0.02587890625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.025146484375,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.0927734375,
-0.041015625,
-0.0059814453125,
0.00537109375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.05859375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.07958984375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.011474609375,
0.043701171875,
0.024169921875,
0.0390625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01031494140625,
0.01263427734375,
0.01806640625,
0.0576171875,
0.017822265625,
0.0177001953125,
0.054443359375,
0.034423828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.009033203125,
0.057373046875,
-0.0006561279296875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.00067901611328125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.042236328125,
0.0147705078125,
0.01080322265625,
0.000213623046875,
0.021728515625,
0.04638671875,
0.0220947265625,
0.030517578125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0546875,
-0.01708984375,
0.032958984375,
0.017822265625,
0.0101318359375,
0.009521484375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.06103515625,
-0.06689453125,
0.006500244140625,
0.018798828125,
0.0106201171875,
0.003753662109375,
-0.009033203125,
0.037841796875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0157470703125,
0.006256103515625,
0.0167236328125,
0.01300048828125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0322265625,
-0.00029754638671875,
0.013916015625,
0.031005859375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.036376953125,
0.00634765625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.01129150390625,
0.01239013671875,
0.010498046875,
0.00311279296875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.016357421875,
0.01611328125,
0.0264892578125,
0.053466796875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0341796875,
0.026123046875,
-0.054443359375,
0.005035400390625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0028076171875,
0.007232666015625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.051513671875,
0.00506591796875,
0.057373046875,
-0.03466796875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.014892578125,
0.04248046875,
0.024169921875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0155029296875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00147247314453125,
0.0003757476806640625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.037109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.02392578125,
0.04296875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01171875,
0.0003147125244140625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.03125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.06298828125,
0.25390625,
0.037841796875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0012664794921875,
0.015380859375,
0.00154876708984375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0205078125,
0.007232666015625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01513671875,
0.046875,
0.05126953125,
0.036865234375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01318359375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0074462890625,
0.00019359588623046875,
-0.038818359375,
0.059326171875,
0.0234375,
-0.000858306884765625,
0.04345703125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0888671875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0013427734375,
-0.013671875,
0.039794921875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03125,
0.01708984375,
-0.057373046875,
0.0361328125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.035888671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01409912109375,
0.00026702880859375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.000698089599609375,
-0.04931640625,
0.0081787109375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00164794921875,
0.01007080078125,
0.00897216796875,
0.040771484375,
0.06005859375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.044189453125,
0.004180908203125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.004669189453125,
0.042236328125,
0.02490234375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.06103515625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0123291015625,
0.0247802734375,
0.020263671875,
0.03369140625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0005035400390625,
0.05224609375,
0.000690460205078125
] |
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff brought an action in Wayne Circuit Court against defendant for recovery of personal injury protection work-loss benefits under Michigan’s no-fault statute. MCL 500.3107(b); MSA 24.13107(b). Defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10). The trial court granted defendant’s motion. Plaintiff appeals as of right.
Plaintiff injured his back in November, 1980, while working at Ford Motor Company. He reinjured his back in another fall at work in April, 1981. Plaintiff had a lumbar laminectomy performed to relieve his work-related back injuries. Plaintiff has not worked since May, 1981. In July, 1982, plaintiff’s doctor released plaintiff for return to Ford Motor Company with work restrictions on "heavy lifting and excessive bending and twisting.” Ford Motor Company did not have a position for plaintiff with the work restrictions.
In August, 1982, plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident which is the subject of the present lawsuit. Plaintiff was treated for neck pain on the day of the accident at a hospital and later he sought treatment from his own doctor. In June, 1983, plaintiff again complained of neck pain, which the doctor attributed to a 1968 work injury, not the automobile accident.
At the hearing on defendant’s motion for summary disposition, plaintiff introduced into evidence an affidavit claiming that plaintiff had been approved for return to work by Ford Motor Company. The affidavit stated: "In the first week of September, 1982, I received a letter from Ford Motor Company indicating that they had found a placement for me to return to work immediately.” Plaintiff then went on to state: "But for the automobile accident I suffered on August 9, 1982, I would have returned to work for Ford Motor Company the first week of September.” The purported letter from Ford Motor Company indicating plaintiff’s opportunity to return to work was not part of the pleadings and the letter has never been located.
Other evidence suggested that Ford Motor Company would not accept plaintiff back to work with the above-mentioned medical restrictions. Plaintiff’s employment records indicated that he was placed in disability retirement by Ford effective February 1, 1983, with instructions that he was not to be reemployed without the approval of the Central Industrial Relations Staff. Plaintiff received workers’ compensation benefits for the back injury sustained in the April, 1981, fall at work. As of February 3, 1986, Ford was still paying for medical treatment relating to plaintiff’s April, 1981, work-related back injury.
In a handwritten letter dated August 30, 1982, plaintiff himself indicated that Ford would not return him to work with the work restrictions and also indicated that his employer put him back on medical disability as of July 15, 1982, until January, 1983. Plaintiffs doctor’s notes from March 2, 1984, indicated that plaintiff had not been back to work since there was no available restricted job in the company.
Defendant brought a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(c)(10), arguing that on the date of the automobile accident plaintiff was already disabled from working by a prior work-related back injury and that, even if the automobile accident had never occurred, plaintiffs work-related back injury would have prevented his return to work at any time prior to or after the automobile accident. After reviewing the briefs and exhibits and hearing the arguments of the two parties, the trial judge granted defendant’s motion. Plaintiffs motion for reconsideration was denied.
The purpose of the no-fault act is to provide compensation for injuries attributable to a specific event, i.e., an identifiable accident. Injuries which cannot be attributed to a single identifiable event or accident are excluded from coverage under the act. Wheeler v Tucker Freight Lines Co, Inc, 125 Mich App 123; 336 NW2d 14 (1983), lv den 418 Mich 867 (1983). The relevant part of MCL 500.3107(b); MSA 24.13107(b) states:
Personal protection insurance benefits are payable for the following:
(b) Work loss consisting of loss of income from work an injured person would have performed during the first 3 years after the date of the accident if he had not been injured ....
We conclude that summary disposition was proper in the present case. The pleadings, affidavits and depositions did not raise any genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether, but for the automobile accident, plaintiff would have returned to work with Ford Motor Company. Plaintiff’s disability was the result of a work-related injury. Ford Motor Company would not accept plaintiff back for work because of restrictions placed upon his ability to perform his job by his doctor. Plaintiff was on medical disability leave at the time of the automobile accident. Also, plaintiff’s own doctor attributed plaintiff’s continued neck pain to a 1968 work injury in which a one-hundred-pound box fell onto plaintiff’s head, not to the automobile accident. Because it cannot be said that but for the automobile accident plaintiff would not have lost income from work, he is not entitled to work-loss benefits under the no-fault statute. MacDonald v State Farm Mutual Ins Co, 419 Mich 146; 350 NW2d 233 (1984), reh den 419 Mich 1213 (1984).
Plaintiff offered his affidavit in which he claimed he received a letter from Ford Motor Company indicating that he could return to work. Plaintiff never produced a copy of this letter from Ford. Plaintiff failed to come forward with some proof to establish the existence of an issue of material fact. Even giving the benefit of any reasonable doubt to plaintiff, his claim is so deficient that it cannot under any circumstances be supported at trial. Therefore, we affirm the lower court’s decision granting summary disposition to defendant.
Affirmed. | [
-0.00836181640625,
0.00555419921875,
0.001251220703125,
0.05810546875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.023681640625,
0.00787353515625,
0.0576171875,
0.046875,
0.0167236328125,
0.024658203125,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.000029802322387695312,
-0.02490234375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.03759765625,
0.035400390625,
-0.03125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.048095703125,
-0.053466796875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0234375,
0.013916015625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00738525390625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.060546875,
0.037841796875,
0.01171875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.033203125,
0.037841796875,
-0.046875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.000029802322387695312,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.040771484375,
-0.048828125,
0.0037689208984375,
0.004547119140625,
0.0145263671875,
0.035400390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0087890625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0047607421875,
0.028076171875,
0.00128936767578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.027099609375,
0.054931640625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.060302734375,
0.043212890625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.032958984375,
0.0062255859375,
0.0006256103515625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.017822265625,
0.037353515625,
0.038818359375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.001800537109375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01239013671875,
0.068359375,
0.0235595703125,
0.045166015625,
0.00147247314453125,
0.005615234375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.01953125,
0.0089111328125,
0.013671875,
0.0234375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01171875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0244140625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0032196044921875,
0.0228271484375,
0.05078125,
-0.02734375,
0.0244140625,
0.01104736328125,
0.004364013671875,
0.00335693359375,
0.007415771484375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.055908203125,
0.05126953125,
0.010009765625,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.01318359375,
0.016357421875,
0.031982421875,
0.00775146484375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0224609375,
0.0233154296875,
0.017333984375,
0.00445556640625,
0.038330078125,
0.0291748046875,
0.059326171875,
0.010986328125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0260009765625,
0.04736328125,
0.02587890625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01165771484375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.00225830078125,
0.05029296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.05615234375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.039794921875,
0.004974365234375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0478515625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0302734375,
0.057373046875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.032470703125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0576171875,
0.0191650390625,
0.032470703125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.016357421875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.01953125,
0.0286865234375,
0.00982666015625,
0.00537109375,
0.031494140625,
0.009765625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.02734375,
-0.046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.050537109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.016357421875,
0.05859375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.005126953125,
0.0096435546875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.003173828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.056396484375,
0.0064697265625,
0.01153564453125,
0.00168609619140625,
0.031494140625,
-0.040771484375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.02392578125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00848388671875,
0.037841796875,
0.028076171875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0018310546875,
0.037841796875,
0.06494140625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0390625,
0.01068115234375,
0.03515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01953125,
0.0634765625,
0.000762939453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.02734375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.00823974609375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.00927734375,
0.031982421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.03076171875,
0.01507568359375,
0.04443359375,
-0.018310546875,
0.03759765625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.009521484375,
0.00909423828125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.037109375,
-0.06396484375,
0.03173828125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.06787109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0001087188720703125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.050537109375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.02197265625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.03662109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0634765625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.043701171875,
0.033447265625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.052734375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0322265625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00144195556640625,
0.00921630859375,
0.000827789306640625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.031005859375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0380859375,
0.011474609375,
0.01495361328125,
0.046142578125,
-0.01220703125,
0.0159912109375,
0.01171875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0234375,
0.052490234375,
-0.0244140625,
0.042724609375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00015544891357421875,
-0.011962890625,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.050537109375,
0.044189453125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0693359375,
0.039306640625,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0005645751953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.017333984375,
0.032470703125,
0.00009059906005859375,
0.02490234375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.052734375,
-0.0810546875,
0.0302734375,
-0.02783203125,
0.023681640625,
0.01123046875,
0.037841796875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.033935546875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0302734375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.005859375,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.04443359375,
0.053955078125,
0.009765625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.038818359375,
0.034912109375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0002384185791015625,
0.0625,
0.0250244140625,
0.01275634765625,
0.0028228759765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.050537109375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.041748046875,
0.00074005126953125,
0.01513671875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.031982421875,
0.000362396240234375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.007568359375,
0.00689697265625,
0.05419921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0458984375,
-0.02783203125,
0.018798828125,
0.032470703125,
0.041259765625,
-0.037353515625,
0.026611328125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.025390625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00080108642578125,
0.0172119140625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0205078125,
0.005279541015625,
0.00640869140625,
0.0233154296875,
0.015625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.030517578125,
-0.04150390625,
0.041259765625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.044677734375,
0.006378173828125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.057861328125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.046875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.046875,
0.0269775390625,
0.03076171875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0040283203125,
0.037109375,
-0.01611328125,
0.033203125,
0.031982421875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.03369140625,
-0.018798828125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.043212890625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.026123046875,
0.031005859375,
0.029052734375,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.041015625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.025634765625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.006591796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.03515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.017822265625,
0.047607421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.059814453125,
0.036865234375,
0.0004596710205078125,
0.013671875,
0.026123046875,
0.02587890625,
0.0478515625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0458984375,
0.004150390625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0086669921875,
0.00689697265625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0439453125,
0.04248046875,
0.08056640625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0361328125,
0.008056640625,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0220947265625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0146484375,
0.03076171875,
0.009521484375,
0.044921875,
0.0390625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.04931640625,
0.06298828125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.015380859375,
0.05419921875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.020263671875,
-0.000484466552734375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.09130859375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.000637054443359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0703125,
0.025390625,
0.064453125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0096435546875,
0.02099609375,
-0.03125,
0.0128173828125,
0.000331878662109375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0263671875,
0.017333984375,
0.011474609375,
0.0185546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.004638671875,
0.0703125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.026611328125,
0.052001953125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0751953125,
0.017578125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.042236328125,
0.06298828125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0302734375,
0.037841796875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.052001953125,
0.000942230224609375,
0.056640625,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.00104522705078125,
0.006317138671875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.06201171875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0286865234375,
0.01312255859375,
0.022705078125,
-0.009521484375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.016357421875,
0.04150390625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03076171875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.03125,
-0.03125,
-0.003173828125,
0.000308990478515625,
-0.076171875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0005340576171875,
0.02099609375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.02197265625,
-0.00138092041015625,
0.02685546875,
0.051513671875,
0.0556640625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00421142578125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.046875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.02880859375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.07373046875,
0.034912109375,
-0.02587890625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.05029296875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0302734375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0291748046875,
0.01373291015625,
0.0238037109375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00567626953125,
0.0556640625,
0.044189453125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.054443359375,
0.021484375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01458740234375,
0.042724609375,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.02490234375,
0.0037384033203125,
0.01373291015625,
0.03173828125,
0.042236328125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.05029296875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.06103515625,
0.0019073486328125,
0.1005859375,
0.06201171875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.019287109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01806640625,
0.041748046875,
0.005126953125,
0.02880859375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0247802734375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.02783203125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.057861328125,
0.008544921875,
0.031982421875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.037841796875,
0.0205078125,
-0.05078125,
0.0194091796875,
0.018310546875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.09423828125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0120849609375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0390625,
-0.046630859375,
0.016357421875,
0.03515625,
0.05908203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0196533203125,
0.03125,
0.017578125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.000247955322265625,
-0.025390625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.005584716796875,
0.04833984375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.029052734375,
0.023681640625,
0.00762939453125,
0.0289306640625,
0.046875,
0.010009765625,
-0.029296875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.025634765625,
0.05908203125,
0.025146484375,
0.015869140625,
0.0419921875,
0.000873565673828125,
-0.0004024505615234375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0115966796875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.07568359375,
0.0091552734375,
0.01031494140625,
0.0439453125,
-0.044921875,
0.0220947265625,
0.046142578125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.06640625,
0.0024261474609375,
0.00982666015625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0003910064697265625,
0.037109375,
0.0556640625,
0.01202392578125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.058837890625,
0.00927734375,
0.01513671875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.013671875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.08349609375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0091552734375,
0.0015869140625,
0.006805419921875,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0167236328125,
0.058349609375,
0.018310546875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.021728515625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0169677734375,
0.01123046875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.072265625,
-0.050048828125,
0.01434326171875,
0.01220703125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.05615234375,
0.00118255615234375,
0.008544921875,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.029052734375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.04150390625,
0.045654296875,
0.047119140625,
0.00244140625,
0.055908203125,
0.025634765625,
0.013427734375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0244140625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.04150390625,
0.00213623046875,
0.0123291015625,
0.034423828125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01055908203125,
0.01220703125,
-0.0771484375,
0.24609375,
0.04248046875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.001251220703125,
0.039794921875,
0.0322265625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.07373046875,
0.010986328125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.0174560546875,
0.010009765625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0869140625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.032470703125,
0.00823974609375,
0.015869140625,
-0.028076171875,
0.064453125,
0.021240234375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.004852294921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.025634765625,
0.01806640625,
-0.046875,
0.00058746337890625,
0.0189208984375,
0.01123046875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.003814697265625,
0.0380859375,
0.015625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0224609375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.036376953125,
0.06689453125,
-0.03076171875,
0.023193359375,
0.043212890625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0005340576171875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.00958251953125,
0.031494140625,
0.053955078125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0216064453125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0172119140625,
0.011474609375,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.037353515625,
0.017333984375,
0.0458984375,
0.010986328125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.01220703125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.00482177734375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.044677734375,
0.017578125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.0205078125,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01300048828125,
0.00457763671875
] |
Cynar, P.J.
Defendant, Dan W. Potter, appeals as of right from a March 25, 1987, order granting summary disposition in favor of the plaintiff, City of Hazel Park. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
Defendant was employed as city manager for plaintiff for thirteen years. All of defendant’s contracts of employment between himself and plaintiff had been oral contracts brought by motion in the minutes of the city council meetings. On November 5, 1985, a majority of the city council was either defeated at the polls or retired. Between December 5, 1985, and December 31, 1985, the outgoing majority of the city council executed a written contract of employment with defendant.
The employment contract contained several provisions, two of which are important for this appeal:
4. Termination By City — In accordance with the mandate of the City Charter, Manager shall serve at the pleasure of the City Council. Accordingly, without just cause, Manager’s engagement may be terminated on not less than 90 days notice by the City, either personally delivered or mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. "Just cause” for purposes of this contract shall be defined as misfeasance, nonfeasance or malfeasance in the performance of duties required herein. In the event of termination, Manager at his option shall have the right to a public hearing before the City Council or to a private hearing before the City Council, said hearing to be scheduled within 30 days of Council action.
12. Severance Pay — If the City terminates Manager’s employment without just cause, prior to December 31, 1986, Manager shall be entitled to lump sum severance pay equal to one month’s base salary for each year Manager has served the City in the capacity of Manager and one-half (½) month’s salary for each full year Manager has served the City in any other full-time capacity. If the City terminates Manager’s employment without just cause between January 1, 1987, and December 31, 1987, Manager shall be entitled to base severance pay equal to one-half (½) of the amount he would otherwise be entitled to if terminated without cause prior to December 31, 1986. In addition to base salary, severance salary shall include, in any case a continuation until December 31, 1987, payment of normal benefits afforded during the last year of actual employment, including, but not limited to, longevity, vacation, health insurance premiums, cola, sick and other leave time. In all other cases of termination of employment, Manager shall not be entitled to any severance pay.
On January 1, 1986, the newly elected city, council took office. The first business meeting was held on January 13, 1986. At the meeting, the council voted to terminate defendant’s employment on the basis that he committed "malfeasance.” The council found that the entry into a contract of employment by defendant which did not comply with the applicable provisions of the city charter constituted malfeasance by the city manager.
On January 17, 1986, plaintiff commenced this action seeking a declaratory judgment on the validity of defendant’s contract with plaintiff. In October, 1986, plaintiff moved for summary disposition alleging that defendant had failed to state a valid defense to the claim that the outgoing council was without authority to enter into the subject contract. Initially, on November 5, 1986, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion on the basis that good faith on the part of the previous council was an issue. Plaintiff moved for reconsideration. On March 25, 1987, the court entered an order granting plaintiff summary disposition. In the order, the trial court concluded that the contract in question was void, that the good faith of the outgoing city council was not relevant and that the new council was justified in terminating defendant’s employment. Defendant subsequently filed the instant appeal.
The trial court granted plaintiff’s motion for summary disposition on the basis that defendant failed to state a valid defense to plaintiff’s claim that the contract improperly infringed upon the incoming council’s right to appoint a city manager pursuant to the city charter. A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9), formerly GCR 1963, 117.2(2), for failure to state a valid defense tests the legal sufficiency of the pleaded defense. Such motion is tested by reference to the pleadings alone, with all well-pled allegations accepted as true. The proper test is whether defendant’s defenses are "so clearly untenable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly deny plaintiff’s right to recovery.” Hanon v Barber, 99 Mich App 851, 854-855; 298 NW2d 866 (1980). In addition, summary disposition is improper under this rule when a material allegation of the complaint is categorically denied. Pontiac School Dist v Bloomfield Twp, 417 Mich 579, 585; 339 NW2d 465 (1983).
The first issue for our determination is whether, on the pleadings alone, defendant has asserted a valid defense. In his pleadings and on appeal, defendant alleges that the contract in question is an "at will” contract. As such, the contract did not bind the incoming city council to a city manager appointed by the previous council because paragraph four of the contract provided that "[the] Manager shall serve at the pleasure of the City Council.” Defendant argues that he is entitled to a hearing for a determination of whether the contract was executed in good faith.
Plaintiff, on the other hand, maintains that the severance pay provision removes the contract from the realm of being "at will.” Under the provision, if the city manager’s position is terminated without just cause, prior to December 31, 1986, the manager would be entitled to a specified amount of severance pay (in this case, a sum of $78,000). Plaintiff claims that this provision conflicts with § 6.1(b) of the city charter. Section 6.1(b) states:
The City Manager shall hold office by virtue of appointment by the Council, which body shall also set his salary. He shall hold office at the pleasure of the Council. The City Clerk, City Treasurer, City Assessor, and City Attorney shall be appointed by the City Manager with the approval of the Council, which body shall set the salaries for such officers.
The issue of whether an outgoing city council may enter into an employment contract which would bind a future city council is one of first impression in Michigan. Thus, an examination of other jurisdictions is appropriate. The general rule appears to be as follows:
With respect to the power of a municipal council to enter, in behalf of the municipality, into a contract which will extend beyond the term for which the members of the council were elected, a distinction is drawn based upon the subject matter of the contract — whether legislative or governmental, or whether business or proprietary. Thus, where the contract involved relates to governmental or legislative functions of the council, or involves a matter of discretion to be exercised by the council unless the statute conferring power to contract clearly authorizes the council to make a contract extending beyond its own term, no power of the council so to do exists, since the power conferred upon municipal councils to exercise legislative or governmental functions is conferred to be exercised as often as may be found needful or politic, and the council presently holding such powers is vested with no. discretion to circumscribe or limit or diminish their efficiency, but must transmit them unimpaired to their successors. But in the exercise of the business powers of a municipal corporation, the municipality and its officers are controlled by no such rule, and they may lawfully exercise these powers in the same way, and in their exercise the municipality will be governed by the same rules which control a private individual or a business corporation under like circumstances.
Although a contrary view has been taken in some cases, the general rule followed in nearly all jurisdictions now is that the appointment and removal of public officers is a governmental function, and a municipal council cannot engage a public officer by contract for a term extending beyond that of its own members, so as to impair the right of their successors to remove such officer and to appoint another in his place. It has been held, however, that where the contract for services is not for services to be rendered during a particular period, but for the doing of a specified and particular act the performance of which may extend beyond the term of the municipal council, this rule does not apply. Also, it has been ordinarily held that the foregoing general rule has no application to persons holding a mere employment, such as schoolteachers. In such cases, a contract may be made extending beyond the term of the members of the council who make it. [Emphasis added. 56 Am Jur 2d, Municipal Corporations, § 154, pp 206-208.]
10 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations, § 29.101, p 467 states:
Statutes and charters sometimes authorize municipal boards to make contracts which will extend beyond their own official term, and the power of the legislature in this respect is well settled. Respecting the binding effect of contracts extending beyond the terms of officers acting for the municipality, there exists a clear distinction in the judicial decisions between governmental and business or proprietary powers. With respect to the former, their exercise is so limited that no action taken by the governmental body is binding upon its successors, whereas the latter is not subject to such limitation, and may be exercised in a way that will be binding upon the municipality after the board exercising the power shall have ceased to exist. Consequently, although a contrary rule prevails as to contracts relating to business affairs, it is generally held that, independent of statute or charter provisions, the hands of successors cannot be tied by contracts relating to governmental matters.
The majority rule is followed in Arizona, Tempe v Corbel, 17 Ariz 1; 147 P 745 (1915), South Carolina, Newman v McCullough, 212 SC 17; 46 SE2d 252 (1948), and New York, Morin v Foster, 45 NY2d 287; 408 NYS2d 387; 380 NE2d 217 (1978).
The Newman court expressed the rationale behind the majority rule:
It is therefore clear that council has no authority to make such contract extending beyond its term of office; that the acts of former councils relating to the governmental functions of said councils which involve a matter of discretion to be exercised by such councils are without force and effect upon succeeding councils. The power conferred upon municipal councils to exercise legislative or governmental functions is done so to be exercised as often as may be found needful or politic; and the council holding such powers is vested with no authority to circumscribe, limit or diminish their efficiency, but must transmit unimpaired to their successors. That acting as a governmental agency, it is bound always to act as trustee of the power delegated to it and may not surrender or restrict any portion of such power conferred upon it. [Newman, supra, pp 25-26.]
Recently, the District Court of Appeals of Florida, 4th District in Tweed v City of Cape Canaveral, 373 So 2d 408, 409 (1979), held that the general rule was no longer going to be followed in Florida:
The question on appeal in this case is the same as the question presented in City of Riviera Beach v Witt [286 So 2d 574 (Fla App, 1979)] to-wit: Is a contract of employment of an employee performing a governmental function executed by a previous City Council binding upon the City after a new City Council is elected? A negative answer was rendered in City of Riviera Beach v Witt, supra; the City is not bound to honor the contract beyond the term of the City Council which undertook the contract.
We reach a different conclusion in this case because Section 166.021, Florida Statutes (1973) effectively redefines the authority of the City Council to enter into longer term governmental function contracts with employees and this statute was not considered in our decision in City of Riviera Beach v Witt, supra, and must be considered here. Although this statute can be characterized as an implementing statute under Art. VIII, Section 2(b), Florida Constitution we view it as expanding the authority of municipalities to govern and control themselves without state interference.
It should be noted that Tweed was based on a Florida statute. McQuillin indicates that "it is generally held that,, independent of statute or charter provisions, the hands of successors cannot be tied by contracts relating to governmental matters.” The minority view is followed in Minnesota. See Manley v Scott, 108 Minn 142; 121 NW 628 (1909).
After reviewing both the majority and minority views, we decide to adopt the majority view in Michigan. Therefore, the instant contract between defendant and the outgoing city council is void since it deprives the incoming council of its power to select and appoint a city manager as provided in the city charter. In addition, the contract is void on the basis of public policy grounds since it takes away the governmental or legislative power of the incoming council to appoint and remove public officers. The trial court correctly found that the instant contract is void.
Secondly, defendant alleges that the trial court erred in upholding his dismissal on the basis of malfeasance. We agree.
Section 6.16 of the city charter provides, in relevant part:
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Charter, the tenure of office of the City Manager or any officer appointed by him, shall not be terminated for a period of not less than ninety (90) days after the date the new council takes office, except for misfeasance, malfeasance or nonfeasance in office.
Defendant was dismissed as city manager on the basis of malfeasance. The alleged malfeasance was his entry into the subject contract with the outgoing city council.
Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed), p 1109 defines malfeasance as follows:
Evil doing; ill conduct; the commission of some act which is positively unlawful; the doing of an act which is wholly wrongful and unlawful; the doing of an act which person ought not to do at all or the unjust performance of some act which the party had no right or which he had contracted not to do. Comprehensive term including any wrongful conduct that affects, interrupts or interferes with the performance of official duties.
As the foregoing definition indicates, defendant’s conduct would have to constitute some evil doing, ill conduct, etc., before he could be terminated from his position during a period of less than ninety days after the new council took office. We are unable to conclude on this record that defendant’s entry into this contract constituted an act of malfeasance. We construe the council’s vote to terminate defendant’s employment on January 13, 1986, as termination of an at will contract effective after expiration of ninety days after the new council took office.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part. | [
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0137939453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.044921875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.076171875,
0.031982421875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.04296875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.021240234375,
0.029296875,
0.0031280517578125,
0.03369140625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.000667572021484375,
-0.02734375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.03466796875,
0.058837890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0419921875,
0.0263671875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.053955078125,
0.017822265625,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.03466796875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.032958984375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.006195068359375,
0.036376953125,
-0.02685546875,
0.02734375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0272216796875,
0.060791015625,
-0.0029296875,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.013427734375,
0.0064697265625,
0.04443359375,
0.00518798828125,
0.008544921875,
0.03369140625,
0.0076904296875,
0.00052642822265625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01416015625,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.01458740234375,
0.041259765625,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.032470703125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0301513671875,
0.02490234375,
0.0263671875,
0.033935546875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.07080078125,
0.0137939453125,
0.003173828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0224609375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0322265625,
0.007568359375,
0.0107421875,
0.0263671875,
0.06298828125,
0.000789642333984375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.00110626220703125,
0.000644683837890625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.0439453125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.033203125,
0.002471923828125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0888671875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.07958984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.025634765625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.044921875,
0.04736328125,
0.0233154296875,
0.047607421875,
0.04541015625,
0.05322265625,
0.0172119140625,
0.04931640625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.019775390625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0673828125,
0.018798828125,
0.07275390625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.023193359375,
-0.047607421875,
0.01019287109375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.030029296875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.046142578125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0634765625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0478515625,
-0.0009613037109375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.060546875,
0.011474609375,
0.00579833984375,
0.03271484375,
0.033447265625,
0.0067138671875,
0.017578125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.023681640625,
0.011474609375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.00726318359375,
0.010986328125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.050537109375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0245361328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.043701171875,
0.032470703125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.0281982421875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.010498046875,
-0.037841796875,
0.006134033203125,
0.050537109375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.022705078125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.03759765625,
0.036376953125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0279541015625,
0.031005859375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.0001621246337890625,
-0.000270843505859375,
0.0208740234375,
0.054931640625,
-0.02685546875,
0.00148773193359375,
0.0830078125,
0.040283203125,
0.01092529296875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.05908203125,
0.007080078125,
0.04541015625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.026123046875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00909423828125,
0.048828125,
-0.021484375,
0.015625,
0.00830078125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0162353515625,
0.005859375,
0.032958984375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.05712890625,
0.005096435546875,
0.002044677734375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0198974609375,
0.0002498626708984375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.015625,
-0.01708984375,
0.006103515625,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0234375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.040283203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.031005859375,
0.03466796875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0224609375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.040771484375,
0.05615234375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0361328125,
0.001434326171875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01416015625,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.000759124755859375,
0.0157470703125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.046875,
0.050048828125,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.064453125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01904296875,
0.00006389617919921875,
0.028564453125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0791015625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.05078125,
0.000021576881408691406,
0.0137939453125,
0.0576171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.034912109375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.04443359375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00823974609375,
0.01904296875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.030517578125,
0.03564453125,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0029296875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.025390625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0234375,
0.000850677490234375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.04833984375,
0.052978515625,
0.06298828125,
-0.05078125,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.034423828125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0252685546875,
0.041015625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0234375,
0.051025390625,
-0.001556396484375,
0.042236328125,
0.0045166015625,
0.01470947265625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.03125,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.013671875,
0.046142578125,
0.04833984375,
0.0478515625,
0.0419921875,
0.031005859375,
0.0133056640625,
0.005889892578125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0341796875,
0.02001953125,
-0.005584716796875,
0.01171875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0269775390625,
0.02685546875,
0.0693359375,
-0.00128173828125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.04833984375,
0.044677734375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.033447265625,
0.0125732421875,
0.051025390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0390625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0014495849609375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.02392578125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.050048828125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.055419921875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.001953125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0078125,
0.021484375,
0.0234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0242919921875,
0.016357421875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0303955078125,
0.009033203125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.024169921875,
0.031982421875,
0.007232666015625,
0.060546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.029541015625,
0.00013256072998046875,
0.041748046875,
0.032470703125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.00823974609375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.028564453125,
-0.041015625,
-0.000024437904357910156,
0.0299072265625,
0.021728515625,
0.06396484375,
-0.03857421875,
0.015380859375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.021240234375,
-0.001739501953125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0029296875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.00087738037109375,
-0.0205078125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.03076171875,
0.014892578125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.007232666015625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0703125,
0.02783203125,
0.027587890625,
0.03955078125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00054168701171875,
-0.00119781494140625,
0.038330078125,
0.01806640625,
0.0164794921875,
0.043212890625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.009521484375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.000743865966796875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.03515625,
-0.00244140625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.026123046875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0002593994140625,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0595703125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.04541015625,
0.037353515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.060546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.030517578125,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.009765625,
-0.02392578125,
0.0250244140625,
0.051025390625,
0.059814453125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.047607421875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0013885498046875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.041259765625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00634765625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.035888671875,
0.033203125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.047607421875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.005706787109375,
0.025390625,
-0.056884765625,
0.0703125,
0.06103515625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.068359375,
0.0216064453125,
0.021484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.03564453125,
0.047119140625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.057373046875,
0.05419921875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.02587890625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.055908203125,
0.03125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.072265625,
0.0576171875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.044921875,
0.060302734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.068359375,
-0.0234375,
-0.000042438507080078125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.023681640625,
0.031494140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0732421875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.03955078125,
0.031494140625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.03955078125,
0.000583648681640625,
-0.026611328125,
0.03955078125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.02392578125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.033203125,
0.019775390625,
0.04150390625,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.036376953125,
0.0810546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.040283203125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.060791015625,
0.0223388671875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0869140625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01348876953125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0390625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.048828125,
0.00592041015625,
0.050048828125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.014892578125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.003753662109375,
0.005859375,
0.019775390625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.02978515625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0322265625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0224609375,
0.026611328125,
0.0157470703125,
0.028564453125,
-0.057861328125,
0.016357421875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.06640625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.02294921875,
0.002960205078125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0203857421875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.014892578125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00537109375,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.000614166259765625,
0.041015625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.06884765625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0002040863037109375,
0.029541015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02392578125,
0.037841796875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.06494140625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0003528594970703125,
0.045654296875,
0.00531005859375,
0.00250244140625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0133056640625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0556640625,
0.037353515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0028839111328125,
0.004180908203125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.06396484375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.03515625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.009765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0001926422119140625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0133056640625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0048828125,
0.019287109375,
-0.02880859375,
0.050537109375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0625,
0.0234375,
0.034912109375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.02392578125,
0.030517578125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0004711151123046875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.017333984375,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.033935546875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0087890625,
0.00244140625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.00469970703125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.000400543212890625,
0.00531005859375,
0.016845703125,
0.0439453125,
0.0201416015625,
0.03173828125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.02099609375,
0.01513671875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.052734375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.021484375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.024169921875,
0.0234375,
0.020263671875,
0.002166748046875,
0.0255126953125,
0.03076171875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0498046875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.06396484375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.000812530517578125,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.072265625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0107421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0113525390625,
0.041015625,
0.034423828125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0361328125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0174560546875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.037841796875,
0.01123046875,
0.0002593994140625,
-0.04296875,
-0.03662109375,
0.04248046875,
0.015380859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.006744384765625,
0.0196533203125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.009765625,
0.0078125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.035888671875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.034912109375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.045166015625,
0.0205078125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0028076171875,
-0.033203125,
0.015380859375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.052001953125,
0.263671875,
0.021484375,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.029052734375,
0.04052734375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0005035400390625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.05615234375,
0.0002155303955078125,
0.030517578125,
0.0103759765625,
0.046142578125,
-0.048583984375,
0.005096435546875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.012939453125,
0.08154296875,
0.033935546875,
0.003936767578125,
0.003692626953125,
-0.07177734375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.019775390625,
0.051025390625,
0.0166015625,
0.01171875,
-0.0012969970703125,
-0.01953125,
0.0037689208984375,
0.03125,
0.00063323974609375,
-0.006103515625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.057861328125,
0.037109375,
0.07861328125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.032470703125,
0.0281982421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.04345703125,
0.0322265625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0225830078125,
0.00909423828125,
0.0198974609375,
0.05908203125,
-0.044921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0203857421875,
0.017333984375,
0.0128173828125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0771484375,
0.0615234375,
0.003936767578125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.037109375,
0.037109375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.00390625,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.01318359375,
0.000949859619140625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0322265625,
0.01019287109375,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.0234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.00054168701171875
] |
Riley, C.J.
In this case, we are asked to decide whether MCL 418.373(1); MSA 17.237(373)(1) of the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act has retroactive application. We would hold that § 373 affects substantive rights and, thus, applies prospectively to those employees injured on or after January 1, 1982, the amendment’s effective date. Accordingly, we would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the decision of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff White was employed for thirty-seven years by defendant. On March 31, 1980, plaintiff retired under defendant’s "thirty and out” nondisability, early retirement plan. On May 29, 1980, plaintiff filed a claim with the Workers’ Compensation Bureau, alleging that he was disabled as of the date of his early retirement by chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, arising out of prolonged exposure to dust, smoke, paint, and other irritants. The hearing referee, finding that plaintiff had a work-incurred disability and had retired early because of his respiratory condition, awarded plaintiff weekly benefits effective from his retirement date, payable until further notice from the bureau. Defendant appealed to the wcab, arguing that plaintiff was not disabled.
While the case was pending before the wcab, the Michigan Legislature enacted 1980 PA 357, effective January 1, 1982. MCL 418.373; MSA 17.237(373), which provides:
(1) An employee who terminates active employment and is receiving nondisability pension or retirement benefits under either a private or governmental pension or retirement program, including old-age benefits under the social security act, 42 USC 301 to 1397f, that was paid by or on behalf of an employer from whom weekly benefits under this act are sought shall be presumed not to have a loss of earnings or earning capacity as the result of a compensable injury or disease under either this chapter or chapter 4. This presumption may be rebutted only by a preponderance of the evidence that the employee is unable, because of a work related disability, to perform work suitable to the employee’s qualifications, including training or experience. This standard of disability supersedes other applicable standards used to determine disability under either this chapter or chapter 4.
(2) This section shall not be construed as a bar to an employee receiving medical benefits under section 315 upon the establishment of a causal relationship between the employee’s work and the need for medical treatment. [Emphasis added.]
On May 2, 1986, the wcab affirmed the referee’s award and declined to apply the presumption set forth in §373, stating that defendant was not entitled to assert §373(1) because it concerned substantive rights and that the Legislature intended the amendment to apply prospectively to employees injured after its effective date.
The Court of Appeals remanded the action to the wcab to be reconsidered in light of Wojciechowski v General Motors Corp, 151 Mich App 399; 390 NW2d 727 (1986).
This Court then granted leave to appeal, limited to the issue whether § 373 of 1980 PA 357 should be given retrospective application. 428 Mich 873 (1987).
II. ANALYSIS
This Court has addressed the issue of retroactive versus prospective application of amendments of the wdca in several recent cases. First, in Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, 419 Mich 1, 9; 345 NW2d 184 (1984), we stated that as a general rule, "statutes are presumed to operate prospectively unless the contrary intent is clearly manifested.” A year later, in Franks v White Pine Copper Div, 422 Mich 636; 375 NW2d 715 (1985), this Court recognized an exception to the general rule for statutes which are remedial or procedural in nature. Most recently, in Hurd v Ford Motor Co, 423 Mich 531, 534; 377 NW2d 300 (1985), this Court considered another provision of the same public act, § 301(2), and concluded that it "was enacted to invalidate this Court’s decision in Deziel v Difco Laboratories, Inc (After Remand), 403 Mich 1; 268 NW2d 1 (1978), thus effecting a substantial change in the law and that the provisions of this amendment have prospective application.”
A
It is against this backdrop that this Court must examine § 373. Defendant characterizes § 373 as procedural. However, careful analysis of this section reveals that it is not procedural. Section 373(1) provides in pertinent part:
An employee who terminates active employment and is receiving nondisability pension or retirement benefits . . . shall be presumed not to have a loss of earnings or earning capacity as the result of a compensable injury or disease under either this chapter or chapter 4. This presumption may be rebutted only by a preponderance of the evidence that the employee is unable, because of a work related disability, to perform work suitable to the employee’s qualifications, including training or experience. [Emphasis added.]
Relying upon the language highlighted above, defendant argues that § 373 creates a rebuttable presumption of law and is, therefore, procedural in nature. However, Michigan law specifically provides:
The function of a presumption is solely to place the burden of producing evidence on the opposing party.
"It is a procedural device which allows a person relying on the presumption to avoid a directed verdict, and it permits that person a directed verdict if the opposing party fails to introduce evidence rebutting the presumption.” [McKinstry v Valley Obstetrics-Gynecology Clinic, PC, 428 Mich 167, 180; 405 NW2d 88 (1987) (quoting Widmayer v Leonard, 422 Mich 280, 289; 373 NW2d 538 [1985]).]
Section 373 does not shift the claimant’s burden of producing evidence. Therefore, it does not create a "presumption.” Rather, we conclude that the "presumption” language in § 373 merely classifies those persons entitled to benefits under § 373.
B
In reiterating the general rule that statutes which affect substantive rights should be applied prospectively, the Hurd Court noted that prior to enactment of § 301(2), the eligibility of an employee with a mental disorder for workers’ compensation was determined by the "honest perception” standards set forth in Deziel, supra. Section 301(2) changed the standard of disability; thus, the Court concluded that the change affected sub stantive rights of the employee. Emphasizing the fact that the Legislature had not indicated whether § 301(2) should be applied retrospectively, the Hurd Court held that the amendment must be applied prospectively for injuries occurring on or after January 1, 1982. We find Hurd indistinguishable. As the Hurd Court stated:
"In accordance with the rule applicable to original acts, it is presumed that provisions added by the amendment affecting substantive rights are intended to operate prospectively. Provisions added by the amendment that affect substantive rights will not be construed to apply to transactions and events completed prior to its enactment unless the legislature has expressed its intent to that effect or such intent is clearly implied by the language of the amendment or by the circumstances surrounding its enactment.” [Hurd, supra at 535.]
Similarly, in the present case, prior to enactment of § 373, a claimant need only prove an impairment of wage-earning capacity within his field of employment. Kaarto v Calumet & Hecla, Inc, 367 Mich 128; 116 NW2d 225 (1962). Section 373 changed this standard.* *** Specifically, § 373 provides that "[t]his standard of disability supersedes other applicable standards used to determine disability under either this chapter or chapter 4.” The effect of § 373 on claimants is similar to the effect on claimants under § 301(2) in Hurd. Both §§ 301(2) and 373(1) changed a standard of disability. Thus, in accordance with Hurd, § 373 should be applied prospectively for injuries occurring on or after January 1, 1982, the effective date of the statute.
Cases relied upon by defendant are distinguishable from Hurd and the present case. The statutory amendment in Selk, supra, affected the amount of interest an individual was entitled to receive after it was already determined that compensation was due. As we noted in Franks, supra, "[i]n Selk, we found the interest rate on overdue compensation payments related to a remedy or mode of procedure and was 'but an incident and not the essence of a right or liability.’ ” Franks, supra at 672. Unlike the provision in Selk, § 373 involves the question whether a retired employee has a substantive right to compensation under § 373, thus directly affecting the essence of his right, and not merely calculating the amount of compensation which he may eventually receive.
Similarly, in Karl v Bryant Air Conditioning, 416 Mich 558; 331 NW2d 456 (1982), this Court held that the newly enacted comparative negligence statute applied retroactively to a pending products liability action. However, actions under the wdca are, by their very nature, different than products liability actions. _
C
Defendant argues that even if § 373 is substantive, it is remedial and, therefore, should be applied retroactively. While we agree that the wdca is remedial, in the broad sense, we believe that such a characterization of the act, as a whole, provides no further insight into whether this particular amendment should be applied retroactively or prospectively.
It is well recognized that the wdca, as a whole, is remedial legislation. McAvoy v H B Sherman Co, 401 Mich 419, 457; 258 NW2d 414 (1977); Van Dorpel v Haven-Busch Co, 350 Mich 135, 154; 85 NW2d 97 (1957); DeKind v Gale Mfg Co, 125 Mich App 598, 609; 337 NW2d 252 (1983). Therefore, characterization of a wdca provision as remedial should not be dispositive. Otherwise, any statutory amendment of the wdca could be characterized as remedial and applied retroactively.
The problem with this broad meaning of "remedial” has been explained as follows:
Generally, remedial statutes are those which provide a remedy, or improve or facilitate remedies already existing for the enforcement of rights and the redress of injuries. They also include statutes intended for the correction of defects, mistakes and omissions in the civil institutions and the administration of the state.
Every statute that makes any change in the existing body of law, excluding only those enactments which merely restate or codify prior law, can be said to "remedy” some flaw in the prior law or some social evil. The mere fact that a statute is characterized as "remedial,” therefore, is of little value in statutory construction unless the term "remedial” has for this purpose a more discriminate meaning. [3 Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 60.02, p 60.]
At times, Michigan cases have used the broad meaning of "remedial” to apply arguably substantive amendments to the wdca retrospectively. See, e.g., Lahti v Fosterling, 357 Mich 578, 588; 99 NW2d 490 (1959) (retroactively applying 1955 PA 250, repealing a two-year maximum on medical and hospital expenses); Spencer v Clark Twp, 142 Mich App 63; 368 NW2d 897 (1985) (retroactively applying the provisions of 1980 PA 357, § 1, allowing volunteer ambulance drivers to obtain benefits as if a county, city or village employee at the maximum rate). However, in this context, we prefer the narrower meaning, in which "[t]he term 'remedial’ is often employed to describe legislation which is procedural in nature, i.e., it does not affect substantive rights.” 3 Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 60.02, p 60. See, e.g., Rookledge v Garwood, 340 Mich 444; 65 NW2d 785 (1954) (applying retroactively the 1952 PA 155 provision allowing an injured worker to proceed in tort against a defendant tortfeasor) and Selk, supra (applying retroactively the 1981 PA 194 provision increasing the amount of interest on a workers’ compensation award from five to twelve percent). As we have previously noted, § 373 is substantive in nature. We, therefore, conclude that, in this context, it is not remedial and the statute should be applied prospectively.
D
We also find it significant that the Legislature omitted any reference to the retroactivity of § 373. For example, in Selk, the Court noted that the Legislature made no reference to the retroactivity of 1981 PA 194 and, in fact, provided a specific future date for its application. In resolving the retroactivity issue, the Court reasoned:
When one carefully examines how the Legislature utilizes effective dates, however, it is clear that we have accorded that respect which is properly due.
Effective dates are inserted by the Legislature in all kinds of statutes. When it wishes to address the question of retroactivity, the Legislature has specifically done so in addition to providing for an effective date.
For example, when the Legislature passed the new rule for a claim and delivery action, in 1976 PA 79, it provided in enactment §2 that "[t]his amendatory act shall apply to all actions pending or commenced on or after the effective date of this act.” Enactment § 3 of the same statute provided: "This amendatory act shall take effect July 1, 1975.” Because the Legislature in connection with other statutes in enactment sections has specifi cally addressed retroactivity in addition to providing an effective date, we are unable to agree that the mere insertion of an effective date, standing alone, is dispositive of the prospective/retroactive effect of 1981 PA 194. [Selk, supra at 35, n 2.]
Therefore, we are persuaded that providing a specific, future effective date and omitting any reference to retroactivity supports our holding that § 373 is prospective in application.
III. CONCLUSION
We would hold that Hurd controls in the present case. Section 373 should apply prospectively only for injuries occurring on or after January 1, 1982, the effective date of the statute. Thus, we would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the decision of the wcab.
Cavanagh and Boyle, JJ., concurred with Riley, C.J.
The Legislature enacted 1980 PA 357, including § 373, as an amendment of the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act of 1969. See MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq.
The dissent relies upon a quote from an article written by Justice Moody. Although the dissent properly asserts that the procedural-substantive dichotomy is often difficult to distinguish, the passage addresses retroactivity in a criminal case. In fact, later in the article, Justice Moody specifically discusses the differences between retroactivity in criminal and civil cases:
In the civil area, the cases reflect both greater consistency in result and more severe limitations upon retrospective reach. In a sense, this can be explained by the fact that in civil cases, the range of alternatives is narrower than in the criminal arena; concepts such as res judicata and statutes of limitation operate to cut off the backward effect of law-changing decisions. Thus, the full retroactivity occasionally accorded in criminal cases is essentially unknown in civil litigation .... [Moody, Retroactive application of law-changing decisions in Michigan, 28 Wayne L R 439, 483-484 (1982).]
MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301X2) was also enacted as part of 1980 PA 357.
Section 301(2) provides:
Mental disabilities and conditions of the aging process, including but not limited to heart and cardiovascular conditions, shall be compensable if contributed to or aggravated or acceler ated by the employment in a significant manner. Mental disabilities shall be compensable when arising out of actual events of employment, not unfounded perceptions thereof. [MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301X2).]
Section 373 requires a claimant to prove he or she is eligible for compensation benefits by showing "the employee is unable, because of a work related disability, to perform work suitable to the employee’s qualifications, including training or experience.”
See MCL 600.2949 et seq.; MSA 27A.2949 et seq.
Assuming, however, that Karl is applicable in this case, it is more closely related to Selk than to the present case. In Karl, the jury returned a special verdict in favor of plaintiff for $52,000, finding that the manufacturer had breached its implied warranty. The factfinder also determined that the plaintiff was ninety-five percent negligent. While Karl was pending in the trial court, the Legislature enacted the comparative negligence statute which provided for its immediate effect. On appeal, the Karl Court held that the statute should be applied retroactively, stating that "[wjhile the total damages which plaintiff could have received were significantly reduced by [the statute], plaintiff’s cause of action was not legally barred or taken away.” Karl, supra at 577. Like the statute in Selk, the amendment in Karl was "not a matter of substance going to the individual’s right to compensation.” Franks, supra at 672. Thus, the Karl holding might be explained by the distinction drawn between the "amount” of benefits and the "entitlement” to benefits. Karl, supra at 577. This Court has recognized the distinction drawn between "amount” of benefits and "entitlement” to benefits in workers’ compensation cases involving a claimant’s earning capacity. See Leskinen v MESC, 398 Mich 501, 508-509; 247 NW2d 808 (1976). See also Medacco v Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co, 48 Mich App 217, 226; 210 NW2d 360 (1973). Similarly, we also recognize that Karl might be explained because it has both remedial and procedural aspects. See Douglas v Robbins & Meyers, Inc, 505 F Supp 765 (WD Mich, 1980).
Alternatively, Sands indicates that "remedial” may be limited to "legislation which is not penal or criminal in nature.” 3 Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 60.02, p 60. In the context of construing an amendment of the wdca as either retroactive or prospective, we find this meaning to be of no more value than the general meaning outlined by Sands. However, we note that it may have some value in distinguishing statutes which must be strictly construed. See 3 Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 60.01, pp 55-56. | [
0.0123291015625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.02001953125,
0.044921875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0419921875,
0.00701904296875,
0.0771484375,
0.01214599609375,
0.013427734375,
0.049072265625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.046630859375,
-0.048583984375,
0.053955078125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.054443359375,
0.01953125,
-0.037109375,
-0.005859375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0020904541015625,
0.034912109375,
0.02734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.044189453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.03076171875,
0.046630859375,
-0.058349609375,
0.005126953125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.080078125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.025634765625,
0.01708984375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.041748046875,
0.007568359375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.033447265625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0458984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0034942626953125,
0.041748046875,
-0.05078125,
0.06640625,
0.025634765625,
0.0076904296875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0166015625,
0.00159454345703125,
0.01324462890625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.008056640625,
0.022216796875,
0.002227783203125,
0.01129150390625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0198974609375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.046875,
0.052490234375,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.043701171875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.037841796875,
-0.035400390625,
0.01068115234375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.02001953125,
0.0296630859375,
0.029296875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.017822265625,
0.000244140625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.01495361328125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.003509521484375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.04296875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0205078125,
0.048828125,
-0.021728515625,
0.035400390625,
0.06640625,
0.01043701171875,
0.02197265625,
0.03076171875,
0.01458740234375,
0.00848388671875,
0.000926971435546875,
0.06982421875,
-0.023193359375,
0.051025390625,
0.0196533203125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.022216796875,
0.0341796875,
0.0206298828125,
0.031982421875,
0.000453948974609375,
0.03173828125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0206298828125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0177001953125,
0.01025390625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.04248046875,
0.019287109375,
0.06396484375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.000942230224609375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0004634857177734375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.00665283203125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0302734375,
0.00168609619140625,
0.0341796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.060302734375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.010009765625,
0.03662109375,
0.0888671875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0096435546875,
0.014404296875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.054931640625,
0.01385498046875,
0.021240234375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0546875,
0.0002117156982421875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0079345703125,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0478515625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0012664794921875,
0.054931640625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.009521484375,
-0.005859375,
-0.015380859375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.07421875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.027587890625,
0.006011962890625,
0.03466796875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.01446533203125,
0.015380859375,
0.00360107421875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.02099609375,
0.0047607421875,
0.047119140625,
0.0693359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.02099609375,
0.005706787109375,
0.03955078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0123291015625,
0.029541015625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.033447265625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.00213623046875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.009765625,
0.005584716796875,
0.0186767578125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.03759765625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.026123046875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0439453125,
0.06201171875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.043701171875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.045654296875,
0.019287109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0003662109375,
0.033447265625,
0.002685546875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.040771484375,
0.039794921875,
0.02587890625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.001953125,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.02685546875,
0.03076171875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.036865234375,
0.01190185546875,
0.015625,
-0.02685546875,
0.04248046875,
0.0419921875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.012451171875,
0.03564453125,
0.00225830078125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0001277923583984375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.007354736328125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.033447265625,
0.06103515625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.004180908203125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0064697265625,
0.03369140625,
0.000621795654296875,
0.025634765625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01275634765625,
0.024169921875,
0.015380859375,
-0.05029296875,
0.04345703125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.01446533203125,
0.03076171875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.002197265625,
0.03076171875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.046875,
-0.044921875,
0.0625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00909423828125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.045654296875,
0.03857421875,
0.00017833709716796875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.02734375,
0.0205078125,
0.0047607421875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.041748046875,
0.014404296875,
0.0284423828125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.001953125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.06396484375,
0.01263427734375,
0.020751953125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0267333984375,
0.000942230224609375,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0498046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.033447265625,
0.03125,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.035888671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.02880859375,
0.0322265625,
0.006683349609375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.025634765625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.00335693359375,
0.023681640625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.025146484375,
0.005340576171875,
0.0234375,
-0.0478515625,
0.033203125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.007476806640625,
0.01104736328125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.01513671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0068359375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.049560546875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0213623046875,
0.013916015625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.004486083984375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0498046875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.039306640625,
-0.013671875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.007537841796875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0390625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00787353515625,
0.07373046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.02734375,
0.005859375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.010009765625,
0.001800537109375,
0.028076171875,
-0.029296875,
-0.001068115234375,
0.009765625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0068359375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.041748046875,
0.00010728836059570312,
0.0101318359375,
-0.03076171875,
0.013671875,
0.025146484375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.013671875,
-0.046875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.024658203125,
-0.01416015625,
0.02783203125,
0.00836181640625,
0.003509521484375,
-0.08447265625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0205078125,
0.044189453125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0322265625,
-0.02001953125,
0.047607421875,
0.049072265625,
-0.0205078125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0244140625,
0.032470703125,
0.029296875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.010498046875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.046875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0390625,
0.012451171875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01495361328125,
0.020751953125,
0.052978515625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.024658203125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0234375,
0.03857421875,
0.060546875,
0.002471923828125,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.024658203125,
0.029052734375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.02294921875,
0.036865234375,
-0.000888824462890625,
0.057373046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.04052734375,
0.053955078125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.006591796875,
0.0205078125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.040283203125,
0.003265380859375,
0.031494140625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.058349609375,
0.036865234375,
0.0123291015625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.056884765625,
0.0218505859375,
0.05224609375,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.000652313232421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.00830078125,
0.07080078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.018798828125,
0.0791015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.07861328125,
-0.000926971435546875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.028564453125,
0.02099609375,
0.032958984375,
-0.027099609375,
0.07080078125,
0.0205078125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0029754638671875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.06787109375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01806640625,
0.046142578125,
0.03955078125,
-0.043701171875,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0164794921875,
0.01300048828125,
0.01513671875,
0.0002689361572265625,
0.0244140625,
-0.034912109375,
0.03759765625,
0.036376953125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.04248046875,
-0.04296875,
-0.03076171875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.015380859375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01513671875,
0.05859375,
0.03173828125,
0.044921875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0703125,
-0.023681640625,
0.051513671875,
0.018310546875,
0.024658203125,
0.034912109375,
0.06298828125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.10693359375,
-0.02197265625,
0.028076171875,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.05126953125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00153350830078125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0458984375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.000728607177734375,
0.046142578125,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.058349609375,
0.00238037109375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.05126953125,
0.020751953125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.00286865234375,
0.00634765625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.068359375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.000774383544921875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.03076171875,
0.0439453125,
0.02294921875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.006591796875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.072265625,
0.032958984375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.044921875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.003662109375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.032470703125,
0.031494140625,
0.068359375,
0.033935546875,
0.00982666015625,
0.053955078125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.060546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.04443359375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00439453125,
0.023681640625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.00066375732421875,
-0.02001953125,
0.00640869140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.033203125,
0.06298828125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.06201171875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01953125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.054931640625,
0.01446533203125,
0.00032806396484375,
0.029541015625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.048828125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.016357421875,
0.005401611328125,
0.026123046875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01068115234375,
0.000499725341796875,
-0.05615234375,
0.01171875,
0.033447265625,
0.06884765625,
0.003936767578125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0013427734375,
0.0216064453125,
0.041259765625,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.014404296875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0004673004150390625,
-0.000759124755859375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.02734375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0031890869140625,
0.041748046875,
0.013671875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.041259765625,
0.04052734375,
0.01507568359375,
0.052734375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0234375,
-0.025634765625,
0.03564453125,
0.051513671875,
0.000362396240234375,
0.024658203125,
0.037109375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0458984375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.000759124755859375,
0.007171630859375,
0.058349609375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0546875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0390625,
0.003173828125,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.0146484375,
0.00732421875,
0.017822265625,
0.01300048828125,
0.00009202957153320312,
0.0439453125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01904296875,
0.028564453125,
-0.052978515625,
0.0076904296875,
0.029296875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0096435546875,
0.0029296875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.02099609375,
0.0213623046875,
0.056396484375,
-0.015869140625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01904296875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.03076171875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.03125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.040771484375,
0.007537841796875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.005035400390625,
0.01263427734375,
0.043701171875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0537109375,
0.03564453125,
0.04052734375,
0.040283203125,
0.00909423828125,
0.01513671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03759765625,
0.001556396484375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0011138916015625,
0.031982421875,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.03125,
0.00213623046875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0201416015625,
0.025634765625,
-0.06103515625,
0.24609375,
0.032470703125,
-0.01953125,
0.0201416015625,
0.013916015625,
0.052978515625,
0.00946044921875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.06103515625,
0.01055908203125,
0.01611328125,
0.03125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00494384765625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.009765625,
0.023681640625,
-0.040771484375,
0.05810546875,
0.0299072265625,
0.01348876953125,
0.0537109375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.052001953125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.047607421875,
0.04052734375,
0.052978515625,
0.003509521484375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.001007080078125,
0.0084228515625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.046875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0615234375,
0.07373046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.037841796875,
0.038330078125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.021728515625,
0.00982666015625,
0.040771484375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0004730224609375,
0.0546875,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0289306640625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.03955078125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.009765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.048828125,
0.03515625,
0.010986328125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.0003490447998046875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0011444091796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.03173828125,
0.010498046875,
0.01123046875,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.025634765625
] |
Griffin, J.
In this workers’ compensation case the plaintiff’s benefit award was increased due to a determination that his wife was a dependent at the time of his injury. The determination was not based on fact finding, but on § 353(lXsO(i) of the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act, which provides that the wife of an injured employee who lives with him "shall be conclusively presumed to be dependent . . . Subsequently, in Day v W A Foote Memorial Hosp, 412 Mich 698; 316 NW2d 712 (1982), this Court struck down as unconstitutional a similar gender-based presumption of a widow’s dependency set forth in § 331(a).
We hold that the gender-based presumption in § 353(l)(a)(i) is also unconstitutional, and that res judicata does not preclude a redetermination of the wife’s dependency. Further, in the interest of fairness, we conclude that our holding will not affect dependency payments already made.
i
Plaintiff filed a petition under the wdca seeking total and permanent disability benefits for the loss of the industrial use of his legs as the result of an injury which occurred January 12, 1979. Plaintiff claimed his wife as a dependent, and in a decision mailed May 21, 1981, a hearing referee found plaintiff to be permanently disabled and his wife to be a dependent at the time of the injury. It was not determined whether plaintiff’s wife was dependent in fact because she was conclusively presumed to be a dependent under § 353(l)(a)(i) of the act. There was no appeal._^
Subsequently, on March 2, 1982, a parallel provision of the same act, setting forth a conclusive presumption of dependency in the case of the widow of a deceased employee, was declared by this Court to be "an unconstitutional gender-based discrimination because there [was] no similar presumption for widowers.” Day, supra at 701. The ruling in Day, based on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, followed Wengler v Druggists Mutual Ins Co, 446 US 142; 100 S Ct 1540; 64 L Ed 2d 107 (1980), which on the same ground had invalidated a similar provision of the Missouri workers’ compensation statute.
Thereafter, on July 11, 1983, defendants city and the Second Injury Fund (sif) filed a petition, alleging that plaintiff’s wife was not a dependent in fact and requesting that plaintiff’s benefits be reduced as of the date on which Day was issued. Plaintiff interposed the defense of res judicata. Dismissal of the petition by the hearing referee was affirmed by the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board on the basis of res judicata. After the Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal, the sif sought review in this Court. We granted leave to appeal. 428 Mich 857 (1987).
ii
As already noted, this Court’s decision in Day, that the conclusive presumption of a widow’s dependency was unconstitutional, dealt with a different section of the act. However, at the time Day was decided, the United States Supreme Court had already struck down in seven different cases, on equal protéction grounds, statutes containing similar gender-based distinctions. See Wengler, supra; Califano v Goldfarb, 430 US 199; 97 S Ct 1021; 51 L Ed 2d 270 (1977); Craig v Boren, 429 US 190; 97 S Ct 451; 50 L Ed 2d 397 (1976); Stanton v Stanton, 421 US 7; 95 S Ct 1373; 43 L Ed 2d 688 (1975); Weinberger v Wiesenfeld, 420 US 636; 95 S Ct 1225; 43 L Ed 2d 514 (1975); Frontiero v Richardson, 411 US 677; 93 S Ct 1764; 36 L Ed 2d 583 (1973); Reed v Reed, 404 US 71; 92 S Ct 251; 30 L Ed 2d 225 (1971). We conclude that the Supremacy Clause compels a conclusion in this case that § 353(l)(a)(i) is likewise unconstitutional because it provides an injured male worker with an increase in benefits if he has a wife living with him at the time of his injury, while no similar provision is made for an injured female worker whose husband lives with her.
As the Court of Appeals observed in Costa v Chrysler Corp, 152 Mich App 530, 535; 394 NW2d 6 (1986), "[t]he wording of § 331(l)(a) which applies to the wife of a 'deceased employee,’ is virtually identical to the wording of § 353(l)(a)(i) which applies to the wife of an 'injured employee.’ ” See also Williams v Chrysler Corp, 159 Mich App 8, 13; 406 NW2d 222 (1987).
Thus, on the authority of Wengler and Day, we hold that the gender-based conclusive presumption of a wife’s dependency set forth in § 353(l)(a)(i) violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
In light of that holding, we turn now to consider whether res judicata bars redetermination of the unappealed finding that plaintiffs wife was a dependent at the time of plaintiffs injury.
hi
That res judicata principles are applicable in the workers’ compensation context has been recognized by this Court. Hlady v Wolverine Bolt Co, 393 Mich 368, 375; 224 NW2d 856 (1975); Theodore v Packing Materials, Inc, 396 Mich 152, 158; 240 NW2d 255 (1976); Gose v Monroe Auto Equipment Co, 409 Mich 147, 161; 294 NW2d 165 (1980). However, workers’ compensation determinations, which generally involve claims for continuing benefits, are different by their very nature from judgments rendered in tort and most other civil actions. From time to time, this Court has quoted with approval the rule set forth in 58 Am Jur, Workmen’s Compensation, § 508:
"The general rule with respect to the effect upon the application of the principles of res judicata to decisions under workmen’s compensation acts, of a provision authorizing the modification of an award upon a showing of a change in the employee’s condition, is that a compensation award is an adjudication as to the condition of the injured workman at the time it is entered, and conclusive of all matters adjudicable at that time, but it is not an adjudication as to the claimant’s future condition and does not preclude subsequent awards or subsequent modifications of the original award upon a showing that the employee’s physical condition has changed.” [See Hlady, supra at 375-376; White v Michigan Consolidated Gas Co, 352 Mich 201, 211; 89 NW2d 439 (1958).]
Disagreement within our Court surfaced in Hlady concerning the applicability of res judicata where there has been a subsequent change in the law, rather than a change in the facts. Justice Levin’s explanation included the following:
The basis of our disagreement is that, in my opinion, a change of law, like a change of fact, eliminates the bar of res judicata where the claimant seeks continuing benefits under a statute providing "income maintenance.”
The law can be changed by legislative enactment or court decision. When the Legislature amends a statute, its applicability to a case previously adjudicated is not analyzed in terms of res judicata. The issue then is one of statutory construction: did the Legislature intend the amendment to have retroactive as well as prospective application? Where the change is effected by court decision the analysis should be the same, whether as a matter of policy the new rule of law should apply retroactively as well as prospectively. [Hlady, supra at 387 (Levin, J., concurring).]
A
In a non-workers’ compensation context this Court has held res judicata not to be a bar where a subsequent change in the law altered the legal principles upon which the case was to be resolved. The plaintiff in Socialist Workers Party v Secretary of State, 412 Mich 571; 371 NW2d 1 (1982), a political party, had argued in a 1976 federal district court action that a Michigan statute unconstitutionally restricted the party’s access to the ballot. The federal district court held the statute to be constitutional, and its ruling was summarily affirmed by the United States Supreme Court. Allen v Austin, 430 US 924; 97 S Ct 1541; 51 L Ed 2d 769 (1977).
Later, however, in 1980, the same political party filed suit against the same defendant in state circuit court, again challenging the statute on constitutional grounds. The circuit court granted the defendant accelerated judgment on the ground of res judicata; however, this Court granted leave to appeal, and we reversed. Focusing upon the fact that there had been an intervening change by the United States Supreme Court in the legal standard to be applied in determining the constitutionality of legislative restrictions on ballot access, Illinois State Bd of Elections v Socialist Workers Party, 440 US 173, 183; 99 S Ct 983; 59 L Ed 2d 230 (1979), this Court held that under such circumstances res judicata did not bar the subsequent action. Socialist Workers, supra at 586. See also Young v Detroit City Clerk, 389 Mich 333; 207 NW2d 126 (1973).
The construction given to provisions of the Internal Revenue Code is sometimes changed by judicial decision. The United States Supreme Court emphasized in Internal Revenue Comm’r v Sunnen, 333 US 591, 599; 68 S Ct 715; 92 L Ed 898 (1948), that res judicata must yield at times to a change in the tax law, at least for future purposes:
A taxpayer may secure a judicial determination of a particular tax matter, a matter which may recur without substantial variation for some years thereafter. But a subsequent modification of the significant facts or a change or development in the controlling legal principles may make that determination obsolete or erroneous, at least for future purposes. If such a determination is then perpetuated each succeeding year as to the taxpayer involved in the original litigation, he is accorded a tax treatment different from that given to other taxpayers of the same class. [Emphasis supplied.]
While the analogy is by no means perfect, in some respects the relationship between a taxpayer and the federal government is similar to that of a disabled worker and the provider of workers’ compensation. Both involve the payment of money over á period of years, and, moreover, in each case the obligation for, and the level of, payments may be affected from time to time by changes in the underlying law or facts. Thus, as in the tax-law setting, a change in the workers’ disability compensation law may render a prior determination obsolete or erroneous for future purposes. Generally speaking, in such a situation one employee should not be "accorded a [workers’ disability compensation] treatment different from that given to other [employees] of the same class.” Sunnen, supra at 599. As the Sunnen Court observed:
[The] principle [of res judicata or estoppel by judgment] is designed to prevent repetitious lawsuits over matters which have once been decided and which have remained substantially static, factually and legally. It is not meant to create vested rights in decisions that have become obsolete or erroneous with time, thereby causing inequities .... [Id.]
As the preceding cases illustrate, res judicata does not always preclude a redetermination where there has been a subsequent change in the law. Nevertheless, we are not required to rest our decision in this case on so broad a proposition; the issue presented here is narrower and more limited.
B
In this case the defendant sif is not challenging plaintiffs "eligibility” for workers’ compensation benefits; rather, it is only the "amount” of his benefits which is at issue.
In Leskinen v Employment Security Comm, 398 Mich 501, 508-509; 247 NW2d 808 (1976), this Court distinguished between determinations concerning an employee’s "eligibility” for benefits and the "amount” of benefits which an employee may eventually receive. Although Leskinen did not implicate the same provision of the wdca, the distinction drawn in that case between "eligibility” and "amount” is instructive and applicable:
Eligibility for benefits under the act is established when an employee proves that he has suffered a personal injury which arose "out of and in the course of employment.” MCL 418.301(1); MSA 17.237(301X1). Van Atta v Henry, 286 Mich 379; 282 NW 185 (1938). It is only after this threshold determination that the amount of benefits is then computed. [Emphasis in original. See also Medacco v Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co, 48 Mich App 217, 226; 210 NW2d 360 (1973).]
In this case, the hearing referee found that plaintiff suffered from total and permanent disability and ordered defendant sif to pay benefits beginning on January 1, 1980. Only after such a determination did the referee conclude that plaintiffs wife was a dependent in accordance with § 353(l)(a)(i), thereby increasing plaintiffs award. Whether plaintiffs wife was a dependent did not bear on plaintiffs eligibility to receive workers’ compensation benefits; however, it was a factor in calculating the amount or level of benefits which he would receive. Accordingly, the addition or deletion of § 353 benefits affects only the "amount” of plaintiffs award, and not his original "eligibility” for workers’ compensation benefits.
The amount of benefits awarded to an injured employee is subject to change upon the occurrence of various events. For example, as this Court said in Goines v Kelsey Hayes Wheel Co, 294 Mich 156, 158; 292 NW 686 (1940):
It is an accepted principle of law in this State that an award of compensation may be modified by a showing of a change in the physical condition that affects the earning power of the party receiving such award.
We explained in Houg v Ford Motor Co, 288 Mich 478, 481; 285 NW 27 (1939), that
[t]he doctrine of res judicata is limited in its operation when sought to be applied to man’s physical condition which constantly changes and under a statute which provides that weekly payments may be reviewed and ended, diminished, or increased as the facts warrant .... [Emphasis supplied.]
If the employee’s condition worsens, his benefits may be increased. See Murray v Ford Motor Co, 296 Mich 348, 355; 296 NW 284 (1941); Webber v Steiger Lumber Co, 322 Mich 675, 680; 34 NW2d 516 (1948). Of course, if the employee’s condition improves, his employer may file a petition to reduce or terminate payments. See Dyer v McQuistion, 273 Mich 327; 263 NW 73 (1935). In Sauch v Studebaker Corp, 232 Mich 147; 205 NW 120 (1925), this Court held, under 1915 CL 5449, that an employee’s benefits were to be reduced where he failed to show up for a scheduled medical examination.
Further examples demonstrating that the amount of an employee’s benefits is subject to change may be found in the wdca. Under § 352, the award of certain workers injured between September 1, 1965, and December 31, 1979, was enhanced by a weekly cost-of-living supplement beginning January 1, 1982. See Maglothin v Tryco Steel Corp, 137 Mich App 640; 357 NW2d 914 (1984). Another provision, § 357, requires that an employee’s benefits be reduced five percent each year after he reaches age sixty-five. Under § 353(2), an employee whose benefits are increased because dependent children are living with him, suffers a benefit decrease as each of the children attains the age of eighteen. See Theodore v Packing Materials, Inc, 396 Mich 152, 158; 240 NW2d 255 (1976), wherein this Court stated:
While we recognize that the doctrine of res judicata is applicable to workmen’s compensation proceedings, compensation awards represent "an adjudication as to the condition of the injured workman at the time it is entered, and conclusive of all matters adjudicable at that time, but it is not an adjudication as to the claimant’s future condition and does not preclude subsequent awards or subsequent modifications of the original award upon a showing that the employee’s physical condition has changed.” Just as one’s physical condition may change with the passage of time, so too can one’s status vary from one day to the next. [Emphasis in original.]
Because the amount of an employee’s award is never final, res judicata principles do not apply to a change in the amount of benefits the claimant receives. This is consistent with the flexible nature of the workers’ compensation system which permits redetermination of the amount of a claimant’s benefits.
Accordingly, we hold that res judicata is inapplicable in the instant case because relitigation of § 353 benefits merely permits a subsequent modification of the amount of plaintiffs award.
iv
Having decided that res judicata is not a bar, we turn next to the question how our ruling is to be applied, particularly if it should be determined that plaintiffs wife was not in fact a dependent.
Defendant sip argues that our ruling should be applied retroactively so as to require repayment by plaintiff of dependency benefits already received— at least those benefits received after March 2, 1982, the date Day was decided. While such notice as Day provided may be considered in determining the retroactivity issue, because Day focused on a different provision of the act, we do not regard the date of that decision to be controlling in this case.
In 1932, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal constitution does not inhibit state courts in determining whether their own law-changing decisions should be applied retroactively or prospectively. Great Northern R Co v Sunburst Oil & Refining Co, 287 US 358; 53 S Ct 145; 77 L Ed 360 (1932).
Although it is, of course, not binding on the states, the United States Supreme Court has provided guidance in resolving the retrospective/prospective dilemma by identifying certain factors or considerations to be evaluated. In Linkletter v Walker, 381 US 618; 85 S Ct 1731; 14 L Ed 2d 601 (1965), the Court ruled that its lawmaking decision in Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961) (requiring states to exclude evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment) should not be applied retrospectively. In reaching that decision, the Court weighed: (1) the purpose to be served by the new rule, (2) the extent of reliance on the old rule, and (3) the effect of retroactivity on the administration of justice.
While this Court has not always articulated the criteria used in reaching decisions in this area, Justice Moody has commented that
as a rule [the Michigan Supreme Court] follows the reasoning developed in the United States Supreme Court with emphasis upon the factors present in the three-pronged Linkletter test. [Moody, Retroactive application of law-changing decisions in Michigan, 28 Wayne L R 439, 462 (1982).]
This Court looked to the Linkletter test in deciding People v Hampton, 384 Mich 669; 187 NW2d 404 (1971), and People v Kamin, 405 Mich 482; 275 NW2d 777 (1979).
Applying the Linkletter test in the instant case, we note that the purpose of the rule we announce today is to accord equal protection to wives and husbands. This purpose would not be advanced by requiring plaintiff to repay dependency benefits already received. The factors of reliance on the old rule and the effect on the administration of justice are often considered together. See Hampton, supra at 677; Kamin, supra at 495. Without a doubt, reliance on the conclusive presumption of dependency was very great. In addition to providing an intended benefit for persons such as plaintiff, it is apparent that the conclusive statutory presumption was designed as an administrative convenience. The Legislature sought to dispense altogether with the necessity in particular circumstances of adjudicating a wife’s factual dependency on a case-by-case basis. Although that design has been frustrated by our holding that the conclusive presumption is invalid, the administration of justice would not be served by requiring the repayment of benefits. While the requirement of case-by-case determination necessarily imposes an additional burden on the administration of justice, we note that the burden would be heavier if our ruling were to be applied retroactively.
After weighing all the circumstances, we would hold in the interest of fairness that plaintiff in this case should not be required to repay dependency benefits received prior to the date of this opinion in the event it should be determined that his wife was not in fact a dependent.
v
We reverse and remand this case to the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Riley, C.J., and Levin, J., concurred with Griffin, J.
MCL 418.353(l)(a)(i); MSA 17.237(353)(l)(a)(i).
MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq.
Currently MCL 418.331(a); MSA 17.237(331)(a).
One section of the act provides in part:
Questions' as to who constitutes dependents and the extent of their dependency shall be determined as of the date of the injury to the employee .... [MCL 418.341; MSA 17.237(341).]
MCL 418.353(l)(a)(i); MSA 17.237(353)(l)(a)(i) provides:
(1) For the purposes of sections 351 to 361, dependency shall be determined as follows:
(a) The following shall be conclusively presumed to be dependent for support upon an injured employee:
(i) The wife of an injured employee living with such employee as such wife at the time of the injury.
MCL 418.331; MSA 17.237(331) provides in pertinent part:
The following persons shall be conclusively presumed to be wholly dependent for support upon a deceased employee:
(a) A wife upon a husband with whom she lives at the time of his death ....
When this conclusive presumption was first enacted, it applied equally to both spouses, irrespective of the fact of dependency. Day, supra at 705. See also Finn v Detroit, M C & M C R Co, 190 Mich 112, 119; 155 NW 721 (1916), and Flynn v Western Board & Paper Co, 318 Mich 28, 32; 27 NW2d 332 (1947). By the time the Legislature amended the workers’ compensation statute to add the conclusive presumption of dependency in the case of an injured employee’s wife, see 1949 PA 238, §9, the Legislature had changed the conclusive presumption of dependency for the spouse of a deceased employee to apply only to widows. See 1948 CL 412.6; Day, supra at 705.
At oral argument the sif estimated that plaintiff’s total benefit then amounted to approximately $211 a week, of which approximately $5 a week represented the incremental difference attributable to the dependency of plaintiffs wife. This estimate was not disputed.
In Leskinen, the Court was concerned with the construction of MCL 418.371; MSA 17.237(371).
The dissent claims that we have ignored the legislative direction that issues of dependency are to be determined "as the fact may be at the time of the injury.” Post, p 619. However, a reading of the full text of § 353 makes clear that a dependency determination under §353(l)(b), which includes such a direction is made only if the conclusive presumption under § 353(l)(a)(i) does not apply. Therefore, the parties never addressed dependency under § 353(l)(b). In fact, plaintiff and defendant contest whether Mrs. Pike would be a factual dependent under § 353(l)(b). The parties did not litigate dependency under § 353(l)(b), nor could they have, because of the application of § 353(l)(a)(i). Accordingly, §351(l)(b) does not apply, and even if it does apply, it leads to the conclusion that dependency benefits may be relitigated.
Thereafter, in a civil case, Chevron Oil Co v Huson, 404 US 97, 106-107; 92 S Ct 349; 30 L Ed 2d 296 (1971), the Court applied essentially the same test with the addition of a threshold consideration: Does the decision clearly establish a new principle of law?
Of course, the burden necessarily imposed upon the administration of justice by our decision could be lifted if the Legislature were to see fit to extend the conclusive presumption to husbands and wives on an equal basis.
See Gusler v Fairview Tubular Products, 412 Mich 270; 315 NW2d 388 (1981). | [
0.00537109375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.056884765625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.0400390625,
0.010498046875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.055419921875,
0.00003814697265625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0185546875,
0.00048065185546875,
0.0390625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.029296875,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.044189453125,
-0.060302734375,
0.0279541015625,
0.00188446044921875,
0.01507568359375,
0.02783203125,
0.01177978515625,
0.037841796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.017578125,
0.050048828125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.01708984375,
0.009765625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.01708984375,
-0.04296875,
-0.015625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.000522613525390625,
-0.03173828125,
0.05712890625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01171875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.042724609375,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0029296875,
-0.037353515625,
0.03564453125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0283203125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0302734375,
0.000732421875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0012969970703125,
0.00665283203125,
0.01092529296875,
0.013916015625,
-0.05126953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0478515625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0126953125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01806640625,
0.022705078125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.024169921875,
0.05615234375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.017578125,
0.0224609375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.000179290771484375,
0.0279541015625,
0.005859375,
0.057861328125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.049560546875,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.021240234375,
0.0093994140625,
0.00113677978515625,
0.033935546875,
0.01434326171875,
0.000652313232421875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00122833251953125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.064453125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.07421875,
0.00020313262939453125,
0.050048828125,
0.0108642578125,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.05419921875,
-0.00048828125,
0.0128173828125,
0.0264892578125,
0.021240234375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.00787353515625,
0.009033203125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01123046875,
0.04052734375,
0.0380859375,
0.048828125,
-0.010498046875,
0.019287109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.021484375,
0.0036163330078125,
0.041748046875,
0.0078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.01318359375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0177001953125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.02783203125,
-0.06103515625,
0.01904296875,
0.00994873046875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.040771484375,
0.036865234375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.03076171875,
0.06396484375,
0.032470703125,
0.056640625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.015625,
0.01153564453125,
0.0016937255859375,
0.025146484375,
-0.01171875,
-0.0615234375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0016021728515625,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0086669921875,
0.052001953125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0037841796875,
0.017578125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0155029296875,
0.04638671875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.015625,
0.05078125,
0.027587890625,
-0.04296875,
-0.000514984130859375,
0.032958984375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.000293731689453125,
-0.0703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.011962890625,
-0.02001953125,
0.025146484375,
-0.09033203125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.051025390625,
0.010986328125,
0.001312255859375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.04248046875,
0.033447265625,
0.01708984375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.02001953125,
0.06689453125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.046630859375,
-0.000423431396484375,
0.03076171875,
0.01318359375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01953125,
-0.02734375,
0.037841796875,
0.012939453125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0220947265625,
0.04736328125,
0.042724609375,
0.000926971435546875,
0.050537109375,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.031005859375,
-0.056396484375,
0.00982666015625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.058349609375,
0.03515625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.020751953125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0654296875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.03662109375,
0.03125,
-0.04736328125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0047607421875,
0.021484375,
0.048095703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.08056640625,
-0.042724609375,
0.00946044921875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.027587890625,
0.005950927734375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.041748046875,
0.003692626953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.000823974609375,
-0.04345703125,
0.05078125,
0.03857421875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.07568359375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.029052734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.00098419189453125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.025634765625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.06396484375,
0.0242919921875,
0.015625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.029296875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.03515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00124359130859375,
-0.036865234375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0205078125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.046875,
-0.000736236572265625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.017333984375,
0.050537109375,
-0.046875,
0.07373046875,
0.021240234375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.015625,
-0.04736328125,
0.01251220703125,
0.033935546875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0341796875,
0.026611328125,
0.0126953125,
0.034423828125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.013671875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.02880859375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.043212890625,
0.0390625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0087890625,
0.029052734375,
0.00726318359375,
0.018310546875,
0.030517578125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.041259765625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.01019287109375,
0.009765625,
0.0390625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.017333984375,
0.00714111328125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.028564453125,
0.0035552978515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.042236328125,
0.033203125,
0.01220703125,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0498046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.015380859375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0458984375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.03369140625,
0.00872802734375,
0.0079345703125,
0.0294189453125,
0.00157928466796875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0400390625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.06201171875,
0.046630859375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.04150390625,
0.032470703125,
-0.03271484375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0291748046875,
0.024658203125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.060546875,
0.027587890625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.0498046875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0234375,
0.00179290771484375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.042236328125,
-0.005859375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.00066375732421875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.00156402587890625,
-0.009765625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.041259765625,
0.0004482269287109375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.020263671875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.026123046875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.000904083251953125,
0.052978515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01611328125,
0.046142578125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.029541015625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0458984375,
0.029296875,
0.02734375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.009765625,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.017333984375,
0.008056640625,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.05615234375,
0.032470703125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0140380859375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0198974609375,
0.00927734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.046875,
0.019287109375,
0.046142578125,
0.01904296875,
0.007232666015625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00103759765625,
0.038330078125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0302734375,
0.03125,
0.005096435546875,
0.01708984375,
-0.01123046875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.040283203125,
0.012451171875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.029296875,
0.036865234375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.013427734375,
0.021484375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.000823974609375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.025390625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0198974609375,
0.000377655029296875,
0.005615234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0625,
0.01409912109375,
0.07958984375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.003021240234375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.015625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0234375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0556640625,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.02490234375,
0.038818359375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.076171875,
0.032470703125,
0.00009584426879882812,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.03515625,
0.031494140625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0244140625,
0.09130859375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.03955078125,
0.00994873046875,
0.052978515625,
-0.025390625,
0.0185546875,
0.0155029296875,
0.040283203125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.025634765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.054931640625,
0.02783203125,
0.038818359375,
0.012451171875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.012451171875,
0.0218505859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.064453125,
-0.0048828125,
0.04296875,
0.03857421875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.02685546875,
0.00665283203125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.041015625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.027099609375,
0.005950927734375,
0.042236328125,
0.043701171875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0029296875,
0.048095703125,
0.04931640625,
0.07177734375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.021728515625,
0.011474609375,
-0.000850677490234375,
-0.068359375,
-0.00116729736328125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0196533203125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.07568359375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00140380859375,
0.007415771484375,
0.01708984375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.01806640625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00159454345703125,
0.0035858154296875,
0.002410888671875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.006683349609375,
0.03662109375,
0.033935546875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02734375,
0.04052734375,
0.051513671875,
0.031982421875,
-0.03125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.007568359375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.017333984375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.041015625,
0.0439453125,
0.06689453125,
0.046875,
-0.00347900390625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.038818359375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.06689453125,
-0.015380859375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.055419921875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.009765625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.04296875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.05029296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0908203125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.05517578125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0005340576171875,
0.01171875,
0.03466796875,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.050048828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.002227783203125,
0.00909423828125,
0.027587890625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.06787109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.03515625,
0.01251220703125,
0.052001953125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0181884765625,
0.055419921875,
0.06689453125,
0.00439453125,
0.0025634765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0166015625,
0.000705718994140625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.03125,
-0.0234375,
0.005645751953125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.02880859375,
0.011474609375,
0.0322265625,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.0234375,
0.03076171875,
0.01434326171875,
0.0220947265625,
0.047119140625,
0.03515625,
0.006561279296875,
0.023681640625,
-0.046875,
-0.042236328125,
0.03173828125,
0.052490234375,
0.0234375,
0.00174713134765625,
0.01953125,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0439453125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0615234375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0252685546875,
0.06396484375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0184326171875,
0.055908203125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.00830078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.029052734375,
0.0458984375,
0.022216796875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.03076171875,
0.03955078125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.017822265625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.038818359375,
0.000942230224609375,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.05859375,
-0.01220703125,
0.024658203125,
0.036376953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00433349609375,
0.015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.03857421875,
0.038330078125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.042236328125,
0.027099609375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.025146484375,
0.005584716796875,
-0.039306640625,
0.011962890625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.053466796875,
0.01312255859375,
0.0302734375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.037109375,
0.01263427734375,
0.033447265625,
0.0322265625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.02099609375,
0.00057220458984375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.01171875,
0.021728515625,
0.027099609375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.033203125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.000659942626953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01434326171875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.07421875,
0.24609375,
0.036865234375,
-0.030517578125,
0.01397705078125,
0.02099609375,
0.0771484375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0029296875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.014404296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.044189453125,
0.00762939453125,
0.002838134765625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0703125,
0.0302734375,
0.003509521484375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.037109375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0615234375,
0.03125,
-0.06298828125,
0.03369140625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0137939453125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00390625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.046142578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0234375,
-0.041748046875,
0.006683349609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.053955078125,
0.07666015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.028564453125,
0.039794921875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0302734375,
0.01312255859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.011962890625,
0.02783203125,
0.05615234375,
0.036865234375,
0.03662109375,
0.025390625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.039794921875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0654296875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0263671875,
0.0234375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.000835418701171875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.01171875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0302734375,
0.00897216796875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0087890625,
0.002655029296875,
-0.04248046875
] |
Riley, C.J.
The issues in this case are whether we should require a defendant to testify at trial to preserve for review the issue of improper impeachment by prior convictions, and, if so, whether such a requirement should have prospective application only.
We find that the rationale underlying the above rule is sound, and hold that today’s decision will apply in any case tried after the release date of this opinion. We further hold that, in cases now pending on appeal, review of the impeachment issue is preserved: 1) if the defendant had in fact testified at trial, or 2) if the defendant had expressed his intention to testify in the event his prior record was excluded and had stated the nature of his expected testimony. In the instant case, defendant did not testify, nor did he express his intention to testify or outline the nature of his proposed testimony. Thus, defendant has waived review of the issue.
PACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Defendant was convicted by a jury in Wayne Circuit Court of four counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(l); MSA 28.788(2)(1), and of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. The judge sentenced defendant to five concurrent prison terms of forty to sixty years.
The victim testified that on October 16, 1984, at approximately 6:15 p.m., she was at a car wash vacuuming the floorboard of her automobile. Two assailants grabbed the back of her hair, pulled her from the automobile, and held a knife to her throat. The victim later identified her assailants as defendant, Robert Finley, and Thomas Vaughn. The men forced the victim into her car and proceeded to drive to several locations, alternately subjecting the victim to repeated acts of oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse. During the course of these events, defendant and Vaughn took approximately seventeen dollars from the victim to pay for gasoline, as well as several articles of jewelry.
Defendant and Vaughn eventually abandoned the victim on the side of an expressway and drove off in her car. The victim flagged down a passing motorist who took her to a nearby police station.
Defendant was arrested after the victim identified him from photographs. The victim also identified Vaughn, who faced charges as a codefendant but died before trial commenced.
On the first day of trial, defendant made a motion in limine to prevent the prosecution from using his prior felony conviction to impeach him if he testified. Approximately four years before trial, defendant had been convicted in Kentucky of burglary. Defendant did not express his intention to testify if his felony conviction was excluded. Nor did defendant inform the court of the expected nature of his testimony.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion, apparently finding that the similarity of the prior burglary conviction to the armed robbery charge militated in favor of admission rather than exclusion. Defendant did not testify at trial.
On appeal, defendant argued that the trial court incorrectly weighed the similarity factor as favoring admission. See People v Baldwin, 405 Mich 550; 275 NW2d 253 (1979) (holding that similarity weighs against admissibility). The Court of Appeals agreed with defendant but declined to reverse his conviction. People v Finley, 161 Mich App 1; 410 NW2d 282 (1987).
Instead, the Court adopted the rule of Luce v United States, 469 US 38; 105 S Ct 460; 83 L Ed 2d 443 (1984), which requires that in order to preserve the issue of improper impeachment by prior convictions, a defendant must testify at trial. In this case, since defendant did not testify, the Court held that the issue was not preserved for review.
We granted leave to appeal on defendant’s application, limited to the issues whether this Court should adopt the Luce requirement, and, if so, whether that requirement should have prospective application only. 429 Mich 894 (1988).
i
ANALYSIS
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, the use of prior convictions to impeach a defendant’s testi mony is governed by FRE 609(a). In most cases, the judge will be required to balance the probative value of admitting the prior conviction with the prejudicial effect to the defendant. Where the probative value outweighs the prejudicial effect, the judge must admit the prior conviction.
The purpose of the Luce rule is to provide a mechanism for meaningful appellate review of the impeachment decision. In fact, the straightforward logic of Luce not grasped by either dissent is that as to evidentiary rulings, error does not occur until error occurs; that is, until the evidence is admitted. Obviously, in other contexts, if an offer of proof is made and the court erroneously permits the introduction of hearsay, character evidence, similar acts, or the myriad of evidence objectionable under the MRE, there is no error requiring reversal unless the evidence actually is introduced. Unless the defendant actually testifies, a number of questions remain open to speculation:
Any possible harm flowing from a district court’s in limine ruling permitting impeachment by a prior conviction is wholly speculative. The ruling is subject to change when the case unfolds, particularly if the actual testimony differs from what was contained in the defendant’s proffer. Indeed even if nothing unexpected happens at trial, the district judge is free, in the exercise of sound judicial discretion, to alter a previous in limine ruling. On a record such as here, it would be a matter of conjecture whether the District Court would have allowed the Government to attack petitioner’s credibility at trial by means of the prior conviction. [Luce, supra at 41-42.]
The Luce Court also noted that the prosecutor may not have attempted to impeach the defendant with the prior conviction. Where the case against the defendant is strong, or other avenues of impeachment are available, it is possible that the defendant’s prior record would not have been used. Luce, supra at 42.
In addition, a defendant’s decision not to testify generally is based on many factors, no one of which is determinative. A reviewing court cannot assume that the defendant decided not to testify out of fear of impeachment by a prior conviction. Id. The Court rejected the suggestion that a defendant may state an intention to testify if the court grants the motion in limine because such a commitment is difficult to enforce. Id.
In the event that the trial judge incorrectly allows impeachment by prior conviction, the Luce rule enhances review of the harmless error issue:
Were in limine rulings under Rule 609(a) reviewable on appeal, almost any error would result in the windfall of automatic reversal; the appellate court could not logically term "harmless” an error that presumptively kept the defendant from testifying. Requiring that a defendant testify in order to preserve Rule 609(a) claims will enable the reviewing court to determine the impact any erroneous impeachment may have had in light of the record as a whole; it will also tend to discourage meiking such motions solely to "plant” reversible error in the event of conviction. [Luce, supra at 42.]
A ruling in limine on impeachment by prior convictions does not present constitutional implications. Id. at 43. As such, while Luce is binding on the federal courts, we are not required to apply its holding in Michigan courts. See People v Turner, 390 Mich 7, 19; 210 NW2d 336 (1973). However, as noted in People v Allen, 429 Mich 558, 636, 637; 420 NW2d 499 (1988) (Riley, C.J., dissenting), an overwhelming majority of states deciding the issue have adopted the Luce rule.
At the time of trial, the Michigan rule was similar to the federal rule. However, very recently, this Court substantially revised MRE 609.
In Allen, a majority of this Court created a new framework with which to analyze the issue of impeachment by prior conviction. The Court established three categories of prior convictions: those inherently probative of truth or veracity are automatically admitted; those not inherently probative of truth or veracity are automatically excluded; and those involving a theft component are to be admitted or excluded at the trial judge’s discretion.
The Allen Court also clarified the balancing factors to be considered where the prior conviction involved a theft component. The judge must determine whether the probative value of admitting the prior conviction would outweigh the prejudicial effect to defendant. In determining the probative value of the conviction, the judge must objectively consider only the vintage of the prior conviction and its indicia of veracity. Allen, supra at 606. The prejudicial effect must be determined by considering only the "similarity [of the prior conviction] to the charged offense and the importance of the defendant’s testimony to the decisional process . . . .” Id._
Defendant argues that the rules and practice of impeachment by prior convictions in Michigan are so dissimilar to the procedure in the federal system that the Luce rule is unnecessary. This Court’s decision in Allen results in a more limited degree of discretion in the trial court than under the federal rules. As such, while appeals in the federal system will usually involve an abuse of discretion, under Allen, the issue on appeal will usually be whether the judge erroneously determined that a prior conviction fell within one of the "bright line” categories. Defendant’s testimony is unnecessary to determine this question on appeal.
Furthermore, defendant argues that federal practice is different than Michigan practice because under the federal rules, the trial judge may defer ruling on the impeachment question until after the defendant actually testifies. However, in Michigan, the judge must rule on the impeachment question before the defendant testifies. See People v Lytal, 415 Mich 603, 609-610; 329 NW2d 738 (1982). Thus, since the judge must decide the question before hearing a defendant’s testimony, defendant argues that a primary rationale underlying the Luce rule is undermined.
Defendant suggests that in light of these differences, an alternative procedure, such as described in United States v Cook, 608 F2d 1175 (CA 9, 1979), cert den 444 US 1034 (1980), would be sufficient in Michigan. In Cook, the court adopted a two-part requirement in order to preserve the issue for appeal. The defendant must express an intention to testify if his prior convictions are excluded. Further, the defendant must sufficiently describe the nature of his testimony for the trial and appellate courts to decide the balancing question. Id. at 1186.
We agree with defendant that there are significant differences between practice in Michigan and in the federal courts. However, we disagree that those differences warrant an alternate procedure. The difficulties remedied by the Luce rule are, for the most part, equally present under Michigan practice.
The primary purpose of the Luce rule is to facilitate appellate review by requiring a fully developed factual record upon which to examine the trial judge’s impeachment decision, and, if erroneous, to decide whether that error was harmless. Luce was not necessarily intended to benefit the trial judge in reaching the impeachment decision in the first instance. While there may be a peripheral benefit at the trial level as the judge may change the impeachment decision after hearing a defendant’s testimony, that benefit is tangential to the fundamental purpose of providing meaningful appellate review. Thus, we reject defendant’s argument that the Michigan rule requiring the impeachment question to be decided before the accused takes the stand weakens the Luce rationale.
We also reject — for the same reasons as the Luce Court — defendant’s suggestion that a Cook statement of intention to testify and offer of proof provide a sufficient basis for appellate review. Defendant’s promise to testify would be unenforceable, Luce, supra at 41, and there is no guarantee that defendant’s trial testimony will mirror the offer of proof. Id. at 41, n 5.
Defendant’s argument that judicial discretion has been curtailed by Allen carries more weight. We agree that Allen reduced the scope of discretion on this issue, but disagree with the implicit conclusion that Allen obviates the need for a Luce rule.
Of the three categories of prior convictions, the discretionarily admitted or excluded convictions are analyzed in a similar fashion as in federal court. The judge must weigh the probative value versus the prejudicial effect and admit or exclude the conviction as a matter of discretion. Part of that decision requires the judge to determine the importance of the defendant’s testimony to the decisional process, which is largely unknowable unless the defendant testifies. With the defendant’s testimony on the record, it will be easier for the appellate court to determine what the effect on the decisional process would have been had the defendant not testified. Thus, since admission of theft convictions is similar to the federal practice, there remains the same necessity of an adequate record to provide meaningful appellate review. Accordingly, the Luce requirement is equally necessary.
Defendant argues, however, that review of decisions in which the conviction falls within one of the "bright line” categories does not require a developed factual record. As such, in the event of an incorrect decision, an accused would be severely prejudiced because, in order to appeal, the defendant must testify and face the improper impeachment.
At the outset, it should be noted that a decision regarding the category into which a prior convic tion falls is fairly straightforward, with a relatively small grey area of doubt. Therefore, we do-not anticipate a large number of incorrect decisions on this question. It would seem that defendant’s fears may be somewhat exaggerated.
However, notwithstanding the above, we reject defendant’s argument on another basis. It is true that the question whether a conviction falls within a "bright line” category does not require a defendant’s testimony in order to be properly reviewed. However, for the most part, the rationales underlying the Luce rule are applicable even where the prior conviction falls within one of the "bright line” categories. Any hardship to the defendant arising out of an incorrect decision is purely speculative in the absence of his testimony. As noted by the Luce Court, a defendant’s decision not to testify is rarely premised solely on whether prior convictions will be used for impeachment. Luce, supra at 42. Further, the prosecutor may have decided to use other means to impeach the defendant. Id. Finally, without defendant’s testimony, a reviewing court is limited in determining the harmless error question.
It should also be noted that the Federal Rules of Evidence, under which Luce was decided, contain a "bright line” component similar to one category of the revised Michigan rule. Under FRE 609(a), any conviction, be it felony or misdemeanor, shall be admitted if the crime involved dishonesty or false statement. However, despite this "bright line” component of the federal rule, the Supreme Court determined that defendant’s testimony is necessary to facilitate review. Further, a number of states with limited judicial discretion on the issue of admission of prior convictions have adopted the Luce rule. Accordingly, we disagree with defendant that the "bright line” aspects of the new Michigan rule render the Luce rule unnecessary.
Furthermore, despite the suggestions in Justice Cavanagh’s opinion, it cannot be seriously claimed that the Fifth Amendment bars adoption of Luce. Whatever one’s views of the philosophy of particular justices, in Luce, all eight justices agreed that the issue did not involve a Fifth Amendment challenge. The issue presented is what procedural steps are necessary to preserve an issue for appeal, a matter that no more levies a "court-imposed price” for the exercise of a constitutional privilege than procedural rules requiring the timely assertion of other constitutional rights.
Justice Levin’s approach purports to meet the Luce objectives while imposing on the trial court the burden of conducting a minitrial on the evidentiary issue; whether or not the defendant actually intends to take the stand, it is predictable that such a hearing would always take place in order to protect the claim on appeal. Thus, Justice Levin’s reverse-Luce proposal does not meet the Supreme Court’s observation in Luce that "[because an accused’s decision whether to testify 'seldom turns on the resolution of one factor’ (citation omitted), a reviewing court cannot assume that the adverse ruling motivated a defendant’s decision not to testify,” nor will it "tend to discourage making such motions solely to 'plant’ reversible error in the event of conviction.” Id. at 42._
Nor, given the fact that a revers e-Luce hearing will predictably be held in every case can it be said that the revers e-Luce hearing is more efficient than Luce. If the revers e-Luce hearing is held and the judge decides to permit impeachment, the process must then be repeated in front of the jury. If, at the reverse-Luce hearing, the judge determines that impeachment will not be allowed, the process (save impeachment by convictions) will be repeated. If the reverse-Luce hearing is held and the defendant breaches his commitment to testify, the hearing testimony will be repeated for the jury. It is only in the rare situation in which the court, at the reverse-Luce hearing, determines that the defendant cannot be impeached and thereafter revises its decision after the defendant has testified in the jury’s presence and a mistrial has been declared that a reverse-Luce hearing could be said to be more efficient; an efficiency that pales in significance when measured against the virtual certainty of a revers e-Luce hearing in every case.
In sum, we are persuaded that the need and rationale for the Luce rule are applicable in Michigan. We hold that a defendant must testify in order to preserve for review the issue of improper impeachment by prior convictions.
n
The second issue to be decided is whether to apply today’s decision retroactively. The federal courts have split on the question whether to apply Luce retroactively. In United States v Givens, 767 F2d 574 (CA 9, 1985), the Ninth Circuit held that Luce would not be applied retroactively. In determining whether to give retroactive effect to a decision, the federal courts consider: 1) whether the decision establishes a new principle of law, 2) whether retroactive application will promote or retard the purposes of the rule, and 3) whether applying the new decision will produce substantial inequitable results. Chevron Oil Co v Huson, 404 US 97, 106-107; 92 S Ct 349; 30 L Ed 2d 296 (1971). According to the Givens court:
Luce established] a new principle of law which would, if applied retroactively, wreak a substantial inequity by precluding [the defendant] from challenging the admissibility of proof of his prior convictions. Although application of the Luce principle to the present case arguably would further the purpose of the rule by providing the trial court with concrete testimony on which to base its ruling . . ., the first and third factors militate so strongly against retroactive application that they outweigh the second factor. [Givens, supra at 578.]
The Givens Court recognized the inequity of applying Luce retroactively in a case where the defendant had relied on the law extant at the time of his trial by expressing his intention to testify if his motion in limine was granted and by stating the nature of his expected testimony. Since the defendant had done everything required at the time of his trial to preserve the issue, the court determined that, as a matter of fairness, Luce would not be applied to bar review. _
Conversely, in United States v Dunbar, 767 F2d 72 (CA 3, 1985), the Third Circuit determined that Luce would be applied retroactively. Applying the Chevron factors, the court determined that Luce did not establish a new procedure by which to preserve the issue because other circuits had already adopted the requirement at the time of the defendant’s trial. Id. at 74. See, e.g., United States v Luce, 713 F2d 1236 (CA 6, 1983). Thus, the defendant could not be said to have been surprised by the Luce decision. The court also determined that the purpose of the Luce rule — to reduce speculative appellate review — would be advanced by applying the rule in that case. Finally, the court determined that applying Luce retroactively resulted in no hardship to the defendant "since he had the opportunity to testify and could not have been relying on any existing law to the effect that he would be permitted to appeal.” Dunbar, supra at 75. At trial, the defendant did not testify, nor did he state his intention to testify in the event that he was successful in excluding his prior record.
We discussed the retroactive application of Luce in Allen, supra at 638:
This Court has held that three factors must be considered in determining whether a judicially created rule of law should be applied retroactively.
[1] the purpose of the new rule,
[2] the general reliance on the old rule, and
[3] the effect on the administration of justice.
[People v Nixon, 421 Mich 79, 85; 364 NW2d 593 (1984).]
I believe that the defendants’ reliance on the old rule outweighs other considerations favoring retroactive application. The defendants have done everything necessary to preserve the issue under the old rule. Adoption of the Luce rule was not even reasonably foreseeable at the time of their trials. Under these circumstances, I believe it would be unduly harsh to apply the Luce rule to these defendants. Therefore, I would apply the rule only prospectively, i.e., to trials beginning after this decision is final. [Riley, C.J., dissenting.]
In this case, defendant did not do all that was required to preserve the issue. Recently, the Court of Appeals expressly held that absent a statement of intention to testify in the event that prior convictions are excluded, and an outline of the nature of the expected testimony, a defendant waives appellate review of the issue. People v Richard Johnson, 167 Mich App 637; 423 NW2d 300 (1988). While Richard Johnson was decided approximately three years after defendant’s trial in this case, the Court relied upon cases which had been decided well before defendant’s trial. See People v Casey, 120 Mich App 690; 327 NW2d 337 (1982), and People v Ferrari, 131 Mich App 621; 345 NW2d 645 (1983). Furthermore, in People v Jones, 98 Mich App 421; 296 NW2d 268 (1980), decided approximately five years before defendant’s trial, the Court cited the Cook procedure with approval. In People v Thomas Johnson, 133 Mich App 150; 348 NW2d 716 (1984), the Court declined to review the impeachment issue where the defendant did not outline the nature of his expected testimony. In addition, the Thomas Johnson Court cited Casey, supra, and People v Wilson, 107 Mich App 470; 309 NW2d 584 (1981), which both discussed the Cook requirement approvingly.
In People v Wakeford, 418 Mich 95; 341 NW2d 68 (1983), this Court, in dicta, noted the Cook procedure, and, while declining to require an offer of proof, stated that such a procedure "has much to commend it.” Id. at 117. In the absence of a proffer from the defendant, the Court declined to speculate on the effect the defendant’s decision not to testify had on the decisional process.
Thus, in light of the decisions in the Court of Appeals and this Court, it cannot be argued that defendant was relying on prior law in preserving the issue. This factor distinguishes the instant case from Allen in which the defendants had done everything necessary at the time to preserve the issue. Therefore, application of Luce retroactively in this case will not result in the undue harshness which would have resulted from retroactive application in Allen.
We hold that the Luce rule will apply in any case tried after the release date of this opinion. We further hold that, in cases now pending on appeal, review of the impeachment issue is preserved: 1) if the defendant had in fact testified at trial, or 2) if the defendant had expressed his intention to testify in the event his prior record was excluded and had stated the nature of his expected testimony. In the instant case, defendant did not testify, nor did he express his intention to testify or outline the nature of his proposed testi mony. Thus, defendant has waived review of the issue.
CONCLUSION
We find that the rationales underlying the Luce rule are equally applicable to Michigan practice, and hold that to preserve the issue of improper impeachment by prior convictions, the accused must testify at trial. The rule adopted today will apply in any case tried after the date of this opinion. Furthermore, in cases now pending on appeal, review of the impeachment issue is preserved: 1) if the defendant had in fact testified at trial, or 2) if the defendant had expressed his intention to testify in the event his prior record was excluded and had stated the nature of his expected testimony. In the instant case, defendant did not testify, nor did he express his intention to testify or outline the nature of his proposed testimony. Thus, defendant has waived review of the issue. We affirm the decision of the the Court of Appeals.
Boyle and Griffin, JJ., concurred with Riley, C.J.
FRE 609(a) provides:
(a) General Rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from the witness or established by public record during cross-examination but only if the crime (1) was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was convicted, and the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the defendant, or (2) involved dishonesty or false statement, regardless of the punishment.
See the cases cited in Allen, supra at 637, n 14. See also People v Whitehead, 116 Ill 2d 425; 508 NE2d 687 (1987); Reed v Commonwealth, 366 SE2d 274 (Va App, 1988); but see State v Whitehead, 104 NJ 353; 517 A2d 373 (1986) (reversing one of the cases cited in Allen, supra at 637, n 14).
At the time of trial in this case, MRE 609 provided in pertinent part:
General rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that he has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from him or established by public record during cross-examination but only if
(1) the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which he was convicted, or the crime involved theft, dishonesty or false statement, regardless of the punishment, and
(2) the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence on the issue of credibility outweighs its prejudicial effect and articulates on the record the factors considered in making the determination.
The relevant sections of MRE 609 now provide:
(a) General rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime shall not be admitted unless the evidence has been elicited from the witness or established by public record during cross-examination, and
(1) the crime contained an element of dishonesty or false statement, or
(2) the crime contained an element of theft, and
(A) the crime was punishable by imprisonment in excess of one year or death under the law under which the witness was convicted, and
(B) the court determines that the evidence has significant probative value on the issue of credibility and, if the witness is the defendant in a criminal trial, the court further determines that the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect.
(b) Determining probative value and prejudicial effect. For purposes of the probative value determination required by subrule (a)(2)(B), the court shall consider only the age of the conviction and the degree to which a conviction of the crime is indicative of veracity. If a determination of prejudicial effect is required, the court shall consider only the conviction’s similarity to the charged offense and the possible effects on the decisional process if admitting the evidence causes the defendant to elect not to testify. The court must articulate, on the record, the analysis of each factor. [429 Mich cv-cvi (1988).]
The Allen Court held that the "bright line” aspect of its decision would have only prospective application, taking effect March 1, 1988. Id. at 609. The clarified balancing test was to have limited retroactive application. Id.
The defendant is entitled under Allen to have the "effect on the decisional process if [he] does not testify” considered as a factor of prejudice in balancing whether or not to admit evidence of his prior convictions. 429 Mich 602. The instant decision will require the defendant to testify in order to obtain review of the impeachment question. The fact that a defendant did in fact testify should not be regarded as nullifying in the "effect on the decisional process” factor.
See n 1 for text of FRE 609(a).
Compare the jurisdictions surveyed in Allen, supra at 597-599, ns 19-27, with those cited at 637, n 14 (Riley, C.J., dissenting) and n 2 of this opinion.
Indeed, data in Kalven & Zeisel, The American Jury (Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1923), establish that nine percent of defendants elect not to testify even though they have no record or their record has been suppressed.
The Givens court distinguished United States v DiMatteo, 716 F2d 1361 (CA 11, 1983), on this basis, stating that the defendant in DiMatteo did not rely on the law in effect at the time of his trial in attempting to preserve the issue for review. Givens, supra at 578.
In DiMatteo, the court reversed the defendant’s conviction on the basis of an erroneous decision regarding the impeachment of one of defendant’s witnesses under FRE 608(b). The defendant did not call that witness at trial. The United States Supreme Court vacated the original DiMatteo decision and remanded for reconsideration in light of Luce.
The Givens decision was released on July 29, 1985. It appears that the Givens court was unaware that the decision in DiMatteo (On Remand), 759 F2d 831 (CA 11, 1985), was released May 6, 1985, in that the Givens court makes no reference to the later DiMatteo opinion. Givens cites only the original DiMatteo decision and remand order from the United States Supreme Court. On remand, the DiMatteo court determined that the Luce rule applies to review of decisions under FRE 608(b) as well as FRE 609(a).
Compare the above cases with People v Prey, 168 Mich App 310; 424 NW2d 43 (1988), in which the Court declined to apply the Luce rule in the absence of a definitive answer from this Court in Allen, supra. However, Frey does not indicate whether the defendant had followed the Cook procedures.
The discussion in Allen reveals that defendants Pedrin and Allen proffered to the trial court the expected nature of their testimony. See Allen, supra at 646-647 (Riley, C.J., dissenting). Defendants Gray and Brooks testified at trial. Id. at 624-625. | [
0.00146484375,
0.00665283203125,
0.0084228515625,
0.048095703125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0166015625,
0.03466796875,
0.041259765625,
-0.04541015625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.005859375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01611328125,
0.001922607421875,
-0.01708984375,
0.041015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.051513671875,
0.00714111328125,
0.004119873046875,
0.005859375,
0.051025390625,
0.01171875,
-0.003662109375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.052001953125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0067138671875,
0.02392578125,
0.010986328125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.03125,
0.0048828125,
0.019775390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.029296875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.01953125,
0.000621795654296875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.007476806640625,
0.0203857421875,
0.01043701171875,
0.00653076171875,
0.0000457763671875,
-0.06396484375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.017822265625,
0.006011962890625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.02880859375,
0.000110626220703125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0072021484375,
0.03662109375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.02978515625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.02490234375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.03955078125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.006866455078125,
0.052001953125,
0.00213623046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.030517578125,
-0.033203125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.078125,
-0.033203125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.08349609375,
-0.02294921875,
0.07958984375,
0.00518798828125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0157470703125,
0.013427734375,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.000263214111328125,
0.02294921875,
0.032958984375,
0.03564453125,
0.004852294921875,
0.0146484375,
0.00787353515625,
0.04296875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0224609375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.006988525390625,
0.0556640625,
0.0625,
0.047607421875,
-0.008544921875,
0.055908203125,
0.0068359375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.08447265625,
0.05224609375,
0.05322265625,
0.0186767578125,
0.021484375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.020263671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.011962890625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.035888671875,
0.02294921875,
0.00020313262939453125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.03955078125,
0.01123046875,
0.034912109375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.023681640625,
0.038330078125,
0.0400390625,
0.0252685546875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0205078125,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0302734375,
-0.009521484375,
0.00665283203125,
0.035888671875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.022216796875,
0.03173828125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0074462890625,
0.00531005859375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.05322265625,
0.036376953125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.06103515625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.015380859375,
0.016357421875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.020263671875,
0.059326171875,
0.041015625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.028564453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.01141357421875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.026123046875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.034423828125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01220703125,
0.0150146484375,
0.087890625,
0.01953125,
0.0162353515625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.013427734375,
0.0185546875,
0.0439453125,
-0.017578125,
0.020263671875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.025146484375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.004638671875,
0.04248046875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.01611328125,
0.05126953125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.018310546875,
0.00146484375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.032958984375,
0.000347137451171875,
-0.07275390625,
0.0654296875,
0.052978515625,
0.01123046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.07666015625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00537109375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.03173828125,
0.00738525390625,
0.0322265625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0087890625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.01953125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.018310546875,
0.0057373046875,
0.043212890625,
0.02587890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0458984375,
0.0703125,
0.00927734375,
0.0234375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.07421875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.0166015625,
-0.08056640625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.08203125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00018978118896484375,
0.017822265625,
0.0196533203125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00274658203125,
0.0439453125,
0.04931640625,
-0.1064453125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0111083984375,
0.047119140625,
0.015869140625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0078125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.034423828125,
0.00439453125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.042236328125,
-0.021484375,
-0.038818359375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0283203125,
-0.00005626678466796875,
0.033203125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0400390625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.003509521484375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.002838134765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0185546875,
0.037841796875,
0.046875,
0.046875,
0.026611328125,
0.00799560546875,
0.038330078125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.017578125,
-0.04638671875,
0.054443359375,
0.00555419921875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01318359375,
0.004852294921875,
0.01104736328125,
0.0361328125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.03125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.034423828125,
0.034423828125,
0.06201171875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01806640625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.039794921875,
-0.06689453125,
0.048828125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.07568359375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.00836181640625,
0.05615234375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0172119140625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00689697265625,
0.0302734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.024658203125,
0.047607421875,
-0.052734375,
-0.004638671875,
0.0458984375,
0.064453125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.020751953125,
0.051025390625,
-0.041015625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0115966796875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0037841796875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.04150390625,
0.0078125,
0.0031585693359375,
0.03125,
-0.000911712646484375,
0.041015625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0076904296875,
0.004058837890625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.024169921875,
0.023681640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0101318359375,
0.0211181640625,
0.024658203125,
-0.000782012939453125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0517578125,
0.01318359375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.03515625,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.00439453125,
0.03466796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0751953125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01904296875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.04931640625,
0.016357421875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.026611328125,
0.040771484375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.04052734375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0380859375,
0.05908203125,
0.01171875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0001316070556640625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.00064849853515625,
-0.046875,
0.03515625,
0.0302734375,
0.0252685546875,
0.027099609375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0693359375,
0.0673828125,
-0.031494140625,
0.01165771484375,
0.017333984375,
-0.000308990478515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.005584716796875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.03466796875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0810546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0400390625,
0.046630859375,
0.0546875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.022216796875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.00002956390380859375,
0.0234375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.06640625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01385498046875,
0.038330078125,
0.0654296875,
0.03271484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03662109375,
0.02587890625,
0.033203125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01953125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0546875,
0.020751953125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.04638671875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.000537872314453125,
0.03466796875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0260009765625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.01806640625,
0.017578125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.06005859375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00927734375,
0.038330078125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.05029296875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00927734375,
0.00335693359375,
-0.040283203125,
0.030029296875,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.09130859375,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.019287109375,
0.01708984375,
0.038330078125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.00665283203125,
0.044677734375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.03759765625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0220947265625,
0.006103515625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.04248046875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0244140625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.06640625,
-0.0810546875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.00665283203125,
0.031494140625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0010833740234375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0002613067626953125,
0.006683349609375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0048828125,
0.031005859375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.03515625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.03125,
0.00506591796875,
0.015869140625,
0.002685546875,
0.0101318359375,
0.00055694580078125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0302734375,
0.0498046875,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0250244140625,
0.014404296875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.0289306640625,
0.054443359375,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0079345703125,
0.06298828125,
0.049560546875,
-0.01953125,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0546875,
-0.0224609375,
0.03125,
0.05126953125,
0.017822265625,
0.00653076171875,
0.03466796875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0771484375,
0.0576171875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0673828125,
0.030517578125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0001811981201171875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0244140625,
0.05322265625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.04638671875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.042236328125,
0.004547119140625,
0.032958984375,
0.0224609375,
0.01116943359375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.046875,
0.04296875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0498046875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.056884765625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.005096435546875,
-0.001708984375,
0.041259765625,
0.03857421875,
0.037841796875,
0.01251220703125,
0.06005859375,
0.030517578125,
0.01220703125,
0.045654296875,
-0.000576019287109375,
0.006866455078125,
0.030029296875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.020263671875,
0.01483154296875,
0.01611328125,
0.00885009765625,
0.02734375,
-0.044189453125,
0.01409912109375,
0.00732421875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0084228515625,
0.037109375,
0.02880859375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.001953125,
0.083984375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.02490234375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.002716064453125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.014404296875,
0.04150390625,
0.007415771484375,
0.0005950927734375,
0.03076171875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.0013427734375,
0.0072021484375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.056884765625,
-0.015625,
0.0086669921875,
0.026123046875,
0.0174560546875,
0.00897216796875,
0.052978515625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.03759765625,
0.01348876953125,
0.004058837890625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.02294921875,
0.00482177734375,
0.046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.034423828125,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.041259765625,
0.00506591796875,
0.020263671875,
0.0103759765625,
0.00262451171875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.04296875,
0.000095367431640625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0172119140625,
0.028564453125,
0.013427734375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.027587890625,
0.03759765625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0252685546875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.010986328125,
0.031005859375,
0.0185546875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.006500244140625,
-0.06103515625,
0.0322265625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.03515625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.000331878662109375,
0.041748046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.024658203125,
0.021240234375,
-0.01708984375,
0.01171875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.03125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.01116943359375,
0.04248046875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0037841796875,
0.0000705718994140625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.06591796875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0634765625,
0.25390625,
0.01470947265625,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.020263671875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.042724609375,
-0.02880859375,
0.0225830078125,
0.009521484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.052734375,
0.04736328125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0003814697265625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.041748046875,
0.01611328125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.048828125,
-0.05712890625,
0.0260009765625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.020751953125,
0.05322265625,
0.01129150390625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.028076171875,
0.05322265625,
0.06884765625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.038818359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.033203125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0302734375,
0.00640869140625,
0.0234375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01177978515625,
0.0390625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0012664794921875,
0.0169677734375,
0.072265625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.019287109375,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.07373046875,
0.01513671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0498046875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0081787109375,
0.001708984375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.00360107421875,
-0.024169921875,
0.000013768672943115234,
0.01019287109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.035400390625,
0.010986328125,
0.01397705078125,
0.0216064453125
] |
Archer, J.
We granted leave to appeal to decide whether the threshold requirements of MCL 500.3135(1); MSA 24.13135(1) apply when a motorist seeks benefits for noneconomic loss under the uninsured motorist provision of his no-fault policy. As a preliminary issue, we must determine the scope of tort liability of any uninsured motorist for noneconomic damages arising from an automobile collision.
We hold that uninsured motorists are subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement. MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135. On the basis of the insurance agreement between the parties at bar, we hold that the insured party is not entitled to damages for noneconomic loss unless his injuries meet the threshold set forth in § 3135. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
i
On April 9, 1981, the vehicle of defendant-appellee Gregory J. Hill was struck from the rear by an uninsured motorist. Mr. Hill filed a claim with his automobile insurance provider, plaintiff-appellant Auto Club Insurance Association (acia), for damages for noneconomic loss suffered as a result of the collision. This claim was pursuant to the fol lowing provision of his no-fault insurance contract with acia:
Uninsured Motorists Coverage.
We will pay damages for bodily injury which an insured person is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle. Bodily injury must be caused by accident and arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of the uninsured motor vehicle.
Mr. Hill’s claim was denied. Pursuant to a clause in the insurance policy, the dispute was submitted for arbitration. The arbitration panel awarded defendant $11,000, inclusive of damages for noneconomic loss.
The acia petitioned the Circuit Court of the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit to vacate the award of the arbitration panel. The petition asserted that the defendant had not alleged that he sustained injuries that met the threshold requirements as set forth in § 3135 for receipt of damages for noneconomic loss. Defendant Hill responded with a petition to affirm the award. The latter petition was granted.
Plaintiff sought relief in the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals affirmed the finding of the circuit court. Plaintiff-appellant’s subsequent motion for rehearing was denied.
The acia now seeks relief in this Court. We granted leave to appeal limited to the issue whether the threshold requirements of MCL 500.3135(1); MSA 24.13135(1) apply when an insured motorist seeks benefits for noneconomic loss under the uninsured motorist provision of a no-fault policy. _
II
In order to give proper effect to §3135, this Court must enforce the clear and unambiguous language of the statute as drafted by the Legislature. In Browder v Int’l Fidelity Ins Co, 413 Mich 603, 611; 321 NW2d 668 (1982), this Court stated:
A basic rule of statutory construction is that where the Legislature uses certain and unambiguous language, the plain meaning of the statute must be followed. [Citations omitted.]
This Court may not impose its view of the best means to achieve a legislative purpose. In construing a statute, this Court must discern the intent of the Legislature in enacting the relevant provision. In doing so, we must first look to the language of the statute itself. Thornton v Allstate Ins Co, 425 Mich 643; 391 NW2d 320 (1986). After considering the language and general scope of the act, we may determine legislative intent in light of the purpose it seeks to accomplish or the evil it seeks to remedy. Longstreth v Gensel, 423 Mich 675; 377 NW2d 804 (1985).
A
Section 3135(1) of the no-fault act provides:
A person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss . . . only if the injured person has suffered . . . serious impairment of body function .... [MCL 500.3135(1); MSA 24.13135(1).]
This section unambiguously governs liability for noneconomic loss, as distinguished from damages for economic loss which the no-fault insurer is liable to pay under §§ 3107 to 3110 of the act. Bradley v Mid-Century Ins Co, 409 Mich 1, 62; 294 NW2d 141 (1980). The section also clearly specifies to whom its terms apply. The Legislature did not qualify the term “person” with any distinction between persons insured and those who are uninsured.
In contrast, § 3135(2) governs general tort liability. It applies only where the required no-fault coverage is in effect: "[T]ort liability arising from the ownership, maintenance or use [of a properly insured vehicle] is abolished” except under certain specific enumerated circumstances, including damages for noneconomic loss "as provided and limited in subsection (1).” MCL 500.3135(2)(b); MSA 24.13135(2)(b).
Defendant-appellee Hill contends that the exception to the abolition of tort liability in § 3135(2)(b) circumscribes the scope of tort immunity granted in § 3135(1). He argues that the reference to § 3135(1) in § 3135(2)(b) imposes a requirement of no-fault insurance for immunity from tort liability for below threshold noneconomic loss. We find no basis for adopting such a strained construction of the tort immunity granted in § 3135(1).
B
There is no qualification in the language of § 3135(1) referring to § 3135(2). Although the same general subject, i.e., tort liability, is treated in both subsections, they apply to two distinct types of liability. Subsection (1) governs immunity from tort liability for noneconomic loss. Subsection (2) abolishes general tort liability with several enumerated exceptions.
The reference in § 3135(2)(b) to § 3135(1) does not change the meaning of § 3135(1) itself. That reference limits the subsection 2(b) exception from the abolition of tort liability for noneconomic loss to above-the-threshold noneconomic loss. Thus, the reference to § 3135(1) merely obviates the need to enumerate the circumstances under which tort liability for noneconomic loss is excepted from the general abolition of tort liability contained in § 3135(2). In other words, if not for the reference to § 3135(1) in § 3135(2)(b), the latter subsection would read: "damages for noneconomic loss, if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement.”
If the Legislature had intended to qualify the tort immunity granted in § 3135(1) by requiring proper no-fault insurance, it could have expressly done so as it did with respect to the tort immunity granted in § 3135(2). __
C
Our construction of § 3135 is consistent with the policies and legislative purpose underpinning its promulgation.
The basic goal of the personal injury provisions of the no-fault insurance act is to provide individuals injured in motor vehicle accidents assured, adequate and prompt reparation for certain economic losses. Babbitt v Employers Ins of Wausau, 136 Mich App 198; 355 NW2d 635 (1984). This Court has held, however, that the Legislature’s purpose in establishing the alternative criteria of death, permanent serious disfigurement or serious impairment of body function as prerequisites for collection of noneconomic damages, "was simply to weed out from the tort system claims for injuries less severe than the criteria.” Byer v Smith, 419 Mich 541, 546; 357 NW2d 644 (1984). The Legislature intended to bar “any recovery whatsoever for noneconomic loss unless the injury is serious and [to relieve] the courts of the burden of litigation where the injury is not serious.” Id. at 545.
m
In addition to its consistency with this Court’s interpretation of legislative policy, we find direct support in case law for our construction of § 3135.
In Bradley v Mid-Century Ins Co, supra, the Court resolved a series of companion cases involving certain contractual limitations in uninsured motorist endorsements of automobile insurance policies. In parts ii and in of the Bradley opinion, the Court discussed the relationship between uninsured motorist coverage and first-party benefits under the no-fault act.
A
In part n of Bradley, the Court discussed and decided whether uninsured motorist coverage under more than one policy could be stacked to provide recovery for damages sustained in an accident which occurred after the enactment of the no-fault act and the simultaneous repeal of the uninsured motorist amendment of the Insurance Code, MCL 500.3010; MSA 24.13010. Bradley, supra at 46-60. The plaintiff in part ii, Gary Davidson, argued that "antistacking provisions” contained in his automobile insurance policy were violative of public policy. The Court held that the clauses at issue were enforceable. Id. at 54.
In discussing the purposes and policy involved in promulgation by the Legislature of the no-fault insurance act, the Court made several observations relevant to resolution of the issue at bar. The Court analyzed the purpose of uninsured motorist coverage before and after the passage of the no-fault act. Prior to promulgation of the act, uninsured motorist coverage was designed to protect the integrity of the Motor Vehicle Accident Claims Fund. Id. at 52. Under the no-fault system, however, uninsured motorist coverage is a substitute for residual liability insurance. The Court stated:
[U]ninsured motorist coverage . . . provides some compensation in cases where the victim has suffered severe (above-the-threshold) injuries and there is no residual liability coverage to provide compensation for pain and suffering and excess economic loss.
We are persuaded that the Legislature repealed the uninsured motorist amendment not because it assumed there would be no uninsured motorists, but because after the passage of no-fault a person injured by an uninsured motorist had a source of recovery for all damages except pain and suffering and excess economic loss.
True, no-fault benefits may be insufficient to fully compensate one injured by a negligent uninsured motorist. But no accident victim is permitted, under the no-fault act, to recover for below threshold pain and suffering .... [Id. at 52-54.]
Thus, in part ii of Bradley, this Court distinguished between loss compensable by the basic no-fault benefits, i.e., economic loss, and damages for pain and suffering and excess economic loss, compensable in cases of "severe (above-the-threshold) injuries.”
B
In part m of its opinion, the Bradley Court addressed the question whether an insurer could offset first-party benefits paid under the no-fault act from the policy limits of uninsured motorist protection without regard to the total damages that would be payable by the uninsured motorist or the nature of those damages, i.e., economic or noneconomic. This Court reiterated its view that uninsured motorist coverage under the no-fault act is a substitute for residual liability insurance:
Under the no-fault motor vehicle liability act an insured may collect from his insurer for work loss and medical expenses without regard to fault. He may sue the negligent tortfeasor for excess economic loss and, if the threshold of injury is met, for noneconomic loss. The statute requires that motorists carry residual liability insurance in addition to no-fault insurance to provide a source of recovery to persons severely injured as a result of driver negligence. If a motorist is uninsured he may be sued for all economic loss as well as above-threshold non-economic loss.
A purpose of the no-fault act is to provide a contractual right of action against one’s own insurer for wage loss and medical expenses arising from a motor vehicle accident. A tort action for non-economic and excess economic loss was preserved in cases of severe loss. The Legislature has thus divided an injured person’s loss into two categories — loss for which the no-fault insurer is liable and loss for which the tortfeasor is liable. No-fault insurance provides security for the first type; uninsured motorist coverage, which presupposes that the insured is entitled to recovery under the tort system, provides security for the second type — it is offered to protect against being left with a worthless claim against an uninsured motorist. [id. at 61-62. Emphasis added.]
Because of this distinction between economic losses compensable under basic no-fault coverage and those losses compensable pursuant to an uninsured motorist endorsement, the Court held that the set-off clause could not be enforced in the manner that the insurer sought:
In providing insurance against the uninsured motorist, the insurer promises the insured that his right of action for greater than threshold injuries will not be worthless if the tortfeasor turns out to be uninsured.
If the tortfeasor is insured or otherwise collectible, the insurer paying no-fault benefits has a statutory right to reimbursement for benefits theretofore paid by it only out of a recovery for those economic losses. So, too, if the insurer contracts to make good for an uninsured motorist— coverage complementary and supplementary to the basic no-fault policy and standing in the place of third-party residual liability insurance — the insurer and the insured should have corresponding rights relative to amounts recoverable under an uninsured motorist endorsement; the insurer should be permitted a set-off only to the extent a recovery duplicates benefits it has already paid.
The insured is entitled to payment under the "all sums recoverable” language of the uninsured motorist endorsement for all economic and above the threshold non-economic loss for which an uninsured motorist would be liable. [Id. at 63-64. Emphasis added.]
Because the set-off clause failed to note the distinction between types of damages, the Court found the clause to be either defectively ambiguous or inconsistent with the reasonable expectations of the insured. Id. at 60-61.
Defendant-appellee argues that the Bradley Court’s description of the nature and scope of uninsured motorist coverage is mere dicta. We disagree. This Court’s conclusion that the set-off clause was unenforceable was squarely on the basis of the differences between first-party no-fault benefits and compensation for noneconomic losses pursuant to uninsured motorist coverage. We found that the insurer’s interpretation of the policy would nullify the effect of uninsured motorist coverage in precisely those situations in which it was intended to apply:
Unless voluntarily purchased uninsured motorist coverage provides meaningful protection for severe, above-threshold, injuries without regard to what the insurer is required to pay under the mandatory no-fault coverage, it serves no apparent purpose in the context of a no-fault statute mandating the payment of benefits. If the set-off were enforced in the manner the insurers seek, no-fault benefits paid would reduce uninsured motorist coverage dollar for dollar. As soon as the insurer has paid out $20,000 in no-fault benefits, there would be no recovery whatsoever under the uninsured motorist endorsement. [Id. at 64.]
We find this Court’s interpretation of the nature and scope of uninsured motorist coverage in Bradley to be consistent with our interpretation of the extent of immunity from tort liability granted in § 3135(1) of the no-fault act.
c
Defendant-appellee asserts that in Citizens Ins Co v Tuttle, 411 Mich 536; 309 NW2d 174 (1981), the Court defined the scope of tort liability for noneconomic damages to include compensation for below-threshold injuries. In that case, Mr. Tuttle’s cow, which was running loose on the highway, was involved in a collision with a tractor and trailer. Citizens Insurance Company brought an action in tort against Donald Tuttle to recover the cost of repairs paid to its insured for damages resulting from the collision. This Court was faced with the question whether tort liability arising out of conduct other than the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle was abolished by the no-fault act. We held that the tort liability abolished by the no-fault act is only such liability as arises out of the tortfeasor’s ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle. This does not include tort liability which arises out of other conduct, such as the negligent keeping of cattle. Id. at 546-547.
Defendant-appellee supports his argument on the basis of the following language in Tuttle:
Moreover, subsection (2) abolishes tort liability arising from the ownership, maintenance or use only of vehicles for which the required no-fault insurance or other security has been obtained. The policy apparently expressed in so conditioning the abolition of tort liability upon the obtaining of no-fault coverage is that a person is to be relieved of tort liability only upon participating, through the payment of premiums, in a system for spreading the costs of compensating vehicular injuries without regard to fault. To extend the abolition of tort liability to non-motorist tortfeasors would be to incorporate into the no-fault system the costs of providing personal protection insurance benefits to motorists, passengers and pedestrians injured by non-motorist tortfeasors without incorporating offsetting premiums from non-motorist tortfeasors, since non-motorist tortfeasors are not required to purchase no-fault insurance with respect to their conduct as non-motorists.
. . . The non-motorist tortfeasor is the equivalent of the uninsured motorist and should be treated similarly. Both are outside the basic no-fault system of allocating the costs of accidents and both remain subject to tort liability. [Id. at 546-547. Emphasis added.]
Defendant-appellee asserts that the uninsured motorist in this case has paid no premium and has not supported the underlying no-fault act. He argues that the acia, standing in the shoes of the uninsured motorist, is therefore outside the basic no-fault system and should remain subject to liability for damages without regard to the threshold requirements of § 3135.
We find this argument to be unpersuasive. The question before the Court in Tuttle involved the liability of a nonmotorist tortfeasor. The Court analogized the nonmotorist tortfeasor to an uninsured motorist who enjoys no tort immunity for economic damages because he has not contributed to the insurance premium pool which funds first-party economic benefits. Id. at 546-547. We find this rationale to be limited to liability for economic damages.
The analogy in Tuttle was on the basis that "[b]oth [the nonmotorist tortfeasor and the unin sured motorist] are outside the basic no-fault system of allocating the cost of accidents and both remain subject to tort liability.” Id. This basis for withholding tort immunity for economic damages does not apply to noneconomic damages because recoveries for noneconomic damages are not provided by the basic no-fault system for allocating the cost of accidents. There is no logical basis for imposing greater liability for noneconomic damages upon a person because of his failure to fund the basic no-fault system, which pays for only economic damages.
Indeed, in § 3102 of the act, the Legislature has provided penalties for those who own or operate motor vehicles without the required security. MCL 500.3102; MSA 24.13102. Also, the owner or registrant of an uninsured motor vehicle cannot collect first-party benefits if that motor vehicle is involved in an accident. MCL 500.3113(b); MSA 24.13113(b). This express provision of penalties for violation of the terms of the no-fault act indicates that the Legislature has expressed the extent to which it will punish violators. Without an express authorization for penalties in addition to those found in §§ 3102 and 3113 of the act, we decline to construe the statute in a manner that would further penalize uninsured motorist tortfeasors.
iv
The insurance agreement between the parties at bar provided that in the event of a collision with an uninsured motorist the defendant would be entitled to "damages for bodily injury which an insured person is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle.” An uninsured motorist is not liable for noneconomic loss unless the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement. Accordingly, we hold that the defendant in this case is not entitled to damages for noneconomic loss unless his injuries meet the threshold requirement.
CONCLUSION
We hold that, pursuant to MCL 500.3135(1); MSA 24.13135(1), uninsured motorists are subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement. Our review of the terms of the insurance agreement upon which the defendant’s claim was based compels us to hold that he is not entitled to compensation for his noneconomic loss unless his loss meets the threshold requirement. We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Riley, C.J., and Brickley, Boyle, and Griffin, JJ., concurred with Archer, J.
A person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused by his or her ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement.
In DiFranco v Pickard, 427 Mich 32; 398 NW2d 896 (1986), this Court established a standard for determining whether a particular injury constitutes a serious impairment of bodily function sufficient to qualify for damages for noneconomic loss. A serious impairment of body function under the no-fault act need not be an impairment of the entire body function or of an important body function. The threshold requires inquiry into what body function, if any, was impaired because of injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident, and whether the impairment was serious. The focus of the inquiry is not on the injuries, but on how the injuries affected a particular body function. The Court stated:
In determining whether the impairment was serious, several factors should be considered: the extent of the impairment, the particular body function impaired, the length of time the impairment lasted, the treatment required to correct the impairment, and any other relevant factors. An impairment need not be permanent to be serious. [Id. at 39-40.]
Auto Club Ins Ass’n v Hill, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided February 23, 1987 (Docket No. 85828). The issues considered by the Court of Appeals were essentially two-fold: (1) whether an uninsured motorist who does not contribute to the no-fault reparation system is entitled to the same tort immunity for below threshold injuries as a motorist who contributes to the no-fault reparation system, and (2) whether an arbitration decision may be vacated where a split of authority exists, precluding any substantial error of law apparent on the face of the award and where the result is legally sound.
There were two separate rationales. The per curiam opinion held that the limitations on liability contained in the no-fault act "are available only to those who have obtained the required no-fault insurance or other security.” Id. at slip op, p 4. The Court reasoned that the insurer had stepped into the shoes of the uninsured motorist, thereby losing the protections of the act’s limitations of liability. In a separate opinion, Judge Danhof concurred in the judgment on the basis of the absence of clear error in the arbitration panel’s decision. Judge Danhof stated:
[Bjecause there is a split of authority in our Court, I cannot say that the arbitrator made an error of law in following Jones v DAIIE, 124 Mich App 363; 335 NW2d 39 (1983), lv den 418 Mich 878 (1983) [holding that the threshold does not apply to uninsured motorists]. [Id. at slip op, p 5.]
In an apparent reconciliation of the two rationales for upholding the judgment of the court below, the per curiam opinion stated:
Further, in so holding, we cannot find that the arbitrators made an error of law in following Jones. [Id. at slip op, p 4.]
429 Mich 858 (1987).
The relevant portions of the no-fault act are as follows:
(1) A person remains subject to tort liabUity for noneconomic loss caused by his or her ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disñgurement.
(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, tort liability arising from the ownership, maintenance, or use within this state of a motor vehicle with respect to which the security required by section 3101(3) and (4) was in effect is abolished except as to:
(a) Intentionally caused harm to persons or property. Even though a person knows that harm to persons or property is substantially certain to be caused by his or her act or omission, the person does not cause or suffer such harm intentionally if he or she acts or refrains from acting for the purpose of averting injury to any person, including himself or herself, or for the purpose of averting damage to tangible property.
(b) Damages for noneconomic loss as provided and limited in subsection (1).
(c) Damages for allowable expenses, work loss, and survivor’s loss as defined in sections 3107 to 3110 in excess of the daily, monthly, and 3-year limitations contained in those sections. The party liable for damages is entitled to an exemption reducing his or her liability by the amount of taxes that would have been payable on account of income the injured person would have received if he or she had not been injured.
(d) Damages up to $400.00 to motor vehicles, to the extent that the damages are not covered by insurance. An action for damages pursuant to this subdivision shall be conducted in compliance with subsection (3). [MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135. Emphasis added.]
The dissent cites the Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Reparations Act as the model for the Michigan no-fault act. It is true that a different result than that reached today would be required pursuant to the provisions of the uniform act. It is also true that in drafting the Michigan no-fault act, our Legislature adopted the uniform act almost word for word. However, in a major departure, the Legislature added § 3135(1), which has no counterpart in the uniform act. In crafting this totally new provision to govern liability for noneconomic loss, the Legislature made clear its intention to create a threshold so that persons sustaining minor injuries would be compensated only for economic loss.
In dissent, Justice Cavanagh argues that use of the word "remains” in § 3Í35(1) indicates that § 3135(2) excludes uninsured motorists from the benefit of the tort immunity granted in § 3135(1). He states:
Only those — insureds—whose tort liability has been abolished under subsection (2) could have liability for noneconomic loss that "remains” under subsection (1). Persons whose tort liability has not been abolished — uninsureds—could not have liability that "remains.” [Post, p 468.]
We disagree for several reasons. First, as stated in the text, the Legislature did not qualify its use of the term "person” when it designated those who would receive the benefit of the tort immunity granted in subsection (1). Second, the Legislature clearly stated that such a " 'person’ remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss . . . only if the injured person [meets the threshold].” Third, Justice Cavanagh adopts an overly restrictive meaning of the term "remains.” It is doubtful that the Legislature would use such a circuitous means of distinguishing between insured and uninsured motorists in subsection (1) when it could have easily and more clearly made this distinction by using a term or phrase other than "person,” which is the broadest legal term of art possible for reference to those legal entities subject to damage suits for noneconomic loss caused by ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle. Fourth, subsection (1) precedes subsection (2) and is separate from the enumerated exceptions to the abolition of tort liability found in the latter provision. This indicates that subsection (1) is independent of subsection (2) .
As required by MCL 500.3101(3), (4); MSA 24.13101(3), (4).
See n 8.
The dissent also cites Citizens Ins Co v Tuttle, albeit without explanation. Post, p 470. No attempt is made in the dissent to respond to the distinctions we find between this case and the circumstances in Tuttle.
Mr. Hill did not argue, in this Court or in the courts below, that his insurance agreement with the acia was defectively ambiguous for failing to explicitly exclude liability for damages for noneconomic loss unless the injury sustained were above the threshold requirements of § 3135. | [
-0.0179443359375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.036865234375,
0.005523681640625,
0.07177734375,
0.0301513671875,
0.004791259765625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.047607421875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.052734375,
0.00927734375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.03173828125,
0.034423828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0400390625,
0.06884765625,
-0.025390625,
-0.02294921875,
0.01708984375,
-0.021484375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.004058837890625,
0.018798828125,
0.002838134765625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01611328125,
0.011962890625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.04833984375,
0.03759765625,
-0.019287109375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.0084228515625,
0.01434326171875,
0.03857421875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.01409912109375,
0.033447265625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.005279541015625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0078125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.016357421875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.01123046875,
0.0252685546875,
0.016357421875,
0.003173828125,
0.06982421875,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.07177734375,
0.0013427734375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.00124359130859375,
-0.0498046875,
0.03076171875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0208740234375,
0.04541015625,
0.028076171875,
-0.034912109375,
0.003662109375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.0054931640625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0693359375,
-0.031005859375,
0.02978515625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.016845703125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.00634765625,
0.0281982421875,
0.06787109375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00390625,
0.048828125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.00262451171875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0087890625,
0.00970458984375,
0.009521484375,
-0.002655029296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.023681640625,
0.0301513671875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.04736328125,
0.03076171875,
0.05517578125,
0.01025390625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.05224609375,
0.020751953125,
0.003936767578125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.015625,
0.03515625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.04248046875,
0.046142578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.034912109375,
0.017822265625,
0.0859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00848388671875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.046630859375,
0.020263671875,
0.033935546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.009765625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.058837890625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.006744384765625,
0.00830078125,
0.004241943359375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0419921875,
0.001800537109375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00213623046875,
0.028076171875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.009765625,
0.050537109375,
0.0078125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.07421875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.036865234375,
0.00732421875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.01611328125,
0.06982421875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.004638671875,
0.0042724609375,
0.031005859375,
0.033203125,
0.05078125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0390625,
0.003997802734375,
0.038818359375,
0.0223388671875,
0.00531005859375,
0.024658203125,
0.0024871826171875,
0.0517578125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0250244140625,
0.009033203125,
-0.003082275390625,
0.01611328125,
0.05712890625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0135498046875,
0.04541015625,
-0.005615234375,
0.00653076171875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.008544921875,
-0.000484466552734375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.06982421875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.015380859375,
0.043212890625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.021484375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.060791015625,
0.0234375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.018798828125,
0.00421142578125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.03125,
0.003082275390625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0341796875,
0.025390625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0002841949462890625,
-0.029296875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.00160980224609375,
0.01007080078125,
0.046142578125,
0.02001953125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.017578125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.04638671875,
-0.06640625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.01416015625,
0.00537109375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.017578125,
0.008544921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00079345703125,
0.02392578125,
0.0751953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.021728515625,
0.01019287109375,
0.0040283203125,
0.02099609375,
0.0390625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.033935546875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.056884765625,
0.0028076171875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0303955078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0537109375,
0.031005859375,
0.00323486328125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00927734375,
0.0064697265625,
0.00628662109375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.06982421875,
0.021728515625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.01171875,
-0.049560546875,
0.007476806640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.033447265625,
0.01953125,
0.025390625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.02294921875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.060546875,
0.031982421875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0189208984375,
0.033447265625,
0.037841796875,
0.038818359375,
0.03076171875,
0.01318359375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.029296875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0074462890625,
0.025390625,
0.0130615234375,
0.0206298828125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.033203125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00048828125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0634765625,
0.03662109375,
0.0079345703125,
0.025634765625,
0.0211181640625,
0.031982421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.010009765625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.011474609375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.00115966796875,
-0.03564453125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0004425048828125,
0.047119140625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.050048828125,
0.004913330078125,
0.0091552734375,
0.01025390625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.025390625,
-0.06298828125,
0.08154296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0625,
0.005706787109375,
0.017578125,
-0.078125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.035888671875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0576171875,
-0.064453125,
0.00848388671875,
0.05078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0322265625,
0.048583984375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.041015625,
0.03759765625,
-0.03125,
0.051025390625,
-0.000213623046875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.007080078125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.0145263671875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.023681640625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0478515625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.005615234375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0206298828125,
0.010986328125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.07763671875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0302734375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.023681640625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.0283203125,
0.0220947265625,
0.008056640625,
0.031982421875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0004253387451171875,
0.00537109375,
-0.06591796875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.023681640625,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.007598876953125,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.045654296875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.046142578125,
0.006103515625,
0.03955078125,
0.0517578125,
0.022216796875,
0.0003452301025390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.03564453125,
0.014404296875,
0.0556640625,
0.00020599365234375,
0.05712890625,
-0.004638671875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.022705078125,
0.06689453125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.03662109375,
0.024169921875,
0.032958984375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.078125,
0.041748046875,
0.00213623046875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.012939453125,
0.08056640625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.022705078125,
0.034912109375,
0.0289306640625,
0.00156402587890625,
0.0150146484375,
0.00830078125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0537109375,
0.042236328125,
0.0216064453125,
0.01080322265625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01953125,
0.05078125,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.026611328125,
0.055908203125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03466796875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0400390625,
0.000400543212890625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0556640625,
0.000370025634765625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.058837890625,
0.041748046875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.03173828125,
0.00189208984375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0595703125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.037353515625,
-0.031494140625,
0.04736328125,
-0.056640625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.03125,
0.017333984375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.01220703125,
0.00116729736328125,
0.028076171875,
0.03515625,
0.03125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.04541015625,
0.0296630859375,
0.02880859375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.023193359375,
0.07470703125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.02001953125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.07421875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.04150390625,
0.0130615234375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0185546875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.053466796875,
0.039794921875,
0.01055908203125,
0.045654296875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.06201171875,
0.042724609375,
0.021240234375,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.005859375,
-0.03662109375,
0.005889892578125,
0.0712890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04248046875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.008056640625,
0.006744384765625,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.00009918212890625,
0.01055908203125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.04345703125,
0.002685546875,
0.0103759765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.006103515625,
0.04736328125,
-0.06689453125,
0.020263671875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0703125,
0.044189453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.00830078125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.01019287109375,
0.019775390625,
-0.005859375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.059814453125,
0.06884765625,
0.036865234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0001544952392578125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.02734375,
0.039794921875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.03466796875,
0.001190185546875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.03955078125,
0.00933837890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0002841949462890625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0810546875,
0.0184326171875,
0.01422119140625,
0.027099609375,
-0.029296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.011474609375,
-0.09912109375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.000579833984375,
0.041015625,
0.03466796875,
0.0615234375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0012969970703125,
0.037353515625,
0.01324462890625,
0.0260009765625,
0.00080108642578125,
0.0245361328125,
0.04833984375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0027618408203125,
0.02099609375,
0.0012664794921875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.06201171875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0078125,
-0.046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.036865234375,
0.00872802734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.028076171875,
0.056884765625,
0.032958984375,
0.025634765625,
0.046142578125,
0.0062255859375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.034423828125,
0.044677734375,
0.031982421875,
0.0341796875,
0.03369140625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0361328125,
0.025634765625,
-0.0830078125,
0.03857421875,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.032470703125,
-0.064453125,
0.01507568359375,
0.055419921875,
0.002471923828125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.0244140625,
0.0252685546875,
0.017822265625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0011444091796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.055419921875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0052490234375,
0.01422119140625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00897216796875,
0.004364013671875,
0.056884765625,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01611328125,
0.06591796875,
-0.049072265625,
0.02197265625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0263671875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0546875,
0.0244140625,
-0.047607421875,
0.029296875,
0.04052734375,
0.01171875,
0.04248046875,
0.040283203125,
0.045166015625,
0.008544921875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.001495361328125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0000514984130859375,
0.048095703125,
0.01263427734375,
0.041259765625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00201416015625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0223388671875,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.04345703125,
0.267578125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.009521484375,
0.026611328125,
0.0267333984375,
0.04345703125,
0.01416015625,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01361083984375,
0.031494140625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.015625,
-0.0439453125,
0.028564453125,
0.0390625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01220703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.035888671875,
0.05224609375,
0.036865234375,
0.0159912109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.051025390625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.034912109375,
0.057373046875,
0.03564453125,
0.035888671875,
-0.015625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0023040771484375,
0.0013580322265625,
0.00811767578125,
0.01416015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.03369140625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0419921875,
0.02783203125,
0.01025390625,
0.01953125,
-0.00439453125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.04150390625,
0.0034942626953125,
0.0191650390625,
0.031982421875,
0.01251220703125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0184326171875,
0.046875,
0.0167236328125,
0.051513671875,
-0.00087738037109375,
0.001068115234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0478515625,
0.012451171875,
0.002227783203125,
0.043212890625,
0.04736328125,
0.01263427734375,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.02392578125,
0.029296875,
0.027099609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.02734375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.003753662109375,
0.03466796875,
-0.055419921875
] |
Per Curiam.
introduction
In this case the plaintiff was involved in an automobile accident and was severely injured. At the time of the injury, plaintiff was a member of the armed forces on active duty and qualified for federal military medical benefits pursuant to 10 USC 1071 et seq. He was also the owner of an automobile insured by the defendant, Government Employees Insurance Company (geico), and therefore qualified for no-fault insurance benefits. We are asked to decide whether the defendant is permitted to set off under MCL 500.3109(1); MSA 24.13109(1) of the no-fault act the medical benefits provided by the federal government. While not included in this Court’s order granting leave to appeal, we are also asked to decide whether the federal benefits at issue constitute "other health and accident coverage” under MCL 500.3109a; MSA 24.13109(1), and, if so, whether the fact that the defendant failed to offer plaintiff coordination of his no-fault coverage requires nullification of the set-off provision of § 3109(1).
We hold that medical benefits paid pursuant to 10 USC 1071 et seq. constitute "other health and accident coverage” under the no-fault act. We further hold that when benefits of an insured fall within § 3109(1) and § 3109a of the act, an insurer must offer a coordinated policy.
The decision of the Court of Appeals reversing the trial court’s order of partial summary judgment is reversed.
i
The plaintiff, Calvin Tatum, was involved in an automobile accident while operating a motor vehicle owned by the federal government. At the time of the accident, plaintiff was a member of the United States Air Force on activé duty. The accident left him permanently paralyzed. He was hospitalized at Henry Ford Hospital from September 24, 1981, until October 5, 1981, at which time he was transferred to the Veteran’s Hospital located in Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained until May 10, 1982.
Pursuant to 10 USC 1071 et seq., the United States Air Force paid $96,326.25 for plaintiff’s hospital expenses. Thereafter, plaintiff filed suit against geico, alleging that because plaintiff was the registered owner of an automobile insured by geico on the date of the accident it was responsible for his hospital expenses. After a period of discovery, plaintiff filed a motion for partial summary judgment against geico, alleging that amounts paid by the federal government were "other health or accident coverage” pursuant to § 3109a of the no-fault act. Plaintiff further alleged that because he was not offered a coordinated policy for a reduced premium geico was not entitled to invoke the set-off provision of § 3109(1).
Geico argued that plaintiff’s federal benefits were subject to mandatory setoff under § 3109(1), making it irrelevant whether plaintiff was offered a coordinated policy. Further, geico argued that the record did not indicate that plaintiff had not, in fact, been offered a coordinated policy, but only that his policy did not contain a coordination provision. Finally, geico claimed that, in any event, plaintiffs policy automatically reflected a lower premium rate by virtue of his military status.
The trial court ruled that the medical benefits provided under 10 USC 1074(a) were required to be set off under § 3109(1), but because plaintiff was not offered the option of coordination of benefits, geico had forfeited the right to setoff.
In an unpublished per curiam opinion, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s order, reasoning that § 3109(1) mandated the setoff claimed by geico. The Court specifically refused to address plaintiff’s assertion that military medical benefits constitute "other health and accident coverage” under § 3109a that may be coordinated with no-fault benefits at the option of the insured. LeBlanc v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 410 Mich 173; 301 NW2d 775 (1981).
Plaintiffs application for leave to appeal was held in abeyance for our decision in Crowley v DAIIE, 428 Mich 270; 407 NW2d 372 (1987). The decision in Crowley was limited to the question whether benefits paid pursuant to 10 USC 1071 et seq. were subject to setoff under § 3109(1) when the injured party was not the owner of the vehicle subject to coverage under the no-fault act. Thus, our decision in Crowley was not dispositive of the issues raised in this appeal. We granted leave to appeal. 429 Mich 857 (1987).
ii
A
Section 3109(1) of the no-fault act provides:
Benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state or the federal government shall be subtracted from the personal protec tion insurance benefits otherwise payable for the injury.
In Crowley, supra, p 276, we concluded that medical benefits provided by the federal government under 10 USC 1071 et seq., "serve the same purpose as no-fault medical benefits, and that such benefits are provided as a result of the same accident.” Consequently, such benefits "are required to be subtracted from no-fault benefits otherwise payable because they [are] benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of this state or the federal government.” Crowley, supra, p 275.
In this case, plaintiff was on active duty in the Air Force at the time of the accident and received benefits pursuant to 10 USC 1074. Those benefits would normally be set off from his personal protection insurance benefits payable under his no-fault policy with geico. Plaintiff argues, however, that § 3109a also applies in this instance and that because he was not offered the opportunity to coordinate his policy as mandated in that provision geico may not avail itself of the setoff provided by § 3109(1). We thus turn to that issue to consider whether § 3109a requires a different result.
B
Section 3109a of the no-fault act provides:
An insurer providing personal protection insurance benefits shall offer, at appropriately reduced premium rates, deductibles and exclusions reasonably related to other health and accident coverage on the insured. The deductibles and exclusions required to be offered by this section shall be subject to prior approval by the commissioner and shall apply only to benefits payable to the person named in the policy, the spouse of the insured and any relative of either domiciled in the same household.
Plaintiffs position is that this section was intended to modify § 3109(1) and that the two statutes must be read together. Plaintiff submits that because he was not offered coordination under § 3109a, the set-off provision of § 3109(1) is inoperable and defendant is liable to plaintiff for an amount equal to that paid for hospital expenses. To address this claim, we first must determine whether § 3109a is applicable in this instance.
c
The defendant argues that military medical benefits are not "other health and accident coverage” because § 3109a applies only to private health-care benefits. See O’Donnell v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 404 Mich 524; 273 NW2d 829 (1979). In LeBlanc, this Court specifically rejected the claim that Medicare benefits were not health and accident coverage within the meaning of § 3109a, reasoning that the legislative history of § 3109a does not indicate an intent to differentiate between public and private benefits in furthering the purpose of reducing premiums commensurate with reduced coverage. Thus, in this instance, the claim that § 3109a is inapplicable must turn on another rationale.
The defendant further argues that the military medical benefits involved in this case are unlike the Medicare benefits at issue in LeBlanc, and, therefore fall outside of the scope of § 3109a. We disagree. This Court has concluded that Blue Cross-Blue Shield benefits constitute "other health and accident coverage” under § 3109a. - Nyquist v Aetna Ins Co, 84 Mich App 589, 592; 269 NW2d 687 (1978), aff'd 404 Mich 817; 280 NW2d 792 (1979). We reached the same conclusion as to Medicare benefits in LeBlanc, supra. Military medical coverage is similar to both Blue Cross-Blue Shield and Medicare in the sense that, in various forms, each is comprehensive coverage of eligible individuals for their medical and hospitalization costs. Further, Blue Cross-Blue Shield coverage, when provided through one’s employer, can parallel that which is provided to active military personnel by the federal government under 10 USC 1071 et seq. We can perceive no rational basis for concluding that military medical benefits, which essentially serve the same purpose as Blue Cross-Blue Shield and Medicare benefits, are not "health and accident coverage” within the meaning of § 3109a.
In short, pursuant to § 3109(1), plaintiffs military medical benefits normally must be subtracted from his no-fault insurance benefits. Further, our resolution of Nyquist and our decision in LeBlanc require the conclusion that plaintiffs military medical benefits constitute "other health and accident coverage” pursuant to § 3109a, requiring defendant to offer plaintiff a coordinated no-fault policy. The defendant has conceded that this did not occur. Therefore, as in LeBlanc, the setoff mandated by § 3109(1) may not be employed.
We recognize that our resolution of this case may provide a windfall to the insured if, as claimed by the defendant, the plaintiff purchased a policy with reduced premiums in light of his military status. However, we are unable to conclude that this was a coordinated policy.
We do not suggest that insurers must sell uncoordinated policies to parties who are eligible for § 3109(l)-type governmental benefits. However, § 3109a does modify § 3109(1) to the extent that the policy offered by insurers to such parties must be coordinated in the same manner as coordinated policies are offered to other purchasers who may have overlapping benefits.
hi
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed. The trial court’s order granting partial summary judgment to plaintiff is reinstated.
Riley, C.J., and Levin, Brickley, Cavanagh, Boyle, Archer, and Griffin, JJ., concurred.
Levin, J. I have signed the opinion of the Court but continue to adhere to the view expressed in dissent in LeBlanc.
See 10 USC 1074(a): "a member of a uniformed service who is on active duty is entitled to medical and dental care in any facility of any uniformed service.”
The federal government is not required to carry no-fault insurance on its automobiles and thus, plaintiffs primary claim was against his own no-fault insurer. Plaintiff also added the Travelers Insurance Company as a defendant by a first amended complaint because geico had disclaimed responsibility for plaintiffs claim, and Travelers was next in order of priority because it was the assigned insurer by the assigned claims facility. Geico also filed a cross-claim against Travelers. Travelers filed a motion for summary judgment against plaintiff and geico which was granted by the trial court. The order was affirmed in the Court of Appeals and is not part of this appeal.
The plaintiff filed an affidavit specifically averring that he did not pay a reduced premium reflecting coordinated coverage. The defendant failed to counter this claim with a responsive affidavit. Further, to certain requests for admissions filed by the plaintiff, the defendant admitted that plaintiffs policy did not contain a coordination of benefits clause, and that the plaintiff was not paying a reduced premium in return for a coordinated policy.
See Jarosz v DAIIE, 418 Mich 565, 577; 345 NW2d 563 (1984):
We conclude that the correct test is: state or federal benefits "provided or required to be provided” must be deducted from no-fault benefits under § 3109(1) if they:
1) Serve the same purpose as the no-fault benefits, and
2) Are provided or are required to be provided as a result of the same accident.
Were we writing on a clean slate, we might well conclude that only those benefits that are health and accident benefits directly financed by the insured are within the coverage of § 3109a. See separate opinion of Ryan, J., in LeBlanc. We are not. Moreover, although we are not bound to follow prior precedent if convinced it is incorrect, we are not convinced that LeBlanc was wrongly decided.
Defendant’s Michigan Information and Option Form specifically provides:
A special lower military Personal Injury Protection rate has been established which takes into consideration the benefits provided for military personnel. Therefore, neither the $300 deductible nor the coordination of benefits options described above may be selected by armed forces personnel.
However, nowhere in this form or in the defendant’s policy is it stated the actual amount of this reduced premium or if it equals that which plaintiff would have received under a coordinated plan.
We note that under the Insurance Code a no-fault insurer is required to file with the Insurance Commissioner its rating plan, but that commissioner approval of that plan need not be obtained. See MCL 500.2105-500.2111; MSA 24.12105-24.12111.
We recognize that the Commissioner of Insurance has issued guidelines for the implementation of § 3109a which include:
"The act applies to commercial and personal automobile insurance, but to the extent commercial rates have already been reduced to take account of workmen’s compensation benefits or other statutorily required benefits, no further reductions would be required.” [LeBlanc, supra, p 219 (Levin, J., dissenting), quoting Bulletin AD 74-2 (issued as ED-1), April 15, 1974.]
Admittedly this guideline would suggest that § 3109a is satisfied by an automatic coordination plan as offered by defendant. However, § 3109a mandates that an insurer offer the insured a coordinated policy, as well as appropriately reduced premium rates to reflect the health and accident coverage on the insured. We cannot read this guideline to negate the plain language of § 3109a. | [
-0.02587890625,
-0.001312255859375,
0.0133056640625,
0.0751953125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.004791259765625,
0.0517578125,
0.0224609375,
0.0296630859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.00732421875,
0.01171875,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0234375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.01416015625,
0.01416015625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00011730194091796875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.04541015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0458984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.005035400390625,
0.039306640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.014404296875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.00098419189453125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01953125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0078125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.02880859375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.016357421875,
0.0191650390625,
0.000701904296875,
-0.027587890625,
0.00750732421875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00274658203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0269775390625,
0.0198974609375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0133056640625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.013427734375,
0.010986328125,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.01513671875,
0.04736328125,
0.000576019287109375,
-0.020751953125,
0.040283203125,
0.007293701171875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.04541015625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.039306640625,
-0.03271484375,
0.00860595703125,
0.049560546875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0159912109375,
0.016357421875,
0.004241943359375,
0.0859375,
0.00958251953125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.024169921875,
0.005462646484375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.053955078125,
0.0185546875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0478515625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0157470703125,
0.01361083984375,
0.01953125,
0.037353515625,
-0.040283203125,
0.006256103515625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01513671875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.04150390625,
0.0020294189453125,
0.015625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00421142578125,
0.064453125,
0.057373046875,
0.044677734375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.020263671875,
0.02587890625,
0.0361328125,
0.0079345703125,
0.0027008056640625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.007354736328125,
0.0064697265625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.0390625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0009765625,
0.04150390625,
-0.041015625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.06396484375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0289306640625,
0.034423828125,
0.0625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0625,
0.01806640625,
0.054443359375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.015625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.034423828125,
0.00921630859375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.011474609375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.05029296875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.00022602081298828125,
0.01806640625,
0.00732421875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00946044921875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.023681640625,
0.06298828125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00225830078125,
0.01068115234375,
0.015380859375,
0.005096435546875,
0.0283203125,
-0.05810546875,
0.009033203125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.05419921875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.017333984375,
0.017822265625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0062255859375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.07568359375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.03125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0004520416259765625,
0.0233154296875,
0.022216796875,
0.013427734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.052001953125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.006500244140625,
0.021728515625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.01165771484375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0064697265625,
0.049560546875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0234375,
0.0003814697265625,
0.037841796875,
0.041259765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0001583099365234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.016357421875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.043212890625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.05419921875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0002956390380859375,
-0.0634765625,
0.015380859375,
-0.06884765625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0244140625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0751953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.021240234375,
0.00189208984375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0087890625,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.009765625,
-0.031982421875,
0.029296875,
0.004058837890625,
-0.023681640625,
0.003570556640625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.038330078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.052490234375,
0.041015625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.031494140625,
0.00958251953125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.015625,
0.029052734375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.08349609375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01953125,
0.001800537109375,
-0.03076171875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.025390625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.026611328125,
0.00445556640625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.051513671875,
0.04052734375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.05126953125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.036865234375,
0.01165771484375,
0.018310546875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.044921875,
0.039794921875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.057373046875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.015625,
0.0224609375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.046630859375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0634765625,
0.0223388671875,
0.00665283203125,
0.0186767578125,
0.00811767578125,
0.042724609375,
-0.00014591217041015625,
0.057373046875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.021240234375,
0.008056640625,
-0.05810546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.00016117095947265625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0693359375,
0.033203125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0240478515625,
0.028076171875,
0.0252685546875,
0.041748046875,
0.059326171875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0126953125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.025390625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.035888671875,
0.00043487548828125,
0.006866455078125,
0.03857421875,
0.03857421875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0054931640625,
0.030517578125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.021484375,
0.01611328125,
0.0133056640625,
0.03857421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01422119140625,
0.02001953125,
0.045166015625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.000019073486328125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.005615234375,
0.0390625,
0.002716064453125,
0.0439453125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03857421875,
0.004547119140625,
0.00225830078125,
0.02490234375,
0.016357421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0025634765625,
0.0537109375,
-0.04638671875,
0.036865234375,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.045654296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0693359375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.003875732421875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.034912109375,
-0.009765625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.037109375,
0.006195068359375,
-0.056884765625,
0.02001953125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.01324462890625,
0.033935546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.050537109375,
0.036865234375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0146484375,
0.01904296875,
0.040771484375,
-0.072265625,
-0.01953125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.01953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.033203125,
0.005767822265625,
0.04443359375,
0.041015625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.01446533203125,
0.01220703125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0240478515625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.023681640625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0078125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0712890625,
0.039794921875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.001129150390625,
0.029541015625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.02099609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0283203125,
0.04150390625,
0.0673828125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.030029296875,
0.01416015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0118408203125,
0.052490234375,
0.005767822265625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0419921875,
0.010009765625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.058837890625,
0.042724609375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00909423828125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.010986328125,
0.030517578125,
-0.034423828125,
0.00970458984375,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.1044921875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0007171630859375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.08251953125,
-0.0002536773681640625,
0.08154296875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.01483154296875,
0.024658203125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.03125,
0.0037841796875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0439453125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.025390625,
0.026123046875,
0.0654296875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0034027099609375,
0.06884765625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.037109375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.03955078125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.059814453125,
0.031982421875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.027587890625,
0.057861328125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.02880859375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0517578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.015625,
0.04296875,
0.03173828125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.021484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00250244140625,
0.038818359375,
0.043701171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0283203125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.022216796875,
0.03369140625,
0.0108642578125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.07421875,
0.043212890625,
0.0830078125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.045654296875,
0.03125,
0.015869140625,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01953125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0004558563232421875,
0.06640625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01470947265625,
0.003692626953125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0458984375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.003204345703125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.00225830078125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0026397705078125,
0.00299072265625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.014892578125,
0.0084228515625,
0.027099609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.046875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.000888824462890625,
0.037109375,
0.00128173828125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01171875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0184326171875,
0.01043701171875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.0595703125,
0.06640625,
0.053955078125,
0.05859375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.02880859375,
0.0478515625,
0.0034332275390625,
0.00653076171875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.00081634521484375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0257568359375,
0.022705078125,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.01416015625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.06005859375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.041748046875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.006103515625,
0.00860595703125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0888671875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.002899169921875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0002956390380859375,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0546875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.02685546875,
-0.017333984375,
0.044189453125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0072021484375,
0.0244140625,
0.044189453125,
0.022705078125,
0.004425048828125,
0.024169921875,
0.050048828125,
0.047119140625,
0.024169921875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.002838134765625,
-0.007568359375,
0.08544921875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.017578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.026611328125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01092529296875,
0.049072265625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0264892578125,
0.01513671875,
0.019775390625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.054443359375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.033447265625,
0.035400390625,
0.024658203125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.000060558319091796875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0234375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.05126953125,
0.00634765625,
0.01513671875,
0.042724609375,
-0.059814453125,
0.0072021484375,
0.053466796875,
0.0029296875,
-0.03515625,
0.0240478515625,
0.03662109375,
0.0281982421875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0234375,
0.0150146484375,
0.002197265625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.014892578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.004486083984375,
0.016845703125,
0.01055908203125,
0.031005859375,
-0.064453125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.005889892578125,
0.04248046875,
0.004486083984375,
0.07275390625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.009033203125,
0.047607421875,
-0.060546875,
0.034912109375,
-0.029296875,
-0.0390625,
-0.060546875,
-0.041748046875,
0.027099609375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0517578125,
0.03466796875,
-0.03759765625,
0.01904296875,
0.0380859375,
0.0068359375,
0.050048828125,
0.00762939453125,
0.05126953125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.02392578125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.05615234375,
0.01904296875,
0.025390625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01806640625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.046875,
0.255859375,
0.03125,
-0.016845703125,
0.003631591796875,
0.03759765625,
0.028564453125,
0.009521484375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.006072998046875,
0.028564453125,
0.059326171875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.047119140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.009521484375,
0.014892578125,
-0.030029296875,
0.04736328125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00084686279296875,
0.002166748046875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.0234375,
0.021728515625,
-0.059326171875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.060546875,
-0.02587890625,
0.01513671875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.009765625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.001220703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.00006771087646484375,
-0.00286865234375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.040771484375,
0.051025390625,
0.06884765625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0274658203125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0283203125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.034912109375,
0.01275634765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.025146484375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0267333984375,
0.02294921875,
0.0284423828125,
0.010986328125,
0.03857421875,
0.0234375,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.015380859375,
0.0615234375,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0203857421875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.00653076171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0218505859375
] |
Brickley, J.
In this case, the police obtained a search warrant to search a mobile home for the presence of the prime suspect in a case being investigated.
i
The record indicates that there was probable cause to believe that the defendant had committed the crime in question which occurred a few days earlier at a local store. The complainant, a nine-year-old girl, claimed that defendant touched her on the buttocks while in a Meijer store. Immediately after she was touched, she turned to see who had touched her and the only person she saw was the person she later identified as defendant Johnson. She testified that when she looked at him, he was laughing.
The complainant then went to her mother, who was in a neighboring section of the store. She told her mother what had happened, and her mother looked for the perpetrator in the area, did not see him, and so had a clerk call security. The complainant, her mother and brother, and a clerk began looking for the man in an area of the store in which the complainant’s brother had seen him. The complainant spotted him as he was approaching an exit of the store, and they followed him out of the store. At about that time, security guards arrived. Defendant then engaged in behavior thought to indicate that he was trying to avoid detection in that he had his son get in their car, but then returned to the store for some time. When he came back out, he returned to his car and left. The security guards followed him for some time and copied down the license plate number of the car he was driving.
The case was then referred to the police, who traced the license number and determined that the car belonged to a certain woman who lived in a mobile home park. The complainant had given a description of her assailant to the security guard. The police summarized her description as follows:
[M]ale, six (6) feet tall, two hundred and thirty-five (235) pounds, race believed to be Iranian or Asian, curly collar-length black hair, approximately forty (40) years old, wearing a green Army type jacket with sleeves rolled up, brown tee shirt, tennis shoes, brown pants, dark blue fishing type hat.
The police contacted the manager of the park, who told them that a man fitting the description lived in a mobile home in the park with the woman to whom the car was registered.
On the basis of this information, a police detective telephoned the defendant at the mobile home and asked him to allow himself to be photographed. He refused. The detective therefore sought and obtained a search warrant which stated:
The person, place or thing to be searched is described as and located at:
Lot 186 and the mobile home thereon of the Lakeview Trailer Park, located at 9942 Geraldine, Ypsilanti Township, Washtenaw County The property to be searched for and seized, if found, is specifically described as:
The person of John Robert Johnson, aka Edward Woods.
The affidavit supporting the warrant contained nine subsections. Seven of those subsections provided the information described above, i.e., the grounds or the probable cause for the search. At the end of the affidavit, two subsections were included which read as follows:
G) . I wish to conduct a lineup, either live or photographic, at the pleasure of Mr. Woods, to determine the identity of the suspect.
H) . If the lineup is live, I wish the court to require Mr. Woods’ attendance at the Washtenaw County Sheriff’s Department for no more than four hours on a convenient date before June 15, 1984.
The record is unfortunately not completely clear as to what occurred when the detective arrived at the mobile home with the warrant. Apparently, defendant answered the knock, but stayed inside the home. There is no testimony as to how many officers were present or the manner in which they confronted defendant.
The detective told defendant that he could either appear in a physical line-up or allow his photograph to be taken. Defendant apparently stated that he did not wish to do either, and the detective then "indicated to him [that] he had to do one or the other . . . .” At the preliminary examination, the detective testified that "when we made contact with him that morning, he refused to participate in a physical line-up. At which time I explained to him I would be taking photographs.” Defendant was then ordered to leave his trailer and was required, against his will, to be photographed.
The complainant identified the defendant’s photograph and later identified him at trial. Defendant was convicted of assault and battery and appealed as of right. The Court of Appeals reversed the conviction, holding that the photographs taken while defendant was in custody and the resulting photographic line-up identification should have been suppressed because MCL 780.652(d); MSA 28.1259(2)(d) did not provide for search warrants for the purpose of photographing a suspect. We granted leave, inter alia, to review whether or not suppression was required.
ii
The language of the warrant makes clear that the "object or thing” being searched for was the defendant. The warrant itself makes no mention of the taking of photographs. Since the object of the search warrant was the person of the defendant, it provides little guidance to inquire, as did the Court of Appeals, whether there was a "nexus” between the photographs taken and the crime in question.
This mischaracterization of the object of the search warrant is also apparent in this Court’s order granting leave to appeal which mirrored the Court of Appeals analysis. The order granting leave to appeal stated the primary issue as follows:
[W]hether, under MCL 780.652(d); MSA 28.1259(2)(d), a search warrant may be issued to compel a person to participate in a line-up or to be photographed ....
The confusion inherent in the question as phrased above is evident in the Court of Appeals opinion. That Court attempted to distinguish between searches for "incriminating” as opposed to "identifying” evidence and stated that there is no nexus between a photograph that is obtained for use in a photographic line-up and criminal behavior.
By viewing the photograph as the object of the search, the Court of Appeals failed to address the fact that the defendant was taken into custody, as well as the relationship of that custody to the subsequent use of the photograph in an identification line-up which occurred after defendant was released from custody.
The examination of whether the police procedure in this case was lawful must therefore encompass two questions which are subsumed with the issue defined in our order granting leave. First, was the arrest of defendant lawful? Second, once he was arrested and a photograph was taken, was the identification procedure employed consistent with the evidentiary principles of our jurisprudence?
hi
The statute governing the scope of search warrants which may be issued by the courts of this state, MCL 780.652; MSA 28.1259(2), reads as follows:
A warrant may be issued to search for and seize any property or other thing which is either:
(a) Stolen or embezzled in violation of any law of this state.
(b) Designed and intended for use or which is or has been used as the means of committing a criminal offense.
(c) Possessed, controlled or used wholly or partially in violation of any law of this state.
(d) Evidence of crime or criminal conduct on the part of any person.
(e) Contraband.
(f) The bodies or persons of human beings or of animals, who may be the victims of a criminal offense.
(g) The object of a search warrant under any other law of this state providing for the same. If a conflict exists between this act and any other search warrant law, this act shall be deemed controlling.
This statute does not provide for the seizure of criminal suspects. It explicitly limits its scope to "property or other thing[s].” Similarly, the search warrant itself defined the defendant as "the property to be searched for and seized.” In addition, the probable cause determination made by a magistrate considering a search warrant application is not identical to that made by a magistrate when deciding whether or not to issue an arrest warrant. The difference has been described as follows:
It is generally assumed that the same quantum of evidence is required whether one is concerned with probable cause to arrest or probable cause to search. But even if this is so, it does not follow that probable cause for arrest and probable cause for search are identical in all respects. Each requires a showing of probabilities as to somewhat different facts and circumstances, and thus one can exist without the other. In search cases, "two conclusions necessary to the issuance of the warrant must be supported by substantial evidence: that the items sought are in fact seizable by virtue of being connected with criminal activity, and that the items will be found in the place to be searched.” It is not also necessary that a particular person be implicated in the crime under investigation. By comparison, in arrest cases there must be probable cause that a crime has been committed and that the person to be arrested committed it, which of course can exist without any showing that evidence of the crime will be found at premises under that person’s control. [1 LaFave & Israel, Criminal Procedure, § 3.3, pp 184-185.]
Since it cannot be assured that magistrates would make a finding as to the existence of probable cause to arrest when deciding whether or not to issue a search warrant, it would be unwise to treat the presence of a search warrant for a suspect as a judicial finding of probable cause to arrest.
In spite of our recognition that MCL 780.652(d); MSA 28.1259(2)(d) does not provide for search warrants, the objects of which are persons other than victims of crime, we nevertheless find that the arrest of the defendant was lawful on the basis of the information possessed by the police prior to seeking or executing the warrant. A warrant is generally not required to accomplish a felony ar rest in and of itself. Indeed, MCL 764.15; MSA 28.874 makes clear that in most cases an arrest warrant is not required so long as there is probable cause to believe that defendant committed a felony. 5**Nevertheless, the arrest occurred in the defendant’s residence, and therefore both the federal and the state constitutions require that special protections be afforded. Payton v New York, 445 US 573; 100 S Ct 1371; 63 L Ed 2d 639 (1980); People v Oliver, 417 Mich 366, 378-379; 338 NW2d 167 (1983).
In Payton, the United States Supreme Court held that absent a warrant, the fruits of an arrest of a suspect in his residence must be suppressed. The purpose of this holding was to protect the suspect’s Fourth Amendment privacy interests in the location of the arrest, i.e., his own home. The Payton Court did not foreclose the possibility that a search warrant could be used to protect that interest. As stated by the dissenters in the New York Court of Appeals decision, which was reversed by the United States Supreme Court, what underlies the Payton problem is the "necessity of prior judicial approval [of] any contemplated entry, regardless of the purpose for which entry is sought.”
We conclude that defendant’s privacy interest in his home was adequately protected in this case. While we have stated above that a search warrant cannot serve as the sole basis for the seizure of a suspect, a neutral magistrate did make a determination that there was probable cause to believe that defendant resided and would be present at the place to be searched. This, combined with the pre-warrant existence of probable cause to arrest, leads us to conclude that the fruits of defendant’s arrest, i.e., the photographs, need not be suppressed. We need not hold that the search warrant falls within the search warrant statute, MCL 780.652(d); MSA 28.1259(2)(d), nor that it can serve as a basis for arrest in order to recognize that, in the unique circumstances of this case, it satisfies the privacy concerns raised in Payton. The clearest course under Payton and Oliver would have been for the police to have obtained an arrest warrant. However, we conclude that in this special setting, the magistrate’s issuance of the search warrant, while not a basis for either a search for or a seizure of defendant under Michigan statutory law, ”interpose[d] [a] magistrate’s determination of probable cause” to search and thereby removed any Fourth Amendment barrier to the arrest of defendant in his home, rather than in a public place, in light of the fact that there was probable cause to arrest, independent of the search warrant.
iv
The remaining question concerns the propriety of the identification procedure employed. After arresting the defendant, the police did not take him to the station in order to accomplish a corporeal line-up. Instead, the police offered him a choice. He could either consent to appear at the sheriff’s department for a corporeal line-up or he could allow the police to take his photograph for use in a later photographic line-up. As stated ante, p 686, defendant initially refused to do either. After being told that he could not refuse both procedures, he acquiesced in being photographed. At the preliminary examination, defense counsel argued that this procedure violated Michigan evidentiary rules concerning line-up identifications. These rules provide that where a suspect is in custody, even prior to the initiation of judicial proceedings against him, he must be given a corporeal rather than a photographic line-up unless certain exceptional circumstances exist, and even then he must be afforded "the right to counsel as much as he would for corporeal identification procedures.” People v Franklin Anderson, 389 Mich 155, 187; 205 NW2d 461 (1973).
The magistrate rejected this argument on the grounds that defendant was not in custody at the time of the line-up. In his appeal before the Court of Appeals, without squarely appealing the identification procedure, defendant nonetheless did argue that, in using a search warrant to place him under police control, the police avoided the protection afforded under Michigan evidentiary law regarding line-up procedures.4 5**********
In light of the Court of Appeals opinion and the imprecision in the order granting leave to appeal to this Court, the issue whether the identification procedure used in this case complied with Anderson and our other decisions in this area has not been clearly considered below or briefed here, even though it was implicated throughout defendant’s arguments. We therefore remand this case to the Court of Appeals for reconsideration of the issue whether the use of an uncounseled photographic line-up was consistent with Anderson under the circumstances of this case in which the defendant was photographed while under arrest, but was released from custody prior to the time of the lineup.
If the Court of Appeals concludes that the identification procedure used was consistent with Anderson, no further issues need be addressed by that Court. Should the Court conclude that the procedure was not consistent with Anderson, it should then determine whether there was an independent basis for complainant’s in-court identification and, if so, whether the improper admission of the results of the photographic line-up was harmless. People v Kachar, 400 Mich 78; 252 NW2d 807 (1977).
Riley, C.J., and Cavanagh, Archer, and Griffin, JJ., concurred with Brickley, J.
Levin, J. I concur in the result.
MCL 750.81; MSA 28.276.
See Warden v Hayden, 387 US 294; 87 S Ct 1642; 18 L Ed 2d 782 (1967).
The evidence obtained in [People v Lovett, 85 Mich App 534; 272 NW2d 126 (1978)] was incriminating and tended to identify the defendant, but it did not identify him in the "pure” sense of a pretrial line-up. In the instant case, the evidence seized with the search warrant was used solely to identify defendant, not to incriminate him. The case law cited by the prosecution does not support its contention that the photograph was evidence of a criminal activity. In abolishing the "mere evidence” rule, the United States Supreme Court stated that, in order for an item to be subject to seizure, there must be a nexus between the item and the criminal behavior. Warden v Hayden, 387 US 294, 306-307; 87 S Ct 1642; 18 L Ed 2d 782 (1967). There is no nexus between a photograph that is obtained for use in a photographic line-up and criminal behavior. Therefore, the search warrant was issued for an improper purpose and is invalid. [People v Johnson, 161 Mich App 205, 209; 409 NW2d 784 (1987).]
The statute reads in part:
(1) A peace officer may, without a warrant, arrest a person in the following situations:
(a) When a felony, misdemeanor, or ordinance violation is committed in the peace officer’s presence.
(b) When the person has committed a felony although not in the presence of the peace officer.
(c) When a felony in fact has been committed and the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person has committed it.
(d) When the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that a felony has been committed and reasonable cause to believe that the person has committed it.
It is a "basic principle of Fourth Amendment law” that searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable. Yet it is also well settled that objects such as weapons or contraband found in a public place may be seized by the police without a warrant. The seizure of property in plain view involves no invasion of privacy and is presumptively reasonable, assuming that there is probable cause to associate the property with criminal activity. . . .
[T]his distinction has equal force when the seizure of a person is involved. Writing on the constitutional issue now before us for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit sitting en banc, Dorman v United States, 140 US App DC 313; 435 F2d 385 (1970), Judge Leventhal first noted the settled rule that warrantless arrests in public places are valid. He immediately recognized, however, that
"[a] greater burden is placed ... on officials who enter a home or dwelling without consent. Freedom from intrusion into the home or dwelling is the archetype of the privacy protection secured by the Fourth Amendment.” Id., at 317; 435 F2d, at 389. (Footnote omitted.)
[Judge Leventhal] reasoned that the constitutional protection afforded to the individual’s interest in the privacy of his own home is equally applicable to a warrantless entry for the purpose of arresting a resident of the house; for it is inherent in such an entry that a search for the suspect may be required before he can be apprehended. [He] concluded that an entry to arrest and an entry to search for and to seize property implicate the same interest in preserving the privacy and the sanctity of the home, and justify the same level of constitutional protection. [Payton, supra, 445 US 586-588.]
Given the existence of probable cause to arrest, the Payton Court noted that "an arrest warrant requirement may afford less protection [of the privacy interest in one’s home] than a search warrant requirement . . . .” Payton, supra, 445 US 602.
New York v Payton, 45 NY2d 300; 380 NE2d 224 (1978).
Id. at 321 (Cooke, J., dissenting).
In light of this conclusion, we do not reach the inevitable discovery issue raised by the parties.
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime. Any assumption that evidence sufficient to support a magistrate’s disinterested determination to issue a search warrant will justify the officers in making a search without a warrant would reduce the Amendment to a nullity and leave the people’s homes secure only in the discretion of police officers. Crime, even in the privacy of one’s own quarters, is, of course, of grave concern to society, and the law allows such crime to be reached on proper showing. The right of officers to thrust themselves into a home is also a grave concern, not only to the individual but to a society which chooses to dwell in reasonable security and freedom from surveillance. When the right of privacy must reasonably yield to the right of search is, as a rule, to be decided by a judicial officer, not by a policeman or government enforcement agent.” [Id., 445 US 586, n 24 (quoting Johnson v United States, 333 US 10, 13-14; 68 S Ct 367; 92 L Ed 436 [1948]).]
Payton, supra, 445 US 602.
By recognizing the import of the magistrate’s determination for the limited purpose of protecting the privacy of defendant’s home, we do not suggest that a magistrate’s determination that there is probable cause to believe that a suspect can be located at his or a third party’s home can be the basis for an appellate court to conclude that there was probable cause to arrest.
The exceptions provided for in People v Franklin Anderson, 389 Mich 155, 186-187, n 22; 205 NW2d 461 (1973), are:
1. It is not possible to arrange a proper line-up.
2. There are insufficient numbers of persons available with defendant’s physical characteristics.
3. The nature of the case requires immediate identification.
4. The witnesses are at a place far distant from the location of the in-custody accused.
5. The subject refuses to participate in a line-up and by his actions would seek to destroy the value of the identification.
As set forth in detail in Anderson, n 13 supra, p 187, the purpose of the rules is to ensure that the dangers of misidentification are minimized.
Essentially, what the police did was arrest the Defendant, ■ take his photo, release him and then held a photo line-up since he was not then in custody.
See People v Jackson, 391 Mich 323; 217 NW2d 22 (1974); People v James Anderson, 391 Mich 419; 216 NW2d 780 (1974); People v Lee, 391 Mich 618; 218 NW2d 655 (1974); People v Kachar, 400 Mich 78; 252 NW2d 807 (1977). | [
-0.003204345703125,
-0.00347900390625,
0.0002727508544921875,
0.045654296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0576171875,
0.0546875,
-0.0078125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.032470703125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.04150390625,
0.028076171875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0002765655517578125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.02978515625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.009033203125,
0.056640625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.07470703125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.004547119140625,
0.006561279296875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0673828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00141143798828125,
-0.00040435791015625,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.01708984375,
0.002166748046875,
-0.033447265625,
0.017333984375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0308837890625,
0.04541015625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0245361328125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.021240234375,
0.031982421875,
0.017822265625,
0.0301513671875,
0.018798828125,
0.0673828125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.00150299072265625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.05419921875,
0.0025787353515625,
0.00921630859375,
0.061279296875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0634765625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00008678436279296875,
0.04296875,
-0.033447265625,
0.002197265625,
0.0205078125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.06591796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.07177734375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.015625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0673828125,
0.0078125,
0.0625,
-0.0185546875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.00982666015625,
0.0147705078125,
0.032470703125,
0.029052734375,
0.0230712890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.03466796875,
0.02734375,
0.010009765625,
0.006195068359375,
0.002960205078125,
0.031005859375,
0.0130615234375,
0.060791015625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.07275390625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.01123046875,
0.02783203125,
0.0458984375,
0.03662109375,
0.01416015625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0537109375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.033935546875,
-0.053955078125,
0.001678466796875,
0.04248046875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0380859375,
0.02587890625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0032501220703125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.01025390625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.03466796875,
0.02099609375,
0.020751953125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.021484375,
-0.04248046875,
0.01904296875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.002410888671875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.07666015625,
0.05078125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0181884765625,
0.033935546875,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0123291015625,
0.00799560546875,
0.003997802734375,
0.024658203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.017333984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.033203125,
0.02978515625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.024169921875,
0.0107421875,
-0.016845703125,
0.037109375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.003631591796875,
0.042236328125,
0.0033721923828125,
0.049072265625,
0.012451171875,
0.02197265625,
-0.00323486328125,
0.04736328125,
-0.0004425048828125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.023193359375,
0.00164794921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.049072265625,
0.031494140625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.031494140625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.014892578125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.00130462646484375,
0.00921630859375,
0.017578125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.013427734375,
0.031982421875,
0.0213623046875,
0.04443359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.06640625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.03515625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.015625,
0.0380859375,
0.00004601478576660156,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.04833984375,
0.03271484375,
0.02099609375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.043212890625,
-0.035888671875,
0.015625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.03515625,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.052978515625,
0.01116943359375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.020751953125,
0.034912109375,
0.0012054443359375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.045166015625,
-0.033203125,
0.042236328125,
0.01708984375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00830078125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.016357421875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.08251953125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.000644683837890625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.025390625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0299072265625,
0.00823974609375,
0.00341796875,
-0.04541015625,
0.01123046875,
0.0091552734375,
0.00128936767578125,
0.06201171875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.042236328125,
0.003662109375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00081634521484375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.006805419921875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0203857421875,
0.006591796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.03515625,
-0.040283203125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.018798828125,
0.043701171875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.01123046875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0751953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.021728515625,
0.039306640625,
0.0380859375,
0.049072265625,
-0.012939453125,
0.03466796875,
0.0208740234375,
0.01190185546875,
0.000225067138671875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.0147705078125,
0.034912109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0732421875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.056640625,
0.00872802734375,
0.042724609375,
0.0712890625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0068359375,
0.043701171875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.064453125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.035400390625,
0.044677734375,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.030517578125,
0.068359375,
0.01220703125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.007171630859375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0277099609375,
0.0211181640625,
0.064453125,
0.005706787109375,
0.00070953369140625,
-0.032958984375,
0.050048828125,
0.0010833740234375,
0.01806640625,
-0.041259765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00244140625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.038330078125,
0.0089111328125,
0.0087890625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.07080078125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0458984375,
0.006500244140625,
0.0703125,
0.00180816650390625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.03515625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00054931640625,
-0.038818359375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.000453948974609375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.00830078125,
0.044189453125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.056396484375,
0.05224609375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.013916015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.010498046875,
0.0146484375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0230712890625,
0.014404296875,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.03564453125,
0.04345703125,
0.06494140625,
0.022705078125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0013275146484375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00885009765625,
0.0009613037109375,
0.029541015625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.005615234375,
0.0240478515625,
0.01904296875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.046142578125,
0.01220703125,
0.03173828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.044677734375,
-0.03564453125,
0.000728607177734375,
0.00384521484375,
0.004180908203125,
0.05615234375,
0.040771484375,
0.00787353515625,
0.0263671875,
0.04296875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.00009059906005859375,
0.03125,
-0.025146484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.030029296875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.08203125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.062255859375,
0.0098876953125,
0.02734375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.04541015625,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.052490234375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0634765625,
0.012451171875,
0.018798828125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01904296875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.053955078125,
-0.0322265625,
0.045654296875,
0.03076171875,
0.037841796875,
0.041748046875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0732421875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.023193359375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.002899169921875,
0.02294921875,
-0.000904083251953125,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.006103515625,
0.005218505859375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0189208984375,
0.06591796875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0400390625,
-0.048828125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.005401611328125,
0.01953125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.068359375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.002166748046875,
0.00933837890625,
0.030517578125,
0.037353515625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.03857421875,
0.040283203125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0576171875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.043212890625,
0.01226806640625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.037841796875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.030517578125,
0.04833984375,
0.0262451171875,
0.04345703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.04833984375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.034912109375,
0.039794921875,
0.016357421875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.018310546875,
0.034912109375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.02587890625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.02490234375,
0.00323486328125,
0.04931640625,
0.00250244140625,
0.0157470703125,
0.01953125,
-0.01953125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.016845703125,
0.000640869140625,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.07861328125,
-0.00738525390625,
0.025390625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0211181640625,
0.026123046875,
0.008544921875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.039794921875,
-0.044921875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.018798828125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.039794921875,
0.000667572021484375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.044921875,
0.01312255859375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.023681640625,
0.01544189453125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0025634765625,
0.021728515625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0002536773681640625,
0.002593994140625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.003204345703125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.0018768310546875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.053955078125,
0.0196533203125,
0.03857421875,
0.00494384765625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.0184326171875,
0.032470703125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0086669921875,
0.00909423828125,
0.032958984375,
0.0019989013671875,
0.002227783203125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.06298828125,
0.035888671875,
-0.056640625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.04443359375,
0.05712890625,
0.00592041015625,
0.009765625,
-0.02099609375,
0.01385498046875,
0.027099609375,
0.025146484375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0380859375,
0.00897216796875,
0.021484375,
-0.057861328125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.052734375,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.03125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.012939453125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.040283203125,
-0.06298828125,
0.0034942626953125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.006622314453125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0054931640625,
0.023193359375,
0.029296875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0498046875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.000331878662109375,
0.00311279296875,
0.004547119140625,
0.05419921875,
0.0255126953125,
0.03662109375,
0.014404296875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.016357421875,
-0.029296875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.044921875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.05419921875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.018310546875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0693359375,
0.02783203125,
-0.003692626953125,
0.013916015625,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0042724609375,
0.018798828125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.009521484375,
0.042236328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0390625,
0.044677734375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0091552734375,
0.06396484375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.06103515625,
0.0126953125,
-0.025390625,
0.035888671875,
0.0096435546875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.0174560546875,
0.01300048828125,
0.0260009765625,
0.08251953125,
0.0419921875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0400390625,
0.00055694580078125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0004425048828125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.022216796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0283203125,
0.007110595703125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0045166015625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.042236328125,
0.054443359375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.037109375,
-0.02978515625,
0.03857421875,
0.004425048828125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.051025390625,
0.033935546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0263671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.033203125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.02734375,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.032958984375,
0.039306640625,
0.01409912109375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.024169921875,
0.041259765625,
0.01129150390625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.031982421875,
0.298828125,
0.02880859375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.009765625,
0.03662109375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.012451171875,
0.029052734375,
-0.02734375,
0.01513671875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0152587890625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.007354736328125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.007568359375,
0.0498046875,
0.0380859375,
0.0267333984375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.058349609375,
0.017578125,
-0.0732421875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0302734375,
0.01025390625,
0.002349853515625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.017333984375,
0.01422119140625,
0.053955078125,
-0.04345703125,
0.021728515625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.02880859375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.02685546875,
0.0123291015625,
0.046630859375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.000640869140625,
-0.048583984375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0322265625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0263671875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.02197265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.043212890625,
0.003662109375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.006988525390625,
0.052734375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.033203125,
0.039306640625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.009521484375,
0.00136566162109375,
0.019775390625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0087890625,
0.0086669921875,
0.007171630859375
] |
Per Curiam.
The only question here is whether on appeal from the action of a highway commissioner in laying out a road, the town board may adjourn. It was agreed on the proceedings before them that if any adjournment was allowable, it might be to the day named.
We think it beyond doubt that exigencies may arise which will absolutely require such an adjournment,, and we can see no reason why it may not be made for sickness of a member or for any other reasonable ground. The possibility of filling vacancies by other members than those present may easily be defeated without some adjournment, as the proper officers may not be within reach the same day. We cannot properly impose any such restrictions on these local bodies as will seriously hamper their usefulness. Here the parties were all present, and the objection is not meritorious.
The proceedings must be affirmed with costs. | [
0.006866455078125,
-0.016845703125,
0.020263671875,
0.048095703125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0048828125,
0.0013427734375,
0.0064697265625,
0.06884765625,
0.05810546875,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0030059814453125,
0.053466796875,
0.002899169921875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0012054443359375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.01348876953125,
0.032958984375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.040771484375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.040771484375,
-0.036865234375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.034912109375,
0.007415771484375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.056396484375,
0.005828857421875,
0.0021820068359375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0008697509765625,
0.044921875,
-0.000457763671875,
-0.032470703125,
0.010009765625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0035552978515625,
0.00726318359375,
0.0025787353515625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.03125,
0.0294189453125,
0.050537109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.009033203125,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.018310546875,
-0.04638671875,
0.000621795654296875,
0.049560546875,
0.01202392578125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0498046875,
-0.00494384765625,
0.006927490234375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0142822265625,
0.049072265625,
0.0166015625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0003604888916015625,
0.016845703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0267333984375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.01611328125,
0.047119140625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0230712890625,
0.029296875,
0.0390625,
0.0390625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0693359375,
0.00714111328125,
0.044921875,
-0.033935546875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.07861328125,
0.025390625,
0.0380859375,
0.0003719329833984375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0021514892578125,
0.02734375,
0.0615234375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.02880859375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.00982666015625,
0.064453125,
0.020751953125,
0.01806640625,
0.0098876953125,
0.033203125,
0.003265380859375,
0.041015625,
0.046875,
0.024169921875,
0.04833984375,
0.00726318359375,
0.029052734375,
-0.005157470703125,
0.037109375,
-0.046875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.02392578125,
0.00543212890625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0032501220703125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.05224609375,
0.06689453125,
0.019287109375,
-0.026611328125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.024658203125,
0.037109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.02001953125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01318359375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0079345703125,
0.00848388671875,
0.045654296875,
0.03125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.021484375,
0.0296630859375,
0.03955078125,
0.0224609375,
0.025390625,
0.0234375,
0.010986328125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00323486328125,
0.019287109375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0380859375,
0.00433349609375,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.0576171875,
0.036376953125,
-0.021484375,
0.06982421875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.03173828125,
0.035888671875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.033203125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.040771484375,
0.02783203125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.000354766845703125,
-0.0087890625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0032196044921875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0166015625,
0.00897216796875,
0.00634765625,
-0.011962890625,
0.017822265625,
0.0654296875,
0.03466796875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.032958984375,
0.022705078125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.01025390625,
-0.047119140625,
0.046142578125,
0.052001953125,
0.0380859375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0361328125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0087890625,
0.041015625,
0.024658203125,
0.00726318359375,
0.015625,
0.0322265625,
0.0322265625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.04833984375,
0.09521484375,
0.00537109375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00830078125,
0.01171875,
-0.00634765625,
0.0693359375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.05615234375,
0.01202392578125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0830078125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.033203125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0576171875,
0.038818359375,
-0.034423828125,
0.017333984375,
0.0279541015625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.029296875,
-0.037841796875,
0.05859375,
0.034912109375,
-0.029296875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.029296875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.000652313232421875,
0.003570556640625,
0.031005859375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.02197265625,
0.012939453125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.07568359375,
-0.01416015625,
0.037109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.025390625,
0.042236328125,
0.037109375,
-0.048583984375,
0.005767822265625,
-0.05126953125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.017822265625,
0.00250244140625,
0.0155029296875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.002532958984375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0087890625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0010833740234375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0250244140625,
0.006988525390625,
-0.043212890625,
0.015869140625,
0.00433349609375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.00390625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03125,
0.033935546875,
0.0157470703125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.05810546875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.040283203125,
-0.060302734375,
0.049072265625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.056396484375,
0.059326171875,
0.0186767578125,
0.03271484375,
0.00836181640625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0022735595703125,
0.0245361328125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.040771484375,
0.009765625,
-0.025146484375,
0.01025390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.03076171875,
0.025390625,
0.008544921875,
0.0303955078125,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.0478515625,
-0.015625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.064453125,
0.03759765625,
0.00040435791015625,
0.0380859375,
-0.036865234375,
0.025390625,
0.0279541015625,
0.01300048828125,
0.032470703125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.042724609375,
0.02392578125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0712890625,
0.0703125,
0.04541015625,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.0625,
0.042724609375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0001430511474609375,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.053466796875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0546875,
0.03515625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.002777099609375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0068359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.058837890625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0018310546875,
0.019775390625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0439453125,
-0.029296875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.04296875,
0.01373291015625,
0.068359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.053466796875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.018798828125,
0.017333984375,
0.01080322265625,
0.00958251953125,
0.002349853515625,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0322265625,
0.016357421875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.029296875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0517578125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0458984375,
0.00634765625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.07421875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.03369140625,
0.05810546875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.05859375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0186767578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.015625,
0.005584716796875,
0.036376953125,
0.032470703125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0162353515625,
0.00518798828125,
0.03564453125,
0.031494140625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.029296875,
0.031494140625,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.01611328125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.04052734375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.005615234375,
0.0157470703125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.055908203125,
0.0625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0078125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0301513671875,
0.0419921875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0380859375,
0.044677734375,
-0.036376953125,
0.025390625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.033447265625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.04296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.02880859375,
0.035400390625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.01226806640625,
0.01397705078125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.034423828125,
0.004669189453125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.023193359375,
0.04052734375,
-0.03759765625,
0.008056640625,
0.0576171875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.058837890625,
0.042236328125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0137939453125,
0.034912109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0419921875,
0.060791015625,
0.01080322265625,
0.019287109375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.03125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.044677734375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.02734375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0234375,
0.0245361328125,
0.00885009765625,
0.01312255859375,
0.03173828125,
0.019775390625,
0.0037384033203125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.02734375,
-0.000457763671875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.033203125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.002410888671875,
-0.05859375,
0.03271484375,
0.00732421875,
0.017578125,
0.05859375,
0.00531005859375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0238037109375,
0.032470703125,
0.06494140625,
-0.0458984375,
0.010498046875,
0.050048828125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.03515625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.00555419921875,
0.015625,
-0.00002086162567138672,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.04296875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.022216796875,
0.0279541015625,
0.04736328125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0078125,
0.015625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.041015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01300048828125,
0.0115966796875,
0.01953125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0078125,
0.03271484375,
0.004364013671875,
0.00860595703125,
0.017578125,
0.025634765625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0146484375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.00021076202392578125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.037841796875,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.06787109375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.040283203125,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0107421875,
0.044677734375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.016845703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00144195556640625,
-0.054931640625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0400390625,
0.002593994140625,
-0.01953125,
0.038818359375,
0.042236328125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.029296875,
-0.009765625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0859375,
0.040771484375,
0.017578125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.002532958984375,
0.028564453125,
0.0341796875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.00811767578125,
0.01019287109375,
0.05615234375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.050537109375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.05419921875,
0.0400390625,
-0.015625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.07763671875,
0.0002765655517578125,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.032470703125,
-0.034423828125,
0.040283203125,
0.032958984375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0537109375,
0.00921630859375,
0.0047607421875,
0.03173828125,
0.05078125,
0.0213623046875,
0.045166015625,
-0.006591796875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.0341796875,
0.001617431640625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.04833984375,
0.02490234375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0120849609375,
0.03271484375,
-0.021484375,
0.004180908203125,
0.03271484375,
0.026611328125,
0.047119140625,
0.039306640625,
0.0162353515625,
0.037841796875,
-0.046875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0107421875,
0.02001953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0078125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0234375,
0.01409912109375,
0.046875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0703125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.017578125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.061279296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.04833984375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00775146484375,
0.005157470703125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.021484375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.017578125,
-0.0078125,
0.031005859375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.03515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.023681640625,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.05859375,
-0.03125,
0.0031585693359375,
0.0157470703125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.08056640625,
0.00396728515625,
0.027099609375,
0.041015625,
-0.02734375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0751953125,
0.036865234375,
0.025146484375,
0.03515625,
0.01055908203125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.006622314453125,
0.025146484375,
0.005767822265625,
0.01953125,
0.03515625,
-0.01611328125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.007110595703125,
0.0213623046875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.03125,
0.2275390625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.01025390625,
0.06884765625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.014404296875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0072021484375,
0.01519775390625,
0.050537109375,
0.045654296875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.08447265625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.01312255859375,
0.0234375,
-0.0625,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.056884765625,
0.00567626953125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.017333984375,
0.025146484375,
0.002685546875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0004596710205078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.02587890625,
0.05615234375,
0.024658203125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0576171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.032470703125,
0.045654296875,
0.04248046875,
-0.045654296875,
0.04541015625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0128173828125,
0.03515625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.021484375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.01953125,
-0.021484375,
0.002685546875,
-0.000606536865234375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.08935546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.019287109375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.045166015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.032470703125,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.059326171875,
0.02099609375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00604248046875,
0.0859375,
-0.00021457672119140625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.044189453125,
0.00051116943359375,
0.016357421875,
0.0186767578125,
0.045166015625,
-0.04296875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0125732421875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0009002685546875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.041015625
] |
Campbell, C. J.
The bill in this case was filed to enforce a contract made between Richard Roberts, complainant’s intestate, and the firm of Roberts & Kelsey, which consisted of said Roberts and defendant. The case made by the bill is substantially as follows:
On the 17th of August, 1868, Roberts and Kelsey entered into written articles of copartnership whereby they became equally interested as partners. The firm property consisted under the articles of six hundred and sixteen-acres of pine land and a steam saw-mill and various tools and implements, and the undivided half of a parcel of 27 30-100 acres of land conveyed by Roberts to the firm, and sixteen hundred and eighty acres of pine land conveyed by Joseph L. Kelsey and wife, the father and mother of defendant.
' The business was to‘ be getting off, manufacturing and marketing all the lumber from the pine lands of the firm, till all the timber was consumed unless otherwise agreed. Each was to devote his personal attention to the business. Roberts was to undertake the management of the mill and the marketing of the lumber and the financial affairs of the firm. Kelsey was to manage the logging in the woods and running of the logs to the mill when necessary, (the mill being at Grand Haven, and the pine lands on Elat river in Montcalm county). There was to be one common place of banking business, and all deposits were to be made and drawn in the firm name; but all drafts for a greater sum than five hundred dollars were to be drawn by Eoberts, “he being the senior member and principal financier of the firm.” Provision was made against the use of firm money for private purposes, and against firm endorsements; and settlements could be had on ten days’ notice. There was also the following clause at the close of the articles:
“ And it is further agreed that the parties are to share equally all profits and gains of said business of the firm, and at the expiration of the business of the firm from any cause, the property, real and personal, and all the rights, benefit and advantage accruing to, or in any wise resulting from the business of said firm, or from the stock so furnished, shall belong equally to the parties, and be divided by them, or sold, and the funds divided as the parties shall agree.”
On the 8th day of October, 1872, a new arrangement was made in writing, which is the one on which this suit is founded. On that day Kelsey conveyed all his interest in the mill to Eoberts, and articles were drawn purporting to be between the firm of Eoberts & Kelsey on the one hand and Eoberts on the other to this effect : Eoberts agreed to saw into lumber at his mill three million feet a year from logs to be furnished by the firm from their pine lands on Flat river, and as much more as they should agree upon, and pile it on his mill dock conveniently for shipping, at $3 per thousand feet, until all the pine timber on the lands should be cut off, — provided such amount of lumber should be furnished each year, and the logs delivered at the expense of the firm at the mill boom in Grand Haven. The sawing was to be done as promptly as possible and not delayed for other sawing. Eoberts agreed to allow the firm the use of his booming grounds until the timber was exhausted.
The firm agreed to furnish the logs until used up, and pay the price, and share the expense of tallying at the mill, — the firm paying entirely for all tallying elsewhere. • Neither party was to be liable for damages in case of low water or other contingency preventing the running of logs, or in case of the mill being burned.
This contract concludes as follows: “ Said firm of Eob erts & Kelsey hereby agrees that the articles of co-partnership entered into on the 17th day of August, 1868, between Bichard Boberts and Park B. Kelsey, for lumbering purposes, shall continue and be of full force as therein provided, except so far as the provisions of said articles of co-partnership may be modified, qualified or annulled by this agreement, and by a certain quit claim deed of even date herewith, made by said Park B. Kelsey to said Biehard Boberts.”
Boberts died July 25, 1875, leaving complainant as his widow, and three children, Elizabeth Blake, BebeccaBailey, and Mary Ann Boberts, who are not parties to this bill.
The bill was filed December 1, 1875, and shows that on the death of Roberts, Kelsey assumed control of the firm assets as surviving partner, and sets forth some charges of misconduct which are not now insisted on. It avers there is an amount of about fifteen millions of timber remaining uncut, and that the principal inducement of the last agreement was that Roberts might obtain the contract-of sawing it all; but that Kelsey refuses to furnish the logs, and unless compelled to do so, the mill will be useless or nearly so.
The purpose of the bill — aside from certain matters not now insisted on — was by means of a receiver or otherwise to have the lumber furnished to the mill according to the contract — and for general relief under which compensation is asked for the damage sustained by non-fulfilment.
The bill was dismissed and complainant appeals.
We can see no foundation for any such relief. The agreement of 1872 purports to be, and was in fact a change in the partnership articles, whereby the firm ceased to own the mill and agreed to employ Roberts to do the sawing at a price fixed, instead of doing it as before on the firm account at the partnership mill. He paid Kelsey six thousand dollars for his interest in the mill. Thereafter the only firm business was in getting out the logs and selling the lumber. But Roberts was still the general financial manager. He determined the manner of sawing and attended to the sale of lumber and chiefly controlled the funds, while Kelsey was to get out the logs.
The services of Roberts were as important to Kelsey as the other business was to Roberts. There was nothing in the articles of partnership which in our opinion •was intended to continue the firm beyond the life of ■ either member. The death of either made the same change in the condition of affairs that it would usually produce in other cases. Unless the articles contain some special provision for continuance after the death of one partner, it operates as a matter of course to dissolve the firm, and to leave its settlement in the hands of the survivor. Kelsey would not be in the same position if compelled to trust or deal with the present owners of the mill, and they in turn could not occupy the position of Roberts. The contract cannot be regarded as still in force without putting both parties under conditions never contemplated by any one.
The agreement is not one which could under any circumstances be specifically enforced, because no court of equity has any means of seeing to its execution, or of supplying the judgment of the deceased partner and his business faculty. A contract depending so largely on personal confidence would become grossly unjust when that confidence became impossible.
We do not think it necessary to consider whether if the mill-owner had originally been a stranger, the dissolution of the firm on the one hand, or his death on the other would have interposed obstacles beyond remedy. It is evident enough that there could be no specific per- ' formance of such a contract.
If complainant is entitled to manage the mill, — which is not very evident, — she cannot perform for Kelsey what her husband could have done. His death rendered the performance of very important conditions impossible. We cannot conceive of any possible reason for holding that the partnership business is to be continued, or his death not regarded as dissolving the firm for all purposes.
The only remedy which complainant could have against Kelsey would be for an accounting at the proper season. He cannot be compelled to do any more than settle up the business and divide the proceeds, when ready for distribution.
The present bill having been framed with a view in part of obtaining an account — although no case is made out for that purpose, the decree below dismissing the bill will be affirmed without prejudice to any future bill to obtain a partnership settlement if it should become necessary.
The decree is affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.012939453125,
0.01251220703125,
0.019287109375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0235595703125,
0.05859375,
0.027587890625,
0.0015716552734375,
0.0201416015625,
0.006103515625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.049560546875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.036865234375,
0.033447265625,
0.0002899169921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.01556396484375,
0.01171875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.054443359375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.030029296875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.013916015625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.025390625,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.00799560546875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.007080078125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0283203125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02587890625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.034912109375,
0.01556396484375,
-0.06689453125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0341796875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.008544921875,
0.0107421875,
0.0361328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0072021484375,
0.0037384033203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.009521484375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.008056640625,
0.029296875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.041015625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.041259765625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0269775390625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0458984375,
-0.040771484375,
0.038330078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0022430419921875,
0.038330078125,
0.040283203125,
-0.038818359375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0057373046875,
0.026611328125,
0.043701171875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.035888671875,
0.0067138671875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0026702880859375,
0.011962890625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.029052734375,
0.004913330078125,
0.036376953125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0284423828125,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0234375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0038909912109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.024169921875,
0.01513671875,
0.030029296875,
0.012939453125,
0.00051116943359375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.011474609375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.05126953125,
0.0252685546875,
0.03125,
-0.027587890625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.005859375,
-0.048583984375,
0.039794921875,
0.034912109375,
0.037841796875,
0.0224609375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.025634765625,
0.044189453125,
0.00011301040649414062,
0.003570556640625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0322265625,
0.025634765625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.10302734375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.042236328125,
0.01019287109375,
0.08349609375,
-0.021484375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0098876953125,
0.006988525390625,
0.006805419921875,
0.0181884765625,
0.01239013671875,
0.01239013671875,
0.01220703125,
0.005035400390625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.01904296875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00750732421875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.064453125,
0.046875,
-0.04541015625,
0.0380859375,
0.01239013671875,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.045166015625,
0.000286102294921875,
0.08203125,
-0.043212890625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.001983642578125,
0.0299072265625,
0.01263427734375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.02880859375,
0.07470703125,
0.036376953125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.03125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.000568389892578125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.037109375,
0.0299072265625,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0179443359375,
0.05419921875,
-0.033935546875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.032470703125,
0.006011962890625,
0.01544189453125,
0.020263671875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.000308990478515625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.021240234375,
0.02880859375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.0205078125,
0.017333984375,
0.044189453125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.034912109375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.023193359375,
0.003570556640625,
-0.03564453125,
0.006500244140625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.04931640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0126953125,
-0.060791015625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.03125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.032958984375,
0.06201171875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0274658203125,
0.00701904296875,
-0.052978515625,
0.04736328125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.031005859375,
0.048095703125,
0.00653076171875,
0.026611328125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.05908203125,
0.0245361328125,
0.013427734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.00250244140625,
0.045654296875,
0.05419921875,
-0.04296875,
0.01177978515625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.047119140625,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.026611328125,
-0.029052734375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01708984375,
0.058837890625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.037353515625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.02783203125,
0.00164794921875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.025146484375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.014892578125,
0.03564453125,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.000843048095703125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02880859375,
0.03466796875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.009521484375,
0.0537109375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.05322265625,
0.004150390625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.033935546875,
-0.007781982421875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0174560546875,
0.042236328125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0380859375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01806640625,
0.031494140625,
-0.02099609375,
0.00421142578125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0216064453125,
0.05615234375,
0.047119140625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.046875,
0.01611328125,
-0.04638671875,
0.039306640625,
0.0166015625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01544189453125,
0.03515625,
0.03662109375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04345703125,
0.00186920166015625,
0.0157470703125,
0.041015625,
-0.00015354156494140625,
-0.029296875,
-0.00109100341796875,
0.016357421875,
0.04833984375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.040771484375,
-0.04150390625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.001953125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0615234375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.06591796875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.007781982421875,
0.015380859375,
-0.004730224609375,
0.054443359375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.046875,
0.013916015625,
0.012939453125,
0.031982421875,
0.033447265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0123291015625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01611328125,
0.05078125,
-0.038818359375,
0.055419921875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.037353515625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0177001953125,
0.052734375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.061279296875,
0.0166015625,
-0.007720947265625,
0.055908203125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0244140625,
0.003021240234375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.022216796875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.028564453125,
0.022705078125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.039306640625,
0.0054931640625,
0.04541015625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.000492095947265625,
0.056396484375,
0.032958984375,
0.02587890625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03759765625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.052001953125,
0.0021209716796875,
0.0299072265625,
0.00927734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01544189453125,
0.025146484375,
0.1083984375,
-0.019287109375,
0.002471923828125,
0.0311279296875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.01251220703125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0283203125,
0.0123291015625,
0.0380859375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0341796875,
0.037109375,
-0.02685546875,
0.000637054443359375,
0.040771484375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.02587890625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.007415771484375,
0.01214599609375,
0.01806640625,
0.0263671875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0003299713134765625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0108642578125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.00439453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.02880859375,
0.031494140625,
0.020751953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.045166015625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.04296875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.03857421875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.004913330078125,
0.059814453125,
0.0216064453125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.017578125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0478515625,
0.047119140625,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0234375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0191650390625,
0.06201171875,
-0.045654296875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.050048828125,
0.04150390625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.048095703125,
0.001800537109375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.040771484375,
0.03369140625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.048828125,
-0.044189453125,
0.007080078125,
0.0556640625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0703125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.050537109375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.057373046875,
0.032958984375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.024169921875,
0.01019287109375,
0.0205078125,
-0.044921875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0006256103515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.060546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0019683837890625,
0.045166015625,
-0.002593994140625,
0.050537109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.068359375,
-0.046875,
-0.05322265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.019775390625,
0.019287109375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.052734375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.051025390625,
0.00738525390625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.07763671875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.030029296875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.05908203125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.000736236572265625,
0.037109375,
-0.05029296875,
0.0152587890625,
0.009521484375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.057861328125,
0.0274658203125,
0.041015625,
0.0009918212890625,
0.0478515625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.0047607421875,
0.00994873046875,
0.034423828125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.07470703125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.03564453125,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0272216796875,
0.0634765625,
0.031494140625,
0.0234375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.021484375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.015869140625,
0.008544921875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.033935546875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.048095703125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.031982421875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025390625,
0.018310546875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01708984375,
0.042236328125,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0302734375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.04296875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0035858154296875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.032958984375,
0.06640625,
-0.025390625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.052978515625,
0.04296875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0712890625,
0.00927734375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.06591796875,
0.02587890625,
0.00811767578125,
0.000038623809814453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.042236328125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0263671875,
0.007781982421875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.034423828125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.05908203125,
0.015869140625,
0.0216064453125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.002685546875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.030029296875,
0.015625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0250244140625,
0.01220703125,
0.018798828125,
0.01708984375,
0.034423828125,
0.0069580078125,
0.04443359375,
0.009033203125,
0.00139617919921875,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.018798828125,
0.017822265625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.05322265625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.003570556640625,
-0.021484375,
0.0289306640625,
0.026123046875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.04052734375,
0.031982421875,
0.0279541015625,
0.03173828125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0126953125,
0.0283203125,
-0.0849609375,
-0.03369140625,
0.006317138671875,
0.08740234375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.015869140625,
-0.00029754638671875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.01312255859375,
0.030029296875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.025634765625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0283203125,
0.060302734375,
0.01904296875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0322265625,
0.0218505859375,
0.040283203125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0086669921875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.021484375,
0.01507568359375,
0.003936767578125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0174560546875,
0.016357421875,
0.04345703125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03173828125,
0.00927734375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.037353515625,
0.03759765625,
0.00634765625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.02978515625,
0.02783203125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.003387451171875,
0.035888671875,
0.0103759765625,
0.0341796875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.00909423828125,
0.0322265625,
0.0069580078125,
0.0185546875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.06640625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.029296875,
0.0032196044921875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.000156402587890625,
0.033935546875,
0.041259765625,
-0.068359375,
0.283203125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.005767822265625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0005645751953125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0166015625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.022216796875,
0.041748046875,
0.015869140625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.031005859375,
0.037109375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.04345703125,
0.099609375,
0.054931640625,
0.0078125,
0.003662109375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0016021728515625,
0.01904296875,
0.031005859375,
0.01531982421875,
0.003570556640625,
-0.0341796875,
0.035888671875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0211181640625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.016845703125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.006378173828125,
0.004241943359375,
0.0322265625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.055908203125,
0.006011962890625,
0.032958984375,
0.072265625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.003448486328125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.058349609375,
0.056884765625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.043212890625,
0.080078125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.019287109375,
0.006195068359375,
0.03076171875,
0.03125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.025390625,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0037384033203125,
0.01397705078125,
0.01458740234375
] |
Per Curiam.
In these cases the court has not been able to agree upon the questions presented by the records, and the judgments will be affirmed under the statute. | [
-0.029541015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.054443359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.01519775390625,
0.06640625,
0.00274658203125,
0.01007080078125,
0.03515625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.021484375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.033203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.000186920166015625,
0.00159454345703125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.023193359375,
0.002960205078125,
0.01129150390625,
0.031005859375,
0.03173828125,
0.078125,
0.038818359375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.029296875,
0.029296875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0263671875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0390625,
0.0057373046875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.052734375,
0.001953125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.060302734375,
0.01202392578125,
0.00262451171875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.000629425048828125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.037353515625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0004749298095703125,
-0.01806640625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.02294921875,
0.000522613525390625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.043212890625,
0.033935546875,
0.0113525390625,
0.0048828125,
0.031982421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0234375,
0.013427734375,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0400390625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0031280517578125,
0.00139617919921875,
0.06982421875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.031494140625,
0.04833984375,
0.00159454345703125,
0.015380859375,
0.03857421875,
0.03955078125,
0.04541015625,
-0.024169921875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.034423828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.05419921875,
-0.02392578125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0042724609375,
0.03857421875,
0.004547119140625,
0.0390625,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.005584716796875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.02294921875,
0.0022735595703125,
0.027099609375,
0.033447265625,
0.0068359375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.00537109375,
0.05029296875,
0.049072265625,
0.0014190673828125,
0.021728515625,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.037109375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.034423828125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0419921875,
0.038330078125,
0.036376953125,
0.007110595703125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.013427734375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0233154296875,
0.01171875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0052490234375,
0.026123046875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0081787109375,
0.01336669921875,
0.00141143798828125,
0.0216064453125,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.0010833740234375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.024169921875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.033203125,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.04638671875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.000591278076171875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.046875,
0.0223388671875,
0.015869140625,
0.0400390625,
0.03857421875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.004913330078125,
0.052978515625,
0.00026702880859375,
-0.06591796875,
0.033935546875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.055908203125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.046875,
0.00555419921875,
0.0078125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.043212890625,
0.039794921875,
0.0135498046875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0458984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.037841796875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01104736328125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.031982421875,
0.044677734375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0067138671875,
0.02734375,
0.0186767578125,
0.05322265625,
0.0234375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.046875,
0.006134033203125,
0.02490234375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.037109375,
0.0198974609375,
0.034423828125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.041748046875,
-0.01220703125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.001190185546875,
0.017578125,
0.00726318359375,
0.02734375,
0.02001953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.025390625,
-0.02392578125,
0.05126953125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.052001953125,
0.04638671875,
0.0625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.008056640625,
0.020263671875,
0.0869140625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.009521484375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.047607421875,
0.037353515625,
0.00173187255859375,
0.00384521484375,
-0.05517578125,
0.009521484375,
-0.053955078125,
0.05419921875,
0.008544921875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.08154296875,
0.004119873046875,
0.06591796875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0390625,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.06689453125,
0.0126953125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.004150390625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.021484375,
0.003265380859375,
-0.00029754638671875,
-0.048095703125,
0.05859375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0361328125,
0.09619140625,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.00726318359375,
0.036376953125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.078125,
0.015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.04931640625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.01025390625,
0.01519775390625,
0.04541015625,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.009521484375,
0.0257568359375,
0.060302734375,
0.006103515625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.004913330078125,
0.015869140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.02099609375,
0.020263671875,
0.01806640625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.03564453125,
0.00909423828125,
0.00138092041015625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00830078125,
0.020263671875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.003204345703125,
0.004486083984375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.051025390625,
-0.036376953125,
0.04541015625,
0.01300048828125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.08349609375,
0.056884765625,
0.01611328125,
0.044921875,
0.00811767578125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0301513671875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.031005859375,
0.03564453125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.027587890625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.064453125,
0.010009765625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.037109375,
-0.02294921875,
0.001678466796875,
0.0306396484375,
0.037109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.052734375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.029052734375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.013427734375,
0.017578125,
0.01519775390625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.021728515625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.031494140625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0078125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.03515625,
-0.03125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.033935546875,
0.041015625,
0.0439453125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0263671875,
-0.02392578125,
0.023193359375,
0.0272216796875,
0.003662109375,
-0.01318359375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.05029296875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0084228515625,
0.001373291015625,
0.00897216796875,
0.07666015625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0245361328125,
0.005828857421875,
0.01239013671875,
0.033935546875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.027099609375,
-0.03515625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.044189453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0281982421875,
0.01483154296875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0087890625,
0.006317138671875,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.052734375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.011962890625,
0.0155029296875,
0.004425048828125,
0.021240234375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0000026226043701171875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0098876953125,
0.00433349609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0048828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.026611328125,
0.019287109375,
0.01300048828125,
0.040771484375,
0.0042724609375,
0.0004787445068359375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.029296875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00008249282836914062,
0.0279541015625,
-0.037353515625,
0.03564453125,
0.05322265625,
0.041015625,
0.033935546875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.041748046875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.019775390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.017578125,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.00341796875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.03125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0419921875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0263671875,
-0.01171875,
-0.050048828125,
0.052490234375,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00156402587890625,
0.00083160400390625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0233154296875,
0.01611328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.033203125,
0.0064697265625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.044189453125,
-0.000835418701171875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0002574920654296875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0576171875,
0.050537109375,
0.0189208984375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.02392578125,
0.040283203125,
0.03564453125,
0.0322265625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00921630859375,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.046142578125,
0.0213623046875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.002532958984375,
-0.04296875,
0.01409912109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0177001953125,
0.017822265625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0146484375,
0.0301513671875,
0.003326416015625,
0.010009765625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.05078125,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.015625,
0.0673828125,
0.0546875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.04638671875,
0.04931640625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.052001953125,
0.036376953125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.009033203125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.03369140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0244140625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.060791015625,
0.055908203125,
0.007415771484375,
0.0101318359375,
0.06787109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0096435546875,
0.049072265625,
0.03076171875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00445556640625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.048095703125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.031005859375,
0.055908203125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.031005859375,
0.02587890625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.00113677978515625,
0.02783203125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0166015625,
0.021728515625,
-0.03125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.00151824951171875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.01202392578125,
0.036376953125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.017333984375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.064453125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.08544921875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.03515625,
0.0146484375,
0.033447265625,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0625,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.00026702880859375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0615234375,
-0.03662109375,
0.016845703125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.026611328125,
0.03125,
0.026123046875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00238037109375,
0.043701171875,
-0.0029296875,
0.019775390625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.04296875,
0.0303955078125,
0.033203125,
0.005706787109375,
0.03076171875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.08642578125,
0.033935546875,
0.051025390625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0004405975341796875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.0003757476806640625,
-0.00011444091796875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.04296875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.036376953125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0546875,
-0.009033203125,
0.01007080078125,
0.01708984375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0234375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0286865234375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.039794921875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0267333984375,
0.026611328125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0166015625,
0.02783203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.046875,
0.01153564453125,
0.024169921875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.06298828125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.018798828125,
0.03857421875,
0.03173828125,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.08349609375,
-0.015380859375,
0.00506591796875,
-0.0341796875,
0.032958984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0003032684326171875,
-0.05078125,
-0.00023746490478515625,
0.0050048828125,
0.01904296875,
0.0208740234375,
0.001556396484375,
0.031494140625,
0.046875,
0.017333984375,
0.042724609375,
0.010986328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.05078125,
-0.052734375,
0.056884765625,
0.0361328125,
-0.04833984375,
0.01239013671875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0234375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.036376953125,
-0.07177734375,
0.0048828125,
0.00738525390625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.037109375,
0.04052734375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.003692626953125,
0.0306396484375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.055908203125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0033416748046875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.040771484375,
0.000823974609375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0712890625,
0.0146484375,
0.036865234375,
0.02880859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.021728515625,
0.006805419921875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0810546875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0263671875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.02880859375,
0.031494140625,
0.0301513671875,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.05517578125,
0.020263671875,
0.0123291015625,
0.02001953125,
0.022705078125,
0.051025390625,
0.03173828125,
0.0296630859375,
0.03857421875,
0.0281982421875,
0.034912109375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.017333984375,
0.019287109375,
0.057373046875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.08544921875,
0.0615234375,
0.0159912109375,
0.021728515625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0244140625,
0.01171875,
-0.08154296875,
0.212890625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.01324462890625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0478515625,
0.00177764892578125,
0.0098876953125,
0.011962890625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.048828125,
-0.01708984375,
0.022216796875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0380859375,
0.018310546875,
0.07275390625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.035888671875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.00335693359375,
0.044189453125,
-0.044921875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.039794921875,
0.002685546875,
-0.046875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.016357421875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.008056640625,
0.05810546875,
0.0206298828125,
0.00994873046875,
0.023193359375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0184326171875,
0.055908203125,
-0.0166015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0206298828125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00147247314453125,
0.0081787109375,
0.0133056640625,
0.01123046875,
0.051025390625,
-0.025390625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.04541015625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.04833984375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0269775390625,
0.041748046875,
0.0191650390625,
0.037353515625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.0284423828125,
0.025390625,
0.00162506103515625,
0.003997802734375,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.042724609375
] |
Campbell, C. J.
This controversy arises upon a bond given by Lee to indemnify Wisner upon the liability of the latter upon a forfeited official .bond of John B. Dillingham who had been collector of the Port of Mackinaw.
On the 29th of July, 1867, Dillingham, Wisner, and Hiram O. Driggs, became jointly and severally bound to the United States in the penal sum of $5,000 conditioned for Dillingham’s faithful execution and discharge of the-duties of his office as collector.
Some time in the year 1870 Wisner was informed that' Dillingham was behind in his accounts, and received, a. balance sheet from the government showing the default to be about $3,700. He thereupon endeavored to get security from Dillingham, but without success. It was-finally agreed that Wisner would do what he could to settle with the government and give Dillingham four-years to repay his advances on receiving security, with ten per cent, interest. Various securities having been spoken of, and not found available, Dillingham-proposed to give a bond with Lee as surety, and Wisner accepted the proposition. The bond was to be for $2,100 as the-maximum, and to secure no more than actual advances up to that sum.
This bond was a joint and several bond in the sum of $2,100, with the following condition:
“that if the above bounden John B. Dillingham, his. heirs, executors or administrators, shall, and do well and truly pay or cause to be paid unto the above named Chauncey W. Wisner, his certain attorney, executors, adminis, trators or assigns, the sum of twenty-one hundred dollars, ■or so much or such part thereof as the said Wisner shall pay or cause to be paid on account of a bond made to the United States by said Dillingham, and on which said Wisner is surety, for the use and benefit of the above bounden Dillingham, on or before the fourteenth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, with interest to be paid on the whole sum so paid or caused to be paid at ten per cent., to be paid annually, without fraud or delay, then the preceding obligation to be void” etc.
Wisner was sued by the United States with Dillingham, and judgment was recovered against them March 11, 1873, for $4,057.55 and costs, and execution was levied1 on land July 24, 1873. In September, 1874, he settled-' with the government by paying $2,388.23 and $45.50 for marshal’s fees.
Dillingham haying died, the present suit was brought against Lee, and judgment obtained for the amount of the bond, $2,100 and costs. Lee brings error.
The chief controversy below, although presented in different forms, arose out of the alleged want of consideration of the bond, and the claim that Lee was induced to sign it by fraudulent concealment. Some minor questions of evidence are also presented.
The first objection urged was that the bond was not admissible in evidence, because bad upon its face for want of consideration.
Whatever questions may arise upon the consideration, we cannot see how the bond itself shows any defect. It is under seal, which is presumptive evidence of consideration, and which, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, would be conclusive. It calls for refunding future advances which Dillingham would be liable for, and there is nothing on the face of the bond to show why they do not stand like any other advances to be11 made for, the accommodation of another person. The bond does not even show that Wisner was to be under any compulsion from the government before he paid them. Upon its face it is an obligation to refund at a given time sums expressed to be for Dillingham’s benefit, and it cannot be assumed that the bond is bad on its face, unless it would be legally impossible to suppose such payments could operate as a valuable consideration under any circumstances.
A more important question is whether the arrangement between Wisner and Dillingham did in fact create a valid consideration for the new agreement. Upon this there is no room for discussion. An extension of credit has always been deemed sufficient to uphold a contract of suretyship. As between Wisner and Dillingham all moneys paid by Wisner would raise an implied promise against Dillingham to refund them on demand. Giving credit until a fixed period in the future would, therefore, be a substantial benefit, sufficient to sustain a promise by Lee to be answerable for payment.
It was claimed on behalf of Lee that the bond was procured from him by fraud, and by keeping him in ignorance that Dillingham was a defaulter, and that Dillingham’s relations with him were those of a confidential attorney, bound to inform him fully.
Upon this point, without discussing how far the obligations of various parties may extend under such circumstances, we think the instructions of the court below cannot be complained of by plaintiff in error. The plaintiff below, Mr. Wisner, did not ask for Lee’s security and had no communication with him on the subject. He simply accepted Dillingham’s proposition to give Lee’s bond with his own. Under such circumstances Wisner was in no way concerned with the dealings between Dillingham and Lee, and was not bound to assume there was any danger of fraud against Lee. The form of the bond would itself indicate that Dillingham was liable for money to the United States that Wisner expected to pay which could only have been on some official default, and Wisner might fairly presume that Lee would do nothing without satisfactory inquiry or indemnity. Lee’s testimony shows that he took no pains whatever to know what he was becoming liable for. The court below charged the jury that if Wisner knew of any confidential relation between Dillingham and Lee, he would be affected by Dillingham’s fraud if any was committed; and that if he knew or had reason to believe there was any improper concealment, he could not recover. This went quite as far as justice could require, and no authority has been cited which imposes any greater obligation cn a creditor towards the surety of his debtor. Lee at least was not damnified by the rulings.
The remaining questions are chiefly questions of evidence and involve no important considerations.
As this was a suit against Lee alone on his several liability on a joint and several bond, there is no force in the objection that Wisner should not have been allowed to testify concerning matters equally within the knowledge of Dillingham, who is deceased. This suit is not a suit against Dillingham or his estate, or his heirs, representatives or assigns.
No proof was necessary of the execution of the bond, when not denied by affidavit. And as the proof on both sides clearly showed its execution, this point, if good when taken, would have become immaterial.
The bond given by Dillingham, and his sureties Wisner and Driggs, to the United States, was proved by the introduction of a copy certified under the acts of Congress, and not by subscribing witnesses. The law does not permit public records to be removed for private suits, and there is no other way to prove them. If proof of execution is requisite, it can only be required as in other cases where instruments are proved without their exhibition in court. Subscribing witnesses could not identify any thing but the original. Eslow v. Mitchell, 26 Mich., 500. The statutes of the United States make certified copies equal in evidence to originals; see U. S. Rev. St., Sec. 886. The originals are only allowed to be produced by order of the court where suit is pending upon a denial under oath of their execution. Ib. This cannot mean that their execution must be proved in ordinary cases by subscribing witnesses. The identity of this bond as the only bond executed by Wisner and Dillingham was fully made out, and we are of opinion that no further proof was therefore requisite to connect the two bonds or to establish the official, bond as a basis of liability.
Error is alleged on the admission of a judgment in favor of the United States agarust. Wisner and Dillingham, upon which Wisner made the payments which were the foundation of this action. Whatever may be the effect of such evidence, it is difficult to see how Wisner -could have proven a compulsory payment without it, and this it is insisted he was- bound to prove. A complete liability was shown under the acts of Congress (R. S., Sec. 886), by the evidence unobjected to of a statement from the Treasury Department, but as the payments were on the judgment, that was properly received. The court charged that it was not conclusive, but only prima facie evidence in favor of Wisner. This ruling left it open to Lee to show any legal ground to impeach its force, if any existed, but no attempt was made to do this. His bond certainly, according to the claim set up before us, contemplated that Wisner would be subjected to suit and that judgment might be rendered against him, and that the moneys to be refunded would be paid under it. It is not necessary to determine how far this would prevent Lee from questioning such a judgment, when it is conclusive against Dillingham, whose debt he is surety for. Under the circumstances, there is no doubt of its being at least prima facie evidence. The defendant’s own testimony shows that he knew of the suit, and that the parties were endeavoring to get the claim reduced, and all three were present at the interview for that purpose. He does not intimate that any of them questioned the debt or cared to defend, but merely that they desired to compound for it. A judgment obtained under such circumstances cannot be regarded as of no force as evidence against any of them.
It may be deserving of consideration whether the whole testimony concerning this judgment was not surplusage when the treasury balance had been shown and not impugned or reduced.
Inasmuch as the amount paid by Wisner, exclusive of costs and expenses, considerably exceeded the sum secured by Lee’s bond, the evidence of expenses becomes immaterial.
We do not think there was any error in receiving proof of any of the interviews between Lee and Wisner concerning their respective interests, whether before or after the date of the bond. Nor do we perceive what bearing Dillingham’s possession or want of means could have on any question involved in this litigation, unless offered in connection with some proposition to show a fraud committed by Wisner on Lee.' The questions put to Wisner on this subject on cross-examination, and ruled out, were not offered for this purpose. But inasmuch as the cross-examination proceeded after this ruling to cover the whole ground, the ruling was evidently disregarded, and even if wrong, did no damage.
The objection of variance, because Lee’s bond refers to one made by Dillingham, and on which Wisner was a surety, while the proof shows a bond on which Wisner and Driggs were both sureties, has no force.' The proof showed there was no other bond signed by WTisner and Dillingham. The recital in Lee’s bond does not attempt to give a full description of the other bond secured.
All the questions properly raised on the record are covered by the conclusions which we have already expressed. We find no error in the record, and the judgment must be affirmed with costs.
Graves and Cooley, JJ., concurred. Marston, L, did not sit in this case. | [
0.0150146484375,
-0.001556396484375,
0.0260009765625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.032958984375,
0.03271484375,
0.00958251953125,
0.003143310546875,
0.004150390625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0576171875,
0.032958984375,
0.0169677734375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.03662109375,
0.021728515625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.038330078125,
0.0283203125,
-0.00537109375,
0.07177734375,
0.0107421875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0013427734375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.050537109375,
-0.08642578125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.06884765625,
0.02294921875,
-0.07666015625,
0.0025482177734375,
0.006317138671875,
0.050537109375,
-0.00927734375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0244140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0244140625,
0.0517578125,
0.016845703125,
-0.04345703125,
0.006591796875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.046142578125,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.01025390625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0223388671875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.027587890625,
0.048828125,
-0.023681640625,
0.00775146484375,
0.005462646484375,
0.0625,
-0.0400390625,
0.06005859375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.02197265625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.033935546875,
0.026611328125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0133056640625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.050537109375,
0.05517578125,
0.0167236328125,
0.015869140625,
0.0185546875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.008056640625,
0.0006561279296875,
0.01025390625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.038818359375,
0.014404296875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.013427734375,
0.045166015625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.004364013671875,
0.038818359375,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.060302734375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0196533203125,
0.016845703125,
0.035400390625,
-0.002685546875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.03955078125,
-0.00009250640869140625,
0.02099609375,
-0.023193359375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.05126953125,
0.008056640625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.003265380859375,
0.033203125,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.01116943359375,
0.00146484375,
-0.03125,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0198974609375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01513671875,
0.02197265625,
0.002899169921875,
0.0009918212890625,
0.00121307373046875,
0.0262451171875,
0.031982421875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0264892578125,
0.01055908203125,
0.038330078125,
0.02294921875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.02783203125,
-0.01318359375,
0.0098876953125,
0.046630859375,
0.0050048828125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.052001953125,
0.003936767578125,
0.0030059814453125,
0.00372314453125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.044921875,
-0.013427734375,
0.045166015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.052001953125,
0.006134033203125,
0.02197265625,
-0.021484375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.00006437301635742188,
0.046875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0830078125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0002040863037109375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.016845703125,
0.035400390625,
-0.00732421875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0264892578125,
0.030029296875,
0.029052734375,
0.080078125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.07373046875,
0.02685546875,
0.04541015625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0001239776611328125,
-0.003387451171875,
0.02490234375,
0.039306640625,
-0.021484375,
-0.008544921875,
0.038818359375,
0.034912109375,
0.00927734375,
0.0057373046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0361328125,
-0.020263671875,
0.01165771484375,
0.01019287109375,
0.000888824462890625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.00469970703125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.052001953125,
0.00182342529296875,
0.02197265625,
0.017822265625,
0.017578125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0556640625,
0.0185546875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.046630859375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.02880859375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0166015625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0341796875,
0.015869140625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.007781982421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.012939453125,
0.01458740234375,
0.04150390625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.052001953125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.00909423828125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.000476837158203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.02001953125,
-0.021484375,
0.0634765625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.022705078125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0771484375,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.052001953125,
0.017333984375,
-0.04736328125,
0.07275390625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.015625,
0.00860595703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0703125,
0.021728515625,
0.00799560546875,
0.0272216796875,
0.04345703125,
0.037353515625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0849609375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0167236328125,
0.055419921875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.05126953125,
0.027587890625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.033203125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0021820068359375,
0.00537109375,
0.0260009765625,
0.04150390625,
0.01275634765625,
0.041015625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00012874603271484375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.039306640625,
-0.000965118408203125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0009765625,
0.061279296875,
0.041748046875,
0.019287109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03857421875,
0.056884765625,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.006927490234375,
0.015869140625,
0.036865234375,
0.00775146484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.044921875,
0.01397705078125,
0.04638671875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.0174560546875,
0.052001953125,
0.0859375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.024658203125,
-0.015380859375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01348876953125,
0.0137939453125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0242919921875,
0.057861328125,
0.017578125,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.02880859375,
0.009521484375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.041259765625,
0.00726318359375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.034912109375,
0.021484375,
0.05078125,
-0.05078125,
0.041748046875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0234375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.056640625,
0.015869140625,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0252685546875,
0.049072265625,
0.00616455078125,
0.04150390625,
0.042236328125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.024658203125,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.016845703125,
0.035888671875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.008544921875,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.025390625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.04296875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.005096435546875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0283203125,
0.006591796875,
0.010986328125,
-0.00014591217041015625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0625,
0.0361328125,
0.0419921875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.030517578125,
0.00775146484375,
0.03759765625,
0.011474609375,
0.0234375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.030029296875,
0.0537109375,
0.05810546875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.060791015625,
0.001129150390625,
-0.00299072265625,
0.021728515625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.033203125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.048828125,
-0.002899169921875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0439453125,
0.01513671875,
0.00144195556640625,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.009521484375,
0.00555419921875,
0.0281982421875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.033203125,
-0.01708984375,
0.013916015625,
0.072265625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.06103515625,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.007568359375,
0.01544189453125,
0.027099609375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0009765625,
-0.0380859375,
0.016845703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.010986328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.05712890625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00592041015625,
0.0101318359375,
0.0281982421875,
0.046630859375,
0.00347900390625,
-0.041015625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.02001953125,
0.01287841796875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.047607421875,
0.048583984375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.06494140625,
-0.06005859375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.026611328125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00830078125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.01409912109375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0012054443359375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0240478515625,
0.04248046875,
0.009521484375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.060546875,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.046875,
0.01806640625,
0.046142578125,
0.05224609375,
0.04296875,
-0.08154296875,
0.0303955078125,
0.033935546875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0004444122314453125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.03125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.019775390625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.056640625,
0.04443359375,
0.03125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0712890625,
0.0078125,
-0.00086212158203125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.024169921875,
0.058837890625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.052978515625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.037109375,
0.00148773193359375,
-0.07470703125,
0.00433349609375,
0.016845703125,
0.01080322265625,
0.034912109375,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.04296875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.08935546875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0242919921875,
0.037841796875,
-0.02880859375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.02099609375,
0.02783203125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.000453948974609375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.049560546875,
0.060791015625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.007049560546875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0272216796875,
0.00732421875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.05126953125,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0037841796875,
0.0125732421875,
0.01446533203125,
0.05322265625,
-0.0005340576171875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.01416015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.020751953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.020263671875,
0.02099609375,
0.0322265625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.02783203125,
0.02685546875,
0.016357421875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.029052734375,
0.010009765625,
0.005279541015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0272216796875,
0.03515625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.004638671875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0238037109375,
0.03564453125,
0.0223388671875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.06494140625,
0.006744384765625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.062255859375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0107421875,
0.00799560546875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.000591278076171875,
0.0196533203125,
0.03515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.036865234375,
0.012451171875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.033203125,
0.01092529296875,
0.03369140625,
0.01251220703125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0096435546875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0038909912109375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0272216796875,
0.017333984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.02392578125,
0.0017242431640625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.011962890625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0002193450927734375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.06005859375,
0.0654296875,
0.01611328125,
0.004364013671875,
0.01458740234375,
0.041748046875,
0.0306396484375,
0.019287109375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01416015625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.072265625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0078125,
0.08349609375,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.022705078125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.021484375,
0.03125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.060302734375,
0.043212890625,
0.00531005859375,
0.0166015625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.047119140625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.000911712646484375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.00009250640869140625,
-0.02001953125,
0.026611328125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.04248046875,
0.00194549560546875,
0.04150390625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0000400543212890625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.02783203125,
0.041259765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.011962890625,
0.007171630859375,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01416015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.046875,
0.012939453125,
-0.02587890625,
0.00927734375,
0.0047607421875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0830078125,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.06201171875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0615234375,
0.039306640625,
-0.05322265625,
0.283203125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.00927734375,
0.011474609375,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00061798095703125,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.0009002685546875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0145263671875,
0.01324462890625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0257568359375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.040283203125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0693359375,
0.060546875,
-0.003173828125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0166015625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.006378173828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01708984375,
0.040283203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0245361328125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0189208984375,
0.02880859375,
0.0027618408203125,
0.033203125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.023193359375,
0.036376953125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.008056640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0272216796875,
0.004425048828125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.00032806396484375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0146484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.008544921875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.043212890625,
0.0029296875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.01153564453125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0257568359375
] |
Graves, J.
May 16,1874, the defendants Stewart and wife joined in a promissory note to complainant for $3000, payable three months after date with semi-annual interest at ten per cent. They also made their mortgage of even date, but acknowledged May 20th, to secure the same debt. It was given on the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter and the north half of the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section sixteen, of township five south of range nineteen west.
The debt seems to have been the unpaid remainder of an original debt of $5000 which had been incurred by Stewart and Theodore and Franklin Pew, in certain business transactions not much explained. At the time of this mortgage from Stewart to Higman, the Pews held the legal title to a mill property at the mouth of the Paw Paw and St. Joseph rivers which some time previously appears to have been regarded as quite valuable. They had become embarrassed; the property was considerably encumbered and had very much depreciated in value. Exactly what land the property includes is not certainly described in the record, but it probably embraces University lots 18, 19, 28, and a portion of lot 27.
Through its endowment fund committee the Albion College held a mortgage given by the Pews December 6, 1871, on lots 18, 28, and part of lot 27 for about $3000, and the representatives of the estate of one Becker held another on the same parcels given by the Pews Oct. 15, 1873, and calling for between $2000 and $3000.
Besides these encumbrances by mortgage there was a levy. May 18, 1874, the sheriff had levied an execution in favor of one Swinson, against the Pews, on the parcels covered by these two mortgages, and also on lots 19, 3, 11 and 12. At this stage Stewart obtained a lien. May 21st, 1874, and the next day after Stewart’s aeknowledg ment of his mortgage of $3000 to complainant, the Pews mortgaged to Stewart lots 18, 19, 28, and part of 27, for. $4100, to secure their note to him of even date for that sum, payable in two years with annual interest at ten per cent. Stewart represents that the consideration of these securities from the Pews was the $3000 he was bound to pay to complainant and $1100 of other debts the Pews owed him.
October 10, 1874, sale was made on the Swinson execution, and the whole premises covered by his levy were struck off to him in parcels, for the aggregate sum of $1048.82, and the sheriff delivered to him the necessary certificates. As the levy under which this sale was made was prior to the mortgage given to Stewart, the right acquired by the purchase under it was superior; but it was subject to the earlier mortgages to the College and Becker estate, as to lots 18, 28 and part of 27 which all covered.
September 8, 1875, and when the time for redeeming on the part of the Pews had still a month left, Stewart assigned to complainant the note and mortgage which the Pews had given for $4100.
This assignment was in form absolute, but a paper was made simultaneously from complainant to Stewart which declared that the note and mortgage were assigned as collateral security only for notes which complainant held against Stewart, and further, that the transfer was subject to the understanding that the difference between .the cost of the property to complainant if it were bought by him and the amount realized if sold, should be applied towards liquidating Stewart’s indebtedness to him.
September 9, 1875, the next day after the date of this transaction, complainant received an assignment of the certificate of sale under the Swinson levy. He paid $630 to obtain it. The Pews failed to redeem, and January 12, 1876, the sheriff conveyed to him and immediately, ■or very soon afterwards, he assumed possession under this title. After he had received this conveyance and had taken possession under it, and on January 24,1876, the Pews together with their wives executed to him a deed of lots 18, 19, 28 and part of 27. It recited a consideration of $1000 and contained the usual covenant of seizin, and covenanted against incumbrances except the levy and sale and except the three mortgages, and also covenanted for quiet enjoyment. But immediately preceding the attestation clause and after enumerating the before mentioned charges upon the property, it stated, as follows: “All these incumbrances the party of the second part agrees and undertakes and promises to pay and discharge as part of the consideration hereof.” This instrument was handed to complainant by one of the Pews and left thereafter in his possession. Shortly afterwards and before the month ended complainant transferred half of the property to Mr. Hinckley.
. Meanwhile proceedings in chancery had been going on to foreclose the Albion College and Becker estate mortgages, and sales were at length advertised under decrees, for September 11, 1876. On the occurrence of the sales complainant became purchaser at both and received conveyances accordingly. The wholesale price is stated to have been $5643.83.
These purchases by complainant appear in the evidence as settled by the judge and they are therefore noticed in this connection. They occurred, however, long after the commencement of this suit, and their admission in the case is not explained.
A few weeks after the sheriff’s deed and the taking of possession under it, namely, in March, 1876, the' complainant filed this bill to foreclose the mortgage for $3,000 Stewart and wife gave him on the farm. It was taken as confessed by Jones and Wellington Stewart. Charles Stewart and his wife answered separately. Both admitted the note and mortgage and denied that anything was due. She alleged that the transaction was m the exclusive interest of her husband and on information and belief charged that the whole demand had been paid.
He alleged that the demand originally belonged to the First National Bank of St. Joseph, of which complainant was president, and stood against the Pews as principals and himself as endorser; that the Pews having become ■ seriously embarrassed, the complainant as president of the bank insisted on payment or that he should give security; that thereupon he and his wife by agreement with complainant and on his suggestion, gave the note and mortgage in question and took up the note running to the bank; that by this arrangement the Pews became “obligated” to him for the $3000; that aside from this they were also indebted to him for “some $1100 for other matters,” and in order to secure him for the whole, they gave him May 21,1874, the note and mortgage for $4100, which on the 8th of September, 1875, he assigned to complainant as “farther security” for the note of $3000; that the property so mortgaged by the Pews was then valuable, and “before the hard times came on” had been “considered reasonably worth $20,000 to $30,000,” and at this time was worth from “$12,000'to $15,000,” and was encumbered' by two prior mortgages for “about $4400;” that after such assignment and in January, 1876, complainant “bought from the said Pews the said mill property mentioned in said mortgage, and in purchasing the same he expressly undertook and promised the said Pews to pay and discharge the encumbrances on said property, and in doing so he accepted from them their deed with covenant of warranty, and which referred to this mortgage and others, and therein was written a clause to the effect that he expressly agreed to pay and discharge f.bia and the other encumbrances, which deed he, the said William E. Higman accepted, fully understanding and agreeing to the terms thereof;” that at the time he so agreed he held the note and mortgage for $4100 “by assignment absolute in form;-” “that by this transaction” with the Pews “he at once realized and received payment in full of such note and mortgage,” and that there remains a balance of $1200 due defendant from complainant. The proofs were taken in open court, and on consideration of the facts the circuit Judge overruled the defense and entered the usual decree of foreclosure and sale, and the defendants Stewart and wife appealed.
Many questions of intricacy are obviously suggested by the case which do not arise at all under the proceedings. It is hence not very surprising that the discussion has dwelt on topics not embraced by the pleadings. The suit can only be defended on the ground set up in the answer (Van Dyke et al. v. Davis et al., 2 Mich., 144), and the ground alleged there is single and distinct. It makes no claim that complainant’s situation as mortgagee of the mortgage from the Pews to Stewart imposed any duty on him to abstain from buying for himself the prior right arising from the execution sale, and to hold and use it, after having bought it, in subservience to Stewart’s interest.
The Pews are not parties, and are not shown to be irresponsible. For all that appears they may be abundantly able to meet every claim Stewart has ever had against them. Their mortgage to him was given to secure eleven hundred dollars of indebtedness beyond the sum for which he had given the mortgage in suit to complainant, and his assignment by way of mortgage to complainant of the Pew mortgage, was not only to secure the debt of $3000 represented by the mortgage in suit, but a further indebtedness likewise of several hundred .dollars. We are not informed what has become of this extra indebtedness from the Pews to Stewart nor that from Stewart to complainant. Neither do we know anything concerning the application of the value of the lots included in the execution sale and not embraced in the other papers. There are many things pertaining to the series of transactions of which the mortgage in suit is one which cannot be. unravelled in this litigation, and we need allude to them no further.
The exact ground of defense asserted in the answer is in substance that complainant held the mill property mortgage under Stewart’s assignment as collateral security for the three thousand dollar mortgage in suit, and whilst so holding it bound himself in an agreement with the Pews which they executed, to satisfy it as part of the consideration of his purchase from them of the premises whereby he in equity converted that mortgage into satisfaction of the mortgage debt now in suit and became trustee of the residue for Stewart.
Unless this position is sound in theory and well grounded in fact the decree below cannot be disturbed.
It is not very important now that the object of the assignment of the mill property mortgage is represented incorrectly as the securing nothing else than the debt in suit, and it is not needful to question the validity of the final consequence claimed to follow the asserted facts. The more important consideration is whether the facts prove that complainant duly contracted to pay the mill property mortgage in question either as his own debt or as the debt of the Pews.
The only evidence not documentary adduced at the instance of the defense was given by complainant.
He was called by Stewart and examined at length. The defendants did not testify. Neither did they call or procure the evidence of either of the Pews. The case was left with such statements and explanations as were called out from complainant, and it is a reasonable inference that the defense could not be improved by the oaths of the others. Wallace v. Harris, 32 Mich., 380, 394; Whitney v. Bayley, 4 Allen, 173; McDonough v. O’Niel, 113 Mass., 92; 1 Starkie’s Ev., 762.
His evidence showed that prior to his getting title under the execution sale and whilst the Pews were still in possession and holding the equity of redemption he had some talk with them about deeding to enable him to make a conversion of the property and that he subsequently found opportunity to sell in case immediate possession could be obtained, and so informed Stewart and that tbe latter observed that he conld get a quit claim deed from tbe Pews and would do so, but be was unable to get one as be, Stewart, afterwards admitted.
His evidence further showed that these efforts to get a deed from tbe Pews were in October, 1875, and that be never bad any later or other talk with Stewart about getting one, and there is no evidence of any negotiation between tbe Pews and complainant or between Stewart and complainant for any deed except tbe quit claim sought for in October, or any evidence that complainant expected or desired one.
Tbe deed tbe sheriff gave complainant January 12, 1876, and under which be took full possession is in no manner impugned. It must be regarded as a valid and complete conveyance and hence as cutting off all right, title and interest of tbe Pews and vesting tbe equity of redemption • perfectly in complainant. He was in full possession and they bad no right, not even a possessory one, left to serve tbe purpose of a colorable conveyance or afford tbe semblance of a consideration to support a grantee’s promise. In this state of things one of tbe Pews passed into complainant’s bands tbe formal grant in question. It occurred nearly two weeks after complainant’s acquisition of title and possession and tbe utter extinguishment of all right and interest in tbe Pews. Tbe evidence of complainant explains tbe transaction. He was engaged in business at tbe bank and was busy. One of tbe Pews entered and addressing him observed “Here is tbe deed to tbe mill property,” and at tbe same time banded to him tbe deed in question; that be was busy, and took it, and said nothing; that be did not read it or notice tbe clause relating to payment of tbe incumbrances; that be did not ask for it or pay anything for it, or put it on record. There is no evidence whatever that be regarded it as a conveyance or ever made use of it - as an instrument of any value or effect. So far as appears tbe preparation, execution and banding over of tbe paper were acts purely voluntary on the part of the Pews and the reception of it by complainant an act purely mechanical on his part.It neither conveyed nor released anything.
The Swinson levy and sale no longer constituted a mere lien to be satisfied or discharged. The proceedings had ripened into a perfect title which complainant owned, and so far as the defense in this cause is concerned, had cut off the lien of the mortgage to Stewart.
• Still according to the clause designed to bind complainant, he was to be bound, and according to the theory of the defense made himself bound to the Pews to pay as consideration for this nominal grant, not only the two early mortgages amounting to between $5000 and $6000, but also in some way to “pay and discharge” as though it were an incumbrance of a little over $1000, his own complete title under the execution, and likewise to “ pay and discharge” the mortgage of $4100 which was no longer an incumbrance on the property.
In short, if we set aside a most important fact and consider the right under the execution as only a lien for the amount of the sale, in order to avoid the absurdity of an agreement to “pay and- discharge” an absolute title owned by the promisor, the position at last is that complainant promised to sink over $5000 for nothing.
Passing from this long statement of facts we may first inquire whether the doctrine which makes a grantee responsible to a mortgagee in consequence of a provision in the grant that the grantee assumes the payment of the mortgage debt, is applicable to the claim made by the defendant Stewart. The doctrine -has been maintained in two forms. The first, where a special agreement has been made between the seller of the equity of redemption and the purchaser that the mortgage debt shall be considered purchase money, but be left in the hands of the purchaser for the use of the mortgagees : and this, it has been said, affords a valid basis for a direct claim by the mortgagee against the purchaser thus holding the mortgage debt for his use. Cumberland v. Codrington, 3 Johns. Ch., 254; Garnsey v. Rogers, 47 N. Y., 233.
This view, however, has been expressly overruled by courts of high authority, and upon the ground of want of privity on the part of the mortgagee. Mellen, Adm’x. v. Whipple, 1 Gray, 317; Pettee v. Peppard, 120 Mass., 522; Kearney v. Tanner, 17 S. & R., 94, 97; Daniel v. Leitch, 13 Gratt., 195.
Granting that the doctrine is sound, yet it appears .clear that the facts do not make out a case to meet it. Girard Life Insurance, Annuity and Trust Co. v. Stewart, 86 Penn. St., 89. It was incumbent on Stewart to prove at least that it was understood. between complainant and the Pews that there was purchase money to be left. Instead of that, however, the evidence shows that it was not so understood, and moreover that there was none in fact.
The second form accorded to the doctrine is that the-grantee upon consideration agrees with the grantor to pay his debt, whereby as between them the grantee becomes principal debtor and the grantor his surety; and in accordance with the principle which in equity entitles the chief creditor to receive the benefit of a security held by a surety, the mortgagee creditor is entitled to the benefit of the agreement made by the purchaser of the equity of redemption. Halsey v. Reed, 9 Paige, 446; Blyer v. Monholland, 2 Sandf. Ch., 478; King v. Whitely, 10 Paige, 465; Marsh v. Pike, id., 595; Garnsey v. Rogers, supra; Curtis v. Tyler, 9 Paige, 432; Stevenson v. Black, Saxton, 338; Tichenor v. Dodd, 3 Green (N. J.), 454; Crawford v. Edwards, 33 Mich., 354; Miller v. Thompson, 34 Mich., 10. In this aspect the doctrine does not contemplate an obligation from the grantee to the mortgagee, but a promise from the former to .the mortgagor which may be caused to inure by an equitable subrogation to the mortgagee’s benefit.
Row, the Pews to whom tfie agreement is alleged to have been made are not parties and the practicability of turning to Stewart’s benefit by equitable subrogation in their absence from the record an obligation incurred to them is not palpable. The court seem to have thought in Burr v. Beers, 24 N. Y., 178, that the mortgagor as actual pfomissee was an indispensable party for the purpose of subrogation. Waiving this objection, however, the evidence proves that the preparation and transit of the paper were spontaneous proceedings on the part of the Pews; that they granted nothing; released nothing and suffered nothing, but voluntarily handed to complainant, who mechanically received without knowledge of its import, their written statement that he assumed their debts; and the final result is that it is not proved that they fastened the intended obligation upon'him. According to the facts adduced there was no consideration to induce or support the supposed obligation and no actual assumption of the liability. The case is hence without proof of the existence of a liability to give rise to subrogation. But there is still another obstacle to the defense. The- position taken requires that it should appear that the alleged obligatory clause was not only handed over by the Pews with the design that it should be effective, but was also received as a binding thing by complainant. Even to constitute a gift, acceptance by the donee of the thing as a gift is essential, except where the donor makes himself trustee for the donee. Armitage v. Widoe, 36 Mich., 124; Hill v. Wilson, L. R. 8 Ch. App., 888: 7 Eng., 449. The mechanical transit of the document containing the clause would not be enough. An intelligent assent, — something evincing an actual acceptance of the tendered bargain would still be necessary. It has been held that a person’s assent to a matter which is obviously for his benefit may be presumed, but not where it would be prejudicial to him. Here complainant’s interest was palpably adverse, and whatever presumption may be indulged must be against his having assented. The reception and retention of the paper are evidence undoubtedly of acceptance, but they are not the same thing as acceptance, nor conclusive evidence of it. 2 Washb. Real Prop., 581 et seq. [3d ed., Vol. 3, p. 254]; Hill v. Wilson, supra; Thompson v. Richards, 14 Mich., 172; Jackson v. Dunlap, 1 Johns. Cas., 114; Jackson v. Richards, 6 Cow., 617; Church v. Gilman, 15 Wend., 656; Crosby v. Hillyer, 24 Wend., 280; Brackett v. Barney, 28 N. Y., 333; Hawkes v. Pike, 105 Mass., 560; Shurtleff v. Francis, 118 Mass., 154.
Other circumstances are admissible to explain or overcome their prima facie import, and in the present case we ñnd a state of things which deprives them of importance. Without further reference to the facts it is enough to" say that on a fair construction of the evidence it does not appear that complainant received the paper in the sense of making himself a party to it.
The conclusion reached leads to 'an affirmance of the decree, with costs to complainant.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.00897216796875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0303955078125,
0.030517578125,
-0.060791015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.043212890625,
0.044677734375,
0.036376953125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.02197265625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0004405975341796875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01953125,
0.007049560546875,
0.00023746490478515625,
0.037841796875,
0.04248046875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.036376953125,
-0.044677734375,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0040283203125,
0.02392578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.037353515625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.031005859375,
-0.019775390625,
0.045654296875,
-0.039306640625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.04052734375,
0.020263671875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.018310546875,
0.0166015625,
0.00543212890625,
0.00860595703125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01611328125,
0.07275390625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0625,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01446533203125,
0.0185546875,
0.048583984375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.053955078125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0322265625,
0.072265625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.01007080078125,
0.000629425048828125,
0.0286865234375,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.003631591796875,
0.07958984375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.041259765625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.03271484375,
-0.012451171875,
0.08447265625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.01953125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0517578125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.014404296875,
0.004486083984375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.058349609375,
0.00127410888671875,
0.0322265625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.011962890625,
-0.03662109375,
0.01153564453125,
0.0167236328125,
0.027587890625,
0.002593994140625,
0.005401611328125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.03759765625,
0.054443359375,
0.007659912109375,
0.0341796875,
-0.00537109375,
0.0224609375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.07568359375,
0.00244140625,
0.04833984375,
0.03662109375,
0.051513671875,
-0.02294921875,
0.04296875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.01446533203125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.033203125,
0.0308837890625,
0.01318359375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.039306640625,
0.03955078125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.09765625,
-0.037841796875,
0.02880859375,
0.0010986328125,
0.058837890625,
-0.025146484375,
0.023681640625,
0.020751953125,
0.006683349609375,
0.02294921875,
0.02685546875,
0.00518798828125,
0.00007390975952148438,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.040283203125,
0.000469207763671875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.02294921875,
0.001495361328125,
-0.009765625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.043212890625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00872802734375,
0.052490234375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.049072265625,
0.07275390625,
0.0107421875,
-0.029052734375,
0.028076171875,
0.0242919921875,
0.005462646484375,
0.0002574920654296875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0322265625,
-0.04931640625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.033203125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.033203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.06005859375,
0.06005859375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.018310546875,
0.03369140625,
0.001220703125,
-0.025390625,
0.0228271484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.02783203125,
0.036865234375,
-0.034423828125,
0.01214599609375,
0.064453125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.021484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.02783203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.040771484375,
0.046630859375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0277099609375,
0.039306640625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.01263427734375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.02734375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0419921875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01171875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0128173828125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0390625,
-0.00732421875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.04443359375,
0.01239013671875,
0.02197265625,
-0.058349609375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0361328125,
0.008056640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0037994384765625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.005859375,
-0.024658203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0169677734375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.00177764892578125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.06689453125,
-0.02685546875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0159912109375,
0.048583984375,
0.037109375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.004180908203125,
0.034912109375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.041259765625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.033203125,
0.000583648681640625,
0.000759124755859375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.049072265625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.019287109375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0277099609375,
0.035888671875,
0.02490234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0322265625,
0.048828125,
-0.046875,
0.05029296875,
0.05029296875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.039794921875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0174560546875,
0.00830078125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0390625,
0.046875,
-0.000335693359375,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.031494140625,
0.00139617919921875,
-0.06396484375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.022216796875,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.050537109375,
0.035400390625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.00909423828125,
0.00750732421875,
0.0184326171875,
0.03271484375,
-0.02880859375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.050537109375,
0.027099609375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01226806640625,
0.0150146484375,
0.0693359375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0169677734375,
0.03564453125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.04150390625,
0.043701171875,
0.0673828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.050537109375,
-0.041748046875,
0.022705078125,
0.000003874301910400391,
0.01055908203125,
-0.001495361328125,
0.05615234375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.01251220703125,
0.054931640625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.03515625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00115966796875,
0.019775390625,
0.07275390625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.04248046875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.016357421875,
0.05810546875,
-0.060791015625,
0.078125,
-0.041015625,
0.05029296875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.051513671875,
0.005157470703125,
0.044189453125,
0.014892578125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.03564453125,
0.03466796875,
0.013671875,
0.037353515625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.060546875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.02001953125,
0.017578125,
-0.02734375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0390625,
-0.046875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0556640625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0286865234375,
0.01239013671875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0025634765625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0035400390625,
0.047607421875,
0.037841796875,
0.003448486328125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.05859375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01507568359375,
0.048583984375,
0.005126953125,
0.02099609375,
0.037353515625,
0.05615234375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0234375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.040283203125,
0.04296875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.05859375,
-0.035888671875,
0.005615234375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.054931640625,
0.01220703125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0341796875,
0.020751953125,
0.0233154296875,
0.000591278076171875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.024658203125,
0.0013427734375,
0.008056640625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.02783203125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0089111328125,
0.00701904296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.02294921875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.05224609375,
0.00183868408203125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.007598876953125,
0.046875,
0.01025390625,
-0.00732421875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.041748046875,
0.04638671875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.000015854835510253906,
0.0771484375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.064453125,
0.0166015625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.00001633167266845703,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0301513671875,
0.054443359375,
-0.02587890625,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.041015625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0244140625,
0.042724609375,
0.00125885009765625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.048095703125,
0.01708984375,
-0.00081634521484375,
-0.053466796875,
0.017578125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0002593994140625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.004150390625,
-0.053955078125,
0.031982421875,
0.02978515625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0093994140625,
0.06201171875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0341796875,
0.05322265625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.00006198883056640625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.000568389892578125,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.010009765625,
0.00408935546875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0018157958984375,
0.068359375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.03173828125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.04296875,
0.056640625,
0.02978515625,
-0.078125,
0.0286865234375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.002471923828125,
0.04296875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.028564453125,
0.00628662109375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.07861328125,
0.03662109375,
-0.00372314453125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.054443359375,
0.012939453125,
0.041259765625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00024318695068359375,
0.00970458984375,
0.008544921875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.053955078125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.040283203125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0361328125,
0.02197265625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.04248046875,
0.012451171875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0213623046875,
0.040283203125,
0.018310546875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.028076171875,
0.002593994140625,
-0.042724609375,
0.00836181640625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0159912109375,
0.02880859375,
-0.00012683868408203125,
0.00193023681640625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.039794921875,
0.0002651214599609375,
-0.034912109375,
0.046142578125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.052978515625,
0.003326416015625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.06396484375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.024169921875,
0.025390625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.000377655029296875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0213623046875,
0.00518798828125,
0.06640625,
0.06298828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0118408203125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01513671875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0020599365234375,
0.000009775161743164062,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.041748046875,
0.046630859375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0303955078125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.04296875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.029296875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0084228515625,
0.05126953125,
0.0120849609375,
0.04150390625,
0.01416015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0020751953125,
0.0000762939453125,
-0.05029296875,
0.02783203125,
0.06201171875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0009613037109375,
0.03759765625,
0.04150390625,
0.0101318359375,
0.0279541015625,
0.04833984375,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.058349609375,
0.019775390625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0185546875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0004100799560546875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0189208984375,
0.03955078125,
0.005218505859375,
0.0009765625,
0.06396484375,
0.031494140625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.0185546875,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0361328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0234375,
0.00933837890625,
0.005859375,
-0.000766754150390625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0107421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.044189453125,
0.02294921875,
0.0322265625,
-0.009765625,
-0.06591796875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0189208984375,
0.029052734375,
0.05224609375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.05517578125,
0.0025482177734375,
0.005035400390625,
0.043701171875,
-0.060546875,
0.003814697265625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.05517578125,
0.00070953369140625,
0.05810546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0556640625,
0.0224609375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.036865234375,
0.031982421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00119781494140625,
0.0111083984375,
0.0107421875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.000885009765625,
0.001068115234375,
0.046875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.043701171875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.03466796875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0234375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.06787109375,
0.0002155303955078125,
0.0281982421875,
0.00830078125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00144195556640625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0595703125,
0.296875,
0.016357421875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.018310546875,
0.035888671875,
0.037109375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00020694732666015625,
0.0093994140625,
0.006103515625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0390625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0361328125,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0009765625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.054931640625,
0.056884765625,
-0.0126953125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0439453125,
0.014892578125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.056396484375,
0.003021240234375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.0439453125,
0.01068115234375,
0.02587890625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0024261474609375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0302734375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.017333984375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.039306640625,
0.021240234375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0311279296875,
0.04638671875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0247802734375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.017578125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0010986328125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.05322265625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.032470703125,
0.050048828125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.01470947265625,
0.040771484375,
0.0458984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0283203125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01263427734375
] |
Marston, J.
Complainant filed his bill to foreclose several mortgages, and on the 10th day of March, 1877, a decree was rendered in his favor for the sum of $25,000, from which decree certain of the_ defendants appealed.
The appellants deny that any amount is due and owing upon these mortgages, while 'the complainant claims that the amount to which he is in fact entitled far exceeds the amount fixed by the decree, but because a greater sum could not be collected out of the property he was content with the decree as it stood.
The accounts between the principal parties interested have been running for a long series of years, and some,' if not all, are quite complicated. In case we should find that certain settlements, as asserted by complainant, were in fact made, and that defendant Kellogg, at the time thereof, understood and was bound by them, the case will be very much simplified and the necessity' will be avoided of entering into an extended examination of all the accounts and dealings between these parties.
One of the principal items of indebtedness is evidenced by a note dated April 4th, 1866, and which, it is claimed, was given upon a fair and full settlement of. all existing accounts up to that date. The defendants do not deny the giving of this note, but claim that there was no settlement, or if there was, that it was made subject to a farther examination and correction; that certain errors were afterwards discovered; and that if corrected, but little if anything was in fact then owing to complainant.
We have no doubt -but that a full and complete settlement, and one then fully understood by the parties, was made, and that this note was given for the balance then found due. Upon this subject the evidence as to what took place at the time, the relations between the parties afterwards, the payment of interest thereon, and their subsequent dealings and transactions, all show beyond controversy that such a settlement actually was made.
If then we take this settlement as a basis, and add to the amount of the note then given and interest thereon, the amount of the Coy and Cady mortgages with interest thereon, which we understand are not disputed, the decree below would have to stand, as the amount of these securities combined would exceed the amount fixed by the decree.
There are however certain disputed items which would affect this conclusion if the appellant’s view thereof shall be found correct.
First, as to the note of May 8th, 1868, given by Kellogg to Wallace: There is no doubt but that this note was discounted by the bank, and placed to the credit of Wallace on the 7th day of July, 1868. The oral evidence in the case, and the copy of Wallace’s account, as taken from the books of the bank, show such to be the fact. It also appears that complainant was liable as an endorser upon this note, and as such after-wards paid to the bank the amount thereof.
Second. April 20th, 1867, William Wallace made his note, payable to the order of Kellogg, at the National Bank of Michigan. This note Kellogg endorsed payable to the order of complainant. The testimony of Perrin, of Wallace, of Kellogg, of Hughes, the stipulations in the case, all are to the same effect, and show that this note was recognized and treated as a valid claim and as secured to complainant by this mortgage.
Third, in reference to the orders given in favor of Wallace and Collier payable out of the proceeds of the Aldrich farm.
The facts in reference to this Aldrich farm, as testified to by both Kellogg and Perrin, in substance were that Kellogg owned this farm, subject to two mortgages thereon, one to Yary and one to Perrin; that the farm was to be sold for not less than §15,500, and Perrin was to receive the proceeds thereof, and after paying the Vary mortgage credit Kellogg on his mortgage indebtedness with the balance. Perrin testifies that Kellogg was to have the privilege of drawing on the balance, after paying the Vary mortgage, “for a certain amount to apply .upon some matters, which were against him, at least he said it would be necessary for him to use some for some other matters.”
The order to Wallace was by its terms made payable out of the proceeds of this farm. It was given, Wallace testifies, upon a final settlement of account between Wallace and Kellogg. The Collier order, Perrin testifies, was also to be paid out of this farm, and such was Kellogg’s understanding and intention. It was also treated by Perrin in his account with Kellogg. It appears from the testimony of Mr. Gill, that in October, 1869, he drew off and figured up the account between Perrin and Kellogg. In this account Kellogg was charged with the Yary mortgage, then owned by Perrin, and was credited with the full proceeds of the Aldrich farm, less the amount of the Wallace and Collier orders, and this settlement and manner of charging these orders and crediting the balance was consented to by both parties. In February, 1871, the parties and their solicitors met and examined a schedule of account in which the balance of the Aldrich farm proceeds were so credited, and it was agreed to by the parties and their solicitors as correct, and a stipulation entered into that a decree should be entered fox the balance as shown .by such schedule. Indeed unless we shut our eyes, and refuse to recognize as of any binding effect the letters and stipulations of Kellogg in this case, we can come to no conclusion other than that these orders should be included and that a balance for at least the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars was due the complainant at the time the decree was granted.
It is said however that the proceeds of the Aldrich farm; less the amount of the Vary mortgage, should be applied in reduction of the general indebtedness, under the agreement made between Kellogg and Perrin as to the sale of the farm, and that the proceeds could not be otherwise disposed of.
This of course is upon the assumption that the parties did agree to apply the balance in reduction of the gen* eral indebtedness. Perrin however testifies that Kellogg at the time reserved the right to draw upon the proceeds for a certain amount, to apply upon some claims held against him, and it was in recognition of and pursuant to this right that these orders were drawn.
Even if such had not been the agreement previous to the sale of the Aldrich farm, or if it had been expressly agreed that the proceeds thereof should be applied in reduction of the general indebtedness, the parties might subsequently have otherwise disposed of the proceeds, and such a disposition would be binding upon them. Third parties interested in the premises might have a right to insist that the proceeds should be applied in reduction of the debt, and that such an agreement could not afterwards be changed without their consent to their prejudice, but I do not understand it to be claimed in this case, that the proofs show any third parties in a position at that time to interfere.
Another objection is made which perhaps it would be well to notice briefly, viz.: That the open mortgages in this case secure only the debts of Kellogg to Perrin or Perrin & Go., and were not intended to cover all debts of Kellogg, but only such as should be contracted by Kellogg with Perrin.
We are inclined to think that this view is correct, and that Perrin could not take claims against Kellogg, held by third parties, and as assignee or otherwise include them in this mortgage. We can however see no good reason. why, if Perrin held any such claims, Kellogg, so long as third parties would not be prejudiced thereby, could not consent to their being held by Perrin and that they should be secured by and included in the mortgage.
That Kellogg did so agree in this case there can be no question, and such agreement, we are of opinion, must be considered as binding.
Without further pursuing this investigation, I am of opinion that the decree rendered was sufficiently favorable to appellants and that it should be affirmed with costs.
Campbell, C. J. and Cooley, J. concurred. Graves, J. did not sit in this case. | [
-0.00390625,
0.0223388671875,
0.037353515625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.032958984375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0166015625,
0.0615234375,
0.03564453125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0322265625,
0.00909423828125,
0.025146484375,
0.03076171875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.02587890625,
0.005615234375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.025390625,
0.048095703125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.01904296875,
0.0023956298828125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.021484375,
0.06298828125,
-0.07763671875,
0.044189453125,
-0.04736328125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.015625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.054443359375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0064697265625,
-0.04541015625,
0.00360107421875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0390625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.023193359375,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.007568359375,
0.00005269050598144531,
-0.004150390625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.013671875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.008544921875,
-0.034912109375,
0.03955078125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.00872802734375,
0.01116943359375,
0.03466796875,
0.0037841796875,
0.037841796875,
0.0003814697265625,
0.0556640625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.029296875,
0.05029296875,
0.05126953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.02734375,
0.01214599609375,
0.007171630859375,
0.01129150390625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0693359375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.03955078125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0142822265625,
0.03125,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.07470703125,
0.009033203125,
-0.02392578125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.02197265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.01953125,
0.0242919921875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.056396484375,
0.041748046875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.02734375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0093994140625,
0.014892578125,
-0.000675201416015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.022705078125,
-0.005126953125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.029296875,
0.04541015625,
0.027099609375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00093841552734375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.000331878662109375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.03173828125,
0.043701171875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.068359375,
-0.023193359375,
0.03857421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.033935546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0194091796875,
0.047607421875,
0.007354736328125,
0.0537109375,
0.032470703125,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.015869140625,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.04052734375,
0.026611328125,
-0.0078125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0419921875,
0.056640625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.0191650390625,
0.046630859375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.036376953125,
0.072265625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.029296875,
-0.03759765625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0341796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.0234375,
0.04931640625,
-0.042724609375,
0.068359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.035400390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0126953125,
-0.033447265625,
0.019775390625,
0.004638671875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.06103515625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0078125,
0.023193359375,
-0.039306640625,
0.033935546875,
0.033447265625,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.041748046875,
0.06591796875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0244140625,
-0.034912109375,
0.044189453125,
-0.0057373046875,
0.015869140625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.001800537109375,
0.01422119140625,
0.00250244140625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0576171875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01953125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.049560546875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.008056640625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.05419921875,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0576171875,
-0.024658203125,
0.02734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.03076171875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.078125,
-0.025634765625,
0.00151824951171875,
0.05908203125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.06689453125,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.012939453125,
0.00017547607421875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0023345947265625,
0.001312255859375,
0.02490234375,
0.0166015625,
0.02294921875,
-0.006195068359375,
0.053466796875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.046875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.057373046875,
0.033203125,
0.0595703125,
0.0234375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.012939453125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.000766754150390625,
0.03125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.006622314453125,
0.02001953125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.013427734375,
0.0074462890625,
0.0390625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.03076171875,
0.02685546875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0400390625,
-0.001434326171875,
0.053955078125,
0.00732421875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.037841796875,
0.041259765625,
0.034423828125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.017578125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0625,
0.056640625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.04345703125,
0.06689453125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.022705078125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0517578125,
0.035400390625,
0.01318359375,
0.00738525390625,
0.00107574462890625,
0.055419921875,
0.0439453125,
0.006591796875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0291748046875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0400390625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.02783203125,
0.0005645751953125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.02734375,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.00823974609375,
0.004974365234375,
0.004638671875,
0.0439453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.001312255859375,
0.028076171875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0244140625,
0.029296875,
0.0238037109375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.058349609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00421142578125,
0.00439453125,
-0.00347900390625,
0.0108642578125,
0.017822265625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0009002685546875,
0.0673828125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.02587890625,
0.0032501220703125,
0.01214599609375,
0.0791015625,
0.02294921875,
0.00141143798828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0206298828125,
0.048828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.05078125,
0.06005859375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.050048828125,
0.039306640625,
0.057373046875,
-0.0419921875,
0.044189453125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.041015625,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.04541015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.0169677734375,
0.024169921875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0084228515625,
0.012939453125,
0.0107421875,
-0.044677734375,
0.02783203125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01416015625,
-0.0107421875,
0.0341796875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.02734375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.017578125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.049072265625,
0.0081787109375,
0.009765625,
0.032958984375,
0.0159912109375,
0.030029296875,
0.00119781494140625,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0498046875,
0.016845703125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.037109375,
0.02392578125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0301513671875,
0.006622314453125,
0.032958984375,
0.068359375,
0.03759765625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00335693359375,
0.037109375,
0.01318359375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.039794921875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0546875,
0.0162353515625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.06103515625,
0.03759765625,
0.007537841796875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.00092315673828125,
0.01953125,
-0.02734375,
0.03466796875,
0.02001953125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.011474609375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01123046875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.00714111328125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.043701171875,
0.013671875,
-0.10498046875,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.001312255859375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0234375,
-0.004241943359375,
0.02197265625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.033203125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.006439208984375,
0.08642578125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.017578125,
-0.00360107421875,
0.0015869140625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.00775146484375,
0.035400390625,
-0.017578125,
0.029541015625,
-0.037109375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.00016880035400390625,
0.03857421875,
0.014404296875,
0.04931640625,
0.033203125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0005340576171875,
0.005615234375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0166015625,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0303955078125,
0.033447265625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0224609375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0458984375,
0.03173828125,
0.037109375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.03857421875,
-0.05126953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.03857421875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0067138671875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.02685546875,
0.021484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0011138916015625,
0.076171875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.031494140625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0205078125,
-0.052734375,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.0380859375,
0.054931640625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.046875,
0.00167083740234375,
0.040283203125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0576171875,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.005279541015625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.06103515625,
0.046875,
0.0166015625,
0.048583984375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.037109375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.02734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.007354736328125,
0.015625,
0.02294921875,
0.040771484375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0419921875,
0.032958984375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.04345703125,
-0.011474609375,
0.0159912109375,
0.01806640625,
-0.01953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.0021514892578125,
0.043701171875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.010986328125,
0.01116943359375,
0.05517578125,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03564453125,
-0.05078125,
0.048583984375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.00537109375,
0.03076171875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.045654296875,
0.0042724609375,
0.01165771484375,
0.005889892578125,
0.027587890625,
0.0164794921875,
0.002716064453125,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.056640625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0123291015625,
0.02783203125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.033935546875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.044921875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.055419921875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01220703125,
0.015625,
0.00225830078125,
0.033447265625,
0.005096435546875,
-0.015625,
0.003143310546875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0546875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.038330078125,
0.028076171875,
-0.002685546875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.044921875,
0.002288818359375,
0.000942230224609375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.03369140625,
0.006500244140625,
-0.047119140625,
0.013916015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03955078125,
0.029052734375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.050048828125,
0.021240234375,
0.051025390625,
0.0260009765625,
0.048095703125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.06884765625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0302734375,
0.031982421875,
0.0166015625,
0.01336669921875,
0.004913330078125,
0.01904296875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.037353515625,
0.015625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.02734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0390625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.043212890625,
0.0390625,
0.048095703125,
0.023681640625,
-0.014404296875,
0.060302734375,
0.00360107421875,
0.06396484375,
0.0118408203125,
0.02783203125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.08203125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.032470703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.033203125,
-0.046875,
0.026123046875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0224609375,
0.051025390625,
0.021728515625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.039794921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0439453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.01263427734375,
0.037353515625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.029296875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.00250244140625,
0.007110595703125,
0.00244140625,
-0.057861328125,
0.02197265625,
-0.017333984375,
0.0032196044921875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.047119140625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01708984375,
0.056640625,
-0.0400390625,
0.03125,
0.015380859375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.01171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.02001953125,
0.01068115234375,
0.0244140625,
0.00002300739288330078,
-0.043701171875,
-0.02099609375,
0.011962890625,
0.0625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.028564453125,
0.00250244140625,
0.02490234375,
0.01507568359375,
0.0059814453125,
0.0439453125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.018798828125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0751953125,
0.0517578125,
0.03369140625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00384521484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0157470703125,
0.018310546875,
-0.052734375,
0.267578125,
0.043701171875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0185546875,
0.044189453125,
0.0267333984375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.001556396484375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.04052734375,
0.0230712890625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0224609375,
0.05517578125,
0.03955078125,
0.033447265625,
0.03369140625,
-0.056640625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.02392578125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.04931640625,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0291748046875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.019287109375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.033203125,
0.0004482269287109375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0546875,
0.047607421875,
-0.053466796875,
0.0164794921875,
0.037353515625,
0.035888671875,
-0.032958984375,
0.015380859375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0155029296875,
0.03857421875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01953125,
0.0191650390625,
0.03955078125,
0.044677734375,
-0.002899169921875,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0005950927734375,
0.011962890625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.004425048828125,
0.05029296875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04052734375,
0.01373291015625,
0.057373046875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.04833984375,
0.000028252601623535156,
0.00103759765625,
0.06787109375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0220947265625,
0.02490234375,
0.01318359375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.013916015625
] |
Marston, J.
The first assignment of error in this case counsel have abandoned, and the fourth is too general under the facts to be considered. The second relates to the admission of the written agreement to pay the costs and charges of keeping and taking care of the tug seized under the attachment proceedings. Testimony had been introduced to show that the plaintiff in this case had requested that the tug be released from the levy and the property in dispute levied upon and taken in lieu thereof, and that in case this change was made he (plaintiff) would pay the ship-keeper’s fees; and that this paper (Exhibit I) was given in pursuance of this arrangement. Under such circumstances we can see no possible objection to its introduction. Whether this plaintiff had authority to bind Alfred C. D. Payment, and to sign his name to this agreement was of no consequence in this controversy. The object of introducing this agreement, with the other evidence in the case, was to show that the plaintiff in this case had so conducted himself that he was estopped from maintaining this action, and for this purpose and as one' of the links in the transaction it was admissible.
The third assignment of error relates to the refusal of the court to permit plaintiff to show that at the time of the execution sale of the property in dispute to defendants, he, plaintiff, did not know of any defects in the judicial proceedings which would render the judgment and execution sale thereunder void.
The defendants, executiori purchasers, did not claim title to this property under a valid judgment and execution sale. Their claim was that plaintiff supposing that a valid judgment had been rendered, requested the release of certain property which had been seized, offering to and actually turning out this property to be sold in lieu thereof, and that these facts and his presence at the sale and conduct thereat as a bidder and otherwise, estopped him from denying the title which they had thus acquired.
The plaintiff knew that a judgment had been rendered against himself and others, and that the property was being sold to satisfy that judgment. He apparently took ho steps to ascertain whether the proceedings had been regular and a valid judgment rendered or not. If irregular, he clearly could waive the irregularity, and this he might do by actions as well as by words, and the effect upon the defendants would be precisely the same whether he knew of the defective proceedings previous to the sale or not. We think the court did not err in rejecting this testimony.
The conclusion arrived at by the court below from all the facts in the case, we cannot review.
The judgment must therefore be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
0.01177978515625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0206298828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.043212890625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0283203125,
0.06689453125,
0.0703125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0234375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01007080078125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0308837890625,
0.00732421875,
0.0634765625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0078125,
0.028076171875,
0.0101318359375,
0.022705078125,
0.00176239013671875,
0.0235595703125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0654296875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.055908203125,
0.0125732421875,
0.00360107421875,
0.0458984375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.027099609375,
-0.06689453125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.03515625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0107421875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0673828125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.021484375,
-0.00019168853759765625,
-0.039306640625,
0.03662109375,
0.023681640625,
0.00171661376953125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0113525390625,
0.015625,
-0.000682830810546875,
0.03125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.015625,
0.043212890625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0419921875,
0.02734375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.02001953125,
0.04541015625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.02880859375,
0.01177978515625,
0.06298828125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.00335693359375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.01171875,
0.03955078125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.03369140625,
0.06591796875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.035400390625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.017578125,
0.039306640625,
0.03125,
0.028564453125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.05419921875,
0.00531005859375,
0.0595703125,
0.01220703125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.015625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0546875,
0.0030364990234375,
0.00543212890625,
0.0108642578125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0016326904296875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0267333984375,
0.039306640625,
0.005706787109375,
0.01611328125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.05712890625,
0.0191650390625,
0.013916015625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00009775161743164062,
0.0174560546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0006561279296875,
-0.000476837158203125,
0.0169677734375,
0.037109375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.011474609375,
0.023193359375,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.03564453125,
0.0308837890625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.020263671875,
0.000644683837890625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01904296875,
0.003173828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.005340576171875,
0.0103759765625,
0.0185546875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.029052734375,
0.010009765625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0498046875,
0.052001953125,
0.0019989013671875,
0.011962890625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.046875,
0.0205078125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.060791015625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.04833984375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.01263427734375,
0.000024437904357910156,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.06591796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.02978515625,
-0.06005859375,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.03076171875,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.046630859375,
0.031005859375,
0.044189453125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0308837890625,
0.01708984375,
0.05029296875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.041748046875,
0.024658203125,
0.0380859375,
0.00079345703125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.045166015625,
0.0257568359375,
0.00628662109375,
0.000949859619140625,
0.006103515625,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.000335693359375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.033935546875,
0.044189453125,
0.002777099609375,
0.005126953125,
-0.0004062652587890625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.038330078125,
0.0004634857177734375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00970458984375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01611328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.031982421875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0576171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.055908203125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.044921875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0244140625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.059326171875,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.056884765625,
0.037353515625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0005645751953125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.06884765625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.019775390625,
0.010009765625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.024658203125,
0.0235595703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.00014019012451171875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00022602081298828125,
0.01123046875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.033203125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00830078125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0361328125,
0.0081787109375,
0.06982421875,
0.0380859375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0478515625,
0.0419921875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.01171875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.048583984375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.06298828125,
0.057861328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0196533203125,
0.03369140625,
0.018310546875,
0.0084228515625,
0.01007080078125,
0.006744384765625,
0.02099609375,
0.010986328125,
0.00274658203125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.010986328125,
0.02685546875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.046875,
-0.02392578125,
0.01513671875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0234375,
0.08740234375,
0.01226806640625,
0.00004673004150390625,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.0751953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.032958984375,
-0.00011110305786132812,
-0.02001953125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.03955078125,
0.0283203125,
0.005126953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.053466796875,
-0.03125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.047119140625,
0.033447265625,
0.057373046875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0810546875,
-0.03759765625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.00030517578125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01123046875,
0.053955078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.031982421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.007568359375,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.010986328125,
0.0234375,
0.0732421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.01171875,
0.033203125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.016357421875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.025146484375,
0.06298828125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.017333984375,
0.05712890625,
-0.0302734375,
0.052978515625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.0003910064697265625,
-0.013671875,
-0.016357421875,
0.01318359375,
0.044921875,
-0.04248046875,
0.06982421875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0260009765625,
0.002838134765625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0078125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0146484375,
0.005859375,
-0.015380859375,
0.064453125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0234375,
0.007659912109375,
0.0089111328125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.046875,
-0.046875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.036376953125,
0.002899169921875,
0.010986328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.044189453125,
0.07177734375,
-0.01904296875,
0.0283203125,
0.0252685546875,
0.033447265625,
0.005096435546875,
0.00628662109375,
0.0281982421875,
0.00579833984375,
0.017333984375,
0.04052734375,
0.051513671875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.046875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.07568359375,
0.00421142578125,
0.00372314453125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.061767578125,
0.000016927719116210938,
0.01953125,
0.044921875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.064453125,
0.051025390625,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0322265625,
0.044921875,
0.027587890625,
0.008544921875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0517578125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.025146484375,
0.000637054443359375,
0.01422119140625,
0.01129150390625,
0.005523681640625,
0.0185546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0341796875,
0.014892578125,
0.0498046875,
-0.02099609375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.08984375,
0.039306640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0016021728515625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0732421875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01007080078125,
0.07470703125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0240478515625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0057373046875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0263671875,
0.0289306640625,
0.01116943359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0458984375,
0.038330078125,
0.0390625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0234375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.017333984375,
0.040283203125,
0.023193359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.000667572021484375,
0.0390625,
-0.029296875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.03271484375,
-0.053955078125,
0.048095703125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0001678466796875,
0.06591796875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.013916015625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0140380859375,
0.001922607421875,
-0.02001953125,
0.027587890625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0341796875,
0.002655029296875,
0.00616455078125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.00933837890625,
0.053955078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.004974365234375,
0.041259765625,
0.04638671875,
0.017333984375,
-0.04296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.025390625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0011138916015625,
0.034423828125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.039306640625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.035888671875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.010498046875,
0.0224609375,
0.0228271484375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.02685546875,
0.00115966796875,
0.007171630859375,
0.025390625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.056396484375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.005096435546875,
0.04736328125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0093994140625,
0.00872802734375,
0.059814453125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00011682510375976562,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.0341796875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.007080078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0830078125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.02294921875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.000885009765625,
0.03662109375,
0.034423828125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.007171630859375,
0.02294921875,
0.0107421875,
0.04150390625,
0.01031494140625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0390625,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0234375,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0458984375,
0.006439208984375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.03125,
0.02392578125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.03369140625,
0.037109375,
0.03466796875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.000850677490234375,
-0.01953125,
0.02587890625,
-0.03369140625,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.00086212158203125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0361328125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.08203125,
-0.0322265625,
0.03125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.061767578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.08251953125,
0.01611328125,
0.0242919921875,
0.048583984375,
0.024658203125,
0.002349853515625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.044677734375,
0.03955078125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.037109375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.01458740234375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.052734375,
0.039794921875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00860595703125,
0.021484375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0234375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0000438690185546875,
0.0029449462890625,
0.0072021484375,
0.0125732421875,
0.0234375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.021728515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.053955078125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.031982421875,
0.055419921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.03125,
0.00372314453125,
0.027099609375,
0.019775390625,
0.0250244140625,
0.00750732421875,
0.024169921875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.052734375,
0.0439453125,
0.031982421875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.015625,
-0.027099609375,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0089111328125,
0.02880859375,
-0.0751953125,
0.0211181640625,
0.000408172607421875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0498046875,
0.019287109375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.015625,
0.021484375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.06396484375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.038330078125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.0289306640625,
0.017822265625,
-0.026611328125,
0.015869140625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0693359375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.053466796875,
-0.05078125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0732421875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.01953125,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.017333984375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0537109375,
0.0390625,
0.00653076171875,
0.0133056640625,
0.00830078125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.033935546875,
0.0166015625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0299072265625,
0.00634765625,
0.018798828125,
0.027587890625,
-0.046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.01318359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.271484375,
0.00040435791015625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0150146484375,
0.07177734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0234375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.014892578125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.01318359375,
0.0673828125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.046142578125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0025482177734375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01007080078125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01806640625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.041748046875,
0.05712890625,
0.037109375,
-0.050048828125,
0.040283203125,
0.0322265625,
0.040283203125,
-0.043701171875,
0.00836181640625,
0.043701171875,
-0.019287109375,
0.000530242919921875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.042236328125,
0.011962890625,
-0.000690460205078125,
0.01141357421875,
0.0517578125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01263427734375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.000732421875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.033203125,
-0.018310546875,
0.060302734375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.025390625,
0.03125,
0.060791015625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.056396484375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0546875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.02685546875,
0.028564453125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.000278472900390625,
0.0086669921875
] |
Per Curiam.
The only question in this case is whether act No. 186, Public Laws of 1877, entitled “An act to amend section five of chapter two hundred and thirty-four, being compiler’s section number seven thousand two hundred and seventy of the compiled laws of 1871, relative to the duties and obligations of assignees of insolvent debtors,” can apply to any other assignees than those who become such under the chapter named.
It is very clear, we think, that it cannot. The terms of the act are very general, but the title would restrict it. No one would be informed by the title, of any intent to provide for cases foreign to the chapter amended. The inference, and the conclusive inference from the title would be that the assignees intended were those appointed under that chapter; and the act itself could not be broader.
Affirmed with costs. | [
-0.0263671875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0067138671875,
0.020263671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00408935546875,
0.057373046875,
0.052490234375,
0.01708984375,
0.0341796875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.026611328125,
0.032470703125,
0.004638671875,
0.029541015625,
-0.06396484375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.06494140625,
0.004241943359375,
0.05517578125,
0.041748046875,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.00075531005859375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.015869140625,
0.04052734375,
-0.05517578125,
0.023193359375,
-0.036376953125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01953125,
-0.06201171875,
0.008544921875,
0.01495361328125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0103759765625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.033203125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.002716064453125,
0.0213623046875,
0.01129150390625,
0.003692626953125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0027618408203125,
0.001190185546875,
-0.03125,
0.015869140625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0011749267578125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.042724609375,
0.04345703125,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.044189453125,
-0.01318359375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.04052734375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.007171630859375,
0.0625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.011474609375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.055908203125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0001926422119140625,
0.00010251998901367188,
0.0869140625,
0.006378173828125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.038330078125,
0.027099609375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.05224609375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0595703125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.002532958984375,
0.047119140625,
0.01904296875,
0.046875,
0.00848388671875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.03515625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.022216796875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.035400390625,
0.037109375,
0.01092529296875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0018768310546875,
0.039794921875,
0.020751953125,
0.020751953125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.00775146484375,
0.06884765625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.01019287109375,
0.0341796875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0208740234375,
0.01171875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.00634765625,
0.003753662109375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.00469970703125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.0027923583984375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0654296875,
0.00616455078125,
0.037109375,
0.0166015625,
0.06201171875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.00140380859375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.034912109375,
0.052734375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.03076171875,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0018157958984375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.009765625,
0.031005859375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.015625,
-0.012939453125,
0.060791015625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0003414154052734375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0771484375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.02294921875,
0.029541015625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00150299072265625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.02099609375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.018798828125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.005340576171875,
0.011962890625,
0.05322265625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0096435546875,
0.0016937255859375,
0.00506591796875,
0.0294189453125,
0.044921875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.032958984375,
0.01214599609375,
0.0771484375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.025390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.0225830078125,
0.008544921875,
0.03125,
0.042236328125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.03271484375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.004547119140625,
0.0047607421875,
0.037841796875,
0.028564453125,
0.0245361328125,
0.006500244140625,
0.00933837890625,
0.033935546875,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.06640625,
-0.038330078125,
0.017578125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.002593994140625,
0.02734375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.005859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.01953125,
0.017822265625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.03125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.07421875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.05126953125,
0.001739501953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.08056640625,
0.005096435546875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.02001953125,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.021484375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.06298828125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.023681640625,
0.0625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0252685546875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0016021728515625,
0.0556640625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.000560760498046875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.00086212158203125,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.026611328125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0228271484375,
0.01513671875,
-0.07958984375,
0.0007476806640625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0057373046875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0224609375,
0.0086669921875,
0.00787353515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0546875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00518798828125,
0.052001953125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0419921875,
0.057373046875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0458984375,
0.0380859375,
0.0361328125,
0.031494140625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00007772445678710938,
0.0157470703125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.01708984375,
0.03759765625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.046875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0478515625,
0.006103515625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0181884765625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0255126953125,
0.048095703125,
0.009521484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.058837890625,
0.026123046875,
0.0030670166015625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.048828125,
0.054443359375,
0.047119140625,
0.0556640625,
0.01025390625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0419921875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.025390625,
0.040283203125,
0.0211181640625,
0.029052734375,
-0.03271484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.041259765625,
0.031982421875,
0.0167236328125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0537109375,
0.01171875,
-0.035400390625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.001129150390625,
0.01202392578125,
0.05419921875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.00147247314453125,
0.004608154296875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.05126953125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00775146484375,
0.025146484375,
-0.006439208984375,
0.028564453125,
0.034423828125,
0.037353515625,
0.0019378662109375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0078125,
0.0634765625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.044921875,
0.000858306884765625,
-0.00064849853515625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.016357421875,
0.019287109375,
-0.03466796875,
0.026123046875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0002593994140625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.041259765625,
0.02099609375,
0.0191650390625,
0.0240478515625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0047607421875,
0.04052734375,
0.00201416015625,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0927734375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0380859375,
0.0263671875,
0.050537109375,
0.009521484375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0634765625,
0.0213623046875,
0.04833984375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.015380859375,
0.018798828125,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.00323486328125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.037841796875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0223388671875,
0.01806640625,
0.022705078125,
0.02294921875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.025634765625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.015625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0322265625,
0.03759765625,
0.031005859375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.05712890625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.03125,
0.014404296875,
0.0185546875,
0.051513671875,
-0.0205078125,
0.06689453125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0361328125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.058837890625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.026611328125,
0.021484375,
0.041259765625,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.015625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00015735626220703125,
-0.015625,
0.031494140625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.049072265625,
0.052001953125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.064453125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.005615234375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.058837890625,
0.0361328125,
0.037109375,
0.00115203857421875,
0.02587890625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.052978515625,
0.01165771484375,
0.01239013671875,
0.046875,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.052978515625,
0.00592041015625,
0.000408172607421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.030517578125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.05419921875,
0.059326171875,
0.038330078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.017333984375,
0.06982421875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.050537109375,
-0.007232666015625,
0.00421142578125,
0.0005645751953125,
-0.000690460205078125,
0.017578125,
-0.00020122528076171875,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01177978515625,
0.0029296875,
0.01513671875,
0.0498046875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0238037109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.07080078125,
0.000278472900390625,
0.0791015625,
0.055419921875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0439453125,
0.041015625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0771484375,
0.042724609375,
0.054443359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0272216796875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00830078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.052978515625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.04296875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0004558563232421875,
-0.01171875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.022216796875,
0.004638671875,
0.021728515625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.04638671875,
0.026611328125,
-0.031005859375,
0.023681640625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00787353515625,
0.040283203125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0025482177734375,
0.03466796875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.000946044921875,
0.011474609375,
0.064453125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0224609375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.046875,
-0.04443359375,
0.068359375,
0.037109375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.044677734375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00537109375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0263671875,
0.024658203125,
0.00148773193359375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.04248046875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.000015735626220703125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.01220703125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.06640625,
0.00006961822509765625,
0.005462646484375,
0.002227783203125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.02734375,
-0.05126953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0225830078125,
0.02490234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.000537872314453125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.04541015625,
0.04052734375,
0.025634765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.000732421875,
0.036376953125,
0.030517578125,
0.037841796875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.004669189453125,
0.01177978515625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.024658203125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.07080078125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0006103515625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.032958984375,
0.0537109375,
0.01025390625,
0.005279541015625,
0.04833984375,
0.0281982421875,
0.03173828125,
0.002288818359375,
0.0145263671875,
0.0244140625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.056396484375,
0.032958984375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0322265625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.05615234375,
0.033935546875,
-0.007080078125,
0.036376953125,
-0.05615234375,
0.04052734375,
0.046875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0284423828125,
0.007171630859375,
0.0263671875,
0.00262451171875,
0.01025390625,
0.0016326904296875,
0.00750732421875,
0.03466796875,
-0.030517578125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01953125,
-0.044921875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.039306640625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.033447265625,
0.025390625,
0.00909423828125,
0.03369140625,
0.038818359375,
0.01348876953125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.024169921875,
-0.034423828125,
0.04736328125,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.05078125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.02099609375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0078125,
0.025634765625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0018157958984375,
0.03662109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.015625,
0.029296875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0274658203125,
0.04296875,
0.009521484375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.03076171875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.046875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.05517578125,
0.06884765625,
0.015869140625,
-0.060302734375,
0.263671875,
0.01171875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.048095703125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.07080078125,
0.00640869140625,
0.037353515625,
0.0224609375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.03125,
0.080078125,
0.01434326171875,
0.02783203125,
0.04443359375,
-0.08544921875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.04736328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0517578125,
0.05517578125,
-0.046875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.035400390625,
0.00762939453125,
0.006561279296875,
0.04248046875,
0.0050048828125,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.04150390625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0419921875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.04638671875,
0.0101318359375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.02294921875,
0.004913330078125,
0.030029296875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0732421875,
0.000919342041015625,
0.005859375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.00061798095703125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.06103515625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.005645751953125,
0.04541015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0181884765625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03125,
-0.03125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.021484375,
0.026611328125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0299072265625
] |
Cooley, J.
This is a bill in aid of an execution issued on a judgment against James S. Antisdale, and levied upon real estate, the title to which stands in the name of Hannah W. Antisdale, the wife of the judgment debtor. The lands which the bill seeks to subject to the execution formerly belonged to James S. Antisdale, and with the exception of one parcel, were conveyed by him directly to his wife. The one parcel referred to came to her indirectly by the conveyance of a third person, to whom it had been transferred, and who had failed to pay for it. The debt on which the judgment was rendered was a partnership debt of the firm of Antisdale & Levacrid, of which the husband was a member, and accrued previous to the conveyances to the wife. The evidence leads to the conclusion that this firm was in good credit until after the conveyances, and whether solvent or not, was supposed by its members to be so.. Before this suit was commenced, the firm was in bankruptcy.
The wife claims the lands by purchase. It is not claimed by her that any money or other thing of value-was paid by her at the time the conveyances were made,, and complainant insists that none ever was. To prove-this he put her upon the stand, and she testified that, many years ago she received moneys from her father’s estate, and small amounts from other sources, which were her own property, and which she loaned to her husband; and that it was in payment of these loans that the lands were deeded to her. If her testimony is reliable, she makes out a sufficient consideration; but it is claimed to be untrustworthy for the reason that, as she shows, she took no written evidence of the loans when she made them, and did not even make any written memorandum thereof. This, it is urged, is satisfactory evidence that loans were not intended or contemplated, but that the moneys were delivered to the husband as gifts.
The circumstance that no written evidence of the loans was taken or made is one of some importance as bearing upon her credibility, but unless there is other evidence tending to discredit her statement, it would not justify the rejection of testimony not intrinsically improbable,. and apparently given with candor. It would at most be only a suspicious circumstance, and open to explanation.
It is not intrinsically improbable that a wife would loan money to her husband without taking his obligations therefor, or that she should allow the debt to remain unpaid for many years without written evidence of it. The confidence inspired by the relation might induce this, and the loan would not be likely to be called in so long as it seemed best for the general interest of the family that the husband should be allowed to make use of the money. See Sexton v. Wheaton, 8 Wheaton, 229, 239. And we find nothing in Mrs. Antisdale’s testimony that impresses us with any want of fairness or integrity.
As the case stands mainly on the testimony of this defendant, which is not shaken by that of other witnesses, and as her husband had a right to pay her in this way, we think the court was right in dismissing the bill, and the decree must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
0.0089111328125,
0.0218505859375,
0.021484375,
0.03955078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.051025390625,
0.000492095947265625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.07421875,
0.044677734375,
0.01904296875,
0.05224609375,
0.0234375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0181884765625,
0.00323486328125,
0.03369140625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.028076171875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.047607421875,
0.0361328125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.06005859375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0185546875,
-0.053955078125,
0.01251220703125,
0.031982421875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0517578125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.044189453125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.03857421875,
0.00628662109375,
0.017822265625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.036376953125,
-0.00092315673828125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.018310546875,
0.007537841796875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.000293731689453125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.037353515625,
0.00762939453125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0361328125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0040283203125,
0.031982421875,
0.003387451171875,
0.056640625,
0.003082275390625,
0.019287109375,
0.00006866455078125,
0.01324462890625,
0.01507568359375,
0.03662109375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.001129150390625,
0.047119140625,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0001773834228515625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0068359375,
0.06494140625,
0.010498046875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.008056640625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.055908203125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.038818359375,
0.016845703125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.060302734375,
0.0050048828125,
0.046875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0255126953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.04296875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00775146484375,
0.02099609375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.015380859375,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.017822265625,
0.04443359375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.038330078125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0654296875,
0.01806640625,
0.0238037109375,
0.01422119140625,
0.05029296875,
-0.016357421875,
0.041259765625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.040771484375,
-0.003662109375,
0.004302978515625,
0.017578125,
0.00156402587890625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0185546875,
0.031005859375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.040283203125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0947265625,
0.00433349609375,
0.052001953125,
-0.00634765625,
0.044921875,
-0.01953125,
0.008544921875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.000576019287109375,
0.040771484375,
0.019287109375,
0.01348876953125,
0.0203857421875,
0.01904296875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.01385498046875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.04638671875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01953125,
0.01397705078125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.01953125,
0.06689453125,
0.0166015625,
-0.02490234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.0002651214599609375,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0205078125,
-0.046630859375,
0.03369140625,
0.01397705078125,
0.03564453125,
0.00762939453125,
0.036376953125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.04736328125,
0.060546875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.00250244140625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.033935546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.029296875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0546875,
0.04833984375,
0.07421875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.02294921875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0069580078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.03515625,
0.039306640625,
0.025146484375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.04443359375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0244140625,
0.03076171875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0361328125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.048583984375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.019287109375,
0.038330078125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.03662109375,
0.001312255859375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0263671875,
0.010009765625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.041748046875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0027008056640625,
0.00732421875,
-0.040771484375,
0.035400390625,
0.0128173828125,
0.024169921875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0810546875,
-0.06591796875,
0.0216064453125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.000553131103515625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.07080078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0225830078125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.033203125,
-0.002532958984375,
0.05419921875,
0.0224609375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.028564453125,
0.05712890625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0002727508544921875,
0.002410888671875,
-0.041748046875,
0.002532958984375,
-0.01708984375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.052978515625,
0.041748046875,
0.024658203125,
0.0302734375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.003204345703125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0068359375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0081787109375,
0.028076171875,
0.0201416015625,
0.055419921875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.003631591796875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.03662109375,
0.00080108642578125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.019775390625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0458984375,
-0.048828125,
0.0537109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.03125,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.03271484375,
0.0027618408203125,
0.028076171875,
0.0059814453125,
0.029541015625,
0.03759765625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.001953125,
0.00070953369140625,
0.0078125,
-0.0012664794921875,
0.0050048828125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.01171875,
0.03369140625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0673828125,
0.025390625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0286865234375,
0.042236328125,
0.00396728515625,
0.01220703125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0498046875,
-0.02685546875,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0191650390625,
0.03564453125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0005950927734375,
0.048828125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.04150390625,
0.035888671875,
0.03271484375,
0.041259765625,
-0.048095703125,
0.031494140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.010986328125,
0.015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.000133514404296875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.00927734375,
0.028564453125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.000732421875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0150146484375,
0.0615234375,
0.059814453125,
-0.00014591217041015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.010009765625,
0.0234375,
-0.025390625,
0.005126953125,
0.0234375,
0.013671875,
-0.045654296875,
0.047119140625,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.008544921875,
0.06298828125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0322265625,
-0.05419921875,
0.04052734375,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.026611328125,
-0.03271484375,
0.005767822265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.015380859375,
0.044677734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00787353515625,
0.04248046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.024658203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0078125,
0.000530242919921875,
-0.032470703125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.027099609375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.03125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01806640625,
0.0341796875,
-0.00537109375,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.064453125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.0255126953125,
0.033935546875,
0.021484375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.044189453125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.005859375,
0.099609375,
-0.013427734375,
0.002685546875,
0.0179443359375,
0.041748046875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0380859375,
0.052978515625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.033447265625,
0.053955078125,
0.0537109375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0026397705078125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0034027099609375,
0.018310546875,
0.004791259765625,
0.0234375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.08056640625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.052734375,
-0.000415802001953125,
-0.020263671875,
0.002593994140625,
0.015625,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.044189453125,
0.00506591796875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.014404296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.052734375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.048095703125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.06201171875,
0.037109375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.005828857421875,
0.04443359375,
0.010009765625,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.05517578125,
0.014404296875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.07666015625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0230712890625,
0.09326171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.058837890625,
0.01348876953125,
0.04541015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.068359375,
0.014404296875,
0.036865234375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0654296875,
0.01104736328125,
0.02587890625,
0.042236328125,
0.00064849853515625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.022216796875,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.064453125,
-0.06298828125,
0.027099609375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.033203125,
0.036865234375,
0.02587890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.02490234375,
0.015625,
-0.0302734375,
0.0223388671875,
0.002105712890625,
-0.07373046875,
0.0086669921875,
0.03173828125,
-0.03125,
0.048095703125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0556640625,
0.035888671875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.01171875,
-0.03125,
0.004547119140625,
0.013427734375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.03759765625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0004215240478515625,
0.054931640625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01513671875,
0.021240234375,
0.033203125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0576171875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.040283203125,
0.01806640625,
0.036376953125,
0.0050048828125,
0.055908203125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.05908203125,
0.01708984375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0615234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.009765625,
0.0478515625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0001125335693359375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.021728515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0133056640625,
0.014404296875,
0.0126953125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.016357421875,
0.021240234375,
-0.04296875,
-0.000476837158203125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0064697265625,
0.036865234375,
0.0087890625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.01171875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.06298828125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0003814697265625,
-0.01171875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.025390625,
-0.02294921875,
0.04833984375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.033935546875,
0.04052734375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.005126953125,
0.02734375,
0.0498046875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.004913330078125,
0.0245361328125,
0.00927734375,
0.02197265625,
0.01116943359375,
0.00408935546875,
0.00174713134765625,
0.0004634857177734375,
-0.0234375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.03857421875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0439453125,
0.00099945068359375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0032806396484375,
0.040771484375,
0.03662109375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.029052734375,
0.051025390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0084228515625,
0.015380859375,
0.033935546875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0030670166015625,
0.031494140625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.055419921875,
0.0147705078125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.04443359375,
0.0137939453125,
0.032470703125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0072021484375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0235595703125,
0.005828857421875,
0.0615234375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.044189453125,
0.052734375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0006561279296875,
0.015380859375,
0.01806640625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.048828125,
0.0103759765625,
0.03466796875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0130615234375,
0.019775390625,
0.004150390625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.017578125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.02978515625,
0.051025390625,
0.0361328125,
0.000293731689453125,
0.01953125,
0.06982421875,
0.0223388671875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.013916015625,
0.0279541015625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.026611328125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.002197265625,
0.007293701171875,
0.01336669921875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0654296875,
0.029296875,
0.0133056640625,
0.03173828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.02099609375,
0.030517578125,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0458984375,
0.0498046875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0361328125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.031005859375,
0.027099609375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.033203125,
0.024658203125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.0240478515625,
0.00811767578125,
0.01953125,
0.040771484375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.000621795654296875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.046630859375,
0.0264892578125,
0.039306640625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.042724609375,
-0.046630859375,
0.052490234375,
-0.050537109375,
0.03515625,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.060302734375,
0.022705078125,
0.028076171875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.01446533203125,
0.0159912109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0115966796875,
0.03857421875,
0.036865234375,
0.024658203125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0576171875,
0.037353515625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.00022125244140625,
0.0380859375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.05517578125,
0.263671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.00482177734375,
0.027099609375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0296630859375,
0.035888671875,
0.03662109375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0625,
0.033203125,
0.00238037109375,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0004482269287109375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.035888671875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.083984375,
0.051025390625,
-0.037353515625,
0.00006103515625,
0.027099609375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0208740234375,
0.033935546875,
0.0155029296875,
0.020263671875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0400390625,
0.01416015625,
0.02197265625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.033447265625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.000827789306640625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03466796875,
0.05615234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0289306640625,
0.08056640625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.046875,
-0.025146484375,
0.051025390625,
0.047607421875,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.03125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.0087890625,
0.006805419921875,
0.0166015625
] |
Beasley, J.
In a nonjury trial, defendant, Marshall Michael Laidlaw, was convicted of eight criminal offenses. These offenses and the sentences imposed are:
(1) Entry without permission, contrary to MCL 750.115; MSA 28.310, ninety days.
(2) and (3) Two counts of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny, contrary to MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, not less than ten years nor more than fifteen years in prison.
(4) Assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving sexual penetration, contrary to MCL 750.520g; MSA 28.788(7), not less than 8½ years nor more than 10 years in prison.
(5) and (6) Two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, contrary to MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2), not less than fifty years nor more than one hundred years in prison on one count and life imprisonment on the other count.
(7) Breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny, contrary to MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, not less than ten years nor more than fifteen years in prison.
(8) Unlawfully driving away an automobile, contrary to MCL 750.413; MSA 28.645, not less than three years nor more than five years in prison.
Then, defendant pled guilty to being an habitual offender, second offense, contrary to MCL 769.10; MSA 28.1082, after which the life sentence for first-degree criminal sexual conduct was vacated and defendant was resentenced to life imprisonment based on the habitual offender plea. Defendant now appeals as of right, raising four issues.
First, defendant claims that there was not sufficient evidence identifying him as the perpetrator of the offenses. The testimonial record of this crime spree indicates the contrary. These charges arise out of a connected series of incidents that occurred in Bloomfield Hills beginning in the early morning hours of Saturday, August 17, 1985.
Florence Miller testified that she was awakened about 4:00 a.m. by a tall young man leaning over her and whispering, "Fve got a gun.” Defendant never demanded anything of her, but kept repeating that he had a gun. Miller’s response was to shout at him to get out. When her startled husband awoke, the intruder left. When Miller tried to use the phone to call the police, she discovered that the receivers had been removed from various extensions. Although she did not originally notice anything missing from the house, she later identified some towels of hers found in a car that defendant had used. Although Miller did not positively identify defendant as the man, she did testify that defendant looked like the man that was in her home.
Jim Nagy, sixteen years old at the time of the incident, testified that his parents and his brother were away that weekend, but that he and his sister were home. Jim was awakened about 6:26 a.m. by the family dog scratching on his bedroom door. When he opened the door to let the frightened dog in, he saw a man standing at the foot of his parents’ bed. Groggy from sleep and not realizing his sister was in the parents’ bedroom, he let the dog in and returned to bed. About the time that he began to realize that a stranger was in the house, his bedroom door opened and a man, with tube socks on his hands, entered. Calling Jim by name, the man instructed him to keep his head on the pillow and not to move. Jim stayed in his room until a police officer came to get him. At trial, Jim identified defendant as the person who was in his bedroom that night.
Jim’s nineteen-year-old sister, Christine Nagy, testified that she was sleeping in her parents’ bedroom that night because it was cooler. That bedroom has a sliding glass door which opens onto a balcony. The glass door was open, but the screen was shut. She was awakened by pressure on the back of her head and shoulders. She then heard a voice tell her that if she did not say anything, she would not be hurt. This statement was repeated several times in a nervous, fast, sort of whispered voice. When she asked him what he wanted, the man responded in vulgar terms that he desired sex. After ascertaining that the home had only one phone line, he took the receiver off the hook in the master bedroom. She could not see much, but said the man was slimy, muddy and smelled bad.
The family dog, which had been sleeping with her, jumped off the bed and left the room. She heard her brother open his door to let the dog in. In answer to the man’s question, she informed him that her brother Jim was home. At that point, the man left the room, but returned before she could get a dial tone on the phone.
When the man grabbed at her covers and again indicated his desire, she yanked the covers back up and told him she had herpes. He then asked for money or keys to a car. After she denied she had either, he left the room. Christine then left the house by jumping off the balcony. As she was struggling to her feet, she saw the man looking down at her. She then ran to a neighbor’s house for help. Just as she entered the neighbor’s house, she saw the same man running in between the houses. The neighbors then called the police.
Another woman testified that her dog awakened her with furious barking between 6:30 and 7:30 a.m. She got up and opened the sliding glass door of her condominium to let the dog out. She then closed the screen door and started toward the bedroom door to use the bathroom down the hall. When she heard the screen door start to open, she turned and saw a man approaching her with his hands in front of his face. Because of the back lighting of the sun, she could not see his face, but saw that he had "loose material” on both of his hands. He told her he would not hurt her and to get on the bed. He then crudely indicated he intended to have sex. He performed cunnilingus on her and then succeeded in penile penetration of her vagina. He asked if she had a car and where he was. After she denied she had a car and told him where he was, he went and opened a closet door, then left towards the front door. At this point, she hit her security panic button. Police officers, already in the area, soon arrived with a police dog, but did not catch anyone in her home. She was taken to a hospital where a sexual assault kit was prepared. When she returned home, she found a pair of tube socks on her bed. She was unable to identify defendant as the man who raped her.
The next place a strange man was seen in the area was at the Hammer residence. At about 7:35 a.m., an unknown man drove the Hammer station wagon out of the driveway. They did not discover the car missing until about 8:30 a.m. when the police asked them to check. They found a set of keys in the car which had been in the Hammer house the night before. Some of the clothing defendant was wearing when he was arrested had been inside the Hammer house before the incident.
Greg Brighton, a Bloomfield Hills police officer, testified that he discovered a disabled car in a church parking lot at the corner of Woodward and Chesterfield about 2:30 a.m. At that time, he observed a pool of vomit near the car, but saw no towels in or near it. The car belonged to Billie Jean Dixon, who had loaned the car to defendant in the afternoon of the previous day. At about 9:00 a.m., another Bloomfield Hills police officer, Russell May, discovered some towels in the vehicle. He later took the same towels out of the police department property room and took them to Miller, who identified two of them as being hers.
Lawrence Jackson, a Bloomfield Township police officer, testified that he was called in to help secure the perimeter of the area being searched for the man who had entered some houses. From his position on the perimeter, he observed a man driving a station wagon out of the Kammer driveway. When he followed the car and turned on his overhead lights, the car turned up the next driveway, accelerated, then stopped abruptly when it crashed into an obstacle. The driver jumped out of the car and ran. Jackson took his shotgun and ran after the man, but did not apprehend him. Instead, he radioed the man’s description, location and the direction in which he was running.
Charles Marchessault, another Bloomfield Township police officer, at the request of the Bloomfield Hills police department, arrived in the area with his police dog, Blitz, just after 6:30 a.m. Blitz was tracking the scent near the condominium when Jackson’s radio call informed Marchessault where a suspect had been seen. Another officer drove Marchessault and Blitz to a spot closer to the sighting. He saw the suspect running and called to him to halt or he would set the dog on him. Blitz caught up with the running defendant and "indicated” that this was the person whose scent he was tracking.
Charlotte Day, a State Police crime lab scientist, testified that the swabbings taken from the rape victim, as well as her panties, showed the presence of semen. Under microscopic comparison, two foreign hairs, which were found on the victim’s bed sheet, corresponded to the known pubic hairs from defendant. Although she could not say with certainty that the two hairs originated from defendant, the two sets could not be distinguished.
On appeal, defendant complains that identification testimony of Jim and Christine Nagy and Miller should have been subjected to a Wade hearing because they each participated in an out-of-court lineup identification of defendant following his arrest. No objection was made at trial to the admission of this testimony, and the record reflects no motion for new trial has beén brought before the trial court.
In People v Anderson, the Supreme Court set out the pretrial identification rules established by United States Supreme Court precedent. Defendant does not assert that he was not represented by counsel at the pretrial corporeal lineup, or argue that the procedures were unduly suggestive, thereby resulting in possible "irreparable misidentification.” Defendant does not complain that direct testimony concerning the pretrial identification was elicited (although that, indeed, is the case here). Defendant appears to argue merely that any time a pretrial lineup occurs, the prosecutor must aflirmatively show that the subsequent in-court identification has an independent basis. But this is not the law.
The need to establish an independent basis for an in-court identification only arises where the pretrial identification is tainted by improper procedure or unduly suggestive comments. In People v Carter, our Supreme Court stated:
The great danger of an improper procedure is that an initial misidentification may unduly influence any subsequent identification. Thus, a courtroom identification may be made on the basis of the initial photographic showup or corporeal lineup rather than from an independent recollection of the crime. United States v Wade, 388 US 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967); People v Anderson, [389 Mich 155; 205 NW2d 461 (1973)].
To guard against this possibility, if a pretrial identification has been improperly conducted, an independent basis for any in-court identification must be established.
In the within case, defendant does not articulate any reason to find the lineup procedures improper, and there is nothing on the record to suggest that the procedures used in the lineup were unduly suggestive. We conclude that defendant’s arguments concerning identification are without basis.
Defendant also complains that the evidence that the tracking dog, Blitz, apparently recognized defendant at apprehension should not have been admitted or the trial court should have ignored it. In People v Harper, this Court set out the foundation required for admitting tracking-dog evidence, stating that the prosecutor must show that
(1) the handler was qualified to use the dog; (2) the dog was trained and accurate in tracking humans; (3) the dog was placed on the trail where circumstances indicate the alleged guilty party to have been; and (4) the trail had not become so stale or contaminated as to be beyond the dog’s competency to follow it.
Due to varying skills of dogs and their handlers, as well as the possibility that a jury may give more weight to dog-tracking evidence than it is entitled to, there must be other corroborating evidence presented before identification is suffi cient to support a guilty verdict. The police officer responsible for the tracking dog testified that he had been a police officer for nine years, six of which were spent in the canine division. He trained Blitz for one year before placing him in service in April, 1984. He also testified to his training in police-dog work, and that he was currently a trainer recognized by the North American Police Work Dog Association. Blitz had also passed that association’s tests. Defense counsel stipulated to the officer’s qualifications as an expert in dog handling and training.
Blitz was started on the track at the Nagy address, just inside the garage near the door. He took up a tracking posture and led Marchessault to the rape victim’s condominium complex. Blitz worked a particularly strong scent, but was interrupted by a radio call that a man had been spotted. The officer and tracking dog were taken to the location of the spotting, where the officer saw defendant running. After giving defendant a warning to stop, he commanded Blitz to apprehend. When defendant saw Blitz about to catch him, he stopped. Blitz ran up to defendant and barked. Barking was an indication that Blitz had found the source of the scent. While Blitz only apprehended defendant because of the command to do so, he reacted with signs that he recognized defendant to be the source of the scent he had been tracking earlier.
Here, it is not claimed that Blitz continuously tracked defendant to where he was found. Rather, Blitz only recognized defendant as the source of the scent, once he apprehended him. However, this foundation for admission and consideration of evi dence concerning Blitz meets the Harper requirements. Moreover, the trial court’s findings are based on far more than just Blitz’s tracking of defendant. There is abundant corroborating evidence in this case, from the essentially identical descriptions given by eyewitnesses, to the towels found in defendant’s car, and the fact that he was wearing a sweatshirt stolen from the Hammer household when he was arrested. In addition, the court had the now challenged in-court identifications of three eyewitnesses and matching pubic hairs. Defendant’s claims in this regard fall for lack of merit.
Second, defendant claims he was denied effective assistance of counsel when his attorney failed to request a Wade hearing. Generally, a motion for new trial or an evidentiary hearing is required before appellate review of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. However, where the record contains sufficient details relating to the alleged deficiencies in representation to allow this Court to adequately analyze the issue, the absence of a motion for new trial will not preclude appellate review.
Michigan has adopted a bifurcated test to determine whether a defendant has been denied effective assistance of counsel. First, defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law. Further, although satisfying the first test, counsel must also make a serious mistake, but for which defendant would have a reasonable chance of acquittal. A represented defendant is presumed to have received effective assistance. To overcome this presumption, defendant has the burden to show that his counsel failed to perform an essential duty, and that that failure prejudiced defendant.
The record here does not support defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. As previously indicated, the record does not reflect, nor does defendant articulate, reasons for finding the pretrial lineup improper. This would be the only basis for requesting a Wade hearing. We do not believe that defendant has met his burden to show that counsel failed to perform an essential duty, or that the failure prejudiced defendant. Moreover, a review of the record indicates defense counsel closely questioned the identifying witnesses on cross-examination. This claim is without merit.
Third, defendant claims that the trial court erred by admitting scientific evidence identifying him without a proper foundation. Generally, failure to object to the admission of evidence at trial constitutes a waiver of any appellate challenge. Before error may be asserted concerning the admission of evidence, the record must show a timely objection or motion to strike stating the specific grounds and a substantial right of the party affected by the claimed erroneous ruling.
The admissibility of hair samples has been previously addressed by this Court and, in each instance, found proper. In the within case, the police expert testified that the matching of these hairs did not show absolutely that they originated from the same source. She could only say that they were not distinguishable and, therefore, not inconsistent with being from the same source. This is exactly what the trial court adopted in its findings of fact.
Defendant’s other argument concerning the reliability of the tests performed on the evidence is not well founded. We do not believe any error occurred in the admission of the laboratory evidence.
Fourth, defendant claims that the trial court erred in imposing an 8½- to 10-year prison sentence on the assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving penetration. We agree. Under People v Tanner, this sentence violates the indeterminate sentence act. The longest minimum sentence that could be validly imposed was two-thirds of the maximum. Accordingly, we reduce defendant’s sentence for that offense to not less than 80 months nor more than 120 months in prison.
Consequently, we affirm defendant’s convictions and sentences, except that we modify his sentence for assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving penetration as indicated above.
Affirmed as modified.
United States v Wade, 399 US 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967).
389 Mich 155, 168-169; 205 NW2d 461 (1973).
See People v Ray, 156 Mich App 31, 52; 401 NW2d 296 (1986), lv gtd on other grounds 428 Mich 910 (1987).
415 Mich 558, 598; 330 NW2d 314 (1982).
43 Mich App 500, 508; 204 NW2d 263 (1972), lv den 389 Mich 759 (1973).
People v McPherson, 85 Mich App 341, 343; 271 NW2d 228 (1978), lv den 405 Mich 841 (1979); People v O’Brien, 113 Mich App 183, 208-209; 317 NW2d 570 (1982).
People v Lawson, 124 Mich App 371, 373; 335 NW2d 43 (1983).
People v Cicotte, 133 Mich App 630, 636; 349 NW2d 167 (1984).
People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250, 264; 247 NW2d 547 (1976); see also People v Dalessandro, 165 Mich App 569; 419 NW2d 609 (1988).
People v Carr, 141 Mich App 442, 451; 367 NW2d 407 (1985).
Taylor v Lowe, 372 Mich 282; 126 NW2d 104 (1964).
MRE 103(a)(1). See People v Furman, 158 Mich App 302, 330; 404 NW2d 256 (1987), lv den 429 Mich 851 (1987).
People v Hayden, 125 Mich App 650, 658; 337 NW2d 258 (1983), rev’d in part on other grounds 404 Mich 807 (1978); People v Browning, 106 Mich App 516, 524-525; 308 NW2d 264 (1981), lv den 419 Mich 852 (1984).
387 Mich 683; 199 NW2d 202 (1972).
MCL 769.8; MSA 28.1080 and MCL 769.9; MSA 28.1081. | [
-0.01129150390625,
0.010009765625,
0.00897216796875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.08447265625,
-0.052734375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.036865234375,
0.045654296875,
0.031005859375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0205078125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.04248046875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.032958984375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0133056640625,
0.02392578125,
0.030517578125,
0.041748046875,
0.05712890625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0018768310546875,
0.053955078125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.06103515625,
-0.0498046875,
0.021484375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0126953125,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.025390625,
0.01458740234375,
0.032958984375,
-0.04150390625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.02197265625,
0.042724609375,
-0.04248046875,
0.01220703125,
-0.059326171875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0078125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0238037109375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.041748046875,
0.006744384765625,
0.01904296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.05126953125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.05517578125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.000850677490234375,
0.01318359375,
0.002197265625,
0.01708984375,
0.006622314453125,
0.05810546875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.000843048095703125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0087890625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.03369140625,
0.044677734375,
-0.017822265625,
0.005889892578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.02978515625,
0.0140380859375,
0.059814453125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.02392578125,
-0.02392578125,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0164794921875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.00897216796875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.000576019287109375,
0.0166015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.007232666015625,
0.054443359375,
0.0181884765625,
0.0732421875,
-0.001708984375,
0.013671875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0322265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01904296875,
-0.00250244140625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.006561279296875,
0.039306640625,
0.045654296875,
0.06298828125,
0.037841796875,
-0.004150390625,
0.02197265625,
0.03173828125,
0.07080078125,
0.00921630859375,
0.031005859375,
-0.018310546875,
0.031982421875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.002197265625,
-0.0625,
0.00142669677734375,
0.06103515625,
0.049560546875,
0.041259765625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0025634765625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0242919921875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0002651214599609375,
0.02197265625,
0.000823974609375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0439453125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.018798828125,
0.0400390625,
0.010498046875,
0.01025390625,
0.0186767578125,
0.021240234375,
0.002410888671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.004119873046875,
0.0458984375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.002410888671875,
0.03515625,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0223388671875,
0.03759765625,
0.0031585693359375,
0.0311279296875,
0.035888671875,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0004596710205078125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0140380859375,
0.052490234375,
0.00022220611572265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0361328125,
0.04736328125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.002838134765625,
0.009033203125,
0.005645751953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.04296875,
0.02392578125,
0.02734375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.042724609375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.00701904296875,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0244140625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0032958984375,
0.034912109375,
0.00872802734375,
0.043212890625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.033203125,
0.00189208984375,
0.060546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.042724609375,
-0.002532958984375,
0.002899169921875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.01287841796875,
0.005950927734375,
0.00019550323486328125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.036376953125,
-0.006591796875,
0.00604248046875,
0.06103515625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.013671875,
0.006439208984375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.021240234375,
0.010986328125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.028564453125,
0.00439453125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.029541015625,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.06787109375,
0.03857421875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.0003337860107421875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.06640625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.047607421875,
0.01416015625,
-0.023681640625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00738525390625,
0.01165771484375,
0.02099609375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0311279296875,
0.04248046875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0174560546875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.00360107421875,
-0.01446533203125,
0.036865234375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.041015625,
-0.023681640625,
0.00634765625,
0.038330078125,
-0.006591796875,
0.06787109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.017333984375,
0.01446533203125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.041015625,
0.004150390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0712890625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0005035400390625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00238037109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.034423828125,
0.006256103515625,
-0.017822265625,
0.000911712646484375,
0.00848388671875,
0.005279541015625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.036376953125,
0.05908203125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0576171875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.055419921875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.039794921875,
-0.007568359375,
0.0230712890625,
0.0025482177734375,
0.0306396484375,
0.0150146484375,
0.0164794921875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0341796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.06982421875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0478515625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0277099609375,
0.034423828125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.06640625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.043701171875,
0.051025390625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.052490234375,
0.01324462890625,
0.038818359375,
0.07470703125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.01385498046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.016845703125,
0.053955078125,
0.00579833984375,
0.04052734375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.054443359375,
0.031982421875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.03466796875,
0.016845703125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.034912109375,
0.004241943359375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.000080108642578125,
0.0177001953125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01214599609375,
0.033447265625,
0.00872802734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.035400390625,
0.048583984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.038330078125,
0.042724609375,
0.048583984375,
0.01080322265625,
0.02294921875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.042236328125,
0.03076171875,
0.03173828125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.029296875,
0.03369140625,
0.04638671875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.041015625,
0.0263671875,
-0.0025634765625,
0.026611328125,
0.00095367431640625,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.016357421875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.000499725341796875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.015380859375,
0.01361083984375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.003143310546875,
-0.00164794921875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.05615234375,
-0.04931640625,
0.033203125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.005126953125,
0.01226806640625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.046875,
0.006988525390625,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.003265380859375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0849609375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.008056640625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.03662109375,
0.018798828125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.000499725341796875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0537109375,
0.037109375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.00897216796875,
0.037353515625,
0.0205078125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0087890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00093841552734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0098876953125,
0.02734375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0196533203125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0247802734375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0634765625,
0.0703125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0002231597900390625,
0.034423828125,
0.01226806640625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0126953125,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.000469207763671875,
-0.06884765625,
0.060302734375,
0.024169921875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.041259765625,
0.010009765625,
0.05615234375,
-0.038330078125,
0.000522613525390625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.04248046875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.010009765625,
0.00799560546875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0205078125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.017578125,
0.004974365234375,
0.0128173828125,
0.050537109375,
0.044677734375,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.039306640625,
0.03466796875,
0.023681640625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.05126953125,
0.022216796875,
0.02392578125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.030029296875,
0.0242919921875,
0.032470703125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.052978515625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.037109375,
0.0419921875,
-0.000965118408203125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0255126953125,
0.041748046875,
-0.01611328125,
0.025634765625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.041015625,
0.002044677734375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.05322265625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.03759765625,
-0.08056640625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.06396484375,
-0.00177001953125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.027099609375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0390625,
0.0047607421875,
0.03125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.04345703125,
0.039306640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.025390625,
0.01129150390625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01226806640625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.023193359375,
-0.03173828125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.005462646484375,
0.031982421875,
0.0269775390625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0166015625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0234375,
0.02001953125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.015380859375,
0.047607421875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0299072265625,
0.03857421875,
0.007293701171875,
0.0390625,
0.0019073486328125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0634765625,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.00830078125,
0.003753662109375,
0.037353515625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0439453125,
0.02099609375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.051025390625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.11376953125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0272216796875,
0.034912109375,
0.0257568359375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0255126953125,
0.047607421875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0255126953125,
0.013916015625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.04443359375,
0.00017642974853515625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0478515625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.00946044921875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.002777099609375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.000537872314453125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0113525390625,
0.037353515625,
0.023193359375,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.02099609375,
0.00921630859375,
0.0693359375,
0.00396728515625,
0.050048828125,
0.002166748046875,
0.0201416015625,
0.032958984375,
0.0390625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.043701171875,
0.04248046875,
0.0001392364501953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.053955078125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.025390625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.001434326171875,
0.03955078125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.02490234375,
0.007659912109375,
0.056396484375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00335693359375,
0.03564453125,
0.0498046875,
0.014892578125,
0.000919342041015625,
0.01202392578125,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.000774383544921875,
-0.0030517578125,
0.017822265625,
-0.05078125,
0.007720947265625,
0.01556396484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0011444091796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.08203125,
0.010498046875,
0.006622314453125,
0.027587890625,
0.030029296875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.037353515625,
0.054931640625,
0.01953125,
0.02734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.004058837890625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.02490234375,
0.0185546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0008392333984375,
0.03173828125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.004425048828125,
0.024658203125,
-0.03759765625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.08154296875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.07275390625,
-0.03662109375,
0.02880859375,
-0.04296875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.037109375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.01171875,
-0.076171875,
0.07080078125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.048828125,
0.0147705078125,
0.0185546875,
0.044921875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.011962890625,
0.00592041015625,
0.006591796875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.008544921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0130615234375,
0.03076171875,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.06494140625,
0.283203125,
0.017333984375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.036376953125,
0.0291748046875,
0.04736328125,
-0.054931640625,
0.023193359375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.03515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.01171875,
0.032470703125,
0.01446533203125,
0.00927734375,
0.017578125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0361328125,
0.04052734375,
0.004547119140625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.062255859375,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0150146484375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.021240234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0068359375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.048828125,
0.06884765625,
-0.017822265625,
0.011474609375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0068359375,
0.00189208984375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.01544189453125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.035400390625,
0.03173828125,
0.0284423828125,
0.050048828125,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.00069427490234375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0084228515625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.06689453125,
0.0595703125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00003790855407714844,
0.0179443359375,
0.0250244140625,
0.010498046875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.048583984375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.03466796875,
-0.04931640625,
0.01611328125,
0.00043487548828125,
0.01190185546875
] |
J. D. Payant, J.
Plaintiff filed a motion to compel defendants to answer interrogatories in this products liability action. The circuit court denied plaintiff’s motion. We granted leave to appeal and ordered a stay of trial pending appeal.
On December 12, 1984, plaintiff was seriously injured by the safety arm on an injection molding press. Defendants designed and manufactured the press. Plaintiff brought this action on November 1, 1985. Plaintiff’s action is based on negligence and breach of implied warranties. The negligence alle gations include allegations of defendants’ failure to warn.
Plaintiff submitted supplemental interrogatories to defendants. The interrogatories at issue on appeal are as follows:
4. In answer to Interrogatory #52 of the original Interrogatories submitted to Defendant, warning label 24901-B was attached and marked as Exhibit c. With respect to said warning label, please indicate:
A. The date that Defendant commenced use of the above referred to warning label on any of its injection molding machines.
B. The date that Defendant commenced utilization of the above referred to warning label on the injection molding machine model identified in this case.
5. Did the above referred to warning label identified in answer to Interrogatory #52 replace any other warning label otherwise utilized by Defendant on the subject model injection molding machine and/or any other injection molding machine manufactured by Defendant?
A. If so, please indicate the language of the warning label which preceded and was replaced by the warning label identified in answer to Interrogatory #52.
B. If so, please indicate the reason and/or basis and/or purpose for substituting the warning label identified in answer to Interrogatory #52 for the previously utilized warning label.
6. If the warning label identified in answer to Interrogatory #52 did not replace and/or substitute another previously utilized warning label, please indicate the purpose, basis and/or reason utilized by Defendant for instituting the use of the warning label as identified in answer to Interrogatory #52.
* * *
10. Has Defendant received any notice of injury and/or law suit as a result of injury occurring on any injection molding machine manufactured and/ or designed by Defendant wherein Plaintiff contended that he or she was injured in some manner by contact with the safety bar?
11. If so, please state:
A. The name and address of the complainant and each such complaint, claim or lawsuit.
B. The substance of the complaint, when and where it was filed, against whom it was filed, the case number and court of record and the name, address, and telephone number of Plaintiffs attorney.
Defendants provided the following answer to interrogatories 4, 5, and 6:
This information is neither relevant and/or (sic) material to this litigation since its use was commenced subsequent to plaintiff’s injury.
The following answer was given to interrogatories 10 and 11:
This information is irrelevant unless it is restricted to a 75 ton injection molding machine of identical design. However, providing that objection the Defendant is not aware of any notice of injury and/or law suit as a result of an injury occurring on a 75 ton injection molding machine of identical design manufactured and/or designed by Defendant wherein Plaintiff contended that he or she was injured in some manner by contact with the safety bar.
Plaintiff’s motion to compel answers to interrogatories 4, 5, 6, 10, and 11 was denied. We reverse the order denying plaintiff’s motion and remand this case for trial.
The grant or denial of discovery is within the trial judge’s discretion. Masters v Highland Park, 97 Mich App 56; 294 NW2d 246 (1980). MCR 2.302 provides for the following scope of discovery:
(B) Scope of Discovery. Unless otherwise limited by order of the court in accordance with these rules, the scope of discovery is as provided by this subrule.
(1) In General. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim or defense of the party seeking discovery or to the claim or defense of another party, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location of books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of a discoverable matter.
(a) It is not ground for objection that the information sought will be inadmissible at trial if the information sought appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.
In accordance with the above rule, this Court has held that evidence one seeks to discover need not be admissible at trial. Inadmissible evidence is discoverable if good cause for discovery is shown. Good cause is shown where the moving party establishes that the information sought is, or might lead to, admissible evidence, is material to the moving party’s trial preparation, or is for some other reason necessary to promote the ends of justice. Wilson v W A Foote Memorial Hospital, 91 Mich App 90; 284 NW2d 126 (1979).
Evidence of a change in warning labels occurring after death or injury is inadmissible to prove liability. MRE 407; Downie v Kent Products, Inc, 420 Mich 197; 362 NW2d 605 (1984), reh den 421 Mich 1202 (1985). Evidence of accidents with other machines is admissible subject to the following rule:
An issue as to the existence or occurrence of particular fact, condition, or event, may be proved by evidence as to the existence or occurrence of similar facts, conditions, or events, under the same, or substantially similar, circumstances. [Fireman’s Fund American Ins Cos v General Electric Co, 74 Mich App 318, 328-329; 253 NW2d 748 (1977), quoting Savage v Peterson Distributing Co, Inc, 379 Mich 197, 202; 150 NW2d 804 (1967).]
Defendants answered interrogatories 4, 5 and 6 by saying that the warning label in question was not used until after plaintiffs injury. Therefore, the evidence is inadmissible to prove liability. Downie, supra. Defendants answered interrogatories 10 and 11 regarding other injuries or lawsuits involving the machine that injured plaintiff, but refused to provide information with regard to machines of a different design. This evidence is also inadmissible because the circumstances are not the same or substantially the same. Fireman’s Fund American Ins Cos, supra.
Although the information sought by plaintiff is inadmissible, it may nevertheless be discoverable if it might lead to admissible evidence. Wilson, supra. Plaintiff argues that even if the information sought is inadmissible, it might lead to evidence of actual notice of a defect in design or manufacture and could reveal specific acts of negligence. Under MCR 2.302, plaintiff need only show that the information is "reasonably calculated” to lead to discovery of admissible evidence. Moreover, it is well-established that discovery rules are to be liberally construed. Peters v Gaggos, 72 Mich App 138; 249 NW2d 327 (1976); Maerz v United States Steel Corp, 116 Mich App 710; 323 NW2d 524 (1982). Therefore, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying plaintiffs motion to compel answers to interrogatories because plain tiff met his burden of showing that the information is reasonably calculated to lead to admissible evidence.
The circuit court’s order denying plaintiff’s motion is reversed and this case is remanded for defendants to answer the interrogatories at issue in this case within an amount of time deemed appropriate by the trial court.
G. R. McDonald, J., concurred. | [
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.060546875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.039794921875,
0.044189453125,
0.0098876953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.01483154296875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.037353515625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.06640625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.05810546875,
0.045654296875,
0.0002536773681640625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.037353515625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.07275390625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.006378173828125,
0.028564453125,
0.0537109375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.048095703125,
0.01470947265625,
0.01171875,
0.032470703125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.049560546875,
0.0283203125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.033203125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0185546875,
-0.05322265625,
0.004119873046875,
0.024658203125,
0.005340576171875,
0.0016326904296875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0244140625,
0.021484375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.020263671875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.02734375,
0.024658203125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0098876953125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0068359375,
0.052001953125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.03125,
0.044189453125,
0.033203125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0308837890625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.032958984375,
0.04736328125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0654296875,
-0.00006151199340820312,
0.03759765625,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.024658203125,
0.023681640625,
0.05712890625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.001068115234375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.06982421875,
0.00970458984375,
0.044921875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0673828125,
0.04150390625,
0.0067138671875,
0.03564453125,
0.052734375,
0.01171875,
0.041259765625,
0.021240234375,
0.015625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0380859375,
0.006072998046875,
0.0419921875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0224609375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.046630859375,
0.006591796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.02978515625,
-0.033203125,
-0.000293731689453125,
-0.04296875,
0.032470703125,
0.0166015625,
0.006500244140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0478515625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.003448486328125,
0.028564453125,
0.006256103515625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.034912109375,
0.048828125,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.025146484375,
0.00885009765625,
0.0380859375,
0.0045166015625,
0.04443359375,
0.01275634765625,
0.005889892578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.015625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.04541015625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0018463134765625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0218505859375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.040771484375,
0.023681640625,
0.022216796875,
0.029052734375,
-0.045166015625,
0.054443359375,
0.06689453125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.043212890625,
0.00098419189453125,
0.01422119140625,
0.037109375,
-0.013671875,
0.0213623046875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.002960205078125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00024127960205078125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.034423828125,
0.047607421875,
-0.03369140625,
0.06591796875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00238037109375,
-0.02490234375,
0.064453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0390625,
0.0267333984375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.0233154296875,
0.078125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.019287109375,
0.08447265625,
0.00872802734375,
0.03662109375,
0.02294921875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0155029296875,
0.05126953125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.04541015625,
0.003326416015625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0291748046875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.02099609375,
0.064453125,
0.010498046875,
-0.037841796875,
0.00152587890625,
0.02880859375,
0.000545501708984375,
0.01708984375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.021484375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.03125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.060302734375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0015106201171875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.032958984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.046875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01220703125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.025146484375,
0.037353515625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.05712890625,
0.015869140625,
0.00113677978515625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.03076171875,
0.03857421875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0224609375,
0.040283203125,
0.01068115234375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.046875,
0.046630859375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0166015625,
0.01806640625,
0.026123046875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0185546875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.013671875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0458984375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.009521484375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.0703125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01123046875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.031982421875,
0.019775390625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0078125,
-0.05126953125,
0.0064697265625,
0.041015625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.020263671875,
0.01141357421875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.003173828125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.09423828125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.006103515625,
0.047119140625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.04150390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.026123046875,
-0.011474609375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.053466796875,
0.000598907470703125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.01544189453125,
0.05224609375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0302734375,
0.0005035400390625,
-0.044677734375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0419921875,
0.0439453125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.036865234375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.061767578125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.050537109375,
0.04052734375,
0.02783203125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0546875,
-0.024658203125,
0.042724609375,
0.03662109375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00421142578125,
0.019775390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0234375,
0.038818359375,
0.03466796875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00885009765625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01611328125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0546875,
0.037109375,
0.006317138671875,
0.00567626953125,
0.037353515625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00029754638671875,
-0.04052734375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.034423828125,
0.056396484375,
0.001556396484375,
0.061767578125,
-0.030517578125,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.0008392333984375,
-0.03125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.027587890625,
0.005615234375,
0.023681640625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0439453125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0380859375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00830078125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0137939453125,
0.02001953125,
-0.058837890625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.03564453125,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.017578125,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.00927734375,
0.015625,
0.00421142578125,
0.0380859375,
0.00390625,
-0.017578125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0128173828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.044189453125,
0.00110626220703125,
0.031494140625,
0.034423828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.046142578125,
0.03759765625,
-0.043701171875,
0.04833984375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00128936767578125,
0.01025390625,
-0.0126953125,
0.04345703125,
0.00482177734375,
0.00927734375,
0.043701171875,
0.036376953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00732421875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0286865234375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.052978515625,
0.041015625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.020751953125,
0.034912109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0064697265625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0185546875,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.076171875,
-0.05517578125,
0.0283203125,
0.036376953125,
0.011474609375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.016845703125,
0.003173828125,
0.01287841796875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.012939453125,
0.045166015625,
-0.044677734375,
0.011474609375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0595703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00152587890625,
0.01513671875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.080078125,
0.07421875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.000194549560546875,
0.039306640625,
0.01214599609375,
0.00080108642578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.003570556640625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0014495849609375,
-0.0556640625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0732421875,
-0.017578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.04638671875,
0.041015625,
0.026123046875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.046875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.01190185546875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.039794921875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.057861328125,
0.00151824951171875,
0.044189453125,
0.01043701171875,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.05908203125,
0.0009918212890625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.06298828125,
0.033935546875,
0.0302734375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.033203125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.000030040740966796875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0089111328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.027587890625,
0.052734375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.02978515625,
0.045166015625,
0.004608154296875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.031494140625,
0.028076171875,
0.028076171875,
0.01025390625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.111328125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.04296875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0341796875,
0.032958984375,
0.020263671875,
0.0390625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.04443359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0145263671875,
0.00946044921875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0303955078125,
0.00640869140625,
0.01318359375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.045166015625,
0.0361328125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.031494140625,
0.0205078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.0133056640625,
0.00457763671875,
0.00885009765625,
0.048828125,
0.01611328125,
-0.019775390625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.02783203125,
0.031494140625,
0.024169921875,
0.023193359375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.039794921875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0218505859375,
0.068359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.02392578125,
-0.000598907470703125,
0.01171875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0023345947265625,
0.050048828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0458984375,
0.017822265625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.05908203125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.029296875,
-0.01171875,
-0.031005859375,
0.010986328125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.031982421875,
0.000667572021484375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.015869140625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00567626953125,
0.01214599609375,
0.04833984375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0419921875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00170135498046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0146484375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.046630859375,
0.01141357421875,
0.018798828125,
0.00982666015625,
0.00086212158203125,
0.017822265625,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.044677734375,
0.0220947265625,
0.06982421875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0361328125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.015625,
-0.0004291534423828125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.037353515625,
0.056884765625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0196533203125,
0.014892578125,
0.000965118408203125,
0.034423828125,
0.01806640625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.009033203125,
0.02490234375,
-0.05517578125,
0.005859375,
0.041748046875,
0.00885009765625,
0.00113677978515625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0198974609375,
0.01513671875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03955078125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.005218505859375,
0.0361328125,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.023193359375,
0.04248046875,
0.0009918212890625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.03662109375,
0.0244140625,
0.0537109375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.006103515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.008544921875,
0.01171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0322265625,
0.030029296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00012969970703125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0390625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0556640625,
0.029052734375,
0.007171630859375,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.025146484375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00177764892578125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.05322265625,
0.01043701171875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.005859375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0111083984375,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.001953125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.03662109375,
0.040771484375,
0.042236328125,
0.039306640625,
0.0185546875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0223388671875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0238037109375,
0.05078125,
0.0498046875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.01409912109375,
0.00177001953125,
-0.0556640625,
0.2734375,
0.0556640625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.07080078125,
0.01129150390625,
0.034912109375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0245361328125,
0.021728515625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.052978515625,
0.003936767578125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.05615234375,
0.01708984375,
0.0186767578125,
0.04443359375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.048828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.015625,
0.0189208984375,
0.017578125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0146484375,
0.0015869140625,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.01025390625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.012939453125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.04296875,
0.0673828125,
-0.021728515625,
0.057861328125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.020751953125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.000705718994140625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.015869140625,
0.006591796875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0179443359375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.000514984130859375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01177978515625,
0.001220703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.033203125,
0.0023651123046875,
0.00811767578125,
0.02197265625,
0.0458984375,
-0.04052734375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.004364013671875,
0.0150146484375,
0.025146484375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.029296875,
-0.009765625,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.002593994140625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0306396484375
] |
Wahls, J.
Albert Danke appeals as of right from an October 19, Í987, order of the Macomb Circuit Court dismissing his petition for custody of his grandson, Michael Danke, Jr., filed under the provisions of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (uccja), MCL 600.651 et seq.) MSA 27A.651 et seq. At a hearing regarding the petition conducted on September 28, 1987, the court stated that the issue presented was whether, despite a custody order issued by a California court in the context of a divorce proceeding between Michael Danke, Sr., and Tammy Danke, the father and mother of Michael Danke, Jr., a Michigan court had jurisdiction to entertain a petition for custody under the provisions of the uccja. Ultimately, jurisdiction under the uccja was found to be lacking; and, accordingly, the court dismissed the petition. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
The record reveals that the child in this case was born on July 28, 1981, when his father was nineteen years old and his mother was eighteen years old. Apparently, he resided with his parents until March 12, 1986, when, with his parents’ consent, he began living in Michigan with petitioner, his paternal grandfather. The child’s parents both signed notarized statements giving petitioner permission to obtain medical treatment for their child while in petitioner’s care. It was known that the child’s feet required medical attention. That attention was procured and paid for by petitioner, who also enrolled the child in a nursery school program and, later, in a local public school.
In May, 1987, Michael Danke, Sr., filed a petition for divorce in the Superior Court of California in Orange County. That petition stated that the parties had separated in February, 1985, and that the parties’ child, Michael Danke, Jr., resided with his father in California. On August 4, 1987, the California court granted the petition for divorce and ordered that custody of the child be placed in his father for one year beginning in September, 1987, and in his mother the following year. After the petition for divorce was granted, the child’s mother changed her residence from California to Oregon. When enforcement of the California custody order was sought, petitioner commenced the instant proceedings in the Macomb Circuit Court, requesting that that court take jurisdiction of the case under the uccja and order that custody of Michael Danke, Jr., be placed in petitioner. On August 31, 1987, the court entered an ex parte order granting petitioner temporary custody of the child until September 28, 1987. The child’s parents were notified of the hearing scheduled on the petition; and, on September 28, 1987, that hearing was conducted, with arguments being presented by counsel for Albert Danke and by counsel for Michael Danke, Sr. At the hearing the court ruled that the only question before it concerned whether a Michigan court could properly exercise jurisdiction over the custody matter in view of the involvement of the California court. The court concluded that it did "not have jurisdiction due to the fact that California does have jurisdiction because of the parties being there.”
Petitioner now appeals, arguing that the circuit court erred by concluding that it lacked jurisdiction to modify the existing custody order of the California court. We agree.
In this case, a Michigan court could not properly modify the California custody order unless it had the jurisdiction to do so under the uccja. The provision in the uccja concerning the modification of foreign custody decrees or judgments states:
If a court of another state has made a custody decree or judgment, a court of this state shall not modify that decree or judgment unless it appears to the court of this state that the court which rendered the decree or judgment does not now have jurisdiction under jurisdictional prerequisites substantially in accordance with sections 651 to 673 or has declined to assume jurisdiction to modify the decree or judgment and the court of this state has jurisdiction. [MCL 600.664(1); MSA 27A.664(1).]
There is nothing in the record presented to us to suggest that the California court which issued the August 4, 1987, custody order has declined to assume jurisdiction to modify its decree. Accordingly, if a court of this state is to modify the foreign custody order, it must be shown that the California court "does not now have jurisdiction under the jurisdictional prerequisites substantially in accordance with sections 651 to 673 . . . and [that] the court of this state has jurisdiction.” (Emphasis added.) The statutory clause, "does not now have jurisdiction,” refers to the time when the petition to modify the foreign order was filed in Michigan. Bivins v Bivins, 146 Mich App 223, 231; 379 NW2d 431 (1985); Bull v Bull, 109 Mich App 328, 337; 311 NW2d 768 (1981). Thus, we look to whether a California or a Michigan court had jurisdiction in this case under the uccja on August 25, 1987, which was the date on which petitioner initiated the instant proceedings in the Macomb Circuit Court.
Whether a court has jurisdiction to decide or modify a child custody matter under the uccja depends upon whether the circumstances of the case in question fulfill one of the jurisdiction-conferring provisions in that act. Section 653(1) of the act states that such jurisdiction is conferred if any one of the following criteria is satisfied:
(a) This state is the home state of the child at the time of commencement of the proceeding or had been the child’s home state within 6 months before commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state because of his removal or retention by a person claiming his custody or for other reasons, and a parent or person acting as parent continues to live in this state.
(b) It is in the best interest of the child that a court of this state assume jurisdiction because the child and his parents, or the child and at least 1 contestant, have a significant connection with this state and there is available in this state substantial evidence concerning the child’s present or future care, protection, training, and personal relationships.
(c) The child is physically present in this state and the child has been abandoned or it is necessary in an emergency to protect the child because the child has been subjected to or threatened with mistreatment or abuse or is otherwise neglected or dependent.
(d) It appears that no other state would have jurisdiction under prerequisites substantially in accordance with subdivisions (a), (b), or (c) or another state has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child and it is in the best interest of the child that this court assume jurisdiction.
On the date petitioner initiated the present litigation, none of these criteria could be satisfied such as would permit a California, and not a Michigan, court to decide the matter of modifying the child custody order previously issued by a California court.
First, under § 653(1)(a), Michigan, not California, was the home state of Michael Danke, Jr., as of August 25, 1987. He had resided continuously with petitioner in Michigan since March 12, 1986 — a period of more than seventeen months prior to the commencement of the present proceedings. This lengthy period in which the child resided in Michigan shows that his connection with this state, and not with California, was significant and considerable. See Brown v Brown, 104 Mich App 621, 625-626; 305 NW2d 272 (1981). The term "home state” is defined, in pertinent part, as "the state in which the child immediately preceding the time involved lived with his or her parents, a parent or a person acting as parent, for at least 6 consecutive months,” MCL 600.652(e); MSA 27A.652(e). The term "person acting as parent” is defined, in perti nent part, as "a person, other than a parent, who has physical custody of a child and who . . . claims a right to custody,” MCL 600.652(i); MSA 27A.652(i). In this case, the child was living in Michigan for at least six consecutive months with his paternal grandfather, who had physical custody of the child and who claims a right to custody. Thus, it is clear that any claim of jurisdiction by the California court with respect to the original child custody order would not be substantially in accordance with the mandate of § 653(1)(a).
Second, under §653(1)(b), it appears that the child and petitioner, who is a "contestant” in this matter because he "claims a right to custody . . . with respect to [the] child,” MCL 600.652(a); MSA 27A.652(a), have a significant connection with Michigan and that there is available in this state substantial evidence concerning the child’s present or future care, protection, training, and personal relationships. As already noted, the child’s seventeen-month presence in Michigan as of the date this case was commenced and, correspondingly, his seventeen-month absence from California strongly suggest that there were maximum contacts with Michigan. See McDonald v McDonald, 74 Mich App 119, 126-127; 253 NW2d 678 (1977); Dean v Dean, 133 Mich App 220, 226; 348 NW2d 725 (1984). Moreover, the records regarding the child’s medical care, particularly the records regarding the care he obtained for problems he had experienced with his feet, as well as the records regarding his attendance in, and progress at, nursery school and elementary school are available in Michigan. Finally, for a lengthy period of time, all of the child’s social contacts and relationships were formed in Michigan. Under these circumstances, it is clear to us that the child and petitioner have a much stronger tie to Michigan than to California. It is thus in Michigan that a court would have optimum access to the relevant evidence concerning the child in this case and his family. Bivins, supra, pp 231-233.
Under § 653(1)(c), California would not have jurisdiction because the child is physically present in Michigan and there has been no showing of abandonment, abuse or neglect. Furthermore, under §653(1)(d) California would not have jurisdiction because, as concluded above, it appears that under subsections (1)(a) and (1)(b) Michigan may properly exercise jurisdiction in this child custody matter.
Our conclusion that the Macomb Circuit Court erred by finding that it was without jurisdiction under the uccja to modify the California court’s child custody order requires us to remand this case for a full evidentiary hearing. On remand, the circuit court shall determine, first, whether an established custodial environment exists, MCL 722.27(c); MSA 25.312(7)(c); Breas v Breas, 149 Mich App 103; 385 NW2d 743 (1986), and, second, whether a change in custody is in the best interests of the child, MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3); Curless v Curless, 137 Mich App 673, 677-678; 357 NW2d 921 (1984). If an established custodial environment exists, it must be shown by clear and convincing evidence that a change in custody would be in the best interests of the child. Arndt v Kasem, 135 Mich App 252, 256-257; 353 NW2d 497 (1984). If an established custodial environment does not exist, it must be shown by a mere preponderance of the evidence that a change in custody would be in the best interests of the child. Curless, supra, p 676. In determining the best interests of the child, the court must consider, evaluate and state a conclusion regarding each of the statutory factors enumerated in MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3).
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
The fifty states and the District of Columbia have adopted the Uniform Child Custody Jursidiction Act. In California law, the act is codified in Cal Civ Code §§ 5150-5174 (West). | [
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00238037109375,
0.009033203125,
0.050537109375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.051025390625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.005126953125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.033203125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.047607421875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.033203125,
0.013671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.003662109375,
0.037841796875,
0.000247955322265625,
0.04052734375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0615234375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.016845703125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0595703125,
-0.054931640625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.0400390625,
0.060302734375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.01220703125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.004150390625,
0.0108642578125,
0.00372314453125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.007415771484375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00136566162109375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0025787353515625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.021484375,
0.0260009765625,
0.03271484375,
0.000858306884765625,
0.0081787109375,
0.013427734375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.024658203125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.040771484375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.03662109375,
0.064453125,
0.027099609375,
0.00701904296875,
0.044921875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.036376953125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0224609375,
0.041748046875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0361328125,
-0.01953125,
0.051513671875,
-0.08544921875,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0341796875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0400390625,
0.034423828125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.043212890625,
0.005462646484375,
0.0277099609375,
0.05908203125,
0.0015869140625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.029541015625,
-0.008544921875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0234375,
-0.045166015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0050048828125,
0.0380859375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0517578125,
0.01416015625,
0.039306640625,
-0.000644683837890625,
-0.038330078125,
0.053466796875,
0.0162353515625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.031982421875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0159912109375,
0.02880859375,
0.035888671875,
0.04541015625,
0.0172119140625,
0.045654296875,
-0.01171875,
0.00634765625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0546875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0250244140625,
0.054443359375,
0.059326171875,
0.05126953125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.003082275390625,
-0.00010728836059570312,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.033203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0023193359375,
0.033203125,
-0.0625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.03125,
0.03173828125,
-0.072265625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0205078125,
0.006591796875,
0.02490234375,
0.043701171875,
0.01287841796875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01708984375,
0.00022602081298828125,
0.0380859375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01171875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.013671875,
0.005950927734375,
0.0155029296875,
0.031982421875,
0.0186767578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.004180908203125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.06689453125,
0.01055908203125,
0.068359375,
0.03564453125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.07177734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.030029296875,
0.00390625,
0.02880859375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0130615234375,
0.004150390625,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.04296875,
-0.052734375,
0.0238037109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0208740234375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0458984375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.040283203125,
0.046875,
0.01043701171875,
0.00067901611328125,
0.047119140625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.005859375,
0.0146484375,
0.0162353515625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.033935546875,
0.04150390625,
0.0014801025390625,
0.007171630859375,
0.05810546875,
-0.046875,
0.017578125,
0.0126953125,
0.030517578125,
-0.02001953125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.02587890625,
0.0135498046875,
0.00469970703125,
0.0052490234375,
0.013427734375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01385498046875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0517578125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0133056640625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0126953125,
0.03125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0283203125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.03369140625,
0.00897216796875,
0.056396484375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.016357421875,
0.044189453125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.042724609375,
0.000583648681640625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0172119140625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.03369140625,
0.06884765625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0133056640625,
0.0234375,
-0.05126953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.013916015625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0146484375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.004364013671875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00732421875,
0.00640869140625,
0.010009765625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.01806640625,
0.008056640625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0012054443359375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0031585693359375,
0.046875,
-0.060791015625,
0.03662109375,
0.042236328125,
-0.037841796875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.05126953125,
0.00439453125,
0.025146484375,
0.046630859375,
0.0380859375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.009521484375,
0.0250244140625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.033203125,
0.03857421875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.000048160552978515625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.055419921875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.052734375,
0.0113525390625,
0.04833984375,
0.01092529296875,
0.03173828125,
0.0174560546875,
0.020751953125,
0.023193359375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.045654296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.07080078125,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.02880859375,
0.032958984375,
0.0279541015625,
0.0634765625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.00579833984375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.064453125,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.0002574920654296875,
0.0302734375,
0.03857421875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0169677734375,
0.03271484375,
0.01123046875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.047119140625,
0.01251220703125,
0.03125,
0.00738525390625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.014404296875,
0.03466796875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.054443359375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.023193359375,
-0.042724609375,
0.01043701171875,
0.0015869140625,
-0.0625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0223388671875,
0.00653076171875,
0.007537841796875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0234375,
0.0186767578125,
0.045166015625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0120849609375,
0.01904296875,
0.0037994384765625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00040435791015625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.03662109375,
0.004730224609375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0274658203125,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.020263671875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.055908203125,
0.01251220703125,
0.026123046875,
0.025390625,
0.032470703125,
-0.046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.046630859375,
0.02587890625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.02197265625,
0.000415802001953125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0498046875,
0.003753662109375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.029296875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.022216796875,
0.01318359375,
0.052734375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0126953125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01806640625,
0.0107421875,
0.0118408203125,
0.044921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0081787109375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.023681640625,
0.010009765625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.072265625,
0.023681640625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0419921875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.06005859375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.002899169921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.007080078125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0186767578125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.013671875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0185546875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0576171875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.046875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.002685546875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.043212890625,
0.0244140625,
0.031982421875,
0.013916015625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.026123046875,
0.00836181640625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0205078125,
0.00653076171875,
0.058349609375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0267333984375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0810546875,
0.046875,
0.01507568359375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0020751953125,
0.057861328125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0252685546875,
0.00732421875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0419921875,
-0.018310546875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.046875,
0.036376953125,
0.03466796875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.020751953125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.009765625,
0.012451171875,
0.005950927734375,
-0.05859375,
0.02001953125,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.05810546875,
0.005706787109375,
0.05078125,
0.03076171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0009002685546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0279541015625,
0.01434326171875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.036376953125,
0.03076171875,
0.07666015625,
0.0087890625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0113525390625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.024169921875,
0.021728515625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.017822265625,
-0.042236328125,
0.053466796875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.047607421875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.049560546875,
0.04443359375,
0.03173828125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.0615234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.02783203125,
0.00079345703125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.037841796875,
0.057861328125,
0.060791015625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.000396728515625,
0.04150390625,
-0.033203125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.05322265625,
0.031982421875,
0.03857421875,
0.00022983551025390625,
-0.0087890625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.006103515625,
0.054443359375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.06103515625,
0.0233154296875,
0.01495361328125,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.015625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.01318359375,
0.033203125,
0.03564453125,
0.022216796875,
0.0062255859375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.030029296875,
0.0791015625,
0.00537109375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.022216796875,
0.003631591796875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.07421875,
-0.0185546875,
0.01336669921875,
0.011962890625,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.02197265625,
0.02587890625,
0.003082275390625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.058837890625,
0.002685546875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0272216796875,
0.041015625,
0.037353515625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.001922607421875,
0.0771484375,
0.0498046875,
0.03662109375,
0.029541015625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.046142578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.064453125,
-0.0390625,
-0.020263671875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.001953125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.06103515625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0166015625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0005950927734375,
0.06689453125,
0.04052734375,
0.007354736328125,
0.01416015625,
0.0224609375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.029541015625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0009613037109375,
0.017578125,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.01806640625,
0.006591796875,
-0.0888671875,
-0.043212890625,
0.00836181640625,
0.044677734375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.003814697265625,
0.07080078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.017333984375,
0.029541015625,
0.0322265625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.072265625,
0.021240234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.000568389892578125,
0.041748046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.014892578125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01123046875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.033203125,
-0.07861328125,
0.021484375,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.000629425048828125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00390625,
0.060302734375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0235595703125,
0.060302734375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.022216796875,
0.0361328125,
0.006439208984375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.033447265625,
0.046875,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00799560546875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.06494140625,
0.263671875,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.06689453125,
0.0126953125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.015625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.031982421875,
0.030029296875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.032958984375,
0.05615234375,
0.0177001953125,
0.007415771484375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0654296875,
0.0029296875,
-0.051025390625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.044189453125,
0.01171875,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.00445556640625,
0.004180908203125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.046875,
0.052734375,
0.0771484375,
0.0177001953125,
0.03271484375,
0.01171875,
0.0869140625,
0.00494384765625,
0.000766754150390625,
0.018798828125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0078125,
-0.0693359375,
0.007476806640625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0341796875,
-0.015625,
0.03759765625,
0.055908203125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.017578125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0625,
0.038330078125,
-0.010498046875,
0.01263427734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0234375,
0.00811767578125,
0.0322265625,
0.0020904541015625,
0.0458984375,
0.024169921875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.038818359375,
0.02978515625,
0.02294921875,
0.041748046875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0224609375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0135498046875
] |
Shepherd, P.J.
Defendant appeals a Court of Claims November 7, 1986, final judgment denying defendant’s motion for summary disposition under GCR 1963, 117.2(1), now MCR 2.116(C)(8), and partial accelerated judgment under GCR 1963, 116.1(5), now MCR 2.116(C)(7). Plaintiffs cross-appeal from the judgment denying their motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10).
Both plaintiffs are foreign corporations engaged in air transportation of goods and persons in interstate commerce for profit. The question in this case involves the tax liability of plaintiffs in the years 1976 through 1982 under Michigan’s Single Business Tax Act, MCL 208.1 et seq.; MSA 7.558(1) et seq.
When adopted in 1975, the sbta was characterized as a value added tax. Kasischke, Computation of the Single Business Tax: Theory and Mechanics, 22 Wayne L Rev 1069 (1976). The single business tax is essentially a tax on the increase in value of goods and services brought about by the taxpayers’ business activities. See Stockler v Dep’t of Treasury, 75 Mich App 640, 643; 255 NW2d 718 (1977). This Court described the tax as a "new and experimental piece of legislation” shortly after its adoption. Id. Apparently aware that the adoption of the sbta marked a shift in tax procedure and policy which might have an unfair adverse impact on the tax burden of some businesses, the Legislature incorporated in the act certain transitory provisions for some industries, including the transportation industry. In a previous case we concurred in the following view:
In his written opinion, the Tax Tribunal judge explained the rationale behind § 57:
"[T]he Legislature recognized that some businesses such as transportation are more adversely affected by the new Single Business Tax Act than others. Therefore, a phase-in was created [i.e., § 57(3)], by allowing a discounting of the Michigan tax base [as determined under § 57(1)] until 1983.” [Eagle Trucking Co v Dep’t of Treasury, 115 Mich App 667, 671; 321 NW2d 765 (1982).]
The act provides for a "specific tax of 2.35 per cent upon the adjusted tax base of every person with business activity in this state which is allocated or apportioned to the state.” MCL 208.31(1); MSA 7.558(31)(1). The tax base apportioned to Michigan for transportation companies, including plaintiffs, subject to sbta §31(1) taxation, is computed pursuant to sbta §57(1), MCL 208.57(1); MSA 7.558(57)(1), which reads:
In the case of a taxpayer under section 56 other than one whose activity consists of the transportation of oil or gas by pipeline, the tax base attributable to Michigan sources shall be that portion of the tax base of the taxpayer derived from transportation services wherever performed that the revenue miles of the taxpayer in Michigan bear to the revenue miles of the taxpayer everywhere. A revenue mile means the transportation for a consideration of 1 net ton in weight or 1 passenger the distance of 1 mile. The tax base attributable to Michigan sources in the case of a taxpayer engaged in the transportation both of property and of individuals, shall be that portion of the entire tax base of the taxpayer which is equal to the sum of his passenger miles and ton mile fractions, separately computed and individually weighted by the ratio of gross receipts from passenger transportation to total gross receipts from all transportation, and by the ratio of gross receipts from freight transportation to total gross receipts from all transportation, respectively.
Section 57(3), MCL 208.57(3); MSA 7.558(57)(3), however, provides for a percentage discounting of the transportation company’s tax base over a five year phase-in period:
(3) The tax base attributable to this state shall be the following percentage of the tax base otherwise computed under subsection (1): 30% for the 1977, 1978, and 1979 tax years; 70% for the 1980 and 1981 tax years; and 90% for the 1982 tax year.
The phase-in percentage discount was, however, limited by a "minimum tax” in § 57(3). The rest of § 57(3) reads:
The tax computed shall not be less than an amount equal to the 5-year average tax liability measured as a percentage of gross receipts, determined by computing the percentage that the taxpayer’s liability for the taxes levied under Act No. 85 of the Public Acts of 1921, as amended, being sections 450.304 to 450.310 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, Act No, 281 of the Public Acts of 1967, as amended, being sections 206.1 to 206.532 of the Michigan Compiled laws, Act No. 301 of the Public Acts of 1939, as amended, being sections 205.131 to 205.147 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, and the tax levied on the inventory portion of personal property under Act No. 206 of the Public Acts of 1893, as amended, being sections 211.1 to 211.157 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, or Act No. 282 of the Public Acts of 1905, as amended, being sections 207.1 to 207.21 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, bears to the gross receipts of the taxpayer. The 5-year average tax liability under this subsection shall be computed and determined from the 1971 to 1975 tax years. For the tax years begin ning after December 31, 1976, the percentage established for the 5-year average liability for the 1976 tax year shall be used for calculating this minimum tax. This subsection shall expire December 31,1982.
Plaintiffs’ tax liability was ultimately based on the latter clause. Plaintiffs are engaged in air transportation of goods and persons in interstate commerce for profit. As such, both plaintiffs are subject to the provisions of the Airport Development Acceleration Act of 1973, codified at 49 USC 1513, which reads in pertinent part:
(a) No State . . . shall levy or collect a tax, fee, head charge, or other charge, directly or indirectly, on persons traveling in air commerce or on the carriage of persons traveling in air commerce or on the sale of air transportation or on the gross receipts derived therefrom ....
(b) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a State (or political subdivision thereof, including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the District of Columbia, the territories or possessions of the United States or political agencies of two or more States) from the levy or collection of taxes other than those enumerated in subsection (a) of this section, including property taxes, net income taxes, franchise taxes, and sales or use taxes on the sale of goods or services. . . .
Plaintiffs argue that the minimum tax provision of the sbta is in violation of the federal prohibition on a direct or indirect tax on gross receipts.
Plaintiffs commenced this action under §88 of the sbta, MCL 208.88; MSA 7.558(88), to recover single business taxes assessed on that portion of business activities in Michigan for the tax years 1976 through 1981. The total amount sought is $1,573,160.36, reflecting the tax, interest and pen alties assessed during the years 1976 through 1982. The assessments were computed by application of the minimum tax provision within § 57(3). Both plaintiffs filed amended returns seeking refunds. The Department of Treasury denied plaintiffs’ refund claims. On March 19, 1984, plaintiffs filed a complaint in the Court of Claims seeking refunds.
In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged that the minimum tax provision of § 57(3) of the sbta violated the provisions of 49 USC 1513 in that the minimum tax requirement of § 57(3) was an indirect tax on plaintiffs’ gross receipts in violation of the prohibition against a direct or indirect state tax on gross receipts contained in the federal statute. Northwest Airlines filed a subsequent complaint seeking a refund for the single business taxes paid in 1982.
The cases were consolidated in the Court of Claims. On September 19, 1984, the Court of Claims heard cross-motions for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(3) filed by plaintiffs and defendant, as well as a motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1) and partial accelerated judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 116.1(5) filed by defendant. On April 1, 1985, the court issued its opinion and order. Pertinent to the present appeal, the court ruled that the minimum tax calculated under § 57(3) of the sbta violated the federal prohibition on taxes on gross receipts found in 49 USC 1513 and was therefore preempted. Accordingly, the Court of Claims denied defendant’s motion for summary judgment, but the court declined to address the cross-motions under GCR 1963, 117.2(3).
Plaintiffs filed a subsequent motion for summary disposition, in order to determine the effect given to the remaining portion of § 57(3) in the absence of the preempted minimum tax provision. In a June 30, 1986, written opinion, the Court of Claims ruled that the phase-in discount language of §57(3) could not be given effect without also giving effect to the minimum tax provision, because to do so would be inconsistent with the Legislature’s intent. Concluding that the minimum tax was an integral part of § 57(3), the court reasoned that to allow the allocation of the discount without the minimum would amount to an unwarranted expansion of a tax exemption. The court concluded:
There is no evidence to indicate [an] intent to allow an expansion of the exception, it must be concluded that the expansion of the tax reduction would be contrary to the legislative intent.
The court also rejected plaintiffs’ argument that all of § 57 should be declared invalid. The court ruled that plaintiffs’ tax liability should be computed using § 57(1) only, i.e., without computing either the discount or the minimum tax.
Defendant appeals the court’s ruling on the preemption of the minimum tax provision and plaintiffs cross-appeal the court’s ruling that the §57(3) discount without the application of the minimum tax provision was violative of legislative intent.
i
We first address the issue whether the minimum tax provision of § 57(3) of the sbta is preempted by the federal statute. Defendant puts forward several arguments in the face of the plain language of the federal statute which would seemingly invalidate the minimum tax provision of § 57(3). Again, for purposes of clarity, 49 USC 1513 states in pertinent part:
(a) No State . . . shall levy or collect a tax, fee, head charge, or other charge, directly or indirectly, on persons traveling in air commerce or on the carriage of persons traveling in air commerce or on the sale of air transportation or on the gross receipts derived therefrom. . . .
The state’s argument is to the following effect:
(1) Taxes under the sbta are levied upon the privilege of doing business in Michigan, not on the taxpayer’s gross receipts which are only a factor in the measurement of its liability;
(2) The purpose of § 57(3) was to provide transportation companies with a transition period to adjust to possible increases in their Michigan tax liability in the advent of the sbta;
(3) The purpose of the "minimum tax” in § 57(3) was to ensure that transportation companies did not pay proportionately less than they had paid under the previous tax scheme;
(4) The "minimum tax” is not preempted by the prohibition in 49 USC 1513 because:
(a) the purpose of the federal statute was directed at the proliferation of state and local taxes directed at air transportation;
(b) the minimum tax was not enacted as a specific tax on air transportation; and
(c) the minimum tax was not a tax on gross receipts, rather, gross receipts is merely a factor in the formula to ensure that the tax liability of transportation companies under the sbta was comparable to their liability under the previous tax scheme.
In Aloha Airlines, Inc v Director of Taxation of Hawaii, 464 US 7; 104 S Ct 291; 78 L Ed 2d 10 (1983), the Supreme Court was required to determine whether 49 USC 1513(a) preempted a Hawaiian statute that imposed a tax on gross income of the airlines operating within the state. Conceding that the phrase "gross income” was synonymous with the phrase "gross receipts” used in the federal statute, the director of taxation nonetheless argued that the Hawaiian statute was a property tax, measured by gross receipts, not a tax on gross receipts itself, and, therefore, should escape preemption under the exemption in 49 USC 1513(b) for property taxes. The Supreme Court held, 464 US 13-14:
The manner in which the state legislature has described and categorized § 239-6 [footnote 9 omitted] cannot mask the fact that the purpose and eifect of the provision are to impose a levy upon the gross receipts of airlines. Section 1513(a) expressly prohibits its States from taxing "directly or indirectly” gross receipts derived from air transportation. Beyond question, a property tax that is measured by gross receipts constitutes at least an "indirect” tax on the gross receipts of airlines. A state statute that imposes such a tax is therefore pre-empted.
Cf. Air Transport Ass’n of America v New York State Dep’t of Taxation & Finance, 91 AD2d 169; 458 NYS2d 709 (1983), aff'd 453 NY2d 548 (1983); Arizona Dep’t of Revenue v Cochise Airlines, 128 Ariz 432; 626 P2d 596 (Ariz App, 1980).
We can find nothing in the instant case to distinguish it from the logic and result of Aloha Airlines, Inc. The minimum tax is computed as a direct measure of gross receipts and is therefore preempted by 49 USC 1513(a). Any increase in gross receipts during the transition year resulted in a concomitant increase in a transportation company’s potential tax liability. Plaintiffs’ tax liability was measured as a percentage of its gross receipts during the years in question. Such a measurement constitutes a direct or indirect tax on gross receipts prohibited by the federal statute.
ii
Equally significant for the parties in this case is the second issue. Given that the minimum tax provision of § 57(3) is preempted, we still must determine whether to give effect to the percentage discount provided for in § 57(3) or whether plaintiffs should be assessed on their tax base apportioned to Michigan under § 57(1) without regard to the § 57(3) discount. In other words, we must determine whether the minimum tax provision is severable from § 57(3) or whether the invalidity of the minimum tax provision renders the entire subsection invalid.
Defendant argues, and the Court of Claims found, that the whole of § 57(3) was rendered invalid by reason of the fact that the minimum tax provision was preempted. While conceding that §57(3) was designed to grant transportation companies a transition period to adapt to the new sbta, defendant argues that the minimum tax was an inseverable limitation on the percentage reduction available to transportation companies.
The question is one of severability. MCL 8.5; MSA 2.216 provides:
In the construction of the statutes of this state the following rules shall be observed, unless such construction would be inconsistent with the manifest intent of the legislature, that is to say:
If any portion of an act or the application thereof to any person or circumstances shall be found to be invalid by a court, such invalidity shall not affect the remaining portions or applications of the act which can be given effect without the invalid portion or application, provided such remaining portions are not determined by the court to be inoperable, and to this end acts are declared to be severable.
When a part of an act is invalid in all possible applications, the invalid portion may be deleted and the court may determine by rules of legislative intent whether the valid portion of the act shall be enforced. 2 Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 44.12, p 519. Cf. Pletz v Secretary of State, 125 Mich App 335, 375-376; 336 NW2d 789 (1983), lv den 417 Mich 1100.20 (1983). The law enforced after separation must be reasonable in light of the act as originally drafted. 2 Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th ed), §44.04, p 489. Independence of the valid from invalid parts of an act does not depend on their being located in separate sections. Id., p 490. When the general object of the act can be achieved without the invalid part, the act will be upheld. Id., § 44.07, p 503.
We find the reasoning in an earlier severance case instructive. In American Youth Foundation v Benona Twp, 37 Mich App 722; 195 NW2d 304 (1972), lv den 387 Mich 782 (1972), plaintiff was denied tax exempt status on the basis of language in the then extant property tax exemption statutes which allowed certain exemptions for property owned and occupied by certain institutes incorporated under the laws of this state. Plaintiff was an out-of-state corporation. Following a United States Supreme Court case holding that it was a denial of equal protection to deny otherwise qualified corporations tax exempt status on the basis of their status as foreign corporations, see WHYY v Glassboro, 393 US 117; 89 S Ct 286; 21 L Ed 2d 242 (1968), plaintiff again challenged denial of tax exempt status for its property. Defendant acknowledged that the clause was unconstitutional but argued that the exemption statutes containing the clause were wholly invalid, as applied to both domestic and foreign corporations. This Court disagreed. Concluding that the offending phrase should be severed from the exemption statutes, the Court reasoned:
The clear and express intention of the Legislature was to exempt domestic, nonprofit corporations from taxation. Such a clear expression can be upheld by this Court. Those portions of the statutes in question which remain after severing the "domestic corporation” proviso are still operable and can still implement the intent manifested by the Legislature. [37 Mich App 725.]
That reasoning is equally applicable here. Clearly the Legislature intended to grant transportation companies a reduction in tax liability during the phase-in period based on the perception that the adoption of the sbta would create substantial uncertainty as to their tax burden. We believe the intent of the Legislature can be impler mented by severing the preempted provision. To adopt the interpretation on severability urged on us by defendant would have an adverse impact on those companies unaffected by the minimum tax but whose tax liability was otherwise governed by §57(3). Such an interpretation would adversely affect the many transportation companies who received a percentage reduction in their tax liability pursuant to §57(3) and in accord with the Legislature’s manifest intent, but whose discount did not fall below the minimüm. These companies remained unaffected by the minimum tax but received discounts pursuant to statute. We believe the discount reflects the legitimate intent of the Legislature to grant phase-in discounts to prevent hardship for a limited period. This intention is not identical to the concept of a minimum tax, and the two concepts can be logically severed. We therefore reverse the decision of the Court of Claims and remand for a determination of plaintiffs’ tax liability without the application of the invalid minimum tax provision.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
The unambiguous proscription contained in § 1513(a) compels us to conclude that it pre-empts Haw Rev Stat § 239-6 as well as other state taxes imposed on or measured by the gross receipts of airlines. Amici point out that several States have taxation statutes similar to § 239-6 and that the ability of those States to retain revenues collected from airlines during the past decade will be affected by our decision today. | [
-0.009521484375,
0.039794921875,
0.001373291015625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.07421875,
0.0228271484375,
0.00145721435546875,
0.013427734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.008056640625,
0.03564453125,
0.000667572021484375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00946044921875,
0.0283203125,
-0.012451171875,
0.076171875,
0.01708984375,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.045166015625,
0.038330078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0283203125,
0.00628662109375,
-0.01904296875,
0.020263671875,
0.0260009765625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.032958984375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0179443359375,
0.001861572265625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.06640625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.029296875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.0223388671875,
0.03076171875,
-0.0010833740234375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.044921875,
0.0262451171875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00135040283203125,
0.0074462890625,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.03564453125,
-0.025390625,
-0.06396484375,
0.057861328125,
0.002716064453125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0184326171875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.04638671875,
-0.010009765625,
0.0032958984375,
0.040771484375,
0.07666015625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.019287109375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.016845703125,
0.031494140625,
0.049072265625,
0.00469970703125,
0.0478515625,
-0.037353515625,
0.023681640625,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0029296875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.052734375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.032958984375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0322265625,
0.007537841796875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.022216796875,
0.025390625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0167236328125,
0.03173828125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.041748046875,
0.020751953125,
0.02587890625,
0.031494140625,
0.025146484375,
0.0133056640625,
0.03857421875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.016845703125,
0.023193359375,
0.0081787109375,
0.041015625,
-0.02587890625,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0458984375,
0.00750732421875,
-0.015625,
0.000743865966796875,
0.018798828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.044189453125,
0.01318359375,
0.0267333984375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0361328125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.04736328125,
0.0205078125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.04541015625,
0.04833984375,
0.0322265625,
0.0693359375,
-0.000720977783203125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.06640625,
0.007568359375,
0.05859375,
0.007171630859375,
0.02001953125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.055419921875,
0.052978515625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.005340576171875,
0.01806640625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00171661376953125,
-0.00096893310546875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0218505859375,
0.07861328125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.04052734375,
0.07373046875,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.033203125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0498046875,
0.000043392181396484375,
0.03955078125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0250244140625,
0.00830078125,
0.004058837890625,
0.00396728515625,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.033447265625,
0.016357421875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0111083984375,
0.0244140625,
0.042724609375,
-0.046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0157470703125,
0.03271484375,
0.021240234375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.000514984130859375,
0.0419921875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.015380859375,
0.06591796875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0205078125,
0.033203125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0167236328125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.004669189453125,
0.01904296875,
0.02392578125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.055908203125,
0.047119140625,
0.037109375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.044677734375,
0.003692626953125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0255126953125,
0.000335693359375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0673828125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0478515625,
0.056396484375,
-0.029296875,
0.015869140625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.00634765625,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.02001953125,
0.035888671875,
-0.03125,
0.0267333984375,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.03125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0380859375,
0.04931640625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.0322265625,
0.036376953125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.010498046875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.042236328125,
0.00927734375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.00008249282836914062,
-0.00518798828125,
0.039794921875,
0.033935546875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.017578125,
0.021728515625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.004119873046875,
-0.00927734375,
0.01708984375,
0.0576171875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0002536773681640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.009033203125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.034912109375,
0.04541015625,
0.0191650390625,
0.07080078125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.064453125,
0.0079345703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0302734375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0146484375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.038330078125,
0.021240234375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.05810546875,
0.03271484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.033203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0000400543212890625,
0.01416015625,
0.033203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.003509521484375,
0.03173828125,
0.007781982421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.007354736328125,
0.053466796875,
-0.00079345703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.031982421875,
0.018310546875,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0087890625,
0.052734375,
0.07177734375,
0.017822265625,
0.03125,
0.04833984375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.0537109375,
-0.026123046875,
0.00193023681640625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0133056640625,
0.01190185546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.017822265625,
0.03515625,
0.008056640625,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.002960205078125,
0.0101318359375,
0.041015625,
-0.0751953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.07470703125,
0.0291748046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.000316619873046875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.044921875,
-0.01708984375,
0.080078125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.02197265625,
0.024169921875,
0.0556640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0020599365234375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.03271484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.042236328125,
0.002105712890625,
0.04248046875,
-0.028076171875,
0.05029296875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.06591796875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.046875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.02001953125,
0.0306396484375,
0.0634765625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0185546875,
0.045166015625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.025390625,
0.00714111328125,
0.02587890625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.015625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.05419921875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.002899169921875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.05224609375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04150390625,
0.03759765625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0634765625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.033935546875,
0.00185394287109375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0038909912109375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.022216796875,
0.068359375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0145263671875,
0.039794921875,
0.05712890625,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.004730224609375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.02490234375,
0.014404296875,
0.0087890625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0064697265625,
0.033935546875,
0.014892578125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01123046875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.029296875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00439453125,
0.0458984375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.017578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.02685546875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.046630859375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.029296875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0478515625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.000020623207092285156,
0.054931640625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.027099609375,
-0.005584716796875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0673828125,
0.004669189453125,
-0.001983642578125,
0.01806640625,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.07421875,
0.006103515625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.10009765625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.028564453125,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.002838134765625,
0.007415771484375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0084228515625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0751953125,
-0.00017452239990234375,
0.04541015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.016357421875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0458984375,
0.04052734375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0341796875,
0.033447265625,
-0.028076171875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.003204345703125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0263671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0296630859375,
0.004150390625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.036865234375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0035400390625,
0.046630859375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0091552734375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0206298828125,
0.058349609375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.04248046875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0576171875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.028564453125,
0.032958984375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.034423828125,
0.068359375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.091796875,
0.0076904296875,
0.0517578125,
0.0263671875,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0283203125,
0.04345703125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.043701171875,
0.022705078125,
-0.032958984375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.04638671875,
0.04541015625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.04638671875,
0.004364013671875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.04296875,
-0.049072265625,
0.000278472900390625,
0.020263671875,
0.0400390625,
0.0177001953125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.03466796875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.021240234375,
0.019775390625,
0.021240234375,
0.04345703125,
-0.025390625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0286865234375,
0.041015625,
0.005584716796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0137939453125,
0.091796875,
0.027587890625,
-0.024169921875,
0.032470703125,
-0.06103515625,
0.023193359375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.04736328125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0185546875,
0.0169677734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0101318359375,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.023681640625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.00150299072265625,
0.05322265625,
0.037109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0625,
0.00640869140625,
0.00177001953125,
0.0137939453125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00335693359375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0038299560546875,
0.03515625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.027099609375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0712890625,
0.0230712890625,
0.03955078125,
0.005828857421875,
0.017578125,
0.01007080078125,
0.060546875,
-0.007720947265625,
0.02099609375,
0.0038909912109375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.03857421875,
0.044677734375,
-0.00537109375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.020751953125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0014190673828125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.041015625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01202392578125,
0.01263427734375,
0.036376953125,
0.0000553131103515625,
0.029296875,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.038330078125,
0.042724609375,
0.010009765625,
-0.02001953125,
0.043701171875,
0.006805419921875,
0.000072479248046875,
-0.045654296875,
0.022216796875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.08349609375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0859375,
0.0458984375,
0.019287109375,
0.01385498046875,
0.036376953125,
0.047119140625,
0.00167083740234375,
0.02880859375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0107421875,
0.021240234375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.060791015625,
0.0010528564453125,
0.00860595703125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0380859375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.048583984375,
0.04052734375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00164794921875,
0.00250244140625,
0.025390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.019287109375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.055419921875,
0.01507568359375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.057861328125,
0.0185546875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.034423828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.000823974609375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.048095703125,
0.01904296875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0224609375,
0.004974365234375,
0.017333984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.017822265625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0126953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.006103515625,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0206298828125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0361328125,
0.283203125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0238037109375,
0.037109375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.010498046875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0164794921875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0341796875,
-0.06787109375,
0.004241943359375,
0.044189453125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.04931640625,
0.0478515625,
0.0255126953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.017578125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.015625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.000637054443359375,
0.025146484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.025634765625,
0.0361328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0380859375,
0.055419921875,
0.0257568359375,
0.05908203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01312255859375,
0.0419921875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.061767578125,
0.056640625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.04443359375,
0.00061798095703125,
0.00811767578125,
0.01263427734375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.049560546875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.011962890625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.023681640625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0166015625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.03857421875,
0.016357421875,
-0.031494140625,
0.01361083984375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.025390625,
-0.043701171875
] |
Graves, J.
Henry being a deputy marshal of the United States, seized under attachment against one Peter Van Dyke certain goods which Boot claimed under assignment to him from Van Dyke for the benefit of creditors. Boot sued Henry in trover for the goods, and the latter assailed the assignment as fraudulent on its face and also in fact. Boot recovered and Henry brought error.
The assignment was not prima facie invalid. Its terms were not necessarily incompatible with good faith or inconsistent with the principles which govern when a debtor assumes to devote his property to his creditors through the medium of an assignment. Before it can be laid down as matter of law that the instrument is> fraudulent upon its face, it must appear clearly that its terms necessarily impress it with that character, and when this is not the case the question is one of fact, and must be settled upon evidence.
The indebtedness of the assignor did not obliterate all his rights and powers as owner. He could appropriate in good faith and without intent to hinder, delay or defraud, the whole or any part of his property to the payment of his creditors, and property not exempt and not assigned would still be liable to creditors, and the-naked circumstance of the actual and express • omission of some such property, whatever its influence might be with other circumstances to prove a fraudulent intent in fact, would not involve the result of invalidity as matter of law.
The assignment indicates that certain property being-subject to specific claims of particular creditors, was not assigned, and it provides that such creditors will be entitled to participate in the fund created by the trust in case they surrender their securities to the assignee, and not otherwise. We discover nothing in this necessarily opposed to law. No property is screened for the debtor or placed beyond the reach of creditors. Whatever is liable for debts remains open and exposed as it was before. The record contains a number of exceptions in regard to evidence.’ It is not needful to notice them particularly. They are governed by principles and rulings which have been repeatedly stated in this court. Nye v. Van Husan, 6 Mich., 329, and other cases. They relate to evidence given of circumstances surrounding the transaction and tending to show it as it really was, and of facts to apply the assignment to the property and to make out that the transaction was in good faith in point of fact. None of these matters appear to call for discussion or to he fairly open to complaint.
What has been said is sufficient to dispose of the case, and as we discover no error, the judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
0.02099609375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.041748046875,
0.0185546875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00750732421875,
0.08056640625,
0.06298828125,
-0.011474609375,
0.0380859375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.04931640625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0245361328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.02685546875,
0.00323486328125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0035552978515625,
0.07666015625,
0.050537109375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0001735687255859375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.048095703125,
-0.049560546875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0458984375,
0.039306640625,
0.01055908203125,
0.0035400390625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.04296875,
-0.049560546875,
0.02685546875,
-0.064453125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.052734375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0107421875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.055419921875,
-0.050048828125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.00051116943359375,
0.01422119140625,
0.01104736328125,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.0211181640625,
0.005889892578125,
0.0003185272216796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.009033203125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.00002396106719970703,
-0.0380859375,
0.048828125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.048828125,
-0.010986328125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.005523681640625,
0.029541015625,
0.016845703125,
0.0201416015625,
0.00640869140625,
0.00927734375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0174560546875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0869140625,
0.01495361328125,
0.00201416015625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.029541015625,
0.002471923828125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.048828125,
0.00750732421875,
0.023681640625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0006866455078125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.059814453125,
-0.000335693359375,
0.033935546875,
0.000713348388671875,
0.0084228515625,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.017578125,
0.00075531005859375,
0.043701171875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.04541015625,
0.003173828125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0108642578125,
0.0205078125,
0.0189208984375,
0.004486083984375,
0.023681640625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.036865234375,
0.0009918212890625,
0.049072265625,
0.0150146484375,
0.029296875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01123046875,
0.041015625,
0.034912109375,
0.000888824462890625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02880859375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0263671875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.044921875,
0.0390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0205078125,
0.0106201171875,
0.05517578125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0087890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0001430511474609375,
0.000797271728515625,
0.035888671875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.000881195068359375,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.0478515625,
0.01031494140625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.034423828125,
0.031982421875,
0.01611328125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.016845703125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.055908203125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.015625,
0.07666015625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0205078125,
0.020751953125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.01409912109375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.023681640625,
-0.06201171875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.064453125,
-0.02294921875,
0.04443359375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0301513671875,
0.033447265625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0030059814453125,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.053955078125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0341796875,
0.04345703125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.041259765625,
0.01513671875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0167236328125,
0.029052734375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.059814453125,
0.036865234375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0247802734375,
0.00238037109375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.003936767578125,
0.00927734375,
-0.03515625,
0.00006008148193359375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.031494140625,
-0.000560760498046875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.025634765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.047119140625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.010009765625,
0.03515625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.00250244140625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0419921875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.024658203125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.02880859375,
0.0018768310546875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.059814453125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.033935546875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.041015625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.072265625,
0.01397705078125,
0.022705078125,
0.0004749298095703125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0225830078125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.031494140625,
0.008056640625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00013065338134765625,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.044189453125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.050048828125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0205078125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.039794921875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.036865234375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0174560546875,
0.000667572021484375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.04248046875,
0.016357421875,
0.039794921875,
-0.053466796875,
0.052978515625,
0.037841796875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.004150390625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0069580078125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0035400390625,
0.00958251953125,
0.0002422332763671875,
0.03564453125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.056884765625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.025146484375,
0.0224609375,
0.007568359375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.02490234375,
0.029296875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.00823974609375,
0.055908203125,
0.025634765625,
-0.00439453125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.041748046875,
0.00482177734375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0145263671875,
0.0247802734375,
0.00921630859375,
0.00970458984375,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0615234375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.02294921875,
0.017822265625,
0.056640625,
0.05615234375,
-0.06689453125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.009521484375,
0.01324462890625,
0.031982421875,
0.00830078125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.027587890625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.015869140625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.02490234375,
0.010009765625,
0.009521484375,
0.0096435546875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0002994537353515625,
0.0115966796875,
0.0072021484375,
0.0037841796875,
0.00531005859375,
0.0299072265625,
0.0166015625,
0.04248046875,
-0.068359375,
0.03662109375,
0.0048828125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00188446044921875,
0.0751953125,
-0.05029296875,
0.045166015625,
-0.032470703125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.007080078125,
-0.04638671875,
0.016357421875,
0.01611328125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.017333984375,
0.049072265625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.020751953125,
0.004608154296875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.005950927734375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.033935546875,
0.00799560546875,
0.05517578125,
-0.0107421875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.00080108642578125,
0.00121307373046875,
0.036865234375,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.02294921875,
0.0245361328125,
0.015869140625,
0.00003504753112792969,
0.02783203125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0096435546875,
0.10498046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.02685546875,
0.00897216796875,
0.05126953125,
0.0279541015625,
0.00144195556640625,
0.03955078125,
0.0011444091796875,
0.0380859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.07421875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0189208984375,
0.01312255859375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.07568359375,
0.0146484375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.050537109375,
0.020751953125,
0.0294189453125,
0.056640625,
-0.00001895427703857422,
0.0172119140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.060791015625,
0.0498046875,
0.0025177001953125,
0.013427734375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.034423828125,
0.00927734375,
-0.00080108642578125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.027099609375,
0.01275634765625,
0.00543212890625,
0.056884765625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.076171875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.053466796875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.06201171875,
0.03125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.023193359375,
0.0000782012939453125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.08984375,
0.0498046875,
-0.003021240234375,
0.01141357421875,
0.06640625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00067138671875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0267333984375,
0.02783203125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.021484375,
-0.02197265625,
0.025634765625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.00013065338134765625,
0.0244140625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.037109375,
0.0205078125,
0.026123046875,
0.0101318359375,
0.024658203125,
-0.03857421875,
0.01422119140625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.043701171875,
0.012939453125,
0.04443359375,
-0.05224609375,
0.06396484375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.00194549560546875,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01953125,
0.003082275390625,
0.0576171875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0400390625,
0.02294921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.029296875,
0.050048828125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.004302978515625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.01416015625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.05126953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.01043701171875,
0.07666015625,
-0.001373291015625,
0.014404296875,
0.05224609375,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0849609375,
0.001708984375,
0.0390625,
0.041259765625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.037109375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0245361328125,
0.02490234375,
0.03857421875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0654296875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.047607421875,
0.002227783203125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.002166748046875,
0.02587890625,
0.041015625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.044921875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0303955078125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.050537109375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.038818359375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.01239013671875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.025390625,
0.031494140625,
0.007080078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.01708984375,
-0.02294921875,
0.043212890625,
-0.01708984375,
0.002166748046875,
0.0155029296875,
0.0252685546875,
0.000012636184692382812,
0.0048828125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.013671875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.033203125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0245361328125,
0.052734375,
-0.00007772445678710938,
0.038818359375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.03564453125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.029052734375,
0.03857421875,
0.05078125,
0.015380859375,
-0.0390625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.05224609375,
0.04443359375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0011749267578125,
0.03857421875,
0.033203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0244140625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0556640625,
0.000972747802734375,
-0.03759765625,
0.024658203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.04345703125,
0.0196533203125,
0.017333984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.031982421875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.05419921875,
0.011474609375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0341796875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.015625,
-0.009521484375,
0.03759765625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0087890625,
0.003631591796875,
0.025390625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01416015625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.048583984375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0010986328125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.06884765625,
0.026611328125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.001495361328125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.044921875,
0.0361328125,
0.047119140625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01373291015625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.058349609375,
-0.06689453125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0291748046875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0400390625,
0.035400390625,
0.032470703125,
-0.037109375,
0.006683349609375,
0.010009765625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0078125,
0.021484375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.002685546875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0703125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0390625,
0.035888671875,
0.0595703125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.03173828125,
0.02490234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.048583984375,
0.034423828125,
0.010986328125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.012939453125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.00799560546875,
0.023193359375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.005523681640625,
0.03466796875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0244140625,
0.05615234375,
0.0294189453125,
0.02294921875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.00604248046875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0341796875,
0.047119140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.001800537109375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0087890625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0250244140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.287109375,
0.0201416015625,
0.036865234375,
-0.00019741058349609375,
0.01348876953125,
0.048828125,
-0.018310546875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.025390625,
0.013916015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.03857421875,
0.00994873046875,
0.052001953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0220947265625,
0.06103515625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03125,
0.037841796875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0458984375,
0.03955078125,
0.024658203125,
0.047119140625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.049072265625,
0.0093994140625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00201416015625,
0.0145263671875,
0.04052734375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00017452239990234375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.04638671875,
-0.000675201416015625,
-0.04296875,
0.053955078125,
0.087890625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.021484375,
0.040283203125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0074462890625,
0.002655029296875,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.002960205078125,
0.0135498046875,
0.0257568359375
] |
Cooley, J.
The defendant was convicted in the court below for the larceny of a sum of money from one Martin. All the evidence in the case tended to show that if the defendant took the money wrongfully, it was while he was under the influence of liquor, and some of it indicated that he was very drunk.
. The circuit judge was requested to charge the jury, that “even if the jury should believe that defendant was intoxicated to such an extent as to make him unconscious of what he was doing at'the time of 'the commission of the alleged offense, it is no excuse for him, and they should not take it into consideration. A man who vol untarily puts himself in condition to have no control' of his actions, must be held to intend the consequences.” This charge was given in reliance upon the general principle that drunkenness is no excuse for crime.
While it is true that drunkenness cannot excuse crime, it is equally true that when a certain intent is a necessary element in a crime, the crime cannot have been committed when the intent did not exist. In larceny the crime does not consist in the wrongful taking of the property, for that might be a mere trespass; but it consists in the wrongful taking with felonious intent; and if the defendant, for any reason whatever, indulged no such intent, the crime cannot have been committed. This was fully explained by Mr. Justice Christiancy in Roberts v. People, 19 Mich., 401, and is familiar law. See also Nichols v. State, 8 Ohio (N. S.), 435; Regina v. Moore, 3 C. & K., 319.
This instruction being erroneous, the conviction must be set aside. It is claimed on behalf of the defendant, that the court below should be advised to order his discharge, because on the trial there was no evidence of the corpus delicti, so that he was entitled to an acquittal as matter of right. This position is based on the fact that Martin was not produced by the prosecution as a witness, and it is insisted that such evidence as was introduced did not tend to prove a larceny. We cannot assent to this view. The fact that defendant was found in possession of Martin’s money is not disputed, and it is shown defendant had the opportunity to steal it; that Martin immediately afterwards accused him of the larceny; that defendant made two false statements as to the manner in which he obtained the money, each of which was inconsistent with his statement on the trial, and that when accused of stealing it, he claimed it as his own, while now he admits it to have been Martin’s, and pretends that Martin confided it to him for safe-keeping; a pretense inconsistent with the inferences arising from the evidence of witnesses who had an opportunity to observe the conduct of the parties on the day when the money must have passed from Martin’s possession to defendant’s. There was also evidence by one witness of motions indicating an attempt by defendant to pick the pocket of Martin at a time when the latter had possession of the money. We think these facts were properly left to the jury, and that a strong inference of guilt arises from them.
The circuit court should be advised to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00384521484375,
0.02734375,
0.028564453125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0546875,
0.0751953125,
0.053466796875,
0.0047607421875,
0.03515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0020751953125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.008544921875,
-0.005859375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0017242431640625,
0.00396728515625,
0.0400390625,
0.048095703125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0048828125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.00421142578125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.064453125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0252685546875,
0.034423828125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.06640625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.07275390625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00555419921875,
0.02783203125,
0.0262451171875,
0.040283203125,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.001373291015625,
0.0035247802734375,
0.01171875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.017333984375,
0.025146484375,
-0.015380859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.006103515625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0069580078125,
0.01495361328125,
0.036376953125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0001468658447265625,
-0.0003814697265625,
0.025146484375,
-0.004638671875,
0.025146484375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.029052734375,
0.01611328125,
-0.019287109375,
0.02001953125,
0.003509521484375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0286865234375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.046142578125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.059814453125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.02734375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.07421875,
-0.0007171630859375,
0.049072265625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.000331878662109375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.000560760498046875,
0.01470947265625,
0.00142669677734375,
0.00518798828125,
0.0341796875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0004253387451171875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0751953125,
0.036376953125,
0.021240234375,
0.0135498046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.002685546875,
0.044921875,
0.0203857421875,
0.04931640625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.046142578125,
0.0004673004150390625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0791015625,
-0.005950927734375,
0.03125,
0.015625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.056640625,
0.00250244140625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.01116943359375,
0.013671875,
0.001068115234375,
0.021484375,
-0.020751953125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.04833984375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.042236328125,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01416015625,
0.046875,
0.035400390625,
0.045166015625,
0.0419921875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0101318359375,
0.017822265625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0291748046875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00872802734375,
0.04052734375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.028076171875,
0.032958984375,
0.009765625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.036865234375,
0.0205078125,
0.00384521484375,
0.00958251953125,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0634765625,
-0.033447265625,
0.034423828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.000476837158203125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.05615234375,
0.0439453125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.021484375,
0.0299072265625,
0.058349609375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.005615234375,
0.024169921875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.00022411346435546875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0419921875,
0.001922607421875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.01416015625,
0.09033203125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0322265625,
0.031982421875,
0.0537109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.042236328125,
0.006072998046875,
-0.011962890625,
0.0556640625,
0.0069580078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.031494140625,
0.032958984375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.0244140625,
0.023681640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.01495361328125,
0.0010986328125,
0.056640625,
0.006500244140625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.068359375,
0.056884765625,
0.02099609375,
0.0439453125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.06787109375,
0.0198974609375,
0.04296875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.01239013671875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.036376953125,
0.00970458984375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.043212890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.035888671875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.044677734375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00341796875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0732421875,
0.01287841796875,
0.00433349609375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0751953125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.008544921875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.041015625,
0.010498046875,
0.059814453125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0184326171875,
0.046875,
0.02734375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0390625,
0.00079345703125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.029052734375,
0.054443359375,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0263671875,
0.003326416015625,
0.0015411376953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.00390625,
0.021728515625,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.039306640625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03125,
0.0152587890625,
0.0299072265625,
0.01336669921875,
0.032470703125,
0.0166015625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0615234375,
0.060302734375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.046875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.01171875,
0.03173828125,
0.0576171875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.020751953125,
0.034423828125,
0.01806640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.07080078125,
0.0184326171875,
0.03955078125,
-0.034423828125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.021484375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.044921875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.046875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.052734375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01068115234375,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.0002422332763671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.007415771484375,
0.0145263671875,
0.01434326171875,
0.004669189453125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0108642578125,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.017578125,
-0.045654296875,
0.07275390625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.06591796875,
0.042724609375,
-0.05078125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.055908203125,
0.037841796875,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.057373046875,
-0.00439453125,
0.0035400390625,
0.0296630859375,
0.005096435546875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00012969970703125,
0.01300048828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.03125,
-0.001922607421875,
0.0294189453125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.046875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0186767578125,
0.03662109375,
0.0059814453125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0196533203125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.003326416015625,
0.006256103515625,
0.003631591796875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0771484375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.047607421875,
0.0050048828125,
0.03076171875,
0.0002651214599609375,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.002593994140625,
0.00970458984375,
0.002349853515625,
0.03515625,
0.05029296875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.02197265625,
0.014404296875,
-0.052490234375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.07666015625,
0.021484375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.010986328125,
0.0289306640625,
0.04541015625,
-0.046875,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.05810546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.019287109375,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00162506103515625,
0.047607421875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.02294921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0400390625,
0.0024871826171875,
0.01507568359375,
0.050048828125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.04931640625,
0.05322265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.01385498046875,
0.013671875,
0.05029296875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.02734375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.05712890625,
0.0361328125,
0.004638671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0859375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.06201171875,
0.04052734375,
0.03515625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.023193359375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0380859375,
-0.00005602836608886719,
0.04833984375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.032470703125,
0.040283203125,
0.0478515625,
0.052490234375,
0.008056640625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.03076171875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.072265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.044921875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0181884765625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.043701171875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.058349609375,
-0.060791015625,
0.0234375,
-0.0703125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.025634765625,
0.01904296875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.02490234375,
0.031005859375,
0.025146484375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0537109375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.059326171875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0068359375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.02392578125,
0.00396728515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.041748046875,
0.048828125,
0.027587890625,
-0.060791015625,
0.01141357421875,
0.03759765625,
0.042724609375,
0.0517578125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.07275390625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0220947265625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0419921875,
0.0169677734375,
0.038330078125,
-0.000621795654296875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.04345703125,
-0.05029296875,
0.032958984375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.026611328125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.03076171875,
0.0128173828125,
0.024169921875,
0.041015625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0078125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0390625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.000568389892578125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.06591796875,
0.048583984375,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.04052734375,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0133056640625,
0.034912109375,
0.034423828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.00021266937255859375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.007598876953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.02734375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0517578125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.06298828125,
0.043701171875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0015411376953125,
0.0283203125,
0.0179443359375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.000278472900390625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.054443359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.041259765625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.00052642822265625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.058349609375,
0.00872802734375,
0.047119140625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0185546875,
-0.057373046875,
0.00186920166015625,
0.048095703125,
0.038330078125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.029052734375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.06591796875,
0.0089111328125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0000457763671875,
0.014404296875,
-0.00078582763671875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0244140625,
0.036376953125,
0.030517578125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0218505859375,
0.0009765625,
-0.027587890625,
0.056640625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.00921630859375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.055419921875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.010009765625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01953125,
0.034423828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.011474609375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.000797271728515625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0400390625,
0.0037689208984375,
0.033935546875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0181884765625,
0.025634765625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.037841796875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.036376953125,
0.00994873046875,
0.05517578125,
0.037353515625,
0.058349609375,
-0.03515625,
0.018798828125,
0.001434326171875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.031982421875,
0.033447265625,
0.00830078125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00958251953125,
0.030517578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.016845703125,
0.0108642578125,
0.00762939453125,
0.032470703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0172119140625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.05078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.034912109375,
0.041015625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01202392578125,
0.046630859375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0234375,
0.0181884765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.000896453857421875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.04052734375,
0.050537109375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01324462890625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0185546875,
0.028076171875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0263671875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.025634765625,
0.00390625,
0.01348876953125,
0.020263671875,
-0.03076171875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.008056640625,
-0.056396484375,
0.2392578125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00213623046875,
0.00604248046875,
0.0076904296875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0191650390625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0498046875,
0.015869140625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0174560546875,
0.01519775390625,
0.06640625,
0.03955078125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00360107421875,
0.039794921875,
0.0069580078125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0003509521484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.042236328125,
0.015380859375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0517578125,
-0.064453125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.020263671875,
0.048583984375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0224609375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.022216796875,
-0.024169921875,
0.06689453125,
0.043701171875,
-0.03857421875,
0.00188446044921875,
0.0206298828125,
0.03857421875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.038330078125,
0.052734375,
-0.00225830078125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.00244140625,
-0.048583984375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0234375,
0.02099609375,
0.03857421875,
0.01953125,
0.0045166015625,
0.033447265625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.052490234375,
0.057373046875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0234375,
0.034423828125,
0.09619140625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.036376953125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.000213623046875,
-0.0234375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.03564453125
] |
Cooley, J.
The defendants in error brought action in the court below on an agreement in writing by which the firm of C. Kuhl & Sons, the plaintiffs in error, promised to pay Korb & Co. seventy-five barrels fine salt, on demand, at $1.10 per barrel, and which was dated October 27, 1876. Plaintiffs claimed the demand under an assignment made to them November 3, 1876. The assignment appears to have been made by an agent of the co-partnership of Korb & Co., with the consent of one of the members, to apply on a demand against said agent and the partner assenting, and there was no evidence that the other partners assented. The defendants insisted that, for want of the assent of all, the assignment was invalid. But the objection only goes to the sufficiency of the consideration as between the partnership and the assignees, and is not, as we think, to be taken by any others than the partners themselves. If in fact the assignment was unauthorized, the partnership may call the plaintiffs to account, but third persons cannot contest a transaction which is perfectly good if the partners acquiesce in it. If defendants denied such acquiescence, they should have produced the evidence.
Defendants also relied upon a set-off against Korb & Co. The set-off was for a car load of salt sold to Korb & Co. for cash November 1, 1876, but for which a sight draft was taken, which would not fall due until November 4, the day after the assignment was made. This draft was subsequently returned, and a new one taken therefor, but that fact is immaterial. We think the court was right in holding that there was at the time of the assignment, no demand which was the subject of set off.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
-0.03369140625,
0.00799560546875,
0.0166015625,
0.042236328125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.05810546875,
0.0693359375,
0.00958251953125,
0.0250244140625,
0.01318359375,
0.01220703125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01007080078125,
0.00701904296875,
0.0072021484375,
0.05615234375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.033203125,
-0.02099609375,
0.006988525390625,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.06494140625,
0.0556640625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.024658203125,
0.030517578125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.006500244140625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.06005859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.02001953125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.046875,
-0.052001953125,
0.044189453125,
-0.06787109375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0115966796875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0001678466796875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00787353515625,
0.01025390625,
0.0302734375,
-0.048828125,
0.041015625,
-0.01513671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0076904296875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.00262451171875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.024658203125,
0.006500244140625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0012969970703125,
0.08154296875,
0.0068359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.050537109375,
0.01025390625,
0.052978515625,
0.0250244140625,
0.035400390625,
-0.016845703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.05419921875,
0.06591796875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03662109375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0712890625,
-0.01171875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0072021484375,
0.007110595703125,
0.00341796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.01092529296875,
0.017822265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.054443359375,
0.010009765625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.044921875,
0.000701904296875,
0.05322265625,
0.00225830078125,
0.048828125,
0.041015625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.005218505859375,
0.020263671875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.035888671875,
0.0194091796875,
0.020263671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.007476806640625,
0.023681640625,
0.0126953125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.04638671875,
0.044189453125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0234375,
-0.056884765625,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.023681640625,
0.045654296875,
0.032958984375,
0.01953125,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0081787109375,
0.00897216796875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0009613037109375,
0.030029296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.04150390625,
-0.000644683837890625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.032470703125,
0.034423828125,
0.017578125,
0.0751953125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.03857421875,
0.044189453125,
0.00086212158203125,
0.0283203125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0078125,
0.00156402587890625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0017852783203125,
0.037109375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.05712890625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.05322265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.02197265625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.010498046875,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0166015625,
0.04345703125,
-0.06591796875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.068359375,
-0.033203125,
-0.019775390625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0390625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.07177734375,
0.05517578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01806640625,
0.0147705078125,
0.055419921875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.068359375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.000579833984375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0106201171875,
0.0234375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00408935546875,
0.0294189453125,
0.007476806640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0126953125,
0.049072265625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0234375,
0.0177001953125,
0.01220703125,
0.0068359375,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.043701171875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.06640625,
0.0107421875,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.04541015625,
0.033203125,
-0.025390625,
0.000885009765625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.037109375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.045166015625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.046630859375,
0.018310546875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.04541015625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.040283203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.03369140625,
0.01422119140625,
0.050048828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0004634857177734375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.026611328125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.02734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0283203125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.05126953125,
0.091796875,
0.0196533203125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0002956390380859375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.003021240234375,
0.0263671875,
0.01953125,
-0.056640625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0113525390625,
0.009033203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.06884765625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.013671875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.03759765625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0400390625,
0.000431060791015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01806640625,
0.04052734375,
0.002410888671875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.009033203125,
0.001190185546875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.01171875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.042724609375,
0.06689453125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.051513671875,
0.01318359375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0048828125,
0.03271484375,
0.03369140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.014404296875,
0.048828125,
0.00592041015625,
0.0029296875,
0.041015625,
-0.03076171875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0002307891845703125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.046875,
-0.06982421875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.02197265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.00159454345703125,
0.051025390625,
0.0164794921875,
0.03076171875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.047607421875,
0.044677734375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.024658203125,
0.017333984375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0002994537353515625,
0.0107421875,
-0.0001964569091796875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.058837890625,
0.04052734375,
0.0257568359375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.06103515625,
0.06494140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.04541015625,
-0.046875,
-0.03125,
0.04345703125,
0.029541015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.06494140625,
-0.000316619873046875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0211181640625,
0.011962890625,
0.033935546875,
0.0228271484375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0732421875,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0498046875,
-0.044189453125,
0.06884765625,
0.006072998046875,
0.04345703125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00933837890625,
0.015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.04345703125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.00628662109375,
0.056884765625,
0.042724609375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.016845703125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00970458984375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0234375,
-0.036865234375,
0.051513671875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.019287109375,
0.0279541015625,
0.018310546875,
-0.000606536865234375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.01220703125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0021209716796875,
0.01226806640625,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.059814453125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.020263671875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0108642578125,
0.01953125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0242919921875,
0.034423828125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0458984375,
0.03564453125,
-0.01953125,
-0.055419921875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0196533203125,
0.002838134765625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.050537109375,
0.005462646484375,
0.015869140625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0390625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.042236328125,
-0.00201416015625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.058837890625,
0.005615234375,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.04052734375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0302734375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.009765625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.02783203125,
0.003875732421875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.037109375,
0.05078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.007415771484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.03515625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0673828125,
0.047119140625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0106201171875,
0.0118408203125,
0.027099609375,
0.0255126953125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.05029296875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.013916015625,
0.003753662109375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.08203125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.00171661376953125,
0.07275390625,
-0.01171875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.024169921875,
0.02734375,
-0.08544921875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0096435546875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.033935546875,
0.03955078125,
0.041259765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.060546875,
-0.0126953125,
0.06103515625,
0.01904296875,
0.0279541015625,
0.032470703125,
0.00238037109375,
-0.020263671875,
0.04345703125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.050537109375,
0.0390625,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.06591796875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.040771484375,
0.00927734375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0576171875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0026092529296875,
0.06640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.06005859375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.020263671875,
0.048095703125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.042236328125,
0.017578125,
0.0012054443359375,
0.0027923583984375,
0.053466796875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.01324462890625,
0.0810546875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.052734375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.05224609375,
0.0262451171875,
0.010986328125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.029296875,
0.01611328125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.06494140625,
0.026611328125,
0.0152587890625,
0.04345703125,
-0.041015625,
-0.059814453125,
0.00738525390625,
0.0142822265625,
0.00701904296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0002346038818359375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.037841796875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.011474609375,
0.02490234375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.04296875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00665283203125,
0.04541015625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.0004291534423828125,
0.0380859375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.008544921875,
-0.0020751953125,
0.01287841796875,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.03515625,
0.038818359375,
-0.02783203125,
0.031982421875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.025634765625,
0.00128173828125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.00164794921875,
0.02197265625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.003631591796875,
0.035400390625,
-0.003692626953125,
0.026123046875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.06982421875,
0.040283203125,
0.00494384765625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0003376007080078125,
0.0205078125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.032470703125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.01953125,
0.007080078125,
0.037353515625,
-0.052001953125,
0.002227783203125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0272216796875,
0.024169921875,
0.013671875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00726318359375,
0.026611328125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0001926422119140625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0008544921875,
-0.05126953125,
0.040771484375,
-0.005126953125,
0.040771484375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.046875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.01953125,
0.00182342529296875,
0.007568359375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0546875,
0.041748046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0615234375,
0.01318359375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0634765625,
0.042236328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0078125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0021820068359375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.03564453125,
0.06591796875,
0.0005645751953125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.000263214111328125,
-0.031005859375,
0.00665283203125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.000667572021484375,
-0.010009765625,
0.004058837890625,
0.04052734375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01171875,
0.050048828125,
0.0262451171875,
0.03515625,
-0.003875732421875,
0.01483154296875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.027099609375,
0.03955078125,
0.025390625,
0.0302734375,
0.01202392578125,
0.0234375,
-0.00140380859375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0673828125,
0.01483154296875,
0.00439453125,
0.059326171875,
-0.05712890625,
0.026611328125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.056396484375,
0.01165771484375,
0.027099609375,
0.01263427734375,
0.010498046875,
0.02294921875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0654296875,
0.0067138671875,
0.003936767578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.017333984375,
0.02587890625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.068359375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.06005859375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.013916015625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00390625,
0.0240478515625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0152587890625,
0.00543212890625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00927734375,
0.0196533203125,
0.010009765625,
0.034423828125,
0.02392578125,
0.0296630859375,
0.014404296875,
0.040771484375,
0.02978515625,
0.0296630859375,
0.00860595703125,
0.00179290771484375,
0.01953125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0096435546875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.004791259765625,
0.01708984375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.02001953125,
0.00099945068359375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0498046875,
0.255859375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0322265625,
0.000732421875,
0.0625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.007080078125,
0.010498046875,
0.01263427734375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.06201171875,
0.00038909912109375,
0.009765625,
-0.010498046875,
0.003662109375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.00823974609375,
0.029052734375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0024566650390625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.08984375,
0.000762939453125,
-0.0634765625,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0537109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.050537109375,
0.025390625,
0.0250244140625,
0.00138092041015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.046630859375,
-0.001922607421875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0341796875,
0.0390625,
-0.04638671875,
0.01513671875,
0.024169921875,
0.0400390625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.014404296875,
0.03759765625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0361328125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0250244140625,
0.02294921875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.006256103515625,
0.030029296875,
-0.015625,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.027099609375,
0.034912109375,
0.080078125,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.0252685546875,
0.046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.057373046875,
0.002716064453125,
0.00090789794921875,
0.01007080078125,
0.017333984375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.016357421875
] |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.