text
stringlengths 1.13k
10.8k
|
|---|
<s>[INST] context: The Outdoor Centre
Opening times
Water sports: 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m.
Play Park: 10 a.m. -- 5:30 p.m.
Windsurfing -- One-day course
Beginner windsurfing courses are offered on Saturdays and Sundays when the weather is good enough. Learning to windsurf is a lot of fun. The excitement when you sail across the water for the first time is not easily forgotten. Boards with small sails are available for beginners.
Course fee: PS32 for adults; PS16 for children under 16 (this includes all equipment)
One-day adventure course
This is the opportunity you have been waiting for. Come and try sailing, climbing, surfing and archery . This course is intended to introduce outdoor activities to adults in a fun and leisurely manner. You do not need to be very fit or to have previous experience with the activities. All you need is to be interested.
Course fee: PS22.50
Play Park
The Play Park is suitable for children from two to ten years of age. It is one of the best of its type in the country. It has sand and water playgrounds, slides, large pool balls, a play castle and much, much more. Next year the center will open Play Palace and Play Ship.
Summer adventure holidays
Sailing, Climbing, Windsurfing, Fun Games
Fee: PS50 for adults; PS30 for children under 16
Statement:
Safety is of primary importance at the Outdoor Center. All staff members are fully trained in first aid, and qualified to teach the activities on offer. We also make sure that all children only take part in activities that are suitable for their ages and physical abilities. For this programme children must be able to swim 25 metres and be in good physical health. [/INST] question: If Mr. Brown and his two sons (ages 12 and 14) go to learn windsurfing, how much will they pay? | options: A: PS32 B: PS48 C: PS64 D: PS80 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tennis lessons
This event takes place every Wednesday from May 9 to July 17. These lessons are open to all from complete beginners to seasoned pros . Playing tennis is a great way of getting fit. Contact The Bridge to find the time for your age group.
Cost:[?]4.8 adults, [?]3.30 under 16 per class
Contact: Laura Reynolds
Tel: 020 8778 7158
Street dance classes
This event takes place every Wednesday from February 27 to December 25. The classes are set up for 3 to 6-year-olds. They provide an environment where each child can become confident in his or her efforts and successes. Our school believes "If You Aim High,You Will Succeed".
Cost: PS4 per student
Contact: Hayley Rea
Email: [email protected]
Children's workshops in clay
This event takes place every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday from April 15 to July I. The workshops are suitable for children aged five years and above . The children will be shown different methods of making many things in clay.
Cost: PS75 for 10 lessons
Contact: Shirley Stewart
Email: shirli [email protected]
Caterpillar music
This event takes place every Tuesday and Friday from. October 18 to December 31. The classes are set up for 0 to 4-year-olds. We use puppets , actions, songs, instruments and games to entertain and introduce a love of music to your little one. The classes last 40 minutes and each week we have a different theme.
Cost: PS6 per class
Contact: Angela Capriati
Tel: 020 8698 8439 [/INST] question: If a couple and their 10-year-old boy want to take 5 tennis classes, they should pay_. | options: A: PS12.9 B: PS64.5 C: PS38.7 D: PS77.4 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An autoantibody against IgG (usually IgM) describes the rheumatoid factor (RF), which is more likely to be seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a seronegative (RF negative) spondyloarthropathy that is either seen alone or in association with other disorders such as Reiter syndrome, psoriatic spondylitis, intestinal infections, and inflammatory bowel disease. AS most commonly involves young men between 15 and 30 years of age who are HLA-B27 positive (95% of cases). Approximately 20% of patients who are HLAB27 positive will develop AS or one of the other variants upon exposure to the environmental factors listed above. Characteristic features include an insidious onset of sacroiliitis, persistence for more than 3 months, and morning stiffness in the lower back that is relieved with exercise, as well as a diminished anterior flexion of the spine, which can be identified with the Schoeber test. The vertebral column is eventually involved with subsequent fusion of the vertebral column and production of the "bamboo spine." Complications include (1) restricted chest movement with development of a restrictive type of lung disease; (2) iridocyclitis, with a potential for visual loss; and (3) aortic valve incompetence with regurgitation in a small percentage of cases. Indomethacin is the treatment of choice. [/INST] question: Which is seen more commonly in rheumatoid arthritis than in ankylosing spondylitis? | options: A: An HLA-B27 haplotype B: Sacroiliitis C: Increased incidence in men D: Autoantibody against IgG | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The composition of breastmilk varies at different stages after birth to suit the needs of the baby.
According to the postnatal period the breast milk is divided into -
1. Clostrum
Is the milk secreted during the first three days after delivery.
It is yellow and thick.
It contains more antibodies and cells and high amounts of vitamins A,D,E and K.
2. Transitional milk
Is secreted during the following two weeks (after clostrum).
The immunoglobulin and protein content decreases while the fat and sugar content increases.
3. Mature milk
Follows transitional milk.
It is thin and watery but contains all the nutrients essential for optimal growth of the body.
According to feed the breast milk is divided into -
1. Fore milk
It is watery and is rich in protein, sugar, vitamins, minerals and water that satisfy the baby's thirst.
2.Hind milk
Comes towards the end of feed
Rich in fat content and provides more energy, and satisfies the baby's hunger.
The milk of mother who delivers prematurely differs from the milk of a mother who delivers at term -
Preterm milk
Contains more protein S, sodium, iron, immunoglobins and calories as they are needed by the preterm baby. [/INST] question: Hind milk is richer in – | options: A: Carbohydrate B: Protein C: Fat D: Minerals | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: New York State has passed the USA's first state law banning motorists talking on hand-held cell phones. The ban will begin November 1, although drivers caught using hand-held cell phones will be given only warnings during the first month.
First-time violators will face a $100 fine. A second time call for a $200 fine and every violation after that will cost$500.
At least a dozen localities have established bans, starting in 1999; and 40 states have had bans proposed but not passed.At least 23 countries, including the Great Britain, Italy, Israel and Japan, ban drivers from using hand-held cell phones.
There are about 115 million cell phones in use in the United States and more than 6 million in New York State.
"To think that I'm not going to use cell phone when at the same time I can still use my laptop, I still can read a paper, I can still change my pants while driving 65 mph. I think there's just something wrong," an official said.
Other critics noted that other things like eating, drinking coffee and applying make-up while driving posed at least as much of a concern. They suggested that the ban include a broader range of things. [/INST] question: How much fine will a hand-held cell phone user receive if he has been caught using it four times while driving after November? | options: A: $500 B: $1000 C: $1200 D: $1300 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules of the kidney. The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals), or by adverse drug reactions. It results in various small molecules of metabolism being passed into the urine instead of being reabsorbed from the tubular fluid (for example, glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate). Fanconi syndrome affects the proximal tubules, namely, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), which is the first pa of the tubule to process fluid after it is filtered through the glomerulus, and the proximal straight tubule (pars recta), which leads to the descending limb of the loop of Henle. Different forms of Fanconi syndrome can affect different functions of the proximal tubule, and result in different complications. The loss of bicarbonate results in type 2 or proximal renal tubular acidosis. The loss of phosphate results in the bone diseases rickets and osteomalacia (even with adequate vitamin D and calcium levels), because phosphate is necessary for bone development in children and even for ongoing bone metabolism in adults. [/INST] question: Mitochondrial abnormality is seen in | options: A: Krabbe's disease B: Fabry disease C: Fanconi syndrome D: Fanconi syndrome | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A recent National Public Radio program examined the disappearance of some of the first words we were probably taught - "please" and "thank you." Other polite phrases are also disappearing. "You're welcome" has been replaced by "sure," "no problem," "you bet" or "enjoy."
Are we becoming ruder, or are patterns of speech merely updating for changing times?
Peter Post, director of the program, argues about people stopping using "you're welcome". He says, "Thank you" is an expression of appreciation one person offers another. To respond "No problem" is to ignore this acceptance as really being undeserved. By responding with a simple "you're welcome," Post adds, a person admits the thanks and shows appreciation for the person giving it.
Whatever polite vocabulary you believe is fading, sociologist Gregory E. Smith says that such fading is a sign that we're becoming ruder as a society. "Saying please and thank you, asking permission, offering help, and following up on solutions to problems are no longer as important," he says. In 2011, 76 percent of people surveyed said Americans are becoming less civil.
But could it be that it's simply the words we're using that are changing? Actually, the principles of respect, consideration and honesty are universal and timeless, but manners do change. For example, it's important to greet people when you see them, though the form of greeting has changed over time. "How do you do," for instance, became "Hello, how are you?" which changed into "Hello, how are things," or "How's it going?". As for "no problem", if the appreciation is expressed in a sincere manner, many Americans think they do not see its use as a loss of politeness. [/INST] question: Peter Post thinks using "You're welcome" to reply to "Thank you" is _ . | options: A: more appropriate B: a bit outdated C: less polite D: really undeserved | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: London has held two Olympic Games , in 1908 and 1948, with a third one in 2012. The thirtieth Olympic Games will make London the first city to have held the modern Games of three Olympics and it's the only city in the United Kingdom to have ever held the Olympics.
The Games will start on 27 July local time, which is 28 July Beijing time. And it will end on 12 August. Athletes from different countries and areas will take part in 300 events and have a good time.
When talking about London Olympic Games, "London Bowl" is often mentioned . It is not the bowl that Londoners use to eat during the Olympics, but the main place where athletes take part in the games.
Do you still remember "You and Me", the theme song of the Beijing Olympic Games ? For the London Olympic Games, you will hear another song called "Passion" .
The Olympic Games will begin in 2 months, but the ticket price is still unknown. It's said that half of the tickets will be less than 20 pounds each. So would you like to go? [/INST] question: The 2012 London Olympic Games is the _ Olympic Games. | options: A: 27th B: 28th C: 29th D: 30th | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My Left Foot (1989)
Imagine being a prisoner of your own body, unable to make any movements except to move your left foot. The main character in My Left Foot, based on the real story of cerebral palsy sufferer Christy Brown, can barely move his mouth to speak, but by controlling his left foot, he's able to express himself as an artist and poet. For his moving performance of Brown, Daniel Lewis won his first Academy Award for best actor.
Shine (1996)
Do you have a talent you're afraid to share with the world? David Helfgott seemed meant from childhood to be "one of the truly great pianists," but the pressures of performing (and pleasing his father) resulted in a complete breakdown. Ten years in a mental institution didn't weaken Helfgott's musical gift: When he was rediscovered, he was playing concertos in a bar. Shine received s even Oscar nominations , and Geoffrey Rush won best actor for his performance of Helfgott. Life Is Beautiful (1997)
Nothing's more powerful than the love between a parent and a child. In this heartbreaking Italian film, a father (Roberto Benigni) makes an unbelievable sacrifice for his 4-year-old son: trapped in a Nazi concentration camp in 1945, the Jewish man convinces his boy that they are playing a complicated game. He manages to spare him the horror of the terrible war, and even in his final moments of life, keeps his son smiling and hopeful. Benigni won the best actor Oscar.
Stand and Deliver (1988)
Few people can inspire us more than a good teacher. Jaime Escalante (Edward James Olmos got Oscar nomination for best actor) is a great one. Employed at a high school where kids are expected to fail, Escalante challenges his math students to struggle for better things, like getting good grades in the AP exam. Despite the obstacles in their lives, the classmates accomplish their goals, thanks to Mr. Escalante's support. The real Jaime Escalante, the Best Teacher in America, says that Stand and Deliver is " 90% truth, 10% drama." [/INST] question: If you want to watch a movie about wars, which may be one of your choices? | options: A: My Left Foot B: Life Is Beautiful C: Shine D: Stand and Deliver | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We've all heard the story of Three Little Pigs. The third pig foiled the hyperventilating wolf by building his house out of bricks, rather than with straw or sticks as his brothers had done. Less commonly known is that the pig later improved his home's safety profile by installing convex security mirrors at key points along the driveway.
Well, why not? In the current issue of Animal Behaviour, researchers present evidence that domestic pigs can quickly learn how mirrors work and will use their understanding of reflected images to scope out their surroundings and find their food. The researchers cannot yet say whether the animals realize that the eyes in the mirror are their own, or whether pigs might rank with apes, dolphins and other species that have passed the famed "mirror self-recognition test" thought to be a marker of self-awareness and advanced intelligence.
The finding is just one in a series of recent discoveries from the nascent study of pig cognition . Other researchers have found that pigs are brilliant at remembering where food stores are cached and how big each stash is to the rest. They've shown that Pig A can almost instantly learn to follow Pig B when the second pig shows signs of knowing where good food is stored, and that Pig B will try to deceive the pursuing pig and throw it off the trail so that Pig B can hog its food in peace.
They've found that pigs are among the quickest of animals to learn a new routine, and pigs can do circus worth of tricks: jump hoops, bow and stand, spin and make word like sounds on command, roll out rugs, herd sheep, close and open cages, play videogames with joysticks, and more. For better or worse, pigs are also slow to forget. "They can learn something on the first try, but then it's difficult for them to unlearn it," said Suzanne Held of the University of Bristol. "They may get scared once and then have trouble getting over it." [/INST] question: Pigs can play all the tricks, except _ . | options: A: herd sheep B: play video games with joysticks C: sing and dance D: bow and stand | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Follicular lymphoma likely arises from germinal center B cells and is strongly associated with chromosomal translocations involving BCL2. Its hallmark is a (14;18) translocation that juxtaposes the IGH locus on chromosome 14 and the BCL2 locus on chromosome 18. The t(14;18) is seen in up to 90% of follicular lymphomas, and leads to overexpression of BCL2. BCL2 antagonizes apoptosis and promotes the survival of follicular lymphoma cells. Notably, while normal germinal centers contain numerous B cells undergoing apoptosis, follicular lymphoma is characteristically devoid of apoptotic cells. BCL 10 : associated with extra nodal marginal zone lymphoma The t(14;18)(q32;q21) and t(1;14) (p22;q32) translocations cause increased expression of intact MALT1 and BCL-10 protein respectively. This translocation is associated with gastric MALToma. Each of the three translocations has the same net effect, the constitutive activation of NF-kB, a transcription factor that promotes B-cell growth and survival. Antigen dependent activation of NF-kB in normal B and T cells. requires both BCL-10 and MLT, which work together in a pathway downstream of the B- and T-cell antigen receptors. Thus, H. pylori-induced inflammation may trigger NF-kB activation through the MLT/BCL-10 pathway in MALTomas that lack these translocations. Removal of this stimulus may explain why these tumors tend to respond to H. pylori eradication. In contrast, NF-kB is constitutively active in tumors bearing translocations involving MLT or BCL10, and H. pylori treatment is ineffective. BCL 6 : associated with diffuse large b cell lymphoma(DLBCL). DLBCL is most common subtype of non Hodgkin lymphoma globally. BCL 1 : also called cyclin D1 and is associated with Mantle Cell Lymphoma [/INST] question: Which of the following is positive in Follicular lymphoma? | options: A: Bcl 2 B: Bcl 6 C: Bcl 1 D: Bcl 10 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Chinese mainland and Taiwan today extended the number of regular cross-Straits direct passenger flights from 108 to 270 a week.
Six cities, which are Hefei, Harbin, Nanchang, Guiyang, Ningbo and Jinan, are joining another 21 mainland cities in operating direct passenger flights to Taiwan, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) said.
The 108 direct passenger flights previously operated were all classed as chartered flights. The new services will contain both regular chartered and scheduled flights.
Among the 27 designated mainland terminals , 25 will launch scheduled direct passenger flights from Monday to Saturday, to Taipei's Taoyuan or Kaohsiung airports.
Scheduled direct _ flights will belaunched between Shanghai, Guangzhou on the mainland and Taoyuan, Kaohsiung, which will bring the total number of weekly chartered and scheduled cargo flights to 28, according to the CAAC.
The mainland and Taiwan began direct air and sea transport links and postal services on Dec 15 last year. Previously, air and sea connections, including mail, were routed through a third location, usually Hong Kong.
On Nov 4 last year, the mainland and Taiwan agreed to regular direct passenger charter flights across the Straits. Before that, flights were only offered on weekends and during the country's four major traditional festivals - the Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. (Xinhua Agency) [/INST] question: Which city is not included in the six cities? | options: A: Guiyang B: Nanchang C: Wuhan D: Harbin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Snooker is a big sport in China.It is said that there are 300 million snooker players in China, so it's not surprised that some of the world's best players come from China.Ding Junhui is one of them.
When Ding Junhui was eight years old, there were not many snooker clubs.His father often played with his friends on a table in the street,and one day Ding Junhui played with one of his father friends and beat him.His father,a shoe salesman,discovered that his son was talented at snooker.He then took Ding Junhui to China's nation snooker training center in Dongguan,Guangdong Province.There.they lived in a room of five square meters.When they ran out of money.Ding's father phoned his wife and told her to sell their house.
After years of hard training,Ding turned professional in 2003 and became China's No.1.In 2005.more than 100 million people watched Ding Junhui win the 2005 World Snooker China Open.Since then, snooker has become more and more popular in China.
"When I was a small boy, snooker was not in the top 10 favorite sports in China,"Ding says."Table tennis was top, followed by soccer, basketball and badminton.Now,basketball is top,but snooker is surely in the top five." [/INST] question: Ding Junhui's father usually played snooker ---When Ding Junhui was young. | options: A: in a club B: in the street C: at home D: in a training center | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Teachers' Day is, interestingly, not celebrated on the same day all over the world. In some countries it is marked by a holiday, in others it is a working day.
International Teachers' Day is celebrated on October 5. Being held ever since 1994, it is in honor of teachers' organizations worldwide. Its aim is to encourage supports for teachers and to meet the needs of students.
China--In 1939, Teachers' Day was set for August 27, Confucius' birthday. In1951, the celebration was stopped. However, it was founded again in 1985, and the day was changed to September 10.
India--Teachers' Day is celebrated on September 5 in honour of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second president of India, whose birthday falls on that day.
Russia--In Russia, Teachers' Day was celebrated on the first Sunday of October between 1965 and 1994. Since 1994, the day is _ on October 5, just the same day as World Teachers' Day.
The US--In the US, Teachers' Day is non-official holiday. It is celebrated on the Tuesday of the first full week of May. A number of activities are organized in schools to honor teachers. The celebrations can continue for the whole week of May.
Thailand--In Thailand, National Teachers' Day is celebrated every year on January 16. The first Teachers' Day was held in 1957. The day is a holiday in schools. [/INST] question: What country celebrates Teachers' Day in October? | options: A: India B: The US C: India D: Russia | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I do not need a calendar to tell me when it is winter. All I need is my nose. When I wake up in the morning and smell the tasty treats my mom is cooking downstairs, I know winter has arrived.
The first one is the smell of chocolate. During the holiday season (from Thanksgiving to New Year's Day) my mother makes her special hot chocolate. She always adds a peppermint candy cane to the drink and tops it with cream.
The hot chocolate gets me out of bed, but it is my mother's chocolate fudge that makes me run downstairs. It is a thick chunk of chocolate that tastes like heaven. My mother adds nuts. That gives it more texture .
But my mother isn't done yet. She also makes a treat she calls "window panes ". She takes a few different colored marshmallows and melts them together with chocolate. The final product looks like a colorful church window, so we call it "window panes".
These tasty holiday treats are usually eaten after a meal as a dessert. But don't tell Santa Claus because I secretly eat them all day long. [/INST] question: What wakes "me" up in the morning? | options: A: The alarm clock B: My mom C: The noise upstairs D: The smell of food | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Aunt Polly had told Tom to paint the whole fence in front of the house. He thought of the other boys out for the day enjoying themselves and he felt very unhappy. Then he had an idea! He picked up the brush and started painting slowly and carefully. Soon, his friend Ben Rogers appeared, eating an apple. Tom pretended not to see him.
"Tom!" Ben said. "Why are you working?"
"Oh, it's you, Ben,"Tom said, "I didn't notice you."
"I'm gong for a swim," Ben said, "but you don't' want to come. You want to work, don't you? It's much nicer!" Ben laughed loudly. Tom looked seriously at Ben and said. "What is work? What do you call work?"
"Isn't that work?" Ben asked.
"Well, no. Does a boy get the _ to paint a fence every day? You've never painted a fence, have you? Auntie says I have to do it with great care!'
"Pleas, Tom. Let me do a little," said Ben.
"No, Ben. If you do, you'll do it wrong. You can't paint very well. If it was the back fence wouldn't mind, but it isn't."
"I won't do it wrong. I'll be really careful. I'll give you my apple." Tom gave him the brush and paint with a sad face, but in his heart he was glad, His trick had worked.
After Ben got tired and left, other boys came along and Tom said the same things to them. Soon, the whole fence was painted white, but not by Tom. He felt very clever because he had discovered something important about the way people are. People only want what they can't have or want to do what they shouldn't do. [/INST] question: Why did Tom pretend not to see Ben? | options: A: Because he wanted Ben to believe that the was enjoying the work B: Because he would like to try his best to attract Ben's attention C: Because he did not want Ben to see the fact that he had to work D: Because he was afraid that Ben might laugh at him if the saw him | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The best way to cure sadness is not shopping, according to a recent study. The so-called shopping method has become common practice these days, but that can put your wallet under a lot of pressure. So if you are sad and feel like shopping, don't!
According to the recent study, sadness leads to self-focus thinking. In other words, sad people are willing to spend more money on the same thing than calm people.
"It is the result of sadness and self-focus, and it turns out that sadness leads to an increase in self-focus," said Cynthia Cruder. "What we think is that sad and self-focused people are feeling pretty bad about themselves, and one way to deal with this is buying material goods."
In a perfect situation, when you know you are sad, you should avoid making decisions and spending money. Sounds simple? Sadly, it is not. Most people don't even know they're sad, the study shows, and they are not aware that their feelings influence their decisions.
What to do? The study showed that those who watched a tragedy were more likely to spend three times more money for a simple bottle of water than those who watched a comedy. The solution: well, for starters, don't go shopping! If you can't help it, it is probably better to see a doctor. [/INST] question: When you can't help shopping after feeling sad, you'd better _ . | options: A: talk to your friends B: go to the store directly C: go to bed and rest D: go to hospital and get checked out by a doctor | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: He met her at the party. She was so outstanding, with many boys around her, while he was so normal, with nobody paying attention to him.
At the end of the party, he invited her to have coffee with him. She was surprised, but due to being polite, she agreed.
They sat in a nice coffee shop. He was too nervous to say anything, and she felt uncomfortable, thinking, "Please let me go home."
Suddenly he asked the waiter, "Would you please give me some salt? I'd like to put it in my coffee."
Everybody stared at him---so strange! His face turned red, but, still, he put the salt in his coffee and drank it.
She asked him curiously, "Why do you have this hobby?"
He replied, "When I was a little boy, I lived near the sea. I liked playing in the sea, and I could feel the taste of the sea, just like the taste of the salty coffee. Now every time I have the salty coffee, I always think of my childhood. I miss my hometown so much. I miss my parents who are still living there."
While saying that, tears filled his eyes. She was deeply touched. That's his true feeling, from the bottom of his heart. A man who can tell about his homesickness must be a man who loves home, cares about home, and has a good sense of responsibility.
Then she also started to speak, about her faraway hometown, her childhood, her family. That was a really nice talk, also a beautiful beginning of their story.
They continued to date. She found that actually he was a man who meets all her demands: he was kind-hearted, warm and careful. He was such a good person but
!
Thanks to his salty coffee! Then the story was just like every beautiful love story, the princess married the prince, then they were living a happy life...And, every time she made coffee for him, she put some salt in the coffee.
After 40 years, he passed away, leaving her a letter which said, "My dearest, please forgive my whole-life lie. This was the only lie I said to you ---the salty coffee."
"Remember the first time we dated? I was so nervous at that time. Actually I wanted some sugar, but I said salt. It was hard for me to change so I just went ahead."
"I tried to tell you the truth many times in my life, but I was too afraid to do that, as I have promised not to lie to you for anything."
"Now I'm dying, I'm afraid of nothing so I tell you the truth: I don't like the salty coffee. What a strange and bad taste! But I have had the salty coffee for my whole life!"
"Since I knew you, I never feel sorry for anything I do for you. Having you with me is my biggest happiness for my whole life. If I can live for a second time, I still want to know you and have you for my whole life, even though I have to drink the salty coffee again."
Her tears made the letter totally wet.
Someday, someone asked her, "What's the taste of salty coffee?" "It's sweet," she replied. [/INST] question: After ordering some salt to put into the coffee, the young man must have felt _ . | options: A: excited B: satisfied C: embarrassed D: displeased | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Cassy,
Thanks for reminding me by e-mail that you want to baby-sit our children. Although you are only 12 years old, my wife and I would be willing to consider your application if you can meet a few requirements:
1)Send us three letters from teachers who will prove that you have never failed to follow instructions perfectly in class and never failed to hand in your homework on time.
2)Send us a note from two doctors who will prove that you are in perfect health, have never been sick, and never will be sick.
3)Send us a document from your physical education teacher or team coach that proves that you can do each of the following: Run two miles in less than four minutes, climb an oiled rope to a height of twenty feet in thirty seconds while balancing a glass of water on your nose, and walk in bare feet over hot coals and broken glass without injury.
4)Send us notarized letters from at least two mental health experts saying that you have never had an envious thought towards other people.
5)Play and defeat five expert chess players while blindfolded after going without sleep for 48 hours.
6)Wait patiently for two years while we have investigators certify that all your documents are real.
Your loving and trusting friends,
The Smiths [/INST] question: The Smiths send their message to Cassy by _ . | options: A: e-mail B: a letter C: a newspaper D: a report | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China Daily
Classified Page
Advertising Rates
Published every Wednesday and Friday.
Minimum(smallest)Size: 1 col x3 cm
Personal: RMB 100 yuan/cm
-Engagements, Marriage, Births, Deaths, Obituaries, Funerals, Birthday greetings, Holiday greetings, Anniversaries
Shopping Guide: RMB 100 yuan/cm
-Department store and supermarket shops only
Education: RMB 100 yuan/cm
-Vocational training or courses for foreigners offered by universities and colleges
Services: RMB 120 yuan/cm
-Computer service, Business centers, Interior decoration, Cars for lease, Used cars wanted/for sale, Business offices wanted, Travel, Restaurants and entertainment
Recruitment: RMB 140 yuan/cm
Property, Trade and Investment: RMB 170 yuan/cm
-Merchandise wanted/for sale, business/capital solicited
Legal & General Notices: RMB 170 yuan/cm
-General and legal announcements, Auctions, Lost & Found, Changes of address
Surcharges: 30 col x cm plus 20%, Half page 40%, Full page 50%
All art or production fees(charges)carry a surcharge
1.China Daily reserves the right to make any alterations it seems necessary and to reject advertisement which violates(breaks)the Advertisement Law of the People's Republic of China or contains fraudulent, deceptive, or misleading statements or illustrations .
2.Advertisers who wish to insert an ad should submit (put forward)an Advertising Order Form with all advertisement information and any necessary documents 10 days before the date of publication. After this deadline, additional charges will be incurred (brought upon oneself).
Tel : (86 - 10)64941104, 64924488 ext. 2117
Fax: (86 - 10)64941104
E- mail: cads @ chinadaily. com. cn [/INST] question: Which of the following advertising rates is the lowest? | options: A: Services B: Legal & General notices C: Education D: Recruitment | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There is a sign at a Korean university asking tourists not to step into the grass to take photos. The sign is not written in Korean or English; it is written in Chinese.
These signs, and signs in other countries warning Chinese tourists about their behavior, have shamed many Chinese who worry about the image of the country.
Over 70 million Chinese tourists made overseas trips last year and spent $102 billion, more than the $84 billion spent by American and German tourists. For many Chinese tourists, it was their first trip abroad and they didn't know about foreign ways. And some of these tourists took their bad habits from China with them.
Wang Yang, a Chinese deputy prime minister , said, "They(the tourists) speak loudly in public, carve words or numbers on tourist attractions, cross the road when the traffic lights are still red and spit anywhere. It damages the image of the Chinese people and has a very bad influence."
Before you travel to a foreign country, it's important to learn some things about the country and its culture. You are guests in the country and it's important to respect your hosts. As more and more Chinese visit foreign countries, their behavior will certainly change and those shameful signs will, hopefully, disappear. [/INST] question: The sign at a Korean university is written in _ . | options: A: Chinese B: English C: Korean D: Japanese | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This question is a controversial one.
The substrate bind to the active site of the enzyme by noncovalent interactions like hydrogen bond, ionic (electrostatic) bond and hydrophobic bonds.
There is confusion between noncovalent van der Waals forces and covalent bond. Some guides have given option `c' as the answer, which is incorrect.
"Enzymes bind to the substrate by a combination of hydrogen and ionic (electrostatic) bonds, as well as by hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions".
"Most enzyme-substrate combinations are mostly due to noncovalent hydrogen, hydrophobic, ionic (electrostatic) and Van der Waals forces".
"There is a precise substrate interaction that occurs at the active site of enzyme stabilized by numerous weak interactions (hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic contacts, and Van der Walls forces)".
Many other references have mentioned the same.
Thus Van der Walls forces are also involved in enzyme substrate reaction.
Now we are left with covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are also involved in some enzymatic reactions called covalent catalysis. In which there is the formation of covalent bond between enzyme and substrate. The modified enzyme then becomes a reactant. For example, the serine residue at the active site of chymotrypsin forms a covalent link with the substrate.
So, all the four forces given in the options are involved in the enzyme-substrate interaction. However, amongst the given options, I will go for covalent bonds because most of the enzyme-substrate interactions involve weak non-covalent interactions, whereas covalent catalysis mechanism is found only in few enzymes like proteases (chymotrypsin and trypsin) and few others.
The best option, in a given scenario, the answer is a covalent bond. [/INST] question: Force not acting in an enzyme substrate complex | options: A: Electrostatic B: Covalent C: Van der waals D: Hydrogen | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Richard Branson, an English business magnate, has had great, global success. He is best known as the founder of Virgin Group, which consists of more than 400 companies.
So what, I asked, is his most important secret to success? His answer was simple: look for the best in other people.
Throughout his life he's never thought ill of other people. He looks for the best and praises them. Branson at times seems almost not human. He's too good at what he does. No, great. Nearly perfect. When he starts something, he is very likely to succeed. He has fallen out with others though, like anyone else. He is human. He told me:"Life is short and the world is much smaller than one realizes. You are going to come across people time and time again in the most surprising places ... As a leader it's even more important to be out there praising and encouraging people. If you do fall out with somebody in life, even if you think it was their mistake, give them a call. Befriend them. Go out to lunch with them."
The greatest leaders in the world have taught forgiveness. Perhaps the most extreme example is Nelson Mandela who invited his former prison guard to his inauguration and even had lunch with a man who in the past wanted him to be sentenced to death.
Life is too short. We are humans and sometimes we make mistakes and anger people. What defines us is not those who are able to avoid confrontation , but those who are able to deal with it. The human body is able to self-heal when we are cut. In that same manner, we must heal our past relationships.
Branson wins respect from those around him. A natural-born leader, he is always deep in thought and hungry for more; always one step ahead. And it was Richard Branson who taught me about forgiveness. [/INST] question: Richard Branson's success lies in his _ . | options: A: determination B: efforts C: judgment D: generosity | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: So there you are on the phone, you ask a question, and suddenly there's silence. What is this, the phone's gone dead, the person you're talking to is dead? Possibly. But there could be another reason -- the other person could be Finnish, or Japanese.
According to a handy new booklet from British Telecom (BT) for business people, in countries such as Britain and Italy "conversation is a form of entertainment. There is a continuous flow of talk...". But in other countries especially Finland and Japan, "it is not only impolite to break in, but listeners will think over what has been said in silence".
It also points out that English, when spoken by foreigners, is likely to include plenty of "false friends", where word-for-word translation fails. If a Frenchman says something is "interesting", he probably means it's profitable.If he "demands" something, he's actually just asking. If an American says your proposal is "quite good", you should be pleased, because "quite" means "very". But if he tells you to "table" a proposal, then things are not good at all. Whereas an English person would understand tabling a proposal as putting an idea forward, to an American it means shelves it.
According to the booklet, British people are not "explicit" like the Americans, the Dutch, the Germans or the French. "If a Dutchman says an idea is interesting, he means that it is interesting. If an Englishman says it is interesting, you have to deduce from the way he says it whether he means it is a good or a bad idea."
The Japanese, the Russians and the Arabs on the other hand, live in the land of true dioplomatic subtlety ."If they say an idea is interesting, it may simply be out of politeness".
It is safest to stick with plain speaking whenever possible, BT advises its British readers. And whatever you do, be careful to limit the use of the famous British sense of humor. [/INST] question: When someone says that an idea is interesting, who don't really mean it? | options: A: The Dutch B: The French C: The British D: The Japanese | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Britain is facing a sharp rise in its rat population as growing numbers of people leave what they cannot finish of the fast food in the street, an environment group warned .Keep Britain Tidy said the rats were stopping their traditional hunts underground and were running across the streets, invited by burgers, pizzas and crisps left behind by man. "The rat population is on the rise and soon it'll be as common to see a rat on our street as it is to see a dog or a cat," said group Director, Sue Nelson. The practice of spreading fast food litter and scraps on the street rather than in the dustbin--with young men the worst group--was behind the rise. According to the National Rodent Survey in 2005, Britain's rat population has grown by nearly one quarter since 2000 and is now estimated at 60 million, two million more than the human population. On average a rat can give birth every 24-28 days and just a single pair of rats can produce a family of 2,000 a year. Around 200 people a year get Weil's Disease -an infection which can lead to liver or kidney failure and eventually death and which is carried in rats' waste. To attract people's attention to the problem, Keep Britain Tidy produced a cinema ad with a title "How close do you want them to get?" The ad gave a shocking image of a young woman sleeping in a bed of rats--reminding people of the terrible scene from James Herbert's classic horror tale The Rats, in which rats begin to hunt for humans. [/INST] question: Where did the rats use to search for food? k*s5*u | options: A: In the street B: Under the ground C: From the dustbins D: In burger shops | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (c) Source: (Hay et al, pp 1163-1166. Kliegman et al, pp 925-928. McMillan et al, pp 482-483, 501-506. Rudolph et al, pp 1097-1099.) The radiograph shows diffuse that infiltrates bilaterally; this can be seen with neonatal pneumonia or primary surfactant deficiency. The rapid onset of the symptoms, the low WBC count with left shift, and the depicted chest x-ray findings, however, are typical of a patient with group B streptococcus (GBS) pneumonia. Appropriate management would include rapid recognition of symptoms, cardiorespiratory support, and prompt institution of antibiotics. Despite these measures, mortality from this infection is not uncommon. The other infectious causes listed do not present so early, and the noninfectious causes listed do not cause elevations in the band count. GBS disease in the infant is decreasing in incidence with better prevention strategies in the perinatal period; early screening in pregnancy and treatment with antibiotics just prior to delivery to eliminate GBS colonization markedly decreases the risk to the infant. Congenital syphilis can cause pneumonia, but it is diagnosed at birth along with other features including hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, rashes, hemolytic anemia, and others. Diaphragmatic hernia presents with early respiratory distress, but the diagnosis is confirmed clinically with bowel sounds heard in the chest and a radiograph that has loops of bowel located above the normal placement of the diaphragm. Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) causes an increase in respiratory rate and occasionally a low oxygen requirement; the history is often positive for a cesarean delivery, and the radiograph shows retained fluid in the fissures. TTN does not cause temperature instability nor an abnormal CBC. Chlamydial pneumonia is not a condition that occurs in an 8-hour-old infant; it is generally a mild pneumonia that can develop in an exposed infant at several weeks of life. [/INST] question: An 8-hour-old term infant develops increased respiratory distress, hypothermia, and hypotension. A complete blood count (CBC) demonstrates a white blood cell (WBC) count of 2500/mL with 80% bands. The chest radiograph is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Congenital syphilis B: Diaphragmatic hernia C: Group B streptococcal pneumonia D: Transient tachypnea of the newborn | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Ceci, wake up. It's an earthquake!" That's what Cecilia Wallace heard her mother shouting on the early morning of February 27th.
Cecilia is a 7th-grader. She, her parents and her brother, Sam, were in Chile's capital city, Santiago, the day a big earthquake hit Chile. And like just about everyone else, they were shaken out of their sleep.
"It was so frightening," Sam wrote. "The shaking was so huge that I will never go on a ride again." Cecilia and Sam wrote about their earthquake experiences. Their reports were later posted on the website.
Cecilia, Sam and their parents were staying in an apartment on the 15th floor of a building. They were lucky. Their building stayed standing, because it was built to withstand earthquakes.
Not everyone was as lucky as the Wallace family. More than 800 people died. Many older buildings fell down during the earthquake.
The damage in Santiago wasn't as bad as in other parts of Chile. So the supermarkets were open for business on the morning of the quake. But it wasn't business as usual. "The supermarkets have been crazy with people rushing to buy their food for the next while," Sam wrote.
Not everyone was able to get money to buy food that morning. So Cecilia and Sam made food bags to _ to people who were begging outside the supermarket. "We gave some to a kid of my age. I made sure he got cookies and bread." Sam and Cecilia's mother wrote that the kids also collected money for the Red Cross.
It's certainly an experience Cecilia, Sam and their parents will never forget. Thankfully, they lived to tell their stories. [/INST] question: What was Cecilia doing when the earthquake happened? | options: A: Walking in the street B: Having class at school C: Sleeping in bed D: Playing with Sam in a park | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ethionamide (Etm): It is a tuberculostatic drug of moderate efficacy introduced in 1956. It acts on both extra- and intracellular organisms. Atypical mycobacteria are sensitive. Resistance to Etm develops rapidly and some cross resistance with Tzn is seen. It is absorbed orally, distributes all over, including CSF, completely metabolized and has a sho duration of action (t&;h 2-3 hr). Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and abdominal upset are common, especially in Indian patients. Though the recommended dose of Etm is 1 g/day, more than 0.5 g is generally not tolerated. Other side effects are aches and pains, rashes, hepatitis, peripheral or optic neuritis, mental disturbances and impotence. It is seldom used; only in case of resistance to better tolerated drugs. Ethionamide is not considered as 1st line therapy because of its significant gastrointestinal side effects. Ethionamide is thought to prevent organification of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis as it is structurally related to other thionamides (propylthiouracil and methimazole) . Other MDR TB therapy drug that can cause hypothyroidism is Para-amino salicylic acid (PAS) ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND WWW.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/aicles/PMC4576583/ AUTHOR:K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:743 [/INST] question: Hypothyroidism is caused by which of the following anti-tubercular drug? | options: A: Streptomycin B: Ethionamide C: Thioacetazone D: Ethambutol | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Internet is full of false information. It is important for us all to avoid being fooled by such information. Here are three examples of Internet hoaxes.
On his website, a man by the name of Tony has asked for gifts of money to save the life of a pretty little rabbit named Toby that he rescued from under his house. A cat must have attacked the rabbit, the man claimed, so he took it in. he gave Toby loving care and nursed him back to health. There is a very cruel point, however. If the greedy man doesn't receive enough money, he will eat poor little Toby. (Don't worry, though.
Remember, it's just a hoax!.
While the streets of New Orleans, the USA, were still flooded after a terrible hurricane (., a frightening e-mail was sent around the Internet. It included a photograph of a large crocodile over five meters long. According to the message, it had been swimming around the flooded city eating people. It was later discovered that the photographs of the crocodile were of one that was caught in the Congo (. years before.
The following e-mail hoax takes in many people. It claims that a large British company will pay you to send their e-mail to as many people as possible. For every person that you send the e-mail to, it promises you will receive $5.00; for every person that you send it to that sends it to someone else, you'll get $3.00; and for every third person that receives it, you will be paid $1.00.
To make it even more believable, the sender says that at first he thought it was a hoax, but the company soon sent him $800.00. [/INST] question: Toby is the name of a _ . | options: A: man B: rabbit C: website D: cat | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Choo, Choo!" Here comes the Chunnel train. Get aboard if you want to learn more about this underground transportation system. This is an unusual form of transportation, because it is a tunnel that trains travel through and not an actual form of transportation.
The Chunnel is actually the English nickname for the Channel Tunnel. In French, it is called le tunnel sous la Manche. It is a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover. It connects Cheriton in Kent, England with Sangatte in northern France. It is the second longest rail tunnel in the world.
Did you know that the British and the French had a race whi1e they were building the Chunnel? The race was to see who could get to the middle of the tunnel first. The British won by a little bit. It took 15,000 workers over seven years to dig the tunnel. The tunnel was finished in 1994.
The completed Chunnel cost about $ 21 billion. But it all paid off, because it became very popular, very quick. Millions of people use it. Now it is getting even more popular.
There are three complete tunnels in the Chunnel. The two outside ones are the passenger trains. The small inner one is a guidance train. The guidance train is not used for transportation. Each track is exactly parallel to each other.
There are four different train systems in the Chunnel. The Eurostar is a high speed passenger service that connects London, Paris, Brussels, and Lille. The Eurotunnel shuttle is a rail ferry service. These shuttles carry cars. These are railcars that allow drivers to drive their vehicles on and off. There are also two Eurotunnel goods service trains.
Now you know more about the Chunnel. Everybody off, this is the last stop. [/INST] question: The Channel Tunnel links _ with _ . | options: A: Dover; Kent B: London; Paris C: Lille; Brussels D: Cheriton; Sangatte | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I am a Ph. D. student in a communication program at a large university in the Midwestern US. I teach one course in communication.
My class has seventy students. I gave students a syllabus . It explained the purpose, content, schedule, textbook, evaluation, and class rules. I read it and explained every part carefully, because this was a contract between the students and me.
American textbooks are well organized. Each chapter has a statement of its purpose, a summary, a list of key ideas, headings and subheadings for sections and exercises. The teacher's manual has suggestions on how to teach, and there are handouts, activities and information on how to use the textbook. There are videotapes for some chapters. Some textbooks even have PowerPoint lectures or a website to support them.
Students read the class assignment before they come to class. The class is designed to explain key concepts of the textbook. The teacher's main role is to provide good examples of the concepts and activities to help the students understand the concepts better.
One nice thing is that I can use student assistants. They are undergraduate students who get credits for assisting a teacher. I have to supervise them, but they do most of the routine work and listen to students' problems.
It is very tough to teach American students because they are so demanding. However, most of them study hard, and most of them get fairly good grades. Very few students get bad grades, and almost no students fail the class. [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT included in a syllabus? | options: A: The textbook B: The content of the course C: Homework D: Evaluation | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pyrazinamide (Z): Chemically similar to INH.It is weakly tuberculocidal but more active in acidic medium. It is more lethal to intracellularly located bacilli and to those at sites showing an inflammatory response (pH is acidic at both these locations).By killing the residual intracellular bacilli it has good &;sterilizing&; activity. Its use has enabled regimens to be shoened and risk of relapse to be reduced. Mechanism of antimycobacterial action of Z resembles INH; it inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, but by interacting with a different fatty acid synthase encoding gene. Ethambutol (E): Ethambutol is selectively tuberculostatic and clinically as active as S. PAS is tuberculostatic and one of the least active drugs: does not add to the efficacy of more active drugs that are given with it; only delays development of resistanceprobably, by directly inhibiting episomal resistance transfer. Resistance to PAS is slow to develop. It is used as the sodium salt (large doses that are needed may cause Na+ overload) or calcium salt (better gastric tolerance is claimed) ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:742,743 [/INST] question: Bactericidal drugs in ATT are: | options: A: Pyrazinamide B: Ethambutol C: PAS D: Thiacetazone | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Rhinoscleroma (RS) is a chronic specific granulomatous disease of the upper respiratory tract. Clinically, RS is a slowly progressive disease with insidious onset and indolent course affecting primarily the nasal cavity in 95 to 100% of cases with or without involvement of the nasopharynx, nasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. The presenting features and imaging techniques provide a presumptive diagnosis of RS but histopathological examination remains the mainstay for final definitive diagnosis. Catarrhal stage shows a nonspecific sub-epithelial infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with granulation tissue. The diagnostic histological changes of RS are only seen during granulomatous phase. These include dense infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, Russell bodies and the pathognomonic large Mikulicz cells; foamy macrophages with numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles containing ble and nonble Klebsiella bacilli. Mickulicz cells are sparse or absent in the initial catarrhal and final sclerotic stages and most abundant during the second proliferative phase. [/INST] question: Mikulicz cells & Russell bodies are characteristic of: | options: A: Rhinoscleroma B: Rhinosprodiosis C: Plasma cell disorder D: Lethal midline granuloma | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thanks to the Web, We're Alone Together and Loving it
There's a professor, Barry Wellman, at the University of Toronto in Canada who has come up with a term to describe the way a lot of us North Americans interact these days. And now a big research study confirms it.
Barry Wellman's term is "networked individualism." It's not the easiest concept to grasp. In fact, the words seem to contradict each other. How can we be individualistic and networked at the same time? You need other people for networks.
Here's what he means. Until the Internet and e-mail came along, our social networks involved flesh-and-blood relatives, friends, neighbors, and colleagues at work. Some of the interaction was by phone, but it was still voice to voice, person to person, in real time.
But the latest study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project confirms that for a lot of people, electronic interaction through the computer has replaced a great deal of social interchange. A lot of folks Pew talked with say that's a good thing, because of concerns that the Internet was turning us into hermits who shut out other people in favor of a make-believe world on flickering computer screens.
To the contrary, the Pew study discovered the Internet has put us in touch with more real people than we'd have ever imagined. Helpful people, too. We're turning to an ever-growing list of cyber friends for advice on careers, medical crises, child-rearing, and choosing a school or college. About 60 million Americans told the Pew that the Internet plays an important or crucial role in helping them deal with major life decisions.
So we networked individuals are pretty tricky: We're keeping more to ourselves, while at the same time reaching out to more people, all with just the click of a computer mouse! [/INST] question: The Pew study was conducted in _ . | options: A: The United States B: Canada C: The U.S. and Canada D: Europe | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mathilda,15, is Turkana, a native people that has survived by raising cattle in a semiarid region. Mathilda's school, like most schools in the area, doesn't have access to clean water and sanitation facilities for its students. So instead of spending their whole school day learning, Mathilda and her classmates start their day by spending two hours to the closest river fetching water ---water that is anyway most likely not safe to drink. They do the same thing again in the afternoon, so they often lose around half of their school day fetching water.
Mathilda has to do the same thing outside of school hours to get the water her family needs at home, leaving her little time for studying. Because of rising temperatures, water has become harder and harder to find here, and people have to spend more and more time trying to find it.
This is just one small example of how climate change is making it harder to realize people's rights to water, education and security. Unfortunately, most higher-income countries remained silent on the issue.
This is despite studies showing that communities already facing marginalization ,such as women and children, mostly suffer from climate change. This is especially the case for those in countries with limited resources and fragile ecosystems.
Meanwhile, women consist of the majority of the world 's poor,and so are more dependent for their livelihood on natural resources that are threatened by climate change. And around the world, women and girls are the most likely to be responsible for fetching water for their families.
This exposes them to danger and leaves them with less time to attend school, earn money, or simply to rest. But the fact is that the effects of climate change will be felt globally.
Despite the difficulties she is facing, trying to get an education, Mathilda says she hopes to serve her community in a leadership role when she grows up.
"All of the world's leaders need to work together to solve this problem that we are all facing," she said. [/INST] question: Mathilda has to spend _ fetching water every school day. | options: A: two hours B: four hours C: more than four hours D: almost a whole day | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Donny, an 11 year-old boy, is playing with a ball. The ball goes into the street, and Donny runs for the ball. A car hits Donny.
An ambulance takes Donny to the hospital. The doctors at the hospital tell Donny's parents, " _ ".
Every day Donny's parents visit him at the hospital. They sit next to Donny's bed and talk to him. But Donny never talks to them. He just sleeps.
One day Donny's father says, "Wake up, Donny. Wake up and come home. Come home and play with Rusty. "
When Donny's father says "Rusty", Donny moves his arm. "Rusty! " Donny's father says again. Again, Donny moves his arm.
Donny's parents have an idea. They tell the nurses, "We want to bring Rusty to the hospital". The nurse says "OK".
The next day, Donny's parents bring Rusty to the hospital. When they put her on Donny's bed, Donny opens his eyes and hugs her.
Donny's parents bring Rusty to the hospital every day. One day, Rusty jumps on Donny's bed and scratches Donny's arm. Donny says his first words: "Bad dog!"
After seven weeks, Donny is well. He leaves the hospital and goes home. [/INST] question: Donny is _ in the street when a car hits him. | options: A: moving his arm B: walking with his parents C: talking with his dog D: running for a ball | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Superantigens can bind to major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules outside the peptide- bonding cleft, as well as to the T-cell receptor. Superantigen binding stimulates the release of large amounts of cytokines, including interleukin I and tumor necrosis factor. This mechanism is caused by stimulation of a high percentage of the pool of T lymphocytes (poly clonal activation) and explains to a large extent the pathogenesis of diseases caused by organisms with superantigens. Staphylococcus aureus produces both toxic shock syndrome toxin and enterotoxins (food poison ing), which exhibit the superantigen characteristics. Although toxic and harmful, exfoliative toxin, protein A, coagulase, and beta hemolytic hemolysin respond as regular antigens in the immune response and are specific in their destructive action in the body. Exfoliative toxin includes at least two proteins that cause the generalized desquamation seen in the scalded skin syndrome. Protein A nonspecifically binds to the Fe poion of munoglobulin G molecules and pre vents complement attachment and activation. Coagulase clots citrated plasma with the help of a serum factor, and probably assists in the development of the abscess lesion. S. aureus produces several hemolysis, or exotoxins. They damage- erythrocytes, platelets, and other cells in the body. [/INST] question: Staph. aureus produce a superantigen contributes to massive disease caused cytokines that are released from polyclonal T- cell activation. Which one of the following best fits this description of a superantigen? | options: A: Exfoliative toxin B: Protein A C: Coagulase D: Toxic shock syndrome toxin | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The disease process described is myasthenia gravis (MG), a neuromuscular disease marked by muscle weakness and fatigability. Myasthenia gravis results from a reduction in the number of junctional acetylcholine receptors as a result of autoantibodies. Antibodies cross-link these receptors, causing increased endocytosis and degradation in lysosomes. A decreased number of available acetylcholine receptors results in decreased efficiency of neuromuscular transmission. MG patients also have autoantibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) receptors. MG presents with weakness and fatigability, particularly of cranial muscles, causing diplopia, ptosis, nasal speech, and dysarthria. Proximal limb weakness also occurs. Diseases of the central nervous system (poliomyelitis, Friedreich ataxia, or multiple sclerosis, as in the option b, c, and d) cause changes in reflexes, sensation, or coordination. ALS, a pure motor disorder, causes fasciculations and muscle atrophy as a result of lower motor neuron involvement. McArdle disease, a glycogen storage disease, causes muscle cramping and occasionally rhabdomyolysis with heavy exertion but only very rarely with usual daily activities.Ten percent of myasthenia patients have thymic tumors. Surgical removal of a thymoma is necessary because of local tumor spread. Even in the absence of tumor, 85% of patients clinically improve after thymectomy. It is common practice to perform thymectomy in most patients with generalized MG who are between puberty and age 55. [/INST] question: A 20-year-old woman complains of weakness that is worse in the afternoon, worse during prolonged activity, and improved by rest. When fatigued, the patient is unable to hold her head up or chew her food. She often notes diplopia when driving home from work. On physical examination, she has no loss of reflexes, sensation, or coordination. Which of the following is the likely pathogenesis of this disease? | options: A: Autoantibodies directed against the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor causing neuromuscular transmission failure B: Destruction of anterior horn cells by virus C: Progressive muscular atrophy caused by spinal degeneration D: Demyelinating disease | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A Chinese tourist has died in Hong Kong a day after being beaten up during a so-called "forced shopping" tour. Businessmen try to make money by forcing tourists to buy goods at some stores. Police said the dead, 54, tried to quiet a tourist and a tour guide after the tourist decided not to buy anything at a shop. At least four people have been arrested. The dead, from north-east China, was found lying cold outside the shop in Kowloon on Monday morning. He tried to make peace in a fight between two women -- believed to be the tour leader and one of the tourists, but a group of men pulled them onto the street and beat them, police said. The two women, aged 32 and 53, have been arrested, along with two men, one a 44-year-old Hong Kong and the other a 32-year-old mainlander. Police say they are still searching for two other suspects.
On the mainland the man's death cause a boycott of travel to Hong Kong. The HongKong local people hate mainlanders because they think mainlanders push up prices. They say mainlanders are always eating on the underground and making loud noises. China's National Tourism Administration has asked Hong Kong to protect mainland tourists' rights. [/INST] question: A Chinese _ has died in Hong Kong during a so-called "forced shopping" tour. | options: A: tour guide B: woman C: policeman D: tourist | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As the first woman Chancellor in German's history, Angela Merkel topped
magazine's list of "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women" in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009.She has even been compared to Margaret Thatcher and many people called her "Iron Lady".
Merkel was born in Hamburg, West Germany, on July 17, 1954.Six weeks after she was born, her family moved to Templin. As a small child, Merkel quickly learned to speak but took longer to walk. "I was a stupid person when it came to moving?" Merkel said. "A normal person could do something naturally, but I had to think about it in my mind and practice." As a teenager, she was the top student and graduated from high school with perfect marks. In 1973, Merkel went to the University of Leipzig, where she studied physics. At 32, she got her doctor's degree in physics.
She
_
_
in 1989.In her first big political job as Minister for the Environment in 1994, her scientific background and strong will proved very useful. In 2005 she became Germany's Chancellor. She has been reelected to a second term as German Chancellor on September 27, 2009.
Through her political career, Merkel's persistence and patience helped her a lot. "She's bright and openminded," said Hubert Markl. "She is the person who wants to know exactly what is going on, and how never giving up will influence our society and future." [/INST] question: As a small child, Merkel was slow in _ . | options: A: speaking B: walking C: learning D: thinking | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Linking the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean, the blue waters of the Gulf of Aden near Somalia are one of the most important trading routes in the world. But they are also the most feared.
Pirates whose targets are ships and their crew often show up there. On September 25, a Ukrainian ship carrying 30 tanks became another victim.
The pirates have reportedly killed one of the crewmen and are now surrounded by the US Navy. But they are still demanding $ 20 million for the release of the ship.
This year alone, more than 50 ships have been attacked, 25 hijacked , and 14 are currently being held.
Of course this is nothing new either. Ever since there has been water and ships there have been pirates. The earliest documented history of pirates dates back to the 13th century in the Mediterranean Sea. Even the famous Roman emperor Julius Caesar was kidnapped by pirates at one time.
Piracy reached its peak in the early l700s, especially in the Caribbean and off the coast of Africa. In the mid-20th-century, most pirates we're common thieves. They used hooks to steal on board commercial ships, and took all that they could find. These pirates were more likely to flee than fight if met by the crew.
However, nowadays piracy has become a multi-million dollar business attracting many in poor countries such as Somalia. "The pirates are well funded and have all the latest equipment, including satellite phones," said a top UN representative in Somalia.
In Asia, however, a trend started where pirates didn't just want to kidnap the stuff, they also wanted to control the ship. They would kill the crewmembers or kidnap them for ransom . After the recent kidnapping of Ukrainian ship, people are also worrying that tanks and arms on board would fall into hands of terrorists.
Last week the UN called a meeting from all affected countries to fight piracy. "The international community is determined to stop these pirates who are weakening efforts to bring peace to Somalia. This cannot and will not be allowed to continue," a representative said. [/INST] question: Which of the following is TRUE about piracy? | options: A: It was recorded that pirates started to attack ships in Somalia in the 13th century B: Back in the mid-20th century pirates did not appear so harmful as today's C: Once a ship is attacked, it will be hijacked by pirates D: In the 13th century, pirates only targeted famous or important persons | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: E-book is short for electronic( ) book. It is usually read on personal computers. Some
mobile phones can also be used to read e-books.
Earlier e-books were written for a specific group of readers and were about only a few subjects. With the development of the internet, knowledge and answers to a lot of questions mainly come from e-books. This is why the e-book business is increasing quickly
E-books have many advantages. First, they save time. We don't need to go to a bookstore to buy books, besides, we can find the topic we want to know about on the Internet, and then we can quickly get many e-books on similar topics. Second, e-books save money. Some e-books cost a little money, and there are millions of e-books on the Internet that we can get for free. Third, more trees are saved because e-books don't need to be printed on paper. Fourth, e-books make reading more convenient. You can carry a whole library of hundreds of books with you in a small computer or any e-book reader without worrying about their weight.
But e-books have certain disadvantages. They need a personal computer or an e-book reader and the information can be lost if its file format is not supported or changed in the reader's computer.
However, e-books provide us with a new way of reading. That is good.
,. [/INST] question: Why is the e-book business increasing quickly? Because _ . | options: A: earlier e-books are about only a few subjects B: people don't like to read any paper books any more C: most e-books have been written for a specific group of readers D: the development of the Internet makes e-books more useful | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Antigen-presenting cells fall into two categories: professional and non-professional. Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory molecules and pattern recognition receptors are often called professional antigen-presenting cells. The non-professional APCs express MHC class I molecules.An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells. Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T cells, while other cell types can present antigens originating inside the cell to cytotoxic T cells. In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signalling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells.Dendritic cells (DC)Dendritic cells have the broadest range of antigen presentation and are necessary for activation of naive T cells. DCs present antigen to both helper and cytotoxic T cells. They can also perform cross-presentation, a process by which they present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. Cross-presentation allows for the activation of these T cells. Dendritic cells also play a role in peripheral tolerance, which contributes to prevention of auto-immune disease.MacrophagesMacrophages can be stimulated by T cell secretion of interferon gamma. After this activation, macrophages are able to express MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules, including the B7 complex and can, present phagocytosed peptide fragments to helper T cells. Activation can assist pathogen-infected macrophages in clearing the infection.B cellsB cells can internalize antigen that binds to their B cell receptor and presents it to helper T cells. Unlike T cells, B cells can recognize soluble antigen for which their B cell receptor is specific. They can then process the antigen and present peptides using MHC class II molecules. When a T helper cell with a TCR specific for that peptide binds, the B cell marker CD40 binds to CD40L on the T cell surface. When activated by a T cell, a B cell can undergo antibody isotype switching, affinity maturation, as well as the formation of memory cells. [/INST] question: Professional antigen presenting cells | options: A: T-cells B: B-cells C: Dendritic cells D: NK cell | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most malignant mesothelioma (50% to 60%) are of the epithelial type, approximately 10% are sarcomatoid and the rest are biphasic malignant mesotheliomas.
The diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma should be confirmed by immunohistochemistry, which shows that the tumor cells are diffusely positive for pankeratin, keratin 5/6, calretinin and WT1, and negative for the epithelial markers CEA, CD15, Ber-EP4, Moc-31, TTF- 1, B72.3 and so forth.
For epithelial mesotheliomas, positive staining for pankeratin and calretinin and negative staining for three epithelial markers are considered sufficient for diagnosis. Occasionally, however, more stainings are required, because some carcinomas are positive for calretinin or are negative for some of the epithelial markers.
In these difficult cases, electron microscopy showing the classic long-branching microvilli of human mesothelial cells compared to the short nonbranching microvilli of carcinomas can still be considered the gold standard for correct diagnosis. [/INST] question: On biopsy, a characteristic finding of malignant mesothelioma is - | options: A: Myelin B: Desmosine C: Weibel-palade bodies D: Branching microvilli | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Myth: If you cut your hair, it will grow long faster.
Truth: That's not true. "Your hair isn't like a lawn or a rosebush, where cutting can stimulate fresh growth," says Phillip Kingsley. The length of your hair is genetically determined. When it reaches a certain length, it stops growing. When you clear up the dead split ends, this make your hair look healthier, but not necessarily longer.
Myth: If you skip meals, you lose weight fast.
Truth: There's no truth in this advice. Not only will you lose weight by starving yourself, but according to Carol Ann Rinzler, this may actually cause you to gain weight. Rinzler reasons that missing a meal causes your metabolism to slow down so that you burn food more slowly. This only makes you feel hungrier and by the time you finally do reach the table you will probably eat more food. Strange as it may seem, studies show that eating several small meals and snacks throughout the day is a more healthy way to lose pounds.
Myth: If you swallow gum,it will stay inside your stomach for seven years.
Truth: Actually, it takes just a few days for gum to make its exit---not seven years, says NeiIzenberg, M. D., editor of Kids Health Organization. But because gum is made of the same thing as rubber, it cannot be fully digested in your stomach--- so if you gum up the works on a regular basis, you might find yourself in a sticky situation.
Myth: The best way to stop a nosebleed is to lift your head back.
Truth: Now that's bad advice. Bloody noses are caused by broken blood vessels, so while lifting your head back might stop the fluid from rushing out of your nose, it won't stop the bleeding; you'll just end up swallowing lots of blood. Your best bet? "Rest quietly. Don't poke or pick, and the blood will naturally clot within a minute or two". Suggests Dr. Izenberg. [/INST] question: The length of your hair is determined by _ | options: A: cutting it often B: your gene C: the food you eat D: clearing up the dead split ends | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Oncogenic RNA Viruses The study of oncogenic retroviruses in animals has pro- vided spectacular insights into the genetic basis of cancer. However, only one retrovirus, the human T cell lympho- tropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), has been demonstrated to cause cancer in humans. HTLV-1 is associated with a form of T cell leukemia/lymphoma that is endemic in ceain pas of Japan and the Caribbean basin but is found sporadically elsewhere, including the United States. Similar to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HTLV-1 has tropism for CD4+ T cells, and this subset of T cells is the major target for neoplastic transformation. Human infec- tion requires transmission of infected T cells through sexual intercourse, blood products, or breastfeeding. Leukemia develops only in about 3% to 5% of infected persons after a long latent period of 20 to 50 years. There is little doubt that HTLV-1 infection of T lympho- cytes is necessary for leukemogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms of transformation are not clear. The HTLV-1 genome does not contain a viral oncogene, and in contrast with ceain animal retroviruses, no consistent integration site next to a cellular oncogene has been discovered. Indeed, the long latency period between initial infection and devel- opment of disease suggests a multistep process, during which many oncogenic mutations are accumulated. The genome of HTLV-1 contains, in addition to the usual retroviral genes, a unique region called pX. This region contains several genes, including one called TAX. The TAX protein has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for cellular transformation. By interacting with several transcription factors, such as NF-kB, the TAX protein can transactivate the expression of genes that encode cytokines, cytokine receptors, and costimulatory molecules. This inappropriate gene expression leads to autocrine signaling loops and increased activation of promitogenic signaling cascades. Fuhermore, TAX can drive progression through the cell cycle by directly binding to and activating cyclins. In addition, TAX can repress the function of several tumor suppressor genes that control the cell cycle, including CDKN2A/p16 and TP53. From these and other observa- tions, the following scenario is emerging (Fig. 5-31): The TAX gene turns on several cytokine genes and their recep- tors (e.g., the interleukins IL-2 and IL-2R and IL-15 and IL-15R), setting up an autocrine system that drives T cell proliferation. Of these cytokines, IL-15 seems to be more impoant, but much remains to be defined. Additionally, a parallel paracrine pathway is activated by increased pro- duction of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates neighboring macrophages to produce other T cell mitogens. Initially, the T cell prolifera- tion is polyclonal, because the virus infects many cells, but because of TAX-based inactivation of tumor suppressor genes such as TP53, the proliferating T cells are at increased risk for secondary transforming events (mutations), which lead ultimately to the outgrowth of a monoclonal neoplas- tic T cell population. [/INST] question: Tropical spastic paraparesis is caused by | options: A: Human T cell lymphotropic virus B: Hepatitis B virus C: Human immunodeficiency virus D: Epstein Barr virus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's five minutes before the exam and you are in a state of panic. You just have to pass it, but how? You didn't even open the book the night before and you hear a voice in your head saying "Cheat, cheat ..." So what are you going to do, ignore it and fail or go for it? It's a tough decision many students must make.
Most young people believe that cheating is wrong. However, they have cheated at least once in their high school years. So, why do they do it? Are they too lazy to study? Perhaps, it's not as simple as that. According to some experts, one main reason why students cheat is that they see their friends get away with it. It's an easy way out. They avoid embarrassment and their parents' anger for not doing well in an exam. Another reason is that students think it's OK to cheat if the subject isn't important for their future career. What's more, most students have to put up with the pressure of getting into university. They need to get good marks to carry on with their studies. This means that there will always be students who will do anything for a better mark.
It has never been easier to cheat than it is today. With all the technology available, students needn't cheat by looking over their shoulders anymore. They use mobile phones to send answers to each other during a test. There is also the Internet. With hundreds of websites, students don't have to worry because they can find lots of material which they can copy and use in projects. There are even tips on the art of cheating in exams.
Obviously, if you get caught cheating, you fail the exam or the subject. But it doesn't really matter whether you get caught or not. What's important is that it's wrong. You mustn't cheat because cheating is a lie. It deceives people into thinking you know more than you actually do. How can you be proud of something you have achieved through cheating? In the end, it's not about deceiving your teachers and your parents, but about fooling yourself that you can do something you really can't. [/INST] question: The tough decision that many students have to make before an exam is _ . | options: A: whether to cheat or not B: what to do if they fail C: how to cheat D: how to keep calm | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bacterial mastitis Most commonly associated with lactation in majority of cases Causative organism--mostly S.aureus. Ascending infection from a sore and cracked nipple may initiate the mastitis Or lactiferous ducts will first become blocked by epithelial debris leading to stasis. Once within the ampulla of the duct, staphylococcus cause clotting of milk and within this clot organisms multiply. Clinical features: The affected breast or more usually a segment of it presents the classical signs of acute inflammation. Early on this is a generalised cellulitis but later an abscess will form Treatment: During cellulitis stage--patient should be treated with an appropriate antibiotic, such as flucloxacillin or coamoxiclav.Feeding from the affected side may continue if the patient can manage. Suppo of the breast, local heat and analgesia will help to relieve pain If an antibiotic is used in the presence of undrained pus, an antibioma may form. This is a large sterile, brawny oedematous swelling that takes many weeks to resolve. At present advice is repeated aspirations under antibiotic cover (if necessary ultrasound for localisation) be performed. This often allows resolution without the need for an incision and will also allow the patient to continue breast feeding. Presence of pus can be confirmed by needle aspiration and the pus should be sent for bacteriological culture. [/INST] question: A 14 week post natal women presents with fluctuant breast swelling. What should be the treatment | options: A: Incision and drainage B: Continue breast feeding with antibiotics C: Analgesics D: Repeated aspiration under antibiotic cover | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most summer camps for teens center around sports, or music and arts, or just for having fun. But some girls in the Washington suburb of Arlington County, Virginia, went to camp to get a taste of what its like to be a firefighter.
This is not a typical summer camp. But Michelle Pawlaw is glad she signed up for it."Getting to experience the fires hands-on is really cool and something that most people don't get to do," she said.
Michelle and eight other teenage girls are participating in the three-day camp offered by the Arlington County Fire Department located just outside of Washington.
"The purpose is to try to get young women interested in considering the fire service as a career" said firefighter Clare Burley, who is in charge of the program.
The free of charge, overnight camp is designed to let the girls experience what firefighters do in the line of duty to protect the community.
They take classes and learn how to climb the ladder on a fire truck, operate emergency tools and rescue on injured person. They also do their share of cleaning the firehouse and the equipment Firefighting is still a male-dominated service. Clare joined the department seven years ago, saying "We do everything that the guys do to the same standarD.We are tested to the same standarD.We are expected to operate at the same standard."
Most of the girls say they had never thought about becoming a firefighter, but the camp was a great learning experience.
"I think it is definitely not a job that only men can do. Women can do it just as well as men can," said Michelle Pawlaw.
'I think I can help other people if they need help and know what to do in case I am at a fire myself," said Kayla Ehrlich.
"I think it's fantastic; I could consider taking it as a career some day." said Monica Bartorsh.
And, the girls say, by spending three days together, they also made new friends and had a lot of fun. [/INST] question: _ might become a firefighter in the future. | options: A: Monica B: Kayla C: Michelle D: Clare | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ornithosis (psittacosis) is caused by C. psittaci. Humans usually contract the disease from infected birds kept as pets or from infected poultry, including poultry in dressing plants. Although ornithosis may be asymptomatic in humans, severe pneumonia can develop. Fortunately, the disease is cured easily with tetracycline. Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming, gram-positive bacillus that has a protective capsule made of glutamic acid (amino acid) residues. Humans are infected accidentally by contact with infected animals or their products. Skin lesions, seen most often, are known as wools orter's disease. Leptospira organisms are tightly coiled spirochetes. Human contact is often in water, where the organism enters breaks in the skin. They produce hemorrhage and necrosis in the liver and kidneys and often present as aseptic meningitis. Relapsing fever is caused by Borrelia recurrentis and is transmitted by the body louse or Ornithodoros ticks. An unusual feature of this disease is the selection of new antigenic forms of the organism after host antibody formation. Q fever is caused by a rickettsial organism, C. burnetii. [/INST] question: A man with chills, fever, and headache is thought to have "atypical" pneumonia. History reveals that he raises chickens, and that approximately 2 weeks ago he lost a large number of them to an undiagnosed disease. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis of this man's condition? | options: A: Anthrax B: Leptospirosis C: Ornithosis D: Relapsing fever | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many countries follow special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out. Many of these customs tell stories about animals taking the teeth.
For example, Koreans have the custom of throwing the fallen tooth onto the roof of a house so that a magpie can take the tooth away and bring a new tooth for the child. This custom is also followed by some other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam.
Other countries, though, have tooth customs about other animals. In Mexico and Spain, for example, it is thought that a mouse takes a fallen tooth away and leaves some money. But in Mongolia, it is dogs that take children's teeth away. Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture. It is believed that the new tooth will grow strong if the baby tooth is fed to a dog, so parents in Mongolia will put their children's fallen teeth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog.
In France and the USA, a child will put a fallen tooth under his or her pillow before going to bed. It is thought that in the early morning, when the child is still sleeping, the Tooth Fairy will take the tooth away and leave something else under the pillow. What she will leave is hard to know. It is said that in France the Tooth Fairy may leave some candies; however, in the United States, she may leave money. [/INST] question: Koreans throw a tooth onto the roof of a house in order to _ . | options: A: get money B: feed magpies C: get candies D: get a new tooth | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jose, a young musician, is a rising star in Bolivia. He has already performed in some of the countries' top venues including the Legislative Palace. What's so great about that? Jose is just seven years old and he is blind!
Jose is musically talented. At the age of 4, he picked up the drums and showed surprising talent. Later he moved on to the piano and his musical talent became undeniable . By the age of 5, Jose had formed his own jazz trio .
The young boy knows every jazz song in his book and can play _ all with great confidence. And it is not the only kind of music he enjoys. He also loves listening to blues, heavy metal, etc.
Roberto Montano is clearly a proud father when speaking of his son Jose. He said that he had nothing to do with his son's unusual talent. In fact he didn't even know much about jazz until Jose started to play. He believes the young boy is just born with a "music chip" inside him.
Although Jose is a rising superstar, he lives a life like other children do. Just like his classmates, he goes to school, does homework and even does chores at home. [/INST] question: Jose showed his talent for music when he was _ years old. | options: A: four B: five C: six D: seven | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All the given features indicate that Mandibular nerve is involved hence foramen ovale is correct. A: Foramen lacerum B: Foramen juglare C: Foramen ovale D: Foramen spinosum E: Foramen magnum FORAMINA AND STRUCTURES PASSSING THROUGH : Foramen Structures passing through foramen Anterior Cranial Fossa Foramen cecum Emissary veins to nasal cavity Olfactory foramen in cribriform plate Olfactory nerves Middle cranial fossa Optic canal optic nerve ; ophathalmic aery Superior orbital fissure Oculomotor nerve ; trochlear nerve ; ophthalmic division of the nerve l ophthalmic veins Foramen rotundum Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve Foramen ovale Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve ; lesser petrosal nerve Foramen spinosum Middle meningeal aery Hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve Greater petrosal nerve Hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve Lesser petrosal nerve Posterior Cranial Fossa Foramen magnum End of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord; veebral aeries; spinal roots of the accessory nerve; meninges Internal acoustic meatus Facial nerve ; vestibulocochlear nerve ; labyrinthine aery Jugular foramen Glossopharyngeal nerve ; vagus nerve ; accessory nerve ; inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus (forming internal jugular vein) Hypoglossal canal Hypoglossal nerve ; meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal aery Condylar canal Emissary vein [/INST] question: A patient suffered a trauma to the face and was brought to the ER. On recovery, it was found that the patient was unable to chew his food. On examination, his jaw detes to right side. The nerve that has been injured exits skull through which foramen? | options: A: A B: B C: C D: D | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Autosomal dominant disorder usually have late onset of disease due to presence of one non mutated gene which can function normally. In contrast with autosomal recessive where onset is early due to presence of mutation in both gene present. Complete penetrance is feature of autosomal recessive disorder, as individual who inherits the both mutated gene, individual will have symptom. As in autosomal dominant disorder, some individual shows mild, some might have moderate or some severe. Some individual might not express the phenotype even though they inherit the allele. Therefore incomplete penetrance is feature of AD disorder. Male to male transmission is possible in autosomal inheritance condition. In autosomal dominant condition like achondroplasia: Normally, FGF-mediated activation of FGFR3 inhibits endochondral growth. Constitutive activation of FGFR3 exaggerates this effect, suppressing growth. Approximately 90% of cases stem from new mutations, almost all of which occur in the paternal allele. [/INST] question: Feature of Autosomal dominant disorder: | options: A: Present early in life B: Complete penetrance common C: New germ cell mutations in old fathers D: Male to male transmission not possible | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Though chopsticks are used in many Asian countries, they have their beginning in China. Chinese history says that the Chinese had chopsticks as far as the Xia Dynasty (about 4, 00 years ago). In the Spring and Autumn Period copper and iron chopsticks appeared. With the Han Dynasty lacquered chopsticks came, followed by gold and silver chopsticks still later. Today we have chopsticks made of plastics. The most expensive are made of part of tusks of elephants and hard green stone.
Chopsticks tell Chinese tradition in their way. In ancient times the rich used hard green stone or gold chop-sticks to show their wealth . In history many kings used silver chopsticks to take their food to see if it was poisonous . It was said that if it was, the silver chopsticks would turn colour. Chopsticks are traditionally given to a daughter when she marries to show that they should have a son very soon, for "Chopsticks" in Chinese is pronounced like "quick a son"!
Tianzhu chopsticks from Hangzhou, wooden chopsticks from Shanyang of Shanxi Province, and Beijing's chopsticks are well-known.
Many westerners, businessmen, tourists put aside their knives and forks in favour of chopsticks in China. Chopsticks appeared in the old Chinese story: an old man teaches his sons a lesson by showing how he could easily break a single chopstick but not a number of them. In China, chopsticks are connected with good luck. So on the country's New Year's Eve many families will lay out new chopsticks at dinners as a way of making requests for luck. [/INST] question: Chopsticks have their beginnings in _ . | options: A: China B: many Asian countries C: African countries D: all over the world | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: AIDS' Threat to Asia Grows
NEW DELHI----Just a few years ago, Mala was a typical middle-class Indian housewife. She cooked, cleaned and looked after her two small children.
Last year, her life took a tragic turn. Her husband died of AIDS; she was found out HIV-positive and her mother-in-law took her children away from her, saying they would get the disease. "When friends dropped for a visit, she would introduce me, saying, 'She is my son's widow. She has AIDS,'" said Mala. AIDS is now described as "explosive " around the world. A study of a hospital in the port city of Durban in South Africa, where the world's biggest and Africa's second AIDS conference opened last Sunday, found that almost half the beds in medical wards were occupied by AIDS patients.
South Africa has one of the world's fastest growing HIV infections, with 1,700 people infected daily, adding to the 4.3 million, or 10 percent of its population, living with HIV. Until now, Asia has been more successful in holding the AIDS virus than Africa, where the disease has killed about 12 million people.
AIDS is now threatening to surround many of Asia's poverty-stricken countries. Countries in Asia, such as Cambodia, and Thailand, have HIV infection speeds over 1 percent. But the low speeds hide huge numbers of infected people, because of the population base.
In India, for example, 3.7 million are infected, more than in any other country except South Africa. In China, an estimated 860,000 people (the actual number may be a little larger), mainly drug users, live with HIV/AIDS. Gordon Alexander, a senior advisor for UN AIDS in India, estimates that the number hit by AIDS in Asia will climb about eight million over the next five years from about six million.
In many Asian countries, the battle against HIV is a social and cultural one against public discussion of sexual health put a nationwide media campaign into action to limit the speed of HIV through unsafe sex. Brenton Wong, an official for Singapore's Action for AIDS, _ . "Shame and deny is still very, very common so people are afraid to get tested and many times won't even tell their families if they test positive," said Wong. [/INST] question: It is judged that there are _ people hit by AIDS in Asia or so. | options: A: 4.3 million B: 6 million C: 8 million D: 3.7 million | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Al Ossinger,an experienced mountain guide,knew it was time to leave Longs Peak in Colorado's Rocky Mountain National Park,and get off'quickly.The sky had turned threatening dark,and his ice ax at times gave out upset sounds.Suddenly,as Ossinger was crossing a large mass of rock,both hands pressed against it for balance,there was a roar,a flash of light and an electric current charged through his arms.
"In that second. I thought 1 was finished,"he said,"Then I realized 1 was still there--the jolt hadn't knocked me off.My body and legs were all right,but my arms were paralyzed from the shoulder down.''Fortunately Ossinger was able to continue down and soon the feeling began to return to his shoulders,upper arms,and,two hours later,his fingertips.Ossinger was a lucky man.
A single stroke of lightning,which is usually three to four miles long,travels at speeds of up to 100,000 miles per second.In a single flash,it can carry 100 million volts of electricity and reach a temperature of 55,000 degrees Fahrenheit,five times hotter than the surface of the sun.During its brief life span,lightning carries enough energy to power a 100-watt light bulb for as long as three months.If you find yourself unlucky enough to be near lightning's path,you could suffer a direct hit,sending electrical current though your body for some 5 00 milli-seconds.Because of the short duration,severe burns aren't common and the resulting burns are usually superficial .
According to the national Weather Service,more people have been killed by lightning in the United States during the past 30 years,an average of 87 a year-than by either tornadoes or hurricanes,484 people were injured in 1994 alone.These"swords from the sky" are also responsible for an estimated$100 million to$300 million of property damage a year.During the 1980s an average of 5502 wildfires a year were sparked by lightning on national forest lands alone.
Earth is struck by at 1east 100 of these flashes every second-more than 8.6 million strikes a day.For all its destructive power,lightning has its good sides too.It's likely that humans discovered fire from some early lightning-sparked flames.And all that activity above the earth may help create ozone ,which protects us from the sun's harmful rays.Lightning dancing across a summer night sky is a force to be respected and appreciated-from a distance. [/INST] question: Electrical lightning is called"swords from the sky"to mean _ . | options: A: it looks 1ike swords B: it can kill people C: it is sent by God D: it comes naturally | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Online clothes shoppers will be told exactly what size is best. for them using new software which combines with their web camera or smart phone to form a"3D tape measure".
Scientists from Surrey University and design experts from the London College of Fashion are developing a program which can take precise waist, hip, chest and other measurements from camera images.
Using the person's height as a starting point,the software will be able to build up a 3D image and estimate their size at various different points on the body, based on their overall proportions.
The result will be a more accurate sizing guide than previous systems based on waist size or a "small/medium/large"scale, which rely on limited measurements and the buyer's perception of their own body size.
Shoppers and retailers who choose to sign up for the project could save millions of pounds a year in postage costs by removing the need to order multiple sizes of the same garment and send back ill-fitting clothes, researchers claimed.
The project, sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC), is expected to be brought to market within two years.
After choosing an item, the shopper will activate the software, enter their height, stand in front of their webcam or smart phone in their underwear and take a photograph.
The software will not store or transmit the image to the internet, but will use it to judge the person's dimensions at various points on their body.
Philip Delamore of the London College of Fashion said:"The potential benefits for the fashion industry and for shoppers are huge. Currently, it's common for online shoppers to order two or three different sizes of the same item of clothing at the same time, as they're unsure which one will fit best." [/INST] question: What is the essential part of a 3D tape measure? | options: A: a software B: a webcam C: a microphone D: a smart phone | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Speaking Club
HK $1,950 (18hours)
This course aims to help develop vocabulary. Each student will also have a reader, which provides a topic for discussion. Students are level tested and then placed in different classes according to their level of English and their age. It is only for students whose level test shows them to be at intermediate level of above. The fee includes a course folder and _ .
Bridging Course
Available in July and August
HK $1,950 (18hours)
Our Bridging Course is aimed at students from Chinese primary schools who are about to enter an English secondary school in September. The course is a fun way to develop students' confidence in using English through topic-based speaking, listening, reading and writing activities. Students also widen their vocabulary by participating in a variety of language games. The fee includes a course folder and a field trip to a local museum.
Preparation for prefix = st1 /UKStudy
HK $1,950 (18hours)
This course is for students who are leaving Hong Kong to study at boarding senior school in the UK. It focuses on functional English language to increase students' confidence in their ability to use appropriate language in the appropriate situations by communicating with natives. We also provide students with information on British culture and traditions and aim to increase students' interest in the country in which they are about to live. The fee includes a course folder and a reader called British Life. [/INST] question: Wang Lin, who will go to Englandto attend junior school, will be interested in _ . | options: A: Speaking Club B: any course C: Preparation for UKStudy D: Bridging Course | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
FESS is a minimally invasive technique in which sinus air cells and sinus ostia are opened under direct vision.
It is called functional because it aims to return the working of the sinus to normal.
FESS is based on the hypothesis that the osteomeatal complex (maxillary sinus ostium, anterior & middle ethmoid Ostia, frontal recess, infundibulum and middle meatal complex) is the key area in the pathogenesis of chronic sinus disease.
Minor pathological changes in the nasal mucosa in the vicinity of the osteomeatal complex may interfere with mucociliary clearance or with the ventilation of maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses.
The underlying principle of FESS is that the sinus mucosa will return to normal if adequate drainage is established.
No attempt is made to remove the sinus mucosa; rather, it is allowed to return to normal and to resume its normal function.
FESS has greatly reduced the indications for conventional operations like those of Caldwell-Luc, Frontal-sinus operations, and an external ethmoidectomy. [/INST] question: FESS means - | options: A: Factual endoscopic sinus surgery B: Functional endonasal sinus surgery C: Factual endonasal sinus surgery D: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Parents are fighting for their child's right to rest across the country. Twenty-three elementary schools in Orange County, Florida, have been cutting back on rest, and even canceling it to increase class time.
In a recent Orange County School Board meeting, parents demanded that rest time be carried out in all local schools for all students. Angela Browning, a parent in the area, said that schools' rest is ranging from zero to 30 minutes per day. "Five-year-olds not getting rest means abuse," said Browning, whose twins in the second grade benefit from taking a break and learn better.
The main reason for reducing the rest time is Common Core exams including math, language arts and literacy, where the students' performance often controls teachers' pay and sometimes teachers may lose their jobs. Many teachers are using that extra 20 minutes that would have been spent on the schools' scores, everybody is stressful," said Diana Moore, president of the Orange County Classroom Teachers Association.
The decision of whether reducing rest takes place, and for how long is up to each school's rule. "Florida law requires that districts provide 900 teaching hours during the school year," Florida's Department of Education press secretary Cheryl Etters said in a statement. "Whether test is part of the school day is a decision made by the school board."
Reducing test also can take away an opportunity for children to learn social skills, according to many experts. "In society, who cares if you have straight A's and you get a scholarship to Harvard if you lack social skills?" said Mallet, a mother of two children. [/INST] question: What will Angela Browning agree with? | options: A: Kids of five years old had better get more break time B: Proper rest time improves children's learning efficiency C: The more rest children have, the higher grades they will get D: Elementary schools should limit kids' rest time to 30 minutes | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today, roller skating is easy and fun. But, before 1750, the idea of skating didn't exist . That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlin's work was making musical instruments.
One day Merlin was invited to a music party. He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.
Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates in the world. Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed of getting to the party on wheels while playing the violin.
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was surprised to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on, suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking into pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin's entrance! [/INST] question: The idea of roller skating didn't exist _ . | options: A: until 1750 B: after 1750 C: since 1750 D: from 1750 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hamsters are lovely small animals which are similar to mice, and some people like to keep them as pets. They need to eat a balanced diet, or they can become very sick. That's why hamsters should be fed healthy foods.
Most pet stores sell hamster mix. This is a combination of foods that are just right for hamsters. Some hamsters are picky eaters. They don't eat anything they don't like, so you have to find a hamster mix that your hamster will like. Most hamsters only eat a few tablespoons a day. You should feed them at the same time every day, or you can just keep your hamster's bowl full. Remember to clean the bowl at least once a week. Hamsters also drink a lot of water, so be sure to keep the water supply full and fresh.
Just like people, hamsters like treats. Besides the hamster mix, you can sometimes feed your hamster seeds, nuts, and some other people food. You should never feed your hamster anything unless you are sure that it is safe for hamsters.
Feed your hamster carefully, and always take good care of your pet! [/INST] question: If hamsters don't have a balanced diet, they will _ . | options: A: become sick B: drink water C: store food D: feel fresh | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hypoglycemia is defined as blood glucose of less than 40 mg/dL, irrespective of the gestational age.
Causes of hypoglycemia Let us see each option one by one.
Option ‘a’ IUGR
“Hypoglycemia is due to shortage of glycogen reserve in the liver as a result of chronic hypoxia”
Dutta Obs. 6/e, p 465
Option ‘b’ Mother with hypothyroidism
Maternal hypothyroidism can cause hypoglycemia if it leads to fetal hypothyroidism also but “Maternal TSH receptor bloking antibodies can cross the placenta and cause fetal thyroid dysfunction.They however have little or no effect on fetal thyroid function even though they too cross the placenta.”.
Williams 23/e, p 1131, 1132
So according to latest editon of Williams, maternal hypothyroidism does not lead to fetal hypothyroidism, thus it does not cause fetal hypoglycemia.
Option ‘c’ Rh incompatibility
There is no definite correlation between Rhincompatibility and hypoglycemia.
Option ‘d’ Macrosomia
Macrosomia usually is due to maternal diabetes which inturn results in fetal hyperinsulinemia due to beta cell hyperplasia, which further results in neonatal hypoglycemia.
Dutta Obs. 6/e, p 287
Option ‘e’ Hyperthyroidism : Hyperthyroidism is a diabetes like state with increased insulin resistance. [/INST] question: Hypoglycemia in new born is seen in:a) IUGRb) Mother with hypothyroidismc) Rh incompatibilityd) Macrosomiae) Hyperthyroidism | options: A: b B: ad C: ac D: ab | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the Central Valley of California, famers are reducing crop size because they do not have enough water. Last year, California had the least amount of rain since officials began keeping records. And it may be just as bad this year.
Reservoirs are areas where water is stored. In California, some reservoirs are empty. The amount of snow in the Sierra Mountains is 75 percent below normal. This mountain snow melts in the spring and fills rivers. The water is used by farmers. But now, farmers are warning of the possibility of another "Dust Bowl", like the one of 1930s. Severe droughts and dust storms covered American farmlands and few crops grew.
Dan Errotabere is a third generation California farmer. He grows tomatoes, walnuts, garlic and other crops in Fresno County. He says the federal agency that controls the amount of water released from dams and rivers has stopped giving him water. He and other farmers say officials are not correctly administering the water system. "The last couple of years-dry years, along with severe environmental restrictions--has now presented us with a zero allocation year", said he.
Farmer may not be able to plant crops on more than 200,000 hectares of farmland in the Central Valley this spring. Mr. Errotabere will plant crops on just 80 percent of this farmland. He has enough work for only 15 of his 25 workers.
Federal and state officials sometimes reduce the amount of water to farmers even in years with normal rainfall levels. The officials must supply water to the Sacramento River Delta which is home to several endangered species.
Long-term solutions include conservation, recycling waste water and, building "desalinization enters". These center remove salt from seawater so _ can be used on farms. Farmers say better administration of the state's water system could also help solve the crisis. [/INST] question: The farmers in California grow fewer crops due to _ . | options: A: water shortage B: water pollution C: government policy D: species protection | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever been sad because of failure? Please remember, for often, achieving what you set out to do is not the most important thing.
A boy decided to dig a deep hole behind his house. As he was working, a couple of older boys stopped by to watch. "What are you doing?" asked one of the visitors. "I want to dig a hole all the way through the earth!" the boy answered excitedly. The older boys began to laugh, telling him that digging a hole all the way through the earth was impossible. After a while, the boy picked up a jar. He showed it to the visitors. It was full of all kinds of stones and insects. Then he said calmly and confidently, "Maybe I can't finish digging all the way through the earth, but look at what I've found during this period!"
The boy's goal was far too difficult, but it did cause him to go on. And that is what a goal is for -- to cause us to move in the direction we have chosen, in other words, to cause us to keep working!
Not every goal will be fully achieved. Not every job will end up with a success. Not every dream will come true. But when you fall short of your aim, maybe you can say, "Yes, but look what I've found along the way! There are so many wonderful things having come into my life because I tried to do something!" It is in the digging that life is lived. It is the unexpected joy on the journey that really makes sense. [/INST] question: The older boys laughed at the boy because he was thought to be _ . | options: A: brave B: impolite C: foolish D: warm-hearted | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My mother only had one eye. I hated her, as she was such an embarrassment for me. She ran a small shop at a market, selling anything for the money we needed.
One day, my mom came to my school. I threw her a hateful look and ran out. The next day, my classmates shouted, "Your mom only has one eye! '' and they _ me. My face turned red.
I wished that my mom would just disappear from this world, so I said to her, "Mom, why don't you have the other eye? You make me a laughingstock." She didn't say anything. Maybe it was because my mom hadn' t punished me, so I didn' t think that I had hurt her feelings very badly. I decided to study hard so that I could leave her for the rest of my life. I made it at last. Now I'm living happily as a successful man in another country.
Many years later, I received a letter, which said, "I think my life has been long enough now, but would it be too much to ask if I wanted you to visit me once in a while? I' m sorry that I am an embarrassment for you. You see, when you were very young, you got into an accident, and lost your eye. As a mother, I couldn't stand watching you having to grow up with only one eye, so I gave you mine. I was so proud of my son that was seeing a whole new world for me, in my place, with that eye. I was never angry with you for anything you did. I miss the time when you were still young around me. You mean the world to me. I love you." I can't help crying with the letter in my hand. [/INST] question: What is the mother's job? | options: A: An engineer B: A doctor C: A housewife D: A seller | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes malignant otitis externa, which is a severe necrotizing infection of the external ear canal. Infection tends to spread to the mastoid bone, temporal bone, sigmoid sinus, base of the skull, meninges, and brain. Patients at increased risk include the elderly, those with diabetes, and the immunocompromised. Pseudomonas is also associated with many other clinical syndromes, including infection following traumatic wounds to the feet in persons wearing sneakers or rubber-soled shoes, since the organism can be cultured from the shoes. Must know: Haemophilus influenzae produces a variety of clinical syndromes. H.Influenzae is the third-most common cause of meningitis in children aged 1 month to 18 years. It is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis, the most common cause of purulent bacterial conjunctivitis, and the second-most common cause of otitis media. Patients at risk include those with COPD and cystic fibrosis, alcoholics, splenectomized patients, and young patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative organism that produces a necrotizing pneumonia in diabetics and alcoholics. Patients typically present with an abrupt onset of fever, shaking chills, and purulent, foul-smelling sputum. Mucor is a fungal infection that is paicularly severe in the diabetic or the immunocompromised patient. In the acidotic diabetic, the fungus produces a life-threatening, invasive rhinocerebral infection. The infection begins in the nasal passages, extends into the paranasal sinuses, and spreads through the cribriform plate to the frontal lobes of the brain. Patients typically complain of headache, facial pain, and orbital swelling. [/INST] question: A 73-year-old woman with a history of diabetes presents with left ear pain and drainage of pus from the ear canal. She has a swelling and tenderness over the left mastoid bone. Which of the following microorganisms is the MOST likely causative agent? | options: A: Hemophilus influenzae B: Klebsiella pneumoniae C: Mucor sp D: Pseudomonas aeruginosa | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: John and Bobby joined the same company together just after they completed their university studies the same year. Both of them worked very hard. Several years later, however, the boss promoted Bobby to manager but John was still a worker. John could not take it, and gave his resignation to the boss. He complained that the boss did not think much of those who were hard -working, but promoted only those who flattered him.
The boss knew that John had worked very hard for the years. He thought a moment and said, "Thank you for what you said, but I hope you will do one more thing for our company before you leave"
John agreed. The boss asked him to go and find anyone selling watermelons in the market. John went and returned soon. He said he had found a man selling watermelons. The boss asked how much they cost every kilogram. John shook his head and went back to the seller to ask and returned to tell the boss $1.2 every kilogram.
The boss told John to wait a second, and he called Bobby to come to his office. He asked Bobby to go and find anyone selling watermelons in the market. Bobby went and returned, saying, "Boss, only one person is selling watermelons. $1.2 every kilogram, and $10 for 10 kilograms. The seller has 340 melons. On the table there are 58 melons, and each weighs about 2 kilograms. They were brought from the South two days ago. They are of good quality."
Hearing what Bobby said, John realized the difference between himself and Bobby. He decided to stay and learn from Bobby. [/INST] question: How did John feel when Bobby was promoted to manager? | options: A: Angry B: Nervous C: Unlucky D: Helpless | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer group.
The lack of right male role models in many of their lives -- at home and particularly in the school environment -- means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.
They don't see men succeeding in society so it doesn't occur to them that they could make something of themselves. Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions and street culture is all-powerful. Boys want to be part of a club. However, schools can provide the environment for change, and provide the right role models for them. Teachers need to be trained to stop that but not in front of a child's peers. You have to do it one to one, because that is when you see the real child.
It's pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong. They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games. Instead, schools should have a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems -- somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children. [/INST] question: Why did Tom give up studying? | options: A: He disliked his teachers B: His parents no longer supported him C: It's cool for boys of his age not to care about studies D: There were too many subjects in his secondary school | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Adenosine is currently approved for thetermination of paroxysrriat supraventricular tachycardias at doses of 6 mg and, if 6 mg fails, 12 mg. The primary mechanism of adenosine is to decrease conduction velocity through the A V node. As such, it is an ideal drug for acute termination of regular reentrant supraventricular tachycardia involving the A V node) Side effects may include chest discomfort and transier it hypotension. The half-life is extremely short, and the side effects tend to be brief. Patients with wide complex tachycardia suggestive of ventricular tachycardia or known preexcitation syndrome should be treated with agents that decrease automaticity, such as quinidine and procainamide. However, in patients with apparent ventricular tachycardia who have neither a history of ischemic heart disease nor preexcitation syndrome, adenosine may be a useful diagnostic agent to determine whether a patient has a reentrant tachycardia, in which case the drug may terminate it; an atrial tachycardia, in which case the atrial activity may be unmasked; or a true, preexcited tachy-cardia, in which case adenosine will have no effect. While adenosine is not the recommended primary therapy for patients with wide complex tachyarrhythmia, patients with junctional tachycardia who have evidence of poor ventricular function or concomitant β-adrenergic blockademay be reasonable candidates for its use. [/INST] question: Each patient below is alert and oriented and has a BP110/60. In which patient would adenosine constitute appropriate initial therapy? | options: A: A 65-year old man with no ischemic heart disease and wide complex tachycardia B: A 65 -year old woman with known ischemic disease and narrow complex tachycardia C: A 25-year old woman with known preexcitation syndrome and narrow complex tachycardia D: A 28-year-old man with known preexictation syndrome and wide complex tachycardia | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has
other uses. A woman's smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.
Our faces show emotions, but we should not attempt to "read" people from another culture as we would "read" someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not
express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions
permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show
their emotions similarly.
It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of "reading" the other person incorrectly. [/INST] question: What does the smile usually mean in the U.S.? | options: A: Love B: Politeness C: Joy D: Thankfulness | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you wondered about the amount of time we spend talking about food and been surprised? We are always asking questions such as "Have you ever eaten?" and "What did you have for lunch?"Yet, if you travel from one country to another, you might find that other nations think differently about food. People plan to think that what they eat is normal and what everyone else eats is strange. In most parts of Asia, for example, no meal is complete without rice but in England, rice is the exception and people prefer to eat potatoes, in the Middle East, bread accompanies every meal.
Eating, like so many things we do, becomes a habit that is difficult to change. The Americans seem to like drinking lots of orange juice and coffee; the English prefer to drink tea four or five times a day; the Australians prefer to drink a lot of beer; the French, like wine every day.
People in different countries also like eating different kinds of meat and even within countries, different regions will have different likes and dislikes, especially in large countries like China and the former Soviet Union. In Hong Kong and the south of China, some people enjoy eating snakes but in the north of China, most people refuse to eat them. The French think that horse meat is delicious but most English people are terrified at the thought of eating it. The New Zealanders eat a lot of lamb and mutton, but never goat. The Japanese say that they do not like eating lamb and mutton because of their smell, but that they really enjoy eating raw fish more than anything else.
So it seems that there is often very little common sense about what is nicest to eat or drink in different parts of the world although we may talk on the subject of food for hours. However, as people everywhere enjoy eating what they have always eaten, there seems very little point in trying to change traditional eating habits. [/INST] question: The topic people spend a lot of time talking about is _ . | options: A: lunch B: breakfast C: dinner D: food | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Refer Robbins page no 1057 DCIS can be divided into two major architectural subtypes, comedo and noncomedo (Fig. 23-17). Some cases of DCIS have a single growth pattern, but most are comprised of a mixture of patterns. Nuclear grade and necrosis are better predictors of local recurrence and progression to invasion than architectural type. Comedo DCIS may occasionally produce vague nodularity, but more often it is detected on mammography as clustered or linear and branching areas of calcification (Fig. 23-17A). It is defined by two features: (1) tumor cells with pleomorphic, high- grade nuclei and (2) areas of central necrosis (Fig. 23-17B). Noncomedo DCIS lacks either high-grade nuclei or central necrosis. Several patterns may be seen. Cribriform DCIS may have rounded (cookie cutter-like) spaces (Fig. 23-17C) within the ducts, or a solid DCIS pattern. Micropapillary DCIS pro- duces bulbous protrusions without a fibrovascular core, often arranged in complex intraductal patterns (Fig. 23-17D). In other cases, DCIS produces true papillae with fibrovascular cores that lack a myoepithelial cell layer. Calcifications may also be seen in noncomedo forms of DCIS in association with focal necrosis or intraluminal secretions. [/INST] question: Commonest carcinoma of the with multifocal origin is | options: A: Schirrhous carcinoma B: Adenocystic carcinoma C: Lobular carcinoma D: Ductal carcinoma | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Harry, 13, wrote to us to say that even though he's older, he finds himself jealous of his brother Jonathan because he's a better skateboarder. Harry hates that he and Jonathan argue constantly about stupid things, like who gets to hold the TV remote or use the computer.
Maybe Emily's situation will sound familiar to you. Her older sister, who's almost 14, gets a lot of clothes, while Emily, 10, only gets one set a year! She feels that her sister gets anything she wants because she's "almost a woman." Guess what ... they fight all the time, too.
Every situation is different, but these kinds of problems are generally called "sibling rivalry . " When we're feeling jealous of a sibling, we're angry at him or her for doing or having something that we don't, and we're upset with ourselves for not being able to do or have that thing. The easiest way to express our anger is to fight with that sibling ... and it usually makes things worse.
There is one really helpful way to beat the jealousy monster. Instead of focusing on what you don't have or who you aren't, focus on what you do have or who you are.
Everybody has different goals, interests, skills and talents. You may be jealous that your sister is a star of swimming ... but maybe you're a great drummer. Instead of wishing you were good at sports, you can start a cool band with your friends!
Life is not a head-to-head competition, and nobody's keeping score. If it seems like your siblings are keeping score, don't let it continue; let them know how you feel. You might also consider talking to an adult about how you can feel better about yourself. Maybe it means finding a great new hobby, or trying a different sport.
Most importantly, remember that keeping feelings of jealousy to yourself is not going to make them go away. Talk about these emotions as soon as you feel them, so they don't get stuck inside you. [/INST] question: You will feel jealous of a sibling when _ . | options: A: you are in your early childhood B: you consider things in a positive way C: you don't feel as good as your siblings D: you have regular fights and arguments with your siblings | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Safety and comparisons with other medicines) (43-Bennett & Brown) (61-62-GG)Pharmacokinetics - what the body does to the drag. This refers to movements of the drug in and alteration of the drug by the body; includes absorption, distribution, binding/localization/storage, biotransformation and excretion of the drug (1-KDT)* Post licensing (marketing) studies of safety and comparisons with other medicines (43-BB)Pharmacodynamics - What the drug does to the body. This includes physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanism of action at macromolecular/subcellular/ organ system levels.Post marketing detection of adverse reaction - several strategies exist to detect adverse reactions after marketing of a drug, but debate continues about the most efficient and effective method. Formal approaches for estimation of the magnitude of an adverse drug effect are the follow-up or "cohort" study of patients who are receiving a particular drug, the "case control" study where the potential for a drug to cause a particular disease is assessed, and meta-analysis of pre and post marketing (61-62-Goodman & Gillman's 10th) [/INST] question: The aim of post marketing pharmacokinetics is | options: A: Efficacy of the drug B: Dosage of the drug C: Deals with alteration of the drug includes absorption, distribution, binding / storage D: Safety and comparisions with other medicines | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Soft Police Jumbo Set
Model No.:1530
Product Specifications:
This soft play set features soft toys that will not hurt your precious babies. It does not include any small parts or accessories that can be easily swallowed. It boosts your children's imagination and creativity. The colorful appearance of the items can surely attract kids. Suitable for children aged over 1.
Baby Toys
Model No.:MSM-12LL1
Product Specifications:
This set of soft toys is suitable for children of all ages. It features two sleeping mice, lying on each other, creating a warm and intimate image. One of the pieces is designed in a circular shape, which can serve as a baby's neck rest. Can be your children's bedside companion. Safe for children. Comfortable and soft to touch.
Hanging Decoration for Babies
Product Specifications:
The featured item is a hanging decoration for babies. It is usually hung on ceilings or above baby cots. Comes in separate pieces. Easy assembling. Rotating umbrella with music. Decorations consist of several stuffed toys. For babies of 0-12 months.
Baby Pulling Toys
Product Specifications:
This is a series of baby pulling to toys. They are decorated with stuffed mini dolls like bears, sheep and rabbits. When the babies pull strings, the toy is wound. When the pulling toy is released, the toy contracts back and produces different sounds. Made of polyester . Suitable for children of 1,2,3,4, or above.
Hello Kitty Doll with Swing Chair
Model No.:62558
Product Specifications:
38cm doll with swing chair. This foldable swing chair with the cutest Hello Kitty is perfect for all lovely infants under one. It has adorable printing that can surely appeal to babies. It is also strongly constructed and designed to ensure maximum safety. Made of high quality material.
Soft Dinosaur 5pcs Set
Model No.:1801
Product Specifications:
The soft and smooth texture offers a pleasure touch. Absence of small parts makes it safe for kids. Attractive to kids with the colorful appearance. Suitable for children aged over 1. An excellent and playful household decoration. [/INST] question: If you want to buy toys to be put by children's bed, you may choose _ . | options: A: Model No. 1530 B: Model No. MSM-12LL1 C: Hanging Decoration for Babies D: Baby Pulling Toys | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Tropical Paradise Holiday
Welcome to St Anna, our tropical paradise just off the coast of Latin America. You can spend two weeks in our luxury four-star hotel. The cost of your flight is included in the holiday, and you can be picked up from your home by our special airport bus. On your arriving, our coach will be waiting to take you to the hotel. All flights leave from Heathrow on a Monday morning.
The Cowrie Hotel is built right on the beachfront, and many rooms have wonderful ocean views. If swimming and surfing are not enough for you, the hotel also offers horse rides on the island, and a discount membership of the golf club.
The Rain Forest Adventure Holiday
Every year Broughton holidays offer twelve days of unforgettable adventure in a tropical rain forest. You may have a choice of Borneo, Malaysia, Indonesia, or even to the greatest rain forest of them all, the mighty Amazonian forest.
You will fly to our special base camps at the edge of the forest, where you will be given five days of survival training, and talks on the local wildlife.
Then you take a bus into the forest. You will have to walk the final five miles to the camp sites to avoid disturbing the local ecology. All of the camp sites have been carefully built to cause the minimal amount of disturbance to the local wildlife.
Remember that these adventure holidays take you deep into the wilderness,and they are not suitable for families with young children. Also remember that no more than two dozen guests can stay at any camp at one time, so if you want to go on one of these very special holidays, you will need to book early ![: _ [/INST] question: Choosing the Tropical Paradise Holiday, travellers can enjoy _ . | options: A: a welcome party B: beautiful ocean views C: different indoor activities D: free membership of the golf club | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dolores Huerta has worked hard most of her life to help other people. She has helped change things so that farm workers can have a better life.
Dolores grew up in California. She was a good student and liked school. After she finished high school, she went to college and studied to be a teacher. After she became a teacher, Dolores noticed that many of her students were not getting enough food to eat. Some of them wore very old clothes. Dolores wondered how she could help them.
Dolores decided to stop teaching so that she could spend more time helping the farm workers and their families. One thing she wanted to do was to get more pay for farm workers so they could buy their children the things they needed.
Dolores knew that many farm workers moved often from one place to another to help pick different kinds of fruits and vegetables. She began talking and writing about these workers. Even people who lived far from California read what Dolores wrote.
Getting higher pay for the farm workers was not easy. Dolores worked hard to make sure that farm workers got good pay for their work. She knew that nothing would change unless people made new laws to help the workers. Through all her hard work, new laws were made that gave farm workers good pay.
Dolores Huerta has worked for more than 30 years in many different ways to make life better for working people. She has shown how much one person can change things. [/INST] question: Dolores became a _ after she left college. | options: A: farmer B: teacher C: worker D: lawyer | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Highly crushed renal disease) (677-Ganong 23rd) (459-60-GN) (422-23-Guyton 11th) (72-A.K. Jain 3rd)ERYTHROPOIETIN is a glycoprotein, secreted by peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The principal site of inactivation of erythropoietin is the liver.* * Hypoxia is the main stimulant for the secretion of erythropoitin* Secretion of the hormone is fascilitated by alkalosis that develops at high altitudes* Both norepinephrine and epinephrine and several of the prostaglandins stimulate erythropoietin production (385-Gyton 10th)Anemia in CRF caused by decreased erythropoietin secretion (376-Gyton 10th)Patients with severe CRF, (when renal mass is reduced) or nephrectomy, almost always develop anaemia. The most important cause of this is decreased renal secretion of erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. If the kidneys are seriously damaged, they are unable to form adequate quantities of erythropoietin, which leads to diminished red blood cell production and consequent anemia.Factors affecting Erythropoietin productionIncreaseDecrease1. Hypoxia due to haemorrhage, high altitude, Cardio respiratory disturbance methaemoglobin excess2. Vasoconstrictor agent (Catecholamines) due to renal hypoxia3. Nucleotides eg cAMP NAD an NADP4. Products of RBC destruction called haemolysates5. Hormones - Thyroxine, Anterior pituitary hormone, androgens6. Others Cobalt salts1. Oestrogena. Decrease hepatic synthesis of globinb. Depress the erythropoietic response to hypoxiaThis is why in female, RBC count is less as compared to males2. Chronic renal disease3. Protein deficiency4. Cirrhosis of liver5. Chronic inflammatory diseases [/INST] question: Erythropoietin secretion decreases in | options: A: High altitude B: Highly crushed renal disease C: Congestive heart failure D: Lung disease | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Anne Frank's life was short and tragic. Yet her brave spirit has survived in her diary. She wrote this diary while hiding from the Nazis during World WarII.
Anne's father prepared a hiding place for his family. He sealed off several rooms at the back of his office building, and he covered the entrance with a movable bookcase. In July 1942, Anne, her mother and her father, her sister Margot, and four Jewish friends stepped behind the bookcase into the hidden rooms. The Frank family and their friends stayed shut away in secret for over two years. Brave friends risked their lives to bring them food. But constant fear and loss of freedom were hard to bear. For comfort, Anne started to write a diary. She was very good at expressing her thoughts and feelings in words.
Anne was 13 when she stared to write. Her diary shows that, just like other teenagers, she looked forward to adult life. She hoped to have a career as a writer, and she longed to find love. She had high ideal and wished "to be useful or give pleasure to people around me." Throughout her time in hiding, Anne kept her faith in human nature. She wrote, "In spite of everything, I still believe that human beings are really good at heart."
In 1944, the Frank family's hiding place was given away to the Gestapo(German secret police). Anne was sent to the Bergen-Belsen prison camp in Germany. She died at the camp in 1945 at the age of 15.
Otto, Anne's father, was the only member of the Frank family to survive the war. He published her diary in 1947. Since then it has been published in more than 50 languages. Millions of people have visited the family's hiding place in Amsterdam. Anne Frank's story still inspires people to fight against all kinds of race discrimination. [/INST] question: Anne wrote her diary mainly for the purpose of_. | options: A: practicing writing B: expressing her fear C: annoying the Nazis D: relaxing herself | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Achalasia cardia The classic triad of presenting symptoms of achalasia consists of dysphagia, regurgitation, and weight loss. Heaburn, postprandial choking, and nocturnal coughing are commonly seen. The dysphagia that patients experience often begins with liquids and progresses to solids. Most patients describe eating as a laborious process during which they must pay special attention to the process. They eat slowly and use large volumes of water to help wash the food down into the stomach. As the water builds up pressure, retrosternal chest pain is experienced and can be severe until the LES opens, which provides quick relief. Regurgitation of undigested, foul-smelling food is common, and with progressive disease, aspiration can become life-threatening. Pneumonia, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis often result from long-standing achalasia. The dysphagia progresses slowly during years, and patients adapt their lifestyle to accommodate the inconveniences that accompany this disease. Patients often do not seek medical attention until their symptoms are advanced and will present with marked distention of the esophagus.the operation of choice. It is done open or with video or robotic assistance. The decision to perform an antireflux procedure remains controversial. Most patients who have undergone a myotomy will experience some amount of reflux, either symptom- atic or not. The addition of a paial antireflux procedure, such as a Toupet or Dor fundoplication, will restore a barrier to reflux and decrease postoperative symptoms [/INST] question: Patient become symptom free after surgery in which of the following condition | options: A: Diffuse esophageal spasm B: Achalasia cardia C: Nut cracker esophagus D: Jack hammer esophagus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You have been badly injured in a car accident. It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident. However, special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you. If the blood is too different from your own, the transfusion could kill you.
There are four basic types of blood; A, B, AB, and O. A simple test can make sure of a person's blood type. Everybody is born with one of these four types of blood. Blood type, like hair color1 and height, is received from parents.
The four groups must be transfused carefully. A and B cannot be mixed. A and B cannot receive AB, but AB may receive A or B. O can give to any other group; therefore, it is often called the universal donor . For the opposite reason, AB is sometimes called the universal recipient . However, because so many reactions can happen in transfusions , patients usually receive only salt of plasma (liquid part of blood) until their blood can be matched as exactly as possible in the blood bank of a hospital. In this way, it is possible to prevent the transfusion from any bad reactions. [/INST] question: People with type A blood can receive type . | options: A: AB B: B C: O D: all of the three | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Longitudinal Middle cranial Fossa is involved in 60%-80% of fracture of skull base. Types of Temporal bone fracture include Longitudinal, Transverse. Mixed, Oblique and Unusual. Longitudinal : -The longitudinal is one where fracture line runs parallel to the Petrous ridge, that is longitudinal axis of the bone -It constitutes 85% of all the Temporal Bone . 23% are bilateral. -Fracture begins in Squamous Temporal Bone & continues towards the Petrous apex, coursing around the dense Otic capsule bone. -hearing loss is common after the injury; -these invariably results in laceration of the roof of the External Auditory Canal and often the tympanic membrane blood from the middle ear appears in the of External Auditory Canal, leading to a-dictum,that bloody -Vestibular disorders are unusual -Spontaneous Nystagmus is Rare. -Facial N. is usually spared -Most extends along the Fallopian Canal rather than across it. -Facial weakness after this is usually incomplete and is most often delayed, secondary. to the edema rather than disruption of the nerve. Transverse : This runs right angle to the longitudinal axis of the Petrous bone. This pattern represents 15%-30% of Temporal Bone . Caused by: - Blow on the Occipul or less commonly a direct frontal blow. Transverse has a higher moality than longitudinal and greater force is requiredto generate them. The "Classical' Transverse begins in Posterior Cranial Fossa, usually in the region of Foramen Lacerum or Foramen Spinosum. The hearing loss in transverse is usually S nsorineural, caused by disruption of the integrity of the labyn or the neurovascular bundle in the internal auditory canal. Veigo with spontaneous Nystagmus & post traumatic common after, it. Facial N. paresis is also common (50%), it is immediate and r intensity than longitudinal . Mixed : Involves a combination of several of the routes, described. Oblique : Not much is known about this type but a recent study shows that these types of are actually the most common (75%). Other of temporal Bone: of anterior wall of External Auditory Canal can occur in conjugation with injuries to the Mandible. [/INST] question: Mr sunil, 22 year old male was brought in emergency room after scuffle in which he was punched over his face by a drunkard on road side. The patient was conscious and blood was trickling from right ear. The bleeding was controlled at that time. Next day the Audiometry of the patient showed conductive type of hearing loss. The type of temporal bone fracture the patient has? | options: A: Longitudinal B: Transverse C: Oblique D: Mixed | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Management of above case is by giving Routine baby care to baby, no active treatment is required. Breastfeeding need not to be stopped unless Contra-indicated AAP provides two age-specific nomograms for neonates >=35 weeks gestation- one each for phototherapy and exchange transfusion. The nomograms have lines for three different risk categories of neonates- lower risk babies (38 wk or more and no risk factors), medium risk babies (38 wk or more with risk factors, or 35 wk to 37 wk without any risk factors) and higher risk (35 wk to 37 wk and with risk factors) As a rough guide, phototherapy is initiated if TSB vales are >10 mg/dl at 24 hours >=13 mg/dL at 48 hours >=15 mg/dL at 72 hours >= 18 mg/dL at 96 hours and beyond in babies at medium risk. The babies at lower and higher risk have their cut-offs at approximately 2 mg/dL higher or 2 mg/dL lower than that for medium risk babies, respectively. Risk factors include: Presence of isoimmune hemolytic anemia G6PD deficiency Asphyxia Temperature instability Hypothermia Sepsis Significant lethargy Acidosis Hypoalbuminemia [/INST] question: A term neonate, with a bih weight of 2700 g, who is otherwise well, and is exclusively breastfed, presents for routine evaluation. His total serum bilirubin is found to be 14mg/dl on day 5. What is the management? | options: A: Phototherapy B: Exchange transfusion C: Stop breastfeeding for 2 days D: No active treatment required | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Digoxin remains a very useful agent for chronic atrial fibrillation or for the ectopic beats associated with hea failure. But when rapid control of the ventricular rate is required to arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, a slow infusion of verapamil is the agent of choice. In general, verapamil may be added to digoxin or given intravenously while a digoxin effect is awaited, unless there is digitalis toxicity. In digitalis toxicity, lignocaine remains the agent of choice for ventricular arrhythmias, and is given in the same doses as for acute myocardial infarction; phenytoin is used for digitalis-arrhythmias with A-V block. Verapamil may be infused very cautiously for digitalis-induced supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The use of oral agents such as quinidine, disopyramide and mexilitene for chronic prophylaxis of ventricular ectopic beats is of doubtful effectiveness, unless the ectopic activity is symptomatic. Serious ventricular arrhythmias may be induced by quinidine and disopyramide. Beta-blockade is especially useful for ectopic beats associated with anxiety, or when arrhythmias are associated with angina of effo or hypeension. As always, major contraindications to the use of beta-blockade include cardiomegaly, hea failure or asthma [/INST] question: Drug of choice for ventricular premature beats(VPB) with digitalis toxicity is | options: A: Diphenylhydantoin B: Quinidine C: Amiodarone D: Verapamil | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The arrival of autumn starts the traditional fall festivals which aim to welcome the new season. Here's a guide to several fall festivals that are held in the Roanoke region each year.
Boones Mill Apple Festival
It is held the third Saturday in September every year.The festival is hosted by the Boones Mill Lions Club and attracts people from all over Virginia. The most important things of the festival include art shows, fried apple pies,and a high school band. There are lots of food,crafts,music,and games for every age group. Admission is free. For more information, call 540-334-5975.
Blue Ridge Folklife Festival
Ferrum College hosts the festival as an October celebration of the harvest every year.The festival shows some farm fresh produce and the farming practices of the last year.Children can enjoy playing many of the games.The festival begins at 10:00 a.m.Admission is $ 10 for adults and $ 5 for children and senior citizens.You can call 540-365-4412 or visit the website:http://www,blueridgeinstitute.org.
Mountain Magic Fall Festival
The town of Buchanan on the outskirts of Roanoke is the place where the Mountain Magic Fall Festival is held.The festival is held in October and has two to four groups of crafters,antique dealers,and food vendors.Live Bluegrass music plays all day and children enjoy visiting the pet zoo. The auto show and farmers' market are also big attractions. Call 540-357-2509 for more information.
Vinton Fall Festival
A 5K walk, a truck ride, and a civil war group are just some of the exciting parts of the Vinton Fall Festival.The festival is held in October under the golden shade trees in downtown Vinton.Other attractions include hayrides,agriculture judging, health education,and children's activities.Phone: 540-343-1364. [/INST] question: If a boy and his parents go to Blue Ridge Folklife Festival,they should pay _ . | options: A: $5 B: $10 C: $15 D: $25 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Conor Grennan was unwilling to be a volunteer . The 29-year-old American was not sure if he had the skills or a strong feeling for it.
However, he went to work at an orphanage in Nepal. His first thought was to make people impressed.
"I thought that if I volunteered just once. I could retell the story over and over," Grennan said in a Huffington Post article.
However, his three-month stay it the orphanage turned into in unusual experience. It was 2004 and Grennan had given up his job to begin a year-long around-the-world trip, His first three months were spent in Nepal.
When he arrived in the village, he knew nothing about the children or the local culture. When he opened the gate of the Little Princes Children's Home, he was faced by the excited children.
The young American ended up caring for 18 children. He later discovered that they were trafficked children. So he walked through the mountains with great difficulty to find the kids' families, "I started walking with photos of the kids." he told the Reuters reporter. "I would show up in villages and show photographs around. I went with 24 photos, and I found 24 families."
At the same time, he put his heart into Nepalese culture.
Grennan said, "Volunteering is the single best way to see how the rest of the world lives."
He also encouraged others to do what he had done. He believes that volunteering needs only making decisions to show up.
Grennan's fight against child-trafficking has changed him. His book, Little Prince, came out last week. [/INST] question: At first, Grennan simply wanted to _ by volunteering in Nepal. | options: A: write travel stories B: learn the skills C: help the kids there D: impress people | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I think that the most basic and powerful way to connect to another person is to listen. Just listen. Perhaps the most important thing we ever give each other is our attention and especially if its given from the heart. When people are talking, there's no need to do anything but receive them. Just take them in. Listen to what they're saying. Care about it. Most times caring about it is even more important than understanding it.
When we interrupt what someone is saying to let them know that we understand, we move the focus of attention to ourselves. When we listen, they know we care.
I have even learned to respond to someone crying by just listening. In the old days I used to reach for the tissues , until I realized that passing a person a tissue may be just another way to shut them down, to take them out of their experience of sadness and pain. Now I just listen. When they have cried all they need to cry, they find me there with them.
This simple thing has not been that easy to learn. It certainly went against everything I had been taught since I was very young at school. I thought people listened only because they were too timid to speak or did not know the answer. A loving silence often has far more power to connect and to heal than the most well-intentioned words. [/INST] question: When we communicate with others we had better _ . | options: A: listen more B: understand more C: speak more D: look here and there | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Stanley Yelnats was given a choice. The judge said,"You may go to prison,or you may go to Camp Green Lake."Stanley was from a poor family. He had never been to camp before. So, Stanley Yelnats seems set to serve an easy sentence,which is only fair because he is as innocent as you or me. But Stanley is not going where he thinks he is.
Camp Green Lake is like no other camp anywhere. It is a place that has no lake and nothing green. Nor is it a camp,at least not the kind of camp kids look forward to in the summertime. It is only a desert wasteland,dotted with countless holes dug by the boys who live at the camp.
At Camp Green Lake,the warden makes the boys" build character" by spending all day, every day, digging holes:five feet wide and five feet deep. It doesn't take long for Stanley to realize there's more than character improvement going on at Camp Green Lake. The boys are digging holes because the warden is searching for something,and before long Stanley begins his own search--for the truth. Fate is to find a solution to it all--the family curse,the mystery of the holes. The great wheel of justice has ground slowly for generations,but now it is about to reveal its verdict . [/INST] question: Stanley Yelnats went to Camp Green Lake to _ . | options: A: enjoy the summertime B: show his innocence C: Serve his sentence D: make a choice | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Helicopter Aerial Tour
Explore the Grand Cannon from the eyes of the eagle. A wonderful 12- to 15-minute helicopter tour will soar through the canyon for an aerial experience of wonderful views. Our aerial tour is not available anywhere else in the world! Ticket:$120. 00 per person, plus 10% tax. Please call us at 1-888-868-9378 for seasonal rates, specials or to book by phone.
Helicopter-Boat Tour
Helicopter tour starts at the Grand Canyon, West Side. Take a 4,000-foot fall to the Colorado River below. Helicopters fall 4,000 feet from the canyon side to the banks of the Colorado River where visitors can enjoy a 15- to 20-minute boat ride down the Colorado.
Ticket:$150. 00 per person, plus 10% tax.
Champagne Helicopter Tour
Experience the beauty of the Grand Cannon: Soar above the Hoover Dam and the dead volcanoes. You go aboard a million-dollar helicopter with all forward facing seats allowing 180 degrees of views in air-conditioned comfort. You will see the Hoover Dam, the Colorado River, the Grand Cannon and more! You land to have a champagne picnic lunch at the Grand Cannon.
Las Vegas Adventure Tour
Helicopter tours to the Grand Canyon West include a wonderful Las Vegas adventure tour. Aerial sightseeing tours originating in Las Vegas, Nevada include breathtaking views of Lake Mead, the Mohave Desert, and the west edge of the Grand Canyon. Aerial tours including the round trip as well as combination tours attract many visitors.
Visitors arriving at the Hualapai elation's Grand Cannon West Airport may select one of the activities above. [/INST] question: How much should a couple pay for a helicopter-boat tour? | options: A: 150 dollars B: 165 dollars C: 300 dollars D: 330 dollars | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Collapsing fRel Internet reference Robbin's 7th/e p 985] Focal segmental glornerulosclerosis:- The individual component of the name refers to the appearance of the kidney tissue on biopsy. Focal --> Only some of the glomeruli are involved Segmental --> Only pa of an entire glomerulus is involved Glomerulosclerosis --> Refers to scarring of the glomerulus Depending on the cause it is broadly classified as:? Primary When no underlying cause is found; usually presents as nephrotic syndrome. Secondary When an underlying cause is identified, usually presents with kidney. failure and proteinuria This is actually a heterogenous group including numerous causes such as:? - Infections such as HIV (HIV associated nephropathy) - Toxins and drugs such as he ruins predominate - Familial .forms - Secondary to nephron loss and hyperfiltration such as with chronic pyelonephritis and reflux, morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus Pathological variants Five mutually exclusive variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis may be distinguished by the pathological findings seen on renal biopsy:? Collapsing variant Glomerular tip lesion variant Cellular variant Perihilar variant Not otherwise specified variant (NOS) The NOS variant is the most common subtype. Recognition of these variants has prognostic value in individual with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The collapsing variant is associated with higher rate of progression to end stage renal disease whereas Glomerular tip lesion variant has low rate of progression to end stage renal disease in most patients. Cellular variant shows similar clinical presentation to collapsing and glomerular tip variant but has intermediate outcomes between these two variants. The prognostic significance of perihilar and NOS variants has not yet been determined. Also know Genetic basis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Defect in the gene ACTN4 which encodes alpha actinis 4. A second gene associated with FSGS is TRPC6. [/INST] question: Which type of FSGS has worst prognosis ? | options: A: Tip variant B: Collapsing C: NOS D: Perihilar | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mrs Black is sixty-nine years old. She has only a daughter named Sandra. Mr Black died twelve years ago. She was very sad and lived in her house alone. Two years later her daughter had a baby. The woman was busy all the time and no time to look after her son James. She asked her mother to live with with them.
The old woman had to sell her house and moved there. She was strong and could do all the housework. And the family liked her.
Last autumn Mrs Black went to do some shopping. A car hit her and her leg was hurt. She had to be in hospital for three months. She couldn't do anything after she came back. At first her daughter was kind to her, but soon she began to tired of her. The old woman wanted to leave, but she had no money to buy a house and nobody could take care of her. She didn't know what to do.
One morning Mrs Black broke a plate. It made her daughter angry. She told James to buy a wooden for her grandma. That afternoon James came back with two wooden plates. She was surprised and asked "Why did you buy two plates, son"
"One is for my grandma," answered the boy. "The other is for you." She cried for long. She's kind to her mother as she did before. [/INST] question: Sandra asked her mother to live with them because _ | options: A: the old woman lived alone B: she needed her help C: the old woman couldn't look after herself D: the old woman could give her much money | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Reverse towne's view
Image Receptor and Patient Placement
The image receptor is placed in front of the patient, perpendicular to the midsagittal plane and parallel to the coronal plane. The patient’s head is tilted downward so that the canthomeatal line forms a 25-degree to 30 degree angle with the image receptor. To improve the visualization of the condyles, the patient’s mouth is opened, so that the condylar heads are located inferior to the articular eminence. When requesting this image to evaluate the condyles, it is necessary to specify “open-mouth, Reverse-Towne”; otherwise, a standard Towne view of the occiput may result.
Position of Central X-Ray Beam
The central beam is perpendicular to the image receptor and parallel to the patient’s midsagittal plane and is centered at the level of the condyles.
Resultant Image
The midsagittal plane (represented by an imaginary line extending from the middle of the foramen magnum and the posterior arch of the atlas through the middle of the bridge of the nose and the nasal septum) should divide the skull image in two symmetric halves. The petrous ridge of the temporal bone should be super-imposed at the inferior part of the occipital bone, and the condylar heads should be projected inferior to the articular eminence.
White and Pharoah, Oral radiology, ed 7th, pg- 163 [/INST] question: The type of radiographic projection given below is: | options: A: PA view B: Reverse towne's view C: Submentovertex view D: Waters projection | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ketamine like cocaine inhibits adrenaline and noradrenaline uptake and act as sympathomimetic. KETAMINE * It is structurally related to phencyclidine * Water soluble, transparent available in 1%, 2% and 5% solution * Routes of administration - IV, IM, oral, Rectal intranasal. * Produces so - called dissociative anesthetics Characterized by profound analgesia and amnesia even though patients may be conscious and maintain protective reflexes. The proposed mechanism for this cataleptic state includes electro physiologic inhibition of thalmocoical pathways and stimulation of limbic system. * Metabolism - Extensively metabolized by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes and its primary metabolite, norketamine is one-third to one-fifth as potent as the parent compound. * CNS - Increase CMRO2, CBF and ICP Neuroprotective Can induce myoclonic and seizure like activity but paradoxically has anticonvulsant propeies also. * CVS - Cardiovascular - Stimulating effects secondary to direct stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. New - Ketamine is available as Racemic mixture. S(+) Ketamine separated is three times more potent in anesthetics and analgesic propeies [/INST] question: Which intravenous anaesthetic agent has cocaine line effect on cardiovascular system | options: A: Thiopentone B: Propofol C: Ketamine D: Etomidate | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Orientia tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus where vector is trombiculid mite. Human disease caused by the Rickettsia and Orientia species Group Species Disease Vector Veebrate reservoir Distribution Typhus R. prowazekii " R. typhi R. felis Epidemic typhus Brill-zinsser disease Endemic typhus " Louse " Rat flea Cat flea Human beings Human beings Rat Opossum Worldwide America, Europe, Australia Worldwide USA Spotted fever group R. rickettsii R. siberica R. conori " " " R. australis R. japonica R. akari Rocky Mountain spotted fever Siberian trick typhus Fever Boutonneuse South African tick typhus Kenyan tick typhus Indian tick typhus Queensland tick typhus Oriental spotter fever Ricketssial Pox Tick " " " " " " " Gamasid mite Rabbit, dog Small rodents Wild animals, cattle Dog, rodents " Rodents ? Rodents Bush rodents ? Mouse Noh America Russia, Mongolia Mediterranean South Africa Kenya India N Australia Japan USA, Russia Scrub typhus O. tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Trombiculid mite Small rodents, birds East Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia [/INST] question: Tsutsugamushi causes: | options: A: Epidemic typhus B: Endemic typhus C: Scrub typhus D: Q fever | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What fun the animals' party was! The zebras did a great job with the decorations.The lions and giraffes put together delicious food.No one knew music like the forest birds.The bears made clever posters to spread the news to all the animals.
When the talent shows began, one of the monkeys hurried out to the dance floor.He was a dancing fool! The birds played some lively music.When the music stopped, the animals clapped and shouted.The monkey returned to his table.Friends gathered around to shake his hand and praised about his skills.
The elephant saw all the attention the monkey was getting.He wanted some attention for himself."I can dance too," he told himself."I will show these animals what I can do!"
The elephant hurried out to the dance floor.He started to dance.It was not pretty.The elephant knocked over the table that held the wine bowl!
"Give up your dance!" a gorilla called.
"What are you doing?" cried three frogs."Stop it!"
The other animals shouted.They were sad about the elephant for making a mess! They chased him off the dance floor and away from the party.
The bears shook their heads and said, "One should never try to be what one is not." [/INST] question: The _ did the decorations for the party. | options: A: zebras B: monkeys C: lions D: giraffes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Job Interviews
You have the education and the work experience; now all you need is the job. Most people spend more time getting ready for an evening out than they do preparing for a job interview. There are several things you can do to have a successful job interview. Here are some of them:
1. Know about the company where you are trying to get a job. Find out what the company does and who their competitors are.
2. Know yourself. Most interviewers will ask a question related to your strengths and weaknesses. Before the interview, examine the job you are applying for and determine the top skills needed for that position. For instance, if you are applying for a job as a telephone operator, it's more important that you have strong communication skills than that you are tidy.
3. Have proof. It's easy to say you have good organization skills. But if you can tell the interviewer about a time you organized an event, it makes the claim much more solid.
4. Prepare questions to ask about the company and the job.
An interview is a stressful event. When you are under pressure, it can be difficult to think straight. Preparing before the interview will make it easier to give answers to those tough questions. But you can't think of every question they might ask. So relax and be confident. Remember, first impressions are lasting. [/INST] question: A good skill for a telephone operator to have is _ . | options: A: the ability to smile B: tidiness C: good communication skills D: proof of past experience | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On a cool summer night in Wyoming, Dean Biggins waits patiently in his truck. Suddenly, Biggins, a wildlife biologist, spots a pair of eyes in the distance.
Baggins can't believe his luck: He's just caught sight of a black-footed ferret --one of the world's rarest animals.
Just over a century ago, hundreds of thousands of black-footed ferrets lived on the grasslands in North America known as the prairie. But the animals died off as prairie dog disappeared.
Black-footed ferret depend on prairie dogs for both food and shelter. After a ferret has eaten a prairie dog, it moves into the animal's burrow .
When cattlemen started setting up ranches on the prairie in the early 1900s, they thought prairie dogs, which eat grass, might compete with their cattle and sheep for food. To make sure that didn't happen, they killed off billions of prairie dogs.
As prairie dog populations dropped, black-footed ferrets disappeared. By 1979, researchers couldn't find any ferrets and declared the species extinct.
Then, two years later, a small group was discovered. Although scientists were excited about the discovery, it soon became clear that the ferrets were in danger. A disease called sylvatic plague was killing the ferrets. Soon, just 18 ferrets remained.
"To help the species survive, the researchers put all the ferrets in cages in 1986 and began raising them," says Randy Matchett, a wildlife biologist.
To help the black-footed ferrets learn survival skills, wildlife biologists put them through a process called preconditioning. Researchers build a fence around old prairie dog burrows and put the ferrets in them when they are a couple of months old. While the animals get used to their new home, researchers feed them live prairie dogs so they can practice hunting.
"Now about 1,000 black-footed ferrets are back in the wild. Despite their amazing comeback, black-footed ferrets aren't out of the woods yet," says Matchett. Sylvatic plague is still a threat, and ranchers still don't want too many prairie dogs on their land.
"We have come a long way, and we've learned a lot," says Matchett. "I think if we keep working, we'll be able to help this species recover." [/INST] question: Black-footed ferrets once became extinct mainly because _ . | options: A: they lacked food B: they were overhunted C: a disease attacked them D: their habitat was destroyed | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 85% of patients the right coronary aery (RCA) is said to be "dominant" because it supplies circulation to the inferior poion of the interventricular septum the right posterior descending coronary aery/posterior interventricular aery.In these cases the RCA travels to the cross-section of the AV groove and the posterior interventricular (IV groove). Here, it gives rise to the right posterior descending coronary aery (PDA) branch which travels in the posterior IV groove and gives off several septal perforator branches (SP). The SP supply blood to the lower poion of the IV septum. Generally, the dominant RCA also gives rise to the AV nodal branch which supplies blood to the AV nodeThe dominant RCA also provides the right postero-lateral (PLA) branch to the lower postero-lateral poion of the left ventricle.The sinus or sino-atrial (SA) node branch originates in the proximal poion of the RCA in 60% of cases and as a left atrial branch of the Cx in the remaining 40% of cases. This is unrelated to whether the aery is "dominant" or not. [/INST] question: Cardiac dominance is determined by coronary aery: | options: A: Supplying circulation to the SA node B: Supplying circulation to the inferior poion of the interventricular septum C: Supplying circulation to the interatrial septum D: Supplying circulation to the anterior poion of the interventricular septum | answer: B </s> |
Subsets and Splits