id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
247435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive%20retinopathy | Hypertensive retinopathy | Hypertensive retinopathy is damage to the retina and retinal circulation due to high blood pressure (i.e. hypertension).
Signs and symptoms
Most patients with hypertensive retinopathy have no symptoms. However, some may report decreased or blurred vision, and headaches.
Signs
Signs of damage to the retina caused by hypertension include:
Arteriolar changes, such as generalized arteriolar narrowing, focal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, changes in the arteriolar wall (arteriosclerosis) and abnormalities at points where arterioles and venules cross. Manifestations of these changes include Copper wire arterioles where the central light reflex occupies most of the width of the arteriole and Silver wire arterioles where the central light reflex occupies all of the width of the arteriole, and "arterio-venular (AV) nicking" or "AV nipping", due to venous constriction and banking.
advanced retinopathy lesions, such as microaneurysms, blot hemorrhages and/or flame hemorrhages, ischemic changes (e.g. "cotton wool spots"), hard exudates and in severe cases swelling of the optic disc (optic disc edema), a ring of exudates around the retina called a "macular star" and visual acuity loss, typically due to macular involvement.
Strongly modulated blood flow pulse in central and branch arteries can result from hypertension. Microangiography by laser Doppler imaging may reveal altered hemodynamics non-invasively.
Mild signs of hypertensive retinopathy can be seen quite frequently in normal people (3–14% of adult individuals aged ≥40 years), even without hypertension. Hypertensive retinopathy is commonly considered a diagnostic feature of a hypertensive emergency although it is not invariably present.
Pathophysiology
The changes in hypertensive retinopathy result from damage and adaptive changes in the arterial and arteriolar circulation in response to the high blood pressure.
Diagnosis
Fundoscopy and patients history.
Differential Diagnoses
Several other diseases can result in retinopathy that can be confused with hypertensive retinopathy. These include diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy due to autoimmune disease, anemia, radiation retinopathy, and central retinal vein occlusion.
Keith Wagener Barker (KWB) Grades
Grade 1
Vascular Attenuation
Grade 2
As grade 1 + Irregularly located, tight constrictions – Known as "AV nicking" or "AV nipping" – Salus's sign
Grade 3
As grade 2 + Retinal edema, cotton wool spots and flame-hemorrhages "Copper Wiring" + Bonnet's Sign + Gunn's Sign
Grade 4
As grade 3 + optic disc edema + macular star "Silver Wiring"
There is an association between the grade of retinopathy and mortality. In a classic study in 1939 Keith and colleagues described the prognosis of people with differing severity of retinopathy. They showed 70% of those with grade 1 retinopathy were alive after 3 years whereas only 6% of those with grade 4 survived. The most widely used modern classification system bears their name. The role of retinopathy grading in risk stratification is debated, but it has been proposed that individuals with signs of hypertensive retinopathy signs, especially retinal hemorrhages, microaneurysms and cotton-wool spots, should be assessed carefully.
Management
A major aim of treatment is to prevent, limit, or reverse target organ damage by lowering the person's high blood pressure to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Treatment with antihypertensive medications may be required to control the high blood pressure.
See also
Hypertensive crisis
List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations
Ophthalmology
Optometry
References
Further reading
The Wills Eye Manual: Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease, J.B. Lippincott, 1994.
Hypertensive retinopathy
External links
Disorders of choroid and retina | [
-0.09185905754566193,
0.6961331963539124,
-0.09829767048358917,
-0.1122153103351593,
-0.5329084396362305,
0.01585538312792778,
1.2450494766235352,
0.16590562462806702,
-0.4634987413883209,
-0.8731680512428284,
-0.8601638078689575,
0.5742184519767761,
-0.9578269124031067,
0.608008623123169,
0.6142288446426392,
0.4840362071990967,
0.671941339969635,
0.9891444444656372,
-0.549945056438446,
-0.05617661401629448,
0.013238783925771713,
-0.5474092960357666,
0.6423009037971497,
-0.15576434135437012,
-0.02912498079240322,
-0.24269212782382965,
0.3448040783405304,
0.31086495518684387,
0.42732447385787964,
-0.07896672934293747,
-0.08273450285196304,
0.5639768242835999,
0.005254601594060659,
-0.029847828671336174,
0.07573870569467545,
0.3418361246585846,
0.012243635952472687,
-0.5321012735366821,
-0.23249447345733643,
-0.3943508267402649,
0.07640448957681656,
0.360539972782135,
0.17066563665866852,
0.3668883740901947,
-0.0003960806643590331,
-0.2878776788711548,
-1.8726187944412231,
0.21751290559768677,
-0.15534837543964386,
0.11077354103326797,
0.34013769030570984,
0.17489202320575714,
0.6041918992996216,
0.5393394827842712,
0.004805563483387232,
0.929559588432312,
-1.4207329750061035,
0.16822195053100586,
0.3647954761981964,
-0.19033433496952057,
0.7490029335021973,
-0.11881653964519501,
-0.46692049503326416,
0.2905670404434204,
0.44935330748558044,
-0.1414816975593567,
-0.10798393189907074,
0.7564098238945007,
-0.6413984298706055,
-0.2107938677072525,
-0.08731184899806976,
-0.20436492562294006,
0.8566594123840332,
-0.2869742810726166,
-0.30818796157836914,
0.05387679487466812,
-0.03649259731173515,
-0.8300905823707581,
-0.10730557143688202,
-0.49183395504951477,
-0.03063957951962948,
0.6646296381950378,
0.24195845425128937,
0.41818928718566895,
-0.20860810577869415,
0.12695232033729553,
-0.6382473707199097,
0.8864840865135193,
-0.3839026689529419,
0.9273106455802917,
0.051105473190546036,
0.2599025368690491,
0.42207270860671997,
-0.5817280411720276,
0.3431411683559418,
0.25894057750701904,
0.321564257144928,
-0.25447121262550354,
0.024448787793517113,
0.07443952560424805,
0.23859311640262604,
0.44179439544677734,
0.24476517736911774,
-0.17990003526210785,
0.30936184525489807,
-0.30949661135673523,
-0.3073372542858124,
-0.4228607416152954,
0.05352252349257469,
-1.2667560577392578,
-0.8198749423027039,
-0.1116458997130394,
-0.44429656863212585,
-0.7052342295646667,
-1.3097466230392456,
0.15324413776397705,
-0.01390369888395071,
-0.155118927359581,
-0.33500343561172485,
-0.5937600135803223,
0.43177440762519836,
0.3773547410964966,
-0.380940318107605,
0.09841986000537872,
-0.7332773208618164,
0.4705013334751129,
-0.04808219149708748,
0.13996268808841705,
0.15131807327270508,
0.4925764799118042,
0.14169920980930328,
0.8058140277862549,
-0.09093382209539413,
0.018746433779597282,
0.31478139758110046,
-0.40320736169815063,
0.8225827813148499,
0.057241085916757584,
0.2076660543680191,
0.15832510590553284,
-0.1308862268924713,
-0.6707220077514648,
-1.4577051401138306,
-0.033008795231580734,
0.6165816187858582,
-0.16714446246623993,
-0.11467153578996658,
0.25353389978408813,
0.21491952240467072,
-0.5233164429664612,
-0.15014967322349548,
-0.23215089738368988,
-0.12389832735061646,
-0.02766217105090618,
-0.2972099483013153,
0.1941656470298767,
0.6450210809707642,
-0.7877652645111084,
0.24779069423675537,
0.2537752687931061,
0.41455769538879395,
-0.31630706787109375,
-0.438001424074173,
0.41089770197868347,
-0.07269219309091568,
0.11708368360996246,
0.1629401445388794,
0.5831857323646545,
0.0569474883377552,
0.344147264957428,
-0.19840434193611145,
0.25396814942359924,
0.45911136269569397,
-0.5857516527175903,
0.6379624009132385,
0.4348087012767792,
0.11400634795427322,
0.5021412968635559,
0.702081024646759,
-0.5750551819801331,
-0.9359928369522095,
0.5264431834220886,
0.14700983464717865,
-0.24935317039489746,
0.6107069253921509,
-0.05666492134332657,
0.8365921378135681,
0.095262810587883,
0.1454142928123474,
-0.460820734500885,
-0.12345585972070694,
-0.25015178322792053,
0.4059993326663971,
-0.44275838136672974,
1.7916138172149658,
0.08117421716451645,
-0.4733847975730896,
0.4891986548900604,
0.38939228653907776,
0.8142621517181396,
-0.27345409989356995,
0.02658379077911377,
0.46654003858566284,
0.48272624611854553,
-0.6358605623245239,
1.174159288406372,
-0.02603108435869217,
0.06643635034561157,
0.36951062083244324,
0.8973456621170044,
0.41088372468948364,
-1.1025021076202393,
0.023451972752809525,
-0.23091663420200348,
0.20595024526119232,
-0.11588989943265915,
-0.4741838276386261,
0.21735793352127075,
-0.7220962047576904,
-0.09521903842687607,
0.06251230835914612,
-0.31934893131256104,
-0.13475114107131958,
0.7765746712684631,
0.2209082692861557,
0.9597233533859253,
0.32453978061676025,
0.10380721837282181,
0.7083768844604492,
-1.1656934022903442,
0.7610703706741333,
0.19137777388095856,
0.2742152512073517,
-0.33408597111701965,
-0.7260602712631226,
-0.3454734981060028,
0.3464295268058777,
-0.4005979597568512,
-0.1577378213405609,
0.12222682684659958,
-0.3469413220882416,
0.4455984830856323,
-0.19211407005786896,
0.29731622338294983,
-0.02986103855073452,
-0.22958484292030334,
-0.045375678688287735,
0.5874148011207581,
-0.5228789448738098,
-0.5342498421669006,
0.30607470870018005,
0.7466625571250916,
-0.3997584879398346,
-1.033060908317566,
-0.20827458798885345,
0.14183714985847473,
0.17962725460529327,
-0.12494271993637085,
-0.14366741478443146,
-0.6386101841926575,
-0.19040565192699432,
0.2847091555595398,
0.34931495785713196,
0.2697806656360626,
-0.62538081407547,
-0.30326300859451294,
-0.328525573015213,
0.04691058769822121,
0.4443024694919586,
0.030905792489647865,
0.986261785030365,
-0.02097977139055729,
-0.9063135385513306,
-1.2016575336456299,
-0.49090614914894104,
-0.6124863624572754,
-0.06133041903376579,
0.6214743256568909,
-0.9383845925331116,
0.6153632998466492,
0.26808300614356995,
0.71158367395401,
0.1361531764268875,
0.31569990515708923,
-0.8927323222160339,
0.1258700042963028,
0.2749922275543213,
-0.2779061496257782,
0.027779873460531235,
-0.1934663951396942,
-0.20248106122016907,
0.5752246975898743,
-0.13558726012706757,
0.7063663005828857,
-0.08278926461935043,
0.16873513162136078,
0.06023869663476944,
0.3328324556350708,
-0.00937261525541544,
-0.5877975821495056,
-0.2728063762187958,
0.00357854668982327,
-0.37947943806648254,
0.04599373787641525,
0.14275147020816803,
0.49447572231292725,
-0.46410831809043884,
-0.20066575706005096,
-4.428487777709961,
-0.10503320395946503,
-0.06934216618537903,
-0.40694883465766907,
0.1074623316526413,
-0.09683198481798172,
0.8381030559539795,
0.2626359462738037,
-0.5495688915252686,
0.2853742837905884,
-0.25349658727645874,
0.14945799112319946,
-0.3379387855529785,
0.4910730719566345,
0.27046310901641846,
0.1465827077627182,
-0.26522403955459595,
-0.5374999642372131,
0.5974540710449219,
-0.11939452588558197,
-0.003241885919123888,
0.5655298829078674,
-0.11076240241527557,
0.7023965716362,
0.08261540532112122,
0.8860727548599243,
-0.2996390163898468,
0.017831949517130852,
-0.48373422026634216,
-0.03976253792643547,
0.26671215891838074,
-0.49718090891838074,
0.23063385486602783,
-0.1877000629901886,
-0.20887571573257446,
0.057542212307453156,
0.2129729688167572,
0.18569858372211456,
-0.18645592033863068,
-0.6491200923919678,
-0.26917415857315063,
0.3236640393733978,
-0.19306382536888123,
0.6617850661277771,
0.34188002347946167,
-0.3289203643798828,
-0.18217675387859344,
-0.1219329833984375,
0.28970322012901306,
1.0060696601867676,
-0.39723920822143555,
-0.2582092881202698,
0.36434054374694824,
0.5928289294242859,
0.2628391981124878,
-0.168980211019516,
0.5253934860229492,
-0.5461844801902771,
-0.3519640862941742,
-0.22503384947776794,
-0.13624292612075806,
-0.042863644659519196,
-0.8233082890510559,
-0.17991037666797638,
0.10845082253217697,
-0.01621152274310589,
-0.5016182661056519,
-0.9283788800239563,
0.8151686787605286,
-0.018606407567858696,
-0.39396074414253235,
0.6617485880851746,
0.22591544687747955,
-0.9147738218307495,
0.5179805755615234,
-0.2696290612220764,
0.1487533152103424,
-0.11413338035345078,
0.05759616941213608,
0.0798586830496788,
-0.27401003241539,
-0.1742764413356781,
-0.6890498399734497,
0.592954695224762,
0.7254200577735901,
-0.8316323161125183,
-0.37733227014541626,
0.5758883953094482,
-0.46538853645324707,
-0.12104665488004684,
0.5734214186668396,
-0.0775938332080841,
0.30917656421661377,
0.5762310028076172,
-0.4882195293903351,
1.3252525329589844,
0.40718376636505127,
0.3059844970703125,
0.7643701434135437,
-0.17119933664798737,
0.3682355582714081,
-0.5278866291046143,
0.28584057092666626,
-0.8236770629882812,
-0.5812409520149231,
-0.21631547808647156,
-0.6752197742462158,
0.5455171465873718,
0.3621991276741028,
-0.6106348037719727,
0.1211552694439888,
-0.14261096715927124,
-0.18670819699764252,
0.32904747128486633,
0.7804611325263977,
0.07056213915348053,
-0.4444763958454132,
0.45393943786621094,
0.34113138914108276,
0.18951858580112457,
0.4137016832828522,
0.38798701763153076,
-0.6056459546089172,
-0.04321544989943504,
-0.2615412473678589,
0.4700799286365509,
0.08372388035058975,
0.673134446144104,
-0.8859894871711731,
0.12849809229373932,
-0.08522263914346695,
0.47220379114151,
0.03394118323922157,
0.21112239360809326,
0.28852933645248413,
-1.1384223699569702,
-0.27304571866989136,
0.8870638012886047,
0.29967713356018066,
-0.6298189163208008,
0.3772711455821991,
-0.13515087962150574,
-0.532650887966156,
0.4202330708503723,
0.07340190559625626,
0.0678732767701149,
-0.40728050470352173,
-0.464729368686676,
-0.4082600176334381,
0.6158729195594788,
-0.2055308222770691,
-0.6574056148529053,
-0.768281102180481,
-0.5487455129623413,
0.03590496629476547,
0.44165414571762085,
-0.41422852873802185,
-0.010229639708995819,
-0.02040673792362213,
-0.7591419219970703,
-0.22716259956359863,
0.03900153562426567,
-1.513270616531372,
-0.17999255657196045,
0.13488741219043732,
-0.8464652299880981,
-0.597770631313324,
-0.9906709790229797,
-0.3671082556247711,
0.6249500513076782,
-0.5904309153556824,
-0.13094088435173035,
-0.35758307576179504,
-0.3919254243373871,
0.6187482476234436,
-0.1447652131319046,
-0.55433189868927,
0.5439935326576233,
0.35724809765815735,
-0.31116965413093567,
0.061998363584280014,
-0.1838819533586502,
-0.2199317365884781,
0.721758246421814,
0.45147472620010376,
-0.43283745646476746,
0.25511276721954346,
-0.28536123037338257,
-0.07726005464792252,
-0.27339452505111694,
0.33613795042037964,
0.5213500261306763,
0.3175804316997528,
-0.07489827275276184,
-0.5377625823020935,
-0.16665560007095337,
-0.5048449635505676,
0.33454430103302,
0.2992856502532959,
-0.2165340632200241,
0.15457752346992493,
0.9215287566184998,
-0.05388380214571953,
0.3463049530982971,
0.8773097991943359,
-0.33697080612182617,
0.21971024572849274,
0.6463330984115601,
-1.397821307182312,
0.7094612717628479,
-0.3422251045703888,
-0.47283920645713806,
-0.18750838935375214,
0.46509644389152527,
-0.5064428448677063,
-0.12024538218975067,
0.5359364151954651,
-0.2366185039281845,
-0.4298335611820221,
0.2531321048736572,
-0.15921607613563538,
0.044729627668857574,
-0.32265692949295044,
-0.6865450143814087,
-0.8846097588539124,
-0.09561891108751297,
0.5492568612098694,
-0.29582732915878296,
1.3405134677886963,
-0.28546270728111267,
-0.3683401942253113,
-0.07234447449445724,
0.14045633375644684,
-0.31587839126586914,
-0.2557074725627899,
0.24358737468719482,
-0.4829930067062378,
0.3661033809185028,
0.2610393166542053,
-0.08179962635040283,
0.5948854088783264,
0.6352705359458923,
0.06960433721542358,
-0.13977380096912384,
-0.05834801495075226,
0.6079207062721252,
0.46322470903396606,
-1.1868259906768799,
0.05320549011230469,
0.25610244274139404,
0.39706799387931824,
0.09205693006515503,
-0.8217834234237671,
-0.004334584344178438,
0.3339460790157318,
0.1079028993844986,
0.05309069901704788,
-0.3475455641746521,
-0.02562784031033516,
-0.12937386333942413,
0.04279128834605217,
-0.04262305051088333,
0.20829258859157562,
0.3474397361278534,
0.2550995647907257,
-0.04157546907663345,
-0.002218712819740176,
-0.2927914261817932,
0.629165530204773,
0.10472537577152252,
0.2017643004655838,
-0.3467397689819336,
0.13703106343746185,
-0.2735503911972046,
-0.21422433853149414,
0.6680083870887756,
-0.07420610636472702,
-0.9524415731430054,
-0.643795371055603,
-0.1066807210445404,
1.0286033153533936,
-0.7310789227485657,
0.29018598794937134,
-0.3759973347187042,
0.4035077393054962,
-0.9912998080253601,
0.08677820861339569,
-0.5721474289894104,
-0.5839264988899231,
0.09673333168029785,
-0.804192066192627,
-0.194073885679245,
-0.30602318048477173,
0.034786928445100784,
-0.22757355868816376,
0.381945937871933,
-0.6318302154541016,
0.37748923897743225,
-0.8060917854309082,
-0.6250494122505188,
-0.6226416826248169,
0.49201545119285583,
-0.2919529676437378,
-0.7367984056472778,
0.1706109195947647,
0.5695738792419434,
-0.06404059380292892,
-0.5912802815437317,
0.04173864796757698,
0.08582347631454468,
-0.2669205665588379,
-0.2054600566625595,
0.3885999619960785,
0.5180779099464417,
0.11497499793767929,
0.7197547554969788,
-0.05749962851405144,
-0.3289143741130829,
0.15364138782024384,
0.5701777338981628,
0.3014759123325348,
0.14527584612369537,
0.8788598775863647,
-0.4607559144496918,
-0.9250340461730957,
0.8845880031585693,
-0.10210379958152771,
0.057452209293842316,
0.7851167917251587,
1.2602965831756592,
0.9271348714828491,
0.08377663791179657,
-0.8220667243003845,
0.8887826800346375,
0.5664823651313782,
-0.3084554672241211,
0.5007584095001221,
-1.2018263339996338,
-0.6284315586090088,
-0.07174565643072128,
0.2305917739868164,
0.7659390568733215,
0.2653995156288147,
-0.2444385439157486,
-0.5880212187767029,
0.42904046177864075,
-0.2806606888771057,
0.508446991443634,
0.11464299261569977,
-0.7859804034233093,
1.1369658708572388,
-0.5855810642242432,
0.08777938783168793,
0.05409759283065796,
0.33417871594429016,
0.14352154731750488,
0.7261732220649719,
-0.72857666015625,
-0.24586383998394012,
-0.9302616715431213,
-0.33010879158973694,
-0.20777012407779694,
-0.407469242811203,
0.5211775302886963,
0.3923804759979248,
-0.38696515560150146,
0.8874192237854004,
-0.24980013072490692,
0.37287771701812744,
0.43676477670669556,
0.05647291988134384,
0.004380082245916128,
0.29900842905044556,
0.6539993286132812,
0.613858163356781,
0.002283161971718073,
0.02329842373728752,
0.12006215006113052,
0.1768723577260971,
-0.3954896628856659,
-0.6261953711509705,
0.4881555736064911,
-0.7316175103187561,
-0.5661705732345581,
0.46424126625061035,
-0.4091945290565491,
-0.1219235211610794,
-0.1339607536792755,
0.37780383229255676,
-0.002254455117508769,
-0.15850242972373962,
0.5074856281280518,
0.04168357700109482,
0.1168912723660469,
0.021644949913024902,
-0.0793779045343399,
-0.19754905998706818,
0.36640313267707825,
0.013026144355535507,
-0.5185549855232239,
0.06984657794237137,
0.397735059261322,
-0.2652260363101959,
0.6378434300422668,
-0.8461853861808777,
0.6056042909622192,
-0.0508405938744545,
0.6935856342315674,
-1.0443905591964722,
-0.23647087812423706,
-0.06043608486652374,
0.30969610810279846,
0.08155618607997894,
0.6897118091583252,
0.4557968080043793,
0.14893825352191925,
0.5172362923622131,
-0.4586673676967621,
-0.5726080536842346,
-0.4240230917930603,
0.5237366557121277,
-0.5920770168304443,
0.7443166375160217,
0.171800434589386,
-0.867429256439209,
-0.6204511523246765,
0.489577978849411,
-0.043996114283800125,
-0.15109406411647797,
-0.17596837878227234,
-0.5262945294380188,
0.948766827583313,
-0.43143999576568604,
-0.12785877287387848,
-0.22604350745677948,
-0.7157710194587708,
0.017950084060430527,
0.2848646938800812,
0.33482465147972107,
-0.3489726483821869,
0.26393020153045654,
-0.7772080898284912,
0.14810602366924286,
0.5140207409858704,
-2.3285293579101562,
-0.15153805911540985,
-0.5690410733222961,
-0.5048788785934448,
0.14571721851825714,
0.2452389895915985,
0.42341870069503784,
-0.6211398839950562,
-0.3014378249645233,
0.12240611016750336,
-0.5114552974700928,
0.5898584127426147,
-0.28944164514541626,
-0.4524480402469635,
-0.24779348075389862,
0.6194513440132141
] |
247443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%20Brittain | Vera Brittain | Vera Mary Brittain (29 December 1893 – 29 March 1970) was an English Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurse, writer, feminist, socialist and pacifist. Her best-selling 1933 memoir Testament of Youth recounted her experiences during the First World War and the beginning of her journey towards pacifism.
Life and work
Born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Brittain was the daughter of a well-to-do paper manufacturer, (Thomas) Arthur Brittain (1864–1935) and his wife, Edith Mary (Bervon) Brittain (1868–1948). Her father was a director of family-owned paper mills in Hanley and Cheddleton. Her mother was born in Aberystwyth, Wales, the daughter of an impoverished musician, John Inglis Bervon.
When she was 18 months old, her family moved to Macclesfield, Cheshire, and ten years later, in 1905, they moved again, to the spa town of Buxton in Derbyshire. Growing up, her only sibling, her brother Edward, nearly two years her junior, was her closest companion. From the age of 13, she attended boarding school at St Monica's, Kingswood, Surrey where her mother's sister, Aunt Florence (Miss Bervon) was co-principal with Louise Heath-Jones, who had attended Newnham College, Cambridge.
After two years as a 'provincial debutante', Brittain overcame her father's objections and went up to Somerville College, Oxford to read English Literature. By this time war had broken out and Brittain had become close to one of her brother's friends from Uppingham School, Roland Leighton. Finding her Oxford studies increasingly an irrelevance as her male contemporaries volunteered for war, she delayed her degree after one year in the summer of 1915 to work as a Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurse for much of the First World War. She served initially at the Devonshire Hospital in Buxton, and later in London, Malta and in France where she was stationed close to the front at Etaples and where she nursed German prisoners of war, a significant staging post on her journey towards internationalism and onto pacifism.
Roland Leighton, who became her fiancé in August 1915, close friends Victor Richardson and Geoffrey Thurlow, and finally her brother Edward were all killed in the war. Many of their letters to each other are reproduced in the book Letters from a Lost Generation. In one letter Leighton speaks for his generation of public school volunteers when he writes that he feels the need to play an "active part" in the war.
Returning to Oxford in 1919 to read history, Brittain found it difficult as 'a war survivor' to adjust to life in postwar society. She met Winifred Holtby at Somerville, and a close friendship developed. They both aspired to become established on the London literary scene, and shared various London flats after coming down from Oxford. Eventually Holtby would become part of the Brittain-Catlin household after Brittain's marriage. The bond lasted until Holtby's death from kidney failure in 1935. Other literary contemporaries at Somerville included: Dorothy L. Sayers, Hilda Reid, Margaret Kennedy and Sylvia Thompson.
In 1925, Brittain married George Catlin, a political scientist (1896–1979). Their son, John Brittain-Catlin (1927–1987), whose relationship with his mother steadily deteriorated as he got older, was an artist, painter, businessman and the author of the posthumously published autobiography Family Quartet, which appeared in 1987. Their daughter, born 1930, was the former Labour Cabinet Minister, later Liberal Democrat peer, Shirley Williams (1930–2021), one of the "Gang of Four" rebels on the Social Democratic wing of the Labour Party who founded the SDP in 1981. Like Brittain, George Catlin was raised Anglican, as his father was an Anglican clergyman, but unlike her, he had converted to the Catholic Church prior to the 1920s.
Brittain's first published novel, The Dark Tide (1923), created scandal as it caricatured dons at Oxford, especially at Somerville. In 1933, she published the work for which she became famous, Testament of Youth, followed by Testament of Friendship (1940)— her tribute to and biography of Winifred Holtby —and Testament of Experience (1957), the continuation of her own story, which spanned the years between 1925 and 1950. Vera Brittain based many of her novels on actual experiences and actual people. In this regard, her novel Honourable Estate (1936) was autobiographical, dealing with Brittain's failed friendship with the novelist Phyllis Bentley, her romantic feelings for her American publisher George Brett Jr, and her brother Edward's death in action on the Italian Front in 1918. Brittain's diaries from 1913 to 1917 were published in 1981 as Chronicle of Youth. Some critics have argued that Testament of Youth often differs markedly from Brittain's writings during the war, especially in respect of her attitudes towards the war, which were more conventional in 1914-18.
In the 1920s,she was a widely published journalist, in Time and Tide and many other newspapers and journals. At this time she also became a regular speaker on behalf of the League of Nations Union, supporting the idea of collective security. However, in June 1936, in the wake of the bestsellerdom of Testament of Youth on both sides of the Atlantic, she was invited to speak at a vast peace rally at Maumbury Rings in Dorchester, where she shared a platform with various pacifists, including sponsors of the Peace Pledge Union, the largest pacifist organisation in Britain: Dick Sheppard, George Lansbury, Laurence Housman, and Donald Soper. Afterwards, Sheppard invited her to join the Peace Pledge Union as sponsor. Following six months' careful reflection, she replied in January 1937 to say she would. Later that year, Brittain also joined the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Her newly found pacifism, increasingly Christian in inspiration, came to the fore during the Second World War, when she began the series of Letters to Peacelovers.
She was a practical pacifist in the sense that she helped the war effort by working as a fire warden and by travelling around the country raising funds for the Peace Pledge Union's food relief campaign. She was vilified for speaking out against saturation bombing of German cities through her 1944 booklet, published as Seed of Chaos in Britain and as Massacre by Bombing in the United States. In 1945, the Nazis' Black Book of nearly 3,000 people to be immediately arrested in Britain after a German invasion was shown to include her name.
From the 1930s onwards, Brittain was a regular contributor to the pacifist magazine Peace News. She eventually became a member of the magazine's editorial board and during the 1950s and 1960s was "writing articles against apartheid and colonialism and in favour of nuclear disarmament".
In November 1966, she suffered a fall in a badly lit London street en route to a speaking engagement at St Martin-in-the-Fields. She attended the engagement, but afterwards found she had fractured her left arm and broken the little finger of her right hand. These injuries began a physical decline in which her mind became more confused and withdrawn.
Around this time the BBC interviewed her; when asked of her memories of Roland Leighton, she replied "who is Roland"?
Brittain never fully got over the death in June 1918 of her beloved brother, Edward. She died in Wimbledon on 29 March 1970, aged 76. Her will requested that her ashes be scattered on Edward's grave on the Asiago Plateau in Italy – "...for nearly 50 years much of my heart has been in that Italian village cemetery"— and her daughter honoured this request in September 1970. Some of her ashes were buried in 1979 in the grave of her husband Sir George Catlin in the churchyard of St James the Great, at Old Milverton in Warwickshire.
Cultural legacy
She was portrayed by Cheryl Campbell in the 1979 BBC2 television adaptation of Testament of Youth.
Songwriter and fellow Anglican Pacifist Fellowship member Sue Gilmurray wrote a song in Brittain's memory, titled "Vera".
In 1998, Brittain's First World War letters were edited by Alan Bishop and Mark Bostridge and published under the title Letters from a Lost Generation. They were also adapted by Bostridge for a Radio Four series starring Amanda Root and Rupert Graves.
Because You Died, a new selection of Brittain's First World War poetry and prose, edited by Mark Bostridge, was published by Virago in 2008 to commemorate the ninetieth anniversary of the Armistice.
On 9 November 2008, BBC One broadcast an hour-length documentary on Brittain as part of its Remembrance Day programmes hosted by Jo Brand.
In February 2009, it was reported that BBC Films was to adapt Brittain's memoir, Testament of Youth, into a feature film. Irish actress Saoirse Ronan was cast to play Brittain at first. However, in December 2013, it was announced that Swedish actress Alicia Vikander would be playing Brittain in the film, which was released at the end of 2014 as part of the First World War commemorations. The film also starred Kit Harington, Colin Morgan, Taron Egerton, Alexandra Roach, Dominic West, Emily Watson, Joanna Scanlan, Hayley Atwell, Jonathan Bailey and Anna Chancellor. David Heyman, producer of the Harry Potter films, and Rosie Alison were the producers.
On 9 November 2018, a Wall Street Journal opinion commentary by Aaron Schnoor honoured the poetry of the First World War, including Brittain's poem "Perhaps".
Plaques marking Brittain's former homes can be seen at 9 Sidmouth Avenue, Newcastle-under-Lyme; 151 Park Road, Buxton; Doughty Street, Bloomsbury; and 117 Wymering Mansions, Maida Vale, west London. There is also a plaque in the Buxton Pavilion Gardens, commemorating Brittain's residence in the town, though the dates shown on the plaque for her time there are incorrect.
Vera Brittain's archive was sold in 1971 to McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. A further collection of papers, amassed during the writing of the authorised biography of Brittain, was donated to Somerville College Library, Oxford, by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge.
Selected bibliography
1923 – The Dark Tide
1929 – Halcyon: Or, The Future of Monogamy (To-day and To-morrow pamphlet series)
1933 – Testament of Youth
1936 – Honourable Estate
1940 – Testament of Friendship
1942 - Humiliation With Honour
1944 – Seed of Chaos (Massacre by Bombing: U.S. title)
1957 – Testament of Experience
1981 – Chronicle of Youth: The War Diary, 1913–1917, edited by Alan Bishop with Terry Smart
1985 - Testament of a Generation. The Journalism of Vera Brittain and Winifred Holtby, edited by Paul Berry and Alan Bishop
1998 – Letters from a Lost Generation, edited by Alan Bishop and Mark Bostridge
2008 - Because You Died. Poetry and Prose of the First World War and After, edited and introduced by Mark Bostridge
Biographies
Vera Brittain by Hilary Bailey. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1987.
Vera Brittain: A Life, by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge, Chatto & Windus, 1995, Pimlico, 1996, Virago 2001, 2008 .
Vera Brittain: A Feminist Life, by Deborah Gorham, University of Toronto Press, 2000. .
Vera Brittain and the First World War, by Mark Bostridge, Bloomsbury, 2014.
See also
List of peace activists
Notes
References
Brief Biography by Paul Berry, her literary executor, in the foreword to Testament of Experience, 1980 Virago edition.
Profile of Vera Brittain at Peace Pledge Union website. Accessed June 2008
The making of a peacenik, Mark Bostridge, The Guardian, 30 August 2003. Accessed June 2008
External links
Vera Brittain's archives are held at McMaster University
Mark Bostridge, Vera Brittain's biographer, on distortions in the memoirs of the First World War, including Testament of Youth
The Vera Brittain Collection in The First World War Poetry Digital Archive by Oxford University contains images of Brittain's War poetry manuscripts, letters, diary, plus a searchable text corpora.
Images of Vera Brittain at JAMD.
Biography and List of Works at Litweb.
1893 births
1970 deaths
Anglican writers
English women poets
English memoirists
English women novelists
British women in World War I
British anti-war activists
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
English nurses
English suffragists
People from Newcastle-under-Lyme
British pacifists
English Christian pacifists
Anglican pacifists
English World War I poets
National Council for Civil Liberties people
British women memoirists
20th-century English women writers
Testament of Youth
20th-century English novelists
English women non-fiction writers
English socialist feminists
English people of Welsh descent
English Anglicans
Anglican socialists | [
0.3290971517562866,
0.17891886830329895,
-0.11934878677129745,
-0.5788198113441467,
-0.47284597158432007,
0.98919677734375,
1.2539305686950684,
-0.6483616232872009,
-0.31427687406539917,
0.20642974972724915,
-0.2909005582332611,
-0.16413545608520508,
-0.11330964416265488,
0.6767507195472717,
0.05436348915100098,
0.08021567761898041,
-0.20474398136138916,
0.22562913596630096,
0.04747837781906128,
-0.18081797659397125,
-0.16266748309135437,
-0.3024296760559082,
0.2587210237979889,
-0.17233966290950775,
-0.4666924774646759,
0.10176615417003632,
0.4041261076927185,
-0.2829357087612152,
-0.0022964882664382458,
-0.3606676161289215,
0.07804117351770401,
0.26755669713020325,
0.6423159837722778,
-0.10353930294513702,
0.14332851767539978,
0.5034227967262268,
-0.30696702003479004,
0.04987051710486412,
-0.36608341336250305,
-0.1630869060754776,
-0.5694438815116882,
0.023329593241214752,
0.35594573616981506,
0.2752378582954407,
0.03493314981460571,
-0.2848359942436218,
-1.8293529748916626,
0.02404748648405075,
-0.5441707968711853,
-0.03328048810362816,
-0.38306936621665955,
0.09417065978050232,
1.4370543956756592,
-0.2710128128528595,
0.024709198623895645,
0.3721809983253479,
-0.671005368232727,
-0.03083188459277153,
0.11227832734584808,
-0.4092680513858795,
0.556793749332428,
0.03946533799171448,
0.6482930183410645,
-0.3043334186077118,
0.2985943853855133,
0.05360705405473709,
0.1467801034450531,
0.5569016933441162,
0.16180172562599182,
-0.6130757927894592,
-0.2946130037307739,
0.04619833081960678,
0.40916454792022705,
0.26212719082832336,
-0.41351157426834106,
-0.542640745639801,
0.5796495676040649,
-0.47147685289382935,
0.4159007966518402,
0.13633517920970917,
0.21950663626194,
0.254069060087204,
0.1457175314426422,
0.2930031716823578,
0.3589487075805664,
-0.394050657749176,
-0.4761439859867096,
0.3980473279953003,
-0.6475333571434021,
0.31786102056503296,
-0.06423936039209366,
-0.4161362946033478,
-0.14595431089401245,
-0.15581579506397247,
-0.25387540459632874,
0.568432092666626,
0.38885700702667236,
-0.03226304054260254,
-0.1732347011566162,
-0.5516205430030823,
-0.14757134020328522,
0.3226027190685272,
0.0771336555480957,
-0.10355524718761444,
-0.4592999517917633,
0.21367765963077545,
-0.05121087655425072,
-0.9993261694908142,
0.1755032241344452,
-0.0549316480755806,
-0.6441924571990967,
-0.0460418239235878,
-0.6683202385902405,
-0.5183606743812561,
0.040773194283246994,
0.1815320998430252,
0.4266199767589569,
-0.7122410535812378,
-0.3299311101436615,
-0.20269979536533356,
-0.10395406931638718,
-0.2935119867324829,
0.09635576605796814,
0.18456079065799713,
-0.557765007019043,
-0.1606106460094452,
0.04646042361855507,
-0.05312824994325638,
-0.2126048058271408,
0.7701951265335083,
0.130547434091568,
1.1396498680114746,
-0.6071380972862244,
-0.20322836935520172,
-0.17239351570606232,
-0.005518087185919285,
0.2406085729598999,
0.2293730229139328,
0.005255773663520813,
0.30150842666625977,
-0.17126406729221344,
0.6181973814964294,
-0.7509018182754517,
0.2707524001598358,
0.9523886442184448,
-0.09705440700054169,
-0.0812293142080307,
0.1987573504447937,
-0.6984131336212158,
-0.7113657593727112,
-0.39993879199028015,
0.10393339395523071,
0.6361615657806396,
-0.1987566202878952,
-0.559878408908844,
0.3872479498386383,
0.7861489057540894,
0.21195372939109802,
0.2516879737377167,
0.01594778522849083,
0.3927623927593231,
0.5599076151847839,
0.08095438033342361,
0.563178300857544,
-0.13136185705661774,
0.33644208312034607,
-0.15640127658843994,
-0.06852446496486664,
0.1427696794271469,
0.22777345776557922,
-0.030855782330036163,
-0.32759299874305725,
0.4146170914173126,
0.19346322119235992,
-0.4320578873157501,
0.477492094039917,
0.15201908349990845,
0.704233705997467,
-0.14839203655719757,
-0.5209762454032898,
-0.7411975264549255,
0.1625683456659317,
-0.3480023741722107,
0.061942536383867264,
0.36278876662254333,
0.13045446574687958,
0.2843360900878906,
-0.11956799030303955,
0.6993392109870911,
0.18811681866645813,
-0.5440962314605713,
-0.9777498841285706,
0.1001141294836998,
0.13547004759311676,
0.7491902112960815,
-0.12814560532569885,
-0.5324091911315918,
0.7661417722702026,
0.15271954238414764,
0.26251912117004395,
0.4200946092605591,
-0.18283891677856445,
-0.4446192681789398,
-0.5901163220405579,
-0.4682970345020294,
0.4426519572734833,
0.38674217462539673,
0.3400665819644928,
-0.39836981892585754,
1.1628611087799072,
0.0777856856584549,
-0.6079825758934021,
-0.025186389684677124,
0.531939685344696,
-0.2229921817779541,
-0.7944043278694153,
-0.39089688658714294,
-0.08779514580965042,
1.0168447494506836,
-0.1402405947446823,
-0.25353431701660156,
-0.035431329160928726,
0.021695584058761597,
0.16963867843151093,
0.22662250697612762,
0.06736684590578079,
-0.10130605101585388,
-0.003185315988957882,
0.2662656009197235,
-0.8177777528762817,
0.1567947417497635,
0.7101181149482727,
0.39050695300102234,
-0.2183322161436081,
0.3742220401763916,
0.13388550281524658,
-0.02965802699327469,
0.1341346651315689,
-0.00599461467936635,
-0.7363024950027466,
-0.31899744272232056,
-0.32246413826942444,
0.107235848903656,
0.31259313225746155,
-0.14945586025714874,
0.19962699711322784,
-0.125192329287529,
-0.06549869477748871,
0.514281153678894,
0.1134372353553772,
0.3035256862640381,
0.8450981974601746,
0.4031469523906708,
0.321223646402359,
0.26603177189826965,
-0.155380979180336,
0.02900245599448681,
-0.2389938235282898,
0.7776217460632324,
0.37373077869415283,
0.1702294796705246,
0.8022927045822144,
0.05617145076394081,
0.09997393935918808,
0.3053971529006958,
-0.5236698389053345,
-0.4304508864879608,
-0.523340106010437,
0.6149513721466064,
-0.06418776512145996,
0.6571086049079895,
-0.371500164270401,
0.06739289313554764,
0.13194754719734192,
-0.009075731039047241,
0.0517338328063488,
0.12371776252985,
0.5324607491493225,
-0.5932052135467529,
-0.7396838665008545,
0.29855355620384216,
0.8250969648361206,
0.06962178647518158,
0.16081519424915314,
0.05430767312645912,
0.1555711179971695,
-0.14790339767932892,
0.067252516746521,
-0.2397909015417099,
-0.5087076425552368,
-0.16494950652122498,
0.7490242123603821,
-0.2862730920314789,
-0.17636381089687347,
-0.16475895047187805,
0.1812070906162262,
-0.5466497540473938,
-0.10357419401407242,
0.08444074541330338,
0.24182936549186707,
-0.10053453594446182,
0.6477086544036865,
-0.05373164266347885,
0.23630216717720032,
0.3263944387435913,
0.10838287323713303,
-0.016160352155566216,
-0.362644225358963,
-5.55084753036499,
0.30948206782341003,
0.18639613687992096,
-0.2872438132762909,
0.02442135661840439,
0.347947359085083,
0.2722984552383423,
-0.05136369913816452,
-0.6786493062973022,
-0.540395200252533,
0.33801665902137756,
0.4968627393245697,
-0.35074400901794434,
0.33680489659309387,
1.0127973556518555,
0.3031083345413208,
0.24155092239379883,
-0.38509058952331543,
0.5989183783531189,
-0.017895730212330818,
0.05718299746513367,
0.109903484582901,
-0.07585179805755615,
0.7130727171897888,
-0.09493161737918854,
0.1583474725484848,
0.4062899351119995,
0.25116583704948425,
-0.9452685117721558,
-0.22349998354911804,
0.4912215769290924,
0.02341591753065586,
-0.41231831908226013,
-0.2855748236179352,
0.05995180085301399,
0.13652360439300537,
0.26966628432273865,
0.2703227698802948,
-0.20673777163028717,
-0.8311631083488464,
-0.5307527184486389,
-0.1037665531039238,
-0.09185591340065002,
-0.04561072215437889,
0.1891406625509262,
0.10145696997642517,
-0.5919586420059204,
0.2835942506790161,
0.046542681753635406,
0.36503249406814575,
0.04749599099159241,
0.09563572704792023,
-0.1756318062543869,
0.03930278867483139,
-0.7723953723907471,
0.4058994650840759,
-0.501594603061676,
-0.14581148326396942,
-0.6349523067474365,
-0.1980169266462326,
0.4600054621696472,
-0.34644815325737,
0.3222948908805847,
-0.42844173312187195,
-0.4939987361431122,
0.14868605136871338,
-0.26149412989616394,
0.01978950947523117,
-0.13766154646873474,
-0.4944310486316681,
0.10799254477024078,
0.11975080519914627,
-0.192838653922081,
-1.1203373670578003,
-0.19112324714660645,
-0.5435465574264526,
0.12463799864053726,
0.3768007457256317,
-0.39070549607276917,
-0.10261784493923187,
0.31572267413139343,
-1.1221623420715332,
0.43655604124069214,
0.5872227549552917,
0.2667623460292816,
-0.6217712759971619,
-0.1443774551153183,
0.38342252373695374,
-0.5820527076721191,
0.02052060142159462,
-0.48302608728408813,
0.08316710591316223,
-0.07434653490781784,
0.8842272162437439,
0.4085809290409088,
0.33933183550834656,
-0.29503411054611206,
0.11852423846721649,
0.11544766277074814,
0.3147650361061096,
-0.7579891085624695,
0.0832996517419815,
0.059929218143224716,
-0.6137403249740601,
0.2624219059944153,
-0.04722680151462555,
-0.7058776617050171,
0.05487032234668732,
0.5554613471031189,
-0.5908127427101135,
-0.15104730427265167,
0.22279676795005798,
0.0857514888048172,
-0.2112947255373001,
-0.03793812170624733,
-0.3252912163734436,
0.0921906903386116,
0.30901041626930237,
0.8406157493591309,
0.2629086673259735,
-0.0024545525666326284,
0.5792324542999268,
-0.11592530459165573,
-0.0031144670210778713,
-0.01437284704297781,
0.07612493634223938,
0.5777831077575684,
-0.19463957846164703,
-0.3654533624649048,
0.7637701034545898,
-0.07265014946460724,
0.01052993442863226,
0.0946783646941185,
-0.13026446104049683,
-0.2588249444961548,
-0.4820721447467804,
-0.7416593432426453,
0.5253135561943054,
-0.20152941346168518,
0.22356976568698883,
-0.05078103765845299,
0.2764439582824707,
-0.24931220710277557,
0.44445592164993286,
0.4161939322948456,
0.2165451943874359,
0.24249151349067688,
-0.28840377926826477,
-0.10621537268161774,
0.39738163352012634,
-0.0646238625049591,
0.04453190788626671,
0.44020214676856995,
-0.7673141360282898,
-0.6813514232635498,
0.01237579993903637,
0.049882128834724426,
0.32856547832489014,
-0.23205752670764923,
-0.15464158356189728,
-0.9749066829681396,
0.30892351269721985,
-1.2363706827163696,
-0.21126706898212433,
0.04911655932664871,
-0.25611260533332825,
-0.024526629596948624,
-0.6154060363769531,
0.024298641830682755,
0.46974068880081177,
-0.35675403475761414,
-0.5530297756195068,
0.032981209456920624,
0.29303887486457825,
0.12200775742530823,
0.4816495478153229,
-0.131454199552536,
0.19905857741832733,
-0.39551007747650146,
-0.15374290943145752,
-0.12498290091753006,
0.11405465751886368,
-0.6909734010696411,
-0.10324458032846451,
0.04335735738277435,
0.5016114711761475,
-0.3954819440841675,
-0.44630804657936096,
-0.0975571721792221,
-0.17633646726608276,
0.08120498806238174,
-0.08452393114566803,
0.40868455171585083,
0.5886833071708679,
-0.9102128148078918,
0.09291036427021027,
-0.28800007700920105,
0.32266658544540405,
0.08611040562391281,
-0.1336640864610672,
0.11935809999704361,
0.6149904727935791,
-0.14671289920806885,
-0.30588626861572266,
0.25585100054740906,
-1.280025601387024,
-0.3412977159023285,
-0.08472247421741486,
-0.11584997922182083,
1.0188876390457153,
-0.5446982383728027,
0.29870402812957764,
-0.11525590717792511,
0.6436082720756531,
-0.44108667969703674,
-0.02594265528023243,
-0.21912680566310883,
0.13987332582473755,
-0.24261362850666046,
-0.4952141046524048,
-0.8023778796195984,
-0.4139067828655243,
-0.4303544759750366,
-0.03547706827521324,
-0.8370665907859802,
0.10215122252702713,
0.28889161348342896,
-0.26752516627311707,
0.8730475306510925,
0.12310172617435455,
-0.6601160764694214,
0.34586286544799805,
-0.061146702617406845,
0.4669422209262848,
-0.18982283771038055,
-0.10448389500379562,
0.22259607911109924,
-0.09956243634223938,
-0.08352570980787277,
-0.1465328335762024,
0.19483895599842072,
0.4916594922542572,
0.277448445558548,
-0.33447203040122986,
-0.027007481083273888,
0.3600691258907318,
0.3106980323791504,
-0.6735731959342957,
0.116302490234375,
0.22945056855678558,
0.11837190389633179,
-0.21856364607810974,
-0.44837242364883423,
-0.3767929971218109,
0.6220062375068665,
-0.5352035760879517,
-0.2875133454799652,
-0.10307151079177856,
0.6775949001312256,
-0.3100980222225189,
0.6515741348266602,
-0.2220374345779419,
-0.20004357397556305,
0.5053119659423828,
0.09450703859329224,
0.5209032297134399,
0.36440297961235046,
-0.3512718975543976,
-0.02845396101474762,
-0.6235212087631226,
0.04755730181932449,
-0.09568829089403152,
-0.4531969130039215,
-0.04108549654483795,
0.27899789810180664,
-0.47245222330093384,
0.11965051293373108,
-0.9594694972038269,
0.7759913802146912,
-0.5504730939865112,
-0.3080592155456543,
-0.2453722059726715,
0.28712722659111023,
-0.512084424495697,
-0.1395517736673355,
-0.9712867140769958,
0.16168034076690674,
-0.6094515919685364,
-0.5112721920013428,
-0.1459684520959854,
-0.06973365694284439,
0.30926039814949036,
0.089381642639637,
0.16854655742645264,
-0.3305196166038513,
0.06259329617023468,
-0.8040254712104797,
0.4422925114631653,
-0.4265645742416382,
-0.668828547000885,
-0.32709792256355286,
0.5038872957229614,
0.1077922135591507,
-0.4585998058319092,
0.14494828879833221,
-0.17120598256587982,
-0.0705384686589241,
-0.5012720227241516,
-0.39254432916641235,
0.43369144201278687,
0.04970654472708702,
-0.12239182740449905,
0.5181117057800293,
0.37988507747650146,
-0.5776954889297485,
-0.3652041554450989,
-0.23807905614376068,
-0.852432131767273,
0.09086011350154877,
0.09584897011518478,
-0.3242228627204895,
0.4320322871208191,
0.41574305295944214,
-0.21901032328605652,
-0.010367817245423794,
0.18976439535617828,
0.10918336361646652,
0.36661288142204285,
-0.11827152967453003,
0.28730276226997375,
0.39880886673927307,
-0.22150129079818726,
0.0773773044347763,
0.6451455950737,
0.1962181180715561,
-0.08492560684680939,
0.2165278196334839,
0.1134573370218277,
0.3043191730976105,
0.46961772441864014,
-0.10118160396814346,
0.825685441493988,
0.04937036335468292,
0.06368860602378845,
0.1703227013349533,
0.5292506814002991,
0.13057105243206024,
0.681890606880188,
0.047931063920259476,
-0.11559834331274033,
0.7760366797447205,
0.07787220180034637,
0.29237449169158936,
-0.36785101890563965,
0.31515422463417053,
0.3223045766353607,
0.7069686651229858,
-0.7233415246009827,
-0.799416720867157,
0.07866094261407852,
-0.43707242608070374,
-0.6964973211288452,
0.18513919413089752,
0.01854979619383812,
-0.15831898152828217,
-0.44899165630340576,
0.48890388011932373,
-0.7985168695449829,
0.3988926410675049,
0.45013102889060974,
1.2360296249389648,
0.1944580227136612,
-0.5364609956741333,
0.5555175542831421,
0.5883157849311829,
0.08557462692260742,
0.6570838093757629,
-0.24903693795204163,
0.1681186705827713,
-0.47295868396759033,
-0.18048930168151855,
0.31016167998313904,
0.20458203554153442,
-0.08333903551101685,
0.43010303378105164,
-0.6516007781028748,
0.07543594390153885,
-0.06156431511044502,
0.22691793739795685,
-0.24467292428016663,
0.37659281492233276,
-0.2804267704486847,
-0.4995051920413971,
-0.321823388338089,
-0.5276265740394592,
0.3110094964504242,
0.17368000745773315,
0.8740566372871399,
0.804198682308197,
-0.25929391384124756,
-0.8075164556503296,
0.8640356063842773,
-0.07938846200704575,
0.057167064398527145,
-0.1860053986310959,
0.4862184524536133,
0.12137305736541748,
-0.16737665235996246,
-0.5988059043884277,
0.24591581523418427,
0.07903266698122025,
0.39917483925819397,
-0.12628144025802612,
0.1445956528186798,
-0.21999159455299377,
0.20629796385765076,
0.6811213493347168,
-0.21614858508110046,
-0.33054670691490173,
-0.7531728744506836,
0.08414691686630249,
0.10883782804012299,
0.11182332038879395,
-0.6566419005393982,
-0.40493494272232056,
0.3764004111289978,
-0.004701764788478613,
-0.31431713700294495,
-0.016376011073589325,
0.10613266378641129,
-0.6260277628898621,
0.34277230501174927,
0.04791910946369171,
-0.4339183270931244,
-0.4062630832195282,
0.6811460256576538,
0.10490276664495468,
0.5336761474609375,
0.45996928215026855,
-0.13501028716564178,
0.3485020399093628,
-0.392656534910202,
0.19549833238124847,
0.08749467879533768,
0.5720467567443848,
0.012270358391106129,
-0.11601979285478592,
-0.5839456915855408,
-0.023912863805890083,
0.4209980368614197,
0.008665106259286404,
0.02349439449608326,
-0.3526608645915985,
-0.9101066589355469,
0.5256020426750183,
-0.08546797186136246,
-0.10113871842622757,
0.06676124036312103,
0.16059428453445435,
0.22227655351161957
] |
247449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament%20of%20Youth | Testament of Youth | Testament of Youth is the first instalment, covering 1900–1925, in the memoir of Vera Brittain (1893–1970). It was published in 1933. Brittain's memoir continues with Testament of Experience, published in 1957, and encompassing the years 1925–1950. Between these two books comes Testament of Friendship (published in 1940), which is essentially a memoir of Brittain's close colleague and friend Winifred Holtby. A final segment of memoir, to be called Testament of Faith or Testament of Time, was planned by Brittain but remained unfinished at her death.
Testament of Youth has been acclaimed as a classic for its description of the impact of World War I on the lives of women and the middle-class civilian population of the United Kingdom. The book shows how the impact extended into the postwar years. It is also considered a classic in feminist literature for its depiction of a woman's pioneering struggle to forge an independent career in a society only grudgingly tolerant of educated women.
Narrative
In the foreword, Brittain describes how she originally intended to write of her experiences as a novel but was unable to achieve the necessary objective distance from her subject. She then tried to publish her original diary from the war years but with all names fictionalised. This too proved unworkable. Only then did she decide to write her own personal story, putting her experiences in the wider historic and social context. Several critics have noted the cathartic process by which she deals with her grief at the loss of young men close to her – her brother Edward Brittain, her fiancé Roland Leighton, and her friends Victor Richardson and Geoffrey Thurlow – in the writing.
The narrative begins with Vera's plans to enter Somerville College, Oxford, and her romance with Roland Leighton, a friend of her brother Edward. Both were commissioned as officers early in World War I, and both were subsequently killed, as were several other members of their social circle.
The book's main subject is Vera's work as a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse, nursing wounded soldiers in London, Malta and at Etaples in France. It also describes how she returned, disillusioned, to Somerville College after the war and completed her BA degree. It covers the beginning of her career in journalism, writing for Time and Tide and lecturing for the League of Nations. She visits the graves of her brother Edward in Italy and her fiancé Roland in France. Together with Winifred Holtby she toured the defeated and occupied regions of Germany and Austria in 1923.
It concludes with her meeting her husband George Catlin and their eventual marriage in 1925.
Publishing history
First published Victor Gollancz (28 August 1933)
Victor Gollancz, London (1940)
Grey Arrow paperback, Arrow Books, London (1960)
Wideview Books (1970)
Virago Press (1978)
Fontana (1979)
Seaview Books (1980) B010174; 661
Penguin Group (United States) (1980)
Putnam Pub Group (1980)
Penguin Classics (2005)
Publisher: Virago Press Ltd (2004)
Publisher: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2009)
Publication of source materials
Between 1922 and 1924, Brittain had attempted to edit her war diaries for publication in response to a publisher's competition; however, when they were not selected, she focused for a time on fiction and journalism before ultimately adapting them into her memoir in 1933. The diaries on which the book is partly based were edited by Alan Bishop and published as Chronicle of Youth in 1981. In 1998, the war letters which Brittain also drew on in her autobiography were published in an edition by Alan Bishop and Mark Bostridge. Entitled Letters from a Lost Generation, their appearance was met with considerable acclaim.
Adaptations
The book was dramatised by Elaine Morgan as a five-part serial which was transmitted on BBC2 in 1979. This version features Cheryl Campbell as Vera Brittain, Peter Woodward as Roland Leighton, Joanna McCallum as Winifred Holtby and Emrys James and Jane Wenham as Vera's parents.
In 1998, to commemorate the eightieth anniversary of the Armistice, a fifteen-part radio dramatisation of the letters on which Testament of Youth was partly based was broadcast on BBC Radio Four. Entitled Letters from a Lost Generation, it was dramatised by Mark Bostridge and starred Amanda Root as Vera Brittain and Rupert Graves as Roland Leighton.
In 2009 it was announced that the feature film Testament of Youth was in development by BBC Films and Heyday Films producer David Heyman, and was to be directed by James Kent. This had the support of the Vera Brittain Estate, Brittain's daughter Shirley Williams, and Brittain's biographer Mark Bostridge who is acting as consultant. Saoirse Ronan was cast to play Brittain in 2012 but was replaced in December 2013 when it was announced that Alicia Vikander would play Vera Brittain in the film which was released in late 2014 as part of the First World War commemorations. On 4 February 2014 Kit Harington joined the cast to play the role of Brittain's fiancé Roland Leighton. On 13 February 2014, Colin Morgan, Taron Egerton, and Alexandra Roach were announced to have joined the film's cast. An ensemble cast was later confirmed as filming began, including Dominic West, Emily Watson, Joanna Scanlan, Hayley Atwell, Jonathan Bailey and Anna Chancellor. It substituted Merton College, Oxford in the scenes showing Brittain's time as a student at Somerville College, arguing that filming in Somerville itself would been too difficult in light of the new buildings constructed there since the film's time period.
Criticism
A book by Brittain's biographer and editor Mark Bostridge, entitled Vera Brittain and the First World War: The Story of Testament of Youth was published by Bloomsbury in December 2014. It looks at early versions of the book in the wake of the new film adaptation.
See also
Anti-war movement
Feminism in the United Kingdom
Opposition to World War I
Other sources
The making of a peacenik Mark Bostridge, The Guardian 30 August 2003. Brittain's biographer reviews Testament of Youth. Accessed May 2008
Testament of Youth, Vera Brittain's Literary Quest for Peace By Linda S. Coleman Popular Press (1997). Accessed June 2008
Mourning through Memoir: Trauma, Testimony, and Community in Vera Brittain's Testament of Youth. by Richard Badenhausen in Twentieth Century Literature, Vol. 49, 2003. Extract accessed June 2008
References
External links
Where did Vera Brittain serve in France during the First World War? at Simon Jones.
1933 non-fiction books
Anti-war books
Autobiographies adapted into films
British autobiographies
History books about World War I
Macmillan Publishers books
Personal accounts of World War I
Victor Gollancz Ltd books | [
-0.14730942249298096,
0.3509279787540436,
-0.47166505455970764,
-0.35229164361953735,
0.44219255447387695,
0.7297412753105164,
0.31797829270362854,
-0.25856053829193115,
-0.16245605051517487,
-0.754565954208374,
-0.17049334943294525,
0.19214755296707153,
0.6874289512634277,
0.2261493057012558,
-0.5257797241210938,
0.00041621539276093245,
0.21497836709022522,
0.3556596338748932,
-0.3374641537666321,
-0.3698873519897461,
-0.35746490955352783,
-0.03705332428216934,
1.0109666585922241,
-0.0741308256983757,
0.34641873836517334,
-0.029185550287365913,
0.4386001229286194,
-0.7280446290969849,
-0.14628110826015472,
0.3206728398799896,
-0.43624135851860046,
-0.03632080927491188,
0.3022030293941498,
-0.11706510186195374,
-0.10826285928487778,
-0.27425962686538696,
0.06262718141078949,
-0.37175869941711426,
0.4300856292247772,
-0.21172112226486206,
0.2867627739906311,
0.12825170159339905,
0.43147727847099304,
0.40324854850769043,
-0.10488004982471466,
-0.07666311413049698,
-1.5010970830917358,
-0.02940470539033413,
-0.5150669813156128,
-0.081435427069664,
-0.25546741485595703,
-0.1363895684480667,
1.0427987575531006,
0.14125099778175354,
-0.12904386222362518,
0.48260387778282166,
-0.7746050357818604,
-0.29125064611434937,
0.44961026310920715,
-0.07756931334733963,
0.6004414558410645,
0.22605788707733154,
0.6460301876068115,
0.4930272400379181,
0.08438736200332642,
-0.3974900245666504,
-0.10199306905269623,
0.5647986531257629,
0.4182547628879547,
-0.19306963682174683,
-0.23895326256752014,
0.28086787462234497,
-0.15260201692581177,
-0.24445725977420807,
0.32995665073394775,
-0.18536196649074554,
0.23088471591472626,
-0.19248110055923462,
0.5718810558319092,
0.01167114544659853,
-0.42418402433395386,
0.6537131667137146,
0.44230374693870544,
-0.1776455044746399,
-0.12076326459646225,
-0.216574028134346,
0.22012121975421906,
0.05964303016662598,
-0.19844496250152588,
-0.11544044315814972,
0.0786488875746727,
-0.4330812394618988,
-0.05094790831208229,
0.2787443995475769,
0.07638636976480484,
-0.27663445472717285,
0.18362778425216675,
0.17433401942253113,
-0.15651819109916687,
0.022959882393479347,
0.2680601477622986,
0.6566359400749207,
0.23094193637371063,
-0.366862952709198,
-0.39470338821411133,
-0.19364522397518158,
0.21387051045894623,
-0.18560722470283508,
0.7179201245307922,
-0.10707589983940125,
0.5305238366127014,
0.35436734557151794,
-0.03826619312167168,
-0.07477742433547974,
0.2990354001522064,
0.0032337475568056107,
0.33692991733551025,
-0.7575076818466187,
-0.9219607710838318,
-0.25306153297424316,
-0.463055819272995,
0.29290589690208435,
0.8084866404533386,
-0.5210794806480408,
-0.22662502527236938,
0.23533357679843903,
0.24472317099571228,
0.7250948548316956,
-0.2892721891403198,
-0.33333924412727356,
0.0006876575062051415,
0.8307926058769226,
-0.29475700855255127,
-0.34756290912628174,
0.12830781936645508,
0.22198975086212158,
0.06362857669591904,
0.12070975452661514,
0.14257216453552246,
0.4729093611240387,
0.03999515250325203,
0.031772274523973465,
-0.7744004130363464,
0.1713075190782547,
0.4339442253112793,
-0.2667042911052704,
-0.1914210319519043,
-0.06543369591236115,
-0.4713280200958252,
0.23766760528087616,
0.4823460876941681,
-0.27744680643081665,
0.10253170132637024,
-0.21037817001342773,
-0.62900710105896,
-0.12235287576913834,
0.09538314491510391,
0.23270857334136963,
-0.16491475701332092,
0.2601945698261261,
0.20216481387615204,
-0.04677172377705574,
0.10603834688663483,
0.08155862241983414,
-0.3492765724658966,
0.004252005834132433,
0.9618179798126221,
-0.6994978785514832,
0.2801492512226105,
-0.34911680221557617,
-0.11183450371026993,
-0.02903102897107601,
0.20212723314762115,
-0.17625463008880615,
-0.34443819522857666,
0.15140791237354279,
0.7117787003517151,
0.8806107044219971,
-0.47504231333732605,
-0.7296974658966064,
-0.5510024428367615,
0.2230401188135147,
0.03545793145895004,
-0.5866901874542236,
0.21433643996715546,
0.13367673754692078,
-0.002134413458406925,
0.6246331334114075,
-0.1306135654449463,
-0.08171927183866501,
-0.5199151635169983,
-0.4575054943561554,
0.7507544159889221,
-0.24700789153575897,
1.3835936784744263,
-0.32728925347328186,
-0.4481789767742157,
0.8326960206031799,
-0.2459331899881363,
0.49925097823143005,
-0.0067396992817521095,
-0.28235334157943726,
0.15865042805671692,
0.2211042195558548,
0.1397463083267212,
0.6215397715568542,
-0.04894978925585747,
0.6096791625022888,
0.3969078063964844,
0.4109855890274048,
0.4941391050815582,
-0.25538331270217896,
0.165568545460701,
0.44673559069633484,
-0.12340869009494781,
-0.1090674176812172,
0.18145345151424408,
0.1688126027584076,
0.18753133714199066,
-0.2475549429655075,
0.44778382778167725,
-0.1171659380197525,
-0.04271495342254639,
-0.08053730428218842,
-0.03756171464920044,
0.0779322162270546,
0.0782734677195549,
-0.31861796975135803,
0.17968018352985382,
-0.36700648069381714,
0.05415735021233559,
0.167876735329628,
0.19843877851963043,
-0.10612648725509644,
0.5588476657867432,
-0.06630028784275055,
-0.17565284669399261,
0.04488210752606392,
0.20672063529491425,
-0.3514798581600189,
0.3611452579498291,
-0.1536056101322174,
0.1516149789094925,
0.2775479555130005,
0.22620253264904022,
0.2892497479915619,
0.08021052926778793,
0.3960563838481903,
-0.3990444839000702,
-0.6549784541130066,
-0.41247913241386414,
0.8371875286102295,
0.39164435863494873,
0.21035034954547882,
0.04101678729057312,
-0.004302356392145157,
-0.1743278056383133,
-0.23402561247348785,
0.787449300289154,
0.4268629550933838,
0.016532834619283676,
-0.1193469986319542,
0.23252244293689728,
-0.05886940658092499,
-0.17539800703525543,
-0.13826024532318115,
-0.11669036000967026,
-1.2117782831192017,
-0.030867764726281166,
0.10986129939556122,
0.1685025990009308,
0.5016390681266785,
-0.382158488035202,
0.9398655891418457,
0.3283673822879791,
0.26729172468185425,
0.4223397970199585,
-0.01483179721981287,
0.13555759191513062,
-0.7096840739250183,
-0.2709227502346039,
1.023241400718689,
0.6640365719795227,
-0.5015906691551208,
-0.3548041582107544,
-0.23913301527500153,
0.5826836228370667,
-0.40791550278663635,
0.17221523821353912,
-0.36083921790122986,
0.3396294414997101,
0.5826008915901184,
0.13676545023918152,
-0.3652031719684601,
0.24617820978164673,
0.6532044410705566,
-0.19466152787208557,
-0.20407655835151672,
-0.016491234302520752,
0.23854868113994598,
-0.05357467010617256,
-0.22122931480407715,
-0.5036599636077881,
0.026210704818367958,
0.5043152570724487,
0.4380092918872833,
-0.07659733295440674,
0.2631574869155884,
-5.8410234451293945,
-0.08609030395746231,
-0.8718984723091125,
-0.6100646257400513,
0.4867970049381256,
-0.17847773432731628,
0.2657039761543274,
-0.22712957859039307,
-0.07088181376457214,
0.08882562816143036,
0.05050291121006012,
0.3292425572872162,
0.39501363039016724,
0.5888636708259583,
0.10181708633899689,
-0.10444575548171997,
0.15684962272644043,
0.00818802323192358,
-0.3503614366054535,
0.183687224984169,
0.08623814582824707,
-0.3241800367832184,
-0.5718954801559448,
0.5467128753662109,
0.4934128522872925,
-0.20937709510326385,
-0.057720743119716644,
0.04825180023908615,
-0.10511255264282227,
0.16175223886966705,
0.03189210221171379,
-0.26968368887901306,
0.49478834867477417,
-0.12519076466560364,
0.24842335283756256,
0.062129028141498566,
0.4300024211406708,
0.441063791513443,
0.15364566445350647,
-0.5267957448959351,
-0.44152557849884033,
0.10965029895305634,
0.058070454746484756,
-0.28219735622406006,
-0.014748385176062584,
0.41979530453681946,
-0.1484237164258957,
-0.15481765568256378,
-0.11330591887235641,
0.7481251955032349,
0.25491851568222046,
-0.20264732837677002,
-0.3385937213897705,
0.18083544075489044,
0.44247615337371826,
-0.7597427368164062,
0.00043900051969103515,
-0.7982187867164612,
-0.3138100504875183,
-0.2514297366142273,
0.6340276002883911,
-0.17582225799560547,
0.12820330262184143,
-0.3393552601337433,
-0.16590994596481323,
-0.9434716701507568,
-0.6648526787757874,
-0.07253823429346085,
0.08403797447681427,
0.36168572306632996,
-0.25310200452804565,
-0.15684351325035095,
0.07059095054864883,
-1.1761281490325928,
-0.4547657370567322,
-0.08399570733308792,
-0.26863235235214233,
0.14338403940200806,
-0.6436715126037598,
0.029207048937678337,
0.22270731627941132,
-0.4536684453487396,
-0.3460511267185211,
0.7121856212615967,
0.567170262336731,
-0.1404343843460083,
-0.017353776842355728,
-0.05144830793142319,
-0.9637157320976257,
-0.5303816199302673,
0.620221734046936,
-0.45611387491226196,
-0.6710513830184937,
0.30332648754119873,
0.2703799903392792,
0.3992636203765869,
-0.19120320677757263,
0.6420480012893677,
0.4461384415626526,
0.0767931342124939,
0.29141098260879517,
0.020857859402894974,
0.3602842092514038,
-0.08875660598278046,
-0.20482444763183594,
-0.09468893706798553,
-0.5972651243209839,
0.2116890400648117,
0.661376416683197,
-0.23143965005874634,
-0.30077889561653137,
-0.014790819026529789,
-0.418761670589447,
-0.35733070969581604,
0.14811471104621887,
-0.2324022352695465,
0.2557212710380554,
0.05175025761127472,
0.3372128903865814,
0.06724115461111069,
-0.33820581436157227,
0.22307530045509338,
-0.4749138653278351,
-0.1282600313425064,
-0.8881276249885559,
-0.3362068831920624,
0.12501020729541779,
-0.10627523809671402,
-0.3486499488353729,
0.2693515717983246,
0.5697312951087952,
-0.19361397624015808,
0.5121216177940369,
-0.08553749322891235,
-0.43409842252731323,
-0.4839867949485779,
-0.14156822860240936,
-0.40594443678855896,
-0.2659878432750702,
-0.16312550008296967,
0.1335495263338089,
-0.45106133818626404,
-0.08620785921812057,
-0.03008219413459301,
0.39366719126701355,
0.10796624422073364,
0.12288334220647812,
-0.5697481036186218,
-1.0530271530151367,
0.12376124411821365,
0.0967177003622055,
0.25660932064056396,
1.0837591886520386,
0.1950075477361679,
-0.2048940509557724,
0.3603059947490692,
0.09639591723680496,
0.2373119443655014,
-0.6905673742294312,
0.1998000144958496,
-0.7473089098930359,
-0.3752146065235138,
-0.23868818581104279,
-0.35737481713294983,
0.36560553312301636,
0.17269058525562286,
-0.34966841340065,
-0.6698719263076782,
0.372974693775177,
0.6416064500808716,
-0.1285778433084488,
-0.26039475202560425,
-0.32000574469566345,
-0.27389681339263916,
0.8467615246772766,
-0.12442770600318909,
0.014761630445718765,
-0.4061318635940552,
-0.09177830815315247,
-0.609123945236206,
-0.11551352590322495,
-0.25917673110961914,
0.24892091751098633,
-0.20128467679023743,
0.8885323405265808,
0.19338862597942352,
-0.43812841176986694,
-0.6154540777206421,
-1.165940284729004,
-0.018656445667147636,
0.018539268523454666,
-0.05282916873693466,
0.340204656124115,
0.262551486492157,
-0.32404178380966187,
-0.13892638683319092,
0.29785802960395813,
0.5175445079803467,
0.4820460081100464,
0.11347505450248718,
0.13928744196891785,
0.2834315299987793,
-0.0839981958270073,
0.1828584372997284,
0.8039743900299072,
-1.2230033874511719,
0.029194723814725876,
-0.6019792556762695,
-0.6572770476341248,
0.4592752456665039,
-0.008019939064979553,
-0.04138683155179024,
-0.3705165684223175,
0.3297881782054901,
0.41599512100219727,
-0.04942632466554642,
0.05426527187228203,
-0.17666958272457123,
-0.18221165239810944,
-0.5520200133323669,
0.6833999752998352,
-0.162652850151062,
-0.5354313254356384,
0.019479233771562576,
-0.43370571732521057,
-0.1530541628599167,
-0.38279807567596436,
-0.13812988996505737,
0.2845135033130646,
0.28181546926498413,
0.3096192479133606,
-0.09150630235671997,
0.20209041237831116,
-0.2551378011703491,
0.015360143966972828,
-0.3504731059074402,
-0.2924370765686035,
-0.1350771188735962,
-0.12638024985790253,
0.4826371967792511,
0.17526735365390778,
0.2648948132991791,
0.11867482960224152,
-0.12475162744522095,
-0.4285199046134949,
0.1622323989868164,
-0.17244048416614532,
-0.35384267568588257,
-0.27861398458480835,
0.7141372561454773,
-0.10701102018356323,
-0.5763875246047974,
-0.042785774916410446,
-0.5524876117706299,
0.7716038823127747,
0.1713528335094452,
-0.4687049686908722,
-0.14801734685897827,
-0.3366547226905823,
0.008187549188733101,
0.5058732628822327,
-0.039990514516830444,
-0.27210718393325806,
0.39973965287208557,
0.48472872376441956,
0.3307446837425232,
-0.012239446863532066,
-0.04386649653315544,
0.2828698754310608,
-0.014836110174655914,
-0.6736166477203369,
0.006055127829313278,
-0.16377630829811096,
-0.2497311383485794,
-0.1811765730381012,
0.13327181339263916,
-0.47894588112831116,
-0.1932205855846405,
-0.42293819785118103,
-0.5334343314170837,
-0.125635027885437,
0.4238330125808716,
-0.3817724585533142,
-0.2879312336444855,
-0.632639467716217,
-0.7018772959709167,
-0.14027638733386993,
-0.44715234637260437,
-0.0041987220756709576,
-0.29674434661865234,
0.3692842423915863,
-0.0062715779058635235,
-0.2671002447605133,
0.31832554936408997,
0.4788418412208557,
0.6079996228218079,
0.261067658662796,
-0.09730678051710129,
0.21043603122234344,
0.003809786168858409,
0.06477432698011398,
0.1568538248538971,
-0.19891232252120972,
-0.4397571086883545,
0.21593759953975677,
-0.15031735599040985,
-0.045457396656274796,
0.17846523225307465,
-0.718570351600647,
0.741363525390625,
0.36316826939582825,
0.27088844776153564,
0.4068302512168884,
0.4657958447933197,
-0.6398740410804749,
-0.4562511146068573,
0.2798621654510498,
-0.3849993646144867,
-0.4707282781600952,
0.12079000473022461,
0.2914341986179352,
0.6664597392082214,
0.14591801166534424,
-0.3886581361293793,
-0.841090202331543,
0.7742639183998108,
-0.2108379602432251,
-0.021919693797826767,
-0.12368089705705643,
0.1047232374548912,
0.711042046546936,
0.3159213364124298,
-0.06832053512334824,
0.8477155566215515,
0.5631211400032043,
-0.2932489812374115,
0.11639484763145447,
-0.24694865942001343,
0.17199444770812988,
0.4770834147930145,
0.09988099336624146,
0.3031548857688904,
-0.2999224066734314,
0.2518135607242584,
0.2552337050437927,
-0.07008545100688934,
-0.06517177820205688,
-0.1508193463087082,
0.696541965007782,
0.28554558753967285,
0.39734089374542236,
-0.48322227597236633,
0.2630922198295593,
-0.7265464067459106,
0.5210306644439697,
-0.01131445448845625,
-0.11903218924999237,
-0.5377098917961121,
-0.7698638439178467,
-0.340124249458313,
-0.011174042709171772,
0.06945434212684631,
0.6282837390899658,
-0.5617677569389343,
0.03971383720636368,
-0.2745351195335388,
0.4878696799278259,
-0.2257619947195053,
-0.1583920121192932,
-0.3027421832084656,
0.42572250962257385,
-0.025603117421269417,
-0.3808181583881378,
-0.5588909387588501,
0.21115760505199432,
0.34021422266960144,
0.707090437412262,
0.05825747177004814,
0.03837493062019348,
0.24460402131080627,
0.08613995462656021,
-0.3163539469242096,
-0.23715685307979584,
-0.5627846121788025,
-0.09047777205705643,
0.15146923065185547,
0.8764528036117554,
0.13410304486751556,
-0.412383496761322,
-0.4783659279346466,
0.15505275130271912,
-0.965300440788269,
0.027043260633945465,
-0.06598139554262161,
-0.7422017455101013,
-0.0198036078363657,
-0.0828976258635521,
1.0983052253723145,
0.05897945165634155,
-0.08572041988372803,
-0.47684431076049805,
-0.09817495197057724,
0.13090577721595764,
0.13517053425312042,
-0.31453531980514526,
0.42397746443748474,
-0.1982404738664627,
-0.09368275105953217,
-0.29426804184913635,
0.15372556447982788,
0.3012871742248535,
0.3877398669719696,
0.26732704043388367,
0.07580090314149857,
-0.39671963453292847,
0.0011970001505687833,
0.3444017171859741,
-0.17945078015327454,
0.2669042646884918,
-0.03606824204325676,
0.11169340461492538,
-0.004430091939866543,
0.22110117971897125,
0.3428456485271454,
-0.9286662936210632,
0.439780056476593,
-0.07427354902029037,
0.05974405258893967,
0.041889771819114685,
-0.15635955333709717,
-0.14372104406356812,
-0.6200184226036072,
-0.23560230433940887,
0.3980761766433716,
-0.26532137393951416,
0.4229324162006378,
0.0615660697221756,
-0.193192720413208,
0.5224170088768005,
-0.5466271638870239,
-0.2392129898071289,
-0.3749341070652008,
0.6615221500396729,
0.46318596601486206,
-0.2600530982017517,
0.252625435590744,
-0.007217067293822765,
-0.30808112025260925,
-0.2859428822994232,
0.33230093121528625,
0.055642202496528625,
-0.11919457465410233,
-0.5991514921188354,
-0.18674232065677643,
0.13691110908985138,
-0.23480835556983948,
-0.27262160181999207,
-0.3006296455860138,
0.38508492708206177,
-0.044971954077482224
] |
247457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamov | Adamov | Adamov (masculine) or Adamova (feminine) may refer to:
Adamov (surname) (fem. Adamova)
Adamov may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
Adamov (Blansko District), a town in the South Moravian Region
Adamov (České Budějovice District), a municipality and village in the South Bohemian Region
Adamov (Kutná Hora District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
See also
Adamovo (disambiguation) | [
-0.06025183945894241,
0.37385880947113037,
-0.11886449158191681,
-0.21628740429878235,
-0.6442156434059143,
1.0829167366027832,
0.8629480004310608,
-0.22175374627113342,
-0.6463707685470581,
-0.08296356350183487,
-0.4745970070362091,
-0.19853712618350983,
-0.44955363869667053,
0.40638744831085205,
-0.27134865522384644,
0.5789050459861755,
0.3328973352909088,
0.5774258971214294,
-0.39027050137519836,
-0.2832675278186798,
0.5655086636543274,
-0.13981778919696808,
0.19023722410202026,
-0.17923606932163239,
0.1888541728258133,
-0.23936764895915985,
0.661989152431488,
0.12235661596059799,
-0.09813017398118973,
0.5500583052635193,
-0.6836444139480591,
0.24034596979618073,
0.6858149170875549,
-0.19251719117164612,
-0.10989530384540558,
-0.1099904328584671,
-0.6267921328544617,
-0.21715249121189117,
-0.3126204013824463,
-0.43531671166419983,
0.1251247674226761,
-0.42097046971321106,
0.018183860927820206,
-0.07928221672773361,
-0.21020518243312836,
-0.9069941639900208,
-1.3439934253692627,
0.5074447393417358,
-0.9072979688644409,
0.06491490453481674,
0.1962464451789856,
0.06222480535507202,
0.20504380762577057,
0.3510759174823761,
0.22145022451877594,
0.07780058681964874,
-1.055106520652771,
-0.26429283618927,
0.6237626671791077,
0.33435681462287903,
0.8994714021682739,
0.3093440532684326,
0.27715864777565,
0.2962794601917267,
0.2522854506969452,
0.0640081986784935,
-0.023718079552054405,
0.6066403388977051,
-0.7769741415977478,
-0.1837843507528305,
-0.44581136107444763,
0.12067494541406631,
0.3607447147369385,
-0.3893068730831146,
-0.28150689601898193,
-0.6054303050041199,
-0.379804402589798,
-0.2415435016155243,
0.5295017957687378,
0.2653796970844269,
0.14681939780712128,
-0.11879687756299973,
0.12123783677816391,
0.2479134351015091,
0.06829610466957092,
0.3076361417770386,
-0.35934191942214966,
0.024988582357764244,
-0.5698962211608887,
0.4144707918167114,
0.08336225152015686,
0.2413501739501953,
0.5213833451271057,
0.06201630458235741,
0.2578498125076294,
0.3697460889816284,
-0.8570250868797302,
0.1313166320323944,
-0.0446515716612339,
0.1494370400905609,
0.05907623469829559,
0.3903145492076874,
-0.11556745320558548,
-0.19182631373405457,
0.08123467117547989,
-0.46250006556510925,
0.10530106723308563,
0.3030443787574768,
0.0387922078371048,
-0.2191169410943985,
-0.8645907640457153,
0.05834851786494255,
0.4165273904800415,
-0.0947662740945816,
0.09305647015571594,
0.31144484877586365,
0.3116573095321655,
-0.4000937342643738,
0.023150524124503136,
0.09752655774354935,
0.22296142578125,
0.4008639454841614,
0.016774050891399384,
0.5258834958076477,
0.12775473296642303,
-0.41046470403671265,
0.054808732122182846,
0.7471284866333008,
-0.27771949768066406,
0.6291360855102539,
-0.28416112065315247,
0.47018688917160034,
0.07990714907646179,
0.17937932908535004,
0.13527566194534302,
-0.487915575504303,
0.020154479891061783,
0.04993933066725731,
0.11969993263483047,
0.20796464383602142,
-1.2361805438995361,
0.25773656368255615,
-0.20939163863658905,
0.0246866587549448,
0.22954365611076355,
0.2829627990722656,
0.19106349349021912,
0.09093795716762543,
-0.01198581699281931,
-0.15594783425331116,
-0.19286975264549255,
-0.35417622327804565,
0.17761681973934174,
-0.35683172941207886,
-0.3237447440624237,
0.4541016221046448,
0.7605271935462952,
-0.005639210809022188,
0.281954824924469,
0.19700981676578522,
0.1691393256187439,
0.22271861135959625,
0.3811470866203308,
-0.15248240530490875,
0.030773017555475235,
-0.503131091594696,
0.3740474283695221,
-0.21719001233577728,
-0.4344533681869507,
0.09788217395544052,
-0.2212207019329071,
-0.2367747575044632,
0.16205602884292603,
-0.06946292519569397,
-0.04923528805375099,
0.3574279248714447,
0.4394894540309906,
0.3530908524990082,
0.26873302459716797,
-0.33805587887763977,
-0.2910899519920349,
0.1467101275920868,
-0.08140158653259277,
-0.08871875703334808,
0.3076254427433014,
0.009650623425841331,
-0.005946000572293997,
0.07711637020111084,
0.2316836714744568,
-0.0362638384103775,
0.13507604598999023,
0.04183008149266243,
0.01669936068356037,
-0.18037423491477966,
0.7529942393302917,
-0.4131471514701843,
-0.6826006174087524,
-0.07751879841089249,
0.09058333188295364,
1.1642403602600098,
-0.20085343718528748,
-0.6049681901931763,
-0.3517780005931854,
0.05408046022057533,
-0.09562219679355621,
0.4436960220336914,
-0.10225953161716461,
0.11259504407644272,
0.5780404210090637,
0.8243318200111389,
0.715354859828949,
-0.6638835072517395,
0.8496353626251221,
-0.6556735038757324,
-0.1474633514881134,
0.1631746143102646,
0.0855228528380394,
0.23630547523498535,
-0.38625988364219666,
-0.05904114246368408,
0.5184300541877747,
-0.6836381554603577,
-0.07682374119758606,
0.14315640926361084,
-0.12596270442008972,
0.34132176637649536,
0.002805638127028942,
-0.04754139482975006,
-0.06949011236429214,
-0.454622358083725,
-0.07446381449699402,
0.5302373170852661,
0.31740814447402954,
0.07366899400949478,
-0.3969023525714874,
-0.4560714066028595,
-0.1234564557671547,
-0.07751079648733139,
0.0280538909137249,
-0.1778581440448761,
0.025390177965164185,
0.8195378184318542,
0.3417339622974396,
-0.1725938618183136,
0.056514523923397064,
0.12346621602773666,
0.16359418630599976,
-0.06957174837589264,
-0.20584867894649506,
-0.2668722867965698,
-0.09257891774177551,
-0.27579960227012634,
0.27641981840133667,
0.05310946702957153,
0.1636146456003189,
-0.36718666553497314,
0.08843900263309479,
0.04853535816073418,
-0.2904629409313202,
0.2166920155286789,
-0.1813572347164154,
0.34908777475357056,
-0.13439951837062836,
-0.0473613515496254,
-0.03204303979873657,
0.01617329940199852,
0.1461234986782074,
0.2105884850025177,
0.4911326766014099,
0.11722572892904282,
0.2310250997543335,
0.046523671597242355,
-0.848072350025177,
-0.33786413073539734,
0.12930962443351746,
-0.4591684639453888,
-0.06573238223791122,
0.09265897423028946,
-0.22294782102108002,
-0.6243022680282593,
-0.17804361879825592,
0.7252374887466431,
0.4709692895412445,
-0.32132479548454285,
0.07481139898300171,
-0.308077335357666,
-0.2321424037218094,
-0.1177438497543335,
-0.03609911724925041,
-0.21350714564323425,
0.04729199409484863,
0.29450833797454834,
-0.17408041656017303,
0.09531813114881516,
0.0105265062302351,
0.32305705547332764,
-0.6420093178749084,
-0.031051304191350937,
0.11860276013612747,
-0.25187447667121887,
-0.4732615351676941,
0.17006178200244904,
-0.26786911487579346,
-0.17675518989562988,
0.46641549468040466,
0.11452498286962509,
-0.0847526416182518,
0.6507750153541565,
-5.8455810546875,
0.2174506038427353,
-0.6403849720954895,
-0.08841381967067719,
0.41263097524642944,
-0.040697697550058365,
0.5635726451873779,
-0.18243636190891266,
-0.1355047971010208,
-0.21075211465358734,
0.041409190744161606,
-0.18599066138267517,
-0.05496980622410774,
0.2705496847629547,
0.27757760882377625,
0.08227254450321198,
0.2679465413093567,
-0.2610369622707367,
0.37764158844947815,
0.06932862848043442,
0.46143415570259094,
0.14354000985622406,
-0.681922197341919,
0.3318730890750885,
0.5579838156700134,
0.3724828064441681,
-0.058419641107320786,
0.01801944710314274,
-0.9989453554153442,
-0.7594622373580933,
-0.5279580354690552,
-0.024809623137116432,
-0.16122853755950928,
0.04851766303181648,
0.22970455884933472,
-0.11882755160331726,
0.8254957795143127,
0.6587788462638855,
0.27935680747032166,
0.08691810816526413,
0.34823375940322876,
0.13304799795150757,
-0.044517047703266144,
0.2538520395755768,
0.12077364325523376,
-0.3441319763660431,
-0.6310855746269226,
0.6810153722763062,
-0.5291131138801575,
0.21087293326854706,
0.27049919962882996,
-0.2589561343193054,
0.3833678662776947,
-0.05873555690050125,
0.6279808282852173,
0.403705894947052,
0.2831215262413025,
0.5745027661323547,
0.13691028952598572,
0.6873670816421509,
-0.0792556181550026,
-0.02786598727107048,
0.8246666789054871,
-0.48097243905067444,
0.27705731987953186,
-0.36930763721466064,
-0.12181005626916885,
0.07018943876028061,
0.21194468438625336,
0.36511120200157166,
-0.3239380121231079,
0.9270966053009033,
-0.16870586574077606,
-1.1564123630523682,
0.4318654239177704,
-0.0822364091873169,
-0.13453897833824158,
0.035270653665065765,
-0.7145010828971863,
0.33407631516456604,
-0.2818337082862854,
-0.5703469514846802,
-0.3657148778438568,
0.40430498123168945,
0.17619262635707855,
0.3700892925262451,
-0.5727044343948364,
0.21262477338314056,
-0.290746808052063,
-0.016128744930028915,
0.5059446096420288,
-0.4868936538696289,
0.29890957474708557,
0.22448712587356567,
-0.07919816672801971,
0.04554875195026398,
0.25864505767822266,
-0.3176642060279846,
-0.36682164669036865,
0.1447155624628067,
-0.33160290122032166,
-0.31124377250671387,
0.09192578494548798,
-0.8271093368530273,
0.13002032041549683,
-0.2208707630634308,
-0.8016573786735535,
0.014596294611692429,
0.9314224720001221,
0.0236164890229702,
0.5720682740211487,
-0.1315343827009201,
-0.21430447697639465,
-1.0844614505767822,
0.689838171005249,
-0.34251323342323303,
-0.07946879416704178,
0.8112292885780334,
-0.07418595254421234,
0.37554481625556946,
-0.3423153758049011,
0.14041101932525635,
-0.6134558916091919,
-0.22415956854820251,
-0.18876038491725922,
-0.3350171148777008,
0.13642936944961548,
0.10179790109395981,
-0.22915463149547577,
0.12937264144420624,
0.016044771298766136,
0.18767964839935303,
-0.4503227770328522,
0.010719269514083862,
-0.10379353165626526,
0.07724547386169434,
-0.18872366845607758,
-0.4042434096336365,
-0.03392581641674042,
-0.5700897574424744,
0.03742446377873421,
-0.24805848300457,
-0.12138514965772629,
0.33796101808547974,
-0.054773230105638504,
0.5155573487281799,
0.07929925620555878,
0.33063140511512756,
-0.33539071679115295,
0.2949921786785126,
0.025951553136110306,
0.09598983079195023,
0.7447555065155029,
-0.08517488092184067,
-0.37475815415382385,
-0.20030726492404938,
-0.06412189453840256,
0.503853440284729,
-0.8192575573921204,
0.19913066923618317,
-0.01536837313324213,
-0.17723096907138824,
-0.953511655330658,
-0.11331920325756073,
0.6184018850326538,
-0.3340212404727936,
-0.5736802220344543,
-0.426138699054718,
0.09875913709402084,
0.9729177355766296,
0.06270712614059448,
-0.5642625689506531,
-1.0083529949188232,
-0.49400851130485535,
0.44675329327583313,
-0.26719173789024353,
0.3955695331096649,
0.2197725921869278,
-0.28482893109321594,
-0.026887081563472748,
0.5349661111831665,
0.22820596396923065,
0.08039598166942596,
0.866753101348877,
0.7014869451522827,
0.16438400745391846,
-0.15299193561077118,
0.11006271094083786,
-0.1256287395954132,
-0.6024373173713684,
-0.4414287507534027,
-0.26679837703704834,
0.0437941811978817,
-0.23850888013839722,
-0.01843860000371933,
-0.3568333387374878,
0.25618696212768555,
0.5309858322143555,
-0.22879931330680847,
0.009433661587536335,
0.11924809217453003,
0.4192069470882416,
-0.2612687051296234,
0.26123782992362976,
0.18424275517463684,
-0.6737159490585327,
0.5767903327941895,
0.12102688103914261,
-0.3860462009906769,
-0.18380798399448395,
0.14733801782131195,
-1.1090680360794067,
-0.21505720913410187,
0.7294705510139465,
-0.23785866796970367,
0.2572782337665558,
0.33884376287460327,
0.025528965517878532,
-0.8278042078018188,
-0.7949248552322388,
0.0028357715345919132,
-0.601614236831665,
0.14290077984333038,
0.10222837328910828,
-0.2586638033390045,
0.5127850770950317,
0.3910631537437439,
0.2727557122707367,
0.13830435276031494,
-0.5792816877365112,
0.3191475570201874,
0.30962488055229187,
-0.21188348531723022,
-0.10361194610595703,
-0.35657456517219543,
-0.6952291131019592,
-0.17139902710914612,
-0.058282773941755295,
-0.2862826883792877,
-0.03485744819045067,
0.5524337291717529,
0.4011516273021698,
-0.2022508829832077,
-0.35355713963508606,
0.09354691952466965,
-0.4120820164680481,
-0.04061063006520271,
-0.598891019821167,
-0.06563907116651535,
0.8024384379386902,
-0.27893203496932983,
-0.49869900941848755,
-0.675169825553894,
-0.28880950808525085,
0.7187024354934692,
-0.4376325309276581,
-0.17862839996814728,
0.34795188903808594,
0.057515669614076614,
0.6303806900978088,
-0.164993554353714,
0.3189432919025421,
-0.1475125104188919,
0.09182202070951462,
-0.46483415365219116,
0.5107973217964172,
-0.40070658922195435,
0.21897530555725098,
0.23783013224601746,
-0.3461006283760071,
-0.25256919860839844,
-0.6426241397857666,
0.5229532718658447,
0.6406727433204651,
-0.5383778214454651,
0.30174246430397034,
0.25371599197387695,
-0.22100618481636047,
-0.2677750289440155,
0.23318283259868622,
-0.9330782890319824,
0.1861802488565445,
0.44109612703323364,
-0.26720669865608215,
0.26814359426498413,
-0.4817948341369629,
0.06805474311113358,
-0.498653769493103,
-0.6895527243614197,
0.31717872619628906,
-0.2932497262954712,
0.11589927226305008,
-0.2861977517604828,
0.29031670093536377,
-0.18760019540786743,
-0.30043265223503113,
0.1634608805179596,
0.16435657441616058,
0.13254080712795258,
0.2805533707141876,
-0.6620644330978394,
0.6512428522109985,
0.2102258801460266,
0.558269739151001,
-0.05873320624232292,
0.6644817590713501,
-0.017995674163103104,
-0.14250558614730835,
0.04883414879441261,
-0.19571833312511444,
0.06929761171340942,
-0.0403665229678154,
0.361688494682312,
0.3525177240371704,
-0.29421862959861755,
-0.1704239845275879,
0.17018046975135803,
-0.024983610957860947,
-0.2726100981235504,
-0.5884506106376648,
0.6111170053482056,
0.1686943620443344,
0.11444776505231857,
-0.20690034329891205,
-0.0705205574631691,
0.7336930632591248,
0.16171573102474213,
-0.5479353666305542,
-0.028853094205260277,
0.48837271332740784,
0.7130432724952698,
0.2868804633617401,
-0.6036285161972046,
0.33140191435813904,
0.01562608778476715,
-0.5420947670936584,
-0.12413844466209412,
-0.29215574264526367,
-0.19153094291687012,
0.7299140691757202,
0.2722296416759491,
0.589684784412384,
-0.6410971879959106,
0.4442082643508911,
0.4516651928424835,
-0.06842686980962753,
0.04786425828933716,
-0.13814139366149902,
0.27103763818740845,
-0.32091426849365234,
-0.09766185283660889,
-0.34143391251564026,
0.0003276571515016258,
-0.5571376085281372,
-0.20656658709049225,
0.3660411536693573,
0.14844796061515808,
-0.2998451888561249,
0.06360112875699997,
-0.11876344680786133,
0.014632063917815685,
-0.17925086617469788,
0.3384378254413605,
-0.19752514362335205,
-0.11671968549489975,
-0.19017648696899414,
0.047278717160224915,
-0.12392491847276688,
-0.20078985393047333,
-0.2960072159767151,
0.8394834399223328,
0.06052302569150925,
-0.0827108770608902,
0.12742051482200623,
0.3723469376564026,
0.8750057220458984,
0.7851594686508179,
-0.0728677287697792,
0.0053904298692941666,
-0.5172730088233948,
0.015286264009773731,
0.21305283904075623,
-0.2939162850379944,
-0.3191096782684326,
-0.02692100591957569,
-0.35271918773651123,
-0.08271121233701706,
0.04437588155269623,
-0.3110084533691406,
0.126664936542511,
0.1519472599029541,
-0.12144166976213455,
0.461090087890625,
0.13248679041862488,
-0.7796090841293335,
-0.3286433219909668,
-0.5394264459609985,
0.21224574744701385,
0.298383891582489,
0.6436880826950073,
0.09422200918197632,
0.14641593396663666,
-0.10032112151384354,
0.26003584265708923,
-0.4291197657585144,
0.26509958505630493,
-0.3750072121620178,
-0.40177926421165466,
-0.5919703841209412,
0.3120368421077728,
0.4154375493526459,
-0.7537993788719177,
-0.06285161525011063,
0.39142081141471863,
-0.030498085543513298,
0.20424972474575043,
0.8652918338775635,
-0.6473463773727417,
0.116168312728405,
-0.31649741530418396,
0.5767017006874084,
-0.5677192211151123,
0.28989851474761963,
0.2380053848028183,
-0.4271507263183594,
-0.12275192141532898,
0.28021830320358276,
-0.2534094452857971,
-0.08939322084188461,
-0.18238553404808044,
-0.08131854981184006,
0.48129183053970337,
-0.14440324902534485,
0.1738487184047699,
-0.4569796621799469,
0.17635637521743774,
0.522844135761261,
0.868737518787384,
-0.3329898416996002,
-0.1203019991517067,
0.04190157726407051,
-0.4169456660747528,
-0.23690195381641388,
0.3672794997692108,
-0.3325066566467285,
0.18198952078819275,
-0.8333866000175476,
-0.4065845310688019,
0.0820913016796112,
0.08323068916797638,
0.09962733834981918,
-0.1434447169303894,
0.3651854395866394,
-0.1175871416926384,
0.3537171483039856,
-0.33919844031333923,
0.11140460520982742,
-0.9569791555404663,
0.23799486458301544,
-0.30980148911476135
] |
247458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20Corgi | Welsh Corgi | The Welsh Corgi ( or Corgi, plural Corgis, or occasionally the etymologically consistent Corgwn; ) is a small type of herding dog that originated in Wales. The name "corgi" is derived from the Welsh words "cor" and "ci" (which is mutated to ‘gi’), meaning "dwarf" and "dog", respectively.
Two separate breeds are recognised: the Pembroke Welsh Corgi and the Cardigan Welsh Corgi. There are physical differences between the two different breeds. According to the breed standards, overall the Cardigan is larger, both in weight and in height. Their tails are of different shapes, and docking had previously been performed.
Historically, the Pembroke has been attributed to the influx of dogs alongside Flemish weavers from around the 10th century, while the Cardigan is attributed to the dogs brought with Norse settlers, in particular a common ancestor of the Swedish Vallhund.
The Pembroke is the more popular of the two, yet still appears on The Kennel Club's vulnerable dog breeds of the United Kingdom list.
The Pembroke Welsh Corgi gained in popularity because the Queen has personally owned more than 30 Pembrokes or Corgi-Dachshund crosses, known as dorgis.
History
Pembrokeshire and Cardiganshire are adjoining historical agricultural counties in South West Wales. Welsh Corgis were cattle herding dogs; the type of herding dog referred to as "heelers", meaning that they would nip at the heels of the larger animals to keep them on the move. The combination of their low height off the ground and innate agility of Welsh Corgis would allow them to avoid the hooves of cattle. The term "Corgi" means either cur dog or dwarf dog (cor = dwarf, gi = lenitive of ci, dog) in the Welsh language, which was not intended as an insult to the dog's size, rather as a purely descriptive term. Different tales have been told of the Corgi's origin: some believe that the two modern breeds evolved from a shared ancestry, while others attribute the import of the Pembroke Welsh Corgi to Flemish weavers starting around the 10th century. Further theories on the origin of the Pembroke variety suggest that they may have originated from central European herding breeds from the area around modern Germany. Depending on the time period when these dogs were imported to Wales, they could have been either Deutsche Bracken, or Dachshund.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi has been attributed to the influences of Nordic settlers in the region. Dogs of similar dimensions exist in modern Scandinavia, called the Swedish Vallhund, and it is claimed by some historians that these two breeds share a common ancestor. In the late 19th century, farmers in began to switch from cattle to sheep but the corgi is not suited for working sheep. Similarities between the Welsh Corgis have been attributed to cross-breeding between the two, or simply selected breeding from those who wished to have the Cardigan variety appear closer in nature to the Pembroke.
The first recorded date for Corgis appearing in the show ring in Wales is 1925. Captain J. P. Howell called together a meeting of breeders of both the Pembroke and the Cardigan varieties, and formed the Welsh Corgi Club, with an initial membership of 59 members. A general breed standard was drawn up, and Corgis began to appear in conformation shows. Until this point, neither breed had been specifically bred for looks. Members of this club were primarily interested in the Pembroke variety, although the Cardigan variety also appeared. At that point the breeds were referred to as the Pembrokeshire and Cardiganshire varieties; the names were later shortened. There were a number of disputes between breeders of the two types in early shows, as judges who were breeders of one type would often favour them. The Welsh Corgi appeared at Crufts for the first time in 1927.
The first Championship was awarded at a Cardiff show in 1928, to a red and white Pembroke bitch named Shan Fach. The breeds continued to be judged together until 1934, when The Kennel Club recognised each breed separately. In that initial registration, some 59 Cardigans and 240 Pembrokes were listed in the pedigree books. The decisions about the breed to which each dog belonged were sometimes left to the owners, who were free to choose whichever they felt was the most appropriate. The first dog to be named Best in Show at an open conformation show was Ch. Bowhit Pivot.
Cardigan Welsh Corgis continued to be rarer than Pembrokes, with only 11 registrations made in 1940. Both breeds survived the Second World War, although the Cardigans registered with the Kennel Club numbered only 61 by the end of the war. Pembrokes became very popular during the post war years in the United Kingdom; in 1953 it was ranked as the fourth most popular breed by the Kennel Club, behind the English Cocker Spaniel, the German Shepherd and the Pekingese. In 1955, the reserve Best in Show at Crufts was the Pembroke Welsh Corgi Kaytop Maracas Mint. The Corgi breeds declined in popularity: veterinary physician Brian Singleton suggested in The Times in 1963 that this was due to issues with their temperament.
The Cardigan Welsh Corgi was listed in the Kennel Club's first list of Vulnerable Native Breeds in 2006. This list is for those breeds which register less than 300 dogs in any one year; there had been 84 Cardigan Corgis registered in 2006. After an initial increase, this declined to 46 in 2010, but then rose to the highest numbers since the list began in 2015, with a total of 124 puppies registered. In 2013, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi was also added, as there had been only 241 puppies registered that year. While the Kennel Club blamed this on the importation of foreign dog breeds, The Daily Telegraph blamed the decline on the ban on tail docking introduced six years before. However, 2015 saw an increase of 34% in the number of Pembroke registrations; the popularity of Corgis on Instagram was credited for the change. Pembrokes were removed from the Vulnerable Native Breeds list in 2016.
United States
In 1933 the first Welsh Corgis were brought to the United States by American breeder Mrs. Lewis Roesler, for her Merriedip Kennels in the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts. She had previously been well known for breeding Old English Sheepdogs. Roesler purchased a Pembroke corgi, Little Madam, at London's Paddington Station for £12. Wanting a mate for the dog, she visited several Corgi kennels and bought a dog called Captain William Lewis. The American Kennel Club (AKC) first registered Welsh Corgis in 1934, as a single breed, and Little Madam was the first registered animal of the breed. The first litter was registered later that year, by Mr. E.M. Tidd in Oakland, California, from a bit*h named Toots which he had purchased in Canada.
Tidd imported Ch. Bowhit Pivot for his breeding lines in 1935, registering him with the AKC as Sierra Bowhit Pivot. In addition to his British titles, he became the first Corgi to be awarded Champion status in the US, and the first such dog to be named Best of Group at a conformation show in the United States. A month after those achievements, Little Madam repeated his victories. The Pembroke Welsh Corgi club was formed in 1937, and the first show was held at Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge's Giralda Farms in New Jersey. Following the Second World War, there were imports from the United Kingdom, including Rozavel Uncle Sam which dominated the show circuit for Corgis. In 1949, he became the first Pembroke winner of Best in Show at an open conformation show in the United States. By 1998, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi had become the 37th most popular breed of dog in the United States.
A pair of Cardigan Welsh Corgis were imported to the US in 1931, but the first member of that breed to be registered with the AKC was Blodwen of Robinscroft in 1935. They have never had the draw in the United States given to the Corgis of the Pembroke type. In 1997, some 752 Cardigan Welsh Corgis were registered with the AKC, compared to 8,281 of the Pembrokes.
Modern breeds
There are two breeds of Welsh Corgis, the Cardigan and the Pembroke, each named for the county in Wales where it originated. The dogs share several similar traits, such as their coats, which are water-resistant and shed on average twice a year. The body of the Cardigan is slightly longer than that of the Pembroke; both breeds have short legs, placing their bodies close to the ground. But they are not as square in outline as a typical Terrier, or have an elongated body as great as that of a Dachshund. There are only minor differences in the shape of the head, both appear fox-like. The head of a Cardigan Welsh Corgi is typically larger than that of an equivalent Pembroke, and has a larger nose. It can take a few days following birth for the true colour of a Corgi's coat to appear, and this is particularly evident in those with tricolour or black and tan markings.
Corgis in the modern era often compete in dog agility trials, obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at non-competitive herding tests. Cardigan and Pembroke Corgis exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials – known colloquially as a "mad run". Welsh Corgis were once used to guard children.
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
The differences between the two breeds include bone structure, body length, and size. Cardigans are the larger of the two breeds, with large rounded ears and a fox-like, flowing tail set in line with the body. Though the Cardigan is allowed more colours than the Pembroke, white should not predominate in its coat. The Cardigan is a double-coated dog where the outer coat is dense, slightly harsh in texture, and of medium length. The dog's undercoat is short, soft, and thick. According to the breed standard, the breed stands between at the withers, and should weigh between . The skeletal structure of the Cardigan differs from the Pembroke, in that there is a more exaggerated bend in the front two legs, which fits around the ribcage of the animal. In addition, the Cardigan is more heavily set than the Pembroke, with denser bone mass.
There are a greater number of colours of coat present in the Cardigan breed than the Pembroke, with the breed standard allowing for a variety of shades of red, sable and brindle. White markings are expected on this breed of Corgi, and one with a black coat is allowed to have tan or brindle points under conformation show rules. Merle markings are present in the breed, although this is normally restricted to blue merle. There are several disqualification criteria in the breed standard for the purpose of conformation showing. This would include drop ears, a white coat, blue eyes or non-solid black noses in dogs without merle colouration.
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Pembrokes feature pointed ears, and are somewhat smaller in stature than the Cardigan. They are low-set, intelligent, strong and sturdy with stamina sufficient to work a day on the farm. The common height at the withers is between , while a male dog of this breed should weigh no more than , and a female . The tail is shorter than that of a Cardigan, which can be accomplished through breeding or docking. Historically, the Pembroke was a breed with a natural bob tail (a very short tail), and today, if the Pembroke has a tail at all, it is usually curly. Due to the advent of tail docking in dogs, the bobtail was not aggressively pursued, with breeders focusing instead on other characteristics, and the tail artificially shortened if need be. Given that some countries now ban docking, some breeders are again attempting to select dogs with the genes for natural bob tails.
Fewer colours of coat appear in the Pembroke breed. These include red, sable, tan, fawn and black, each of which can be with or without white markings. Plain white or grey coats can also be seen, but these would be considered to be a serious fault for the purposes of conformation shows. However, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi has no specific disqualification criteria present in the breed standard.
Pembroke Welsh Corgis have two coats that vary in length along their body. The first coat is a shorter, inner coat that is resistant to harsh weather, while the outer coat is rougher and longer, but still of medium length. The length of the coat differs upon various parts of the body. Fur tends to be longer and thicker behind their fore and hind legs, as well as underneath their bodies. In addition, they appear to have more voluminous fur on their chest, neck, and shoulders. Pembroke Welsh corgis have shedding coats.
Health
According to the Kennel Club Purebred Dog Health Survey conducted in 2004, the two breeds had similar average lifespans: the median age at death was 12 years 3 months for Pembrokes, and 12 years 2 months for Cardigans. The main causes of death were similar in both breeds: the primary causes were canine cancer and old age. However, the Pembroke breed showed a higher proportion of deaths attributed to either kidney failure or urethral obstruction.
The survey showed that the breeds suffer from similar rates of ongoing health conditions, with one exception. Whereas more than a quarter of Pembroke Welsh Corgis surveyed suffered from some type of eye condition, only 6.1% of the Cardigan Corgis did. Eye conditions typical in the Corgi breeds include progressive retinal atrophy, which occurs more often in dogs over six years of age, and canine glaucoma, which again is more common in older dogs. Cataracts in corgi are treatable with cataract extraction. Similar percentages in the survey were seen in both breeds for issues relating to reproduction, such as requiring caesarian sections and having false pregnancies. Further similarities were also seen related to musculoskeletal issues, including arthritis. However, Hip dysplasia, common in some types of dogs, is rare in the Corgi breeds.
Cultural impact
Queen Elizabeth II has long been associated with Corgis. After a visit to Thomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath in 1933, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret made it well known to their family that they liked the Corgis owned by the Marquess. Their father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI), purchased the Pembroke Corgi Rozavel Golden Eagle, from the Rozavel kennels in Surrey. It was renamed Dookie.
Princess Elizabeth was then given a Pembroke Corgi of her own, named Susan, for her 18th birthday in 1944. She had a strong connection to the dog, which was hidden under rugs in the Royal Carriage following her wedding to Prince Philip. Susan became the progenitor of all the Corgis owned by the Royal Household since. The Queen has bred ten generations of dogs from Susan, owning personally more than 30 of the dogs which were either pure-bred Pembroke Welsh Corgis or crossbreed Corgi/Dachshunds called Dorgis. It was reported in 2018 that the last of the Corgis belonging to Queen Elizabeth had passed away.
Corgis have also appeared on screen, stage and in novels. Corgis as characters were incorporated into the storybook fantasies Corgiville Fair, The Great Corgiville Kidnapping, and Corgiville Christmas of American author and illustrator Tasha Tudor. In 1963, a Corgi was featured in the Walt Disney film Little Dog Lost, which led to an increase in popularity for the breed within the United States. A theatrical adaptation took place of Welsh author Roald Dahl's The BFG which toured the UK in 1991 required several different Corgis to perform on stage as those of Queen Elizabeth. The Queen's Corgi is a Belgian animated film depicting the Queen's Corgis.
In the anime Cowboy Bebop, the crew has a super-intelligent Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Ein, on their ship.
The Top Shelf graphic novel Korgi plays on the folklore tradition of the Corgi as a faerie draft animal. It features the "Mollies" (fairy-like beings) who live in close relationship with the land and their Korgi friends, who are based on and resemble the Welsh Corgi breeds.
The American animated TV series Infinity Train features a country of anthropomorphic corgis known as Coriginia ruled by King Atticus, styled "Uniter of the Cardigans and Pembrokes".
Notes
References
External links
Dog breeds originating in Wales
Dog types
Herding dogs | [
-0.18831276893615723,
0.2854140102863312,
-0.41776055097579956,
-0.5856150984764099,
-0.07746805995702744,
0.8704085350036621,
0.268248051404953,
0.472921758890152,
-0.3048085868358612,
0.1280805468559265,
-0.7790337800979614,
0.3504999577999115,
-0.13277800381183624,
0.23634976148605347,
-0.5837967991828918,
0.3553779721260071,
0.5166618824005127,
0.4288519322872162,
0.07211866229772568,
-0.46004217863082886,
-0.2651416063308716,
-0.8759604096412659,
-0.5107027292251587,
0.08383174985647202,
0.5547882914543152,
0.5367470979690552,
0.8667644262313843,
0.34598731994628906,
-0.18331724405288696,
-0.5301918983459473,
0.2472427785396576,
0.6942076683044434,
0.1087009534239769,
0.15289483964443207,
0.5534062385559082,
0.2507927417755127,
-0.05327138304710388,
-0.5073259472846985,
-0.40234270691871643,
-0.2563866674900055,
0.5987606644630432,
0.288030207157135,
-0.10490918159484863,
0.9971900582313538,
-0.619992733001709,
-0.24060401320457458,
-1.2811206579208374,
0.7816095948219299,
-0.008816569112241268,
-0.14795058965682983,
-0.8452962040901184,
0.12091529369354248,
0.12897537648677826,
0.1419777274131775,
0.16619007289409637,
0.6991809606552124,
-0.3867339491844177,
-0.2620565593242645,
0.44064441323280334,
-0.2056753784418106,
-0.30628281831741333,
0.1059858426451683,
-0.015954628586769104,
0.016606425866484642,
-0.4695380926132202,
0.02963031642138958,
0.2192666232585907,
0.5224759578704834,
-0.3808915317058563,
-0.18788088858127594,
-0.3493031859397888,
0.07296032458543777,
-0.16111896932125092,
0.3609137535095215,
-0.5413815975189209,
-0.16749490797519684,
-0.06430252641439438,
-0.621574342250824,
0.4629935920238495,
0.2048632949590683,
0.33155328035354614,
0.233585923910141,
0.13466593623161316,
-0.1495804339647293,
0.44137516617774963,
0.575429379940033,
-0.5407494306564331,
-0.1580236405134201,
-0.6214402914047241,
0.779650092124939,
-0.17685413360595703,
-0.4479331374168396,
0.1573944091796875,
-0.038326017558574677,
-0.5498060584068298,
0.08109944313764572,
0.5390517711639404,
-0.10146864503622055,
0.25023433566093445,
-0.25457289814949036,
-0.13450460135936737,
0.19047942757606506,
-0.3003057837486267,
-0.4995169937610626,
-1.0655913352966309,
0.17533475160598755,
-0.47127747535705566,
-0.26878276467323303,
-0.2587747871875763,
0.003524030325934291,
-0.5611031651496887,
-0.07708469778299332,
0.2403479367494583,
0.4452724754810333,
0.3801058232784271,
0.19067928194999695,
0.025313351303339005,
0.17237511277198792,
-0.6509096622467041,
0.38303342461586,
0.13531620800495148,
1.0658745765686035,
-0.49010905623435974,
0.6375929713249207,
0.17363472282886505,
-0.05384251847863197,
-0.2738460600376129,
0.3782687485218048,
-0.6815146207809448,
-0.42001381516456604,
0.37285280227661133,
0.9498552083969116,
0.08998469263315201,
-0.32266172766685486,
-0.43672865629196167,
0.14808723330497742,
0.44911283254623413,
-0.34017273783683777,
0.2844003438949585,
0.5629546642303467,
-0.9423419833183289,
-0.2999599575996399,
-0.2824709713459015,
0.0992455929517746,
0.085507832467556,
0.21957528591156006,
0.07229789346456528,
-0.4592069089412689,
-0.06625360995531082,
-0.2166876345872879,
0.07333643734455109,
0.2017340362071991,
0.04097010940313339,
0.20953308045864105,
-0.24825598299503326,
0.42683273553848267,
-1.0982764959335327,
-0.44000881910324097,
0.4865427017211914,
-0.38368216156959534,
-0.2728916108608246,
0.3209621012210846,
-0.7183253169059753,
-0.18933270871639252,
0.10248009860515594,
0.08459178358316422,
0.28375428915023804,
0.004657391924411058,
-0.8908553719520569,
-0.040620237588882446,
-0.373617947101593,
-0.3895110487937927,
0.8163138628005981,
-0.2899627089500427,
-0.46922436356544495,
0.13800859451293945,
0.09157313406467438,
0.03844205290079117,
0.5695905685424805,
0.14137448370456696,
-0.8753859400749207,
0.02778201550245285,
0.4332045316696167,
-0.5794811248779297,
0.3282242715358734,
0.013429173268377781,
0.3144460916519165,
-0.5917495489120483,
-0.3620894253253937,
-0.3687703609466553,
-0.5766974091529846,
-0.1638888269662857,
0.3098115921020508,
-0.33594754338264465,
1.0860599279403687,
-0.5304859280586243,
-0.07508142292499542,
0.02601458877325058,
-0.015081261284649372,
0.962020754814148,
-0.4837350845336914,
-0.7773403525352478,
0.9821676015853882,
-0.3673684895038605,
-0.2839677333831787,
0.5661317110061646,
-0.03853323683142662,
0.11917667835950851,
0.5497557520866394,
0.22406098246574402,
0.20660927891731262,
0.04274050146341324,
0.2904360294342041,
0.15061748027801514,
-0.14120522141456604,
0.3849996030330658,
0.26858463883399963,
-0.1924382746219635,
-0.13588689267635345,
-0.483389675617218,
0.8579282760620117,
-0.3344514071941376,
-0.3312472403049469,
0.27514705061912537,
-0.028730424121022224,
0.44794517755508423,
0.36737290024757385,
-0.364431232213974,
0.7080463171005249,
-0.5576719641685486,
-0.10733567923307419,
-0.10175318270921707,
0.0013281538849696517,
-0.32170137763023376,
-0.29696208238601685,
-0.24375790357589722,
0.48623842000961304,
-0.08701641112565994,
0.10210089385509491,
-0.1635061651468277,
0.15512551367282867,
0.2317204773426056,
-0.27148738503456116,
-0.28208786249160767,
0.3129179775714874,
0.041770294308662415,
0.46283236145973206,
1.0021536350250244,
-0.3548566699028015,
-0.6505622863769531,
0.3427751958370209,
0.14237405359745026,
0.726535975933075,
0.05234793946146965,
0.29354268312454224,
-0.3207509219646454,
0.3261561691761017,
-0.40986761450767517,
0.34319353103637695,
0.3877134323120117,
-0.03192836418747902,
0.5488532781600952,
-0.23983275890350342,
-0.251777708530426,
0.09715641289949417,
-0.37422290444374084,
-0.38044145703315735,
-0.3706444203853607,
0.09837887436151505,
0.17698036134243011,
0.34302815794944763,
0.21494314074516296,
-0.3386906087398529,
0.09155042469501495,
0.3365628719329834,
-0.4833320081233978,
0.43954235315322876,
-0.4729262590408325,
-0.5408177971839905,
-0.4581775665283203,
-0.38695624470710754,
0.35439565777778625,
0.419222354888916,
-0.5969418287277222,
-0.33318737149238586,
-0.4869217276573181,
-0.41860225796699524,
-1.0307025909423828,
0.08445446938276291,
-0.27252286672592163,
0.03283056989312172,
0.2034822553396225,
-0.11613587290048599,
0.3167605698108673,
-0.6338625550270081,
0.057746436446905136,
0.10894574970006943,
0.18575552105903625,
0.30845803022384644,
0.22691702842712402,
-0.03666329011321068,
0.6041595935821533,
0.17752449214458466,
0.38870856165885925,
0.2933143079280853,
-0.11804405599832535,
-0.3819078505039215,
0.22440031170845032,
-5.41625452041626,
0.10615407675504684,
-0.38587453961372375,
-0.674928605556488,
0.5730721354484558,
0.1528104990720749,
0.23700280487537384,
-0.15800082683563232,
-0.47231757640838623,
0.09605281800031662,
0.1389622837305069,
-0.10009804368019104,
-0.2250508964061737,
-0.07842215895652771,
0.5430509448051453,
-0.16274380683898926,
-0.011492828838527203,
0.7362089157104492,
-0.21035315096378326,
0.07553765177726746,
0.34000900387763977,
-0.10405444353818893,
-0.6779506206512451,
0.1673671305179596,
-0.3160809576511383,
0.26533231139183044,
-0.6175616979598999,
-0.9089063405990601,
-0.6337071657180786,
-0.23955562710762024,
-0.03189853951334953,
0.07086595147848129,
0.0799420177936554,
-0.30122509598731995,
-0.34666749835014343,
0.17348013818264008,
0.9597895741462708,
0.3081580698490143,
0.6246839761734009,
-0.7068712711334229,
0.20708371698856354,
0.14938507974147797,
0.6474131345748901,
-0.17306748032569885,
0.6507723927497864,
-0.3226369321346283,
-0.012414593249559402,
-0.35808873176574707,
-0.4953531324863434,
0.8195124268531799,
-0.10295127332210541,
0.2962534725666046,
0.12225089967250824,
0.7884120345115662,
0.6963538527488708,
-0.17457671463489532,
-0.0842130109667778,
0.2594835162162781,
-0.060501065105199814,
0.14764411747455597,
0.35655102133750916,
-0.5406559109687805,
-0.6399797201156616,
-0.43051648139953613,
-0.07029282301664352,
0.08098047971725464,
-0.3739798665046692,
-0.44572481513023376,
0.37796440720558167,
-0.07639263570308685,
-0.2542632818222046,
-0.04102110490202904,
0.18573009967803955,
-0.6962761878967285,
0.7470365762710571,
-0.02879282832145691,
-0.014495382085442543,
-0.04677203670144081,
0.17827226221561432,
0.01756136305630207,
-0.11079015582799911,
-0.19851721823215485,
-0.26240336894989014,
0.023394694551825523,
-0.5635474920272827,
-1.1840065717697144,
-0.3144133687019348,
-0.22867053747177124,
-0.493103563785553,
-0.47169139981269836,
0.7265165448188782,
-0.6152245998382568,
0.13693289458751678,
0.4998894929885864,
0.6477102637290955,
0.18995220959186554,
0.4793539047241211,
0.6383985877037048,
0.43941640853881836,
-0.3808986246585846,
1.0842581987380981,
-0.43396201729774475,
0.19019043445587158,
-0.44044843316078186,
-0.3067004680633545,
-0.11593575775623322,
-0.3883269727230072,
0.4548839032649994,
1.535646915435791,
-0.22304363548755646,
0.07853586971759796,
-0.17923010885715485,
-0.5063765645027161,
-0.6020108461380005,
0.03484088182449341,
0.07855983823537827,
0.10885992646217346,
-0.26143679022789,
1.1556326150894165,
0.30564719438552856,
0.39378249645233154,
0.3113938868045807,
-0.2334412783384323,
-0.018787508830428123,
0.0016711632488295436,
-0.34547707438468933,
0.7917695641517639,
-0.1854914277791977,
-0.3585289418697357,
-0.10362537205219269,
-0.3522387146949768,
-0.19406536221504211,
0.1280137002468109,
0.020377764478325844,
-0.39074206352233887,
0.29635000228881836,
-0.3567759692668915,
0.08818691968917847,
0.07090458273887634,
-0.2933114767074585,
-0.22985632717609406,
-0.08289377391338348,
0.2952639162540436,
0.002461608499288559,
-0.457344651222229,
0.38873422145843506,
-0.4265434145927429,
0.5633812546730042,
-0.1887374371290207,
0.4212009906768799,
0.18741603195667267,
0.23973999917507172,
0.15804481506347656,
-0.28458285331726074,
-0.19038572907447815,
-0.13811157643795013,
0.1457325667142868,
0.7916334867477417,
-0.22314010560512543,
-0.8683313131332397,
-0.06475242972373962,
-0.1836797446012497,
-0.7805611491203308,
0.04518420621752739,
0.3394213616847992,
0.13871976733207703,
0.4692358374595642,
-0.7447093725204468,
0.04166024923324585,
0.9396647810935974,
0.256015419960022,
-0.44971421360969543,
-0.9734563231468201,
-0.3571319580078125,
-0.04417671263217926,
-0.08639301359653473,
-0.3775215744972229,
0.20083816349506378,
-0.26707321405410767,
0.6366980075836182,
0.019050845876336098,
0.48314404487609863,
0.8665526509284973,
0.27257028222084045,
0.527255654335022,
-0.6832150220870972,
0.17236287891864777,
0.01892043836414814,
-0.019464442506432533,
0.6735823750495911,
0.17326422035694122,
-0.019007060676813126,
0.45625653862953186,
0.3799363076686859,
-0.8870212435722351,
0.17890521883964539,
-0.2518383860588074,
0.9253894090652466,
-0.13539044559001923,
-0.4655812382698059,
0.07583451271057129,
0.7476841807365417,
-0.24643491208553314,
-0.13445155322551727,
0.7867521643638611,
-0.3227129280567169,
0.2487192004919052,
-0.3702336847782135,
-0.356333464384079,
0.8473795652389526,
-0.22271107137203217,
-0.9088664054870605,
-0.4893823564052582,
0.5497844815254211,
-0.3155382573604584,
0.175593301653862,
-0.11387596279382706,
-0.3202464282512665,
-0.23957586288452148,
-0.18150469660758972,
-1.0428745746612549,
-0.7854984998703003,
-0.2899443507194519,
0.35478365421295166,
0.0948706716299057,
0.47669845819473267,
-0.411445677280426,
-0.19487503170967102,
0.4685300290584564,
-0.2304437905550003,
-0.3782491087913513,
0.2862134575843811,
0.4360823333263397,
0.015715723857283592,
0.1879674643278122,
0.15393555164337158,
0.7555288076400757,
0.3289210796356201,
0.6680864691734314,
0.9590095281600952,
1.136155128479004,
1.0975909233093262,
0.0584106408059597,
-0.1694655567407608,
-0.24308767914772034,
0.5372253060340881,
-0.5285443663597107,
-0.25803616642951965,
-0.42886367440223694,
-0.34386295080184937,
0.33732908964157104,
-0.18947435915470123,
0.11835279315710068,
-0.006106930319219828,
0.3609177768230438,
-0.6569135785102844,
0.15434184670448303,
0.09384145587682724,
0.42606544494628906,
-0.07202427834272385,
0.3046398460865021,
0.3656547963619232,
-0.10024300217628479,
0.3388264775276184,
-0.002485395409166813,
-0.10230900347232819,
-1.0997422933578491,
-0.5421943068504333,
0.6418709754943848,
0.22657419741153717,
0.44940394163131714,
-0.34455764293670654,
0.9012093544006348,
0.7950606942176819,
0.2518618404865265,
-0.19662021100521088,
-0.20327535271644592,
-0.9269092679023743,
0.3105178773403168,
0.09744264930486679,
-0.027775989845395088,
0.326936274766922,
0.03568262979388237,
0.08482589572668076,
-0.016783297061920166,
-0.5738286375999451,
-0.09028738737106323,
-0.3796895742416382,
0.4518546462059021,
-0.11997111886739731,
0.10955192893743515,
0.043813832104206085,
-0.11845096945762634,
0.3928338587284088,
-0.10481182485818863,
-0.0718374252319336,
-0.006524335127323866,
0.25400838255882263,
-0.27817416191101074,
0.6347694993019104,
-0.5780763030052185,
0.33830341696739197,
-0.240582674741745,
-0.5149410963058472,
0.1582466959953308,
0.10471202433109283,
0.3203088343143463,
0.07875179499387741,
-0.20777644217014313,
-0.419338196516037,
-0.20507030189037323,
0.001608645310625434,
-0.19619189202785492,
0.5799581408500671,
0.3099868595600128,
-0.1037786528468132,
0.14742298424243927,
-0.8732210993766785,
0.5871277451515198,
0.4390648901462555,
0.6771288514137268,
0.14120203256607056,
0.1791514754295349,
0.33084574341773987,
-0.13739533722400665,
1.1561799049377441,
-0.6613477468490601,
0.28656330704689026,
0.26174649596214294,
0.42086321115493774,
0.09528836607933044,
-0.26653310656547546,
-0.38219425082206726,
0.21740619838237762,
0.04213378205895424,
-0.47142496705055237,
0.5075706839561462,
-0.35447070002555847,
0.11377738416194916,
0.9241306781768799,
-0.04821084439754486,
-0.12109663337469101,
-0.4717511832714081,
-0.29098716378211975,
-0.43540871143341064,
0.592229962348938,
-0.13297097384929657,
-0.42310941219329834,
-0.26771029829978943,
-0.2132093757390976,
0.6563420295715332,
-0.26004913449287415,
0.6582741141319275,
0.568290650844574,
-0.4658604562282562,
-0.12041816115379333,
0.10834453254938126,
-0.3669993281364441,
-0.5341769456863403,
0.06763997673988342,
0.059794869273900986,
-0.08560509234666824,
0.3845096826553345,
-0.5280535817146301,
-0.14504748582839966,
0.15743862092494965,
-0.3545042872428894,
-0.8378056883811951,
0.06938505172729492,
0.42893120646476746,
0.02340696193277836,
0.659535825252533,
-0.4561198055744171,
-0.24613238871097565,
0.09591564536094666,
0.23814301192760468,
0.47472336888313293,
0.6025935411453247,
-0.407198041677475,
0.09530407190322876,
-0.7298333644866943,
0.13019098341464996,
0.2111874520778656,
-0.6077616214752197,
0.1918908804655075,
-0.24287627637386322,
-0.428688645362854,
-0.11012955754995346,
-0.6599888801574707,
0.14348068833351135,
0.2962767779827118,
-0.5083547234535217,
-0.5280545353889465,
-0.4215431809425354,
-0.4446813464164734,
-0.8690484166145325,
0.10957762598991394,
0.5089095234870911,
0.22524923086166382,
0.5014094114303589,
0.1550191342830658,
-0.038110699504613876,
-0.21321678161621094,
0.003030227730050683,
-0.17357325553894043,
0.016953470185399055,
-0.02889075316488743,
0.40676629543304443,
-0.06430751085281372,
0.32971322536468506,
0.1800031065940857,
-0.5487098693847656,
-0.02564215660095215,
-0.2549329400062561,
-0.12113886326551437,
0.26762527227401733,
0.6979218125343323,
-0.27264609932899475,
-0.5325264930725098,
-0.893744707107544,
0.4423423409461975,
0.35859453678131104,
0.22862112522125244,
0.19741742312908173,
0.32472503185272217,
0.05750580504536629,
0.6632835865020752,
0.08474082499742508,
-1.3007608652114868,
0.8467859029769897,
-0.32079803943634033,
0.1381627470254898,
-0.8358867168426514,
-0.04451220482587814,
-0.22684809565544128,
-0.6740446090698242,
0.7645738124847412,
-0.11727559566497803,
-0.04888128861784935,
0.18809820711612701,
0.08970795571804047,
-0.5145165324211121,
0.09641404449939728,
0.11352517455816269,
-0.5062694549560547,
0.3874194324016571,
0.037208374589681625,
-0.4526853859424591,
-0.5265200734138489,
0.19531646370887756,
0.3441760241985321,
-0.28600403666496277,
-0.32490330934524536,
0.09697412699460983,
0.14126239717006683,
-0.15409478545188904,
-0.1302436888217926,
-1.2658315896987915,
0.10207593441009521,
0.096596859395504
] |
247460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko%20Kanno | Yoko Kanno | is a Japanese composer, arranger and musician best known for her work on the soundtracks of anime films, television series, live-action films, video games, and advertisements. She was born in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. She has written scores for Cowboy Bebop and its live-action adaptation, Darker than Black, Macross Plus, Turn A Gundam, The Vision of Escaflowne, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, Wolf's Rain, Kids on the Slope, Genesis of Aquarion and Terror in Resonance, and has worked with the directors Hirokazu Kore-eda, Yoshiyuki Tomino, Shinichirō Watanabe and Shōji Kawamori. Kanno has also composed music for pop artists Maaya Sakamoto and Kyōko Koizumi. She is also a keyboardist, and is the frontwoman for the Seatbelts, who perform many of Kanno's compositions and soundtracks.
Biography
Early life
Yoko Kanno was born March 18, 1963, in Sendai. Her earliest experiences with music came from attending church with her parents. She studied keyboard from a young age on both the piano in her home and the organ at her kindergarten. In elementary school, she began participating in composition contests, but in high school, Kanno began to take more of an interest in literature than in music.
Kanno attended Waseda University, where she majored in literature, but she transcribed music for various student groups at Waseda in her free time. During this time, Kanno—whose parents had only allowed her to listen to classical music—was introduced to rhythm by a friend who played drums in a school band. She spoke of this experience in an interview with Akihiro Tomita:
While with this band, she studied the composition and style of popular music.
While at Waseda, Koei, a Japanese video game company, asked Kanno to compose the soundtrack to Nobunaga's Ambition. The game turned out to be a hit, and Kanno's music career was launched.
Professional life
Yoko Kanno's soundtrack themes include "Kiseki no Umi" (Lodoss War), "Voices" (Macross Plus), "Tank!" (Cowboy Bebop), "Yakusoku wa Iranai" (Escaflowne), "Gravity" (Wolf's Rain), "Inner Universe" (Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex) and Stand Alone Complex O.S.T. In regards to making the Stand Alone Complex soundtrack she said:
Having composed in various genres, including blues, classical, jazz, techno, and J-pop, she was once asked if she favored a particular genre:
Since she works in the animation industry, she only receives instructions and storyboards from directors which helps her with composing. However, it is uncertain if all of her works are to be included in the finished project. She once said that this is a way she likes to work, for she does not have to deal with rules during composing. In reference to this, she once stated:
She was the lead member of the project band called Seatbelts, which regrouped in the year of 2004 to compose the soundtrack of the PlayStation 2 Cowboy Bebop video game, released in Japan in 2005.
She has composed for Koei games released during the late 1980s to early 1990s and for Napple Tale, a Dreamcast game. Due to her close involvement in the Cowboy Bebop anime, the game released by Bandai also features her work.
Apart from anime and games, Kanno also composes for live-action films and television commercials. Some popular brands she has composed for are Canon, DoCoMo, Fuji Xerox, 7-Eleven, Microsoft, Nissan, Toyota, Shiseido, Avon, and MasterCard to name a few. Grand Funk is her recording studio of choice in producing for these two media. Contributions to films started in the 1990s but only since 2002 has there been a trend towards the medium. Most of the latter were shown in international film festivals.
She attended Otakon and Anime Expo in 1999, as well as Anime Expo New York in 2002. In 2010, she made a surprise appearance at Anime Expo. Yoko Kanno performed her solo PianoMe concert at Otakon 2013.
She composed a three-movement suite, entitled "Ray of Water," for the ascension of Emperor Naruhito. It was performed for him and Empress Masako at the enthronement celebration on November 9, 2019. Yoshikazu Okada wrote the lyrics for the vocal portion, which was performed at the celebration by the idol group, Arashi.
Connection to Gabriela Robin
On many of Kanno's tracks, a woman named "Gabriela Robin" was credited as a lyricist and vocalist, but whenever these songs were performed in concert, either Maaya Sakamoto or Origa would perform them instead. In a 2009 written interview, Robin proclaimed that she would perform for the first time live at Kanno's 2009 Tanabata Sonic concert, but at the end of the concert, which featured Kanno directing the Warsaw Philharmonic, Kanno turned to the audience and sang "Moon", a song previously attributed to Robin from the Turn A Gundam soundtrack, revealing that "Gabriela Robin" was simply a pseudonym Kanno used to write songs mixing English and Japanese freely. In a later interview, Kanno said she had picked the name because the first orchestral recording she had heard was the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, and at the time Yitzhak Rabin served as Israel's Prime Minister.
Personal life
In addition to Japanese, she speaks a little English and some French, but claims that her English is "poor" and she needs translation help to converse in French. In regards to spirituality and religion, she said:
Besides music, Kanno also enjoys photography and writing. She has written a number of journals for Newtype magazine of which photos for illustrations are done by Kanno herself as well, and a selection of photos taken by Kanno of her protégé and former production partner Maaya Sakamoto were featured in the special event program for Sakamoto's 2010 thirtieth birthday concert at Nippon Budokan.
In 2011, Kanno expressed her support and wishes to the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, composing a song titled "Kimi de Ite, Buji de Ite". Later, she composed NHK's official support song on the occasion of the first anniversary of the earthquake entitled "Hana wa Saku" ("Flowers Will Bloom") featuring lyrics by Sendai film director Shunji Iwai. The song features notable natives from the affected areas of Fukushima, Miyagi, and Iwate.
Discography
Solo studio albums
Anime works
Video games
Movie works
TV work
Works for associated acts
Works for pop albums
(Artists ordered by year of first collaboration)
Publicly commissioned works
Commercial music
Companies that have commissioned Kanno for commercial music.
AEON
AGF Maxim
Ajinomoto
Asahi Glass Co.
Avon
Cafe Noevir
Citizen Watch Co.
Canon
Cosmo Oil
Daikin
Daio Paper
Daiwa House
FamilyMart
Fancl
Fuji Xerox
Fujitsu
Google
Glico
Gravity
Half Century More
Haus Ten Bausch
Hisamitsu
Hitachi
House
IBM
Japan Medical Association
Japan Railways
Japan Telecom
J-Phone
Kanebo
KDDI
Kirin Beverage
Kincho
Kubota
MasterCard International
Meiji
Microsoft
Mister Donut
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsui Home
Morinaga
Nagatanien
National Ionity Nanocare
Nikon
Nintendo
Nissan
NTT DoCoMo
Ono Pharmaceutical
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.
Pioneer
Platinum Guild International
Pola
Seiko Epson
Sekisui House
Seven Eleven
Sharp
Shimura
Shiseido
Sony
Suntory
Taiyo Life Insurance
Takano Yori Beauty Clinic
Tepco
Tirol Choco
Tokyo Gas
Tokyo Metro
Tombow Pencil
Toyota
Try Group
UFJ Bank
Vodafone
Yukiguni Maitake
Hired vocalists
Aceilux
Afra
Aimer
Aki Okui
AKINO
Akino Arai
Anna Tsuchiya
Aoi Teshima
Arnór Dan Arnarson
Artur Stefanowicz
Ben del Maestro
Carla Vallet
Chinatsu Yamamoto
Chiyono Yoshino
Chris Mosdell
Cosmic Voices from Bulgaria
Crystal Kay
Donna Burke
Egil Olsen
Emily Bindiger
Emily Curtis
Etsuko Yakushimaru
Feather and Down
Franco Sansalone
Hajime Chitose
Hanna Berglind
Hassan Bohmide
Heartsdales
Hitomi Mieno
Ilaria Graziano
Jadwiga Rappe'
James Wendt
Joyce
Kaoru Nishino
Kei Kobayashi
Kyoko Endo
Kyoko Katsunuma
Kyōko Koizumi
Makino Yui
Mari Iijima
Maryanne Murray
May'n
Maaya Sakamoto
Mai Yamane
Masaaki Endoh
Masayoshi Furukawa
Megumi Nakajima
Mem Nahadr
Miki Imai
Motohiro Hata
Origa
Pierre Bensusan
POP ETC
Raiché Coutev Sisters
Raj Ramayya
Reynada Hill
Ryo Nagano
Scott Matthew
Seika Iwashita
Shanti Snyder
Soichiro Otsuka
Steve Conte
Sydney Thiam
Tim Jensen
Tokiko Kato
Tulivu-Donna Cumberbatch
WISE
Wuyontana
YOSHIKA
YUKI
Yuho Iwasato
Yuuki Ozaki
References
External links
Yoko Kanno discography at VGMdb
The Yoko Kanno Project – Unofficial web resource
1963 births
20th-century accordionists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century women composers
20th-century Japanese women singers
21st-century accordionists
21st-century classical composers
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century Japanese composers
21st-century jazz composers
21st-century women composers
21st-century Japanese women singers
Anime composers
Bebop composers
Blues musicians
Japanese accordionists
Japanese classical composers
Japanese classical pianists
Japanese electronic musicians
Japanese film score composers
Japanese jazz composers
Japanese jazz pianists
Japanese keyboardists
Japanese music arrangers
Japanese record producers
Japanese rock musicians
Japanese television composers
Japanese women classical composers
Japanese women in electronic music
Japanese women pianists
Japanese women record producers
Living people
Musicians from Miyagi Prefecture
Victor Entertainment artists
Video game composers
Waseda University alumni
Women classical pianists
Women conductors (music)
Women film score composers
Women jazz composers
Women jazz pianists
Women television composers | [
-0.030391361564397812,
0.24833132326602936,
-0.8779855966567993,
-0.19601817429065704,
-0.23367495834827423,
0.38255906105041504,
-0.3229435980319977,
-0.39497053623199463,
0.06946315616369247,
-0.10121582448482513,
-0.2338671088218689,
0.44667676091194153,
0.034280043095350266,
0.2753797173500061,
-0.2585608959197998,
0.07002435624599457,
0.29600104689598083,
0.0639306828379631,
-0.16940368711948395,
-0.6093847751617432,
-0.07717745751142502,
-0.36945098638534546,
0.24680715799331665,
0.2551860511302948,
0.11837530136108398,
0.21363814175128937,
-0.4105721414089203,
0.5211042165756226,
-0.1293460726737976,
0.1650296449661255,
0.07452548295259476,
0.7125261425971985,
0.4483959972858429,
-0.32729384303092957,
-0.22751405835151672,
0.06574610620737076,
-0.14899244904518127,
0.1300770789384842,
0.09870446473360062,
0.23684965074062347,
0.02621636539697647,
-0.3129822313785553,
0.2753930687904358,
0.14054591953754425,
0.21665014326572418,
-0.4702862501144409,
-1.6106085777282715,
0.5924257636070251,
-0.7839812636375427,
-0.37767189741134644,
-0.4539567828178406,
-0.05495818331837654,
0.5778113007545471,
0.059847570955753326,
-0.10892882943153381,
0.4132862389087677,
-0.21859055757522583,
0.08944565057754517,
-0.4231370687484741,
-0.7106989026069641,
0.06388335675001144,
-0.3634287416934967,
0.15481866896152496,
-0.4855581521987915,
0.39930543303489685,
0.34882980585098267,
0.4700058102607727,
-0.5572646856307983,
-0.033352892845869064,
-0.27453604340553284,
0.3812870383262634,
0.7560330629348755,
-0.22000832855701447,
-0.3418310582637787,
-0.530959963798523,
-0.31677860021591187,
0.6875246167182922,
-0.32662180066108704,
0.3768560290336609,
1.067672848701477,
0.24702662229537964,
-0.14750824868679047,
0.8533403873443604,
0.29393404722213745,
-0.004779199603945017,
-0.2094133049249649,
-0.3733718693256378,
0.3622552454471588,
-0.8160032033920288,
0.3937596380710602,
-0.46751537919044495,
-0.6635871529579163,
0.5852459073066711,
0.1310340315103531,
0.05320795252919197,
0.22656120359897614,
0.1602277159690857,
0.6187070608139038,
0.18894144892692566,
0.1948986053466797,
-0.4926934242248535,
-0.15080472826957703,
-0.5479976534843445,
-0.41304436326026917,
-0.7534568309783936,
-0.5871998071670532,
-0.5014104843139648,
-0.4943080544471741,
-0.23151105642318726,
0.5685403347015381,
-0.06370463222265244,
-0.021700292825698853,
0.3257467746734619,
0.2677324414253235,
0.13371267914772034,
-0.005538704339414835,
-0.24492786824703217,
0.41189152002334595,
-0.5870628952980042,
0.6530238389968872,
0.6297075748443604,
-0.2654237151145935,
-0.15936188399791718,
0.016997043043375015,
-0.47553253173828125,
0.268572598695755,
-0.09901145100593567,
0.11090768873691559,
-0.5740817189216614,
-0.30326032638549805,
-0.03834731504321098,
0.8490638732910156,
-0.3582082688808441,
0.2600870728492737,
0.5052862763404846,
-0.5177760124206543,
-0.15507733821868896,
-0.06528421491384506,
0.13969357311725616,
0.0914013534784317,
-0.7794892191886902,
-0.1865013986825943,
-0.5482884645462036,
-0.6724867820739746,
0.12158473581075668,
0.23396046459674835,
-0.9287400245666504,
-0.38164833188056946,
-0.21586427092552185,
-0.1737574189901352,
-0.1401652693748474,
0.5378767251968384,
-0.4893737733364105,
-0.4905095398426056,
-0.15431071817874908,
-0.25468751788139343,
0.47844013571739197,
-0.18913225829601288,
-0.18734878301620483,
-0.3579826056957245,
-0.07836741209030151,
-0.16643090546131134,
-0.44078323245048523,
0.30814722180366516,
-0.25637200474739075,
-0.23279058933258057,
0.5535323619842529,
0.6500917673110962,
-0.15830440819263458,
0.54392009973526,
0.07949746400117874,
-0.3874701261520386,
-0.299509733915329,
-0.12593919038772583,
-0.02125665731728077,
-0.15968777239322662,
0.7140853404998779,
0.20943590998649597,
0.4912140369415283,
0.6331955790519714,
-0.7194056510925293,
-0.04854215681552887,
-0.19923123717308044,
0.3242315948009491,
-0.02925737388432026,
0.38257071375846863,
-0.35480570793151855,
0.1681680977344513,
0.5332475900650024,
0.11926820874214172,
-0.16357536613941193,
-0.30592814087867737,
0.23796868324279785,
-0.13046544790267944,
0.45455223321914673,
0.6019227504730225,
-0.023666944354772568,
0.42818355560302734,
0.11187412589788437,
-0.11325784027576447,
0.5733962655067444,
-0.10087303817272186,
0.39345118403434753,
-0.28878626227378845,
-0.09929762780666351,
0.09007707983255386,
0.5858789682388306,
0.03387172147631645,
-0.36439430713653564,
0.07502966374158859,
-0.21642762422561646,
0.5767002701759338,
0.5884882211685181,
0.0592595636844635,
-0.21901080012321472,
-0.3518865704536438,
-1.152410864830017,
0.1945851743221283,
0.31222179532051086,
-0.5414999723434448,
0.4352651834487915,
0.3294169008731842,
-0.4036899209022522,
-0.08548624813556671,
-0.2936040461063385,
1.1874250173568726,
0.12197597324848175,
-0.18934926390647888,
0.569272518157959,
-0.15828610956668854,
0.4191172420978546,
0.1965770423412323,
-0.010444621555507183,
0.3602600395679474,
-0.08827190846204758,
0.4376257658004761,
0.8837841153144836,
0.33697497844696045,
-0.09616020321846008,
-0.2805987298488617,
0.21305014193058014,
0.8010620474815369,
-0.22726315259933472,
0.26089411973953247,
0.114167720079422,
-0.44646355509757996,
-0.3269878923892975,
-0.15219266712665558,
-0.6482371687889099,
0.48301854729652405,
-0.02793073281645775,
0.043977003544569016,
0.562023401260376,
0.7756021022796631,
-0.02973979525268078,
-0.22340954840183258,
0.045276395976543427,
-0.6071107983589172,
0.19983448088169098,
-0.03462810069322586,
0.23047436773777008,
-0.3652009069919586,
0.7086743116378784,
-0.7941535115242004,
-0.6772368550300598,
-0.70335853099823,
0.8226132988929749,
-0.03285476565361023,
0.5834633708000183,
-0.1947897970676422,
-0.3137999475002289,
0.20901352167129517,
-0.22352755069732666,
0.5291879773139954,
-0.3309897482395172,
-0.7714574337005615,
-0.6390692591667175,
0.13506169617176056,
-0.252621591091156,
-0.7656624913215637,
0.6838512420654297,
0.33528488874435425,
-0.7825717329978943,
-0.9630686640739441,
-0.8906212449073792,
-0.08977199345827103,
0.17898906767368317,
-0.6467423439025879,
-0.04265027120709419,
0.3679206669330597,
-0.7455637454986572,
0.8657013773918152,
-0.10511355847120285,
-0.15512527525424957,
0.2717963755130768,
0.7374091148376465,
-0.2319686859846115,
-0.033055249601602554,
-0.1329352855682373,
-0.17382332682609558,
-0.5063193440437317,
-0.08149920403957367,
0.3122440576553345,
0.08900687098503113,
0.28106045722961426,
0.5042550563812256,
-0.5521244406700134,
-0.2055557519197464,
-5.622743606567383,
0.16834470629692078,
-0.1839718073606491,
0.23696577548980713,
-0.15622898936271667,
0.4470384418964386,
0.5687575340270996,
-0.2045309692621231,
0.5629318356513977,
-0.47481611371040344,
-0.6251705288887024,
0.5342947244644165,
0.04686960205435753,
0.5592637658119202,
-0.5244686603546143,
-0.2890237867832184,
0.19945858418941498,
-0.39020711183547974,
0.07100653648376465,
0.13066671788692474,
-0.018323654308915138,
-0.2740538716316223,
-0.19466063380241394,
0.8779844045639038,
0.23578336834907532,
0.4090867340564728,
-1.0101290941238403,
0.10426733642816544,
-0.5723060965538025,
-0.4018682539463043,
-0.12326957285404205,
-0.638994574546814,
-0.2485658824443817,
0.03911665454506874,
0.01594199799001217,
0.4938298761844635,
0.2799915671348572,
0.058573901653289795,
0.5804095268249512,
0.2695288360118866,
0.6482067108154297,
0.07998397946357727,
0.07922472059726715,
0.247365340590477,
0.25695616006851196,
-0.6948981285095215,
-0.4432317912578583,
-0.388227641582489,
-0.04625162482261658,
0.6159754991531372,
0.538986325263977,
0.19573800265789032,
0.5047661662101746,
-0.4289977252483368,
0.2114243060350418,
0.3413846492767334,
0.4322596490383148,
-0.1681850701570511,
-0.015222322195768356,
-0.38105127215385437,
0.3090263605117798,
-0.4523613750934601,
-0.2234296351671219,
-0.2306453138589859,
-0.6221141815185547,
0.061228662729263306,
-0.31806281208992004,
-0.18731527030467987,
-0.15143242478370667,
0.26807740330696106,
-0.18395887315273285,
0.08379406481981277,
0.40407493710517883,
-1.1759634017944336,
-0.12040389329195023,
-0.2631012797355652,
-0.2832871973514557,
0.045720912516117096,
-0.7528259754180908,
-0.13758613169193268,
-0.09097295254468918,
-0.048889581114053726,
0.21448646485805511,
0.24073350429534912,
-0.6191689968109131,
-0.20440241694450378,
-0.3467629849910736,
0.12655089795589447,
-0.16204215586185455,
0.41885045170783997,
0.5813852548599243,
-0.2684720456600189,
0.16810211539268494,
-0.024238988757133484,
0.7149114012718201,
-0.03762885183095932,
0.6964801549911499,
0.5948625206947327,
0.9165853261947632,
-0.15522697567939758,
0.4859040677547455,
-0.27695077657699585,
-0.38757583498954773,
-0.4897743761539459,
0.26579371094703674,
-0.6392159461975098,
0.3256196975708008,
-0.37446555495262146,
0.3931189775466919,
-0.006925672758370638,
-0.11451607197523117,
0.12833185493946075,
-0.35973241925239563,
-0.6209654808044434,
0.6698777675628662,
-0.4086904227733612,
0.054249394685029984,
0.5881925821304321,
0.300576776266098,
-0.1660652607679367,
0.21043118834495544,
0.3112389147281647,
-0.2320517748594284,
-0.24966955184936523,
0.48977506160736084,
0.13913308084011078,
-0.6053593158721924,
0.24743005633354187,
-0.34427088499069214,
0.43108636140823364,
-0.08268561959266663,
0.07393663376569748,
-0.5902683734893799,
0.007037704344838858,
0.1461949199438095,
-0.16210997104644775,
-1.0249131917953491,
-0.5259296298027039,
-0.31490927934646606,
-0.0030487000476568937,
0.7230408787727356,
-0.5676660537719727,
0.2078421413898468,
0.07142560929059982,
0.21759118139743805,
0.2156251072883606,
-0.3404783308506012,
-0.5296265482902527,
0.1253087818622589,
-0.29052820801734924,
0.054614078253507614,
-0.5682562589645386,
0.3163466155529022,
-0.5557675361633301,
-0.21349607408046722,
0.08637108653783798,
0.23087064921855927,
0.0470767505466938,
-0.5744484663009644,
-0.1105533316731453,
0.7660554647445679,
-0.8795689940452576,
-0.7401653528213501,
-0.29274439811706543,
-0.061854295432567596,
0.015327168628573418,
-0.23182933032512665,
0.0017981850542128086,
-0.2633419930934906,
0.011416392400860786,
0.2972743511199951,
-0.28116974234580994,
0.09198267012834549,
-0.1081005111336708,
0.0671510174870491,
0.06504601985216141,
0.27441832423210144,
-0.025126289576292038,
-0.3890620768070221,
0.19386804103851318,
-0.05737040191888809,
-0.08343920111656189,
-0.11459185183048248,
-0.2198571413755417,
0.20366181433200836,
0.3056179881095886,
-0.6969319581985474,
-0.16734139621257782,
-0.33024170994758606,
-0.014590036123991013,
-1.1006927490234375,
-0.46674245595932007,
0.13038010895252228,
-0.20890703797340393,
-0.3649198114871979,
-0.5243315100669861,
-0.17265824973583221,
0.19876542687416077,
-0.5215680599212646,
-0.4210510849952698,
-0.18458278477191925,
-0.17607970535755157,
-0.6585230231285095,
-0.11393745243549347,
1.0489341020584106,
-0.9606149792671204,
0.0436452217400074,
0.0502154678106308,
0.09366897493600845,
0.09010671824216843,
-0.4437507688999176,
-0.22559519112110138,
0.29491958022117615,
-0.8657687902450562,
-0.2574126720428467,
0.19227424263954163,
0.3429548740386963,
0.1672656238079071,
-0.4290037155151367,
-0.25655925273895264,
-0.6015345454216003,
0.22784589231014252,
0.18794412910938263,
0.14335909485816956,
-0.5261666178703308,
0.37274622917175293,
0.2512957751750946,
-0.12953008711338043,
-0.580784261226654,
-0.17176100611686707,
-0.6428822875022888,
0.2562115788459778,
0.008273659273982048,
-0.16357694566249847,
-0.23567375540733337,
-0.530548095703125,
-0.18702243268489838,
0.18742875754833221,
0.5063639283180237,
0.7027226686477661,
0.3266066014766693,
0.013252177275717258,
-0.09363660961389542,
0.290128618478775,
-0.3983871638774872,
0.6548430919647217,
-0.17012672126293182,
-0.10321611911058426,
-0.2982081174850464,
0.48972654342651367,
-0.01849527843296528,
-0.03780997917056084,
-0.1403784155845642,
-0.3100150525569916,
0.6442049145698547,
-0.4261288642883301,
0.06074152886867523,
0.036534298211336136,
-0.40358293056488037,
-0.18844884634017944,
0.3321576714515686,
0.012097354047000408,
0.2816612124443054,
-0.12103205174207687,
0.16042806208133698,
0.5051143765449524,
-0.3213193416595459,
-0.16307467222213745,
-0.440278023481369,
-0.4264582395553589,
0.3319578766822815,
0.25566062331199646,
0.5876837968826294,
0.7097538113594055,
0.4263727068901062,
0.4205748736858368,
-0.23374050855636597,
0.22290217876434326,
0.21352100372314453,
-0.4184020757675171,
0.10438123345375061,
0.22519344091415405,
0.015555459074676037,
-0.28558486700057983,
0.23823601007461548,
-0.5256829261779785,
0.02498643286526203,
-0.2113805115222931,
0.13431470096111298,
-0.5300843715667725,
-0.6252767443656921,
0.11717666685581207,
0.013939271681010723,
0.6185202598571777,
-0.1635642647743225,
0.2692364752292633,
0.4024890959262848,
0.20996823906898499,
-0.38916584849357605,
-0.4576539993286133,
0.10138916224241257,
-0.03837640583515167,
0.37862998247146606,
0.19211822748184204,
0.25084051489830017,
0.09566491097211838,
0.3962544798851013,
-0.4397019147872925,
-0.5424410104751587,
0.32511258125305176,
0.16401366889476776,
0.023700585588812828,
-0.025772543624043465,
0.8165233135223389,
0.27990737557411194,
0.4931633770465851,
0.34222090244293213,
-0.5211524367332458,
0.3784278631210327,
0.16124331951141357,
0.48171770572662354,
-0.6325042247772217,
0.5611139535903931,
0.44940608739852905,
0.5063746571540833,
0.10771451890468597,
0.49581584334373474,
0.19704681634902954,
-0.22502684593200684,
0.7668248414993286,
0.5992478728294373,
-0.011681688018143177,
0.24517382681369781,
0.29230478405952454,
-0.26698023080825806,
-0.5068734288215637,
-0.31282058358192444,
0.05385890230536461,
0.22758592665195465,
0.15657322108745575,
0.3529926538467407,
0.22556902468204498,
-0.6240853667259216,
-0.26651880145072937,
0.5116204023361206,
0.03159588947892189,
0.3471415936946869,
0.16866527497768402,
-0.285812646150589,
0.13216611742973328,
0.030392687767744064,
0.6640050411224365,
0.08766143023967743,
0.03330949693918228,
0.2773319482803345,
0.17270827293395996,
0.894934356212616,
-0.6977750062942505,
0.9016451835632324,
0.42679792642593384,
-0.5138222575187683,
-0.16624701023101807,
0.7117102742195129,
0.1534818708896637,
-0.11758025735616684,
0.3157803416252136,
-0.19901391863822937,
-0.26207661628723145,
0.30709919333457947,
-0.31232768297195435,
-0.18130992352962494,
-0.006315519567579031,
-0.4202442765235901,
0.20052790641784668,
0.10850389301776886,
0.6579879522323608,
0.5488487482070923,
0.02044464647769928,
-0.02991386502981186,
-0.3072932958602905,
-0.9059706330299377,
0.09274414926767349,
0.0019293249351903796,
-0.0396251417696476,
0.3709333539009094,
-0.2759369909763336,
-0.2505103647708893,
-0.023253319784998894,
-0.12146703153848648,
0.017827602103352547,
0.23705415427684784,
-0.6102003455162048,
-0.11675053834915161,
0.3389824628829956,
-0.11547636985778809,
-0.09339524805545807,
0.44008854031562805,
0.24218040704727173,
0.2267090082168579,
0.5751063227653503,
0.4502524733543396,
0.12731023132801056,
0.346237450838089,
0.28586363792419434,
-0.4859248995780945,
0.653359591960907,
-0.6531065106391907,
0.19789166748523712,
-0.1490488052368164,
0.4169040024280548,
0.24942733347415924,
0.327401340007782,
0.07366131991147995,
-0.3452833592891693,
-0.195018470287323,
-0.4074162542819977,
1.0974209308624268,
0.22393560409545898,
0.6376135945320129,
0.30538803339004517,
0.10147582739591599,
0.28876176476478577,
0.13769306242465973,
0.09975055605173111,
-0.1230798289179802,
0.25713619589805603,
-0.09716228395700455,
-0.6481655836105347,
-0.03889213874936104,
0.8612191677093506,
-0.40395882725715637,
0.34247827529907227,
-0.341899037361145,
0.14044716954231262,
-0.23510921001434326,
-0.060154568403959274,
0.2525084912776947,
0.06914372742176056,
0.45723187923431396,
-0.780708372592926,
0.34863293170928955,
0.6943330764770508,
-0.492548406124115,
0.0519520565867424,
-0.3209940195083618,
0.6458864212036133,
-0.14557728171348572,
-0.057876650243997574,
-0.7701462507247925,
0.18059958517551422,
-0.12171851098537445,
-0.5860975980758667,
0.9388874173164368,
-0.2962147295475006,
-0.23243004083633423,
-0.32790350914001465,
0.7889992594718933,
0.13946683704853058,
0.20902511477470398,
-0.14507359266281128
] |
247463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Phillippe | Ryan Phillippe | Matthew Ryan Phillippe (; born September 10, 1974) is an American actor. After appearing as Billy Douglas on the soap opera One Life to Live, he came to fame in the late 1990s with starring roles in films including I Know What You Did Last Summer, Cruel Intentions, and 54. In the 2000s, he appeared in several films, including Gosford Park (2001), Crash (2004), Flags of Our Fathers (2006), Breach (2007), Stop-Loss (2008), MacGruber (2010), and The Lincoln Lawyer (2011). In 2010, Phillippe played photographer Greg Marinovich in The Bang Bang Club, and then in the lead role of Bob Lee Swagger in the USA Network thriller drama Shooter (2016–2018).
Early life
Phillippe was born in New Castle, Delaware. His mother, Susan, ran a day care center in the family's house; his father, Richard Phillippe, was a chemist. Phillippe has three sisters, and is of part French descent. He graduated from Barbizon in Wilmington, Delaware.
Phillippe earned a black belt in Tae Kwon Do in his youth.
Career
Early career (1990–1999)
Phillippe's acting career began after being signed to Cathy Parker Management in Voorhees, New Jersey. Shortly after, he made an appearance in the ABC daytime drama One Life to Live. His character Billy Douglas, whom he played from 1992 to 1993, was the first gay teenager on a daytime soap opera. After leaving the show, Phillippe moved to Los Angeles, where he appeared in a number of small parts in various television series including Matlock, Due South, the TV miniseries The Secrets of Lake Success, and movies, including the 1995 film Crimson Tide and the 1996 film White Squall.
He was cast in the 1997 horror film, I Know What You Did Last Summer, which co-starred Sarah Michelle Gellar, Freddie Prinze, Jr. and Jennifer Love Hewitt. The film was a success, and led to Phillippe gaining wider renown and being cast in a few more high-profile films, including 54 in 1998 opposite Neve Campbell, Salma Hayek and Mike Myers. In 1999 he starred in Cruel Intentions, a modern retelling of the Choderlos de Laclos novel Les Liaisons dangereuses, which also starred Phillippe's future wife Reese Witherspoon, as well as his I Know What You Did Last Summer co-star Sarah Michelle Gellar. It was a success among its intended teenage audience, cementing Phillippe's ability to play characters that require sex appeal. Phillippe can also be seen in the Marcy Playground music video "Comin' Up From Behind", which appears on the film's soundtrack.
Critical success and later work (2000–2011)
In the years following, he appeared in the crime drama The Way of the Gun, starred as a famed software engineer in the thriller Antitrust, and co-starred in Robert Altman's Gosford Park, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Picture. Subsequently, Phillippe had supporting parts in the films Igby Goes Down (2002) and Crash (2005), which won the Oscar for Best Picture. His 2003 film The I Inside premiered on cable.
In 2006, Phillippe played real-life Navy corpsman John Bradley in the war film Flags of Our Fathers, directed by Clint Eastwood and following the journey of the United States Marines who lifted the flag at the Battle of Iwo Jima. Phillippe has said that the film was the "best experience" of his career because of its "personal meaning" to him, and that he would have "given [his] life" to fight in World War II, noting that both of his grandfathers fought in the war. His performance was positively received by film critic Richard Roeper, who thought it was Phillippe's best performance to date. Phillippe's next role was in the thriller Breach, in which he played FBI investigator Eric O'Neill opposite Chris Cooper. He has since commented that he believes Cooper to be "the best actor America has to offer". He then starred in Chaos, in which he plays a police officer, Five Fingers, a drama set in Morocco, Kimberly Peirce's Iraq war film Stop-Loss, and the futuristic Franklyn.
Next up for Phillippe was a rare comedic role as Lt. Dixon Piper in MacGruber, a film based on the Saturday Night Live (SNL) skit of the same name. It was released in the US and Canada on May 21, 2010. As part of the film's promotion, Phillippe made his SNL hosting debut on April 17, 2010, along with first-time musical performer Kesha. Two days later, on April 19, 2010, Phillippe co-hosted WWE Raw with Jonathan Swift and Charo, also in support of MacGruber.
That same year, Phillippe starred in the Canadian/South African production The Bang-Bang Club, which tells the real-life story of the Bang-Bang Club, four South African photographers whose images documented the bloody end of apartheid. Phillippe stars as Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer Greg Marinovich. Filming for the movie took place in South Africa, beginning in March 2009. Phillippe described the filming process as "really run-and-gun. There were no comforts, and I actually appreciate that." He noted that the experience affected him, explaining that "we were shooting during the day in Soweto, and it was an endless procession of funerals—death is so common. Kids there have no quality of life. It has made me want to get more involved in Africa-based charities." An early cut of the film was shown at Cannes Film Festival in May 2009, with the final version shown at Cannes in May 2010. The film officially premiered in September 2010 at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival. The US rights to the movie were picked up by Tribeca Film, which premiered the movie at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival and opened the movie in limited release on April 22, 2011.
In the summer of 2010, Phillippe began filming the adaptation of popular crime novel The Lincoln Lawyer, taking on the role of Louis Roulet, a wealthy Los Angeles playboy accused of a crime for which his culpability is unclear. The movie, which also stars Matthew McConaughey, Marisa Tomei and William H. Macy, opened on March 18, 2011, and was generally well received by critics, scoring 82% on Rotten Tomatoes as of late March 2011. Phillippe filmed his next project, heist action film Setup, in December 2010 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Also starring Bruce Willis, Jenna Dewan, and 50 Cent, the movie focuses on a group of young men from Detroit whose attempt at a diamond heist goes awry and brings them into conflict with a mob boss. The movie had a straight-to-DVD release on September 20, 2011.
Phillippe next filmed the dramatic dark comedy Revenge for Jolly!, alongside Elijah Wood, Kristen Wiig and Adam Brody, in the summer of 2011. The movie, which tells the story of a man set on finding his dog's murderer, premiered at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival. Phillippe subsequently began work on another movie, Straight A's, in August 2011. Filmed in Shreveport, Louisiana, the movie stars Phillippe as a man who has been in and out of rehab for years and is now haunted by his mother's ghost, and also features Anna Paquin and Luke Wilson.
Return to television and focus on directing and producing (2012–present)
Starting in November 2011, Phillippe spent several months filming a 10-episode arc on the fifth and final season of the critically acclaimed TV show Damages. Playing Channing McClaren, a Julian Assange-like character, it was his first regular TV role since his breakout part on One Life to Live. The season aired from July to September 2012.
In 2012, Phillippe focused on his directorial debut, Catch Hell, an indie thriller in which Phillippe stars as a fading film actor who must devise a creative escape after he is kidnapped and tortured while making a movie in Shreveport, Louisiana. In addition to directing, co-producing, and starring in the film, Phillippe also co-wrote the script with Joe Gossett. Phillippe has said that the film is based partly on the life experiences of himself and his friends (including the filming of Straight A's in Shreveport in 2011), but is partly meant to be "a fun scary movie in the vein of Misery". Filming took place on location in Shreveport in the fall of 2012. The movie was released on October 10, 2014.
In October 2013, Phillippe began filming the action thriller Reclaim in Puerto Rico. The movie features Phillippe as an American man who travels to Puerto Rico with his wife (played by Rachelle Lefevre) to adopt an orphan from Haiti. After a confrontation with a local (played by John Cusack), the child vanishes. Reclaim was released on September 19, 2014.
In May 2014, ABC picked up the pilot for Secrets and Lies, which was shot in Charlotte, North Carolina in early 2014. The 10-episode mystery series debuted on March 1, 2015, as a midseason entry in the 2014–15 season. It is based on the Australian series of the same name and stars Phillippe as a family man who becomes a prime murder suspect after he discovers the body of a child.
Phillippe has also been attached to a number of possible future film roles, including Chronicle, a film to be directed by Jay Alaimo that will see Phillippe, Justin Long and John Hawkes in a story "about two childhood friends who reunite to launch the biggest marijuana dealership in New York City".
Phillippe, Breckin Meyer, Seth Green and David E. Siegal run a production company called Lucid Films. In 2010, Phillippe and Meyer began "getting a show going for Showtime", serving as executive producers. The comedy, Heavy and Rolling, tells the story of a Manhattan towncar driver who assumes different identities as he moves towards madness. Phillippe also served as executive producer and narrator on Isolated, a documentary that follows five surfers as they travel to remote New Guinea in search of untouched waves. The documentary premiered in January 2013 at the 2013 Santa Barbara International Film Festival.
In 2015, Phillippe was cast in the lead role of Bob Lee Swagger on the USA Network thriller drama series Shooter, which premiered in the fall of 2016.
In February 2020, Phillippe was announced in the role of Cody Hoyt in the ABC crime drama series Big Sky which was created by David E. Kelley.
Personal life
In 1997, Phillippe met actress Reese Witherspoon at a party for her 21st birthday. The following year, the pair starred together in Cruel Intentions. Phillippe and Witherspoon married on June 5, 1999, in a small ceremony at Old Wide Awake Plantation near Charleston, South Carolina, when Witherspoon was six months pregnant. Their daughter was born in 1999 and their son was born in 2003.
On October 30, 2006, Phillippe and Witherspoon released a statement announcing that they were formally separating. Witherspoon filed for divorce on November 8, 2006, citing irreconcilable differences as the cause. In light of the couple's lack of a prenuptial agreement, she requested that the court refuse to grant spousal support to Phillippe, and asked for joint legal custody and sole physical custody of the pair's two children. Phillippe filed for joint physical custody of the children on May 15, 2007, and did not seek any spousal support. The couple's marriage officially ended on October 5, 2007, with final divorce arrangements settled on June 13, 2008, according to court documents. Phillippe and Witherspoon share joint custody of their children.
In 2006 while filming Stop-Loss he developed a relationship with fellow actress Abbie Cornish. They split in early 2010.
Phillippe began dating model and actress Alexis Knapp in May 2010; they ended their relationship in September that same year. After their breakup, Knapp discovered that she was pregnant by Phillippe and gave birth to a daughter in 2011.
Phillippe began dating law student Paulina Slagter in 2011. They became engaged in 2015 but ended their relationship in 2016. In March 2017, Slagter filed a harassment report with the LAPD after Phillippe had been harassing her via text messages.
In September 2017, Elsie Hewitt, an ex-girlfriend of Phillippe, filed a lawsuit against him for allegedly punching, kicking, and throwing her down stairs. Hewitt was granted a restraining order by the LAPD stating Phillippe could not come within of her. In October 2019, the case was settled.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Accolades
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Delaware
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from New Castle, Delaware | [
-0.2547851502895355,
-0.5157841444015503,
-0.27823367714881897,
0.06562073528766632,
0.8969880938529968,
0.8183413147926331,
0.6164546012878418,
0.4692740738391876,
-0.15988324582576752,
-0.07447599619626999,
-0.4818819463253021,
0.7560771703720093,
0.013561820611357689,
-0.14554567635059357,
0.3867845833301544,
1.0402244329452515,
0.045910146087408066,
0.28812843561172485,
0.3238321840763092,
-0.607223629951477,
-0.7465988993644714,
0.32972124218940735,
0.5360097885131836,
0.2716878652572632,
-0.46306276321411133,
0.7718631029129028,
-0.6730627417564392,
0.08386202156543732,
-0.10663681477308273,
-0.1595013439655304,
-0.042221058160066605,
0.15082170069217682,
0.1703837513923645,
-0.5544613599777222,
-0.007335902191698551,
0.1294398009777069,
-0.5012016296386719,
-0.12634263932704926,
-0.22373723983764648,
0.2635413110256195,
-0.23746390640735626,
0.24251551926136017,
-0.12066316604614258,
-0.6040639281272888,
-0.3521305322647095,
-0.21275755763053894,
-1.344222903251648,
-0.1764906346797943,
-0.3100088834762573,
-0.5714886784553528,
-0.006131925154477358,
-0.00044038123451173306,
0.31785398721694946,
-0.13826821744441986,
0.32706785202026367,
-0.5229412913322449,
-0.5738211274147034,
-0.24114349484443665,
0.33945778012275696,
-0.029214613139629364,
0.03780338540673256,
-0.3274768888950348,
-0.012670348398387432,
-0.8946307897567749,
-0.10812614858150482,
-0.015559382736682892,
0.5906091928482056,
0.2905387878417969,
-0.06996208429336548,
-0.42223161458969116,
0.3068397343158722,
0.19243782758712769,
0.39696359634399414,
-0.681196928024292,
0.5013086795806885,
0.2148646116256714,
0.17809855937957764,
0.7382522225379944,
-0.07736217230558395,
0.32871612906455994,
0.10212729871273041,
0.0212533138692379,
0.45062872767448425,
0.616791844367981,
-0.12142946571111679,
0.21512794494628906,
-0.06500221788883209,
0.11998173594474792,
-0.3587549328804016,
0.1745022088289261,
-0.5800653696060181,
-0.1978151649236679,
0.019129274412989616,
0.27867159247398376,
0.0710446760058403,
-0.6461058855056763,
-0.2868298888206482,
0.08602534234523773,
0.17697679996490479,
0.04797107353806496,
-0.3187515139579773,
-0.22575686872005463,
0.28038811683654785,
-0.6883151531219482,
-0.314634770154953,
0.2042810320854187,
-0.1007043793797493,
0.3055350184440613,
-0.8948295712471008,
-0.17497088015079498,
-0.26060593128204346,
0.2747110426425934,
-0.17388977110385895,
0.3564901649951935,
-0.2915861904621124,
0.5120014548301697,
0.32624492049217224,
-0.42151111364364624,
-0.6767586469650269,
0.115678571164608,
0.11276209354400635,
0.21768009662628174,
0.0994129627943039,
0.745703935623169,
-0.5420228242874146,
-0.1473754495382309,
0.03990630432963371,
-0.34157639741897583,
-0.22489617764949799,
0.07119520008563995,
0.15456917881965637,
0.7083290815353394,
-0.1654038280248642,
-0.0715925469994545,
-0.6679229140281677,
-0.019150765612721443,
0.1362103968858719,
0.22035472095012665,
0.2424747347831726,
-0.20124618709087372,
-0.5188611745834351,
-0.575855553150177,
-0.31272977590560913,
-0.11519277840852737,
0.3011489510536194,
0.14020292460918427,
-0.017604338005185127,
-0.21091456711292267,
-0.3913281559944153,
-0.05975508317351341,
-0.4195393919944763,
0.4868057072162628,
-0.0526726059615612,
-0.9072448015213013,
-0.17051643133163452,
0.12735149264335632,
0.5468348264694214,
0.11850766092538834,
0.09985625743865967,
-0.5530630350112915,
0.12025976181030273,
0.034798819571733475,
-0.05051957443356514,
-0.021710693836212158,
1.0874552726745605,
-0.045076094567775726,
0.008876574225723743,
-0.5732941627502441,
0.13241156935691833,
0.0819687694311142,
0.22512765228748322,
0.3386773467063904,
0.1778012365102768,
-0.2513422966003418,
-0.5625020861625671,
0.11898602545261383,
-0.024790244176983833,
0.286592960357666,
-0.017677851021289825,
0.01718720979988575,
-0.4693375527858734,
-0.17851853370666504,
0.3447122275829315,
-0.5916774272918701,
-0.044735029339790344,
0.2709827721118927,
0.557479977607727,
-0.49046942591667175,
0.26156896352767944,
-0.016889231279492378,
-0.8046123385429382,
-0.2978422939777374,
0.6301621198654175,
-0.031904131174087524,
0.31399139761924744,
-0.1437404304742813,
0.13855238258838654,
0.05542045086622238,
0.7273575067520142,
0.39571037888526917,
-0.5606028437614441,
-0.9737566113471985,
0.27746063470840454,
0.5581063032150269,
-0.4084497094154358,
0.16551153361797333,
0.637376606464386,
0.08203496038913727,
0.3201739490032196,
-0.142835333943367,
0.07575132697820663,
-0.5418735146522522,
0.212452232837677,
0.7499120831489563,
-0.374337762594223,
-1.0720347166061401,
-0.9904066324234009,
-0.5355833172798157,
0.1898842453956604,
-0.43329760432243347,
-0.14046025276184082,
0.4982302188873291,
0.4528401792049408,
0.29749712347984314,
-0.19738279283046722,
1.206607460975647,
0.1212390810251236,
-0.03496047109365463,
0.1776631474494934,
-0.5340442061424255,
-0.12069646269083023,
0.1333996206521988,
-0.8182069063186646,
-1.1055206060409546,
-0.2909778952598572,
0.2966077923774719,
0.37701553106307983,
-0.7992510795593262,
-0.6028984189033508,
-0.9221119284629822,
0.5934615731239319,
0.29465726017951965,
-0.6759269833564758,
-0.013330978341400623,
0.33393803238868713,
-0.15212172269821167,
0.5649190545082092,
0.20978094637393951,
-0.12005128711462021,
0.2969324588775635,
-0.34890344738960266,
0.1063588485121727,
0.11653537303209305,
0.07145360112190247,
0.30799350142478943,
-0.3715257942676544,
0.06663676351308823,
0.25073906779289246,
-0.036945123225450516,
0.20448653399944305,
0.3403264582157135,
0.004367238841950893,
-0.20199742913246155,
-0.3986242413520813,
-0.5528486371040344,
0.4094264507293701,
-0.1741827130317688,
-0.8251696228981018,
0.35302284359931946,
0.3549021780490875,
0.3554860055446625,
-0.7427067756652832,
-0.010402822867035866,
-0.045911725610494614,
0.08529514074325562,
0.5854933857917786,
-0.06403107196092606,
-0.11078055948019028,
0.12193474173545837,
-0.5083169341087341,
0.30543678998947144,
0.48298409581184387,
0.04617324844002724,
-0.3689182698726654,
-0.129390150308609,
-0.7336908578872681,
-0.2650948464870453,
0.32328030467033386,
-0.17651031911373138,
-0.11075826734304428,
-0.055581171065568924,
0.13232530653476715,
-0.13932345807552338,
1.0474575757980347,
-0.4164625108242035,
-0.19992390275001526,
0.49513527750968933,
0.18554683029651642,
-0.052444133907556534,
-0.01763317361474037,
-0.27336469292640686,
0.3904428482055664,
0.0813717395067215,
0.06359438598155975,
0.7842790484428406,
0.0959855318069458,
-0.634286105632782,
-0.17485830187797546,
-5.543131351470947,
-0.03918422386050224,
0.1781066209077835,
0.14510242640972137,
0.7176734805107117,
0.15719619393348694,
0.6010292172431946,
-0.35485076904296875,
0.2656983733177185,
0.26921090483665466,
-0.2124251425266266,
-0.004655926954001188,
-0.18561893701553345,
0.22027356922626495,
0.3658885657787323,
0.051275141537189484,
0.34057700634002686,
-0.624679446220398,
0.06114577129483223,
0.8658957481384277,
-0.6413577795028687,
-0.1537456214427948,
-0.2129392921924591,
-0.4082264006137848,
-0.29996034502983093,
0.10396252572536469,
-0.7111992239952087,
0.29580122232437134,
-0.43583744764328003,
-0.015125657431781292,
-0.7342658042907715,
0.24571913480758667,
-0.4599314033985138,
-0.08557911962270737,
-0.2023034393787384,
-0.31354454159736633,
0.566645622253418,
-0.5249084830284119,
0.2289143204689026,
-0.4461607038974762,
0.04397932067513466,
0.23719467222690582,
-1.129544973373413,
0.40167129039764404,
0.7858129739761353,
-0.23340627551078796,
-0.5583335161209106,
-0.35945531725883484,
0.2594185769557953,
0.4493810534477234,
0.46997126936912537,
0.31138935685157776,
0.17894451320171356,
0.07936882972717285,
0.9609708786010742,
-0.34031471610069275,
0.4459863007068634,
0.15525168180465698,
-0.7253912091255188,
0.30895793437957764,
0.05142684653401375,
-0.13610908389091492,
-0.1806589961051941,
0.10547787696123123,
0.25194746255874634,
-0.43619468808174133,
0.5784197449684143,
0.12897244095802307,
0.12765511870384216,
-0.7232810258865356,
-0.0026886174455285072,
-0.36164289712905884,
0.533950924873352,
-1.2688968181610107,
0.2856981158256531,
-0.5155923366546631,
0.2716551125049591,
0.15807120501995087,
-1.0367226600646973,
-0.7023792266845703,
-0.2614097595214844,
-0.19860924780368805,
0.5128554105758667,
0.32587724924087524,
0.5372215509414673,
0.18408621847629547,
-0.4104720950126648,
0.24220319092273712,
0.07244940847158432,
-0.4042559862136841,
-0.43517664074897766,
-0.17935900390148163,
0.19652782380580902,
0.13559037446975708,
-0.18295671045780182,
0.4045686721801758,
0.816239058971405,
0.8365704417228699,
0.033446118235588074,
0.5680460929870605,
0.1379418820142746,
-0.7600650191307068,
0.2493758499622345,
-0.3694021701812744,
0.5513294339179993,
0.09690465033054352,
0.3987567722797394,
0.27010205388069153,
0.5500127077102661,
-0.10600940138101578,
0.4468535780906677,
0.5466512441635132,
-0.506177544593811,
-0.06243648752570152,
-0.2636994421482086,
0.28855952620506287,
-0.6573524475097656,
-0.09752818942070007,
0.2522452473640442,
0.378762423992157,
-0.21446454524993896,
-0.16020169854164124,
0.2583082914352417,
0.34130287170410156,
-0.07668957859277725,
-0.22004730999469757,
-0.2862200140953064,
-0.20835211873054504,
0.3000430762767792,
0.14571592211723328,
-0.5303500890731812,
0.5485391020774841,
-0.13408629596233368,
-0.36115002632141113,
0.42296871542930603,
-0.29860392212867737,
0.08838158845901489,
-0.09870511293411255,
0.4240776598453522,
0.3371795415878296,
0.05528200417757034,
-0.4460356831550598,
0.0692165344953537,
0.22973158955574036,
0.47465524077415466,
-0.4802360534667969,
0.4731551706790924,
0.3213844299316406,
-0.22082474827766418,
0.5947003960609436,
0.6731866598129272,
-0.022862877696752548,
0.3364993631839752,
-0.591896653175354,
-0.0411251038312912,
0.2602981925010681,
-0.4567223787307739,
-0.5912977457046509,
0.27371910214424133,
-0.26155027747154236,
0.4577302932739258,
-0.25201815366744995,
-0.9391099214553833,
0.015156536363065243,
0.1919068992137909,
-0.09191587567329407,
-0.3934269845485687,
-0.0363016314804554,
-0.9734792113304138,
0.07767512649297714,
0.20186206698417664,
-0.9305145740509033,
-0.08781961351633072,
0.1852135956287384,
-0.0636049285531044,
-0.22710363566875458,
-0.2623007297515869,
-0.027156494557857513,
-0.255113810300827,
0.3615374267101288,
-0.10537464171648026,
0.10066164284944534,
-0.7902096509933472,
-0.15735864639282227,
-0.05029391124844551,
-0.16836443543434143,
-0.13840004801750183,
-0.07162491977214813,
-0.17087815701961517,
0.2764846980571747,
0.04125499352812767,
-0.2055262178182602,
-0.15728230774402618,
0.38026973605155945,
-0.2760681211948395,
-0.41545426845550537,
0.14321626722812653,
-0.21956545114517212,
0.5541141033172607,
0.17726662755012512,
-0.0757664367556572,
0.1980912983417511,
-0.4000101685523987,
0.33332863450050354,
0.20369753241539001,
-0.12267544120550156,
0.02426753379404545,
0.3194653391838074,
-0.41401562094688416,
0.420484721660614,
-0.24650925397872925,
-0.4129832983016968,
-0.031414423137903214,
0.3141963481903076,
-0.3817712068557739,
-0.01883748359978199,
0.6761882901191711,
0.30223801732063293,
0.2736957371234894,
-0.3871270418167114,
-0.40698590874671936,
-0.6142117977142334,
-0.28393101692199707,
-0.2071281224489212,
-0.2521856129169464,
0.2515634596347809,
0.44737017154693604,
-0.3519122898578644,
0.3713877201080322,
-0.013892733491957188,
-0.31592828035354614,
-0.16475041210651398,
0.4612240791320801,
0.611813485622406,
-0.14310292899608612,
0.18821097910404205,
-0.4648383557796478,
0.6619071364402771,
-0.3021645247936249,
0.397944837808609,
0.7383766174316406,
0.7050155401229858,
-0.29282745718955994,
-0.2685292065143585,
0.023605763912200928,
0.7161052823066711,
0.4997490644454956,
-0.44786396622657776,
0.018940309062600136,
0.07337366789579391,
0.4443418085575104,
0.06690721958875656,
-0.2132842242717743,
0.8321908116340637,
0.6672695279121399,
-0.4630790948867798,
0.3404030501842499,
-0.18303465843200684,
-0.22210274636745453,
0.12149620801210403,
-0.050523415207862854,
-0.6925109624862671,
0.009566913358867168,
0.038266997784376144,
-0.1886114478111267,
-0.3381470739841461,
-0.3953443467617035,
-0.21115486323833466,
-0.18311652541160583,
-0.5743264555931091,
-0.28246667981147766,
-0.049575600773096085,
0.2384345978498459,
0.6527305245399475,
-0.2902161180973053,
0.5331577658653259,
0.5317285060882568,
-0.08151015639305115,
-0.412403404712677,
0.2976646423339844,
-0.8492485880851746,
0.23655013740062714,
-0.11905395239591599,
-0.8911146521568298,
0.4000515937805176,
-0.03043351136147976,
0.19317258894443512,
-0.11985357850790024,
-0.35447958111763,
-0.01344950683414936,
0.2538352608680725,
0.25143200159072876,
-0.5036938786506653,
0.021854646503925323,
0.08366189897060394,
-0.41071298718452454,
-0.450982004404068,
1.0312975645065308,
0.16604125499725342,
0.49752524495124817,
-0.07517485320568085,
0.6738777756690979,
0.6422185301780701,
-0.34691059589385986,
0.0050972565077245235,
0.12546361982822418,
-0.37674781680107117,
-0.6696451902389526,
-0.012513828463852406,
0.14105193316936493,
0.42190492153167725,
0.46282947063446045,
0.40596649050712585,
0.19348840415477753,
0.3145500123500824,
0.04511064663529396,
0.6638937592506409,
-0.36017119884490967,
-0.33892133831977844,
0.017961759120225906,
-0.27851274609565735,
-0.38206562399864197,
0.5478411316871643,
-0.512308657169342,
0.7158867716789246,
1.243865728378296,
0.5145271420478821,
0.3153302073478699,
0.004334297962486744,
0.832615852355957,
0.49794039130210876,
-0.30177441239356995,
0.3564598262310028,
0.7428895235061646,
-0.15492381155490875,
-0.7465353608131409,
0.47806820273399353,
0.04664107412099838,
0.41852036118507385,
0.5085999965667725,
-0.621421754360199,
0.5425202250480652,
0.22169649600982666,
0.0894666463136673,
-0.07514484971761703,
0.11908674240112305,
0.03437797352671623,
0.0062187411822378635,
-0.6924430131912231,
-0.12629039585590363,
-0.3959626853466034,
0.16746298968791962,
0.27905556559562683,
-0.16415376961231232,
0.12683413922786713,
-0.7480003833770752,
0.2881212532520294,
0.0856194794178009,
-0.7524048089981079,
-0.1298261135816574,
-0.0003701573587022722,
-0.764224648475647,
1.2496365308761597,
0.6650386452674866,
-0.281919002532959,
-0.06554434448480606,
-0.11972461640834808,
-0.509485125541687,
-0.25427064299583435,
0.010716780088841915,
0.1874292939901352,
0.5465375781059265,
0.027391957119107246,
0.5980141162872314,
0.6671473979949951,
0.38284432888031006,
0.46357494592666626,
-0.5040327906608582,
-0.3009259104728699,
-0.2476738542318344,
-0.6903649568557739,
0.06084722653031349,
0.06449251621961594,
-0.23552881181240082,
0.1381472945213318,
0.09873125702142715,
-0.08742944151163101,
0.2562512159347534,
-0.08599472045898438,
-0.11778721958398819,
0.37656736373901367,
-0.3708990514278412,
0.0033442131243646145,
0.056744761765003204,
-0.7934976816177368,
0.3637288808822632,
-0.5815269947052002,
0.7574228048324585,
0.4777075946331024,
0.3097054660320282,
0.3634810149669647,
0.6033876538276672,
0.032628461718559265,
-0.20418435335159302,
-0.6664837598800659,
0.36106592416763306,
-0.2661701440811157,
0.21736475825309753,
-0.7355478405952454,
-0.25414711236953735,
0.39152607321739197,
0.009783485904335976,
-0.546701967716217,
-0.42583632469177246,
0.2445855736732483,
0.11346855759620667,
0.2909393608570099,
0.33405792713165283,
0.12820841372013092,
-0.3430226445198059,
-0.14473110437393188,
0.6958078145980835,
0.2365911304950714,
-0.2270258516073227,
-0.15939779579639435,
0.7595024108886719,
-0.3376673758029938,
-0.07776031643152237,
-0.1326439380645752,
0.2428419440984726,
-0.2981959581375122,
0.19863733649253845,
-0.6602398753166199,
0.22484202682971954,
-0.43870651721954346,
-1.0649181604385376,
0.5822250247001648,
0.6167949438095093,
0.4147396683692932,
-0.32693052291870117,
0.4832092523574829,
0.029920408502221107,
-0.5600281357765198,
-0.005534244701266289,
-0.07737182825803757,
0.0866631418466568,
-0.33208900690078735,
-0.18668074905872345,
0.33957594633102417,
-0.094411201775074,
0.11341926455497742,
-0.7013771533966064,
0.324421763420105,
-0.7736032605171204,
-0.4084642231464386,
-0.29342421889305115,
-0.000008541807801520918,
0.17936429381370544,
0.8472357392311096,
-0.477414608001709
] |
247464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | Truro, Nova Scotia | Truro (Mi'kmaq: Wagobagitik; Scottish Gaelic: Truru) is a town in central Nova Scotia, Canada. Truro is the shire town of Colchester County and is located on the south side of the Salmon River floodplain, close to the river's mouth at the eastern end of Cobequid Bay.
History
The area has been home to the Mi'kmaq people for several centuries. The Mi'kmaq name for the Truro area, "Wagobagitik" means "end of the water's flow". Mi'kmaq people continue to live in the area at the Millbrook and Truro reserves of the Millbrook – We’kopekwitk band.
Acadian settlers came to this area in the early 1700s. The Mi'kmaq name for the Truro area was shortened by the settlers to "Cobequid", and the bay to the west of the town is still named Cobequid Bay. By 1727, the settlers had established a small village near the present downtown site of Truro known as "Vil Bois Brule" (Village in the burnt wood). Many Acadians in this region left in the Acadian Exodus which preceded the Expulsion of the Acadians in 1755. In 1761, the British settled the area with Presbyterians of predominantly Ulster Scottish origin who came from Ireland via New England. They named the new settlement after the city of Truro in Cornwall, United Kingdom.
Originally a small farming community, the construction of the Nova Scotia Railway between Halifax, and Pictou in 1858 caused the municipality to experience a fast rate of growth which increased even more when the railway connected to central Canada in 1872 and became the Intercolonial Railway. The Intercolonial, which later became the Canadian National Railway built a large roundhouse and rail yard in Truro. Further rail links to Cape Breton and to the Annapolis Valley through the Dominion Atlantic Railway in 1905 increased the town's importance as a transportation hub for Nova Scotia. The railway also attracted industries such as the Truro Woolen Mills in 1870 (which later became Stanfield's) and provincial institutions like the provincial Normal School (later the Nova Scotia Teachers College) and the Nova Scotia Agricultural College. The town officially incorporated in 1875. Many figures from the town's past were featured in over 40 tree sculptures which were carved in tree trunks after Truro lost most of its Elm trees to Dutch Elm Disease in the 1990s. As of 2018, most of these sculptures were suffering from severe deterioration and were taken down. The history of the town and surrounding county is preserved at the Colchester Historical Museum (c.1900-1901), which is designated under the provincial Heritage Property Act.
Black history
Three areas of Truro contain predominately African Nova Scotian residents. The residents of Upper/Lower Ford Street (“the Marsh”) are descendants of Black Loyalists and Black Refugees. Young Street (“the Hill”) has people from a number of different cultural and ethnic diversities. Black Loyalist descendants make up the vast majority of people in the third area, West Prince Street (“the Island”). Many of Truro's black community has roots in the historically important Black Nova Scotian settlements of Guysborough County. Zion United Baptist Church, first founded in 1896 on Prince Street, has long been the spiritual heart of the community.
Truro is also the birthplace of world-renowned contralto, Portia White (1911–1968). To support herself while taking music lessons at the Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts she taught school in Africville and Lucasville. Her national debut occurred in 1941 at the Eaton Auditorium in Toronto, and her international debut came at the Town Hall in New York in 1944. She gave a Command Performance for Queen Elizabeth II at the opening of Confederation Centre in Charlottetown in 1964. A monument commemorating Portia White stands on the grounds of the Zion United Baptist Church.
A number of other prominent Black Canadians have roots in the town. One of Canada's most well known civil rights leader, Burnley Allan "Rocky" Jones, was raised in "the Marsh" neighbourhood of Truro. Art Dorrington, the first black hockey player to sign an NHL contract was raised in "the Island".
Infrastructure and attractions
Truro is known as the Hub of Nova Scotia as it is located at the junction between the Canadian National Railway, running between Halifax and Montreal, and the Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway, running between Truro and Port Hawkesbury. Until the 1980s, Truro also hosted a junction between the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway's former Dominion Atlantic Railway line running through Windsor and down the Annapolis Valley to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.
An important highway interchange is located just north of Truro in the rural community of Onslow where Highway 102 ends at Highway 104 - both four lane expressways. Secondary roads Trunk 2 and Trunk 4 intersect in the town. Important tertiary roads Route 236 and Route 311 end in the nearby communities of Lower Truro and Onslow respectively. Some of these roads also form part of the Glooscap Trail which is a scenic drive for tourists. Truro railway station is served by Via Rail's Ocean line.
Nova Scotia Power has several transmission line corridors in or near Truro; additionally Bell Aliant, EastLink and 360networks route most of the major telephone and data communications lines in the province through the town.
Six large sections of the Berlin Wall are located along the Cobequid Trail, on the Agricultural Campus of Dalhousie University.
Education
Truro has two public high schools, Cobequid Educational Centre and the francophone École acadienne de Truro. Post-secondary options include a campus of the Nova Scotia Community College, and The Institute of Human Services Education, Jane Norman College as well as the Agricultural Campus of Dalhousie University, in the neighboring village of Bible Hill.
Sports
Truro has three ice hockey rinks: Deuvilles Rink, Rath Eastlink Community Centre, and the Colchester Legion Stadium. Truro is home to the Truro Bearcats, a Junior "A" ice hockey team who are four time MJAHL Champions. (Canadian) Football is also a popular sport in the town with all games being played on Friday night at the Truro Amateur Athletic Club (TAAC) grounds. Truro Raceway conducts harness races every Sunday. Truro is also home to a rugby club, which hosts the World Indoor Sevens Rugby Championships.
Truro also has a senior baseball team, the Truro Senior Bearcats, that play in the Nova Scotia Senior Baseball League. Their home field is at the Truro Amateur Athletic Club (TAAC).
Lacrosse has become a very popular sport in Truro over the recent years. There is a minor lacrosse association, the Truro Bearcats Lacrosse Association, which allows youth to take part in organized lacrosse teams and games. As well, there is a junior A lacrosse team, the Mi'Kmaq Warriors, that plays in the East Coast Junior Lacrosse League. They play in the summer months out of the Colchester Legion Stadium.
Truro enjoys a vibrant soccer scene centered about the local "CC Riders" soccer club which serves "Tier 2" soccer for both genders and all ages. Outdoor soccer takes place between May and October and indoor 7-a-side and pickup games run through the winter months.
Finally, there is also curling, bowling, swimming, softball, baseball, tennis, golfing, martial arts, snowboarding, snowshoeing, basketball, volleyball, skiing and most everything else either at school and/or local club level.
Notable people
Sir Adams George Archibald, Father of Confederation
Nora Bernard, Mi'kmaq activist
Cory Bowles, actor/dancer/musician
Jenny Brine, retired CWHL ice hockey player
Matt Brouwer, gospel singer guitarist
Lyle Carter, retired National Hockey League goaltender (originally from Brookfield)
Bob Champoux, retired National Hockey League goaltender
Jocelyne Couture-Nowak, French language instructor who established the École acadienne de Truro, but was shot and killed in the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre
Glenn V. Davidson, Retired Naval Officer. Recipient of an Honorary Doctorate of Civil Laws from University Kings College.
Martin Henry Dawson, led pioneering research into DNA and penicillin, found the cure for Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
Fred Dickson, Harper appointed member of the Senate of Canada (originally from Glace Bay)
Art Dorrington, first Black hockey player to sign an NHL contract
Jeff Douglas, actor (Joe of I Am Canadian) and broadcast presenter
John Gray, playwright
Harry Hampton, Scottish-American golf professional
A. J. B. Johnston, historian and novelist
Burnley "Rocky" Jones, political activist
Jeremiah "Jerry" Jones, soldier
Chet Koneczny, professional lacrosse player
Brett Lauther, CFL player
Mary Florence MacDonald, curator
Lewis MacKenzie, retired Major-General
Sandy MacKenzie, professional (ice) hockey player
Greg Maddison, deputy Chief of the Defence Staff
Jon McIsaac, professional (ice) hockey referee
Leo McKay Jr., Novelist
Justin Palardy, professional Canadian football player
Doug Rogers, Olympian and flag bearer for Canada at the 1972 Olympics.
Melissa Ann Shepard, Criminal
Zach Sill, professional (ice) hockey player
George Isaac Smith, 18th Premier of Nova Scotia (1967-1970); Trudeau appointed member of the Senate of Canada (originally from Stewiacke, Nova Scotia)
Barry Stagg, singer-songwriter/playwright/musician
Robert Stanfield, politician
Bill White, composer/politician/social activist
Jack White, labour union activist / politician
Johan Edlund, vocalist and guitarist of Tiamat (band)
Portia White, singer
William A. White, church minister and father to Bill, Jack and Portia
Lenore Zann, actress and politician
Joey Mullen, "The king of DIY" fishkeeping YouTuber
Climate
Truro has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) similar to the vast majority of The Maritimes with warm, wet summers and cold, snowy winters.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Truro was on 19 August 1935 and 15 August 1944. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 22 January 1934.
Demographics
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Truro recorded a population of 12,261 living in 6,052 of its 6,574 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 12,059. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
Central Nova Tourist Association — Tourism association representing Cumberland County and Colchester County, including Truro.
References
External links
Town of Truro (official website)
Towns in Nova Scotia | [
-0.6654079556465149,
0.557635486125946,
-0.4450262784957886,
-0.2496395707130432,
0.589552104473114,
0.8956218361854553,
0.6715753674507141,
0.5490250587463379,
-0.34484830498695374,
-0.20689021050930023,
-0.1173170804977417,
0.15086641907691956,
0.3273495137691498,
0.22957907617092133,
-0.3208406865596771,
0.4973089098930359,
0.03449884429574013,
0.14654918015003204,
0.1105751246213913,
-0.7481200695037842,
-0.2668202519416809,
-0.42856365442276,
-0.00814073346555233,
0.29553279280662537,
0.35564878582954407,
0.48509499430656433,
0.3504108190536499,
0.415391206741333,
-0.510170578956604,
-0.08790477365255356,
-0.23273953795433044,
0.810011625289917,
-0.8560034036636353,
-0.27498549222946167,
0.7693816423416138,
0.33454176783561707,
0.18768367171287537,
-0.5231903195381165,
-0.5735484957695007,
-0.2919633984565735,
-0.07798600941896439,
-0.17509271204471588,
0.24549759924411774,
0.3138885796070099,
0.32728615403175354,
-0.05478409305214882,
-0.8641837239265442,
0.21475227177143097,
-0.8097257614135742,
-0.4528205990791321,
-0.30301663279533386,
0.39017850160598755,
0.4628440737724304,
-0.05423581600189209,
0.23464545607566833,
0.34716781973838806,
-0.9266374707221985,
-0.13686403632164001,
0.514877438545227,
-0.06132259592413902,
0.05037945136427879,
0.7975810766220093,
-0.0746678039431572,
0.4007219076156616,
0.24371756613254547,
0.0877481997013092,
0.370187908411026,
0.6226333975791931,
-0.23681381344795227,
-0.3058616518974304,
0.08825533837080002,
0.4071372449398041,
0.1132771298289299,
-0.029812462627887726,
-0.393957257270813,
0.5955758094787598,
-0.04746776074171066,
0.08813757449388504,
0.45239898562431335,
0.19199854135513306,
0.08230477571487427,
-0.018720194697380066,
0.8983138799667358,
-0.0371219739317894,
0.7604584693908691,
0.20378774404525757,
-0.5973761081695557,
0.3784841299057007,
-0.4349788725376129,
0.3312598168849945,
-0.9318694472312927,
-0.19438573718070984,
-0.17698101699352264,
0.11638358235359192,
-0.4229326546192169,
0.09394453465938568,
-0.09795966744422913,
0.9003809690475464,
-0.3298546075820923,
0.08466380834579468,
-0.26985111832618713,
-0.3725423216819763,
1.262452244758606,
0.46195289492607117,
-0.3763071596622467,
0.2743012309074402,
-0.6088932156562805,
-0.21206068992614746,
-0.034094326198101044,
0.05980134382843971,
-0.2209424376487732,
0.15140220522880554,
-0.44428929686546326,
0.13123543560504913,
-0.19236086308956146,
-0.12309831380844116,
0.2002336084842682,
-0.22141538560390472,
-0.2920219898223877,
-0.527251660823822,
0.8483388423919678,
0.3839588761329651,
0.12403103709220886,
-0.15234710276126862,
0.18521253764629364,
0.09001986682415009,
0.046759482473134995,
-0.5346577763557434,
-0.5557989478111267,
0.033085476607084274,
-0.19534935057163239,
1.3778023719787598,
-0.2945951223373413,
-0.24360309541225433,
-0.24944353103637695,
0.49228963255882263,
-0.45739349722862244,
0.13564583659172058,
0.735088586807251,
0.21358256042003632,
-0.6237657070159912,
-0.06120217218995094,
-0.2750273644924164,
-0.09976714104413986,
0.258806049823761,
-0.41560131311416626,
-0.44048112630844116,
-0.5286025404930115,
0.3492380380630493,
0.0012979505117982626,
0.15883463621139526,
0.47067660093307495,
-0.2764723598957062,
-0.36472105979919434,
-0.14964677393436432,
-0.19985933601856232,
0.3966490924358368,
0.016676485538482666,
0.7007937431335449,
0.047638315707445145,
-0.1465061902999878,
0.24490886926651,
0.5299662947654724,
-0.377315491437912,
0.01153468806296587,
0.09598909318447113,
0.45892593264579773,
-0.4812195897102356,
0.5052219033241272,
0.17068317532539368,
-0.5819595456123352,
-0.11606665700674057,
1.3297955989837646,
-0.22036069631576538,
-0.19859009981155396,
-0.20755140483379364,
0.8515310883522034,
-0.11469738930463791,
0.034767620265483856,
-0.19979611039161682,
-0.7716870903968811,
0.0759621262550354,
0.38693293929100037,
-0.5396954417228699,
0.31984177231788635,
-0.20853310823440552,
0.3018474280834198,
0.32570087909698486,
-0.1940179169178009,
0.191358745098114,
0.13422273099422455,
-0.8705018758773804,
0.4008059799671173,
-0.6713965535163879,
0.6199787855148315,
0.04782237112522125,
-0.3395633399486542,
1.1660865545272827,
-0.32598981261253357,
0.1816873550415039,
-1.0087162256240845,
0.23856724798679352,
0.5485175848007202,
-0.39546796679496765,
-0.7370954751968384,
0.06662296503782272,
0.568431556224823,
0.06948108226060867,
-0.1267935037612915,
0.15303540229797363,
-0.9223242402076721,
-0.5687215924263,
-0.057222962379455566,
0.5012329816818237,
-0.30799373984336853,
-1.1447025537490845,
0.31560149788856506,
-0.6837556958198547,
-0.14492595195770264,
-0.2399059236049652,
0.6209259033203125,
-0.2704008221626282,
-0.10589292645454407,
0.11706827580928802,
-0.1902891993522644,
1.0784786939620972,
-0.01340511441230774,
0.08677946031093597,
-0.1204492375254631,
-0.10668302327394485,
0.15171027183532715,
0.3137180805206299,
0.44209063053131104,
-0.4923439025878906,
-0.4572208821773529,
-0.1635068953037262,
-0.020834114402532578,
-0.3980460464954376,
0.2861485779285431,
-0.21624629199504852,
-0.18908065557479858,
0.4030850827693939,
-0.9580296874046326,
0.2664455771446228,
0.5890517234802246,
0.28565162420272827,
0.3365440368652344,
0.3369702398777008,
0.08410259336233139,
-0.40899884700775146,
0.30622947216033936,
0.28541699051856995,
0.06295276433229446,
0.2512436807155609,
0.7858051061630249,
-0.576728880405426,
-0.035455550998449326,
-0.2104249894618988,
0.27558279037475586,
0.33159565925598145,
-0.4230479300022125,
0.3086821734905243,
-0.5013306140899658,
0.6753813028335571,
-0.1780373752117157,
-0.186982199549675,
0.29435452818870544,
-0.5299273133277893,
0.7701732516288757,
0.6196459531784058,
-0.047022003680467606,
-0.0970567986369133,
-0.6146191954612732,
0.3042578399181366,
1.0043944120407104,
0.25957316160202026,
0.009982611984014511,
0.013540098443627357,
-0.7550376057624817,
-0.007808733265846968,
0.2782680094242096,
1.2196427583694458,
-0.6704921126365662,
-1.2241140604019165,
0.21217481791973114,
0.06934719532728195,
0.1083182543516159,
0.19855809211730957,
-0.540878176689148,
-0.21738465130329132,
-0.8297816514968872,
-0.8684901595115662,
0.14017662405967712,
0.8889499306678772,
-0.36421242356300354,
-0.134626567363739,
0.5068623423576355,
-0.04887549206614494,
0.370930939912796,
-0.3881257176399231,
-0.11465619504451752,
-0.22739136219024658,
-0.22020801901817322,
0.5559011697769165,
-0.28062704205513,
-0.2919159531593323,
0.1386294960975647,
-0.35129162669181824,
-4.883447647094727,
0.2972451448440552,
-0.0841664969921112,
-0.14583715796470642,
0.7165705561637878,
-0.00757516548037529,
0.22011350095272064,
-0.027228228747844696,
0.2832508683204651,
0.43834131956100464,
-0.20362143218517303,
0.20753076672554016,
-0.02553832344710827,
0.7741483449935913,
0.6824902892112732,
0.587043046951294,
0.39486047625541687,
0.29967883229255676,
0.012558119371533394,
-0.04640287160873413,
0.0704810619354248,
0.3996468782424927,
-0.5121778249740601,
-0.17676374316215515,
0.5892691016197205,
0.6677474975585938,
-0.40236181020736694,
-0.3314274251461029,
-0.7296498417854309,
-0.6161514520645142,
-0.11721579730510712,
0.12386678904294968,
-0.06951242685317993,
-0.28473642468452454,
0.0044878204353153706,
-0.725561797618866,
0.43503960967063904,
0.04185691475868225,
0.9221690893173218,
-0.9676626920700073,
-0.3200990855693817,
0.3792479932308197,
-0.003772382391616702,
-0.4193703830242157,
0.8580877780914307,
-0.37165600061416626,
-0.6092649698257446,
0.19974271953105927,
0.2852257192134857,
0.9452143311500549,
0.2679791748523712,
-0.178346648812294,
0.3438039720058441,
0.5158189535140991,
0.9628142714500427,
-0.6355701088905334,
-0.0711752399802208,
-0.09215254336595535,
-0.28709903359413147,
1.0176478624343872,
0.5592491030693054,
-0.6549457907676697,
-0.20874081552028656,
0.015874003991484642,
-0.7331657409667969,
-0.5141602754592896,
-0.10989726334810257,
-0.048504989594221115,
0.543668270111084,
-0.181121364235878,
0.024008257314562798,
0.12742161750793457,
-0.4596070349216461,
-0.5560112595558167,
0.04846782982349396,
-0.5074203610420227,
-0.553118109703064,
0.5365909337997437,
-0.855098307132721,
-0.36306679248809814,
0.04200714826583862,
0.09684623032808304,
-0.17482230067253113,
0.7066426277160645,
0.44955071806907654,
-0.641292154788971,
-0.2473183423280716,
0.45629411935806274,
-0.938406229019165,
-0.5145792365074158,
0.6947008967399597,
0.4288889169692993,
0.3549607992172241,
0.32910990715026855,
0.018680397421121597,
-0.4747310280799866,
0.32158952951431274,
-0.4549119472503662,
0.1368948370218277,
-0.5942407250404358,
0.7767841815948486,
-0.08452847599983215,
0.573203444480896,
-0.6614255309104919,
-0.5267060995101929,
-0.5808501243591309,
-0.2230629026889801,
0.28569087386131287,
0.5950393080711365,
0.27301618456840515,
-0.3091619610786438,
0.19563047587871552,
-0.5450007915496826,
0.23276297748088837,
0.17380128800868988,
0.3296512961387634,
-0.5921148657798767,
0.0027060802094638348,
0.6763301491737366,
0.6685059666633606,
0.28036919236183167,
0.019783787429332733,
-0.5568888187408447,
0.2416619211435318,
-0.27673906087875366,
-0.6541669964790344,
0.9169228672981262,
0.13039594888687134,
-0.9964437484741211,
0.15003791451454163,
0.04130291938781738,
-0.1395554542541504,
-0.36590251326560974,
-0.3081778585910797,
0.04420175775885582,
-0.38553282618522644,
-0.7603082656860352,
-0.9092003703117371,
0.2026774287223816,
0.6480382680892944,
0.26365360617637634,
-0.12137861549854279,
-0.01522536389529705,
0.2417420744895935,
-0.47388309240341187,
0.6893694996833801,
0.09346961975097656,
0.05125525966286659,
-0.45191219449043274,
0.9828356504440308,
-0.4835056960582733,
-0.2966850697994232,
-0.2087569683790207,
-0.8449298143386841,
0.8251382112503052,
-0.14157097041606903,
0.15625125169754028,
-0.07467737048864365,
0.7842807173728943,
0.11637117713689804,
0.1858641356229782,
0.36244505643844604,
-0.49953263998031616,
0.4693927466869354,
-0.014007453806698322,
-0.26425471901893616,
-0.7473960518836975,
-0.2718166708946228,
-0.19178207218647003,
0.513749361038208,
-0.0656207725405693,
-0.6487085223197937,
-0.8519889116287231,
-0.20753900706768036,
0.35369405150413513,
-0.49833083152770996,
-0.26370635628700256,
0.7493615746498108,
0.24784457683563232,
-0.34405580163002014,
0.09535790234804153,
0.1898851990699768,
-0.12883101403713226,
0.233713760972023,
0.4455631971359253,
-0.6048605442047119,
0.030802080407738686,
-0.13413019478321075,
0.37015673518180847,
-0.13220961391925812,
-0.04805302992463112,
0.18577483296394348,
0.031706325709819794,
0.28443643450737,
-0.23099087178707123,
-0.2530072331428528,
0.7078779339790344,
0.7977550029754639,
-0.26065129041671753,
-0.20472502708435059,
0.07432105392217636,
0.30362340807914734,
-0.22386673092842102,
0.5096248388290405,
0.2553921341896057,
-0.6171039342880249,
0.10662266612052917,
-0.0008082692511379719,
-0.9161041975021362,
0.920613706111908,
-0.7661492824554443,
-0.3208370804786682,
0.9179091453552246,
0.6087490916252136,
-0.2073928862810135,
0.2067633420228958,
0.33014246821403503,
-0.6634842753410339,
-0.5279417037963867,
-0.2091170698404312,
-0.991017758846283,
0.20290200412273407,
-0.070308156311512,
-0.29164066910743713,
-0.29643714427948,
-0.03019304946064949,
-0.01770668663084507,
-0.37142711877822876,
0.37555503845214844,
-0.577341616153717,
-0.15109455585479736,
-0.5297179818153381,
0.13709603250026703,
-0.17236755788326263,
0.48368731141090393,
0.11494771391153336,
0.243386372923851,
-0.10713373869657516,
0.4023895859718323,
0.2934744358062744,
0.597212553024292,
1.0333207845687866,
0.7592008113861084,
-0.2009871006011963,
-0.5153029561042786,
0.19469191133975983,
0.6542242169380188,
0.2672218084335327,
-1.2369588613510132,
0.37309530377388,
0.8501928448677063,
-0.6578115820884705,
-1.1786425113677979,
-0.4882996082305908,
1.1640288829803467,
-0.38011157512664795,
-0.07075867056846619,
0.5478371977806091,
-0.1935243010520935,
0.16046908497810364,
0.7078380584716797,
-0.08790606260299683,
0.15928596258163452,
0.19607184827327728,
0.677139937877655,
-0.26558610796928406,
-0.68891441822052,
-0.3536941409111023,
0.64028400182724,
-0.5916805267333984,
-0.023838115856051445,
0.058093100786209106,
-0.12376746535301208,
0.1603492945432663,
-0.7255455851554871,
0.06868615001440048,
0.27083712816238403,
-0.7446796894073486,
0.5309423804283142,
-0.40402254462242126,
-0.5427626967430115,
0.7531359791755676,
-0.1288127899169922,
-0.07940836995840073,
-0.06806201487779617,
-0.6541654467582703,
0.0965719148516655,
0.10954330116510391,
-0.07350863516330719,
0.5216487050056458,
-0.017682386562228203,
-0.6140188574790955,
-0.2480967789888382,
-0.11892367899417877,
-0.0005068713799118996,
0.3305515646934509,
0.10498986393213272,
0.4323399066925049,
-0.16594231128692627,
0.3656247556209564,
-1.0535911321640015,
0.6465907692909241,
-0.3441998064517975,
-1.0578820705413818,
0.12782911956310272,
-0.21748386323451996,
-0.4737681746482849,
-0.291526734828949,
-0.10117121785879135,
0.35932567715644836,
0.34095871448516846,
-0.02101016230881214,
0.3758585751056671,
0.9981022477149963,
-0.4613338112831116,
0.008332133293151855,
0.43668490648269653,
-1.1490988731384277,
0.10062166303396225,
0.40020957589149475,
-0.5797575116157532,
0.01812579110264778,
0.47403982281684875,
0.5200757384300232,
0.5932950973510742,
1.6091941595077515,
-0.5172951221466064,
-0.16578765213489532,
-0.2245142161846161,
0.38796430826187134,
-0.341665118932724,
-0.22774389386177063,
-1.0278167724609375,
-0.2545939087867737,
-1.183618426322937,
-0.5481194257736206,
0.6606150269508362,
0.00840015709400177,
-0.38645562529563904,
0.2776380181312561,
0.5934228897094727,
0.2788070738315582,
-0.32397782802581787,
-0.30125799775123596,
0.2840617895126343,
0.11071336269378662,
0.6391146183013916,
0.060723550617694855,
-0.6026867628097534,
-0.727094829082489,
0.4079771339893341,
-0.5030331015586853,
-0.2719324231147766,
-0.559172511100769,
-0.21907664835453033,
0.3593176007270813,
-0.11847080290317535,
-0.22281615436077118,
-0.253620982170105,
0.30207955837249756,
-0.14576978981494904,
-0.5129570960998535,
0.8980785012245178,
0.3595990240573883,
-0.14251333475112915,
-1.0071218013763428,
0.6974043846130371,
-0.31909632682800293,
0.13894549012184143,
0.44484183192253113,
-0.22018980979919434,
0.7113583087921143,
0.2141774296760559,
-0.42237481474876404,
-0.12408708035945892,
0.19543761014938354,
-0.5058585405349731,
0.6613227725028992,
-0.7068747878074646,
0.15301552414894104,
-0.7240076065063477,
0.4605497121810913,
-0.19702039659023285,
-0.27698758244514465,
0.21763485670089722,
-0.7453123927116394,
0.10065022855997086,
0.047050390392541885,
-0.6035879254341125,
0.04646103456616402,
0.26729777455329895,
-0.03259667009115219,
-0.5330831408500671,
0.23784630000591278,
-0.5329934358596802,
-0.8167810440063477,
0.03292489051818848,
0.374249130487442,
0.1668434739112854,
0.8452091813087463,
0.4674592912197113,
0.8643350601196289,
-0.1837836056947708,
0.43893885612487793,
0.1768648475408554,
0.37878984212875366,
-0.1238071545958519,
0.5024183392524719,
-0.6905107498168945,
0.24792911112308502,
0.22500024735927582,
0.6569560766220093,
-0.3947860300540924,
0.5223710536956787,
-0.293861448764801,
-0.054706718772649765,
0.4643964171409607,
-0.21140311658382416,
-0.19262604415416718,
-0.008217377588152885,
-0.5463186502456665,
-0.1061711460351944,
0.20439372956752777,
0.6175858974456787,
-0.7709357738494873,
-0.1194501519203186,
-0.15416207909584045,
-0.2469216138124466,
-1.1195316314697266,
-0.2776205837726593,
-0.025874899700284004,
-0.431216299533844,
-0.4701332449913025,
1.0560797452926636,
-0.13793529570102692,
-0.7223206758499146,
-0.3203292489051819,
0.6497252583503723,
0.43315908312797546,
-0.23483029007911682,
-0.05925900116562843,
0.11726919561624527,
0.147251158952713,
0.09380463510751724,
-0.011111726053059101,
0.3703285753726959,
-0.9177297949790955,
-0.6466355323791504,
-0.4282034933567047,
-0.23462294042110443,
0.30438297986984253,
-0.46684369444847107,
-0.005079258698970079,
-0.09685507416725159,
0.05871410295367241,
-0.8945631980895996,
0.3546874523162842,
-0.7514487504959106,
0.1260993331670761,
0.1401817351579666
] |
247467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius | Cornelius | Cornelius may refer to:
People
Cornelius (name), Roman family name and a masculine given name
Pope Cornelius, pope from AD 251 to 253
St. Cornelius (disambiguation), multiple saints
Cornelius (musician), stage name of Keigo Oyamada
Cornelius (Titov), Russian bishop
Cornelius the Centurion, Roman centurion considered by Christians to be the first Gentile to convert to the Christian faith
Places in the United States
Cornelius, Indiana
Cornelius, Kentucky
Cornelius, North Carolina
Cornelius, Oregon
Other uses
Cornelius keg, a metal container originally used by the soft drink industry
Adam E. Cornelius (ship, 1973), the largest lake freighter built in Toledo, Ohio
Cornelius, play by John Boynton Priestley
See also
Cornelius Low House, a Georgian manor in New Jersey
Cornelia (disambiguation)
Corneliu (disambiguation)
Cornelis (disambiguation) | [
-0.38671600818634033,
-0.21139846742153168,
-0.25402218103408813,
0.1805553138256073,
-0.24753712117671967,
0.9834843873977661,
0.38582906126976013,
0.022920677438378334,
-0.3930666148662567,
-0.6570584774017334,
0.1433349996805191,
-0.10491354763507843,
-0.6575454473495483,
0.16722042858600616,
-0.043598394840955734,
-0.09135034680366516,
-0.11707991361618042,
0.17328540980815887,
-0.7080323696136475,
-0.18200094997882843,
0.05878016725182533,
-0.09503709524869919,
0.20675061643123627,
-0.047668199986219406,
-0.00293944263830781,
-0.25010496377944946,
-0.2620645761489868,
-0.46592071652412415,
-0.06762253493070602,
-0.0473778210580349,
0.14056862890720367,
0.1401272416114807,
0.24034859240055084,
-0.06456968188285828,
-1.0276581048965454,
-0.3378038704395294,
0.4136601984500885,
-0.007955457083880901,
0.0770723968744278,
-0.36885908246040344,
0.33062878251075745,
-0.2539319694042206,
-0.04574865475296974,
-0.046945422887802124,
-0.44702962040901184,
-0.05117834731936455,
-1.3422266244888306,
0.1981169432401657,
-0.5160769820213318,
-0.13717243075370789,
0.24304507672786713,
-0.5376734733581543,
-0.7577368021011353,
0.8649179935455322,
-0.08104175329208374,
0.674165666103363,
-0.6941726207733154,
-0.2883470356464386,
0.17377442121505737,
-0.283145546913147,
0.32191717624664307,
-0.005725033115595579,
0.45665112137794495,
0.46351802349090576,
0.05412723496556282,
-0.3145318627357483,
0.05193457752466202,
0.7656605243682861,
-0.5247297883033752,
-0.5434298515319824,
-0.19721263647079468,
0.17941436171531677,
-0.41111481189727783,
0.2055664211511612,
0.31832632422447205,
-0.6157394647598267,
-0.1240733191370964,
0.05784917622804642,
0.22613590955734253,
0.25934311747550964,
0.08250290155410767,
-0.441198468208313,
0.4223099648952484,
0.3298252522945404,
0.44694188237190247,
0.6887195110321045,
0.03574594482779503,
-0.05507358908653259,
-0.3060245215892792,
-0.6780568361282349,
0.0219345074146986,
-0.23370636999607086,
0.07365986704826355,
0.2550516724586487,
0.010437186807394028,
0.17292022705078125,
0.23781616985797882,
-0.18100684881210327,
0.05501778796315193,
-0.5984048247337341,
-0.7502200603485107,
0.26639845967292786,
0.014396223239600658,
-0.6724545955657959,
-0.6906998157501221,
-0.15544337034225464,
0.20674793422222137,
-0.24354411661624908,
-0.025608999654650688,
0.6816877722740173,
0.35040944814682007,
0.12031838297843933,
0.2211327701807022,
0.06877793371677399,
-0.37862202525138855,
0.2770451009273529,
-0.17110152542591095,
-0.7642665505409241,
-0.3496299386024475,
-0.09126386791467667,
-0.1053573340177536,
0.6805832386016846,
0.25951239466667175,
0.3464118242263794,
-0.47784826159477234,
0.09182540327310562,
0.2783471941947937,
0.27399206161499023,
-0.26106640696525574,
0.3472483456134796,
0.5502492785453796,
0.8339757323265076,
-0.4092743694782257,
0.21519553661346436,
-0.1740380972623825,
0.24990332126617432,
-0.3329731225967407,
0.45190268754959106,
-0.18024295568466187,
-0.1591351330280304,
-0.9600526690483093,
-0.24154458940029144,
-0.36637958884239197,
0.6743646264076233,
0.20860899984836578,
0.13650967180728912,
0.44747358560562134,
0.04382016137242317,
0.1847747266292572,
-0.2093561440706253,
-0.2874469757080078,
-0.22479061782360077,
0.5674347281455994,
0.12826408445835114,
-0.30663490295410156,
0.6041624546051025,
0.8558608293533325,
0.06217605993151665,
0.004257326480001211,
0.35001710057258606,
0.21122391521930695,
-0.1712980419397354,
-0.13148553669452667,
-0.030149072408676147,
0.3570530414581299,
0.3613014221191406,
-0.03228016942739487,
0.2012273669242859,
-0.4303525388240814,
-0.26062673330307007,
-0.3767417371273041,
-0.1588367521762848,
-0.1180366724729538,
-0.36298754811286926,
0.07727748900651932,
0.330718994140625,
0.4869652986526489,
0.16568653285503387,
0.184220552444458,
-0.6661466956138611,
-0.3151675760746002,
0.30433252453804016,
-0.52776038646698,
-0.0541866272687912,
0.3214002549648285,
0.20625175535678864,
-0.022278154268860817,
0.23078002035617828,
-0.2207362800836563,
-0.5954431891441345,
-0.8397441506385803,
-0.1671362817287445,
-0.3483324348926544,
-0.2763763666152954,
0.771291971206665,
-0.3621559739112854,
-0.43175721168518066,
0.6057592630386353,
0.21819067001342773,
0.6495914459228516,
-0.18615521490573883,
-0.5975155234336853,
0.327165812253952,
-0.16724315285682678,
-0.1517309993505478,
0.7021737694740295,
0.2875059247016907,
0.07460106164216995,
0.6236960887908936,
0.6331976652145386,
0.4230983853340149,
0.21231219172477722,
0.1374436616897583,
0.00987988244742155,
-0.18592828512191772,
0.31296589970588684,
-0.46061021089553833,
0.10224848240613937,
-0.14927540719509125,
0.009622701443731785,
0.8640921711921692,
-0.493125855922699,
0.005279227625578642,
0.4490622580051422,
-0.5863524079322815,
1.049784541130066,
0.0263390950858593,
-0.07992731034755707,
0.19858339428901672,
-0.21083343029022217,
0.0025441779289394617,
0.5317515134811401,
0.24777163565158844,
0.0426122322678566,
-0.039796601980924606,
-0.6932349801063538,
0.6544694304466248,
-0.4633052945137024,
0.20983301103115082,
-0.5145668387413025,
0.3757381737232208,
0.7007072567939758,
-0.42042019963264465,
0.20663979649543762,
-0.16255220770835876,
0.2917937934398651,
0.2936740517616272,
-0.20249581336975098,
0.2804205119609833,
-0.16371142864227295,
0.2012922316789627,
0.28205499053001404,
0.1200440526008606,
-0.18678614497184753,
0.49971073865890503,
-0.25889909267425537,
0.2500958740711212,
0.33813148736953735,
0.2476336807012558,
0.281362920999527,
-0.14254261553287506,
0.3807644248008728,
0.019498182460665703,
0.2778386175632477,
0.314634770154953,
-0.27876755595207214,
0.25802257657051086,
-0.16848762333393097,
-0.1670203059911728,
0.3126682639122009,
0.5515550971031189,
0.27418607473373413,
-0.6235700249671936,
0.0037834420800209045,
0.31708335876464844,
-0.44329729676246643,
-0.38067862391471863,
0.7035075426101685,
0.04249226301908493,
-0.9998816251754761,
-0.6295692920684814,
0.07044554501771927,
-0.18412558734416962,
-0.3739408552646637,
0.04130835458636284,
-0.369170218706131,
-0.23203487694263458,
-0.3335005044937134,
0.08157742768526077,
-0.37015005946159363,
0.16025596857070923,
0.3153735101222992,
-0.23541609942913055,
0.2681582272052765,
-0.1993190199136734,
0.2368183434009552,
0.05361880734562874,
0.07145300507545471,
0.03127734735608101,
-0.41746842861175537,
-0.2754802703857422,
0.3170385956764221,
-0.05276963859796524,
0.0057252333499491215,
0.5840202569961548,
-0.06223012134432793,
-0.18872860074043274,
0.23978032171726227,
-5.929232120513916,
0.24482376873493195,
-0.289381206035614,
0.3372761011123657,
0.46959471702575684,
-0.1798672378063202,
0.8179346919059753,
-0.07546018064022064,
0.41746848821640015,
-0.5771942138671875,
0.6555854082107544,
0.20736540853977203,
-0.48711735010147095,
0.41970446705818176,
0.4551409184932709,
0.2532423734664917,
0.2724025249481201,
-0.3887278139591217,
0.16773264110088348,
0.1661517471075058,
-0.20513567328453064,
0.34195464849472046,
-0.04609238728880882,
0.390810489654541,
-0.08824556320905685,
0.35687825083732605,
-0.2338545173406601,
0.31438639760017395,
-0.4938109219074249,
0.27624404430389404,
-0.0432879813015461,
-0.27570927143096924,
0.0339515395462513,
-0.21115730702877045,
-0.44856613874435425,
0.039271965622901917,
0.634783148765564,
0.03829098120331764,
0.3306560814380646,
0.19199055433273315,
-0.030013710260391235,
-0.3162745535373688,
-0.296840101480484,
-0.05732261762022972,
-0.35502731800079346,
-0.224234476685524,
-0.2322234809398651,
0.6136452555656433,
0.00588486110791564,
0.4037555456161499,
-0.06006699055433273,
0.17886197566986084,
-0.07430228590965271,
0.08483386784791946,
0.7773854732513428,
-0.06558757275342941,
0.5556421279907227,
0.39530500769615173,
-0.4158223867416382,
0.17125338315963745,
0.06686297804117203,
-0.3701706528663635,
-0.14823481440544128,
-0.4088335633277893,
0.2748417854309082,
-0.12020664662122726,
-0.35368624329566956,
0.01202574372291565,
0.14795953035354614,
-0.3008884787559509,
-0.36412757635116577,
0.32390153408050537,
0.36818188428878784,
-1.0145896673202515,
0.10963256657123566,
-0.22834649682044983,
-0.7110934257507324,
-0.11053057760000229,
-0.21170936524868011,
-0.2763920724391937,
-0.24456556141376495,
-0.4450954794883728,
-0.06366923451423645,
0.027787497267127037,
0.45573118329048157,
0.25116708874702454,
0.03531515598297119,
-0.17126207053661346,
-0.18779654800891876,
0.04930545762181282,
0.40188464522361755,
-0.8431258201599121,
-0.25598636269569397,
0.3797885775566101,
-0.031394727528095245,
0.9787672758102417,
-0.5198185443878174,
0.5683630704879761,
0.7060551047325134,
0.5450048446655273,
0.10833220183849335,
-0.2183445394039154,
-0.17194677889347076,
-0.31528836488723755,
-0.08728240430355072,
-0.3954598307609558,
-0.6028093695640564,
0.38726308941841125,
0.543925940990448,
0.1619042009115219,
0.37166088819503784,
-0.017146771773695946,
-0.25555479526519775,
-0.7651746273040771,
0.10139507800340652,
0.012285303324460983,
0.16914299130439758,
0.9190692901611328,
0.6790448427200317,
0.16522575914859772,
0.059616606682538986,
0.4494577944278717,
-0.48480337858200073,
-0.3048322796821594,
-0.34753158688545227,
0.347370445728302,
-0.32484984397888184,
-0.20212076604366302,
0.07201117277145386,
0.053152263164520264,
0.10699564963579178,
0.06103218346834183,
-0.22842983901500702,
0.06797841936349869,
-0.10061483830213547,
-0.26445743441581726,
0.015253030695021152,
-0.5311223268508911,
-0.06872725486755371,
-0.4565547704696655,
-0.6258386969566345,
-0.38134846091270447,
-0.94325852394104,
0.23530080914497375,
-0.1304963082075119,
0.0024898250121623278,
-0.3824719786643982,
0.09816550463438034,
-0.06470897793769836,
0.6397082805633545,
0.13007886707782745,
-0.4277862012386322,
0.16832582652568817,
-0.08411658555269241,
-0.3201417922973633,
-0.4897902309894562,
0.32320332527160645,
0.14762963354587555,
-0.29440391063690186,
0.11968716233968735,
-0.69890296459198,
-0.4572124481201172,
-0.5218423008918762,
0.0024754463229328394,
0.036262672394514084,
-0.1951201856136322,
0.5258048176765442,
-0.7797254323959351,
-0.3997470438480377,
0.7256341576576233,
0.147562175989151,
0.26607218384742737,
-0.22914522886276245,
-0.04247860983014107,
0.2780032455921173,
0.05070214346051216,
0.10139185935258865,
0.28670039772987366,
-0.17897436022758484,
0.508212685585022,
0.1494341641664505,
-0.07607393711805344,
-0.4924798011779785,
-0.33307430148124695,
0.6769186854362488,
-0.22326481342315674,
0.06699363142251968,
-0.9533028602600098,
-0.7268921732902527,
-0.18539966642856598,
-0.6082226634025574,
0.42607003450393677,
0.041685640811920166,
0.5363612771034241,
-0.0634785071015358,
-0.16094855964183807,
-0.031097739934921265,
-0.14157594740390778,
0.29096147418022156,
-0.05638648942112923,
-0.5795691609382629,
0.6047413349151611,
-0.3752768337726593,
-0.18866583704948425,
-0.387715220451355,
-0.4002276659011841,
0.21772818267345428,
-0.2539865970611572,
-0.29396823048591614,
0.3864448368549347,
0.2579953968524933,
-0.5574242472648621,
-0.0024100206792354584,
0.6919291019439697,
-0.27514415979385376,
0.19786562025547028,
-0.22703960537910461,
0.021606843918561935,
-0.2814408838748932,
-0.071601003408432,
-0.309050589799881,
-0.11032284051179886,
-0.5071322321891785,
-0.6266531348228455,
0.34525632858276367,
0.3706970810890198,
0.11669156700372696,
-0.35380318760871887,
0.47874242067337036,
0.05465869978070259,
0.33255964517593384,
-0.10333406925201416,
0.1344989389181137,
0.13592271506786346,
0.01394025981426239,
0.08496959507465363,
0.6573455333709717,
-0.0979137197136879,
-0.8515588045120239,
0.18995662033557892,
1.1915478706359863,
0.3774851858615875,
-0.2724049985408783,
-0.6550626158714294,
0.20300401747226715,
0.1415737122297287,
-0.09752852469682693,
-0.21249215304851532,
-0.09051739424467087,
-0.1669282764196396,
0.3282453417778015,
-0.19394685328006744,
-0.8234863877296448,
0.14495332539081573,
0.751220166683197,
-0.32198938727378845,
0.24351391196250916,
0.21191388368606567,
-0.009878662414848804,
0.07026088982820511,
0.24745145440101624,
0.589955747127533,
0.17050667107105255,
0.28154364228248596,
-0.13996027410030365,
0.4156148433685303,
0.1423359364271164,
0.06822589039802551,
-0.05374367907643318,
-0.19473417103290558,
-0.4137156307697296,
-0.4656996726989746,
0.15817907452583313,
0.3126692473888397,
-0.46986326575279236,
0.366220086812973,
-0.09158624708652496,
0.11093473434448242,
0.1316053420305252,
-0.282101035118103,
-1.2746273279190063,
0.1699248105287552,
-0.019175853580236435,
0.06792773306369781,
-0.05787733942270279,
-0.6359158754348755,
-0.27412137389183044,
0.12300951778888702,
0.19871710240840912,
-0.14793764054775238,
-0.3101101219654083,
-0.1035119891166687,
0.03669910505414009,
0.2930213212966919,
-0.22269611060619354,
0.4952346384525299,
-0.46633315086364746,
0.17171619832515717,
-0.2636032998561859,
-0.4277595281600952,
-0.7067022323608398,
0.5414784550666809,
0.76740562915802,
-0.08378514647483826,
0.022944388911128044,
0.45183682441711426,
0.31815868616104126,
-0.06487549841403961,
-0.31895455718040466,
-0.11842361092567444,
0.39977511763572693,
-0.61847984790802,
0.07316489517688751,
-0.06626627594232559,
-0.4727310240268707,
-0.4169772267341614,
0.38509485125541687,
-0.1117733046412468,
-0.3729688227176666,
0.024299567565321922,
0.5307298898696899,
0.3413727879524231,
0.25605282187461853,
0.2459469437599182,
-0.22700989246368408,
0.667134165763855,
-0.24872425198554993,
0.385057657957077,
0.21810033917427063,
0.19332580268383026,
0.5467734932899475,
-0.11848893761634827,
-0.7017053961753845,
0.6602129340171814,
-0.38371068239212036,
-0.23933640122413635,
0.5144981145858765,
-0.7548524737358093,
-0.04927361384034157,
0.0719747319817543,
0.14942319691181183,
0.7666699290275574,
-0.5141409635543823,
-0.13195672631263733,
-0.588064432144165,
0.7262089848518372,
-0.6226769685745239,
-0.3663395047187805,
-0.00953961256891489,
-0.035473212599754333,
0.3464050590991974,
-0.10354124754667282,
-0.23089179396629333,
0.24614956974983215,
0.05616365745663643,
0.01708526723086834,
0.4223998486995697,
-0.10902070254087448,
-0.4523698687553406,
-0.5934516191482544,
0.575737476348877,
-0.27965694665908813,
0.8324286341667175,
-0.0407257080078125,
-0.1887793391942978,
0.4925640821456909,
-0.32741889357566833,
-0.34591326117515564,
-0.1792045533657074,
-0.030902128666639328,
-0.008363581262528896,
-0.5488770604133606,
-0.3097067177295685,
0.5110828876495361,
0.47911593317985535,
0.26405826210975647,
0.7377050518989563,
0.15277346968650818,
0.19999733567237854,
-0.13125145435333252,
-1.0206443071365356,
-0.40624138712882996,
-0.06332554668188095,
0.2242053598165512,
-0.31724509596824646,
-0.6728999018669128,
0.019387036561965942,
0.06713541597127914,
-0.37657490372657776,
-0.05873487889766693,
0.21902647614479065,
-0.08478745818138123,
0.25270316004753113,
0.039971355348825455,
-0.31935763359069824,
0.10536983609199524,
0.03450585901737213,
0.5194079875946045,
-0.11980879306793213,
-0.13772541284561157,
-0.13775615394115448,
-0.3074099123477936,
0.05873352661728859,
0.29682207107543945,
0.16308224201202393,
0.1627694070339203,
-0.09180429577827454,
0.1616218090057373,
-0.6123826503753662,
0.5093979239463806,
0.31334033608436584,
-0.21236339211463928,
-0.07887187600135803,
-0.20531433820724487,
-0.16445590555667877,
-0.3136807382106781,
0.12016186118125916,
-0.22192154824733734,
0.19336643815040588,
0.3801131546497345,
0.3427053987979889,
0.49501070380210876,
-0.2046380192041397,
0.4537343382835388,
-0.4837585985660553,
0.5109797716140747,
0.15488281846046448,
0.31932854652404785,
-0.7869699597358704,
0.3919715881347656,
0.18881987035274506,
0.22789859771728516,
-0.45674821734428406,
-0.43808799982070923,
-0.26722460985183716,
-0.001984973903745413,
0.3401527404785156,
0.03336912393569946,
-0.26453909277915955,
-0.1110067069530487,
0.5216813087463379,
0.04720693454146385,
0.049450069665908813,
0.05786348879337311,
-0.011890136636793613,
0.20847786962985992,
0.009504139423370361,
-0.3769473731517792,
-0.08366621285676956,
0.49810898303985596,
0.2634616792201996,
0.13694164156913757,
0.8022686243057251,
-0.32644397020339966,
0.39389246702194214,
0.16581913828849792,
0.24780525267124176,
-0.37514713406562805,
0.4433048963546753,
0.9688682556152344
] |
247468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%20Mysterio | Rey Mysterio | Óscar Gutiérrez (born December 11, 1974), better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand. Widely regarded as one of the most influential wrestlers of all time, Mysterio is credited for popularizing cruiserweight wrestling, and is one of the world's most recognizable lucha libre wrestlers.
The nephew of Rey Misterio Sr., Mysterio began his professional wrestling career in 1989, at age 14, on the independent circuit, before signing with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in 1992. After a brief period performing for Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), Mysterio departed to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1996. In WCW, Mysterio helped popularize lucha libre in the United States, which led to the rise of cruiserweight wrestling divisions, while he also won the WCW Cruiserweight Championship five times and the WCW World Tag Team Championship three times. He then wrestled for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and joined World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2002.
In WWE, Mysterio won the Cruiserweight Championship three times, the World Heavyweight Championship twice, the Intercontinental Championship twice, the United States Championship twice, the WWE Championship once, and the Tag Team Championship four times. He is WWE's 21st Triple Crown and Grand Slam champion, is a Royal Rumble match winner, and has headlined several WWE pay-per-view events. Mysterio departed WWE in 2015, and appeared in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and AAA, before returning to WWE in 2018, winning the U.S. Championship twice and SmackDown Tag Team Championship once with his son Dominik.
Early life
Óscar Gutiérrez was born on December 11, 1974 in Chula Vista, California.
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1989–1992)
Gutiérrez made his debut in Mexico on April 30, 1989, when he was 14 years old. He was trained by his uncle Rey Misterio Sr. and wrestled early on in Mexico where he learned the Lucha Libre high flying style that has been his trademark. He had ring names such as "La Lagartija Verde (The Green Lizard)" and "Colibrí (Humming bird)" before his uncle gave him the name of Rey Misterio Jr. In 1991, Mysterio was awarded "Most Improved Wrestler" in Mexico while wrestling as Colibrí.
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (1992–1995)
In Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Mysterio feuded with Juventud Guerrera. Mysterio's uncle Misterio Sr. also took on Guerrera in a tag match: Misterio Sr. and Mysterio Jr. facing Guerrera and his father Fuerza Guerrera.
Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995–1996)
Mysterio signed with Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in 1995. He debuted in September 1995 at Gangstas Paradise, defeating Psicosis, who was also making his ECW debut. A feud between the two began, which included a two out of three falls match and a Mexican Death match. Mysterio also had a series of matches with ECW-newcomer Juventud Guerrera during early 1996. He wrestled his final bout for ECW at Big Ass Extreme Bash in March 1996.
World Championship Wrestling
Cruiserweight division (1996–1998)
Mysterio made his World Championship Wrestling (WCW) debut on June 16, 1996, at The Great American Bash, challenging Dean Malenko for the WCW Cruiserweight Championship, which Malenko retained by winning. In July at Bash at the Beach, he defeated longtime rival Psicosis in a number one contender's match to earn another opportunity at the Cruiserweight title. The next night, on the July 8 episode of WCW Monday Nitro, he defeated Malenko to win his first Cruiserweight Championship. He reigned as champion for three months, which included title defenses against the likes of Ultimate Dragon, Malenko, and Super Caló before he lost the title to Malenko at Halloween Havoc. Following his Cruiserweight Championship reign, Mysterio challenged Ultimate Dragon for the J-Crown Championship, but was unsuccessful in his title match at World War 3 in November.
In early 1997, he feuded with Prince Iaukea over the WCW World Television Championship. Mysterio was defeated in his title match against Iaukea at SuperBrawl VII after Lord Steven Regal attacked him. Mysterio also lost a championship rematch at Uncensored in March. Mysterio soon began a feud with the New World Order (nWo), which culminated when he lost a Mexican Death match to nWo member Konnan at Road Wild in August. Mysterio then became involved in a feud with his real-life friend and Cruiserweight Champion Eddie Guerrero. He defeated Guerrero in a Title vs. Mask match at Halloween Havoc to win the Cruiserweight Championship for the second time. On the November 10, 1997, episode of Nitro, he lost the title back to Guerrero. They had a rematch at World War 3, which Mysterio also lost.
On the January 15, 1998, episode of WCW Thunder, Mysterio defeated Juventud to win his third Cruiserweight Championship, but lost it nine days later to Chris Jericho at Souled Out. After the match, Jericho continued the beating by using a toolbox he found at ringside. This storyline was used to cover Mysterio's need for a knee operation that kept him out of the ring for six months. He made his return at Bash at the Beach, where he defeated Jericho for his fourth Cruiserweight championship. The next night, however, the result was overturned and the belt returned to Jericho due to Dean Malenko interfering. Later that year, Eddie Guerrero formed a Mexican stable known as the Latino World Order (LWO) (a spin off of New World Order) that included nearly every luchador in the promotion. Mysterio continually refused to join and feuded with Guerrero and the LWO members, including winning a match against longtime rival and LWO member Psicosis in a match at Road Wild. He was finally forced to join the group after losing a match to Eddie Guerrero. Mysterio's on-and-off tag team partner Billy Kidman joined him during the feud with LWO, wrestling against the LWO despite Mysterio being a part of the group. His alliance with Kidman was formed after Mysterio helped Kidman defeat Juventud for the Cruiserweight Championship at World War 3. Mysterio went up against Kidman for the title at Starrcade but was unsuccessful winning back the title in a triangle match that also involved Juventud. Kidman once again defeated Mysterio for the title at Souled Out in a fatal four-way match that also included Psicosis and Juventud.
Giant Killer and unmasking (1998–1999)
In 1999, after the two factions of nWo reformed, they demanded that the LWO disband. Mysterio refused to take off his LWO colors and was attacked by the nWo as a result. This led to a match at SuperBrawl IX where Mysterio and tag partner Konnan lost a "Hair vs. Mask match" against Kevin Nash and Scott Hall, forcing Mysterio to remove his mask. After the match, he phoned his uncle to tell him the news. Mysterio has publicly expressed his disappointment over being unmasked:
Mysterio later became a "giant killer" by defeating large opponents such as Kevin Nash, Bam Bam Bigelow, and Scott Norton. He faced Nash at Uncensored in a match where Lex Luger interfered and helped Nash in winning the match. Although he participated in several notable matches with some of the heavyweight top card wrestlers, it was made very clear to him that he would never receive a push to become a main eventer. This was due to Eric Bischoff utilizing cruiserweights as alternative, mid-card entertainment as opposed to the more conventional style that led WCW programming.
The next night on the March 15 Nitro, he defeated Billy Kidman to win his fifth Cruiserweight Championship. On the March 22 Spring Breakout episode of Nitro, Mysterio got his first shot at the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against champion Ric Flair when the names of (allegedly) nearly everyone in the company were put into a hat and a lottery was held. El Dandy was the lottery winner, but he was injured, and Mysterio took the shot instead. The match ended with a disqualification win for Flair, even though Arn Anderson's interference on Flair's behalf should have theoretically disqualified Flair. The following week, Mysterio and Kidman teamed with each other and defeated Flair's Four Horsemen stablemates Chris Benoit and Dean Malenko to win the WCW World Tag Team Championship, making Mysterio a double champion. Mysterio successfully defended his Cruiserweight Championship against his tag team partner Kidman at Spring Stampede before losing the title on the April 19 episode of Nitro to Psicosis in a Fatal Four-Way match that also involved Juventud Guerrera and Blitzkrieg. On the following episode of Nitro, he defeated Psicosis to win his fifth Cruiserweight Championship. At Slamboree, Mysterio and Kidman lost the World Tag Team titles to Raven and Perry Saturn in a Triangle match, also involving former champions Benoit and Malenko.
No Limit Soldiers and Filthy Animals (1999–2001)
In mid-1999, Mysterio and Konnan joined Master P's No Limit Soldiers, and began feuding with The West Texas Rednecks. At The Great American Bash, they defeated Rednecks members Curt Hennig and Bobby Duncum Jr. in a tag team match. At Bash at the Beach, they defeated the Rednecks in a four-on-four elimination tag team match when Mysterio pinned Hennig. After Master P's departure from WCW, Mysterio formed a stable with Eddie Guerrero and Billy Kidman known as the Filthy Animals, thus turning heel in the process. This was Mysterio's only heel turn in his career. The three wrestlers soon began a feud with the Dead Pool. The Filthy Animals defeated the Dead Pool in a six-man tag team match at Road Wild and at Fall Brawl. On the August 19 episode of Thunder, Mysterio lost the Cruiserweight Title to Lenny Lane.
On the October 18 episode of Nitro, Mysterio and Konnan teamed up together to defeat Harlem Heat for the World Tag Team Championship. Mysterio, however, was injured during the match and was sidelined as a result. Billy Kidman substituted for Mysterio and teamed with Konnan during their title defense against Harlem Heat and The First Family, in which the Filthy Animals went on to lose the title back to Harlem Heat. Mysterio returned in early 2000 and remained a steady performer, eventually joining the New Blood faction in early 2000 opposing the Millionaire's Club. On the August 14 episode of Nitro, Mysterio and Juventud defeated The Great Muta and Vampiro to win the World Tag Team Championship. They were stripped of the title after Ernest Miller pinned Disco Inferno with the stipulation that if he pinned Disco, Mysterio and Guerrera would be stripped of the title. The Filthy Animals then feuded with The Natural Born Thrillers in the fall of the year. At Fall Brawl, the Filthy Animals fought the Thrillers to a no contest in an Elimination tag team match. Mysterio reformed his tag team with Kidman and the two challenged for the World Tag Team Championship in a Triangle match at Halloween Havoc, facing the champions Natural Born Thrillers and The Boogie Knights, where the Thrillers retained.
At the beginning of 2001, the Filthy Animals feuded with Team Canada, to whom they lost in a Penalty Box match at Sin. At SuperBrawl Revenge, Mysterio unsuccessfully challenged Chavo Guerrero Jr. for the Cruiserweight Title. Kidman and Mysterio participated in a Cruiserweight tag team tournament for the newly created WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship and advanced to the final round where they ended up losing to Elix Skipper and Kid Romeo. On the final episode of Nitro on March 26, they defeated Skipper and Romeo in a rematch to win the Cruiserweight Tag Team Titles before WCW was sold to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2001–2002)
After WCW closed down, Mysterio started wrestling independently in Mexico. He made his first ever Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre appearance, debuting in an eight-man tag team match. Mysterio wrestled a total of 10 matches in CMLL before returning to the United States.
Independent circuit and Puerto Rico (2001–2002)
Upon his return to the USA, he worked in IWA Mid-South, the Xcitement Wrestling Federation and the Heartland Wrestling Association, with the likes of Eddie Guerrero and CM Punk. Mysterio traveled to Puerto Rico for the World Wrestling Council and wrestled Eddie (Primo) Colon over the WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship in early 2002.
World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
Championship reigns (2002–2004)
In June 2002, Mysterio signed with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), and promos that hyped his debut began airing. The "Jr." was dropped from his name and was billed simply as Rey Mysterio. Mysterio debuted with WWE wearing his mask again.
Mysterio made his WWE debut on the July 25, 2002, episode of SmackDown! as a face in a match against Chavo Guerrero, which Mysterio won. He eventually began a feud with Kurt Angle, which culminated in a match at SummerSlam that Angle won after forcing Mysterio to submit to the ankle lock. He later formed a tag team with Edge; the two participated in a tournament for the newly created and SmackDown!-exclusive WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost to Kurt Angle and Chris Benoit in the finals of the tournament at No Mercy; the match was voted Match of the Year by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter. After they failed to win the title, Mysterio and Edge defeated Los Guerreros in a number one contender's match on the October 24 episode of SmackDown! to earn a title shot. Two weeks later on the November 7 episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio and Edge defeated Angle and Benoit in a two out of three falls match to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. They soon lost the WWE Tag Team Championship to Los Guerreros in a Triple Threat Elimination match that also involved former champions Angle and Benoit at Survivor Series. Shortly after the loss, Mysterio and Edge disbanded as a tag team.
On the March 6, 2003, episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio defeated Tajiri and Jamie Noble in a Triple Threat match to earn a shot at the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. At WrestleMania XIX, he challenged the champion Matt Hardy for the title, but lost after Shannon Moore interfered. On the May 22 episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio defeated Shannon Moore and Crash Holly in a handicap elimination match to regain the number one contendership for the Cruiserweight title, and he defeated Hardy to win his first Cruiserweight Championship (his first reign in WWE and his first singles championship in the WWE) on the June 5 episode of SmackDown!. Mysterio's reign ended when he lost the title to Tajiri on the September 25 episode of SmackDown!. Three months later, on the January 1, 2004, episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio defeated Tajiri to win his second Cruiserweight Championship. After a successful title defense against Jamie Noble at the Royal Rumble, Mysterio lost the title to Chavo Guerrero at No Way Out in February. At WrestleMania XX, Mysterio took part in a Cruiserweight Open for the title, but Guerrero retained the title. On the June 17 episode of SmackDown!, he defeated Chavo Classic for a record-setting third Cruiserweight Championship reign. He successfully defended the title against Classic's son Chavo Guerrero at The Great American Bash. While Mysterio was Cruiserweight Champion, Spike Dudley turned heel after plowing Mysterio through a table and joined the other Dudleys before winning the Cruiserweight Championship from Mysterio on the July 29 episode of SmackDown!. At Survivor Series, he participated in a fatal four-way match for the Cruiserweight Championship involving the champion Dudley, Chavo Guerrero, and Billy Kidman. Mysterio lost when Dudley pinned Guerrero to retain.
Teaming and feuding with Eddie Guerrero (2004–2005)
After an unsuccessful attempt at regaining the Cruiserweight Title, Mysterio formed a tag team with Rob Van Dam, and went on to win the WWE Tag Team Championship from Kenzo Suzuki and René Duprée on the December 9 episode of SmackDown!. They successfully defended the title against the former champions at Armageddon, before losing the title to the Basham Brothers on the January 13, 2005, episode of SmackDown! after Van Dam was injured.
Mysterio then teamed up with Eddie Guerrero to win the WWE Tag Team Championship back from the Bashams at No Way Out. During this time Mysterio had a video camera, which was called the "619 cam", during his entrance he taped members of the audience with this. In a departure from traditional booking, the new champions did not defend their title at WrestleMania 21, but instead had a match against each other which Mysterio won. Two months later, at ECW One Night Stand, Mysterio faced and defeated long-time rival Psicosis for the first time in nearly five years.
The match at WrestleMania was part of a storyline in which Guerrero turned on Mysterio and beat him up after abandoning him during a match against MNM for the WWE Tag Team Championship. Then after a no disqualification match against Chavo, Eddie came out and slammed Mysterio on the steel steps, displaying Eddie's increasing frustration with being unable to defeat Mysterio. Guerrero and Mysterio continued to feud, with Guerrero threatening to reveal a secret he and Mysterio shared involving Mysterio's real life son Dominik, unless Mysterio deferred to Guerrero's authority. Guerrero later revealed that, in the storyline, he was Dominik's biological father. The storyline went that Guerrero knew Mysterio was having trouble starting his own family, so Guerrero left Dominik as a baby with Mysterio and his wife Angie to raise. In subsequent weeks, Guerrero threatened to take custody of Dominik, drawing up custody papers and having his lawyer present them to Mysterio. At SummerSlam, Mysterio defeated Guerrero in a ladder match for the custody of Dominik. Their feud ended when Guerrero gained a victory over Mysterio in a steel cage match on the September 9 episode of SmackDown!. On November 13, 2005, Eddie Guerrero was found dead in his hotel room in Minneapolis, Minnesota. That same day at a WWE "Super Show" where SmackDown! and Raw were both taped, Mysterio gave an emotional speech about Guerrero, and in a show of respect removed his mask (though he put his head down, so his face could not be seen). Mysterio went on to defeat Shawn Michaels in an interbrand match later that night. After the match, Michaels and Mysterio hugged in the ring and Mysterio pointed up to the sky, crying, in memory of Guerrero.
World Heavyweight Champion (2005–2007)
Mysterio participated in the main event of Survivor Series as part of Team SmackDown! along with Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley, Batista, and John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) who defeated Team Raw (Shawn Michaels, Kane, Big Show, Carlito, and Chris Masters). After Survivor Series, Mysterio started a feud with Big Show after Mysterio eliminated Big Show at Survivor Series, Mysterio would face Big Show in a match billed as "David vs. Goliath" in a SmackDown! special show, and ended as a "no contest" when Big Show's tag team partner Kane interfered in the match. Mysterio continued to feud with Raw's World Tag Team Champions, and found a tag team partner in World Heavyweight Champion Batista. They were booked to face Raw's Kane and Big Show in a tag match at Armageddon. Before Armageddon, Batista and Mysterio defeated MNM on the December 16 episode of SmackDown! to win the WWE Tag Team Championship in a match they both dedicated to Eddie Guerrero. Now the Tag Team Champions, Mysterio and Batista's match with Big Show and Kane was billed as "Champions vs. Champions." Mysterio and Batista lost the match when Kane pinned Mysterio after a chokeslam. On the December 30 episode of SmackDown!, MNM invoked their rematch clause, defeating Batista and Mysterio after interference from Mark Henry to regain the WWE Tag Team Championship. The following week, Mysterio and Batista received their rematch for the titles in a steel cage match, which they lost after more interference by Henry. On the January 13, 2006, episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio was involved in a 20-man battle royal for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship, but was eliminated by Henry.
Mysterio was the second entrant in the 2006 Royal Rumble match. He won the match and earned a world title shot, last eliminating Randy Orton. He lasted 62 minutes, a Royal Rumble record. Orton urged him to put the title shot at stake in a match at No Way Out. In the weeks preceding No Way Out, Orton made disparaging remarks about Eddie Guerrero. Many fans felt the comments were unwarranted and distasteful in the wake of Guerrero's death in November 2005. Orton won at No Way Out, earning Mysterio's title shot for the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 22. General Manager Theodore Long re-added Mysterio to the WrestleMania title match however, making it a Triple Threat match between Orton, Mysterio, and then-champion, Kurt Angle. At WrestleMania, Mysterio pinned Orton to become the new World Heavyweight Champion. On the following episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio – who was billed as being an "underdog champion", made his first successful World Heavyweight title defense against Orton. Mysterio went on to retain his title again during a WrestleMania rematch on SmackDown! against Angle three weeks later.
Mysterio quickly moved into a feud with the United States Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL). The rivalry kicked off after JBL, celebrating his U.S. Championship win, stated he deserved the World Heavyweight title. This feud saw Mysterio face off against three opponents chosen by JBL in the three weeks leading up to their title match at Judgment Day. Mysterio was defeated by Mark Henry and The Great Khali in separate non-title matches before wrestling Kane to a "no contest"; Mysterio retained his title against JBL at Judgment Day. The feud intensified when JBL lost the United States Championship to Bobby Lashley five days later on SmackDown! after being tricked by Mysterio to take on all comers like Mysterio himself had. JBL vowed that if he did not win his rematch against Mysterio, he would quit SmackDown!. In their main event match, Mysterio retained the World Heavyweight Championship, causing JBL to leave SmackDown!, until ECW One Night Stand, when he announced his return as a color commentator. Mysterio was booked to defend against ECW wrestler Sabu at One Night Stand. In the weeks leading up to his title defense, Mysterio defeated Cruiserweight Champion Gregory Helms in a Champion vs. Champion match, and lost to Rob Van Dam at WWE vs. ECW Head-to-Head on June 7. At One Night Stand, Mysterio retained the title, after he and Sabu were ruled unable to continue following a triple jump DDT through a table by Sabu. Mysterio then retained his title in a match against Mark Henry, winning by disqualification after Chavo Guerrero handed Henry a chair and Mysterio acted as if he was hit, a tactic for which Eddie Guerrero was known.
Mysterio began a feud with King Booker after Booker won a battle royal to become the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship. Booker attacked Mysterio from behind backstage with the help of Booker's wife Queen Sharmell. The next week on SmackDown!, Mysterio gained revenge by attacking Booker and his "court". This rivalry continued for several weeks and saw Mysterio defeating Booker's court member William Regal on an episode of SmackDown!, moments before attacking the challenger and hitting him with a 619 around the steel post. On July 23 at The Great American Bash, Mysterio lost the World Heavyweight Championship to King Booker after Chavo interfered in the match and turned on Mysterio, hitting him with a steel chair. Guerrero cost Mysterio his rematch the following week. This culminated in a match at SummerSlam where Mysterio lost to Guerrero after Vickie Guerrero tried to stop both men from fighting, but accidentally knocked Mysterio off the top turnbuckle. Vickie then along with Chavo turned on Mysterio after she hit him in the back with a steel chair and gave him an injury, thus, siding with Guerrero. Mysterio then defeated Guerrero in a Falls Count Anywhere match at No Mercy. Subsequently, Guerrero challenged Mysterio to an "I quit" match for the October 20 edition of SmackDown!. In that match (which Mysterio lost), Guerrero injured Mysterio's knee, using the match to write Mysterio out of the storyline for a while to get knee surgery.
Mysterio made his in-ring return at SummerSlam on August 26, 2007, defeating Guerrero, after Guerrero obsessed over Mysterio's return as well as wanting to injure Mysterio again. On the August 31 episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio won a "Championship Competition" to become the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship, defeating Batista and Finlay. On the September 7 episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio had an "I Quit" match with Guerrero, which he won after hitting Guerrero's knee with a steel chair repeatedly in a similar manner to which Mysterio had been put out of action, to end the feud. Mysterio then began a feud with The Great Khali, which led to a World Heavyweight Championship match at Unforgiven. The match was later made a Triple Threat match, also involving Batista, who won it.
Various storylines (2007–2009)
Mysterio then began a feud with Finlay, an opponent chosen by JBL. The rivalry was marked as "Fight vs. Flight", contrasting the fighting styles of both wrestlers – Finlay's physicality, versus the high-flying Mysterio. After fighting to a "no contest" at No Mercy, followed by a double-disqualification in a number one contender's match for Batista's World Heavyweight Championship on the next SmackDown! he defeated Finlay in a Stretcher match at Cyber Sunday. During this feud, he lost a match to Finlay on the November 9 episode of SmackDown! and was part of the winning team at Survivor Series which consisted of both wrestlers on opposing sides (although Mysterio was second to be eliminated).
He re-entered the World Heavyweight Championship picture on the January 4, 2008 episode of SmackDown! when he emerged victorious in the Beat the Clock challenge for the chance to face the World Heavyweight Champion Edge at the Royal Rumble. He was unsuccessful in winning the championship. WWE's official website announced on February 14 that Mysterio suffered a biceps injury during an overseas tour. Despite the injury, Mysterio faced Edge for the title in a rematch at No Way Out, losing once again. On the February 22 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio announced that his injury would keep him out of action for at least six months, and he eventually underwent three surgeries within the space of a month.
Mysterio made his return on the June 23, 2008, episode of Raw, as the first wrestler to be drafted in the 2008 WWE Draft from SmackDown brand to the Raw brand. Mysterio made his Raw in-ring debut on July 7, pinning Santino Marella after a 619. General Manager Mike Adamle announced that John Cena was injured and that Mysterio would replace him in the Championship Scramble at Unforgiven. The next week, Mysterio made his return to Raw after an extended absence by attacking Kane, turning back numerous claims that Kane had "ended his career". Mysterio then made his in-ring return at Unforgiven, competing in the World Heavyweight Championship scramble match, which was won by Chris Jericho. Mysterio put his mask on the line in a singles match at No Mercy, which he won by disqualification after Kane attacked him with a steel chair. He defeated Kane again at Cyber Sunday, this time in a No Holds Barred match, and again at Survivor Series, when the pair were on opposing sides in a five-on-five elimination match. Mysterio participated in the 2009 Royal Rumble match, entering first and spending 49 minutes and 24 seconds in the match, before being eliminated by Big Show. The following night on Raw, he qualified for the Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship at No Way Out, but was eliminated by Edge when the two were the last men in the Chamber match.
Intercontinental Champion (2009–2010)
Later, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) accepted Mysterio's challenge for Layfield's Intercontinental Championship at WrestleMania 25, which Mysterio won in 21 seconds. His win made Mysterio the twenty-first Triple Crown Champion in WWE history. Mysterio was drafted back to the SmackDown brand during the 2009 WWE Draft on the April 13 episode of Raw, in the process making the Intercontinental Championship exclusive to SmackDown for the first time since August 2002. He then began an extended feud with Chris Jericho, successfully defending his title at Judgment Day. At Extreme Rules, Jericho managed to unmask Mysterio and pin him for the Intercontinental Championship; while Mysterio managed to cover his face after being unmasked, Jericho took the opportunity to roll him up and win the title. As a result, Mysterio and Jericho were booked in a Title vs. Mask match at The Bash, in which Mysterio emerged from the acclaimed match victorious after tricking Jericho with a second mask. He then moved into a feud with Dolph Ziggler, defeating him at both Night of Champions and SummerSlam. On August 2, WWE announced that Mysterio would be suspended for 30 days, effective September 2, for violating the company's Wellness Policy. In an interview with Mexican newspaper Record, Mysterio stated that he was suspended for a drug he was using for his knee and arm. Mysterio stated that he had a prescription for the drug, but was unable to produce it in time to prevent his suspension due to being on vacation and doing a promotional tour. On the September 4 episode of SmackDown (taped on September 1), Mysterio lost the Intercontinental Championship to John Morrison.
Mysterio returned from his suspension at Hell in a Cell, teaming with former tag team partner Batista to face Jeri-Show (Chris Jericho and Big Show) for the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship. They failed to win the titles, as Mysterio was punched and pinned by Big Show. At Bragging Rights, Mysterio was unsuccessful in winning the World Heavyweight Championship in a Fatal Four-Way match involving Batista, CM Punk, and then-champion The Undertaker. During the match, Mysterio broke up Batista's pin on Undertaker costing him the match and the title. After the match, Batista attacked Mysterio, ending their alliance. Mysterio faced Batista at Survivor Series, where he lost by referee stoppage after Batista performed three Batista Bombs on him. Mysterio lost to Batista again in a street fight on the December 11 episode of SmackDown. A week later Mysterio defeated Batista and was named the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship, but his title match against The Undertaker on the December 25 episode of SmackDown ended in a no contest after Batista interfered. On January 1, 2010, Mysterio participated in a Beat the Clock Tournament for a World Heavyweight Championship match at the Royal Rumble. In the tournament, he defeated his former rival Chris Jericho in the quickest time, and prevented Batista from beating it by interfering in his match. This led to a number one contender's match between the duo the following week, which also ended in a no contest following interference from the Undertaker. The following week in a re-match, Mysterio defeated Batista in a Steel Cage match, but failed to win the championship at the Royal Rumble.
Following the Royal Rumble, Mysterio qualified for an Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view. In the weeks preceding the event, Mysterio began a feud with CM Punk that also involved Punk's Straight Edge Society. During the Elimination Chamber match, Mysterio eliminated Punk, but was ultimately eliminated by John Morrison. Mysterio continued to feud with Punk, costing him a Money in the Bank qualifying match and defeating SES member Luke Gallows. During the on-screen celebration of Mysterio's daughter's ninth birthday, Punk interrupted, taunting Mysterio and challenging him to a match at WrestleMania XXVI, which Mysterio later accepted. Punk later added the stipulation that if Mysterio were to lose at WrestleMania, he would be forced to join the SES. However Mysterio defeated Punk at WrestleMania. Five days later on SmackDown, Punk challenged Mysterio to another match at Extreme Rules, with the stipulation that if Mysterio won, Punk would have his head shaved. At Extreme Rules, Mysterio lost to Punk. At Over the Limit, Mysterio faced CM Punk again with both previous stipulations in place (Mysterio's allegiance to the SES and Punk's hair). Mysterio defeated Punk, resulting in Punk's head being shaved.
World championship reigns (2010–2011)
On the May 28 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio unsuccessfully fought The Undertaker to qualify for the World Heavyweight Championship title match at Fatal 4-Way. The Undertaker suffered a legitimate injury during the match, and a storyline was introduced to explain his absence on television, stating he had been found in a vegetative state by his brother Kane. On the June 4 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio won a Battle Royal to earn The Undertaker's place at Fatal 4-Way by last eliminating Kane, and went on to defeat Jack Swagger, Big Show, and CM Punk to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the second time. At Money in the Bank, Mysterio defeated Swagger to retain the World Heavyweight Championship, however, Swagger attacked him after the match. Kane, who had won the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match earlier that night, cashed in for a title shot and quickly defeated Mysterio to win the World Heavyweight Championship after it had appeared that he was saving Mysterio from Swagger's attack. Kane later blamed Mysterio for The Undertaker's fictional injuries. On the July 23 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio defeated Swagger in a two out of three falls match to remain the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship, earning a title match against Kane at SummerSlam. Kane defeated Mysterio at SummerSlam with a seemingly commemorative Tombstone Piledriver, but the Undertaker returned to exonerate Mysterio and blame Kane.
Five days later on the August 20 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio lost to the debuting Alberto Del Rio by submission. Del Rio, however, continued his attack after the match, sidelining Mysterio for a month, in which time Del Rio would taunt him. The following week a feud was sparked between the two, when Del Rio attacked Mysterio and broke his wrist following a match with Kane. On the October 8 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio defeated Del Rio, and thus ending his undefeated streak. At Bragging Rights, Mysterio represented Team SmackDown, and despite being attacked by teammate Del Rio, he and Edge managed to defeat the rest of Team Raw, giving Team SmackDown the victory. At Survivor Series, Mysterio led a team to victory over Team Del Rio, and at Tables, Ladders & Chairs, both were part of a fatal four-way Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the World Heavyweight Championship, won by Edge. His feud with Del Rio culminated on the January 7, 2011, episode of SmackDown in a two out of three falls match, which Del Rio won by countout.
On the January 21 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio defeated Cody Rhodes. During the match, he broke Rhodes' nose when he hit Rhodes with a 619 with his exposed knee brace, thus sparking a feud. Mysterio participated in the Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble, though he was eliminated by Wade Barrett. Five days later on SmackDown, Mysterio qualified for a spot in the Elimination Chamber match at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view for the World Heavyweight Championship by defeating Jack Swagger. At Elimination Chamber, he made it to the final two but was eliminated by Edge. On the February 25 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio was tricked and attacked by Cody Rhodes and his father, Dusty Rhodes, resulting in Mysterio being unmasked by Rhodes. At WrestleMania XXVII, Mysterio was defeated by Rhodes in a singles match. Mysterio defeated Rhodes in a rematch on the April 23 episode of SmackDown and at Extreme Rules in a Falls Count Anywhere match to end the feud.
In the 2011 WWE Draft, Mysterio was drafted to the Raw brand. On the May 9 episode of Raw, Mysterio lost a triple threat match to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship. Following the match, Mysterio was attacked by R-Truth, which led to a match between the two at Over the Limit, which R-Truth won. In May, Mysterio started feuding with CM Punk, with the pair exchanging victories on consecutive episodes of Raw. The feud culminated in a singles match on June 19 at Capitol Punishment, where Punk emerged victorious. On July 17 at Money in the Bank, Mysterio failed to capture the Raw Money in the Bank briefcase, as the match was won by old rival Alberto Del Rio. The following night on Raw, Mysterio took part in a tournament for the vacant WWE Championship and advanced to the finals. On the July 25 episode of Raw, Mysterio defeated The Miz in the final to win his first WWE Championship, but he lost the title to John Cena later that night. On the August 15 episode of Raw, Mysterio received a rematch for the WWE Championship against new champion Alberto Del Rio, but lost via submission. Mysterio suffered an injury in late August. Mysterio returned at the Slammy Awards to present the Superstar of the Year Award to CM Punk.
Teaming with Sin Cara (2012–2013)
On April 26, 2012, WWE reported that Mysterio had been suspended for 60 days due to his second violation of the company's Talent Wellness Program policy and that his suspension would expire on June 25.
After an absence of almost a year, Mysterio returned on the July 16 episode of Raw, saving Zack Ryder from his old rival, Alberto Del Rio. On August 19 at SummerSlam, Mysterio unsuccessfully challenged The Miz for the Intercontinental Championship. During the match, Mysterio suffered a legitimate concussion, rendering him inactive for a week, but he returned to SmackDown on the August 31 episode. On September 16 at Night Of Champions, Mysterio failed again to capture the Intercontinental Championship from The Miz in a fatal four-way match, also involving Cody Rhodes and Sin Cara. The following night on Raw, Mysterio and Sin Cara teamed up to defeat Primo and Epico in a tag team match, after which they were attacked by The Prime Time Players (Darren Young and Titus O'Neil). According to Mysterio, he took the decision to leave WWE when he saw no creative direction about his tag team with Sin Cara. In October, Mysterio and Sin Cara entered a tournament to determine the number one contenders to the WWE Tag Team Championship, defeating Primo and Epico in the first round and the Prime Time Players in the semi-finals. Mysterio and Sin Cara were set to face the team of Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow on the October 15 episode of Raw, but the match was postponed due to Mysterio legitimately suffering from effects of the stomach flu. The final took place the following week, on October 22, where he and Sin Cara were defeated by Rhodes and Sandow. On November 18 at the Survivor Series pay-per-view, Mysterio and Sin Cara were victorious in a 10-man elimination tag team match alongside Brodus Clay, Justin Gabriel, and Tyson Kidd against Primo, Epico, the Prime Time Players, and Tensai. On December 16 at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, Mysterio and Sin Cara were defeated by Team Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow) in a number one contenders Table match for the WWE Tag Team Championship. Two days later on SmackDown, Mysterio was sidelined with a storyline injury when he and Sin Cara were attacked by The Shield. This was used to write them off television, as Mysterio was taking some time off, and Sin Cara underwent a knee surgery. Mysterio returned on January 27, 2013, at the Royal Rumble, entering the Royal Rumble at number fourteen but was eliminated by Wade Barrett. In March, Mysterio took another leave of absence due to a legitimate knee injury, explained in storyline as an attack by Mark Henry.
Final storylines and departure (2013–2015)
After eight months, Mysterio returned at a WWE live event on October 17, 2013, and returned to television as part of the Spanish commentary team at Hell in a Cell. On the November 18 episode of Raw, Mysterio saved CM Punk and Daniel Bryan from an attack by The Wyatt Family and The Real Americans (Jack Swagger and Antonio Cesaro), which led to Mysterio being part of a 10-man elimination tag team match at Survivor Series in which Mysterio's team lost after he was eliminated by sole survivor Roman Reigns. At TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs, Mysterio teamed with Big Show to unsuccessfully challenge Cody Rhodes and Goldust for the WWE Tag Team Championship in a fatal four-way match also involving RybAxel (Ryback and Curtis Axel) and The Real Americans. At the Royal Rumble pay-per-view on January 26, 2014, Mysterio entered the Royal Rumble match at #30, but was eliminated by Seth Rollins. At WrestleMania XXX, Mysterio competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle royal but was eliminated by Cesaro. He appeared on the April 7 episode of Raw, losing to a returning Bad News Barrett and subsequently decided to take time off to heal a wrist injury.
During his hiatus, it was reported that Mysterio wanted to leave WWE, but the promotion had extended his contract without his approval. Mysterio did not return to WWE programming, and instead appeared in a video message at AAA's Triplemanía XXII and also visited Lucha Underground. On February 26, 2015, WWE officially announced that Mysterio's WWE contract had expired, ending his nearly 13-year tenure with the company.
Return to AAA (2015–2016)
On March 3, 2015, five days after being released from WWE, it was announced that Mysterio had agreed to work for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide for the first time since 1995. He made his in-ring return as part of AAA's 2015 pay-per-view Rey de Reyes ("King of Kings") on March 18, 2015. Mysterio teamed up with Myzteziz (formerly Sin Cara in WWE) to defeat the Los Perros del Mal team of El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and Pentagón Jr., with Mysterio scoring the winning pin. This match is notorious for showing wrestler Perro Aguayo Jr.'s death in the ring following a drop kick from Mysterio. Mysterio delivered a dropkick to Perro's back, causing him to fall to the second rope, setting him up for Mysterio's signature "619" wrestling move, which involve Mysterio running towards the rope, grabbing it, and spinning around 180°, hitting the person on the face with his legs. Mysterio, seeing that something was wrong due to Perro becoming limp, purposely missed. The other wrestlers continued performing while each coming up and checking on Perro. They quickly finished the match after realizing that something serious had happened. The ref, wrestlers, and lockerroom crew came out and took Perro out using a piece of plywood. He was pronounced dead by the doctors later that night. His official death was ruled as cardiac arrest.
On May 24, 2015, Mysterio came together with Myzteziz and El Patrón Alberto to form the "Dream Team" for AAA's Lucha Libre World Cup. The trio eventually won the tournament, defeating Johnny Mundo, Matt Hardy and Mr. Anderson in the finals with Mysterio pinning Mundo for the win. For Triplemanía XXIII, AAA's biggest show of the year, a "dream match" between Mysterio and Myzteziz took place. Both wrestlers teamed during their time in WWE and AAA but had never competed against each other. Mysterio was victorious, forcing Myzteziz to submit to a Fujiwara armbar. After the match, Myzteziz turned rudo and sprayed mist at Mysterio's face and challenged him to a Lucha de Apuestas. In early February 2016, AAA announced that Mysterio had left AAA due to financial issues between Mysterio and AAA. Despite not working directly for AAA, Mysterio Jr. participated in the 2016 Lucha Libre World Cup alongside Dr. Wagner Jr. and Dragon Azteca Jr., known as "Team Mexico International" the trio finished in third place.
Return to independent circuit (2015–2018)
Mysterio has also appeared on a number of independent shows, facing Amazing Red in House of Glory, Ricochet in Drive Wrestling, PJ Black in Black Destiny Wrestling, AJ Styles at a 5 Star Wrestling show in the UK, Alberto El Patron in Qatar Pro Wrestling, amongst others.
Mysterio faced fellow WWE alumnus Kurt Angle on March 20, 2016 for the upstart URFight promotion. Mysterio successfully defeated Angle in a two-falls match with assistance from rapper Riff Raff. In January 2017, Mysterio noted in an interview that he may consider opening up his own wrestling school. During the interview, he said: "I just thought I would never have the time. Now being able to make that time – to not have the busy schedule I had with WWE – gives me plenty of time to be a family man. I'm hoping that this time I'm spending with my son will open up that idea again and create a Rey Mysterio Wrestling school". On April 30, 2017, at the WCPW Pro Wrestling World Cup – Mexican Qualifying Round, Mysterio won the Mexico Leg with Penta El Zero M defeating Alberto El Patron in the semi-finals, and defeating longtime rival Juventud Guerrera in the finals. In Round 16, Mysterio lost to the English qualifier Will Ospreay.
Rey Mysterio teamed up with Mexican luchadors Fenix and Bandido for the main event of the indy super show All In on September 1, 2018. The trio lost to The Golden Elite team of Kota Ibushi and The Young Bucks (Nick and Matt Jackson).
Lucha Underground (2015–2018)
Mysterio signed with Lucha Underground on December 12, 2015 and appeared on the second season. On January 10, 2016, Mysterio teamed with Dragon Azteca Jr. and Prince Puma to defeat Ivelisse, Johnny Mundo and Son of Havoc and Fénix, Jack Evans, and PJ Black and Cortez Castro, Joey Ryan and Mr. Cisco in a 4-way Trio Tag Team Elimination Match for the Lucha Underground Trios Championship. Mysterio was the second competitor to enter the second ever Aztec Warfare match and was the final elimination by the eventual winner Matanza. On January 31, 2016, at Ultima Lucha Dos, Rey Mysterio defeated Prince Puma in a singles match. Mysterio defeated Chavo Guerrero Jr. in a Loser Leaves Match. On April 9, 2016 Mysterio was in an Aztec Warfare match where he eliminated Matanza Cueto after Mysterio was eliminated by Johnny Mundo.
During an interview with Title Match Wrestling in December 2016, Mysterio was asked if he would ever return to WWE, Mysterio replied:
"You never say never. But I am very, very comfortable in the position I'm in with Lucha Underground. I love their schedule, I love their style, I love what they have to offer. I don't think there will ever be another company that has what Lucha Underground has. It's very unique, exciting, and fresh—this is really something new".
At the end of Season 3, Mysterio was seen locked inside a cell with Matanza Cueto, implying that he had been killed off and would not be returning for Season 4. It was confirmed that Mysterio would not return for Season 4 as he had chosen not to renew his contract with Lucha Underground.
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2018)
Rey Mysterio made his New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) debut on June 9, 2018 as part of NJPW's Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall show. Mysterio teamed up with Jushin Thunder Liger and Hiroshi Tanahashi, losing to the Bullet Club team of Cody, Marty Scurll and Adam Page.
Second return to AAA (2018)
On June 3, 2018, Mysterio returned to Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) at Verano de Escándalo, competing in a three-way match for the AAA Mega Championship against Rey Wegner and Jeff Jarrett, with Jarrett winning.
Return to WWE
United States Champion (2018–2020)
On January 28, 2018, at the Royal Rumble, Mysterio made a one night appearance, entering as a surprise entrant at number 27 in the Royal Rumble match, eliminating Adam Cole before later being eliminated by Finn Bálor. At the Greatest Royal Rumble event on April 27, Mysterio participated in the 50-man Royal Rumble match, but was eliminated by Baron Corbin. On June 26, Mysterio was revealed as one of the pre-order bonus character for WWE 2K19. On September 19, it was confirmed Mysterio had signed a two-year contract with WWE.
On October 16, on the 1000th episode of SmackDown, Mysterio competed in his first singles match with the company since April 2014, where he defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to qualify for the WWE World Cup tournament. During the tournament at Crown Jewel, Mysterio defeated Randy Orton in the first round, but was attacked by Orton after the match. Later in the night, Mysterio lost to The Miz in the semi-finals. On the November 6 episode of SmackDown Live, Mysterio defeated Andrade "Cien" Almas to qualify for Team SmackDown in a 5-on-5 Survivor Series elimination match at Survivor Series. At the event, Mysterio eliminated Finn Bálor before being eliminated by Braun Strowman, and Team SmackDown ultimately lost to Team Raw. Two nights later on SmackDown Live, Mysterio was attacked by Randy Orton, as well as he ripped Mysterio's mask off of his face. The two fought the following week, with Orton getting the upper-hand. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, Mysterio defeated Orton in a Chairs match, ending their feud. On January 27, 2019, at the Royal Rumble, Mysterio entered the Royal Rumble match at number 25, but was eliminated by Orton.
At Fastlane, Mysterio failed to capture the United States Championship, where Samoa Joe retained in a fatal four-way match also involving R-Truth and Andrade. On the March 12 episode of SmackDown Live, Mysterio pinned Samoe Joe in a tag team match, which led to Mysterio earning a United States Championship opportunity. At WrestleMania 35, he was defeated by Joe. On April 15, as part of the Superstar Shake-up, Mysterio was drafted to the Raw brand. At Money in the Bank, Mysterio defeated Joe to win the United States Championship for the first time, becoming the twenty-first WWE Grand Slam Champion in the process. On the June 3 episode of Raw, Mysterio announced that he would vacate the title the week after due to suffering an injury from a post-match beatdown by Joe. Mysterio returned from injury on the July 8 episode of Raw, where he was defeated by Bobby Lashley. In August, Mysterio teased his retirement due to multiple losses and amounting injuries, with his son, Dominik, trying to persuade him to not give up.
On the September 23 episode of Raw, Mysterio won a fatal five-way elimination match, which led to Mysterio earning a Universal Championship opportunity against Seth Rollins. However, the following week on Raw, Mysterio and Dominik were brutally attacked by Brock Lesnar, resulting in a storyline injury for the latter. On the October 4 episode of SmackDown, Mysterio assisted the debut of Cain Velasquez to attack Lesnar after the latter's WWE Championship win. At Crown Jewel, Lesnar defeated Velasquez by submission and continued to apply the Kimura Lock after the match had concluded until Mysterio attacked Lesnar with a chair. On the following week, Lesnar quit SmackDown to move to Raw in order to seek revenge against Mysterio, who had been drafted to Raw. At Survivor Series, Mysterio lost to Lesnar despite interference from Dominik.
On the November 25 episode of Raw, Mysterio won a fatal five-way elimination match to become the number one contender for the United States Championship. Later that night, he defeated AJ Styles to capture the United States Championship for the second time. During a house show at Madison Square Garden on December 26, Mysterio lost the title to Andrade, ending his reign at 31 days. He then attempted to win the title back on the January 6, 2020 and January 20 episodes of Raw, but Andrade successfully retained the title.
Teaming with Dominik Mysterio (2020–present)
On the April 20 episode of Raw, Mysterio defeated Murphy to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match. At Money in the Bank, Mysterio failed to win the match. On the May 11 episode of Raw, Mysterio and Aleister Black were booked to face Seth Rollins and Murphy in a tag team match, where they won by disqualification when Rollins pulled Mysterio off of the ring apron and used the corner of the steel steps to pierce Mysterio's eye, taking Mysterio out of action. This resulted in speculation that Mysterio would "retire", following weeks of being mocked by Rollins. However, Mysterio and Dominik later began targeting Rollins, with Mysterio challenging Rollins to an Eye for an Eye match at The Horror Show at Extreme Rules, and the match was won by "removing" an opponent's eyeball. At Extreme Rules, Mysterio lost the match in a gruesome manner, but doctors believed his eye was able to be saved. At Payback, Mysterio and his son, Dominik Mysterio would go on to defeat Rollins and Murphy in a tag team match. As part of the 2020 Draft in October, Mysterio was drafted to the SmackDown brand. Mysterio and Dominik would continue feuding with Rollins and Murphy. Mysterio and Rollins would eventually face each other in a No Holds Barred Final Chapter match on the November 13 episode of SmackDown, where Mysterio would pick up the win after assistance from Murphy, who turned on Rollins. At Survivor Series, Rey and Dominik would both compete in a dual brand battle royal, but both men were eliminated. On January 31, 2021, at Royal Rumble, Mysterio would enter the Royal Rumble match at number 26, but would be eliminated by Omos.
After Royal Rumble, Mysterio started teaming up with Dominik. On the WrestleMania edition of SmackDown, Mysterio and Dominik would face The Street Profits, Otis and Chad Gable, and the champions Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode for the Smackdown Tag Team titles, but were unsuccessful as Roode and Ziggler would retain their titles. At WrestleMania Backlash, Mysterio and Dominik defeated Ziggler and Roode to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, they also became the first ever father-son tag team champions in WWE history.
On the June 4 episode of SmackDown, the Mysterios successfully defended their titles against The Usos, albeit with controversy as Jimmy's shoulder was lifted although the referee wasn't aware. After Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville granted a rematch later that same night, the Mysterios again retained their titles after Roman Reigns interfered and attacked the Mysterios, causing a disqualification, and both were assaulted by Reigns afterwards. The following week on SmackDown, Rey called out Reigns for attacking Dominik, and challenged Reigns to a Hell in a Cell match at the namesake pay-per-view, but before Reigns could answer, Rey attacked Reigns with a kendo stick, but was ultimately overpowered, and while Dominik joined the brawl, Reigns powerbomb'd Dominik over the top rope and out of the ring. The next day on Talking Smack, Paul Heyman, Reigns' "special council", formally accepted Rey's challenge on Reigns's behalf. On June 17, however, Rey posted to Twitter, stating that he did not want to wait until Sunday, and it was announced that the match would instead take place on the June 18 episode of SmackDown, marking the first Hell in a Cell match to take place on SmackDown in which he lost to Reigns. At Money in the Bank, The Mysterios lost the titles to The Usos in the pre-show, ending their title reign at 63 days. At SummerSlam, The Mysterios would be defeated by The Usos in a rematch for the Smackdown Tag Titles.
As part of the 2021 Draft, both Rey and Dominik were drafted to the Raw brand. In October, Mysterio entered the King of the Ring tournament, where he lost to Sami Zayn in the first round.
Mysterio later lost to Seth Rollins in a ladder match in a contest which also featured Kevin Owens and Finn Bálor to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship. Mysterio was later named as a member for Team RAW for the traditional Survivor Series showdown with Team SmackDown but was replaced by Austin Theory before the event took place. On the December 20 episode of Raw, Rey and Dominik defeated the team of AJ Styles and Omos. In January, Mysterio was unveiled as the cover star of WWE 2K22. On the January 17 edition of RAW, he was announced as a participant of the 2022 Royal Rumble match and later that night teamed with Dominik and The Street Profits to defeat fellow Royal Rumble competitors, Dolph Ziggler, Robert Roode, Apollo Crews and Commander Azeez.
Other media
Mysterio has been a subject of several DVDs during his wrestling career, including Rey Mysterio: 619, a 2003 documentary of Mysterio's career and personal life. WWE also produced Rey Mysterio: The Biggest Little Man, a three disc set featuring Mysterio's best matches that was released on October 23, 2007. He was also featured on the DVD Before They Were Wrestling Stars: Rey Mysterio Jr. in 2007 which featured matches from his time in Mexico. Rey Mysterio: The Life of a Masked Man was issued on July 12, 2011. In the UK, Silver Vision released a Mysterio DVD as part of their Best of WWE collection. This featured his matches from SummerSlam 2005, WrestleMania 22, No Mercy 2006, and SummerSlam 2007.
Movies
Mysterio appeared in the 2000 film Ready to Rumble along with several other wrestlers.
Books
Music
Mysterio, along with rapper Mad One, performed the original version of "Booyaka 619", which Mysterio used as his WWE entrance theme around September 2005. Mysterio also performed a rap song, called "Crossing Borders", which appears on the album WWE Originals and was also used as the official theme song for the 2004 No Way Out pay-per-view.
Video games
Mysterio is a playable character in numerous video games: WCW vs. nWo: World Tour, WCW/nWo Revenge, WCW Mayhem, WCW Backstage Assault, WCW Nitro, WCW/nWo Thunder, WWE WrestleMania XIX, WWE SmackDown! Here Comes The Pain, WWE Day of Reckoning, WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw, WWE Day of Reckoning 2, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2006, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, WWE Legends of WrestleMania, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011, WWE All Stars, WWE '12, WWE '13, WWE 2K14, WWE 2K15, WWE 2K19 (as a pre-order bonus), WWE 2K20, WWE 2K Battlegrounds, and will appear in WWE 2K22, which is in-development.
Personal life
Gutierrez and his wife Angie have two children: a son, Dominik (born April 5, 1997) and a daughter, Aalyah (born August 20, 2001). He has tattoos of his children's names on his right and left biceps, tattoos dedicated to his wife, Angie, and a tattoo with the initials EG for his best friend and fellow wrestler, Eddie Guerrero, who died in 2005. He is a devout Roman Catholic, frequently crossing himself before his matches and bearing numerous religious tattoos on his body, most notably a cross on his chest attached to rosaries as well as other crosses and allusions to God.
Gutiérrez is part of an extended family of wrestlers, including his son Dominik Gutiérrez, uncle Rey Misterio Sr. and his cousins El Hijo de Rey Misterio and Metalika.
On March 19, 2007, Sports Illustrated posted on its website an article in its continuing series investigating a steroid and HGH ring used by a number of professional athletes in several sports. That article mentioned several current and former WWE wrestlers, including Gutierrez who was alleged to have obtained nandrolone and stanozolol. WWE subsequently stated that the allegations preceded the Talent Wellness program WWE launched in February 2006. On August 27, 2009, WWE announced that Gutierrez would receive a 30-day suspension due to a violation of the wellness program. Days later Gutierrez defended himself in a newspaper interview by explaining the drugs as being on a prescription for his knee and arm. While the Wellness Policy allows for prescribed drugs, Gutierrez further contested he had been on a family holiday and subsequently in Europe promoting SummerSlam, giving him only a day to provide the prescription after being notified. On April 26, 2012, WWE suspended Gutierrez for 60 days due to a second violation of their wellness program.
Filmography
Television
Championships and accomplishments
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración / Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – with Octagón and Super Muñeco
Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Lucha Libre World Cup (2015) – with Myzteziz and El Patrón Alberto
AAA Hall of Fame (Class of 2007)
Técnico of the Year (2015)
Catch Wrestling Europe
CWE World Grand Prix (2017)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Lucha Libre Award (2020)
The Crash
The Crash Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
Destiny World Wrestling
DWW Championship (1 time)
Hollywood Heavyweight Wrestling
HHW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
International Wrestling All-Stars
IWAS Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Konnan
Lucha Underground
Lucha Underground Trios Championship (1 time) – with Dragon Azteca Jr. and Prince Puma
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 4 of the top 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999
Ranked No. 56 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
World Championship Wrestling
WCW Cruiserweight Championship (5 times)
WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Billy Kidman
WCW World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Billy Kidman (1), Konnan (1), and Juventud Guerrera (1)
World Wrestling Association
WWA Lightweight Championship (3 times)
WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rey Misterio
WWA Welterweight Championship (3 times)
World Wrestling Council
WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE Championship (1 time)
World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WWE Cruiserweight Championship (3 times)
WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
WWE Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Edge (1), Rob Van Dam (1), Eddie Guerrero (1), and Batista (1)
WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dominik Mysterio
WWE United States Championship (2 times)
Royal Rumble (2006)
Championship Competition Tournament (2007)
Bragging Rights Trophy (2010) – with Team SmackDown (Big Show, Jack Swagger, Alberto Del Rio, Edge, Tyler Reks and Kofi Kingston)
WWE Championship Tournament (2011)
Twenty-first Triple Crown Champion
Twenty-first Grand Slam Champion
Bumpy Award (1 time)
Tag Team of the Half-Year (2021) - with Dominik Mysterio
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Flying Wrestler (1995–1997, 2002–2004)
Best Wrestling Maneuver (1995) Flip dive into a frankensteiner on the floor
Match of the Year (2002) with Edge vs. Chris Benoit and Kurt Angle, for the WWE Tag Team Championship, WWE No Mercy, October 20
Most Outstanding Wrestler (1996)
Rookie of the Year (1992)
Worst Feud of the Year (2008) with Kane
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
Luchas de Apuestas record
Notes
References
External links
1974 births
American male professional wrestlers
American professional wrestlers of Mexican descent
Catholics from California
Hispanic and Latino American sportspeople
Living people
Masked wrestlers
NWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions
People from Chula Vista, California
Professional wrestlers from California
The Latino World Order members
World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)
WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions
WWE Champions
WWE Grand Slam champions | [
-0.4824582040309906,
-0.06777723133563995,
0.2972922623157501,
0.25867369771003723,
0.004564016591757536,
0.17862212657928467,
0.27579399943351746,
0.8911243677139282,
-0.3586675524711609,
-0.12953108549118042,
0.029715994372963905,
0.5806270241737366,
-0.05241204425692558,
-0.20248708128929138,
0.0002530980564188212,
0.19746039807796478,
0.14337104558944702,
0.256555438041687,
0.04531272128224373,
-0.22940488159656525,
-0.24104613065719604,
-0.47823798656463623,
0.22462841868400574,
0.17739999294281006,
-0.06168040260672569,
0.13564623892307281,
-1.180360198020935,
0.11837423592805862,
-0.0707676038146019,
-0.03759133815765381,
0.6214824318885803,
0.015487524680793285,
0.7892287969589233,
0.051658205687999725,
-0.4953899681568146,
0.1758335679769516,
-0.27327921986579895,
-0.5907410979270935,
0.14723390340805054,
0.17582394182682037,
-0.2961263358592987,
0.039104461669921875,
-0.2702711820602417,
-0.27678969502449036,
-0.05792571231722832,
-0.7206538915634155,
-0.950849175453186,
0.2862381637096405,
-0.7339319586753845,
-0.6336944699287415,
-0.8378546237945557,
0.13406437635421753,
-1.0683135986328125,
0.6048524379730225,
-0.29859042167663574,
0.11308789998292923,
-0.6578022837638855,
-0.29790985584259033,
-0.2314709722995758,
-0.2976651191711426,
0.3808392882347107,
0.26898905634880066,
0.135809987783432,
-0.7297025918960571,
0.27790990471839905,
0.18785348534584045,
0.8046858906745911,
0.0178313460201025,
-0.4443955719470978,
-0.579504132270813,
-0.07158441096544266,
0.3246851861476898,
0.3819630742073059,
-0.5905610918998718,
0.37033727765083313,
-0.6662576198577881,
-0.578534722328186,
0.20984819531440735,
-0.19252237677574158,
0.764432966709137,
0.23435501754283905,
-0.18804806470870972,
0.24092666804790497,
0.5570688247680664,
0.04583793878555298,
0.19878427684307098,
-0.7647210359573364,
0.3803609311580658,
-0.9044970273971558,
0.04560597985982895,
-0.35390549898147583,
-0.055742572993040085,
0.8376538157463074,
0.5168349146842957,
-0.016605550423264503,
-0.12936952710151672,
-0.13286852836608887,
0.013649641536176205,
-0.4569885730743408,
-0.05178191140294075,
-0.2578255534172058,
0.36209380626678467,
0.3035658597946167,
-0.32616016268730164,
-0.6598291397094727,
0.38861870765686035,
0.11365784704685211,
0.3583022654056549,
-0.43897491693496704,
-0.018388668075203896,
-0.6309740543365479,
0.20717041194438934,
0.07916119694709778,
-0.018411843106150627,
0.19922998547554016,
0.4056277275085449,
0.6182526350021362,
-0.3366038203239441,
-0.24655748903751373,
0.08742814511060715,
-0.5896732807159424,
0.3418924808502197,
-0.14694078266620636,
1.0572640895843506,
-0.24469244480133057,
-0.2546461820602417,
-0.2532406747341156,
-0.0033647469244897366,
-0.16449452936649323,
0.5452038049697876,
0.14815214276313782,
0.1206619143486023,
-0.13727040588855743,
0.5172752737998962,
-0.11166016757488251,
0.014123565517365932,
0.05156123638153076,
0.030189014971256256,
-0.4832434356212616,
-0.017138497903943062,
-0.7114113569259644,
-0.9055312871932983,
-0.39962437748908997,
-0.10018932074308395,
-0.2774212658405304,
-0.08227675408124924,
0.1126033216714859,
-0.3177567422389984,
-0.0007317002164199948,
-0.10965179651975632,
-0.2644263207912445,
-0.04667592793703079,
-0.4776928126811981,
-0.6921497583389282,
-0.1355929970741272,
0.3077479898929596,
0.3817579746246338,
-0.6487712264060974,
0.38289040327072144,
-0.2341936230659485,
-0.1784597635269165,
-0.42495840787887573,
-0.2828827500343323,
0.40066906809806824,
-0.39220842719078064,
-0.5055814981460571,
0.650211751461029,
0.5362158417701721,
-0.00027623731875792146,
-0.18529962003231049,
-0.24574467539787292,
0.05934586003422737,
-0.07977943122386932,
-0.530430257320404,
0.020578915253281593,
0.43026965856552124,
0.2567404508590698,
-0.057777974754571915,
-0.07306909561157227,
0.41288644075393677,
-0.5431307554244995,
0.1528879553079605,
0.00328459613956511,
0.06794440001249313,
0.4694230258464813,
-0.34725967049598694,
0.2606441378593445,
-0.1580820381641388,
0.29661256074905396,
0.12460996955633163,
-0.6363953948020935,
-0.08068010210990906,
-0.20250046253204346,
0.024907343089580536,
0.07743743062019348,
0.49620339274406433,
-0.5323635935783386,
0.9167754650115967,
0.06595336645841599,
0.3653220236301422,
-0.31601986289024353,
0.19360589981079102,
0.16559569537639618,
0.04432719200849533,
-0.7336788773536682,
-0.03285171836614609,
0.3934318423271179,
0.7279514670372009,
0.12616628408432007,
0.9342927932739258,
0.46355509757995605,
-0.1809680014848709,
-0.24443987011909485,
0.16623444855213165,
-0.6751623153686523,
-0.34292858839035034,
-0.14802224934101105,
-0.06780345737934113,
0.08455118536949158,
-0.1944153606891632,
1.1720998287200928,
0.37731361389160156,
-0.45009785890579224,
0.22393961250782013,
-0.11387033760547638,
1.3914836645126343,
0.08304496109485626,
0.20475269854068756,
0.6147792935371399,
-0.5828287601470947,
0.3781489133834839,
-0.2842679023742676,
0.3511005938053131,
-0.410324364900589,
-0.08840221911668777,
0.5045654773712158,
0.3066907823085785,
-0.7966421842575073,
-0.6156653165817261,
-0.4834488034248352,
0.7313839197158813,
-0.055295687168836594,
0.08094305545091629,
0.11494770646095276,
0.40898188948631287,
0.7260714769363403,
-0.5341129302978516,
0.5210816860198975,
-0.16118086874485016,
0.32110288739204407,
0.3578578233718872,
0.3124993145465851,
0.051062844693660736,
-0.04130908474326134,
0.5176396369934082,
0.33345407247543335,
-0.2619387209415436,
0.1402827948331833,
0.13486367464065552,
0.056009575724601746,
0.09143268316984177,
-0.19989006221294403,
-0.003322719130665064,
0.5221872329711914,
-0.047296613454818726,
-0.752041220664978,
0.31095144152641296,
0.007128571625798941,
0.047234099358320236,
-0.5155974626541138,
0.657991349697113,
0.2264062911272049,
-0.7360581159591675,
-0.08208251744508743,
-0.31507575511932373,
0.04024309292435646,
0.38177165389060974,
0.09491920471191406,
-0.8879109621047974,
-0.94431072473526,
-0.010018579661846161,
0.29540660977363586,
-0.1904003918170929,
-0.760021984577179,
-0.5693118572235107,
-0.40722107887268066,
-0.47350144386291504,
-0.7649144530296326,
-0.3623408079147339,
0.04561348259449005,
-0.35815557837486267,
0.4849996268749237,
-0.42147549986839294,
0.7708312273025513,
0.01836751587688923,
-0.021966809406876564,
0.6468375325202942,
0.23085035383701324,
0.6355307698249817,
-0.12771056592464447,
-0.013991829007863998,
0.10026319324970245,
0.3762032985687256,
0.16986791789531708,
0.19186624884605408,
-0.24038749933242798,
0.45397046208381653,
0.171413391828537,
-5.455422401428223,
0.7281015515327454,
-0.2140263020992279,
0.19534242153167725,
0.7047120928764343,
-0.19725093245506287,
0.17686258256435394,
0.2137904167175293,
0.4343410134315491,
-0.4295947551727295,
-0.19612354040145874,
-0.00763718131929636,
0.3769038915634155,
-0.08375795185565948,
0.15580400824546814,
0.5844423770904541,
0.18326374888420105,
-0.21996133029460907,
0.6061810255050659,
0.6382728815078735,
-0.29835426807403564,
-0.4091431498527527,
-0.579845130443573,
0.600350022315979,
0.22147589921951294,
0.26789402961730957,
-0.2983632981777191,
-0.14939436316490173,
-0.6553823947906494,
0.15438485145568848,
-0.06361167132854462,
-0.12778633832931519,
-0.6491926312446594,
0.2555158734321594,
-0.028089351952075958,
-0.3600426912307739,
0.8205917477607727,
-0.6933255195617676,
-0.4418489634990692,
-0.2780175507068634,
0.19307835400104523,
-0.02849927358329296,
-0.5536514520645142,
-0.12050653249025345,
0.8269476890563965,
0.14718419313430786,
-0.5683661699295044,
-0.32973629236221313,
-0.14512859284877777,
0.4662465751171112,
0.6421302556991577,
-0.3453754484653473,
0.1521531045436859,
0.06488105654716492,
0.7849046587944031,
0.5481185913085938,
0.14923818409442902,
-0.21209131181240082,
-0.45003342628479004,
0.4648609757423401,
0.34768614172935486,
-0.5627545118331909,
-0.3007830083370209,
-0.2974478006362915,
0.25674766302108765,
0.0025950937997549772,
1.292826771736145,
-0.6733933687210083,
0.7718956470489502,
-0.23589858412742615,
-0.04620641469955444,
0.5639417171478271,
0.12024901807308197,
-0.9339543581008911,
0.0325733982026577,
0.25526776909828186,
-0.1632516086101532,
0.2906263768672943,
-0.47381100058555603,
-0.43928658962249756,
0.21074236929416656,
-0.2550654411315918,
-0.3729490637779236,
-0.39810124039649963,
-0.24575547873973846,
-0.11028150469064713,
0.0888843759894371,
0.2655010223388672,
0.21974650025367737,
0.6127808094024658,
0.5128634572029114,
-0.11302042752504349,
0.1626410037279129,
-0.08676362782716751,
-0.06027501821517944,
0.057963915169239044,
-0.1565307080745697,
0.6197288036346436,
-0.03148655965924263,
0.3744833469390869,
0.7095762491226196,
-0.5270739793777466,
0.5916733741760254,
-0.4917142987251282,
0.6710708737373352,
-0.19767706096172333,
0.33925849199295044,
0.03490234911441803,
0.24437306821346283,
-0.47370460629463196,
0.6025473475456238,
0.24270281195640564,
-0.5126577019691467,
0.08630356192588806,
0.47063103318214417,
0.13719576597213745,
-0.14078550040721893,
-0.033779095858335495,
0.629018247127533,
0.3489408493041992,
0.1880638152360916,
0.574718177318573,
-0.14289483428001404,
-0.3143075406551361,
-0.6402127146720886,
-0.1300741285085678,
0.02513592690229416,
0.5775251388549805,
0.45524561405181885,
-0.5891733169555664,
0.09044009447097778,
0.7158303260803223,
0.021195854991674423,
0.012803285382688046,
0.019601648673415184,
0.28176841139793396,
-0.007618021219968796,
-0.6163107752799988,
0.17215000092983246,
-0.8354629278182983,
0.26105815172195435,
-0.7334606647491455,
-0.07570505887269974,
0.21067574620246887,
0.4035625755786896,
-0.41292646527290344,
-0.42021116614341736,
-0.5382341146469116,
-0.6694861054420471,
1.0707743167877197,
0.8323236107826233,
-0.48090025782585144,
-0.09360276907682419,
-0.3769248425960541,
-0.09841589629650116,
0.744221031665802,
-0.3139229714870453,
0.016460368409752846,
-0.0883406475186348,
-0.5791688561439514,
0.6551401615142822,
0.015521141700446606,
-0.8354279398918152,
-0.21825313568115234,
0.045398153364658356,
0.383031964302063,
-0.30285733938217163,
-0.483908474445343,
-0.7210267186164856,
0.6810473799705505,
-0.14818736910820007,
-0.791549563407898,
-0.36582180857658386,
-0.38055700063705444,
0.2507568299770355,
-0.19848677515983582,
-0.22029908001422882,
-0.05234365537762642,
0.13728050887584686,
0.4685157239437103,
0.420671671628952,
0.056640900671482086,
-0.3009762465953827,
-0.01846429705619812,
0.14898057281970978,
-0.05691099166870117,
-0.4071193337440491,
-0.5166437029838562,
-0.257181316614151,
0.0540601871907711,
0.028752338141202927,
0.2059967964887619,
0.3406507968902588,
-0.18463318049907684,
-0.3636862635612488,
-0.17174148559570312,
-0.499815434217453,
0.00113507523201406,
0.15994185209274292,
-0.4896438717842102,
-0.10103460401296616,
0.16645774245262146,
-0.08182769268751144,
0.1461164653301239,
0.49450504779815674,
-0.3516940772533417,
0.09691782295703888,
0.4614138603210449,
-0.6002623438835144,
0.0017352185677736998,
-0.04588820040225983,
-0.48870524764060974,
-0.1343964785337448,
0.6084326505661011,
0.36141735315322876,
0.0825381651520729,
0.07081140577793121,
0.17756801843643188,
-0.30444279313087463,
-0.17695872485637665,
-0.22299040853977203,
-0.2145649641752243,
0.04667314887046814,
0.19721490144729614,
-0.46893101930618286,
0.22049209475517273,
-0.02899940498173237,
-0.5934019684791565,
0.9215328693389893,
-0.3605513274669647,
0.13650661706924438,
-0.1470816433429718,
0.26333585381507874,
0.5077927112579346,
-0.3332139551639557,
0.7160552144050598,
0.27460330724716187,
0.9683394432067871,
-0.02833164669573307,
0.009627551771700382,
1.0789761543273926,
0.5088334083557129,
-0.9370346069335938,
0.06389431655406952,
-0.1289869099855423,
0.638961672782898,
0.25995901226997375,
0.24271497130393982,
-0.12753450870513916,
-0.07081180065870285,
0.005286496598273516,
-0.27725866436958313,
-0.1151295155286789,
0.8890357613563538,
0.5096767544746399,
-0.8375077247619629,
-0.32433509826660156,
-0.300644189119339,
-0.5407271981239319,
0.14189784228801727,
-0.12903298437595367,
-0.04929833114147186,
-0.3214702904224396,
-0.19566741585731506,
0.28830665349960327,
-0.2954135239124298,
-0.31839701533317566,
0.3255389630794525,
0.06357678771018982,
0.038260746747255325,
-0.2078091949224472,
-0.1670825332403183,
-0.0743771642446518,
0.525025486946106,
-0.2044062316417694,
0.9911314845085144,
0.53201824426651,
-0.453400582075119,
0.02005908079445362,
0.007444273214787245,
-0.9924203753471375,
0.09079916775226593,
-0.4454311728477478,
-0.3690921664237976,
-0.21367911994457245,
-0.0007621939294040203,
0.04964008554816246,
0.28839245438575745,
0.07838515192270279,
0.40799686312675476,
-0.39718249440193176,
0.44137102365493774,
0.06899795681238174,
-0.4022883176803589,
0.09034287929534912,
-0.09877223521471024,
0.14776794612407684,
0.49147334694862366,
-0.5906336903572083,
-0.12816962599754333,
-0.4193129241466522,
0.8758800625801086,
0.33567264676094055,
-0.01247467566281557,
0.14268755912780762,
-0.2913243770599365,
0.06677007675170898,
-0.28596726059913635,
-0.10713474452495575,
0.10332714766263962,
-0.7445565462112427,
0.3030867576599121,
0.0332571379840374,
0.362705796957016,
-0.8191347122192383,
-0.08842764049768448,
0.8793773651123047,
0.02298104204237461,
-0.29902133345603943,
0.14647313952445984,
-0.030948957428336143,
-0.42429056763648987,
0.6507710814476013,
0.2974821925163269,
0.3960784375667572,
0.4373910427093506,
0.12288892269134521,
-0.19106082618236542,
0.43743616342544556,
0.48081129789352417,
-0.13328611850738525,
-0.22748064994812012,
-0.31382787227630615,
0.31138065457344055,
0.15272095799446106,
0.044016703963279724,
0.17106465995311737,
-0.00789310596883297,
0.30625128746032715,
0.6433528065681458,
-0.01767459325492382,
0.7390074729919434,
-0.15911895036697388,
0.7373999953269958,
-0.18816500902175903,
-0.07450811564922333,
0.2030680924654007,
0.24036957323551178,
-0.25242093205451965,
-0.37654709815979004,
-0.013990790583193302,
-0.5918705463409424,
0.7115197777748108,
-0.3972497880458832,
0.16997048258781433,
-0.19493642449378967,
-0.31356051564216614,
-0.681488037109375,
-1.1247272491455078,
-0.2163223922252655,
0.29043856263160706,
-0.5123801231384277,
0.652141809463501,
-0.07102873921394348,
-0.6185927391052246,
-0.3243391811847687,
-0.3767058253288269,
0.23524609208106995,
-0.19657202064990997,
0.009563611820340157,
-0.8813440203666687,
-0.051780350506305695,
-0.7140825390815735,
0.563016414642334,
-0.43767446279525757,
0.5170512199401855,
0.39573541283607483,
0.016735002398490906,
-0.7069844007492065,
0.33444902300834656,
0.0042869155295193195,
0.17366550862789154,
-0.670461893081665,
0.08555671572685242,
-0.010090438649058342,
0.33057695627212524,
-0.12972703576087952,
0.42753663659095764,
-0.24903765320777893,
0.5546901226043701,
0.01534783560782671,
-0.8659449219703674,
-0.20594878494739532,
0.5097165107727051,
0.512222170829773,
-0.14759962260723114,
-0.30086731910705566,
0.5707021951675415,
0.7162387371063232,
-0.54609215259552,
0.3642263412475586,
-0.16961917281150818,
0.023614857345819473,
-0.736862301826477,
-0.8227267265319824,
-0.5889024138450623,
-0.46427303552627563,
0.2860718071460724,
-0.32781463861465454,
0.1437419056892395,
-0.2736670672893524,
-0.21753725409507751,
-0.5011100769042969,
-0.28317078948020935,
-0.25174978375434875,
0.4863012433052063,
0.3654588758945465,
0.003177938750013709,
0.10328962653875351,
-0.38601869344711304,
-0.18693795800209045,
0.48463302850723267,
0.017032379284501076,
0.7995903491973877,
0.614010214805603,
0.041421279311180115,
0.2937374711036682,
0.027236156165599823,
-0.4547181725502014,
0.40413644909858704,
0.47016528248786926,
-0.29190391302108765,
-1.0542395114898682,
0.16702677309513092,
-0.2797183096408844,
-0.971893310546875,
0.1492675095796585,
0.8556829690933228,
0.3828832805156708,
-0.41829511523246765,
0.9913573265075684,
-0.18087032437324524,
0.3421444594860077,
-0.5672922730445862,
0.743608295917511,
-0.44963911175727844,
-0.25128912925720215,
0.22209276258945465,
-0.28501588106155396,
0.21262523531913757,
0.45157837867736816,
0.221153125166893,
0.9571508169174194,
-0.395592600107193,
-0.08705388754606247,
0.5018317103385925,
0.30058741569519043,
-0.31692543625831604,
0.15713061392307281,
-0.7629822492599487
] |
247469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Stojko | Elvis Stojko | Elvis Stojko, (born March 22, 1972) is a Canadian figure skater. He was a three-time World champion (1994, 1995, 1997), two-time Olympic silver medallist (1994, 1998), and seven-time Canadian champion (1994, 1996–2000, and 2002).
Personal life
Stojko was born in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada to a Hungarian mother and Slovenian father and was named after Elvis Presley, of whom his parents were fans. His father arrived in Canada on a boat in 1955 and his mother, Irenee (), fled the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. Stojko grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario. There is a hockey arena named after him in Richmond Hill.
Stojko competed in the 2005 WKA Canadian Championships and placed first in the Chinese martial arts division. He has been involved with Ronald McDonald Children's Charities in Canada. He settled in Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico in 2001. On June 20, 2010, he married Mexican figure skater Gladys Orozco in Las Vegas. They resided in Ajijic until June 2014, when they relocated to Toronto. They now live on 140 acres near Bowmanville.
On October 3, 2021, Stojko was revealed to have been named in the Pandora Papers by the CBC.
Career
Stojko began skating at the age of four and won his first trophy when he was eleven.
1990–91 to 1992–93
At the 1991 World Championships, Stojko became the first person to land a quadruple-double jump combination. He later said he had studied VHS tapes of Kurt Browning, Brian Boitano, Alexander Fadeyev, and Jozef Sabovčík to help him master the quad.
At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, he finished 7th despite skating a technically strong routine, but a month later he made his first appearance on a major international podium when he placed third at the 1992 World Championships behind winner Viktor Petrenko and Kurt Browning. In 1993 at the World Figure Skating Championships he finished second, once again behind Kurt Browning.
1993–94 season: Silver at Olympics and first World title
At the 1994 Canadian Championships in Edmonton, Stojko defeated Kurt Browning in the free skate to win his first national title. At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Norway at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre, he skated well enough in the short program to place second, putting him in good position heading into the free skate, after three of the pre-Olympic favourites (Brian Boitano, Viktor Petrenko & Kurt Browning) had disappointing short programs. Stojko had a strong performance in the free skate, despite popping a planned triple axel combination (which he later replaced by doing another triple Axel combination spontaneously) and won the silver medal. Stojko entered the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan, as the favourite and won his first world championship with a performance that included another quadruple jump.
1994–95 season: Second World title
Stojko sustained a serious ankle injury during practice for the 1995 Canadian Championships, but was determined to compete anyway. He began his short program but was not able to complete it due to the injury, and was awarded a bye to the 1995 World Championships. His 1995 World Championship skate is regarded as one of his most impressive competitive outings because he completed his full routine despite his still-unhealed injury. Although in second place after the short programme behind American Todd Eldredge, Stojko won the free skate – and his second world championship – with a performance that included a triple lutz-triple toe loop combination in the closing seconds of his programme.
1995–96 season
At the 1996 World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Stojko fell on his triple axel combo jump, leaving him in seventh place after the short programme. In the free programme he included a quadruple jump combination (the only one in the competition) and moved him all the way up to fourth, just off the podium behind American Rudy Galindo, who won the bronze. His quadruple toe loop–triple toe loop was the first ever performed by a skater in a major competition.
1996–97 season: Champions Series title
Stojko won the 1996–97 Champions Series Final (Grand Prix Final) in Hamilton, Ontario, skating to the movie soundtrack of "Dragon Heart". Two other skaters also landed quad jumps during the free skate (Ilia Kulik and Alexei Urmanov), but not in combination as Stojko did.
At the 1997 World Championships, he again had a strong short programme and placed fourth going into the free. Approximately halfway through the free skate, Alexei Urmanov, leader after the short programme, withdrew from the event with an injury, while Ilia Kulik, in third, had a performance that put him out of contention. Stojko then took the ice and landed his quad-triple combination to earn two perfect scores of 6.0 and another world title.
1997–98 season: Silver at Nagano Olympics
Stojko entered the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan as the heavy favorite and was expected to become the first Canadian man to win an Olympic gold medal. He did not disclose to the media that he had suffered a groin injury and was also recovering from a flu that had struck many other athletes during the Games. He was unable to take painkillers due to the possibility of failing his drug test. He later stated in an interview that he was already feeling stiff and sore during the warm-up prior to the long program, and therefore downgraded his planned quadruple toe loop to a triple, likely costing him a chance at gold. Later in the programme, on the landing of a triple axel, Stojko aggravated the injury even further, saying he "felt something snap." He still managed to successfully complete four more triples after that point, and won the silver medal.
In February 1998, Stojko published a book, Heart and Soul, about his career.
1998–99 to 2001–02
Stojko finished fourth in the 1999 World Championships. After the 1998–99 season, Stojko changed coaches from Doug Leigh to Uschi Keszler and Tim Wood. He won silver at the 2000 World Championships.
Stojko placed eighth at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. He turned professional in 2002.
2003–present
Stojko was a commentator for CTV/TSN for the men's event at the 2003 World Championships in Washington, D.C. In 2006, he was a celebrity judge on the WE tv series Skating's Next Star, created and produced by Major League Figure Skating. The show was hosted by Kristi Yamaguchi.
Stojko briefly reinstated as an Olympic-eligible skater and publicly declared his intention to compete in the 2006 Olympics in Turin, Italy, before changing his mind and resuming his professional skating career. On August 10, 2006, he skated a farewell performance at a gala for the Mariposa skating club, where he trained most of his amateur career. He took a hiatus from active figure skating for several years.
Stojko provided commentary and analysis for Yahoo! Sports during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He wrote an article criticizing the figure skating judging system used during the 2010 Olympics, saying that it did not reward athletes for undertaking quadruple jumps.
Stojko participated in ISF Entertainment's acrobatic ice show, "A Rock & Roll Fantasy", in the July 2010 Calgary Stampede.
Since 2011, Stojko has been racing karts in the Canadian Rotax DD2 Master Class and the SKUSA Mexico Series (S1 and S4 classes).
After Stojko relocated back from Mexico to Canada, he resumed his show skating career. He has participated in the Canadian tour of Stars on Ice since 2016, the show skating events of the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto, and Busch Gardens' Christmas Town events in Williamsburg, Virginia since 2015.
In 2016 Stojko played the role of Mercury in a TV-movie Ice Girls.
Stojko was named in the Pandora Papers in 2021.
Accomplishments
Three-time World Figure skating champion: 1994, 1995, 1997
Two-time Olympic Silver medallist: 1994, 1998
Seven-time Canadian Figure skating champion: 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002
Four Continents champion: 2000
Grand Prix Final Champion: 1996/1997
Winner of the Lionel Conacher Award: 1994
First man to land a quadruple jump in combination (quadruple toe-loop, double toe-loop): 1991 World Championships
First man to land a quadruple/triple jump combination (quadruple toe-loop, triple toe-loop): 1997 Grand Prix Final
Inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2006.
Inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2009.
Inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 2011.
Programs
Post-2002
Pre-2002
Results
GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix
See also
List of Olympic medalists in figure skating
References
External links
Meritorious Service Decorations Citations
Canoe.ca (2005). SLAM! Presents Elvis Stojko. Retrieved July 2, 2005.
Brenda Gorman (2005). Stojko, Elvis. Retrieved July 2, 2005.
1972 births
Canadian male single skaters
Canadian people of Slovenian descent
Canadian people of Hungarian descent
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Living people
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration
Olympic figure skaters of Canada
Sportspeople from Newmarket, Ontario
Sportspeople from Richmond Hill, Ontario
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Canadian male karateka
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
People from Ajijic
People named in the Pandora Papers | [
-0.4211523234844208,
0.3613249659538269,
0.0279508326202631,
-0.22924381494522095,
0.3423483371734619,
0.5632729530334473,
0.8863752484321594,
0.3759460151195526,
-0.4212176203727722,
0.1517958641052246,
0.16575419902801514,
-0.20733150839805603,
-0.2928236722946167,
-0.5409541726112366,
0.3867969214916229,
0.5583285093307495,
0.21050238609313965,
0.3624465763568878,
-0.38808101415634155,
-0.23906759917736053,
-0.08510120213031769,
-0.45453667640686035,
0.6831128001213074,
0.09222164005041122,
-0.707054853439331,
0.5145853757858276,
-0.25880134105682373,
0.07257518172264099,
-0.4579799473285675,
0.014532503671944141,
0.20247791707515717,
0.6989115476608276,
0.3409033417701721,
-0.10685982555150986,
-0.27898699045181274,
0.053181953728199005,
-0.15657298266887665,
-0.40653494000434875,
-0.20339909195899963,
-0.31579628586769104,
0.13254548609256744,
0.27240845561027527,
-0.2052697390317917,
-0.2688864767551422,
0.2954491674900055,
-0.032005347311496735,
-1.3329013586044312,
0.11617154628038406,
-0.8806611895561218,
-0.40041908621788025,
-0.02864404208958149,
0.4982371926307678,
-0.3794930875301361,
0.17971619963645935,
-0.0223322045058012,
-0.3108610510826111,
-0.6370863914489746,
0.01875287853181362,
0.06872154027223587,
-0.015778647735714912,
0.013002855703234673,
0.2632984519004822,
0.2844524383544922,
-0.7791570425033569,
0.7954344749450684,
-0.049801819026470184,
0.7706112265586853,
0.6980111002922058,
-0.06218380853533745,
-0.12462408095598221,
-0.4301309883594513,
-0.1348884105682373,
0.6529009342193604,
-0.19388067722320557,
0.7044484615325928,
-0.4121304154396057,
-0.06308621913194656,
0.27885472774505615,
-0.14116159081459045,
0.12844711542129517,
0.25948917865753174,
-0.31198325753211975,
0.840436577796936,
0.907279372215271,
0.17045770585536957,
0.019584691151976585,
-0.9231207370758057,
0.2894943952560425,
-0.8372681736946106,
0.2621220648288727,
-1.135866641998291,
-0.2915361523628235,
0.6443256139755249,
0.24729840457439423,
0.10233820229768753,
0.4324565827846527,
-0.439058393239975,
0.2482292354106903,
0.4475778639316559,
-0.31676191091537476,
-0.19383171200752258,
-0.3718005120754242,
0.05791822075843811,
-0.025525463744997978,
-0.6162986755371094,
-0.6162700653076172,
-0.07454261928796768,
0.8174245357513428,
0.0709928348660469,
-0.26564374566078186,
-0.6105760931968689,
-0.16488704085350037,
-0.03527555614709854,
0.1230941116809845,
0.09788858145475388,
0.6619892716407776,
0.10518968105316162,
-0.5793992877006531,
-0.8905244469642639,
-0.08833427727222443,
0.137697234749794,
0.4589683711528778,
-0.4850897789001465,
0.26330316066741943,
0.09346877783536911,
0.532151997089386,
-0.2264401912689209,
0.005865572951734066,
0.12393061816692352,
0.3529355525970459,
0.2226182073354721,
0.35925906896591187,
-0.43325188755989075,
0.11144549399614334,
-0.15484876930713654,
0.020781593397259712,
0.3763463795185089,
-0.28990936279296875,
-0.19447185099124908,
0.7715371251106262,
-0.5460985898971558,
-0.015986653044819832,
-0.4245646297931671,
-0.22381550073623657,
0.14775697886943817,
0.3014592230319977,
-0.44796186685562134,
0.03803161904215813,
0.21539117395877838,
0.07593676447868347,
-0.15298224985599518,
0.6056265234947205,
-0.2826332449913025,
-0.9438422322273254,
-0.01258588396012783,
1.20517897605896,
0.45965105295181274,
0.00023791393323335797,
0.5334060192108154,
0.03900514543056488,
0.5103621482849121,
0.2399626523256302,
-0.05886273458600044,
0.1423785239458084,
0.6091752052307129,
-0.38151878118515015,
0.15460310876369476,
-0.10871459543704987,
0.22012680768966675,
-0.0672798678278923,
0.08399465680122375,
0.591285765171051,
-0.13840049505233765,
0.009749152697622776,
-0.551426887512207,
0.18965578079223633,
0.1772809624671936,
0.08352304250001907,
0.3015631437301636,
-0.2750494182109833,
-0.777267336845398,
-0.0695011243224144,
-0.19801008701324463,
-0.23816490173339844,
0.7010946273803711,
0.3313305377960205,
0.4495231807231903,
0.23959995806217194,
0.3996511399745941,
-0.11143956333398819,
-0.21368227899074554,
-0.6292726993560791,
0.28189656138420105,
-0.281658798456192,
0.45099449157714844,
0.4441344439983368,
-0.40368789434432983,
-0.30588868260383606,
-0.263527512550354,
0.46197545528411865,
-0.6691827774047852,
-0.3533729910850525,
-0.04774830862879753,
-0.07261433452367783,
-0.2260938286781311,
0.4941338300704956,
0.3702363073825836,
-0.22596633434295654,
0.7156442403793335,
0.4845446050167084,
-0.17039526998996735,
-0.8884885311126709,
0.12153349816799164,
0.7074016332626343,
-0.6293594837188721,
-0.4967021048069,
-0.0512920543551445,
-0.26575204730033875,
0.007903039455413818,
-0.3571377992630005,
0.9190360307693481,
0.041853711009025574,
-0.340370237827301,
-0.15618084371089935,
-0.42953795194625854,
1.079623818397522,
0.014900250360369682,
0.003998977597802877,
0.14065177738666534,
-0.35105571150779724,
-0.19866693019866943,
0.8952468633651733,
0.12934260070323944,
-0.23898476362228394,
-0.2771625220775604,
0.23628289997577667,
0.6325985789299011,
-0.2473967969417572,
0.03522340953350067,
-0.08228122442960739,
-0.07056161016225815,
0.8367627859115601,
-0.42026159167289734,
-0.20775598287582397,
-0.051719870418310165,
0.17745129764080048,
0.2526398301124573,
0.3449840247631073,
-0.4003732204437256,
-0.10256032645702362,
0.37767183780670166,
-0.27465203404426575,
-0.5039610266685486,
-0.16677436232566833,
0.16724058985710144,
-0.1599598377943039,
0.1604926884174347,
-0.04762851446866989,
0.23316417634487152,
0.050365183502435684,
0.32711514830589294,
-0.5709821581840515,
0.1917944997549057,
0.2051001936197281,
-0.3124432861804962,
-0.529396653175354,
-0.11733054369688034,
0.04897622391581535,
0.29902341961860657,
-0.03767012432217598,
0.426424115896225,
-0.41276344656944275,
-0.14384035766124725,
-0.05928522348403931,
-0.13746729493141174,
0.45436781644821167,
-0.6241916418075562,
0.1931239515542984,
-0.09543351829051971,
-0.5952826738357544,
0.9136063456535339,
0.7889138460159302,
0.0997142642736435,
0.03753507882356644,
0.09960489720106125,
0.07621270418167114,
-0.4266332983970642,
-0.16598573327064514,
-0.294997900724411,
-0.6031779050827026,
0.2103894054889679,
0.6454219222068787,
-0.9913938641548157,
0.5888046026229858,
-0.19916817545890808,
0.30826908349990845,
0.3071165680885315,
0.4796123802661896,
0.3088955283164978,
-0.20008885860443115,
-0.5948642492294312,
0.14537550508975983,
0.06386139988899231,
0.3708410859107971,
0.8506137728691101,
0.10989692807197571,
-0.14701086282730103,
-0.485385000705719,
-5.61113166809082,
0.2891162037849426,
-0.1600833386182785,
0.2833123505115509,
0.11674287915229797,
-0.251690536737442,
0.3086996376514435,
-0.1315039098262787,
0.3105638027191162,
-0.027763666585087776,
-0.05518600717186928,
-0.21902243793010712,
-0.7098222970962524,
0.7125939130783081,
0.5242772698402405,
0.6024464964866638,
0.2956044375896454,
-0.12502804398536682,
0.5676868557929993,
0.21753302216529846,
-0.035057127475738525,
-0.13483095169067383,
-0.4415379762649536,
-0.21727362275123596,
0.27901217341423035,
0.6865735054016113,
-0.3909200429916382,
0.6891620755195618,
-0.47508111596107483,
-0.4491367042064667,
-0.3843047320842743,
0.10182709991931915,
-0.7758946418762207,
-0.480022132396698,
-0.0008394382894039154,
-0.5354441404342651,
0.3567062318325043,
0.4424635171890259,
0.19105705618858337,
-0.33485421538352966,
-0.007101984228938818,
-0.2775704860687256,
-0.2132217139005661,
0.005236637778580189,
0.3745715022087097,
0.08736558258533478,
-0.6244386434555054,
-0.21504995226860046,
-0.22433744370937347,
0.602840781211853,
0.09938275814056396,
-0.3743302524089813,
0.14802619814872742,
0.034685976803302765,
0.49779167771339417,
0.07798344641923904,
0.25880593061447144,
0.13144655525684357,
-0.41409242153167725,
0.7402608394622803,
0.040357932448387146,
-0.6808748245239258,
0.16485556960105896,
-0.13773751258850098,
0.40959885716438293,
-0.10028618574142456,
0.212618887424469,
0.2828890085220337,
0.31560221314430237,
-0.2173381745815277,
-0.08229999989271164,
0.40299052000045776,
-0.6243331432342529,
-1.0644276142120361,
0.06177006661891937,
-0.4151938855648041,
-0.09065936505794525,
0.3812074363231659,
-0.6572727560997009,
0.0446091964840889,
-0.43246549367904663,
-0.06500504165887833,
-0.3345060348510742,
0.21498359739780426,
0.8505262732505798,
0.6010090112686157,
0.041785694658756256,
0.3002159595489502,
-0.13407428562641144,
0.28100860118865967,
0.26534536480903625,
-0.5601629018783569,
0.10660182684659958,
0.3340771198272705,
0.15559235215187073,
-0.16317616403102875,
-0.08092820644378662,
0.009948424063622952,
0.5246350765228271,
-0.7803627848625183,
0.03390353545546532,
-0.4554130434989929,
0.3019481599330902,
-0.5575056076049805,
0.3125525712966919,
0.09689269959926605,
0.19487321376800537,
-0.14150016009807587,
0.4497550427913666,
0.3282682001590729,
0.2939823269844055,
0.48047515749931335,
-0.739386260509491,
-0.08893158286809921,
0.13343574106693268,
-0.04474213346838951,
-0.3411172926425934,
0.05431509017944336,
0.5937278866767883,
0.6018883585929871,
0.0885215550661087,
-0.620976984500885,
0.004906316753476858,
0.4550301432609558,
0.17724868655204773,
-0.2494458109140396,
-0.037127576768398285,
0.3756750822067261,
-0.15776890516281128,
0.05742665380239487,
-0.03583214804530144,
0.7858245372772217,
0.1250661313533783,
-0.08637921512126923,
0.2088852971792221,
0.4540819525718689,
-0.353118896484375,
-0.006068609654903412,
0.2781568765640259,
-0.43734902143478394,
-0.1665741354227066,
0.027389243245124817,
-0.15523318946361542,
0.6223894953727722,
-0.22831155359745026,
0.6739701628684998,
-0.024486012756824493,
0.161432683467865,
-0.3341255187988281,
0.5907437801361084,
0.018741004168987274,
-0.11266811937093735,
0.4739043712615967,
-0.46660324931144714,
0.18275174498558044,
0.32321423292160034,
0.12269071489572525,
-0.25283053517341614,
0.04826020449399948,
-0.48287564516067505,
0.4482044279575348,
-0.2124311923980713,
-1.1158738136291504,
-0.16367994248867035,
0.0868682861328125,
-0.5455427765846252,
-0.6775475144386292,
-0.44718626141548157,
-0.6862263083457947,
0.5919800996780396,
0.4907812774181366,
-1.3451316356658936,
-0.5592363476753235,
-0.2184869349002838,
-0.3810822069644928,
-0.7231561541557312,
-0.403426855802536,
-0.33375412225723267,
0.06082475185394287,
-0.310617595911026,
0.47810083627700806,
0.2604188024997711,
-0.6505244374275208,
-0.06154581531882286,
0.08105828613042831,
-0.34428539872169495,
0.13938161730766296,
0.16653770208358765,
-0.2799997925758362,
0.1005142480134964,
0.14812634885311127,
0.02309439890086651,
0.03731568157672882,
0.6808668971061707,
0.26563677191734314,
-0.43757563829421997,
0.12259402126073837,
-0.17157764732837677,
-0.7885850667953491,
0.1967788189649582,
0.02321232669055462,
0.010294442065060139,
0.13715574145317078,
0.21658821403980255,
0.23636363446712494,
-0.21991227567195892,
0.08096735179424286,
1.0292985439300537,
-0.0003096997388638556,
0.07162148505449295,
-0.5115019083023071,
-0.4507070779800415,
0.44520294666290283,
1.0686942338943481,
-0.19663776457309723,
0.44696223735809326,
0.27123749256134033,
0.2570347189903259,
-0.49420151114463806,
-0.5234239101409912,
-0.6559503674507141,
-0.19976389408111572,
-0.4587675631046295,
-0.606593668460846,
-0.45304346084594727,
-0.271514892578125,
0.5479792952537537,
0.16887551546096802,
0.2140364944934845,
-0.9597018957138062,
0.30419185757637024,
-0.47059211134910583,
-0.17645679414272308,
0.14675474166870117,
-0.1383935511112213,
0.5343999862670898,
0.14811845123767853,
0.2790364623069763,
0.294559121131897,
-0.19221365451812744,
0.7624084949493408,
0.5407414436340332,
0.024304065853357315,
-0.22852669656276703,
-0.005385291296988726,
0.1176578477025032,
0.30908796191215515,
-0.3077359199523926,
-0.14907397329807281,
0.13811439275741577,
0.3744465112686157,
-0.5197021961212158,
-0.3944423198699951,
0.265106737613678,
1.4361348152160645,
-0.5369820594787598,
0.21740421652793884,
-0.11529244482517242,
-0.3418898284435272,
-0.15794427692890167,
-0.37954181432724,
0.04194003716111183,
0.1930888146162033,
0.11188898235559464,
-0.46609851717948914,
0.24563993513584137,
-0.30986589193344116,
0.30385589599609375,
-0.31100180745124817,
0.14255806803703308,
-0.6343389749526978,
-0.6084222197532654,
-0.3152351677417755,
0.4081544876098633,
-0.609642744064331,
0.07590395957231522,
0.3345946669578552,
-0.3193390965461731,
-0.3203113079071045,
0.23442323505878448,
-0.8897889852523804,
0.5515820980072021,
-0.12742619216442108,
-0.24366377294063568,
-0.6102227568626404,
0.023542465642094612,
0.33896133303642273,
0.4190976321697235,
-0.11596927791833878,
0.8000199198722839,
-0.9749020338058472,
-0.0005301074706949294,
-0.3232801854610443,
-0.3342245817184448,
0.08308278024196625,
-0.6277335286140442,
0.17019619047641754,
0.416449636220932,
-0.029944313690066338,
-0.1641354113817215,
-0.6630258560180664,
0.8779893517494202,
-0.11175789684057236,
-0.31865161657333374,
-0.09892799705266953,
0.07227320224046707,
-0.23176078498363495,
-0.5792161822319031,
0.10960930585861206,
0.20952987670898438,
0.5818390846252441,
0.010251092724502087,
-0.0699465349316597,
0.33713313937187195,
-0.5557349920272827,
-0.350841224193573,
0.2198665589094162,
-0.5862937569618225,
-0.040211714804172516,
0.30108287930488586,
-0.2934981882572174,
-0.014528799802064896,
0.9508033990859985,
-0.04752181097865105,
0.3674963414669037,
0.3036659359931946,
0.2778890132904053,
-0.6011595129966736,
-0.30001574754714966,
0.635418176651001,
-0.22647662460803986,
0.19876796007156372,
0.0772375762462616,
0.32197147607803345,
0.3305453956127167,
-0.30207493901252747,
0.13463543355464935,
-0.19027790427207947,
0.26262715458869934,
0.6023508310317993,
-0.3279964327812195,
0.5877615213394165,
-0.33859556913375854,
0.4072955846786499,
-0.006681561004370451,
-0.2862466275691986,
0.12759964168071747,
-0.2692614495754242,
-0.0657133162021637,
-0.39667177200317383,
-0.3038685917854309,
0.2967049777507782,
-0.14793896675109863,
-0.3181772530078888,
-0.21467766165733337,
-0.1156575083732605,
0.5408157706260681,
-0.5550124645233154,
-0.5065531730651855,
0.0530640110373497,
0.3600289523601532,
-0.6930158138275146,
1.0591448545455933,
0.538606584072113,
-0.3542366027832031,
-0.8908881545066833,
0.11976895481348038,
-0.85240238904953,
-0.04089227318763733,
-0.10272659361362457,
-0.13191694021224976,
-0.4488483667373657,
-0.28296414017677307,
0.9305435419082642,
0.24335817992687225,
0.4295422434806824,
-0.19957570731639862,
0.14824813604354858,
-0.5792205929756165,
0.21972544491291046,
-0.6949011087417603,
0.6888103485107422,
0.006028409115970135,
0.2035348266363144,
-0.11599486321210861,
-0.3893398940563202,
0.2530483305454254,
0.43914198875427246,
0.23494480550289154,
0.6582136154174805,
0.06805238872766495,
-0.4678137004375458,
0.28499850630760193,
0.36001864075660706,
-0.5523069500923157,
-0.412893682718277,
-0.6022611856460571,
0.06832209974527359,
0.4979192912578583,
0.4407823383808136,
0.10332339257001877,
0.09186618775129318,
-0.1422402262687683,
0.1268513947725296,
-0.37786930799484253,
0.1590399593114853,
-0.5547155737876892,
0.22576314210891724,
-0.030409229919314384,
0.1489180475473404,
-0.20202529430389404,
-0.016958238556981087,
-0.28628066182136536,
-0.4194816052913666,
0.1581215113401413,
0.881476640701294,
0.0901961401104927,
-0.16831989586353302,
0.2803346812725067,
-0.08842520415782928,
-0.38750892877578735,
-0.5922074317932129,
0.7683595418930054,
0.27383139729499817,
0.2349635511636734,
0.20315244793891907,
0.12727858126163483,
-0.18490231037139893,
-0.44084224104881287,
0.1606718897819519,
-0.08028624206781387,
0.06869876384735107,
-0.6229184865951538,
0.17226047813892365,
-0.17878180742263794,
-1.0769611597061157,
0.24682018160820007,
0.17256201803684235,
0.531079113483429,
-0.48412245512008667,
0.4480724334716797,
0.18769562244415283,
-0.12227881699800491,
-0.3719148635864258,
0.1029842346906662,
-0.05630536749958992,
-0.4435689449310303,
0.1862572729587555,
-0.05760667473077774,
-0.46506813168525696,
-0.004629781935364008,
-0.11155782639980316,
0.6438614130020142,
-0.6455543637275696,
-0.1939508318901062,
0.40339162945747375,
0.5257288813591003,
-0.17109796404838562,
0.289966344833374,
-0.19557282328605652
] |
247477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Glasgow%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | New Glasgow, Nova Scotia | New Glasgow is a town in Pictou County, in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is situated on the banks of the East River of Pictou, which flows into Pictou Harbour, a sub-basin of the Northumberland Strait.
The town's population was 9,075 in the 2016 census. New Glasgow is at the centre of the province's fourth largest urban area; the population of the New Glasgow census agglomeration in the 2016 census was 34,487. The New Glasgow census agglomeration includes the smaller adjacent towns of Stellarton, Westville, and Trenton as well as adjacent rural areas of the county.
History
Scottish immigrants, including those on the ship Hector in 1773, settled the area of the East River of Pictou during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Deacon Thomas Fraser first settled the area at the head of navigation on the East River of Pictou in 1784. The settlement was officially named "New Glasgow", after Glasgow in Scotland, in 1809, the same year its first trading post was developed.
The discovery of large coal deposits in the East River valley during the early 19th century saw New Glasgow, at the head of navigation, quickly develop into a manufacturing and port community.
In 1829, a horse-drawn tramway was built using standard gauge rails from the settlement of Albion Mines (now Stellarton) to a wharf near New Glasgow. This was the first use of standard gauge rails in what would become Canada. On September 19, 1839, the Albion Railway was opened from Albion Mines to New Glasgow, hauling coal wagons behind steam locomotives such as the Samson along the west bank of the East River of Pictou. This was the second steam-powered railway in what would become Canada and the first to use iron rails. The railway was extended north to a coal loading pier at Dunbar's Point on May 14, 1840.
In 1840, George MacKenzie started the town's first shipbuilding company, which eventually built or owned 34 vessels; hundreds of ships would later be built along the East River in New Glasgow.
In June 1867, the Nova Scotia Railway opened its "Eastern Line" from Truro through New Glasgow to its terminus at the passenger and cargo wharf in Pictou Landing. In 1882 the "Eastern Extension" of the Intercolonial Railway was opened from New Glasgow to Mulgrave on the Strait of Canso, placing New Glasgow on the mainline between Cape Breton Island and the North American rail network.
Economic development in New Glasgow was driven by the steel industry in neighbouring Trenton (site of the first steel manufacturing in Canada), shipbuilding and shipping in Pictou and Pictou Landing, and coal mining in Stellarton and Westville.
After World War I, the famous New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind was commissioned to make the Nova Scotia Highlander soldier cenotaph. In 1946, New Glasgow was the setting for an important civil rights case when Viola Desmond challenged racial segregation of New Glasgow's Roseland Theatre. New Glasgow became a service centre for the county during the late 20th century as shopping centres, retail and residential development was spurred by the construction of Highway 104.
Municipal amalgamation
Talk of amalgamating the six municipal units in Pictou County has increased in recent years. Among the reasons for this, small towns adjacent to New Glasgow are having a hard time coping financially on their own due to the declining economy. Also, Pictou County has the most politicians per capita in Canada. With the Government of Nova Scotia having already amalgamated Halifax County, Cape Breton County, and Queens County into regional municipalities, Pictou County residents feel it is only a matter of time before that concept is introduced in Pictou County. The two most often suggested scenarios involve amalgamating the entire county (six municipalities) into a single regional municipality, or amalgamating the upper East River towns (New Glasgow, Stellarton, Trenton, Westville) into a single larger town. After several months of public backlash a vote was held and the public spoke against amalgamation, effectively killing any possibility of a future merger.
Geography
New Glasgow is located on Nova Scotia's north shore, northeast of Halifax, west of the Canso Causeway to Cape Breton and south of the Prince Edward Island ferry at Caribou. The town can be easily accessed from several exits off the Trans Canada Highway. It is in the Atlantic Time Zone, four hours behind UTC.
New Glasgow is divided by the East River (north – south), a tidal estuary with brackish (salt and fresh) water. The three lane George Street bridge is the only vehicle crossing within town limits and is considered the main entrance into the downtown core on the east side of the river. The closest bridges out of town are the Trenton Connector to the north, the Trans Canada Highway to the south and Bridge Avenue (Stellarton) also to the south.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies New Glasgow's climate as humid continental (Dfb), with rainy and snowy cold winters and warm humid summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in New Glasgow was on 10 August 2001. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 February 1961.
Demographics
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of New Glasgow recorded a population of 9,075 living in 4,208 of its 4,640 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 9,562. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Mother tongue language (2006)
Neighbourhoods
South End
The southeastern part of the town is located on the east bank of the East River immediately north of the unincorporated community of Plymouth and west of the unincorporated community of Priestville. It is largely commercial and centred upon East River Road (signed as Route 348).
The Aberdeen Hospital, New Glasgow business park, New Glasgow Police headquarters, North Nova Education Centre and the Aberdeen Shopping Centre are situated here as well as a residential area.
Downtown
Located on the east bank of the East River and centred on the George Street Bridge, the downtown core has a central business district along Provost Street and Archimedes Street. Banks, insurance companies, law firms, accounting firms, engineering companies, restaurants and independent retailers are located in historic buildings along these streets.
Formerly industrial, the downtown area along the river has undergone a waterfront revitalization in recent decades as factories and foundries closed and were replaced by a performing arts centre, office buildings and a marina. Currently only one foundry and several warehouses and a cement plant remain along the rail corridor in this area.
East Side
The east end is the area east of downtown and is bordered on the east by the unincorporated communities of Frasers Mountain and Linacy. It is largely residential.
North End
The northeastern part of the town stretches along the east bank of the East River from the downtown to the border with Trenton.
West Side
The west side of the town is located on the west bank of the East River consists of a residential area north of George Street through to the unincorporated community of Abercrombie.
The area of the West Side southwest of George Street along Westville Road is a commercial area and includes the Highland Square Mall as well as a district of big box stores. This part of the town borders the town of Stellarton to the south and the Town of Westville to the southwest. Westville Road leads to the town of Westville, about beyond Exit 23 at the Trans Canada Highway.
Economy
Major employers in the area include the Aberdeen Hospital, a Michelin tire plant in nearby Granton and the headquarters of Sobeys, a national grocery chain, in nearby Stellarton. However, New Glasgow and Pictou County have suffered the closure of many large employers, including Convergys (~200 jobs), the Northern Pulp Nova Scotia pulp mill in nearby Abercrombie (~300 jobs), and Michelin (~500 jobs).
New Glasgow's historic downtown core is home to several shops and services. Including restaurants, pubs, cabarets, clothing stores, gift shops, furniture department stores, a marina on the riverfront, government offices and banks. A major revitalization plan was recently announced for the downtown core. A large sum of the funds will be provided by the federal government. Among the projects are a walking bridge that will connect the riverfront marina with the Samson Trail on the west side, improvements to the historic town hall, an updated and possibly expanded library, and beautification of public spaces and store fronts.
New Glasgow is the commercial hub of northeastern Nova Scotia. Well known chain stores include Sobeys (three locations), Atlantic Superstore, Shoppers Drug Mart, Sears, Staples, The Brick and Canadian Tire.
The Westville Road/Highland Square Mall area has seen significant commercial growth in recent years. A new Walmart opened next to Highland Square in early 2007, replacing the smaller location in the mall. Canadian Tire relocated to Walmart's old location in the spring of 2008, making it the second largest Canadian Tire store in Nova Scotia. Winners opened in Spring 2009, in Canadian Tire's former location. Future Shop has built a new store next to the new Canadian Tire, which opened in Spring 2009 but has since closed. SportChek opened a new store inside the mall in Fall 2009. The Highland Square Mall is unfortunately well known for its high turnover rate of stores and the closure of many long-time shops including Carlton Cards, Sears, Sparkles Arcade, Ranchers Steakhouse, Captain Sub, etc.
About a minute away from the Westville Road commercial district, on the opposite side of the Trans Canada Highway in Stellarton, a new business park is currently being developed. The Holiday Inn Express Hotel Stellarton – New Glasgow was the first confirmed business for the park. It officially opened on July 25, 2008. Proudfoot's Home Hardware Building Centre opened in the park in 2012.
The New Glasgow Farmers Market expanded into an additional, heated facility in November 2015 with the financial assistance of ACOA, The Market is now open every Saturday from 9am until 1pm and boasts more than 70 vendors and more than 1,800 weekly visitors during the peak season from May until October. On July 1, 2017, the New Glasgow Farmers Market will unveil a new community garden project titled The Giving Garden. The project was completed by Market volunteers with the financial grants from the province's Department of Communities, Culture and Heritage through the 150 Forward Fund and a Wellness grant from the Pictou County Health Authority.
Culture
Museums in New Glasgow include the Carmichael Stewart House Heritage Museum, local Military Museum, and local Sports Hall of Fame.
Glasgow Square Theatre, located on the downtown riverfront, is a 285-seat auditorium that hosts year-round concerts, plays, and other community functions. The theatre can be transformed into an outdoor amphitheatre, one of the few theatres in Canada (if not the only) that can do that. During the summer it hosts celebrations for Canada Day on June 30, the New Glasgow Riverfront Jubilee during the first weekend in August, and the Race on the River Dragon Boat Festival in mid-August.
The New Glasgow Jubilee features local and national musical acts.
The Race on the River features teams representing local companies and organizations paddling along the East River to raise money for local charities.
New Glasgow's oldest summer event, The Festival of the Tartans, is a celebration of the town's Scottish roots.
Sports
New Glasgow's John Brother MacDonald Stadium (formerly New Glasgow Stadium) used to be home to the Pictou County Crushers of the Maritime Junior Hockey League and the Weeks Major Midgets of the Nova Scotia Major Midget Hockey League. The team now plays at the Pictou County Wellness Centre.
The Crushers were based in Halifax and known as Team Pepsi until 2004 when the Weeks Hockey Organization bought the club and moved it to New Glasgow. After struggling to attract fans in Halifax's crowded hockey market, the team is now one of the league's top draws.
New Glasgow hosted the 2005 MJAHL All Star game and the 2006 MJAHL Entry Draft. It was announced on December 29, 2006, that New Glasgow would host the 2008 Fred Page Cup, where the Crushers defeated the defending FPC winners from Pembroke, Ontario in the championship game.
The town hosted the Telus Cup (then Air Canada Cup), in 1997 and the 2001 World Under 17 Hockey Championships (co-hosted with Truro).
In 2007, New Glasgow hosted its first Major Junior hockey game (St. John's Fog Devils vs P.E.I. Rocket).
On February 9, 2008, New Glasgow was one of six communities across Canada selected to be showcased on CBC Sports' day-long Hockey Day in Canada The New Glasgow segments featured hometown NHL player Jon Sim and the town's annual Westside winter carnival.
Johnny Miles Running Event
The Johnny Miles Marathon is a set of road races held each year on the third Sunday of June. It was founded in 1975 by local physician Dr. Johnny Miles Williston. Williston named the race after Johnny Miles, the legendary Nova Scotia marathoner for whom he was named. Williston served as co-director of the race until 2000. He died in December 2005. The "Johnny Walk," which is part of the event activities, is named for both Johnny Miles and Johnny Miles Williston.
On June 20, 2010, the 35th Annual Johnny Miles Marathon and Running Event was held in New Glasgow with a record participation of over 2000 runners. In 2012 the event was named as Run Nova Scotia's event of the year. The popular event sold out in both 2012 and 2013.
The event weekend features multiple races including a 5K, 10K, half marathon and marathon. There is also a 5K kids race and a walking event called the "Johnny Walk." David MacLennan of Scotsburn, Nova Scotia holds the record for the most wins at the marathon distance, winning his 9th Johnny Miles Marathon in 2012.
Education
There are five schools in New Glasgow; including three primary-to-six elementary schools, a junior high school and a high school. The junior high school is made up of grades seven to nine. North Nova Education Centre, which opened its doors in 2003, is made up of grades nine to twelve, and has students from four ‘feeder’ schools, East Pictou Middle School, Trenton Middle School, New Glasgow Junior High School and Thorburn Consolidated.
Notable residents
Dr. Carrie Best, journalist, publisher, activist
George Canyon, country singer who was the runner-up in the USA Network's Nashville Star 2 in 2004
Kori Cheverie, 2014 Clarkson Cup champion
Brian Cyr, darts player
J.D. Fortune, former lead singer of Australian rock band INXS. He was chosen as their new singer after winning CBS's Rock Star: INXS in 2005.
Graham Fraser, 19th-century industrialist, Founder of the Nova Scotia Steel Company and mayor of New Glasgow
John James Grant, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
Peter MacKay, federal Conservative politician, formerly served as Minister of Justice and Attorney General
Lisa MacLeod, Ontario cabinet minister
Perry F. Rockwood (1917-2008), radio evangelist
Jon Sim, professional ice hockey player with the Bridgeport Sound Tigers of the American Hockey League, won the Stanley Cup in 1999 with the Dallas Stars.
Mike Smith, actor known primarily for his role as "Bubbles" in Trailer Park Boys.
Derrick Walser, professional ice hockey player with the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Swiss National League A.
Colin White, Retired NHL player, won the Stanley Cup in 2000 and 2003 with the New Jersey Devils.
John Wilson, internationally renowned sculptor.
Dann Alexander, Writer, Animal Rights Activist
Media
Radio
FM 88.7: CBAF-10 (Première Chaîne)
FM 89.5: CBHN (CBC Radio One)
FM 94.1: CKEC East Coast FM (adult contemporary)
FM 97.9: CKEZ (Classic Rock)
Newspapers
The News
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
Notes
References
External links
Official New Glasgow Website
Towns in Nova Scotia | [
-0.3177376389503479,
0.405447781085968,
0.3975178897380829,
-0.3895527422428131,
0.5291935801506042,
0.30441293120384216,
0.39880460500717163,
0.3457812964916229,
-0.2593172788619995,
-0.47897815704345703,
-0.3091958463191986,
0.18426905572414398,
0.27286088466644287,
0.4183845818042755,
-0.15737056732177734,
0.47906363010406494,
-0.27287715673446655,
0.49832800030708313,
-0.12656806409358978,
-0.3418126702308655,
-0.3758506178855896,
-0.3709932863712311,
0.49961015582084656,
0.82596755027771,
-0.042055945843458176,
0.5610482692718506,
1.060591697692871,
0.14003725349903107,
-0.5667821168899536,
0.19970138370990753,
-0.28412726521492004,
0.5151284337043762,
-0.6108744144439697,
-0.2245512157678604,
0.663405179977417,
0.06698920577764511,
-0.05538732185959816,
-0.20416758954524994,
-0.00630537373945117,
-0.9330971240997314,
-0.43673574924468994,
0.04409581422805786,
0.23125572502613068,
0.31137794256210327,
0.5185122489929199,
-0.6595528721809387,
-1.4995758533477783,
0.3062191605567932,
-1.073596477508545,
-0.3966841995716095,
-0.020361576229333878,
0.08665957301855087,
0.3486882746219635,
0.26462170481681824,
0.12637993693351746,
0.45152413845062256,
-1.4228194952011108,
-0.029826896265149117,
0.7962996363639832,
0.0780552551150322,
-0.00754104508087039,
0.45899882912635803,
-0.027903996407985687,
0.4903540313243866,
0.5689629316329956,
0.2766744792461395,
0.29813632369041443,
0.675446629524231,
-0.08890414237976074,
-0.21970273554325104,
-0.048216238617897034,
0.32563042640686035,
0.03751112148165703,
-0.17138393223285675,
-0.17172129452228546,
0.3081008493900299,
-0.19569042325019836,
-0.030117619782686234,
0.35140228271484375,
0.3750396966934204,
-0.19991034269332886,
-0.09838616102933884,
0.3353171944618225,
0.472073495388031,
0.5745656490325928,
0.33085593581199646,
-0.7467253804206848,
0.3391081988811493,
-0.12240658700466156,
0.8468155860900879,
-0.9315211176872253,
-0.01535654254257679,
0.24702562391757965,
-0.03244488686323166,
-0.4789366126060486,
-0.043619554489851,
-0.04241463914513588,
0.4727269411087036,
0.0973908007144928,
-0.15960054099559784,
-0.6197105050086975,
-0.24193036556243896,
0.6140146851539612,
-0.3078421354293823,
-0.4575333595275879,
0.1430588811635971,
-0.7151651978492737,
-0.42407679557800293,
0.5216180086135864,
-0.46646884083747864,
0.0513981394469738,
-0.0804937332868576,
-0.16631315648555756,
-0.14965619146823883,
-0.1462201327085495,
0.1615406721830368,
0.1770246922969818,
-0.45252564549446106,
-0.6877039670944214,
0.020493561401963234,
0.04781133309006691,
0.4868182837963104,
-0.3348523676395416,
-0.16550312936306,
-0.09013084322214127,
0.06147723272442818,
0.23284976184368134,
0.024715468287467957,
-0.10754435509443283,
-0.16974319517612457,
-0.10162609815597534,
0.9756746888160706,
-0.7200526595115662,
-0.1921977698802948,
-0.25686678290367126,
0.3411729037761688,
-0.6811603903770447,
0.2825438976287842,
0.19137336313724518,
0.3101511597633362,
-0.6290227174758911,
0.3209507167339325,
-0.11638367921113968,
-0.40356966853141785,
0.014823280274868011,
-0.4278205335140228,
-0.2159842550754547,
-0.9102938771247864,
0.21136975288391113,
-0.05878695473074913,
0.6159069538116455,
0.5511249899864197,
-0.2263796478509903,
0.1416870355606079,
-0.5133269429206848,
-0.24363736808300018,
0.7991945743560791,
0.20980265736579895,
0.3888775408267975,
0.30706116557121277,
-0.14573194086551666,
0.0937100499868393,
0.7533645033836365,
0.1072605773806572,
0.27941206097602844,
0.013352269306778908,
0.043809674680233,
-0.5228516459465027,
0.8497822880744934,
0.5938745737075806,
-0.30455273389816284,
-0.15379416942596436,
1.2436925172805786,
-0.3486350476741791,
0.1460821032524109,
-0.3474363684654236,
0.5427222847938538,
0.2541894018650055,
-0.027238553389906883,
-0.5020180940628052,
-0.7654234170913696,
0.2600933909416199,
0.4396314322948456,
0.16311590373516083,
-0.18298400938510895,
0.0992908626794815,
0.12416683882474899,
0.015467018820345402,
-0.16982242465019226,
0.7403163313865662,
0.31867557764053345,
-0.6452691555023193,
0.38120824098587036,
-0.6535276174545288,
0.860922634601593,
0.3699517846107483,
0.21806137263774872,
1.15218985080719,
-0.9325413703918457,
0.3277720808982849,
-0.5845090746879578,
0.2740572690963745,
0.75560462474823,
0.07059051841497421,
-0.7973684072494507,
0.510796844959259,
0.24549689888954163,
-0.012704496271908283,
-0.0626334622502327,
0.4895855784416199,
-0.2123735398054123,
-0.9128463268280029,
0.30869919061660767,
0.6313031315803528,
-0.29858893156051636,
-0.8726315498352051,
-0.2937726378440857,
-0.2969404458999634,
0.19473423063755035,
-0.047597069293260574,
0.5716846585273743,
-0.026470620185136795,
-0.060955263674259186,
-0.3283345699310303,
0.25501367449760437,
0.8267979025840759,
0.1817563772201538,
0.2690565586090088,
-0.2135104238986969,
-0.07421404123306274,
0.12213823199272156,
0.525397539138794,
0.5715709924697876,
-0.43695068359375,
-0.541330099105835,
-0.36342743039131165,
-0.003857043106108904,
-0.43814539909362793,
0.06946532428264618,
-0.432639479637146,
-0.012031253427267075,
0.635401725769043,
-0.8243233561515808,
-0.17210446298122406,
0.502032995223999,
0.7500393390655518,
-0.23455043137073517,
0.380795955657959,
0.6222944259643555,
-0.794800341129303,
0.4219551384449005,
0.1761685162782669,
0.555145263671875,
0.2863326072692871,
1.0077152252197266,
-0.39696258306503296,
-0.17125549912452698,
0.34295889735221863,
0.24535779654979706,
0.35900625586509705,
-0.4634319245815277,
0.051462460309267044,
-0.6311831474304199,
0.4894039034843445,
0.11916207522153854,
-0.20365501940250397,
-0.368487149477005,
-0.6068887710571289,
0.023642979562282562,
0.44884049892425537,
0.3066999614238739,
0.10441642999649048,
-0.34641391038894653,
-0.1789492815732956,
0.5817170143127441,
0.20484377443790436,
-0.08963803201913834,
0.12138407677412033,
-0.2782069146633148,
-0.2057143598794937,
-0.03127123415470123,
1.3925418853759766,
-0.843722939491272,
-0.8841110467910767,
0.3007985055446625,
0.2233838438987732,
0.5272388458251953,
-0.06359217315912247,
-0.3961993455886841,
-0.3152262270450592,
-0.5379393696784973,
-0.4423452317714691,
-0.18746256828308105,
0.9488528370857239,
-0.23914723098278046,
-0.06552587449550629,
0.2079213708639145,
-0.1289292871952057,
0.33350932598114014,
-0.394965797662735,
-0.14912956953048706,
-0.028156043961644173,
-0.26624393463134766,
0.21668803691864014,
-0.10876105725765228,
-0.597059965133667,
0.07959774881601334,
-0.36698973178863525,
-4.873612880706787,
0.2247762829065323,
-0.21190716326236725,
-0.30844801664352417,
0.6959974765777588,
-0.7254547476768494,
0.24171584844589233,
-0.4213438928127289,
0.08207091689109802,
0.3878571689128876,
-0.08448860794305801,
-0.23281100392341614,
-0.026462899520993233,
0.39708802103996277,
0.6306943297386169,
0.5245814323425293,
-0.03497451916337013,
0.09985154867172241,
0.40917259454727173,
-0.14664365351200104,
-0.02911325730383396,
0.47464504837989807,
-0.6889021396636963,
0.11257635802030563,
0.6160379648208618,
0.3590497076511383,
0.10778912156820297,
-0.14953425526618958,
-0.8546896576881409,
-0.1970577836036682,
-0.11457078903913498,
0.07923295348882675,
0.06921819597482681,
-0.3415464460849762,
0.042307108640670776,
-0.7517238259315491,
0.10660026967525482,
0.13066333532333374,
0.5188917517662048,
-1.1476056575775146,
-0.13877834379673004,
0.40475600957870483,
-0.21637624502182007,
-0.3983563780784607,
0.8681414127349854,
-0.664516806602478,
-0.8185122013092041,
0.42064711451530457,
0.0033958221320062876,
0.642156183719635,
0.23495478928089142,
-0.31688159704208374,
0.5792616605758667,
0.15041235089302063,
0.589468240737915,
-0.6248745322227478,
-0.047152142971754074,
-0.24337483942508698,
-0.19542758166790009,
0.7755696773529053,
0.11379831284284592,
-0.8345411419868469,
-0.027321109548211098,
0.26485466957092285,
-0.2898867726325989,
-0.6066686511039734,
-0.28203508257865906,
-0.36933255195617676,
0.3385463058948517,
-0.02499338798224926,
-0.40823134779930115,
0.1330868899822235,
-0.3076469600200653,
-0.5172505974769592,
-0.3697147071361542,
-0.7815982103347778,
-1.0448626279830933,
0.7722446918487549,
-0.6803829669952393,
-0.4169892370700836,
0.21211561560630798,
-0.24009498953819275,
0.07755877822637558,
1.143178939819336,
0.5254684686660767,
-0.21860434114933014,
-0.26978787779808044,
0.22081401944160461,
-0.7218345999717712,
-0.5303427577018738,
0.650078296661377,
0.08161591738462448,
0.5023234486579895,
-0.09606047719717026,
-0.09939546138048172,
-0.42838558554649353,
0.32582005858421326,
-0.5297619700431824,
-0.23370039463043213,
-0.6497649550437927,
0.6505241990089417,
0.06491664052009583,
0.08380823582410812,
-0.5654444098472595,
-0.5878840684890747,
-0.14507246017456055,
-0.02177836373448372,
0.4393826723098755,
0.2484460473060608,
-0.22671344876289368,
-0.4948076903820038,
-0.07566332072019577,
-0.9498745203018188,
0.23492667078971863,
0.36231908202171326,
-0.2699899673461914,
-0.8099703192710876,
0.21835575997829437,
0.7100847959518433,
1.119921326637268,
0.3687414228916168,
0.3577556312084198,
-0.10422735661268234,
0.3009476959705353,
-0.07550948113203049,
-0.5189681053161621,
0.9678497314453125,
0.2473796159029007,
-0.4861248731613159,
0.18383027613162994,
0.16021747887134552,
-0.1746368110179901,
-0.8844807744026184,
-0.482649564743042,
-0.10768655687570572,
-0.16609027981758118,
-0.38308945298194885,
-0.6739212274551392,
-0.27949512004852295,
0.5517777800559998,
0.07963063567876816,
0.34710562229156494,
0.014584553427994251,
0.21680299937725067,
-0.13613423705101013,
0.7444919347763062,
0.6350727081298828,
0.05471291393041611,
-0.9125867486000061,
0.3489416837692261,
-0.6398091912269592,
-0.19615381956100464,
0.13954517245292664,
-1.09467351436615,
0.6925567388534546,
0.11526138335466385,
0.2309342622756958,
-0.02792261727154255,
0.7099781632423401,
-0.04056164622306824,
0.34262123703956604,
0.3165002465248108,
-0.41403302550315857,
0.5734549164772034,
-0.03697913885116577,
-0.1903410702943802,
-1.0485897064208984,
-0.1934889853000641,
-0.44875937700271606,
0.47056689858436584,
0.23818209767341614,
-0.17882084846496582,
-0.8140646815299988,
-0.6979125738143921,
0.14781741797924042,
0.11097224801778793,
-0.12963348627090454,
0.43232282996177673,
0.1759713590145111,
-0.12172400951385498,
0.21243256330490112,
0.05596962198615074,
-0.5026169419288635,
0.5356149673461914,
0.8529993295669556,
-0.8841408491134644,
0.1329730749130249,
-0.1896381974220276,
0.22339889407157898,
-0.1710132658481598,
0.5219212174415588,
-0.23518159985542297,
0.05600523203611374,
0.22633253037929535,
0.05813812464475632,
-0.6528003811836243,
0.9100550413131714,
-0.014889901503920555,
-0.393371045589447,
-0.32709139585494995,
0.12966227531433105,
0.8447527289390564,
-0.18698996305465698,
0.6478419899940491,
-0.08608300983905792,
-0.6924262642860413,
0.1442943513393402,
0.13060006499290466,
-0.6113611459732056,
0.8829598426818848,
-0.1821325421333313,
-0.24320214986801147,
1.2774475812911987,
0.31826627254486084,
-0.3160487115383148,
0.05925774574279785,
-0.27466529607772827,
-0.2623143494129181,
-0.44459113478660583,
-0.18654964864253998,
-0.979282557964325,
0.5283648371696472,
0.05946920067071915,
-0.47693541646003723,
-0.16472534835338593,
0.1789836883544922,
-0.04083236679434776,
-0.20277072489261627,
0.6077515482902527,
-0.9736484289169312,
0.16694405674934387,
-0.20741446316242218,
0.238943949341774,
-0.43257349729537964,
0.4000769257545471,
0.29540902376174927,
-0.18511897325515747,
0.24471338093280792,
0.2138921618461609,
0.2971673011779785,
0.2647905647754669,
0.7853675484657288,
0.7905415892601013,
-0.7241420745849609,
-0.27545681595802307,
-0.05435981974005699,
0.9909632802009583,
0.51544189453125,
-1.14370858669281,
0.535919725894928,
0.4773089289665222,
-0.6257968544960022,
-1.1407748460769653,
-0.27504584193229675,
1.347542643547058,
-0.6193927526473999,
0.15123701095581055,
0.7413334250450134,
-0.32360222935676575,
0.004156915470957756,
0.6966896653175354,
0.1662602722644806,
-0.25178900361061096,
0.26449596881866455,
0.7581131458282471,
-0.06652289628982544,
-0.4822388291358948,
-0.3234177231788635,
0.26480284333229065,
-0.4201911687850952,
-0.6245344281196594,
-0.09251125156879425,
0.042376868426799774,
0.6980888247489929,
-0.4239513576030731,
-0.1715857982635498,
-0.060764048248529434,
-0.923874020576477,
0.11300409585237503,
-0.13254298269748688,
-0.17358344793319702,
0.16150739789009094,
-0.22833585739135742,
-0.058551937341690063,
0.3023644685745239,
-0.7335701584815979,
-0.007709577213972807,
0.5161475539207458,
-0.3202045261859894,
0.8480433821678162,
-0.6276180148124695,
-0.3524647653102875,
-0.05354836583137512,
-0.31727367639541626,
-0.18842487037181854,
0.3271762728691101,
-0.13995586335659027,
0.3471430242061615,
-0.09320331364870071,
-0.04672535881400108,
-0.9616701006889343,
0.9197503328323364,
-0.09764610975980759,
-0.39818260073661804,
0.6046156287193298,
0.08942504972219467,
-0.5224551558494568,
-0.16305528581142426,
0.10299935936927795,
0.4006909430027008,
0.14825916290283203,
-0.09445947408676147,
0.3056918680667877,
0.9394702911376953,
-0.44522321224212646,
0.27473336458206177,
0.4714508652687073,
-0.5514622330665588,
-0.6181013584136963,
0.415325403213501,
-0.23225939273834229,
0.37612074613571167,
0.7834095358848572,
0.8125094771385193,
0.21140477061271667,
1.2528352737426758,
-0.5085417032241821,
-0.29858264327049255,
-0.5650402307510376,
0.25306224822998047,
-0.13520096242427826,
-0.051404278725385666,
-1.0156461000442505,
0.1102195531129837,
-0.9278143644332886,
-0.6225705146789551,
0.22413797676563263,
0.322348952293396,
-0.6192232966423035,
0.3212181329727173,
0.3524600565433502,
0.40516403317451477,
-0.08288242667913437,
-0.24262568354606628,
0.16331802308559418,
-0.17272529006004333,
0.3314709961414337,
0.1169138252735138,
0.17266049981117249,
-0.9423190355300903,
0.5696037411689758,
-0.43748050928115845,
-0.5546412467956543,
-0.8508754968643188,
-0.62519371509552,
0.3056276738643646,
0.4064251780509949,
-0.2708978056907654,
-0.12118486315011978,
-0.2600559592247009,
0.19799165427684784,
-0.6213127970695496,
1.0091328620910645,
0.10587640106678009,
0.0065863789059221745,
-0.7257235646247864,
0.6990296840667725,
0.0033066237810999155,
-0.48220330476760864,
0.2997198700904846,
-0.1781640648841858,
0.1565500944852829,
0.4383317828178406,
-0.6334593296051025,
0.1878444254398346,
0.5416054129600525,
-0.5098385214805603,
1.0429844856262207,
-0.9002842903137207,
0.7549965977668762,
-0.24194416403770447,
0.5960475206375122,
-0.2605864107608795,
-0.3110026717185974,
0.13543981313705444,
-0.6080571413040161,
-0.055000994354486465,
-0.012511069886386395,
-0.5163425803184509,
-0.05472768843173981,
0.17537224292755127,
-0.019753724336624146,
-0.12075835466384888,
0.6117591857910156,
-0.5069077014923096,
-0.692287802696228,
-0.1957494467496872,
0.7104107141494751,
0.23512610793113708,
1.1999739408493042,
0.40368354320526123,
0.35173362493515015,
-0.041357722133398056,
0.401717871427536,
-0.003908105194568634,
0.35673266649246216,
-0.5807079076766968,
0.8489120602607727,
-0.5101541876792908,
0.406692236661911,
0.13995417952537537,
0.879721462726593,
-0.4682564437389374,
0.2217029631137848,
-0.24105635285377502,
-0.024512499570846558,
0.6904130578041077,
-0.3809707462787628,
-0.7396024465560913,
0.10533134639263153,
-0.31335562467575073,
-0.5565233826637268,
0.40677839517593384,
0.6270904541015625,
-0.841115415096283,
-0.4104885458946228,
-0.4737195074558258,
0.05713643878698349,
-0.6244485378265381,
-0.29619699716567993,
0.3095140755176544,
-0.456411749124527,
-0.33134761452674866,
0.733207643032074,
-0.2974641025066376,
-0.26736709475517273,
-0.5181375741958618,
0.21540485322475433,
0.15310952067375183,
-0.01991223730146885,
-0.11983352899551392,
-0.5207720398902893,
0.21294213831424713,
0.24400220811367035,
-0.5423258543014526,
0.5869812369346619,
-0.47945043444633484,
-0.3383885324001312,
-0.4933375418186188,
0.0754970833659172,
-0.10299582034349442,
-0.7092716097831726,
0.21559876203536987,
0.24081027507781982,
0.27074891328811646,
-0.3152223527431488,
-0.045006852596998215,
-1.0035768747329712,
0.20849856734275818,
-0.22929508984088898
] |
247499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture%20This%20%28Huey%20Lewis%20and%20the%20News%20album%29 | Picture This (Huey Lewis and the News album) | Picture This is the second album by American rock band Huey Lewis and the News, released in 1982. The album brought the band their first top-ten hit, "Do You Believe in Love". It remained on the Billboard albums chart for 35 weeks and peaked at number 7.
Background
The band produced the album themselves along with their manager, Bob Brown. Several outside tunes were included on the album. One of these tunes was "Do You Believe in Love", written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange. It turned out to be their first hit single, reaching the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. A video for the single was also produced. The follow-up single, "Hope You Love Me Like You Say You Do", reached the Top 40; while the third single, "Workin' for a Livin'", just missed the Top 40, peaking at number 41.
"Tattoo (Giving It All Up for Love)" is a cover of a Phil Lynott song. Lynott was the singer and bassist for the hard rock group Thin Lizzy, and Huey Lewis had played harmonica on Lynott's first two solo albums, as well as Thin Lizzy's Live and Dangerous album. "Buzz Buzz Buzz" is a cover of a song from 1957 by The Hollywood Flames. "The Only One" was based on a real classmate in Lewis' junior high school who met an end similar to the person in the song. "He was a very cool kid" said Lewis. "Janey" in the song was also based on the classmate's girlfriend, though her name was changed and Lewis does not know of her true fate after her boyfriend's death.
Track listing
Personnel
Huey Lewis and the News
Huey Lewis – vocals
Chris Hayes – lead guitar, backing vocals
Johnny Colla – rhythm guitar, saxophone, backing vocals
Mario Cipollina – bass
Bill Gibson – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Sean Hopper – keyboards, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Tower of Power – brass
Production
Huey Lewis and the News – producers
Bob Brown – executive producer
Jim Gaines – recording engineer
Maureen Droney – assistant engineer
Mark Deadman – sound engineer
Bob Clearmountain – mixing at The Power Station (New York, NY).
Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk (New York, NY).
Janet Levinson – art direction
Hugh Brown – photography
Norman Moore – logo
Charts
Singles
Certifications
References
External links
1982 albums
Huey Lewis and the News albums
Chrysalis Records albums | [
0.31700459122657776,
0.36035746335983276,
-0.4479191303253174,
0.16537071764469147,
-0.09795159101486206,
-0.42514529824256897,
-0.06592819094657898,
-0.06640949100255966,
-0.4156772196292877,
-0.6179319024085999,
0.3144725263118744,
0.971855103969574,
-0.7263103723526001,
-0.25211673974990845,
0.10927468538284302,
0.149628147482872,
0.6039678454399109,
0.41875460743904114,
-0.3831656575202942,
-0.9068112969398499,
0.052661795169115067,
-0.5666791200637817,
-0.17337313294410706,
-0.05440039932727814,
-0.5096486210823059,
0.37999099493026733,
0.14347635209560394,
0.1648767590522766,
-0.11925806850194931,
0.12012412399053574,
0.3111862540245056,
0.21451318264007568,
0.1884828358888626,
-0.2363986372947693,
-0.09190889447927475,
0.3586973547935486,
-0.0020959172397851944,
-0.08003205806016922,
-0.08553221076726913,
-0.5926664471626282,
0.36548614501953125,
-0.05425204336643219,
0.4921914339065552,
0.59681636095047,
-0.20197290182113647,
-0.1542133092880249,
-0.7553186416625977,
0.19722020626068115,
-0.8297452926635742,
0.6387463212013245,
0.49155282974243164,
0.6171590685844421,
0.16544334590435028,
0.7051918506622314,
-0.1094520166516304,
0.8838334083557129,
-0.37657976150512695,
0.4112343192100525,
-0.8710734248161316,
-0.30077889561653137,
0.01726231724023819,
-0.47502633929252625,
0.6464370489120483,
-0.15370850265026093,
0.23872965574264526,
-0.12528778612613678,
-0.08635926246643066,
1.0036187171936035,
0.2602548897266388,
-0.47393661737442017,
-0.08735831826925278,
-0.45811861753463745,
-0.15631090104579926,
-0.026511121541261673,
0.44456949830055237,
0.2205025851726532,
0.09137573093175888,
-0.5952742695808411,
0.2441597431898117,
-0.32069748640060425,
-0.056074898689985275,
-0.16171598434448242,
0.8799635767936707,
0.11668714135885239,
-0.31008774042129517,
-0.4042015075683594,
-0.5746704339981079,
0.26342490315437317,
-0.38053569197654724,
0.5848090052604675,
-0.406261146068573,
-0.16502037644386292,
-0.1042911633849144,
0.3725031018257141,
0.02000967413187027,
-0.15377214550971985,
-0.3592419922351837,
0.5447195172309875,
0.07529711723327637,
-0.005628405604511499,
0.46718183159828186,
-0.18535783886909485,
0.8769171833992004,
-0.06906842440366745,
-0.6213427782058716,
-0.14737926423549652,
0.11344106495380402,
-0.8622703552246094,
0.06158548966050148,
-0.20664344727993011,
0.055334270000457764,
0.4584217071533203,
-0.2971593141555786,
-0.4323684871196747,
-0.4635138213634491,
0.17570632696151733,
0.3420780599117279,
-0.12055252492427826,
-0.5565239191055298,
-0.029192177578806877,
-0.24838554859161377,
0.632960855960846,
0.025504473596811295,
0.1764618307352066,
-0.0665740966796875,
0.6254665851593018,
0.397624671459198,
0.5275289416313171,
0.08062586933374405,
0.38427358865737915,
-0.16766302287578583,
0.8531026840209961,
-0.18842367827892303,
-0.2636135220527649,
0.14648638665676117,
-0.5359534025192261,
0.33219602704048157,
-0.031249849125742912,
-0.4065771698951721,
0.22248128056526184,
-0.06970161199569702,
0.5332562327384949,
-0.6592594385147095,
-0.40384548902511597,
0.13184642791748047,
-0.39983585476875305,
-0.6315982341766357,
-0.15707002580165863,
-0.2010393887758255,
-0.2067500203847885,
0.5413692593574524,
-0.652715802192688,
0.5381081104278564,
-0.3540181815624237,
-0.25823545455932617,
0.48414623737335205,
0.1711067110300064,
0.017310233786702156,
0.12505100667476654,
0.16255055367946625,
0.621871829032898,
0.4158618152141571,
0.3340332508087158,
0.13634011149406433,
-0.22919118404388428,
0.006129062734544277,
-0.022629626095294952,
-0.02203993685543537,
0.07636796683073044,
0.016489988192915916,
-0.28466853499412537,
0.06763728708028793,
-0.5025486946105957,
0.27875179052352905,
-0.17572185397148132,
0.016367368400096893,
0.9407222867012024,
0.6591167449951172,
0.01348341815173626,
-0.34346267580986023,
-0.5620629191398621,
0.03390585258603096,
0.40913429856300354,
-1.1590893268585205,
0.8331243395805359,
0.2892257273197174,
0.32604268193244934,
0.24256613850593567,
0.30909889936447144,
0.05992824211716652,
-0.5956991314888,
-0.4413723647594452,
0.5131295323371887,
-0.533588171005249,
0.6083886623382568,
0.05589689314365387,
-0.5224319696426392,
0.42666587233543396,
-0.06221194192767143,
0.39586395025253296,
-0.2438109964132309,
0.20876960456371307,
0.7255682349205017,
-0.05196457728743553,
-0.10612248629331589,
0.20406022667884827,
0.3790103495121002,
-0.28322434425354004,
0.39004865288734436,
0.6647729873657227,
0.5997354984283447,
-0.39636117219924927,
0.26674193143844604,
0.7414906024932861,
-0.017700469121336937,
0.04517286643385887,
0.30169400572776794,
0.2534037232398987,
-0.21352159976959229,
-0.07655951380729675,
0.8290398120880127,
0.38961225748062134,
-0.3563305735588074,
0.5922264456748962,
0.011120467446744442,
1.0700082778930664,
0.37135574221611023,
0.2442624270915985,
0.2644043564796448,
-0.13616728782653809,
-0.0559961199760437,
0.6913030743598938,
0.20495684444904327,
-0.4063093960285187,
0.049552496522665024,
0.1649128496646881,
0.325495183467865,
-0.31122106313705444,
0.19302821159362793,
-0.2184111773967743,
0.3500703275203705,
-0.44142818450927734,
-0.7453194856643677,
0.21766863763332367,
0.4607931673526764,
-0.3472858965396881,
-0.2565304636955261,
0.05404791980981827,
-0.008694742806255817,
-0.6672161817550659,
0.5163484811782837,
0.6705490946769714,
0.39701730012893677,
-0.1427370011806488,
0.18641839921474457,
0.0971764624118805,
0.09148489683866501,
-0.33396831154823303,
0.24408134818077087,
0.24876120686531067,
-0.09748711436986923,
-0.05005745217204094,
0.4107379615306854,
0.07077103853225708,
-0.26493915915489197,
-0.9826509356498718,
-0.43416693806648254,
0.25467878580093384,
-0.1675921231508255,
0.041308239102363586,
-0.10139145702123642,
0.32915815711021423,
-0.7219924926757812,
0.4002739489078522,
0.2030024379491806,
0.036480024456977844,
-0.4500890076160431,
0.27760225534439087,
-0.5139230489730835,
-0.8315324187278748,
0.787254810333252,
1.2382266521453857,
0.716688334941864,
-0.3821207284927368,
-0.21248112618923187,
-0.4560754895210266,
0.4936908781528473,
-0.48960378766059875,
-0.38383474946022034,
-0.029303085058927536,
-0.11154747754335403,
-0.0017588527407497168,
0.08364614844322205,
-0.800524890422821,
0.4525199830532074,
0.2736975848674774,
0.22243823111057281,
-0.02821565791964531,
-0.6018602848052979,
-0.1947658658027649,
0.08268706500530243,
0.07279841601848602,
-0.043580569326877594,
-0.4133816063404083,
0.623283863067627,
-0.3379514217376709,
0.2683103680610657,
-0.43907326459884644,
-5.5179762840271,
0.38898494839668274,
0.2832585573196411,
-0.6465877294540405,
-0.16661499440670013,
-0.40887415409088135,
0.3242405354976654,
-0.8663975596427917,
-0.2525760233402252,
-0.04424155503511429,
-0.7527860999107361,
0.23406526446342468,
-0.2256646454334259,
0.5578023195266724,
0.369884729385376,
-0.02593253180384636,
0.2604920566082001,
0.02926572784781456,
0.33543965220451355,
0.5612030625343323,
0.28842464089393616,
-0.04302017018198967,
0.08424649387598038,
0.30782294273376465,
-0.0988413617014885,
1.1749048233032227,
-0.40330779552459717,
0.008684331551194191,
-0.4210408926010132,
0.07969814538955688,
0.4241577088832855,
-0.06376753002405167,
-0.10061229765415192,
-0.2761242091655731,
-0.5971859097480774,
0.007484389003366232,
0.06444073468446732,
-0.11491619795560837,
-0.03430808335542679,
-0.6420701146125793,
-0.19457851350307465,
0.45339927077293396,
-0.21412163972854614,
-0.30210915207862854,
0.07552094012498856,
0.004932972136884928,
-0.3191852569580078,
-0.7138941287994385,
0.17139463126659393,
1.1574897766113281,
0.02700101211667061,
-0.21533037722110748,
0.19985811412334442,
-0.1458054631948471,
-0.42038580775260925,
0.1800442785024643,
0.14636826515197754,
0.42490601539611816,
-0.30102911591529846,
0.5253799557685852,
0.6368081569671631,
-0.18609580397605896,
-0.585649847984314,
-0.736962080001831,
0.16043365001678467,
-0.5126343965530396,
0.02786610834300518,
-0.2754567563533783,
0.5611334443092346,
0.9213925004005432,
0.39430636167526245,
0.23487742245197296,
-0.2446383237838745,
-1.0018141269683838,
-0.24635525047779083,
-0.13975490629673004,
-0.864269495010376,
-0.1494145691394806,
0.2929580509662628,
0.3727317452430725,
0.17921078205108643,
-0.02807655930519104,
-0.038033682852983475,
0.06523657590150833,
-0.011584998108446598,
-0.6329942941665649,
-0.19798818230628967,
0.4202955365180969,
-0.4474192261695862,
-0.18711026012897491,
0.4237379729747772,
-0.634425938129425,
-0.27408549189567566,
0.7069804668426514,
-0.27184420824050903,
0.15057708323001862,
0.11492405831813812,
0.2636779248714447,
0.8745773434638977,
-0.3406851887702942,
-0.6958959698677063,
-0.18341509997844696,
0.21906042098999023,
-0.6351369619369507,
-0.3503834307193756,
-0.7624332308769226,
-0.6172183752059937,
0.5289341807365417,
-0.1694134622812271,
-0.03526654466986656,
-0.10014208406209946,
-0.5204766988754272,
0.08132154494524002,
-0.6617032885551453,
0.7199788093566895,
-0.500557005405426,
0.528392493724823,
-0.023514270782470703,
0.20538003742694855,
-0.28730785846710205,
0.6971679329872131,
-0.001075039617717266,
-0.5989905595779419,
-0.27828219532966614,
-0.9366126656532288,
0.3554551899433136,
-0.0755169540643692,
-0.05365847423672676,
-0.05593268945813179,
0.2627500295639038,
-0.4135374426841736,
-0.23377686738967896,
0.7677672505378723,
0.6546377539634705,
0.6000816822052002,
-0.8215983510017395,
-0.5342291593551636,
0.33980435132980347,
-0.020985160022974014,
-0.20452791452407837,
0.24829259514808655,
0.0666564553976059,
-0.29468682408332825,
0.7540558576583862,
0.45051074028015137,
0.6468777060508728,
0.022688811644911766,
-0.0437542125582695,
-0.5614264607429504,
0.23395846784114838,
-0.37976136803627014,
-0.0886325091123581,
0.3646562993526459,
-0.11426733434200287,
-0.2581108510494232,
0.7982209920883179,
-0.019513586536049843,
-0.06413863599300385,
-0.1340515911579132,
-0.7478043437004089,
0.36055684089660645,
-0.3337381184101105,
-0.6618791818618774,
-0.22114065289497375,
0.650396466255188,
0.19926020503044128,
0.312041699886322,
-0.6999381184577942,
-0.5346640348434448,
0.897343099117279,
-0.1966501772403717,
0.009251781739294529,
-0.1282155066728592,
-0.5036355257034302,
0.8408463001251221,
0.21460199356079102,
0.3364483416080475,
0.40244966745376587,
0.5651041269302368,
-0.41931185126304626,
-0.4604280889034271,
-0.41733261942863464,
-0.3394949436187744,
0.036905642598867416,
0.45408856868743896,
-0.41535684466362,
-1.176520586013794,
-0.5887281894683838,
-0.47619226574897766,
0.11170467734336853,
0.32520511746406555,
0.4095378816127777,
0.07309414446353912,
0.402226060628891,
-0.3087131083011627,
-0.5470331907272339,
-0.1743767261505127,
-0.5946659445762634,
0.41656357049942017,
-0.330727219581604,
0.11982878297567368,
0.2750100791454315,
0.23109665513038635,
0.375506192445755,
0.01713104546070099,
-0.35960328578948975,
0.3685503304004669,
0.8644639849662781,
-0.5361638069152832,
0.2899271547794342,
-0.12067004293203354,
-0.5074729323387146,
-0.06237287446856499,
0.03247298672795296,
-0.2796342372894287,
-0.1585351824760437,
0.4189278483390808,
-0.7510414123535156,
-0.38912370800971985,
-0.21975268423557281,
-0.38978448510169983,
-0.036933690309524536,
-0.7861919403076172,
0.00330835091881454,
-0.47026151418685913,
0.2718232572078705,
0.14767971634864807,
-0.09099819511175156,
0.40840113162994385,
-0.08998231589794159,
-0.36606067419052124,
0.12278860062360764,
0.00010096238838741556,
0.2479548156261444,
-0.7913197875022888,
-0.016369612887501717,
-0.517733633518219,
0.6845758557319641,
0.3816371560096741,
-0.013339314609766006,
0.4413764774799347,
0.34785932302474976,
0.4229910671710968,
-0.2439313530921936,
-0.20761330425739288,
0.3835793137550354,
0.3410950005054474,
0.1222793236374855,
-0.12779445946216583,
0.0834580510854721,
0.35670244693756104,
0.14632494747638702,
-0.9732024669647217,
-0.886627197265625,
0.6658822298049927,
-0.06647390127182007,
-0.5374293327331543,
0.15111307799816132,
-0.6772375106811523,
0.14472486078739166,
0.042106129229068756,
0.7979813814163208,
-0.5079464912414551,
0.256674200296402,
0.5086720585823059,
0.2715294063091278,
0.16241416335105896,
-0.37994563579559326,
0.16552311182022095,
0.1940504014492035,
-0.40209704637527466,
0.2496127486228943,
-0.21840983629226685,
0.6510627865791321,
0.15881875157356262,
-0.07803568989038467,
-0.26561641693115234,
-0.7481775879859924,
-0.5286135077476501,
-0.2700968384742737,
-0.21616925299167633,
-0.017830705270171165,
-0.06222643703222275,
-0.5300053954124451,
0.018574336543679237,
-0.24594257771968842,
-0.6589693427085876,
0.23153921961784363,
0.29945987462997437,
0.12321211397647858,
-0.15368567407131195,
0.07921455800533295,
0.16309423744678497,
-0.4091600179672241,
0.3042590022087097,
0.218734011054039,
0.15188078582286835,
0.27848970890045166,
-0.330617755651474,
-0.4331952631473541,
-0.42330873012542725,
0.5981741547584534,
0.1809602528810501,
0.05786658823490143,
-0.01742025464773178,
0.07681664824485779,
0.3331252634525299,
-0.5236597657203674,
-0.673227846622467,
0.9984001517295837,
-0.17538002133369446,
-0.4165216386318207,
0.2056543231010437,
0.877263605594635,
-0.6536860466003418,
0.377322793006897,
0.9137561917304993,
-0.13677968084812164,
0.3637005090713501,
0.10777539759874344,
-0.30946385860443115,
-0.0003921872121281922,
0.28873446583747864,
0.10430219769477844,
-0.6976664662361145,
0.02461087331175804,
-0.5071142911911011,
0.07805656641721725,
0.2801680862903595,
-0.12953276932239532,
0.5137210488319397,
0.5874164700508118,
-0.31309616565704346,
0.2559297978878021,
-0.5827187299728394,
-0.01998286135494709,
0.0713648721575737,
-0.4474707543849945,
0.33082112669944763,
0.1257856786251068,
-0.545490562915802,
-0.09159094840288162,
0.5122936964035034,
0.23322340846061707,
-0.10103924572467804,
-0.21031953394412994,
-0.3376997411251068,
0.13691921532154083,
0.8267433643341064,
-0.32268768548965454,
0.053848545998334885,
0.5510296821594238,
-0.23828408122062683,
-0.6645480990409851,
0.8373221755027771,
0.11622396111488342,
-0.1326429396867752,
0.18963539600372314,
0.450347900390625,
0.3341914117336273,
-0.21075595915317535,
0.3887016177177429,
-0.11602620780467987,
0.3507297933101654,
0.17194145917892456,
-0.0864706039428711,
0.34713348746299744,
0.2838817238807678,
-0.04884069412946701,
0.467389315366745,
-0.37091514468193054,
-0.09719786792993546,
-0.3411734998226166,
0.24099552631378174,
0.003980841487646103,
-0.0660298764705658,
-0.21051174402236938,
-0.06828705966472626,
-0.18647833168506622,
0.6578561067581177,
-0.052122365683317184,
0.2275816947221756,
-0.8783630132675171,
-0.10537842661142349,
-0.1034596860408783,
-0.2255225032567978,
-0.4663691222667694,
0.04419562965631485,
-0.050441477447748184,
-0.47611716389656067,
0.23469258844852448,
-1.2818255424499512,
-0.44517529010772705,
-0.16823710501194,
-0.07368313521146774,
-0.32524505257606506,
-0.3022412657737732,
0.9998442530632019,
-0.04593600705265999,
0.1974327564239502,
-0.34968507289886475,
-0.16926546394824982,
0.03442730754613876,
0.20882652699947357,
0.025929957628250122,
0.27575767040252686,
-0.16413287818431854,
0.12925827503204346,
-1.2203365564346313,
0.6924179792404175,
-0.3893084228038788,
0.2596668601036072,
-0.3634418249130249,
0.9222977161407471,
-0.4386846125125885,
-0.12484348565340042,
0.7151687741279602,
-0.43310198187828064,
-0.10457616299390793,
0.5415133833885193,
-0.06117994710803032,
-0.15936537086963654,
0.20710645616054535,
0.9229629635810852,
-0.20591560006141663,
-0.32443493604660034,
0.07680804282426834,
0.1543859839439392,
-0.34921684861183167,
0.007326317019760609,
0.7358521819114685,
0.09581524133682251,
0.034376874566078186,
-0.7717050313949585,
-0.9183124899864197,
-0.5993958115577698,
0.049667347222566605,
0.6787081956863403,
0.3211367726325989,
-0.4327383041381836,
-0.09853046387434006,
-0.011303714476525784,
-0.002999049611389637,
0.24409809708595276,
-0.1308852881193161,
-0.7060903906822205,
-0.24084030091762543,
-0.36392417550086975,
-0.5323432087898254,
0.9811921715736389,
-0.17467211186885834,
0.0031894834246486425,
-0.28590860962867737,
-0.6420115232467651,
-0.5005320310592651,
0.08038083463907242,
0.13122153282165527,
-0.07442706823348999,
0.5740938782691956,
-0.5821424722671509
] |
247533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeta | Vegeta | ( ), also known as is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball franchise created by Akira Toriyama. Vegeta first appears in chapter #204 , published in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on November 7, 1988, seeking the wish-granting Dragon Balls to gain immortality.
Vegeta is the prince of an extraterrestrial warrior race known as the Saiyans. He is extremely arrogant, proud and hardworking; constantly referring to his heritage and royal status throughout the series. He believed that he should be regarded as the strongest fighter in the Universe and becomes obsessed with surpassing Goku after losing his first battle with him. After Frieza's death, Vegeta later unites with the heroes to thwart greater threats to the universe, most notably Cell, Majin Buu, Beerus, Zamasu and Broly. Throughout the series, Vegeta's role changes from villain to antihero and later as one of the heroes, while remaining a key rival to Goku.
Vegeta has been hailed as one of the most iconic characters not only in the Dragon Ball franchise, but also in manga and anime history as a whole. He is often cited as one of the most popular examples of rival characters in the industry, due to his character arc and narrative throughout Dragon Ball Z and "Dragon Ball Super".
Development
When creating Vegeta, Toriyama originally intended for him to be a short-lived antagonist and second-tier character, with little influence to Dragon Ball's story, portraying him as such during his initial appearances, but the character became more popular than he had expected. Thus Toriyama decided to keep Vegeta in the story for longer. He explained his surprise at the character's popularity in an interview during the release of Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, "I had thought about bringing an end to [his story] as just a villain, but as I was writing, I felt that his villainous [...] warped straightforwardness was unexpectedly interesting. I couldn’t imagine that a guy with this kind of hairstyle would become popular, and yet he’d get more votes than Goku in favorite-character polls."
Toriyama initially harbored a dislike for Vegeta since he was created as a despicable character, but grew to like him as he consider the character's personality to be straightforward, therefore easier to write. He also found the character "Extremely helpful to have around". He also stated that when he received a lot of fan mail telling him not to kill Vegeta, he purposely did just that. After the release of Battle of Gods, Toriyama expressed interest in having Vegeta be the lead in the event of another animated feature, though he insisted this was only his intent and no decision had been made.
Following the trend that names of members of the Saiyan race are puns on vegetables, Vegeta's name is a pun of the word vegetable itself.
Voice actors
In the original Japanese version of the anime and all other media, Vegeta is voiced by Ryō Horikawa.
In the Ocean Productions English dub, Vegeta was voiced by Brian Drummond. Drummond returned in the Funimation dub of Dragon Ball Super to voice Vegeta's Duplicate.
In Funimation's in house dub, Christopher Sabat has voiced Vegeta in all Dragon Ball media, including video games. While Sabat continued to dub Vegeta's adult incarnation in Dragon Ball Z Kai, Laura Bailey voiced Vegeta's child incarnation in Dragon Ball Z Kai and Justin Briner voiced Vegeta's child incarnation in Dragon Ball Super.
Appearances
Dragon Ball Z
Vegeta is introduced as the proud prince of the race and the first major villain of the Dragon Ball Z series. He travels to Earth with his partner Nappa to use the Dragon Balls to wish for immortality. Nappa easily fights off Earth's heroes and kills Tenshinhan, Chaozu, Yamcha, and Piccolo in the process. Goku then arrives after completing his training with Kaiō-sama. Goku easily defeats Nappa who is then killed by Vegeta, for the shame of being defeated by a low class Saiyan such as Goku. Vegeta fights Goku and is severely beaten by Goku's Kaioken technique, forcing him to resort to his Ozaru form to overpower Goku. But he is unable to beat the rest of the heroes due to his sustained injuries from Goku, Gohan, Krillin and Yajirobe. Exhausted and being consistently harassed, he barely escapes with his life and is humiliated by the fact that Goku pleaded with Krillin to spare his life.
Vegeta travels to planet Namek in an attempt to wish for immortality using that planet's Dragon Balls, cutting the tyrant Frieza off from making the same wish in the process. Upon arrival, Vegeta manages to kill many of Frieza's henchmen and also mercilessly destroys a defenseless Namekian village for their Dragon Ball. Later on Vegeta is forced to team up with Gohan, Goku, Piccolo, and Krillin so they can fight off the Ginyu Force and later Frieza. He also kills most members of the Ginyu Force. Ultimately, he is defeated and subsequently killed by Frieza while asking Goku to avenge him and all the other Saiyans. Vegeta is unintentionally revived with a wish from the Dragon Balls from Earth.
After Frieza's final defeat, Vegeta chooses to stay on Earth and has a son named Trunks with Bulma. Three years later, Vegeta finally becomes a Super Saiyan and easily destroys Android 19, sent by Dr. Gero to kill Goku. However, even as a Super Saiyan, he is easily defeated by Android 18. Afterwards, Vegeta ascends beyond the Super Saiyan level while training with Future Trunks, a version of his son from an alternate timeline, in the and pummels the artificial life form Cell after he has absorbed Android 17. Vegeta's overconfidence leads him to allow Cell to absorb Android 18, upon which Cell achieves his third "perfect" form. After Vegeta fails to defeat Perfect Cell, he is forced to participate in Cell's martial arts tournament known as the Cell Games, in which he makes a crucial intervention so Gohan can overpower and defeat Cell in his Super Perfect form.
Seven years later, Vegeta allows himself to be consumed by Babidi's evil power for his own desire to become powerful enough to fight and defeat Goku. He then goes on an indiscriminate killing spree to provoke Goku to fight him. However, when the monster Majin Buu is revived as a result of the energy released from their fight, Vegeta knocks out Goku from behind after deceiving Goku by feigning a truce. Vegeta then faces Majin Buu alone and ends up sacrificing himself in an attempt to defeat Buu, dedicating his sacrifice to Bulma, Trunks, and also Goku. With all other fighters dead or absorbed, Vegeta is allowed to recover his body and returns to Earth to help Goku, the last warrior remaining, against the threat of Buu. He reluctantly combines bodies with Goku using the Potara earrings, to create the fused warrior Vegito, who completely overwhelms Buu with his strength. Eventually, Vegito allows himself to be absorbed into Buu's body to free the other heroes absorbed by Buu, but this leads to the splitting of the fusion. Goku and Vegeta manage to free their allies who have been absorbed by Buu, causing him to undergo a final transformation, which results in his return to his original Kid Boo form. On the Kaiō-shin's planet, after getting revived once more thanks to the Namekian Dragon Balls, Vegeta battles Buu again to buy time for Goku to gather energy for the Genki Dama, which he uses to defeat Majin Buu once and for all. It is during this fight that Vegeta finally admits Goku as both his superior and friend.
Dragon Ball Super
In Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, Vegeta tries appeasing Beerus so that he will not destroy the Earth and surpasses Goku briefly following a power boost of rage brought on by Beerus slapping Bulma; he then later participates in a ritual to transform Goku into a Super Saiyan God and watches his rival fight the Destroyer god, and in Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F', Vegeta trains off planet with Whis and returns to Earth to combat the resurrected Frieza, being killed by him when he destroys the Earth, which is reversed by Whis, allowing Goku in the nick of time to finish the tyrant off with a Kamehameha wave, in which Vegeta moves out of range.<ref>Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F''</ref>
After the latter two films and anime adaptation in Dragon Ball Super, Vegeta participates in a tournament where he defeats Frost, Magetta, and Cabba, but is defeated by the assassin Hit. He travels to Planet Potaufeu to retrieve Goten and Trunks, where he fights a copy of himself created by Commeson. He is then reunited with Future Trunks and begins training to fight the evil Goku Black, also training Trunks for the fight. Vegeta travels to the future to counter Goku Black, but is defeated and returns to the past. Vegeta heals and returns to the future for a rematch. Failing to defeat Goku Black before traveling to the present, where he trains, giving him enough strength to best Goku Black in their next encounter. Vegeta and Goku then meet their match against Zamasu's fused form, forcing them to once again fuse into Vegito, who defuses from overusing his energy. Vegeta later aids Trunks in defeating Zamasu. Vegeta loses a battle to Arale, and later declines training with Goku due to Bulma's pregnancy. When his daughter, Bulla, is born, Vegeta develops a strong attachment to her and becomes very protective over her wellbeing.
Vegeta decides to enter in the Tournament of Power in order to protect his family. During the tournament Vegeta is successful in knocking out numerous fighters. He knocks out Toppo, who achieved the power of a God of Destruction, and then aids Goku in fighting the last remaining member of Universe 11, Jiren. It is during his fight with Jiren and Toppo that Vegeta breaks his limits by his own accord. With two minutes remaining in the tournament, Jiren knocks Vegeta out, who then tearfully sends the last of his remaining power to Goku. In the film Dragon Ball Super: Broly, Vegeta and Goku battle Frieza's newest recruit, the Saiyan Broly, but he proves too powerful for either of them. Left with no other options, Vegeta learns the fusion dance and fuses with Goku, becoming Gogeta and stopping Broly's rampage. After these events, Vegeta and Goku had been recruited by the Galactic Patrol to stop the wicked warlock Moro, who escaped along with his comrades. They confront and fail to defeat him, suffering wounds from the battle. Vegeta resolves to go to Yardrat to train and obtain a means to stop Moro. Returning after having used Shunkan Ido, Vegeta takes away Moro's stolen life energy and revives the victims of Namek in an act of redemption using a new technique. He maintains the upper-hand, savagely beating the warlock until the tide turns against his favour when Moro absorbs one of his comrades to bolster his power, beating Vegeta into unconsciousness. When Moro starts absorbing the Earth's energy after having merged with it, a healed up Vegeta arrives just in time to aid Goku by not only fissioning the energy out of him to prevent him from hiding his weakpoint, but also by personally gathering the necessary energy from the other Dragon Team members and Oob to send it to Goku for him to channel his Ultra Instinct form one more time and kill Moro (while saving the planet) for good. Later on, Vegeta and Goku were invited by the alien beings called the Heeters into defeating the powerful Cerealean sniper named Granolah. He engages Granolah in battle after he defeats Goku in his Ultra Instinct state, and gains the upper-hand using the power of Destroyer Gods, that he achieved during training with Beerus, but is beaten in turn after Granolah unleashes his true power. After the Namekian, Monaito, intervenes, he confirms to Goku about the identity of his father, Bardock. After the Heeter, Gas, shows up in order to settle a grudge on the Cerealean, Vegeta, in a show of stubborn pride, gives Granolah a senzu bean so he can fight Gas.
In other media
In filler episodes of Dragon Ball Z, set during the Saiyan arc, Vegeta and Nappa travel to Arlia while in space, being hailed as a hero after saving the people there. After leaving, Vegeta destroys the planet from space. After the Namek arc, Vegeta travels across space in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt at finding Goku, defeating remnants of Frieza's army. After the Buu arc, Vegeta attends a gathering with the other heroes.
In addition, Vegeta appears in six of the non-canonical Dragon Ball Z movies; in the sixth, Vegeta comes to Goku's aid against Metal Cooler, foiling his attempt at powering the Big Gete Star with their energy by overloading it; in the seventh, Vegeta appears to aid the others in combating a new wave of androids, destroying Android 15; in the eighth, Vegeta shows hesitation in fighting Broly due to his immense strength in his true form, though he overcomes it in time to supply Goku with his energy, contributing to Broly's defeat; in the ninth, Vegeta withdraws from attending a tournament, disillusioned by Goku's death, but comes to help Trunks when believing he is in danger; in the twelfth, after having a difficult time with Janemba, Vegeta fuses with Goku to form Gogeta who destroys Janemba easily; in the thirteenth, Vegeta fights Hirudegarn after he steps on his home;
In the anime sequel Dragon Ball GT, Vegeta is confronted by a Baby-possessed Gohan. Baby possessed Vegeta during their battle despite strong resistance by Vegeta, and the resulting Baby/Vegeta fusion battles Goku. Vegeta is later split from Baby's body before Baby is destroyed. Later, he fights Super Android #17, but again, he is knocked out and nearly killed. When Omega Shenron wreaks havoc, he fights with Goku as a Super Saiyan 4 but the two eventually revert to normal. Afterwards, Vegeta says a farewell to Goku, who leaves the duty of protecting Earth in Vegeta's hands before he flies off into the sky on Shenron.
Vegeta has appeared in many video games related to the Dragon Ball franchise as both a playable character and boss. In several games, Vegeta is capable of transforming into a Super Saiyan 3,Dragon Ball Heroes first introduced in Dragon Ball Z: Raging Blast. In the 2003 game Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 2, Vegeta can be absorbed by Boo as one of the alternate forms exclusive to the game. In the 2010 arcade game Dragon Ball: Heroes, Vegeta bests Super 17 before and after he merges with Android 18. A Time Breaker-possessed version of Vegeta also appears in the game. In the 2015 game Dragon Ball: Xenoverse, Vegeta serves as a mentor to the player character, teaching Galic Gun, Final Barrage, Shine Shot and Final Flash. He has also appeared in other non Dragon Ball-related video games, such as Jump Super Stars, Jump Ultimate Stars, and even in the Dragon Ball Z/One Piece/Naruto crossover game Battle Stadium D.O.N.
Vegeta has made several appearances in other manga, one of which is in Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball self-parody Neko Majin, where he battles the titular character. In the Dragon Ball and One Piece crossover, Cross Epoch, Vegeta is re-imagined as a captain of a crew of air pirates which includes Trunks, Usopp, and Nico Robin. On September 15, 2006, Vegeta made a guest appearance in a chapter of the Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo manga, Super Kochikame, entitled . Vegeta appears in the Karate Shoukoushi Kohinata Minoru manga in Chapter 178. Two characters go to a restaurant that features live Muay Thai boxing and Vegeta is in the background cheering. He also makes a single panel appearance in Toriyama's 2014 Dragon Ball Minus: The Departure of the Fated Child special. He is also had an appearance in the newest Dragon Ball Super and Dragon Ball Heroes.
Vegeta has also been the victim of parody: the Weekly Shōnen Jump Gag Special 2005 issue released on November 12, 2004, featured a Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo one-shot Dragon Ball parody manga. The manga was a humorous retelling of the battle between Goku and Vegeta initial battle; Jelly Jiggler was Goku and Don Patch was Vegeta.
Vegeta has made two contributions to music: in the eighth installment of Hit Song Collection series entitled Character Special 2, Vegeta sings the song "Vegeta-sama no Oryori Jigoku!!". The song focuses of Vegeta cooking a special Okonomiyaki, and in Dragon Ball Kai: Song Collection he sings the song "Saiyan Blood", which he brags about how great he is. Other Dragon Ball-related songs that center around Vegeta are "Koi no Nazonazo" by Kuko and Tricky Shirai which focuses on his and Bulma's relationship and "Ai wa Ballad no Yō ni~Vegeta no Theme~" by Shin Oya which represents Vegeta's reflections on his life and then current family.
Abilities
Up until his tail was cut off, Vegeta could turn into a gigantic monkey-like creature called an by looking at a full moon, an ability common of all Saiyans with tails. Vegeta has the ability to create and enhance attacks with the use of ki. He also has the ability to use , which enables him to fly. Constant training and his Saiyan heritage have given him vast superhuman strength, durability, speed, and reflexes. Vegeta can increase his strength, speed, stamina, invulnerability, and flight speed many fold if he directs ki into them.
Vegeta is known to give names for his various energy attacks. In his early appearance, Vegeta is seen to use attacks similar to several of the protagonists of the series, such as a , a laser-like disk capable of cutting through solid objects, and a ki wave similar to Goku's Kamehameha. One of his better known attacks is the , although he uses it only once in the Z series proper; during his battle against Goku in an attempt to destroy the Earth. He later develops the and the techniques, which are much more powerful than his older energy attacks. One of Vegeta's most commonly used tactics in the series is when he bombards an opponent with an array of small ki blasts. He is not known to have an official name for this attack, but it is occasionally called . Later on in the franchise, he develops an even more powerful version of his Final Flash attack, called . In Dragon Ball GT, Vegeta displays a powerful new attack, entitling it the , where he uses his left hand to fire off a massive beam of green ki that widens with distance. Because of his immense strength and power, Vegeta, along with many other characters from the Dragon Ball franchise, can destroy entire planets if not star systems or galaxies with single attacks if he intends to.
Vegeta also possesses several transformations that greatly enhance his abilities to varying degrees. He gains the ability to transform into a Super Saiyan and, through training, can further transform into advanced states of Super Saiyan as the series continues. Vegeta later achieved the immensely powerful transformation under Whis's tutelage. During his fight with Jiren, a mortal stronger than a destroyer, Vegeta unlocks a transformation called Super Saiyan Blue Evolution by breaking his very utmost limits. During the "Granolah the Survivor" arc of the manga, Vegeta trains with Lord Beerus to master the God of Destructions' power of Hakai. This training eventually culminates in Vegeta acquiring his own "Destroyer Form", elevating him to might that is on par with a God of Destruction. Vegeta can also fuse with Goku and create a warrior who has the combined power and skills of both. One method is by using the Potara earrings, presented to Goku by the Old Kaiō-shin. This results in a 'potara fusion' creating , who, in his reappearance in Dragon Ball Super, can also transform into a Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan. The other method is by performing the 'Metamorese Fusion Dance', which creates .
Reception
Vegeta has generally received praise by various reviewers from manga, anime and other media. Theron Martin from Anime News Network noted Vegeta's pride as being partially responsible for the success of the series. His fight against Goku during the final story arc was also commented to be very entertaining, despite its length as well as Goku and Vegeta's fighting styles, which Martin considered to have become stale. In another review, Theron noted Vegeta's overcoming his pride to help defeat Cell as the best scene from the fight against said antagonist due to how it creates the climax of the scene. Todd Douglass Jr. from DVD Talk commented on Vegeta's skills and anger, noting them to be a good combination for any fight even though it is a one-sided battle due to how powerful he is. Douglass called his reveal as a villain during the appearance of Babidi, "the real meat" of the story. Carlos Ross from Them Anime Reviews found Vegeta and Bulma's relationship to have too much comic potential and comments that such characterization was lost.
Vegeta is a popular character in the series, placing fourth in the 1993 Dragon Ball character popularity poll voted on by Weekly Shōnen Jump readers, and moved up to second in the 1995 one. In 2004, fans of the series voted him the second most popular character for a poll in the book Dragon Ball Forever.
There has also been multiple criticism to his relationship with Bulma with writers finding it forced. In About.com "Top 8 Anime Love Stories", Vegeta and Bulma's relationship ranked second with Katherine Luther commenting that such a relationship was unpredictable by fans. Japanese voice actor Toru Furuya expressed shock Trunks was Bulma's and Vegeta's child from the future despite the fact that Yamcha and Bulma were often in a relationship and Yamcha was turned into a cheater to cause such change. Hiromi Tsuru, Bulma's first Japanese actress, was also shocked by this change, believing her character would end with Yamcha. Bulma's voice actress joked that it was difficult for her to love Vegeta, having thought Bulma would end up with Yamcha. Mania Entertainment writer Briana Lawerence listed Vegeta 9th in the article 10 Male Headaches of Anime, criticizing his personality and his repeated desire to surpass Goku's power.
Vegeta has appeared in the Anime Grand Prix poll taking high places in the category "best male character" in the 1991 poll and 1992 poll. Vegeta was placed twenty-first in IGN's 2009 top anime character of all-time list, calling him "the original unmitigated bastard" that preceded Light Yagami and Lelouch Lamperouge, and in the tenth spot in 2014. Vegeta came third on IGN's 2014 Top 10 Anime Villains list, stating, "The most famous bad-guy-turned-not-so-bad in all of anime. Vegeta started out as an alien punk with a sadistic streak and an inferiority complex, but over time he became one of Goku's friends, and every now and then, if he was feeling nice that day, he'd help save the world." A Biglobe poll conducted in 2012 listed Vegeta at number 16 of Japanese fans' favorite tsundere characters, the highest among male characters on that list, and a Thai magazine about anime characters also listed him among male tsunderes.
A poll by Viz Media, editor responsible for the publication of the series in North America and Europe, confirms that Vegeta is the most popular character in Dragon Ball Super.Brown, Urian. "Dragon Ball Super Popularity Poll Results Aug 2021." Viz.com. Web. 24 September 2021. Both Goku and Vegeta were criticized for being too overpowered in Super to the point they steal the series' spotlight to the supporting cast while their strategies either lack complexity or create a plothole such as the time limit to the fusion Vegetto.
Cultural impact
Vegeta's quote "It's Over 9000!" has become an internet meme and a popular catchphrase referring to a large number or great quantity. The line originates from the 21st episode of the Ocean Productions English dub, "The Return of Goku", where Vegeta is voiced by Brian Drummond.
The costume worn by the antagonist Killmonger in the 2018 film Black Panther is strikingly similar to Vegeta's costume. Killmonger is portrayed by Michael B. Jordan, who is known to be a fan of Dragon Ball. Jordan said Killmonger's battle armor may have been inspired by Vegeta's battle armor.
Professional sports
American UFC fighter Marcus Brimage is an avid fan of Dragon Ball Z, even citing the series as one of his inspirations for taking up mixed-martial arts. He names the first fight between Goku and Vegeta as one of his favorite battles in the series. American athlete Ronda Rousey wore a singlet referencing Vegeta and the 'It's Over 9000!' meme at Wrestlemania 31. Boca Juniors player Eduardo Salvio often celebrates his goals with a Dragon Ball Z reference, including Vegeta's Final Flash attack.
Music
American rapper Soulja Boy has two songs, titled “Anime” and “Goku”, which reference Vegeta in the lyrics.
In the song entitled "Christ Conscious" by Joey Badass, the song's lyrics include the following line: Got dragon balls, like my name was Vegeta.
The demo version of the song from "First Impressions" by Thrice has a sample of Vegeta in the intro from the original Ocean dub: No way! How? It can't be! Kakkorot a Super Saiyan? But he's a low-class soldier, it doesn't make any sense!''.
The third album released by the musical-comedy group Starbomb features a song titled "Vegeta's Serenade". The song centers around Vegeta trying to write a love song for Bulma, but keeps getting distracted by his hatred for Goku.
See also
List of Dragon Ball characters
References
External links
Dragon Ball characters
Comics characters introduced in 1988
Comics villains
Animated series villains
Anime and manga characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Anime and manga characters with superhuman strength
Martial artist characters in anime and manga
Fictional characters who can change size
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional extraterrestrial characters
Fictional therianthropes
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional princes
Fictional quasi-deities and demigods
Fictional soldiers
Fictional suicides
Orphan characters in anime and manga
Video game bosses
Male characters in anime and manga
Male villains
Fictional male martial artists
ca:Llista de personatges de Bola de Drac#V | [
-0.37069639563560486,
-0.6118830442428589,
-0.053502414375543594,
0.016661103814840317,
-0.4693540036678314,
0.48369577527046204,
-0.09408728033304214,
-0.09446839243173599,
-0.031456466764211655,
-0.26232317090034485,
-0.5942085981369019,
0.4609110653400421,
-0.10940535366535187,
0.009105056524276733,
-0.17466603219509125,
-0.32272616028785706,
0.45667746663093567,
0.2642236053943634,
-0.13920515775680542,
-0.4919865131378174,
-0.36959096789360046,
-0.1371649205684662,
0.579817533493042,
-0.13229085505008698,
0.028895646333694458,
-0.2222389280796051,
0.08321600407361984,
0.8777527213096619,
0.1882646530866623,
0.08961301296949387,
-0.2313224822282791,
0.0894966721534729,
0.5795149803161621,
0.05940749868750572,
-0.6368733644485474,
-0.4799714982509613,
-0.27101001143455505,
-0.007595087867230177,
-0.1452922224998474,
0.05714349448680878,
0.18636997044086456,
0.22902022302150726,
0.2599825859069824,
0.49792009592056274,
-0.07198383659124374,
-0.11337633430957794,
-2.011229991912842,
0.42924264073371887,
-0.39807838201522827,
0.0820009782910347,
-0.47530901432037354,
0.314205139875412,
-0.08880070596933365,
0.36016008257865906,
0.10026413947343826,
0.2026740163564682,
-0.033032651990652084,
0.09061627835035324,
-0.11108829081058502,
-0.32531437277793884,
0.25945600867271423,
-0.2640664875507355,
0.7561426162719727,
0.2195236086845398,
-0.3501153290271759,
0.19500984251499176,
0.629378616809845,
-0.4790102541446686,
0.23839783668518066,
-0.0597909577190876,
0.014991018921136856,
0.13692013919353485,
-0.007731178309768438,
0.09430180490016937,
-0.3261098265647888,
-0.5404682755470276,
0.08610806614160538,
0.13731776177883148,
0.27867138385772705,
0.5491305589675903,
0.03656740114092827,
-0.39632847905158997,
0.21338136494159698,
0.41391846537590027,
-0.40019363164901733,
-0.2985299229621887,
0.0035451240837574005,
-0.19244691729545593,
-0.7494271397590637,
0.23684059083461761,
-0.46739092469215393,
-0.3929826319217682,
0.46939024329185486,
-0.27113157510757446,
-0.41677504777908325,
-0.17931702733039856,
0.13741785287857056,
0.1098455935716629,
0.3728685677051544,
0.04848824441432953,
-0.7734434604644775,
-0.08471988141536713,
-0.42719581723213196,
-0.37448835372924805,
-0.6237578392028809,
0.05534694716334343,
0.34008336067199707,
-0.36297309398651123,
-0.4224946200847626,
-0.056623999029397964,
-0.513396680355072,
0.09706607460975647,
0.00848056748509407,
0.2818325161933899,
0.0586058609187603,
0.13577412068843842,
0.036582861095666885,
0.1933811604976654,
-0.08769114315509796,
0.06579609215259552,
0.18192540109157562,
-0.08934679627418518,
0.8278555870056152,
0.13802672922611237,
0.20651407539844513,
-0.2147534340620041,
-0.042981620877981186,
-0.10932987928390503,
-0.2483094334602356,
-0.2919776439666748,
0.48626142740249634,
0.26569557189941406,
-0.4211837351322174,
0.24552877247333527,
0.23197469115257263,
-0.30918601155281067,
-0.14632821083068848,
-0.033382598310709,
-0.20731966197490692,
0.1752500981092453,
-0.6735016703605652,
0.19553998112678528,
-1.2857621908187866,
0.2258906215429306,
0.06141907721757889,
-0.2344186007976532,
-0.07919462770223618,
-0.5412358641624451,
-0.7453060150146484,
-0.20036916434764862,
-0.3749263286590576,
0.8938769698143005,
-0.20518524944782257,
0.08197080343961716,
0.4005793631076813,
0.4560588598251343,
0.22614145278930664,
0.02947983518242836,
-0.44699370861053467,
-0.5547816157341003,
0.010430841706693172,
-0.20566442608833313,
-0.39094170928001404,
0.4271186590194702,
0.23548786342144012,
-0.7634056806564331,
0.6527439951896667,
0.4338865578174591,
-0.11607664823532104,
-0.08175566047430038,
0.07280272245407104,
-0.08276006579399109,
0.05763419717550278,
0.07328388839960098,
0.04367539659142494,
0.42842957377433777,
0.5685539841651917,
-0.016390319913625717,
0.21728260815143585,
0.05351732671260834,
-0.3979780972003937,
-0.15585771203041077,
0.11931751668453217,
0.11654104292392731,
-0.14572004973888397,
0.44548627734184265,
0.09977134317159653,
-0.07984771579504013,
0.5912200212478638,
-0.04335564002394676,
-0.1421157270669937,
0.13264213502407074,
0.24818405508995056,
-0.17236612737178802,
0.5500868558883667,
0.26602014899253845,
-0.6573383212089539,
0.075509212911129,
0.43909502029418945,
-0.103288933634758,
0.19012829661369324,
-0.34379836916923523,
0.2613637149333954,
0.042539481073617935,
-0.36014053225517273,
-0.0024442458525300026,
-0.09005867689847946,
0.416314959526062,
-0.14423768222332,
0.11514533311128616,
-0.29439225792884827,
0.43076246976852417,
0.2890769839286804,
-0.4031835198402405,
0.15894882380962372,
0.01946847140789032,
-0.9501051902770996,
-0.0906943529844284,
0.0720011293888092,
-0.4309755265712738,
0.2648429870605469,
0.3532414734363556,
-0.28390491008758545,
0.0892665758728981,
0.029283486306667328,
1.1129246950149536,
0.2702774703502655,
0.23437175154685974,
0.27204763889312744,
-0.6948243975639343,
-0.07498394697904587,
-0.031428031623363495,
0.02457251027226448,
0.20984767377376556,
0.2861042320728302,
0.46249377727508545,
1.0340497493743896,
-0.013575127348303795,
0.1927063912153244,
-0.6951976418495178,
0.1045585349202156,
0.08144109696149826,
0.10011474788188934,
0.3809297978878021,
0.11746681481599808,
0.07280782610177994,
-0.10740986466407776,
0.4105152487754822,
-0.6696386337280273,
-0.19490893185138702,
-0.06807102262973785,
0.06569169461727142,
0.18502560257911682,
0.5582223534584045,
0.18039625883102417,
-0.5201323628425598,
-0.19595542550086975,
-0.024584561586380005,
0.2623646557331085,
0.08648528158664703,
-0.48568081855773926,
-0.5039246678352356,
0.011552693322300911,
0.15921682119369507,
0.5597195625305176,
-0.3342323899269104,
0.04786324501037598,
-0.5349337458610535,
0.67985999584198,
0.34072455763816833,
-0.122090645134449,
0.03081330843269825,
-0.2179575264453888,
-0.688752293586731,
-0.6018895506858826,
-0.5135437846183777,
-0.1759776622056961,
-0.035824231803417206,
-0.23833300173282623,
-0.6242753267288208,
0.03252015262842178,
0.2991548180580139,
0.135155588388443,
-0.4901854991912842,
-0.2903343141078949,
-0.2711370289325714,
-0.1770993024110794,
-0.5748634934425354,
0.18004269897937775,
0.024892523884773254,
-0.23690880835056305,
0.437787264585495,
-0.10886477679014206,
0.028591077774763107,
0.04573197662830353,
0.4552367031574249,
-0.31944015622138977,
0.7370635867118835,
-0.12196378409862518,
-0.052044373005628586,
0.31958848237991333,
0.08051779121160507,
0.0619916096329689,
-0.02951912023127079,
0.503247857093811,
0.1580246537923813,
-0.20064455270767212,
0.051086585968732834,
-6.162810325622559,
-0.06981009244918823,
0.15659736096858978,
0.1235172301530838,
-0.12844903767108917,
0.3503206670284271,
0.06569244712591171,
0.06777552515268326,
0.23415571451187134,
-0.4578656852245331,
-0.3744804859161377,
0.4477229714393616,
0.24604837596416473,
0.13058923184871674,
-0.5398181080818176,
0.1603739708662033,
-0.030985796824097633,
-0.3756141662597656,
-0.1430753618478775,
-0.053677503019571304,
-0.09743814170360565,
-0.34379079937934875,
-0.32393747568130493,
0.5264224410057068,
-0.1340944766998291,
-0.08084983378648758,
-0.7884166240692139,
0.08045419305562973,
-0.21113140881061554,
0.0800362378358841,
-0.402145117521286,
-0.5046776533126831,
-0.4827592074871063,
0.04933144152164459,
0.021861335262656212,
0.011286354623734951,
0.38079628348350525,
-0.13383497297763824,
0.45439413189888,
0.35078009963035583,
-0.019372573122382164,
0.2868405878543854,
-0.28404930233955383,
0.014084968715906143,
0.3828454315662384,
-0.13594891130924225,
-0.10949786752462387,
0.04261375963687897,
-0.2780112028121948,
0.26766982674598694,
0.5348824858665466,
0.012149808928370476,
0.5652582049369812,
-0.3184124529361725,
0.6844033002853394,
0.10858923196792603,
-0.09957842528820038,
0.05022691190242767,
-0.22467491030693054,
-0.34686291217803955,
-0.050914205610752106,
-0.2517469823360443,
-0.11622190475463867,
0.061743106693029404,
-0.2848798334598541,
0.04526766389608383,
0.2665744125843048,
0.25454339385032654,
0.2816043496131897,
0.06774667650461197,
-0.11565379798412323,
0.6989842057228088,
0.2512449324131012,
-1.180881142616272,
-0.09100078046321869,
0.21774649620056152,
-0.45642590522766113,
-0.08567970991134644,
-0.5264793634414673,
0.02443142794072628,
-0.39998430013656616,
-0.5287562608718872,
0.21860016882419586,
-0.18973103165626526,
-0.25032714009284973,
-0.326314777135849,
-0.04108956828713417,
-0.3937223255634308,
0.006727826315909624,
0.5906540155410767,
0.5384775996208191,
-0.35667884349823,
0.6083317399024963,
0.09927616268396378,
0.8502146005630493,
0.5823021531105042,
0.46878352761268616,
0.12597286701202393,
0.21257248520851135,
0.13494615256786346,
0.1731141358613968,
0.1858222335577011,
-0.33360999822616577,
0.1871344894170761,
-0.18315072357654572,
-0.1327408254146576,
0.2314545214176178,
0.2722025215625763,
0.7345447540283203,
-0.4286115765571594,
0.1955539733171463,
0.37287473678588867,
-0.3108217120170593,
-0.1089789941906929,
0.9856120944023132,
0.00795650202780962,
-0.08841992914676666,
0.0904143899679184,
0.4901028871536255,
-0.14188072085380554,
-0.3045348823070526,
0.4577575623989105,
-0.5872127413749695,
-0.7446955442428589,
0.2455517202615738,
0.5028215050697327,
-0.6524351835250854,
0.2663414180278778,
0.57561856508255,
0.14473150670528412,
0.032341327518224716,
0.2915278375148773,
0.23710095882415771,
-0.05297733098268509,
0.1513231247663498,
-0.4988354742527008,
-0.38414350152015686,
-0.34320101141929626,
-0.8266282081604004,
-0.23483219742774963,
-0.2335444539785385,
-0.05006425082683563,
0.39304834604263306,
0.06405142694711685,
0.217635840177536,
-0.4782811105251312,
-0.33199793100357056,
-0.2704872190952301,
0.3810300827026367,
0.10206399112939835,
0.5229677557945251,
-0.5186123847961426,
0.8420113325119019,
-0.054940998554229736,
-0.4209479093551636,
-0.3241085410118103,
-0.3005446195602417,
-0.24210293591022491,
0.1031598150730133,
0.1931392401456833,
0.6274690628051758,
-0.9634823799133301,
-0.7830215096473694,
-0.42618581652641296,
-0.18907669186592102,
0.1702950894832611,
0.20108993351459503,
-0.4242704510688782,
-0.13033629953861237,
-0.1605125069618225,
0.3382084369659424,
0.10922787338495255,
0.2470608651638031,
0.3296967148780823,
-0.05501318350434303,
0.2766594886779785,
-0.07300519943237305,
0.09570252150297165,
0.2554805874824524,
0.4770461320877075,
0.09234487265348434,
0.3318420648574829,
0.06226540356874466,
0.12899094820022583,
0.1119341179728508,
-0.17033736407756805,
0.1303042471408844,
-0.15863654017448425,
-0.1523318737745285,
0.5043842792510986,
-0.37208291888237,
0.15964750945568085,
0.09539052098989487,
0.2971300184726715,
-0.2910544276237488,
-0.13303004205226898,
0.15654243528842926,
0.4954646825790405,
-0.4140922427177429,
0.09617956727743149,
-0.23363982141017914,
-0.3554506301879883,
-0.8786427974700928,
-0.46132031083106995,
0.9177640676498413,
-0.2307852804660797,
0.15199816226959229,
-0.46635928750038147,
0.6053642630577087,
-0.4077775478363037,
-0.4507756233215332,
-0.029641231521964073,
0.08318236470222473,
-0.612231433391571,
-0.02574019506573677,
0.24540556967258453,
-0.1800382286310196,
0.2925208508968353,
-0.46494460105895996,
-0.565939724445343,
0.3251646161079407,
-0.12416266649961472,
-0.32566767930984497,
-0.1418757140636444,
0.029313543811440468,
-0.06821979582309723,
0.6880842447280884,
-0.7069538831710815,
0.02304905094206333,
0.3451441824436188,
-0.17572344839572906,
-0.061364270746707916,
-0.09255845844745636,
0.16662602126598358,
-0.16033124923706055,
-0.3467027544975281,
-0.10339316725730896,
0.3618341386318207,
0.1182677149772644,
0.1849101483821869,
0.25072094798088074,
0.1408422589302063,
-0.48063647747039795,
0.6057454943656921,
-0.229191854596138,
0.556108832359314,
-0.15926331281661987,
-0.5400285720825195,
-0.19532792270183563,
0.1784701943397522,
-0.017192766070365906,
0.25077590346336365,
0.09499435126781464,
0.4562905728816986,
0.5094529986381531,
-0.5066953301429749,
0.1612507849931717,
0.1201402023434639,
-0.1503465175628662,
0.15006348490715027,
-0.39859920740127563,
0.3823402225971222,
-0.0829482153058052,
-0.12447940558195114,
-0.03577033057808876,
0.18811781704425812,
-0.3656039834022522,
-0.2947204113006592,
-0.3964298963546753,
-0.15189193189144135,
-0.04282848536968231,
0.261735737323761,
-0.06178797408938408,
0.685875654220581,
0.23974531888961792,
0.07609210163354874,
-0.4548031687736511,
0.2968466877937317,
-0.4490760564804077,
0.23000730574131012,
-0.17685317993164062,
0.007375810295343399,
-0.01382911391556263,
-0.026283562183380127,
-0.19940780103206635,
-0.20832929015159607,
0.46625515818595886,
0.06590335071086884,
0.016725752502679825,
-0.03275752812623978,
0.00030323947430588305,
0.3771747350692749,
-0.08900117129087448,
-0.4436187148094177,
0.27072808146476746,
-0.08916666358709335,
0.21643471717834473,
-0.23411685228347778,
-0.14572612941265106,
-0.01951131410896778,
-0.18740566074848175,
0.013684812001883984,
0.750600278377533,
0.13997317850589752,
-0.2717881500720978,
-0.2729378044605255,
-0.042403869330883026,
0.3544846177101135,
-0.8638278245925903,
0.03952103480696678,
0.33350709080696106,
-0.46813490986824036,
-0.1786872297525406,
0.24249267578125,
-0.19014577567577362,
0.21465113759040833,
0.2961673140525818,
-0.048037342727184296,
-0.26569798588752747,
-0.31136369705200195,
0.4734211564064026,
-0.052941933274269104,
0.060360442847013474,
-0.21178126335144043,
-0.17063432931900024,
-0.2807197570800781,
-0.025006936863064766,
0.2431199997663498,
0.33863458037376404,
0.5022380948066711,
0.9985256195068359,
-0.4510394036769867,
0.22184519469738007,
0.6455678939819336,
0.26150038838386536,
-0.2195330709218979,
0.01783575676381588,
-0.18742190301418304,
0.2693457305431366,
0.2572997510433197,
0.5976287126541138,
0.10698363929986954,
-0.16883188486099243,
0.5532047152519226,
0.2888105511665344,
-0.009873001836240292,
0.36800724267959595,
0.028476515784859657,
-0.281730055809021,
0.408574640750885,
0.4018195569515228,
-0.045143816620111465,
-0.029126886278390884,
0.08818890899419785,
0.06922367960214615,
-0.33332398533821106,
0.0034681223332881927,
-0.2688891887664795,
-0.10804225504398346,
-0.27615541219711304,
0.009088994935154915,
0.0009238446364179254,
0.0687868520617485,
0.057131022214889526,
-0.2759815752506256,
1.0579068660736084,
-0.3562769889831543,
-0.307065486907959,
-0.15410847961902618,
-0.16654768586158752,
-0.39696231484413147,
0.19470691680908203,
-0.04072124883532524,
0.30435577034950256,
-0.2693471312522888,
0.23036888241767883,
0.19967149198055267,
0.3007224202156067,
0.18158230185508728,
-0.07554420083761215,
-0.6997970342636108,
0.20393158495426178,
-0.07306978106498718,
0.22046244144439697,
0.34842929244041443,
-0.1793152540922165,
0.5156007409095764,
0.11757031083106995,
-0.373810738325119,
0.20689792931079865,
-0.3822959363460541,
-0.6200494170188904,
-0.3920254409313202,
0.23282314836978912,
-0.15542612969875336,
0.2675915062427521,
-0.30344364047050476,
0.13751240074634552,
0.5932043790817261,
0.5588794350624084,
0.14212290942668915,
-0.09912504255771637,
0.298939049243927,
0.0324714332818985,
-0.4337354302406311,
0.29128509759902954,
-0.7398443818092346,
-0.6693731546401978,
-0.1415868103504181,
0.2863195538520813,
1.146655797958374,
0.13504326343536377,
-0.16657273471355438,
0.1225191280245781,
0.3392614722251892,
-0.08854366838932037,
0.19431769847869873,
0.2914939820766449,
0.41985610127449036,
-0.3051012456417084,
-0.13959118723869324,
0.24239075183868408,
-0.04528443142771721,
0.1931227594614029,
-0.2519211769104004,
0.06924798339605331,
-0.012489224784076214,
-0.6552735567092896,
-0.0958004742860794,
0.48755261301994324,
0.059043701738119125,
-0.14152038097381592,
-0.4530452787876129,
0.543836236000061,
-0.0369623601436615,
-0.2368960827589035,
0.6821087598800659,
-0.1277293562889099,
-0.15295851230621338,
-0.09529821574687958,
0.024112170562148094,
0.39368125796318054,
-0.16142255067825317,
-0.10311298817396164,
-0.5964059829711914,
0.16124486923217773,
0.3881390392780304,
-0.0576140433549881,
-0.30704501271247864,
-0.11320240795612335,
0.1415618509054184,
0.1986301839351654,
0.43779993057250977,
-0.5046187043190002,
0.11943496763706207,
0.012188199907541275,
0.6548600792884827,
0.32236823439598083,
0.3820282518863678,
0.05484796687960625
] |
247546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persicaria | Persicaria | Persicaria is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species occurring nearly worldwide. The genus was segregated from Polygonum.
Description
The genus includes annual and perennial herbs with taproots or fibrous root systems, or with rhizomes or stolons. The stems are often erect but may be prostrate along the ground, and some species are prickly. The stems are self-supporting or twining and climbing. The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, and variously shaped. The brownish or reddish ochrea may be leathery to papery. The inflorescence may be a panicle or a spikelike or headlike arrangement of fascicles of flowers. The flower is white, greenish, reddish, pink or purple, with the tepals partially fused together along the bases. The fruit is an achene which can take a number of shapes, including a disc or a sphere.
Taxonomy
Within the family Polygonaceae, Persicaria is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae, where the tribe Persicarieae consists of two sister genera, Bistorta and Koenigia, together with Persicaria.
Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted the following 131 species:
Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) M.Gómez
Persicaria akakiensis (Cufod.) Soják
Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre – amphibious bistort, water smartweed
Persicaria angustifolia (Pall.) Ronse Decr.
Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson – halberd-leaf tearthumb
Persicaria assamica (Meisn.) Soják
Persicaria attenuata (R.Br.) Soják
Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara
Persicaria biconvexa (Hayata) Nemoto
Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl. – pink smartweed
Persicaria breviochreata (Makino) Ohki
Persicaria bungeana (Turcz.) Nakai – prickly smartweed
Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross – pink-head knotweed
Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene – Carey's smartweed
Persicaria cespitosa (Blume) Nakai
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross – Chinese knotweed
Persicaria debilis (Meisn.) H.Gross ex W.Lee
Persicaria decipiens (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson – slender knotweed, willow-weed
Persicaria dichotoma (Blume) Masam.
Persicaria dissitiflora (Hemsl.) H.Gross ex T.Mori
Persicaria eciliata M.A.Hassan
Persicaria extremiorientalis (Vorosch.) Tzvelev
Persicaria ferruginea (Wedd.) Soják
Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai
Persicaria foliosa (H.Lindb.) Kitag.
Persicaria galapagensis (Caruel) Galasso
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez' – smooth smartweed
Persicaria glacialis (Meisn.) H.Hara
Persicaria glandulopilosa (De Wild.) Soják
Persicaria glomerata (Dammer) S.Ortiz & Paiva
Persicaria hastatosagittata (Makino) Nakai
Persicaria hirsuta (Walter) Small – hairy smartweed
Persicaria hispida (Kunth) M.Gómez
Persicaria humilis (Meisn.) H.Hara
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre – water-pepper, marsh-pepper smartweed
Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small – swamp smartweed, mild water-pepper
Persicaria hystricula (J.Schust.) Soják
Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) Nakai
Persicaria kawagoeana (Makino) Nakai
Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Soják
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre – pale persicaria
Persicaria laxmannii (Lepech.) H.Gross
Persicaria limbata (Meisn.) H.Hara
Persicaria longiseta (Bruyn) Kitag. – bristly lady's thumb
Persicaria maackiana (Regel) Nakai
Persicaria macrantha (Meisn.) Haraldson
Persicaria maculosa Gray – Jesusplant, spotted lady's thumb, redshank
Persicaria madagascariensis (Meisn.) S.Ortiz & Paiva
Persicaria malaica (Danser) Galasso
Persicaria meisneriana (Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Gómez – Mexican tearthumb
Persicaria microcephala (D.Don) H.Gross
Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz – small water-pepper
Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Assenov
Persicaria muricata (Meisn.) Nemoto
Persicaria neofiliformis (Nakai) Ohki
Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe) – Nepal knotweed
Persicaria nogueirae S.Ortiz & Paiva
Persicaria obtusifolia (Täckh. & Boulos) Greuter & Burdet
Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják – Vietnamese coriander
Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach – kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, prince's feather, princess-feather
Persicaria palmata (Dunn) Yonek. & H.Ohashi
Persicaria paraguayensis (Wedd.) S.T.Kim & Donoghue
Persicaria peduncularis (Wall. ex Meisn.) Nemoto
Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gómez) – Pennsylvania smartweed
Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross
Persicaria poiretii (Meisn.) K.L.Wilson
Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
Persicaria praetermissa (Hook.f.) H.Hara
Persicaria prostrata (R.Br.) Soják - Creeping Knotweed
Persicaria pubescens (Blume) H.Hara
Persicaria pulchra (Blume) Soják
Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small – dotted knotweed
Persicaria puritanorum (Fernald) Soják
Persicaria robustior (Small) E.P.Bicknell – stout smartweed
Persicaria roseoviridis Kitag.
Persicaria rubricaulis (Cham.) Galasso
Persicaria rudis (Meisn.) H.Gross
Persicaria runcinata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross – American tearthumb, arrowleaf tearthumb, arrowvine
Persicaria segetum (Kunth) Small
Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják
Persicaria senticosa (Meisn.) H.Gross
Persicaria setacea (Baldwin) Small – bog smartweed
Persicaria setosula (A.Rich.) K.L.Wilson
Persicaria sinica Migo
Persicaria sinuata (Royle ex Bab.) H.Gross
Persicaria stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) M.A.Hassan
Persicaria stelligera (Cham.) Galasso
Persicaria strigosa (R.Br.) Nakai – spotted knotweed
Persicaria subsessilis (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson
Persicaria sungareensis Kitag.
Persicaria taquetii (H.Lév.) Koidz.
Persicaria tenella (Blume) H.Hara
Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross
Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton) Spach – Chinese indigo, polygonum-indigo
Persicaria trigonocarpa (Makino) Nakai
Persicaria truellum (Koidz.) Honda
Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. – jumpseed
Persicaria viscofera (Makino) H.Gross
Persicaria viscosa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross ex T.Mori
Persicaria wellensii (De Wild.) Soják
Notes
References
Bibliography
Polygonaceae genera
Taxa named by Philip Miller | [
-0.6539515852928162,
-0.09059154987335205,
-0.06790241599082947,
0.1616632342338562,
-0.047395020723342896,
0.5874466896057129,
0.5657689571380615,
0.29791009426116943,
-0.12244672328233719,
0.5381033420562744,
-0.03773569315671921,
-0.37720349431037903,
-0.7061178088188171,
0.5174663662910461,
0.08252056688070297,
0.10241833329200745,
0.10476239025592804,
0.8331503868103027,
0.06024890020489693,
-0.34969690442085266,
-0.40597864985466003,
-0.48788008093833923,
0.6198675632476807,
-0.39418935775756836,
0.5195988416671753,
-0.3061084449291229,
-0.020242460072040558,
-0.0024678148329257965,
0.6517372727394104,
-0.36519622802734375,
-0.5623059868812561,
0.4035837948322296,
0.3799372911453247,
-0.3599899113178253,
0.4508480131626129,
0.509010374546051,
-0.16410699486732483,
-0.6240861415863037,
-0.18667714297771454,
-0.24756093323230743,
0.14906519651412964,
0.14524942636489868,
0.43966227769851685,
0.10317005217075348,
0.17150872945785522,
-0.47406741976737976,
-1.2826441526412964,
0.3075650632381439,
-1.093530297279358,
0.47986286878585815,
-0.36924707889556885,
0.17988891899585724,
0.899188220500946,
0.027141842991113663,
0.19706279039382935,
0.7018044590950012,
-1.0081965923309326,
0.1421254724264145,
0.2187495231628418,
-0.4106324017047882,
-1.2247505187988281,
0.2176692634820938,
0.12849098443984985,
-0.22171595692634583,
1.0515202283859253,
0.14848342537879944,
0.11131995171308517,
0.3802816867828369,
-0.8654720187187195,
-0.13291622698307037,
-0.20494559407234192,
-0.4016030430793762,
0.05232367292046547,
0.658837616443634,
0.3111061155796051,
-0.3099476099014282,
-0.12077949941158295,
-0.029865320771932602,
0.10103463381528854,
0.38581082224845886,
-0.13853968679904938,
0.2804410755634308,
0.8830569982528687,
-0.18170331418514252,
0.516639769077301,
0.09196380525827408,
-1.1210092306137085,
0.5569448471069336,
-0.5488798022270203,
0.24687087535858154,
-0.6156378388404846,
-0.037525299936532974,
0.2173382192850113,
0.4403406083583832,
0.4552442729473114,
0.4089304208755493,
-0.4968947172164917,
0.12469326704740524,
0.1207708865404129,
0.5210175514221191,
-0.08963216096162796,
0.8854012489318848,
0.22514313459396362,
0.012250161729753017,
-0.2544492781162262,
0.1225040927529335,
-0.31422513723373413,
-0.374446302652359,
0.03144940733909607,
0.10026068985462189,
-0.18673165142536163,
0.5381702780723572,
0.14558929204940796,
-0.22106865048408508,
-0.19312746822834015,
1.381856918334961,
0.3190419375896454,
-0.23859870433807373,
-0.7630811333656311,
-0.135283961892128,
0.3544512987136841,
0.06669848412275314,
0.15578918159008026,
-0.36580756306648254,
-0.814579963684082,
0.24278903007507324,
-0.0675443559885025,
0.7430822849273682,
-0.6685692667961121,
1.0496551990509033,
0.15699920058250427,
0.6939084529876709,
-0.5564203858375549,
-0.23193740844726562,
-0.02315301075577736,
-0.28119003772735596,
0.12467121332883835,
0.7013979554176331,
0.4175209403038025,
0.7018404006958008,
-0.7709531188011169,
0.2559583783149719,
-0.4843602776527405,
-0.16497302055358887,
-0.1717049926519394,
0.11235380172729492,
-0.7416199445724487,
-0.6137222051620483,
0.06762244552373886,
-0.5719251036643982,
0.371874064207077,
0.23550081253051758,
-0.10815585404634476,
-0.48015227913856506,
-0.541124701499939,
0.005858711898326874,
0.5021577477455139,
-0.1482764631509781,
0.29978877305984497,
-0.04093240946531296,
-0.6000441908836365,
-0.3978901505470276,
-0.48610323667526245,
-0.10223459452390671,
0.04486481845378876,
0.1102757528424263,
0.4625262916088104,
-0.07442538440227509,
0.560577929019928,
1.1985396146774292,
-0.6767038106918335,
-0.21711377799510956,
0.09888118505477905,
-0.27803072333335876,
0.0987030640244484,
-0.33580756187438965,
0.272661954164505,
0.025081299245357513,
0.05579940974712372,
-0.38305115699768066,
-0.79244065284729,
0.9503441452980042,
0.22399723529815674,
-0.3572476804256439,
-0.0026908654253929853,
-0.03831944242119789,
0.7276181578636169,
0.27319803833961487,
0.16529406607151031,
-0.231082022190094,
-0.4474720060825348,
-0.5862706899642944,
0.08056256920099258,
0.12286020070314407,
0.8091185688972473,
0.6133335828781128,
-0.13540929555892944,
-0.37925127148628235,
-0.3092416524887085,
-0.48903173208236694,
-0.43064820766448975,
0.2348487675189972,
0.09974630922079086,
-0.801307201385498,
-0.8033230900764465,
0.28765127062797546,
0.30441102385520935,
-0.3068733215332031,
0.8180767297744751,
0.22407293319702148,
-0.09609702974557877,
-0.9942570924758911,
0.5761813521385193,
-0.396750271320343,
-0.013500850647687912,
-0.4406786561012268,
-0.5782108306884766,
0.315593421459198,
0.21128468215465546,
-0.01960114948451519,
0.8891373872756958,
-0.22367247939109802,
0.07268811762332916,
0.9377993941307068,
-0.3882339298725128,
0.46573713421821594,
0.8540540933609009,
0.0018854420632123947,
0.722141683101654,
-0.09713423997163773,
0.03218850493431091,
-0.06990561634302139,
0.23839545249938965,
-0.7120068073272705,
-0.29197579622268677,
0.3740336298942566,
0.09756574034690857,
-0.8496534824371338,
0.326189249753952,
0.0018199699698016047,
-0.1574418544769287,
0.9167243838310242,
-0.9470332860946655,
-0.018592726439237595,
0.7147131562232971,
-0.18506862223148346,
-0.2614578306674957,
-0.15704606473445892,
0.5359680652618408,
-0.09855617582798004,
0.05751531943678856,
0.5425768494606018,
0.5623283386230469,
-0.548068106174469,
-0.26427024602890015,
0.2613518238067627,
0.17316675186157227,
0.4587940275669098,
0.6059042811393738,
-0.019970498979091644,
-0.41180017590522766,
0.19254015386104584,
-0.06058235093951225,
0.25576114654541016,
0.32042863965034485,
0.04605517163872719,
0.08500677347183228,
-0.3060220777988434,
0.35073041915893555,
-0.2840968370437622,
0.7120596766471863,
-0.5300809741020203,
-1.2838948965072632,
-0.006814191117882729,
-0.43442797660827637,
-0.14944280683994293,
-0.7982239127159119,
-0.39533522725105286,
-1.0128223896026611,
-0.408904105424881,
0.183930441737175,
0.7739156484603882,
-0.007325320970267057,
-0.3981477618217468,
0.10576444119215012,
-0.13342484831809998,
0.6369236707687378,
-0.1692562997341156,
0.04799439385533333,
-0.8617019653320312,
-0.36602479219436646,
0.46509212255477905,
-0.8884498476982117,
0.9682891964912415,
-0.20742236077785492,
0.13151314854621887,
-0.20274783670902252,
0.4603678584098816,
0.71803218126297,
-0.6119270324707031,
-0.803723931312561,
-0.2015242576599121,
-0.48311328887939453,
-0.13621342182159424,
-0.7917231917381287,
0.33151039481163025,
0.42653730511665344,
-0.41007286310195923,
-4.978217124938965,
-0.2707729935646057,
-0.34904560446739197,
0.4259156286716461,
0.4985826015472412,
0.14770148694515228,
0.08755597472190857,
-0.2341092824935913,
-0.5455925464630127,
-0.03292812034487724,
-0.05973508954048157,
0.29142847657203674,
0.13096724450588226,
0.18098394572734833,
0.5434715151786804,
0.7378942966461182,
-0.14364615082740784,
-0.29819419980049133,
0.14567190408706665,
-0.5802826285362244,
0.07977370172739029,
-0.06630212813615799,
0.4316522479057312,
0.26057788729667664,
-0.49988648295402527,
0.515103280544281,
-0.014373608864843845,
0.05222334712743759,
-0.48972925543785095,
-0.02422923967242241,
-0.34287288784980774,
-0.3234899342060089,
-0.0279009360820055,
-0.4286564886569977,
-0.4020766317844391,
0.007722796872258186,
0.12133108079433441,
-0.7794606685638428,
-0.4309462308883667,
-0.4217677712440491,
-0.5461529493331909,
-0.5058428049087524,
0.5849522352218628,
0.09418057650327682,
0.5332421064376831,
-0.022262876853346825,
-0.8026913404464722,
-0.7777859568595886,
0.10879483819007874,
1.3020045757293701,
0.1355585902929306,
0.19259876012802124,
0.8227513432502747,
0.03220067918300629,
-0.23306742310523987,
0.2446044236421585,
0.8101094961166382,
-0.21018949151039124,
-0.4290560483932495,
0.7410379648208618,
0.8397510051727295,
0.1772543340921402,
0.14590658247470856,
-0.5097706913948059,
-0.2699308693408966,
-0.08990053087472916,
-0.08028935641050339,
0.540821373462677,
0.5318264365196228,
-0.5383282899856567,
-0.13829338550567627,
0.5205692052841187,
-0.2367115169763565,
-0.8864409923553467,
-0.3427181839942932,
-0.49292314052581787,
-0.3976241648197174,
0.06469529122114182,
-0.5053709745407104,
0.34090718626976013,
0.3461966812610626,
0.04985065385699272,
-0.1801568567752838,
0.0016994636971503496,
0.10422985255718231,
-0.8265916109085083,
-0.20559248328208923,
0.1588262915611267,
-0.7847981452941895,
-0.17933912575244904,
-0.048866938799619675,
-0.30377545952796936,
0.3294178247451782,
0.24581263959407806,
0.15419039130210876,
0.13755878806114197,
0.5854086875915527,
0.8292851448059082,
0.3327561914920807,
-0.6841543912887573,
0.34398895502090454,
-0.20178021490573883,
-0.06714316457509995,
-0.2953794598579407,
0.152218759059906,
-0.6806538105010986,
-0.3404676616191864,
0.6503079533576965,
0.3246587812900543,
-0.28026169538497925,
1.2234251499176025,
0.07856743037700653,
-0.595906138420105,
-0.917234480381012,
0.4043451249599457,
0.0735282152891159,
-0.38198819756507874,
0.22201302647590637,
1.1020811796188354,
-0.21511279046535492,
0.03700002282857895,
0.17772366106510162,
0.4060960114002228,
-0.029287341982126236,
0.1370634287595749,
0.0002275138394907117,
-0.009690672159194946,
0.06295985728502274,
-0.2803601622581482,
-0.1760856807231903,
0.00822092592716217,
0.109713114798069,
-0.6696434617042542,
0.02744513377547264,
-0.27505171298980713,
-0.6126510500907898,
-0.464604914188385,
0.5753405690193176,
-0.07557475566864014,
0.29581353068351746,
-0.14480136334896088,
-0.3912118375301361,
-0.44201764464378357,
-0.022105427458882332,
-0.03943466395139694,
0.3729189336299896,
-0.4829937815666199,
0.008899157866835594,
-0.3149378001689911,
0.7703498601913452,
0.5656744241714478,
-0.9036041498184204,
0.916624128818512,
-1.586298942565918,
0.4802699685096741,
0.0052331886254251,
-0.17913538217544556,
0.2066947966814041,
0.3995872437953949,
-0.9592610001564026,
0.048455316573381424,
0.04117019847035408,
-0.9044651985168457,
-0.41627487540245056,
-0.8723994493484497,
-0.033212997019290924,
0.07451051473617554,
-0.39822444319725037,
-0.5031265020370483,
0.59605473279953,
0.0023896198254078627,
-0.17525652050971985,
-0.5344470143318176,
-0.6406965255737305,
0.24741099774837494,
-0.002074164105579257,
-0.531355082988739,
0.21806004643440247,
0.49111589789390564,
-0.6951422691345215,
-0.5355391502380371,
-0.028950633481144905,
0.04623057693243027,
0.040741462260484695,
0.7550334334373474,
-1.048166036605835,
-0.016024824231863022,
-0.8814229369163513,
-1.2454802989959717,
-0.08024293184280396,
-0.5702709555625916,
0.5434386134147644,
0.5165991187095642,
0.006771842949092388,
-0.49218618869781494,
-0.3047187626361847,
-0.11537088453769684,
0.6129454970359802,
-0.35495510697364807,
-1.0354450941085815,
-0.020024701952934265,
-0.24078956246376038,
-0.31098121404647827,
0.47547557950019836,
0.30159997940063477,
-0.6191118359565735,
0.14039960503578186,
0.6089815497398376,
-0.5708470940589905,
0.28754952549934387,
0.15112602710723877,
-0.5406171679496765,
-0.2878132462501526,
0.3417993485927582,
-0.38377952575683594,
0.3893754780292511,
0.13847002387046814,
0.1913435161113739,
-0.821419358253479,
0.2910747230052948,
-0.3087032735347748,
0.07469338923692703,
0.055460792034864426,
-0.8072057962417603,
-0.15050844848155975,
0.12664856016635895,
0.3838798403739929,
0.442640095949173,
0.7436537742614746,
-0.262091726064682,
0.10323355346918106,
-0.7310401201248169,
0.6967354416847229,
-0.5756275653839111,
0.33557331562042236,
0.35135895013809204,
-0.008287789300084114,
0.42444437742233276,
0.3701305687427521,
0.8409145474433899,
0.33804067969322205,
0.8627600073814392,
-0.059541866183280945,
-0.1405172199010849,
0.24951763451099396,
0.2784518003463745,
0.4459778666496277,
-0.2985617518424988,
-0.670617401599884,
0.1288236379623413,
1.02528715133667,
0.13818638026714325,
-0.556418776512146,
0.5615338683128357,
1.4876867532730103,
-0.702854573726654,
0.1247883066534996,
0.21515704691410065,
0.08777091652154922,
-0.3463502526283264,
0.04078452289104462,
0.13951821625232697,
-0.08653241395950317,
0.9419939517974854,
-0.03801087662577629,
-0.5916919708251953,
-0.22501428425312042,
-0.2852153778076172,
0.5802015066146851,
-0.5782998204231262,
0.2578832805156708,
0.12407086789608002,
-0.026969021186232567,
0.2066287249326706,
-0.671345055103302,
0.8358477354049683,
0.3912203311920166,
-0.8765636086463928,
0.07408522069454193,
-0.13306240737438202,
-1.1106854677200317,
-0.028878383338451385,
-0.029836101457476616,
0.06639795750379562,
0.16477900743484497,
0.0061775194481015205,
-0.5384697914123535,
-0.2331148087978363,
-0.0410468690097332,
0.24393774569034576,
-0.3718639314174652,
0.28266483545303345,
-0.044890452176332474,
0.09170866757631302,
0.28024056553840637,
0.2842704951763153,
0.2113514244556427,
0.08896858245134354,
-0.46460458636283875,
-0.1595102846622467,
-1.0086199045181274,
0.6622874140739441,
0.3155435025691986,
-0.5113269090652466,
-0.1951150894165039,
0.42271220684051514,
0.3437656760215759,
0.12138878554105759,
-0.3685554265975952,
-0.5134267210960388,
0.3916052281856537,
-0.08122424781322479,
0.3391805589199066,
0.4384768009185791,
-0.23022523522377014,
-0.06726377457380295,
0.3849949240684509,
-0.5855720043182373,
-0.04723263159394264,
0.8998385071754456,
0.6242400407791138,
0.24519923329353333,
0.28201642632484436,
-0.0956316739320755,
0.07651548832654953,
0.4897960126399994,
-0.6788135766983032,
-0.4638836681842804,
0.3925827145576477,
0.16991467773914337,
0.4481982886791229,
0.2686997354030609,
-0.6528146266937256,
0.7340826988220215,
0.5785831212997437,
-0.46526429057121277,
0.3482012152671814,
-0.23616713285446167,
-0.0976540595293045,
0.8703728914260864,
0.27717941999435425,
0.2946838140487671,
0.8997963070869446,
-0.14100922644138336,
0.19053851068019867,
0.39630356431007385,
0.10262790322303772,
0.0015875771641731262,
-0.0230614822357893,
0.058202534914016724,
0.29758548736572266,
0.12366855889558792,
-0.007294759154319763,
-0.5436150431632996,
-0.023829352110624313,
-0.14304228127002716,
-0.013350637629628181,
-0.2072834074497223,
-0.3122715353965759,
0.08980870991945267,
0.1616029441356659,
-0.2724110186100006,
-0.4761641025543213,
0.8526801466941833,
-0.6684097647666931,
-0.22779041528701782,
0.0509607158601284,
0.0690469890832901,
-0.5193110704421997,
0.4384109079837799,
0.6118908524513245,
0.04736011475324631,
-0.4294930398464203,
0.2918664813041687,
0.5651811361312866,
0.19007569551467896,
0.004368842579424381,
0.4701792597770691,
0.03315373510122299,
0.496189147233963,
-0.4978196918964386,
0.8437972664833069,
0.3141394555568695,
-0.24626518785953522,
-0.08889228105545044,
-0.3632935583591461,
0.09458611160516739,
-0.4352940320968628,
0.023769663646817207,
0.4087807834148407,
0.314921110868454,
-0.38907113671302795,
-0.32543525099754333,
0.06603016704320908,
-0.31332436203956604,
0.06658847630023956,
-0.188718780875206,
0.9320281744003296,
-0.12719352543354034,
-0.6713886260986328,
-0.12846346199512482,
-0.04979850351810455,
-0.12360462546348572,
0.3506029546260834,
-0.06228259205818176,
0.41709572076797485,
-0.2408924102783203,
0.06512369960546494,
-0.2915707230567932,
0.36601993441581726,
0.36549872159957886,
0.9333226680755615,
0.18130294978618622,
0.3018971085548401,
-0.3775129020214081,
0.7957990765571594,
0.26417890191078186,
-0.06237044930458069,
-0.7866058349609375,
-0.26302370429039,
0.298909991979599,
-0.10959109663963318,
-0.05179787054657936,
0.5300031900405884,
-0.4720571041107178,
-0.06491722911596298,
0.2294054627418518,
0.641997754573822,
-0.014616895467042923,
-0.2915246784687042,
0.3142921030521393,
0.4233703017234802,
-0.5225376486778259,
0.14657384157180786,
-0.38979995250701904,
0.05399487540125847,
0.10080870985984802,
0.6419897079467773,
-0.23890268802642822,
-0.5630919337272644,
0.23821908235549927,
-0.300687313079834,
0.017795072868466377,
-0.7049612998962402,
0.40419840812683105,
0.3592706620693207,
-0.5201302766799927,
-0.42216217517852783,
-0.47160816192626953,
-0.2624877393245697,
-0.06390964239835739,
-0.21527519822120667,
0.4792335331439972,
-0.35383284091949463,
-0.2942531108856201,
0.15697535872459412,
-0.4750424921512604,
-0.6382637023925781,
0.18855318427085876,
0.181348979473114
] |
247552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Hermes%20%2895%29 | HMS Hermes (95) | HMS Hermes was a British aircraft carrier built for the Royal Navy and was the world's first ship to be designed as an aircraft carrier, although the Imperial Japanese Navy's was the first to be launched and commissioned. The ship's construction began during the First World War but not completed until after the end of the war, delayed by multiple changes in her design after she was laid down. After she was launched, the Armstrong Whitworth shipyard which built her closed, and her fitting out was suspended. Most of the changes made were to optimise her design, in light of the results of experiments with operational carriers.
Finally commissioned in 1924, Hermes served briefly with the Atlantic Fleet before spending the bulk of her career assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet and the China Station. In the Mediterranean, she worked with other carriers developing multi-carrier tactics. While showing the flag at the China Station, she helped to suppress piracy in Chinese waters. Hermes returned home in 1937 and was placed in reserve before becoming a training ship in 1938.
When the Second World War began in September 1939, the ship was briefly assigned to the Home Fleet and conducted anti-submarine patrols in the Western Approaches. She was transferred to Dakar in October to cooperate with the French Navy in hunting down German commerce raiders and blockade runners. Aside from a brief refit, Hermes remained there until the fall of France and the establishment of Vichy France at the end of June 1940. Supported by several cruisers, the ship then blockaded Dakar and attempted to sink the by exploding depth charges underneath her stern, as well as sending Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers to attack her at night. While returning from this mission, Hermes rammed a British armed merchant cruiser in a storm and required several months of repairs in South Africa, then resumed patrolling for Axis shipping in the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.
In February 1941, the ship supported Commonwealth forces in Italian Somaliland during the East African Campaign and did much the same two months later in the Persian Gulf during the Anglo-Iraqi War. After that campaign, Hermes spent most of the rest of the year patrolling the Indian Ocean. She was refitted in South Africa between November 1941 and February 1942 and then joined the Eastern Fleet at Ceylon.
Hermes was berthed in Trincomalee on 8 April when a warning of an Indian Ocean raid by the Japanese fleet was received, and she sailed that day for the Maldives with no aircraft on board. On 9 April a Japanese scout plane spotted her near Batticaloa, and she was attacked by several dozen dive bombers shortly afterwards. With no air cover, the carrier was quickly sunk by the Japanese aircraft. Most of the survivors were rescued by a nearby hospital ship, although 307 men from Hermes were lost in the sinking.
Development
Like Hōshō, Hermes was based on a cruiser-type hull and she was initially designed to carry both wheeled aircraft and seaplanes. The ship's design was derived from a 1916 seaplane carrier design by Gerard Holmes and Sir John Biles, but was considerably enlarged by Sir Eustace d'Eyncourt, the Director of Naval Construction (DNC), in his April 1917 sketch design. Her most notable feature was the seaplane slipway that comprised three sections. The seaplanes would taxi onto the rigid submerged portion aft and dock with a trolley that would carry the aircraft into the hangar. A flexible submerged portion separated the rear section from the rigid forward portion of the slipway to prevent the submerged part from rolling with the ship's motion. The entire slipway could be retracted into the ship, and a gantry crane ran the length of the slipway to help recover the seaplanes. The design showed two islands with the full-length flight deck running between them. Each island contained one funnel; a large net could be strung between them to stop out-of-control aircraft. Aircraft were transported between the hangar and the flight deck by two aircraft lifts (elevators); the forward lift measured and the rear . This design displaced and accommodated six large Short Type 184 seaplanes and six smaller Sopwith Baby seaplanes. The ship's armament consisted of six guns.
The DNC produced a detailed design in January 1918 that made some changes to his original sketch, including the addition of a rotating bow catapult to allow the ship to launch aircraft regardless of wind direction, and the ship was laid down that month to the revised design. Progress was slow, as most of the resources of the shipyard were being used to finish the conversion of from a battleship to an aircraft carrier. The leisurely pace of construction allowed for more time with which to rework the ship's design. By mid-June the slipway had been deleted from the design and the ship's armament had been revised to consist of eleven guns and only a single anti-aircraft gun. By this time, the uncertainty about the best configuration for an aircraft carrier had increased to the point that the Admiralty forbade the builder from working above the hangar deck without express permission. Later that year the ship's design was revised again to incorporate a single island, her lifts were changed to a uniform size of , and her armament was altered to ten 6-inch guns and four 4-inch anti-aircraft guns. These changes increased her displacement to .
Construction was suspended after Hermes was launched in September 1919 as the Admiralty awaited the results of flight trials with Eagle and . Her design was modified in March 1920 with an island superstructure and funnel to starboard, and the forward catapult was removed. The logic behind placing the island to starboard was that pilots generally preferred to turn to port when recovering from an aborted landing. A prominent tripod mast was added to house the fire-control systems for her guns.
The last revisions were made to the ship's design in May 1921, after the trials with Argus and Eagle. The lifts were moved further apart to allow for more space for the arresting gear and they were enlarged to allow the wings of her aircraft to be spread in the hangar. Her anti-ship armament was reduced to six guns and her flight deck was faired into the bow.
Description
Hermes had an overall length of , a beam of , and a draught of at deep load. She displaced at standard load. Each of the ship's two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines drove one propeller shaft at a speed of . Steam was supplied by six Yarrow boilers operating at a pressure of . The turbines were designed for a total of , but they produced during her sea trials, giving Hermes a speed of . The ship carried of fuel oil which gave her a range of at .
The ship's flight deck was long and her lifts' dimensions were . Her hangar was long, wide and high. Hermes was fitted with longitudinal arresting gear. A large crane was positioned behind the island. Because of her size, the ship was able to carry only about 20 aircraft. Bulk petrol storage consisted of . The ship's crew totalled 33 officers and 533 men, exclusive of the air group, in 1939.
For self-defence against enemy warships, Hermes had six BL 5.5-inch Mk I guns, three on each side of the ship. All three of her QF Mk V 4-inch anti-aircraft guns were positioned on the flight deck. The ship's waterline belt armour was thick and her flight deck, which was also the ship's strength deck, was thick. Hermes had a metacentric height of and handled well in heavy weather. However, she had quite a large surface area exposed to the wind and required as much as 25 to 30 degrees of weather helm at low speed when the wind was blowing from the side.
Service
Hermes was laid down by Sir W. G. Armstrong-Whitworth and Company at Walker on the River Tyne on 15 January 1918 as the world's first purpose-designed aircraft carrier, and was launched on 11 September 1919. She was christened by Mrs. A. Cooper, daughter of the First Lord of the Admiralty, Walter Long. The shipyard was scheduled to close at the end of 1919 and the Admiralty ordered the ship towed to Devonport, where she arrived in January 1920 for completion.
1920s
Captain Arthur Stopford was appointed as the ship's commanding officer in February 1923 and the ship began her sea trials in August. After fitting-out, Hermes was commissioned on 19 February 1924 and later assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. She conducted flying trials with the Fairey IIID reconnaissance biplanes for the next several months. Hermes participated in the fleet review conducted by King George V on 26 July in Spithead. Afterwards she was refitted until November and then transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet. She arrived at Malta on 22 November and needed some repairs to fix storm damage suffered en route. At this time the ship embarked No. 403 Flight with Fairey Flycatcher fighters and 441 Flight with Fairey IIIDs. Hermes conducted flying exercises with Eagle and the rest of the Mediterranean Fleet in early 1925 before she began a seven-week refit in Malta on 27 March, then sailed for Portsmouth where she arrived on 29 May after her aircraft had flown ashore.
Hermes sailed for the China Station on 17 June with 403 and 441 Flights aboard, but made a lengthy pause en route in the Mediterranean during which Captain Stopford was replaced by Captain C. P. Talbot. She arrived at Hong Kong on 10 August 1925. The ship made her first foreign port visit to Amoy in November. Hermes returned to the Mediterranean in early 1926 and was refitted at Malta between April and June. 441 Flight was transferred to Eagle at this time in exchange for 440 Flight which flew aboard in September. 442 Flight also joined the ship at this time; both flights were equipped with Fairey IIIs. The ship exercised with the Mediterranean Fleet after her refit was completed and Captain R. Elliot relieved Captain Talbot on 14 August. Hermes returned to Hong Kong on 11 October and conducted routine training until she sailed to the naval base at Wei Hai Wei on 27 July 1927 to escape the summer heat. The ship rendezvoused in September with Argus, which was to replace her on the China Station. Before she departed the area, however, both ships attacked the pirate base at Bias Bay and their fleet of junks and sampans. Hermes reached the United Kingdom on 26 October and began a refit at Chatham Dockyard at the beginning of November. One of her 4-inch guns was removed at this time. Sometime after this refit, the ship was provided with two single 2-pounder "pom-pom" AA guns.
Captain Eliot was relieved by Captain G. Hopwood on 2 December and the ship sailed for the China Station on 21 January 1928. The Fairey IIIDs of 440 Flight had been replaced by IIIFs, and the ship kept the same three flights for this deployment. En route to Hong Kong, Hermes stopped at Bangkok, Siam, in March for four days and was inspected by King Rama VII. She reached Hong Kong on 18 March, relieving Argus. The ship spent a month in the port of Chefoo in May and then the following three weeks in Wei Hai Wei. While visiting Chinwangtao in July, one of her Fairey IIIF seaplanes made a forced landing outside the port; the rescued the pilot and towed the aircraft back to the carrier. During the rest of the year, the ship visited Shanghai, Manila, as well as Kudat and Jesselton in Borneo. She began a refit in Hong Kong in January 1929 and Captain J. D. Campbell assumed command on 28 March. After refit was completed in April, Hermes conducted flying training before sailing up the Yangtze River to visit Nanking the following month. Afterwards she spent the next four months at Wei Hei Wei. She made visits to Tsingtao and Japan before returning to Hong Kong on 29 October where she remained for the rest of the year.
1930s
On 28 January 1930, Hermes transported the British Minister to China, Sir Miles Lampson, to Nanking for talks with the Chinese Government over the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and she remained there until she sailed downriver to Shanghai on 2 March. By the end of the month, the carrier was back in Hong Kong and remained there until June when she returned to Wei Hai Wei for her annual summer visit. The ship briefly returned to Hong Kong before departing for Great Britain on 7 August. Hermes reached Portsmouth on 23 September, but remained there only six days before transferring to Sheerness. Captain E. J. G. MacKinnon relieved Captain Campbell there on 2 October. She was given a brief refit at Chatham Dockyard before sailing for the China Station. The ship had aboard only 403 and 440 Flights on this deployment and transported six Blackburn Ripons to deliver to Malta and HMS Eagle. Hermes departed Portsmouth on 12 November and reached Hong Kong on 2 January 1931. En route to her summer refuge at Wei Hai Wei, the ship received a report on 9 June that the submarine had been sunk there while on exercise. Captain MacKinnon took command of the rescue effort when Hermes arrived at the accident site an hour afterwards. Eight of the submarine's crewmen managed to escape through the forward torpedo hatch, but only six of those reached the surface where they were picked up and treated in Hermess sickbay; two of those six subsequently died.
The ship remained at Wei Hai Wei until the end of August when she sailed up the Yangtze River for Hankow. She reached the inland port on 5 September and dispatched armed guards to put down unrest on several British-owned merchant ships. Her primary purpose, though, was to aid the Chinese government's survey of the massive flooding in the area. Charles Lindbergh and his wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, were also in the city to survey the flooding with their Lockheed Sirius float-plane and they were invited to use the carrier as their base. Unfortunately, their aircraft was flipped on the morning of 2 October by a strong current as it was being hoisted back into the water by Hermess crane. They were quickly rescued by a boat from the carrier, but their aircraft was damaged. Captain MacKinnon offered to take them and their aircraft to Shanghai where it could be repaired and the ship departed the next day. She remained in Shanghai until 2 November, when she sailed for Hong Kong. Hermes received a distress message on 3 November from a Japanese merchantman, SS Ryinjin Maru, that had run aground on the Tan Rocks near the Chinese mainland at the mouth of the Taiwan Strait. The ship managed to rescue nine crew members before she was relieved by the and could proceed to Hong Kong. She reached the city on 7 November and remained in the area until April 1932.
Captain MacKinnon took sick the next month and he was relieved by Captain W. B. Mackenzie on 25 February. After a short refit, the carrier, escorted by the destroyer Whitehall, made a brief visit to Amoy in late April before sailing for Wei Hai Wei where she stayed until 17 September. On that day, Hermes sailed for the Japanese city of Nagasaki and then spent four weeks in Shanghai. The ship did not return to Hong Kong until 28 October and spent the next few months there. In January 1933, the carrier visited the Philippines for several weeks before returning to Hong Kong where she was given a brief refit. After short visits to Tsingtao and Wei Hai Wei, Hermes departed Hong Kong in mid-June for Great Britain. She reached Sheerness on 22 July, but the ship was transferred shortly afterwards to Chatham Dockyard and opened to the public during Navy Week in early August. She sailed the next month for Devonport Dockyard for a thorough refit. Transverse arresting gear was fitted and her machinery was thoroughly overhauled. Sometime in 1932, the two single 2-pounders were replaced by two quadruple .50-calibre Mark III machine gun mounts.
Captain the Honourable G. Fraser was appointed on 15 August 1934 as the new commanding officer and the ship began trials of the new equipment in early November. At the same time the nine Fairey Seal torpedo bombers of 824 Squadron joined the ship. Hermes left Portsmouth on 18 November for the China Station and arrived at Hong Kong on 4 January 1935. The Hawker Osprey reconnaissance biplanes of 803 Squadron were transferred aboard from Eagle before that ship left Hong Kong. Pirates captured a British-owned merchant ship, SS Tungchow, with 90 British and American children on board on 29 January and Hermes was ordered to search for the ship when she failed to arrive at Chefoo at her scheduled time. Three Seals spotted her in Bias Bay on 1 February and the pirates abandoned the ship when it was found, leaving the passengers unharmed. Hermes remained in the vicinity of Hong Kong until mid-May when she steamed to Wei Hai Wei. There she remained until 12 September when the Admiralty decided to transfer her to Singapore where she was closer to East Africa in case a military response to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia was deemed necessary. The ship arrived on 19 September and remained in the area for the next five months.
The ship's aircraft were detailed to search for the missing Lady Southern Cross of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith when it failed to arrive at Singapore on 8 November during an attempt to set a new speed record between Britain and Australia. No sign was found of either the aircraft or its crew despite a month-long search. Hermes returned to Hong Kong at the beginning of March 1936 before beginning a tour of Japan on 21 April, escorted by the destroyers and . She summered at Wei Hai Wei and did not return to Hong Kong until the end of October. For most of January 1937, the carrier, accompanied by the heavy cruiser and the destroyers Duncan and , toured the Dutch East Indies. The ship's torpedo bombers practised torpedo attacks on the cruisers and Dorsetshire in February, working with the Royal Air Force's torpedo bombers based at RAF Seletar, Singapore. Hermes left Singapore on 17 March, leaving 803 Squadron behind, and reached Plymouth on 3 May 1937. Following the Coronation Fleet Review at Spithead on 20 May for King George VI, she was assigned to the Reserve Fleet. On 16 July 1938, Hermes was transferred from the Reserve Fleet and became a training ship at Devonport.
Plans were made in 1937 to replace Hermess three single 4-inch guns with two twin 4-inch anti-aircraft guns, one forward and another aft of the island, as well as two octuple 2-pounder mounts. A single High-Angle Control System would have been fitted to control these guns, but the dockyard was overwhelmed with other work and couldn't begin to design the changes until July 1938. They were scheduled to be installed between September and December 1939, but the beginning of the war intervened and nothing was done. The ship's petrol storage was to be increased to in April 1940, but this also does not seem to have occurred.
World War II
The ship was given a brief refit in early August 1939 and Captain F. E. P. Hutton assumed command on 23 August. She was recommissioned the following day, and 12 Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of 814 Squadron flew aboard on 1 September. Hermes conducted anti-submarine patrols in mid-September in an effort to find and destroy U-boats in the Western Approaches. On 18 September, the day after the fleet carrier was sunk on one such patrol, Hermes located a submarine, but attacks by her escorting destroyers, and , were ineffective. The carrier was then ordered to return to Devonport where she was fitted with degaussing gear during another brief refit. On 7 October, the ship rendezvoused with the and they arrived at Dakar in French West Africa on 16 October. Designated as Force X, they began searching for German ships in the Atlantic on 25 October. Hermes performed these patrols with no sightings until the end of December when she escorted a convoy to Britain where she could be refitted from 9 January to 10 February 1940; the ship then returned to Dakar and resumed her patrols for German commerce raiders and blockade runners.
Captain Richard F. J. Onslow relieved Captain Hutton on 25 May and Hermes continued her fruitless patrols. After returning from one such patrol on 29 June, the ship was ordered to leave harbour only nine hours after her arrival and to begin a blockade of Dakar as the Governor of French Senegal had declared the colony's allegiance to the Vichy French regime. On the night of 7/8 July, a boat from Hermes attempted to drop four depth charges underneath the French battleship Richelieu's stern in conjunction with a torpedo attack by the Swordfish of 814 Squadron. The boat was successful in reaching the French ship, but the depth charges failed to detonate. The torpedo attack was more successful as one of the battleship's propellers was damaged. French aircraft attacked the British forces several times in retaliation, but without success. While returning to Freetown after the attack, Hermes accidentally rammed the armed merchant cruiser HMS Corfu during a rainstorm in the dark on 10 July. The impact injured three of the carrier's crew, one of whom subsequently died of his injuries, but no one from Corfus crew was injured. The two ships were locked together so that Corfus crew could walk from one to the other when Captain Onslow ordered most of her crew to be evacuated onto Hermes. They were pulled apart by a combination of the carrier's turbines at full speed astern and blowing of ballast tanks on board Corfu to lighten that ship forward. Hermes had crumpled the forward of her bow, mostly above water, and was able to proceed to Freetown at , but Corfu had to be towed stern first to Freetown where she arrived three days later. The carrier joined a convoy to South Africa on 5 August and began repairs at Simonstown 12 days later. The repairs were completed on 2 November and the ship arrived back at Freetown on 29 November after working up.
The ship was joined by the light cruiser on 2 December to search for German commerce raiders in the South Atlantic. They mostly operated from Saint Helena during the month and were later joined by the armed merchant cruiser to search for the pocket battleship , without success. The force sailed for Simonstown on 31 December and Hermes was dispatched to search off the South African coast for Vichy French blockade runners. One such ship was spotted on 26 January, but she returned to Madagascar. On 4 February, the ship headed north to rendezvous with the heavy cruisers and to blockade the Somali port of Kismayo which was under siege by Commonwealth forces. Hawkins captured three Italian merchantmen and Hermes captured one on 12 February.
On 22 February, the carrier was one of the ships tasked to search for Admiral Scheer after she was spotted by an aircraft from the light cruiser , but the pocket battleship successfully broke contact. Hermes arrived in Colombo, Ceylon, on 4 March and continued to search for Axis shipping. She was sent to the Persian Gulf in April to support British operations in Basra, Iraq, and remained there until mid-June when she returned to patrolling the Indian Ocean between Ceylon and the Seychelles Islands. The ship continued to patrol until 19 November when she arrived in Simonstown for a refit that was not completed until 31 January 1942. Hermes was assigned to the Eastern Fleet and arrived at Colombo on 14 February. She put to sea on 19 February to receive the Swordfish of 814 Squadron and to rendezvous with the destroyer to conduct an anti-submarine patrol. The squadron was disembarked on 25 February after the ships arrived in Trincomalee Harbour. The two ships were ordered to Fremantle, Australia, in mid-March to join the Allied naval forces headquartered there, but they were recalled after three days and assigned to Force B of the Eastern Fleet.
After the raid on Colombo by the Japanese aircraft carriers on 5 April, Hermes and Vampire were sent to Trincomalee to prepare for Operation Ironclad, the British invasion of Madagascar, and 814 Squadron was sent ashore. After advance warning of a Japanese air raid on 9 April 1942, they left Trincomalee and sailed south down the Ceylon coast before it arrived. They were spotted off Batticaloa, however, by a Japanese reconnaissance plane from the battleship . The British intercepted the spot report and ordered the ships to return to Trincomalee with the utmost dispatch and attempted to provide fighter cover for them. The Japanese launched 85 Aichi D3A dive bombers, escorted by nine Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters, at the two ships. At least 32 attacked them and sank them in quick order despite the arrival of six Fairey Fulmar II fighters of No. 273 Squadron RAF. Another six Fulmars from 803 and 806 Squadrons arrived after Hermes had already sunk. The rest of the Japanese aircraft attacked other ships further north, sinking the RFA Athelstone of 5,571 gross register tonnage (GRT), her escort, the corvette , the oil tanker and the Norwegian ship of 2,924 GRT.
Hermes sank at coordinates with the loss of 307 men, including Captain Onslow. Vampires captain and seven crewmen were also killed. Most of the survivors of the attack were picked up by the hospital ship Vita. Japanese losses to all causes were four D3As lost and five more damaged, while two Fulmars were shot down.
Two HMS Hermes
The merchant ship SS Mamari III was converted to resemble Hermes as a decoy ship to confuse the Axis and was redesignated as Fleet Tender C. On 4 June 1941, when she was sailing down the east coast of England to Chatham Dockyard in Kent to be converted back into a cargo ship, the decoy Hermes hit a submerged wreck off Norfolk during a German aerial attack. Before she could be refloated, she was crippled by German E-boats and abandoned in place.
Notes
Footnotes
References
External links
Fleet Air Arm Archive
WW2DB: Hermes
Maritimequest HMS Hermes photo gallery
Accounts of dive expeditions to HMS Hermes and comprehensive Wreck Photos
IWM Interview with survivor Eric Monaghan
The Story of the SS Tungchow tod by a Survivor
1919 ships
Aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
Aircraft carriers sunk by aircraft
Maritime incidents in July 1940
Maritime incidents in April 1942
Ships built on the River Tyne
World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean
Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft
Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth
Wreck diving sites | [
0.317983478307724,
-0.2261776328086853,
0.2102307677268982,
-0.10166290402412415,
-0.12657015025615692,
0.40531837940216064,
0.10303875058889389,
-0.5863224267959595,
-0.0906066745519638,
0.264889657497406,
-0.12999026477336884,
0.2851719856262207,
-0.48017051815986633,
-0.12154076248407364,
0.3495352268218994,
0.07498937100172043,
0.37991592288017273,
0.45821526646614075,
-0.49068281054496765,
-0.4370318651199341,
0.024422146379947662,
0.49318480491638184,
0.448618620634079,
-0.08777852356433868,
0.15764787793159485,
0.22089406847953796,
0.9439783096313477,
0.3024897277355194,
0.25684064626693726,
0.12791727483272552,
0.8072004318237305,
0.19075313210487366,
-0.11355181038379669,
0.20339849591255188,
0.03219202160835266,
-0.005672115832567215,
-0.17138774693012238,
0.16044087707996368,
-0.2654665410518646,
-0.7976380586624146,
-0.5216412544250488,
0.14955052733421326,
0.7770944833755493,
0.24016961455345154,
-0.24758455157279968,
0.4081820845603943,
-1.6037651300430298,
-0.041165731847286224,
0.38557758927345276,
0.33670729398727417,
-0.25734323263168335,
0.02734840288758278,
0.3985048234462738,
0.09622250497341156,
0.0021127741783857346,
0.7027352452278137,
-0.8755932450294495,
0.033087462186813354,
-0.2821323871612549,
-0.38559219241142273,
0.7968389391899109,
0.9816402792930603,
0.364419549703598,
0.38693851232528687,
0.3871656060218811,
-0.056857552379369736,
-0.3551069498062134,
0.2547227144241333,
-0.36484241485595703,
-0.30170878767967224,
0.50612473487854,
-0.3857824206352234,
-0.3255853056907654,
0.48751360177993774,
-0.3181443214416504,
-0.4887184202671051,
-0.17936711013317108,
-0.5550427436828613,
0.7398602366447449,
0.07879428565502167,
0.5037919878959656,
0.23625734448432922,
0.5004112124443054,
0.28601914644241333,
-0.3072470724582672,
0.135384202003479,
-0.31921496987342834,
0.2207886278629303,
-0.5604614615440369,
0.8288856744766235,
0.12973274290561676,
-1.0007011890411377,
0.4876451790332794,
0.47885340452194214,
0.06493201851844788,
0.0013182016555219889,
-0.315710186958313,
0.05308954790234566,
0.1961008608341217,
-0.34919121861457825,
0.1068454161286354,
0.4951797127723694,
0.2643446624279022,
-0.3979284167289734,
-0.3401893377304077,
-0.4330197870731354,
-0.4149795472621918,
-0.3418545722961426,
-0.5950913429260254,
0.22429928183555603,
-0.4616364538669586,
-0.5142988562583923,
-0.24193057417869568,
0.2035525143146515,
-0.2699212431907654,
-0.057179950177669525,
0.36890867352485657,
-0.3866121172904968,
-0.2897752821445465,
-0.26461896300315857,
0.5567487478256226,
0.5495856404304504,
-0.324747771024704,
-0.14044108986854553,
0.2024371474981308,
0.26027563214302063,
0.7915009260177612,
0.7095467448234558,
-0.9071178436279297,
-0.18719284236431122,
0.574561357498169,
0.8661653399467468,
-0.7496201992034912,
-0.018044913187623024,
-0.7161791324615479,
-0.032410699874162674,
0.20558038353919983,
0.3373521566390991,
0.03131470829248428,
1.0036423206329346,
-0.6944978833198547,
-0.2888351380825043,
0.1142905056476593,
-0.2525644302368164,
0.3994698226451874,
-0.061819955706596375,
0.2597106993198395,
-0.07717819511890411,
-0.5609098076820374,
-0.43276435136795044,
-0.26212871074676514,
-0.055343709886074066,
-0.07351967692375183,
0.2759687006473541,
-0.6948198676109314,
-0.324238121509552,
0.47750794887542725,
-0.20534631609916687,
0.09409119188785553,
0.22616253793239594,
-0.35485783219337463,
-0.10101628303527832,
-0.14494666457176208,
-0.25400522351264954,
0.3717201352119446,
0.03568248450756073,
0.2416604906320572,
-0.10354632884263992,
0.4568915069103241,
-0.3322216868400574,
-0.24983811378479004,
-0.1797037422657013,
0.40336376428604126,
0.2580552399158478,
-0.15635287761688232,
-0.06584124267101288,
0.8436213731765747,
0.2805827558040619,
0.3816698491573334,
-0.6930171847343445,
-0.37113210558891296,
-0.17114020884037018,
-0.14438855648040771,
0.01614346168935299,
0.5431131720542908,
0.529527485370636,
0.3789491057395935,
0.23440289497375488,
-0.35739418864250183,
0.14009688794612885,
-0.23362156748771667,
-0.7582831382751465,
0.2827414572238922,
-0.19405436515808105,
1.2419817447662354,
-0.19613602757453918,
-0.5125761032104492,
-0.01795896515250206,
0.0348263718187809,
0.2538347542285919,
0.07244981825351715,
0.08916724473237991,
0.04027174040675163,
0.01370935421437025,
-0.7565113306045532,
-0.27122339606285095,
0.0026593084912747145,
0.4292999804019928,
-0.16691043972969055,
0.47144606709480286,
-0.0031986143440008163,
-0.8499571681022644,
0.14386750757694244,
0.44511643052101135,
-0.048477400094270706,
0.09695611894130707,
-0.5907336473464966,
-0.2353890985250473,
-0.16258341073989868,
-0.33575519919395447,
0.4788678288459778,
0.5640285611152649,
-0.3317418098449707,
-0.38917025923728943,
0.08814787864685059,
0.11430515348911285,
0.12830691039562225,
0.032571375370025635,
-0.1423509418964386,
0.03831251338124275,
-0.31494617462158203,
0.0565464049577713,
-0.01559215597808361,
0.2853046655654907,
0.11397923529148102,
0.10022517293691635,
-0.21090206503868103,
-0.20857086777687073,
0.5664569139480591,
-0.0023879532236605883,
0.0809406042098999,
0.15977497398853302,
-0.5576981902122498,
0.2891605496406555,
0.294541597366333,
-0.16038447618484497,
0.06309947371482849,
-0.19603179395198822,
0.18367266654968262,
-0.5115705728530884,
-0.0588843896985054,
0.3131696283817291,
0.3855547308921814,
-0.25155431032180786,
-0.4135808050632477,
-0.24499329924583435,
-0.13617344200611115,
0.21446633338928223,
0.36097246408462524,
-0.10134324431419373,
-0.49138373136520386,
0.2907377779483795,
0.3819076716899872,
0.22452883422374725,
0.3591644763946533,
-0.22568951547145844,
-0.692872941493988,
-0.28025317192077637,
0.6742226481437683,
-0.29107144474983215,
0.41582590341567993,
-0.12207654118537903,
-0.08094422519207001,
-0.5733060240745544,
-0.03009602800011635,
-0.08979994803667068,
0.06703323870897293,
0.46974602341651917,
-0.3534606397151947,
-0.7368923425674438,
0.34161078929901123,
1.1950703859329224,
-0.38269034028053284,
-0.8325001001358032,
-0.17034496366977692,
0.36595481634140015,
0.18669739365577698,
-0.766728937625885,
-0.15773682296276093,
-0.360373854637146,
-0.15351282060146332,
0.0219538826495409,
-0.3320535719394684,
-0.24349147081375122,
-0.07044374197721481,
0.32564017176628113,
-0.25524938106536865,
-0.09064210951328278,
0.15365023910999298,
-0.036456841975450516,
-0.3231232166290283,
0.5537359118461609,
-0.2139759361743927,
-0.08050026744604111,
0.2335824966430664,
-0.32976609468460083,
-0.03680993989109993,
0.5467814207077026,
-5.728126049041748,
-0.10960698127746582,
0.16678930819034576,
0.1641775518655777,
0.1805344820022583,
0.2392246127128601,
-0.012483973056077957,
-0.22680607438087463,
0.11792333424091339,
-0.7675642967224121,
0.6084675192832947,
0.2531924545764923,
0.15361352264881134,
0.18796606361865997,
0.6957669258117676,
0.4228622019290924,
0.5343141555786133,
-0.1879597157239914,
0.8297787308692932,
-0.16798841953277588,
0.4640297591686249,
-0.23124909400939941,
-0.02289421111345291,
0.1637360155582428,
-0.042794469743967056,
-0.12063734233379364,
-0.31195101141929626,
0.07090216875076294,
-0.5175684094429016,
-0.016000138595700264,
0.2851838171482086,
0.05152968689799309,
-0.5923915505409241,
-0.17306548357009888,
-0.23337897658348083,
-0.30583834648132324,
0.648701548576355,
0.33032557368278503,
0.0997840091586113,
-0.2002841979265213,
-0.24802684783935547,
0.03672276437282562,
0.12651638686656952,
-0.29305288195610046,
0.07003991305828094,
-0.6370527744293213,
0.20161880552768707,
0.1414601057767868,
0.19780521094799042,
0.7089054584503174,
0.24072209000587463,
0.17984671890735626,
0.4636273980140686,
0.17825423181056976,
0.15779858827590942,
-0.12051893770694733,
-0.6804205179214478,
0.3086184859275818,
-0.007757117040455341,
-0.05141735449433327,
-0.219284787774086,
0.1482371836900711,
-0.03933456912636757,
-0.3016108274459839,
-0.27866286039352417,
0.7560760378837585,
-0.3588884174823761,
-0.2876548171043396,
-0.10185255855321884,
-0.20916703343391418,
-0.32410508394241333,
1.2023730278015137,
-0.32390907406806946,
-1.038595199584961,
0.20378179848194122,
-0.2720114588737488,
0.25059181451797485,
0.17919039726257324,
-0.24119001626968384,
-0.03084595687687397,
0.3187004327774048,
-0.6532330513000488,
-0.5015381574630737,
0.6026033759117126,
0.16498421132564545,
-0.8344405889511108,
-0.38737574219703674,
0.14430195093154907,
0.08982138335704803,
-0.23018549382686615,
0.6817638278007507,
-0.7351977825164795,
0.18036705255508423,
0.5592819452285767,
1.2370243072509766,
-0.6138165593147278,
-0.5054734945297241,
0.27289941906929016,
1.0096051692962646,
-0.1954340636730194,
0.028415778651833534,
-0.023278461769223213,
0.14039075374603271,
-0.17057687044143677,
-0.046432800590991974,
-0.4933197796344757,
-0.5281134843826294,
-0.23566216230392456,
0.42125850915908813,
-0.35188600420951843,
-0.04614035412669182,
-0.7714208364486694,
-0.5251444578170776,
-0.23154017329216003,
0.26637527346611023,
-0.013132072053849697,
0.08339781314134598,
0.023568686097860336,
0.3828355371952057,
0.23085860908031464,
-0.6616626977920532,
0.5360515117645264,
-0.5367739200592041,
-0.1733800172805786,
-0.32357487082481384,
-0.4928892254829407,
0.17335493862628937,
-0.0617108978331089,
-0.5783894062042236,
0.023013610392808914,
0.4846435785293579,
0.41890639066696167,
-0.09841699153184891,
0.04787551239132881,
0.3863189220428467,
-0.5520126223564148,
-0.19986148178577423,
0.3190510869026184,
0.11970440298318863,
-0.046139441430568695,
-0.7611807584762573,
-0.1463380604982376,
-0.14230531454086304,
0.2904004454612732,
1.2098476886749268,
0.3273220956325531,
0.5706737041473389,
-0.005746727343648672,
0.5848231315612793,
0.6964467763900757,
-0.584473729133606,
-0.5411182641983032,
0.6959537267684937,
-0.37725943326950073,
-0.1511293202638626,
-0.021667111665010452,
0.3737477660179138,
0.18287114799022675,
-0.47660645842552185,
-0.20524898171424866,
0.29822832345962524,
-0.10170689970254898,
-0.351850301027298,
-0.562325119972229,
0.45123350620269775,
0.19892823696136475,
-0.40803852677345276,
-0.742978572845459,
0.34072330594062805,
-0.02630557306110859,
0.6846754550933838,
-0.589958667755127,
-0.8587654829025269,
0.38802698254585266,
0.2730969190597534,
0.276369571685791,
-0.7903162837028503,
-0.46771886944770813,
-0.25126978754997253,
-0.3820178806781769,
-0.3509289622306824,
-0.009140081703662872,
-0.1480111926794052,
0.5947686433792114,
0.24373306334018707,
-0.31152138113975525,
-0.8317071199417114,
-0.08025330305099487,
-0.21861840784549713,
-0.33253151178359985,
-0.1032300591468811,
-0.0730108842253685,
0.6036080121994019,
0.28673097491264343,
-0.8532532453536987,
0.4479169249534607,
-0.18394528329372406,
0.20252035558223724,
0.14993171393871307,
-0.5017417669296265,
0.01125448290258646,
0.3479251265525818,
-0.46515682339668274,
0.03415030986070633,
0.0599554069340229,
-0.631239116191864,
0.09232381731271744,
-0.5455232858657837,
0.15186293423175812,
0.47968924045562744,
-0.13583751022815704,
-1.0022151470184326,
0.39329805970191956,
0.7182196974754333,
-0.884492814540863,
0.34650689363479614,
-0.5148547887802124,
0.3857501447200775,
-0.08010715991258621,
-0.8913635015487671,
-0.6046382188796997,
0.022921230643987656,
-0.06219403073191643,
-0.36936286091804504,
-0.8517168760299683,
0.6721406579017639,
0.33772510290145874,
-0.15141871571540833,
-0.18054652214050293,
-0.370057076215744,
-0.5181213617324829,
-0.05103982612490654,
-0.4556516408920288,
-0.25764766335487366,
0.8190992474555969,
-0.15973353385925293,
0.00045918990508653224,
-0.233725443482399,
0.22567981481552124,
0.6265314817428589,
0.07388420403003693,
0.7695679664611816,
0.5331233143806458,
-0.015198828652501106,
-0.056445494294166565,
0.28355714678764343,
0.6469687819480896,
-0.6182637810707092,
-0.350734144449234,
-0.12563863396644592,
-0.35560572147369385,
-0.17981132864952087,
-0.6071065068244934,
-0.4209054708480835,
0.7302747964859009,
-0.44175052642822266,
-0.0039630127139389515,
-0.6712526082992554,
0.08075806498527527,
0.2053348869085312,
-0.011580582708120346,
0.6487300992012024,
-1.1463048458099365,
-0.04420444369316101,
0.5019597411155701,
0.6248026490211487,
-0.364985853433609,
-0.054639775305986404,
0.1862630993127823,
0.08033523708581924,
0.05966898798942566,
0.4040779173374176,
0.0644993931055069,
0.2598189115524292,
0.16727150976657867,
-0.08879897743463516,
-0.12716297805309296,
-0.39562538266181946,
0.9597457051277161,
0.5826171636581421,
-0.3361513316631317,
0.3456675410270691,
0.06099085882306099,
-0.7473873496055603,
-0.3495916426181793,
-0.4533827006816864,
-0.1910487413406372,
-0.3016585111618042,
0.12851852178573608,
0.3964937627315521,
0.5700991749763489,
0.04252002760767937,
-0.3108210265636444,
-0.14521774649620056,
-0.20840169489383698,
0.08193936944007874,
-0.29719164967536926,
-0.04978428781032562,
-0.23401974141597748,
0.37963542342185974,
-0.13653665781021118,
0.25972455739974976,
-0.09995771944522858,
0.22730998694896698,
0.13622713088989258,
0.09871770441532135,
0.1818537563085556,
-0.3907318115234375,
0.0010853346902877092,
0.5234799385070801,
0.1461137980222702,
-0.6992373466491699,
0.02128143422305584,
0.23528528213500977,
-0.5367299914360046,
0.03272950276732445,
0.5591257214546204,
0.11688783019781113,
-0.09857304394245148,
0.10063577443361282,
-0.11233224719762802,
0.40723684430122375,
-0.053927335888147354,
0.4899730384349823,
-0.7304139137268066,
0.12945467233657837,
-0.7147343754768372,
0.0070665571838617325,
-0.21268025040626526,
0.8913435935974121,
0.1308925449848175,
-0.0733572468161583,
-0.27526038885116577,
1.0966534614562988,
-0.09522037208080292,
-0.23588375747203827,
0.45488300919532776,
-0.49708282947540283,
0.06376615166664124,
0.6735429763793945,
0.4027305245399475,
0.012062037363648415,
-0.37795785069465637,
-0.45067402720451355,
-0.25283941626548767,
0.636420488357544,
-0.2977595031261444,
0.08878950029611588,
0.15931716561317444,
0.5489442944526672,
0.36609378457069397,
0.5039500594139099,
0.24776215851306915,
-0.05264419689774513,
-0.421394407749176,
0.6150607466697693,
0.30198055505752563,
-0.34902408719062805,
0.3591485023498535,
0.0774713084101677,
0.17834670841693878,
0.3238053619861603,
0.01647811010479927,
-0.26981839537620544,
-0.5906485319137573,
0.35989946126937866,
-0.0032943496480584145,
-0.390471875667572,
0.6947294473648071,
0.06504542380571365,
0.13347768783569336,
0.25550076365470886,
-0.38251590728759766,
0.09640777856111526,
-0.051498785614967346,
0.124718077480793,
0.4257359802722931,
-0.018744194880127907,
0.15173876285552979,
-0.19442899525165558,
-0.6218944191932678,
0.15055617690086365,
-0.10345116257667542,
-0.8022610545158386,
0.05341022089123726,
0.4152185022830963,
-0.2320653796195984,
0.11677157133817673,
-0.0692240372300148,
0.4559578597545624,
0.232140451669693,
-0.24738271534442902,
-0.5836383104324341,
-0.07732832431793213,
-0.3982579708099365,
-0.31552547216415405,
0.3103664517402649,
-0.11618180572986603,
-0.0562286339700222,
0.17365404963493347,
-0.03900982066988945,
0.15772134065628052,
-0.03440660610795021,
0.04619471728801727,
0.2062445878982544,
0.08819776028394699,
-0.16484124958515167,
0.23185119032859802,
-0.434552937746048,
-0.19156786799430847,
0.17451056838035583,
-0.10319673269987106,
0.08975604921579361,
-0.3250254690647125,
0.19347526133060455,
-0.15389089286327362,
-0.04395716264843941,
-0.8469560742378235,
-0.525752604007721,
0.11191049218177795,
0.35146045684814453,
-0.6275318264961243,
-0.1414361149072647,
-0.2005663365125656,
-0.7544017434120178,
-0.1957634687423706,
-0.018862944096326828,
-0.37047338485717773,
-0.04860236123204231,
0.9858438968658447,
0.23403188586235046,
0.254885733127594,
-0.5349366664886475,
0.2947663366794586,
-0.17512062191963196,
0.10284627974033356,
0.07973021268844604,
0.008514552377164364,
0.0010105195688083768,
0.17444683611392975,
0.04633080214262009,
-0.07917210459709167,
0.270181268453598,
0.23346230387687683,
0.3594951033592224,
-0.1404057890176773,
0.013218925334513187,
-0.06643229722976685,
-0.21759408712387085,
0.5985241532325745,
0.573355495929718,
0.0720319077372551,
-0.1257128268480301,
-0.33413511514663696,
0.6765707731246948,
-0.07078170031309128,
0.5903622508049011,
0.0678207278251648,
0.3693852126598358,
-0.16072121262550354
] |
247553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t%20Stop%20%28board%20game%29 | Can't Stop (board game) | Can't Stop is a board game designed by Sid Sackson originally published by Parker Brothers in 1980; however, that edition has been long out of print in the United States. It was reprinted by Face 2 Face Games in 2007. An iOS version was developed by Playdek and released in 2012. The goal of the game is to "claim" (get to the top of) three of the columns before any of the other players can. But the more that the player risks rolling the dice during a turn, the greater the risk of losing the advances made during that turn.
Equipment
The game equipment consists of four dice, a board, a set of eleven markers for each player, and three neutral-colored markers.
The board consists of eleven columns of spaces, one column for each of the numbers 2 through 12. The columns (respectively) have 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5 and 3 spaces each. The number of spaces in each column roughly corresponds to the likelihood of rolling them on two dice.
Rules
On each turn, the player rolls the four dice, then divides them into two pairs, adding up each pair. (For example, a player rolling a 1, 2, 3, and 6 could group them as 5 and 7, 4 and 8, or 3 and 9.) If the neutral markers are off the board, they are brought onto the board on the columns corresponding to these totals. If the neutral markers are already on the board in one or both of these columns, they are advanced one space upward. If the neutral markers are on the board, but only in columns that cannot be made with any pair of the current four dice, the turn is over and the player gains nothing. This is generally called 'going bust.'
After moving the markers, the player chooses whether or not to roll again. If the player stops, they put markers of their color in the location of the current neutral markers. If the player restarts this column on a later turn, they start building from the place where they previously placed their markers. If the player does not stop, they must be able to advance one of the neutral markers on their next roll, or lose any advancement made this turn.
When a player reaches the top space of a column and claims it then this column is won, and no further play in that column is allowed. A player claims three columns to win the game.
The official rules merely say "If you can place a marker, you must...", not stating if that applies before or after a player decides how to subdivide the four dice. This rule is potentially confusing for the following reason:
Suppose the player has a neutral marker in the 7-column, with two un-played. The player now rolls 2-2-5-5. Of course, the player wants to declare two sevens. The player still has an unplayed neutral marker, so is the rule interpreted such that the player must place their remaining two neutral markers, playing on 4 and 10? The rule may have only been intended to apply to requiring that all die-pairs be played, if possible. For instance, if the player rolls 3-4-1-2, they may choose to make a 7 and a 3, advancing their 7 marker, and they must also place their 3 marker even though they would prefer to hold it in reserve.
Variants
Variants exist including Sid's own "Speed" variant, which results in players jumping over their opponents' markers. This variant leads to fast-paced gameplay and a shorter game.
For a slower variant, try "Blocking", where players are not allowed to end their turn if one of their markers is on top of another player's marker. Note that this variant makes it very difficult to pass a player with an established position on the columns on the side of the board (like 2 and 12).
References
External links
Can't Stop in the Board Game Arena in English
Board games introduced in 1980
Dice games
Sid Sackson games
Parker Brothers games | [
0.047413576394319534,
0.047637663781642914,
-0.04345922917127609,
0.313321590423584,
0.2205979973077774,
-0.0692947506904602,
0.3614574074745178,
0.12276333570480347,
-0.2681918442249298,
-0.03504006564617157,
-0.10962046682834625,
0.1547526866197586,
-0.750013530254364,
0.22680523991584778,
0.08770059794187546,
0.055119846016168594,
0.38831236958503723,
-0.1475745588541031,
-0.3556978702545166,
0.054473720490932465,
-0.16371269524097443,
-0.10238882899284363,
0.17757460474967957,
-0.5813550353050232,
0.06667467951774597,
0.17796307802200317,
-0.024505307897925377,
-0.24984562397003174,
0.39836806058883667,
0.30540159344673157,
0.21759755909442902,
0.4689621329307556,
0.1872587949037552,
-0.8014184236526489,
-0.1370152235031128,
0.3205249011516571,
-0.3445909023284912,
0.1504790335893631,
-0.42896202206611633,
-0.3942904472351074,
0.243095263838768,
0.11085362732410431,
0.03494517132639885,
0.3195706605911255,
0.3671923875808716,
0.503165066242218,
-0.7527660131454468,
-0.5085447430610657,
-0.8423113822937012,
-0.4521019458770752,
-0.5623108744621277,
0.6712408661842346,
-0.11875328421592712,
0.23125295341014862,
0.32767197489738464,
0.1031576544046402,
-0.11226698756217957,
0.013102352619171143,
-0.5595049858093262,
-0.42040467262268066,
0.123295858502388,
0.0711468905210495,
0.45402345061302185,
0.13890236616134644,
-0.29532283544540405,
0.16213104128837585,
-0.1097540631890297,
1.0494920015335083,
0.3412916958332062,
-0.4868468642234802,
-0.35470807552337646,
-0.6248036026954651,
-0.22801709175109863,
0.1768055409193039,
0.7284528613090515,
-0.1449587047100067,
0.4643450975418091,
-0.39104384183883667,
0.5506902933120728,
0.32247480750083923,
-0.334816038608551,
0.22533734142780304,
1.3514788150787354,
-0.20160536468029022,
0.4718136191368103,
-0.12445242702960968,
-0.2511999309062958,
0.4334718585014343,
-0.25665631890296936,
0.8385607004165649,
0.2404446303844452,
-0.1397796869277954,
0.3146964907646179,
-0.21873705089092255,
-0.11713866144418716,
-0.46297985315322876,
-0.09638898819684982,
0.29403215646743774,
0.4170389473438263,
-0.19551120698451996,
0.6107999086380005,
-0.19576357305049896,
0.5357741713523865,
0.12747083604335785,
-0.13905151188373566,
-0.1582598090171814,
0.3382762372493744,
-0.15362688899040222,
0.4111368656158447,
0.1313929557800293,
0.28181278705596924,
0.0827578753232956,
0.4510543644428253,
-0.13608261942863464,
-0.2782118022441864,
0.3232627511024475,
-0.15324221551418304,
0.005084121134132147,
-0.45654189586639404,
0.17702603340148926,
0.18348635733127594,
0.5244704484939575,
0.5032855868339539,
0.41988375782966614,
0.3340277671813965,
0.25321823358535767,
0.06461449712514877,
0.492404967546463,
-0.39257559180259705,
0.6555863618850708,
0.04099947214126587,
0.7041611075401306,
-0.18209390342235565,
-0.3188476860523224,
-0.2479526698589325,
0.2127397060394287,
0.4103965759277344,
-0.049171317368745804,
-0.036657389253377914,
0.030061200261116028,
-0.7040020823478699,
0.7980645895004272,
-0.05058146268129349,
0.01668398268520832,
0.613409161567688,
-0.06335192918777466,
0.13707393407821655,
-0.07560405880212784,
-0.04482891038060188,
0.07957285642623901,
0.32559189200401306,
-0.05874459818005562,
-0.11444142460823059,
-0.020439492538571358,
-0.2621709108352661,
0.9446175694465637,
-0.6211506128311157,
-0.05897139757871628,
-0.1706811934709549,
0.46972498297691345,
-0.20632414519786835,
0.02711511217057705,
-0.026711469516158104,
-0.18737070262432098,
0.22515980899333954,
-0.5501596331596375,
0.4026412069797516,
-0.02700737863779068,
-0.18910866975784302,
0.05293696001172066,
-0.5780535936355591,
0.1721719652414322,
0.3316093385219574,
-0.16159184277057648,
0.2914809286594391,
-0.4934542179107666,
0.8826181292533875,
0.7900232076644897,
0.7795627117156982,
-0.2613961398601532,
-0.5801836252212524,
0.27031800150871277,
0.8133514523506165,
-0.34100398421287537,
-0.07911833375692368,
-0.4072840213775635,
0.7819879055023193,
-0.32437875866889954,
-0.17904090881347656,
-0.06184030696749687,
-0.2857429087162018,
-0.2068529725074768,
0.7198688983917236,
-0.17848798632621765,
1.2735424041748047,
0.3213014602661133,
-1.1437233686447144,
0.4437630772590637,
-0.0491596981883049,
0.7976753115653992,
0.30796298384666443,
0.04765956103801727,
0.3611869215965271,
0.14638769626617432,
-0.11772879958152771,
0.264800488948822,
-0.30426740646362305,
-0.021757822483778,
0.03806613013148308,
0.4410548508167267,
-0.09942515939474106,
-0.7838709950447083,
-0.23704762756824493,
0.2661016881465912,
0.20275913178920746,
-0.306925892829895,
0.11161492764949799,
0.010170846246182919,
0.635485053062439,
-0.7266520261764526,
0.08558680862188339,
0.3463544547557831,
-0.47845885157585144,
0.5915405750274658,
-0.10789712518453598,
0.8437806963920593,
0.059301070868968964,
0.31717395782470703,
0.21758005023002625,
-0.26544132828712463,
-0.19134853780269623,
0.8432821035385132,
-0.06211872771382332,
-0.4730117619037628,
0.423078715801239,
-0.23472005128860474,
-0.007365894503891468,
-0.6047801375389099,
0.04789029061794281,
0.08990166336297989,
0.37244975566864014,
0.07150262594223022,
0.013101249933242798,
0.033004824072122574,
0.011769605800509453,
-0.12795798480510712,
-0.13672277331352234,
0.3395892381668091,
0.14667309820652008,
0.09101152420043945,
0.1854565590620041,
0.5463486909866333,
-0.07667944580316544,
-0.15361371636390686,
-0.4001641571521759,
0.5850647687911987,
-0.27131158113479614,
-0.3553856611251831,
0.30790889263153076,
0.051656804978847504,
-0.2909816801548004,
0.12369222939014435,
-0.31058269739151,
-0.13364507257938385,
-0.32142823934555054,
-1.9751591682434082,
-0.569000780582428,
-0.11625701934099197,
-0.13058632612228394,
0.18417732417583466,
-0.09962888807058334,
-0.32805994153022766,
-0.33829766511917114,
-0.16008587181568146,
0.05708324909210205,
-0.44580990076065063,
0.3540060222148895,
0.14701300859451294,
-0.44387274980545044,
-0.8445524573326111,
0.4515252113342285,
0.7140449285507202,
0.41587942838668823,
-0.2636968195438385,
-0.37239906191825867,
-0.16853566467761993,
0.3817308247089386,
-0.402744859457016,
-0.14910699427127838,
-0.05823583900928497,
0.1218399778008461,
0.772110104560852,
-0.18143488466739655,
-0.24909305572509766,
0.2266438752412796,
0.3036268949508667,
-0.5238950848579407,
-0.2845148742198944,
0.12531277537345886,
0.7134130001068115,
-0.5331867933273315,
-0.18535305559635162,
0.02733912132680416,
-0.015793032944202423,
0.2994295060634613,
-0.3597412407398224,
-0.3603243827819824,
-0.7717716693878174,
-5.7303266525268555,
-0.1498289555311203,
-0.1990448385477066,
0.045397501438856125,
0.015418036840856075,
0.017754267901182175,
0.4439539611339569,
0.08419090509414673,
0.06582114845514297,
0.03748847916722298,
-0.28579676151275635,
0.5727134346961975,
-0.49915844202041626,
0.23991332948207855,
0.656615674495697,
0.13562636077404022,
0.9389669299125671,
-0.5537407398223877,
-0.23501887917518616,
-0.06021049618721008,
-0.03647902235388756,
-0.21288155019283295,
0.768781304359436,
0.260508269071579,
-0.18403667211532593,
1.8008651733398438,
-0.1444535106420517,
0.14673900604248047,
-0.13207009434700012,
0.11233608424663544,
-0.28212201595306396,
-0.30077847838401794,
-0.08802831172943115,
-1.101121187210083,
-0.7689525485038757,
0.10531806200742722,
0.663131833076477,
0.28970855474472046,
-0.17419306933879852,
-0.13959954679012299,
0.014596459455788136,
0.08526358753442764,
0.38322919607162476,
0.2646084129810333,
0.5460691452026367,
0.042630635201931,
-0.34912726283073425,
-0.23510107398033142,
-0.5327082276344299,
0.5283032059669495,
0.7321527600288391,
-0.04719645902514458,
0.051413942128419876,
-0.07330138981342316,
-0.3541719615459442,
-0.21850109100341797,
0.13783301413059235,
-0.0915381908416748,
0.11528884619474411,
0.4148223102092743,
0.27855172753334045,
-0.30999642610549927,
0.2012765258550644,
-0.1785179227590561,
0.12486182153224945,
-0.33606475591659546,
0.019932055845856667,
0.07906431704759598,
0.5148554444313049,
1.0077147483825684,
-0.11814387142658234,
0.5229190587997437,
0.27226004004478455,
-0.7940797805786133,
-0.3102778494358063,
-0.02180495299398899,
-0.023739423602819443,
0.08745639026165009,
0.2926962375640869,
0.644250214099884,
-0.14627403020858765,
-0.41567742824554443,
0.015002340078353882,
0.153664231300354,
0.06287097930908203,
-0.4547804594039917,
-0.3662232458591461,
0.9118216633796692,
0.08401337265968323,
0.01867537572979927,
0.8705396056175232,
0.1585143804550171,
0.07962529361248016,
0.15850074589252472,
0.33981209993362427,
0.7235813736915588,
0.39132094383239746,
0.014294741675257683,
-0.06321028620004654,
-0.36864253878593445,
0.05961774289608002,
-0.36065876483917236,
0.7706068158149719,
-0.9757193922996521,
-0.41043567657470703,
-0.2493027150630951,
-0.5800552368164062,
0.5437090396881104,
0.10438083857297897,
0.3248474895954132,
-0.07718733698129654,
-0.3778872787952423,
-0.3999943733215332,
-0.05874306708574295,
-0.15227079391479492,
-0.01833372190594673,
0.3040427267551422,
0.19677403569221497,
-0.24076560139656067,
-0.4158184826374054,
-0.08053594082593918,
0.3362860381603241,
0.3650878369808197,
-1.0115139484405518,
0.1346394419670105,
-0.2556524872779846,
0.4263618588447571,
-0.09884610027074814,
0.3947717845439911,
-0.16010037064552307,
-0.5864490866661072,
0.17795372009277344,
0.23947392404079437,
0.1895952969789505,
0.010829226113855839,
-0.6332378387451172,
-0.8799216151237488,
0.010880486108362675,
0.02622043900191784,
0.3206838071346283,
0.07834979891777039,
-0.36267611384391785,
0.09336276352405548,
-0.010292096994817257,
0.04511173442006111,
-0.2903928756713867,
0.1700965017080307,
-0.1913493424654007,
0.14677207171916962,
0.6487404108047485,
-0.15430793166160583,
-0.5722540020942688,
0.8302581906318665,
-0.7162113189697266,
-0.2519657015800476,
-0.034777604043483734,
0.12463747709989548,
0.05531109496951103,
-0.2934398055076599,
-0.5548425316810608,
-0.18694518506526947,
-0.3171232044696808,
-1.2617591619491577,
-0.010475318878889084,
0.02107473462820053,
0.22100505232810974,
0.401114821434021,
-0.4994778037071228,
-0.02042020857334137,
0.2164977490901947,
-0.1367800235748291,
-0.6521018743515015,
0.054862335324287415,
0.2633020877838135,
0.7318598628044128,
-0.2692507207393646,
0.08858177810907364,
-0.809969961643219,
0.007828806526958942,
-0.5034916400909424,
-0.153007373213768,
-0.495263934135437,
-0.31254974007606506,
-0.09787817299365997,
0.4293096363544464,
-0.6966989636421204,
-0.43441084027290344,
0.2824692130088806,
-0.1808488517999649,
-0.029995616525411606,
0.3176954984664917,
0.08745281398296356,
0.7370246052742004,
0.2788258492946625,
-0.1878066509962082,
-0.1091056689620018,
0.17870870232582092,
0.7922576069831848,
-0.07006599754095078,
-0.5234649181365967,
0.10404359549283981,
-0.19222676753997803,
-0.16202476620674133,
-0.3002302944660187,
0.4009853005409241,
-0.8518040180206299,
0.4156278371810913,
0.026978924870491028,
-0.32896456122398376,
0.28029322624206543,
-0.2581583261489868,
-0.2191738486289978,
0.18816842138767242,
0.2601446509361267,
-0.43264394998550415,
-0.3576031029224396,
-0.07933881133794785,
-0.40433773398399353,
-0.022840289399027824,
0.001918190042488277,
-0.5385364890098572,
-0.3345457911491394,
-0.9035781025886536,
-0.0769672766327858,
-0.3140278458595276,
0.45928138494491577,
0.6763442754745483,
-0.8719684481620789,
0.2342531681060791,
-0.3061356246471405,
-0.10243653506040573,
-0.6558193564414978,
-0.21764270961284637,
0.1501927375793457,
0.32711032032966614,
0.32416000962257385,
0.2869851887226105,
0.2647819221019745,
-0.11296628415584564,
-0.07547561079263687,
0.2799410820007324,
0.4180079996585846,
0.487117737531662,
-0.07487532496452332,
0.4922855794429779,
-0.0925600528717041,
0.37411537766456604,
-0.817101240158081,
-0.08134160935878754,
0.5416125059127808,
0.12600243091583252,
-0.5768795013427734,
-0.655327320098877,
-0.12570446729660034,
0.2710023522377014,
-0.6521314382553101,
-0.0005034236237406731,
0.21706131100654602,
-0.003942074254155159,
0.001045099925249815,
-0.2605152726173401,
0.6228170394897461,
-0.38569188117980957,
0.007682889699935913,
-0.23108623921871185,
0.3057728409767151,
0.028438840061426163,
-0.5255112051963806,
0.1264781504869461,
-0.2329469472169876,
0.1494496762752533,
-0.3839469850063324,
0.523036003112793,
0.4670868515968323,
-0.04710947349667549,
-0.31541144847869873,
-0.37432098388671875,
-0.5941388010978699,
0.08237297832965851,
0.1277976632118225,
-0.8049715161323547,
0.19026821851730347,
0.050804514437913895,
-0.5430436730384827,
0.2504648268222809,
-0.706581711769104,
0.006960969418287277,
-0.26802921295166016,
0.4196207523345947,
-0.12861499190330505,
-0.7671955227851868,
0.15075743198394775,
-0.008003433234989643,
-0.5317763686180115,
-0.4395177662372589,
0.25934112071990967,
-0.1861879676580429,
-0.25088855624198914,
-0.47683581709861755,
-0.21700625121593475,
-0.6323436498641968,
0.5824370980262756,
-0.000023900942323962227,
-0.20138370990753174,
0.05813087522983551,
0.2841680645942688,
-0.2388496845960617,
0.09551072120666504,
-0.06758876889944077,
0.591213047504425,
0.03610703721642494,
-0.35533228516578674,
-0.019969874992966652,
0.9026051759719849,
-0.5564711689949036,
-0.43860071897506714,
0.4216982424259186,
-0.7373313307762146,
0.27019938826560974,
0.28424522280693054,
0.08547088503837585,
0.26776984333992004,
0.5534762144088745,
-0.10581205040216446,
-0.5439789295196533,
0.13828188180923462,
-0.18452595174312592,
0.015353643335402012,
0.30566874146461487,
-0.3262132704257965,
0.20670068264007568,
0.10783492028713226,
-0.43009963631629944,
0.24323180317878723,
0.1620102971792221,
-0.04026059806346893,
0.20276643335819244,
-0.334539532661438,
0.2193809300661087,
-0.1366325467824936,
0.17560523748397827,
-0.645102322101593,
-0.17992575466632843,
-0.6645098328590393,
-0.4344543516635895,
-0.10923407971858978,
0.27053022384643555,
-0.603422999382019,
0.19985879957675934,
0.5379322171211243,
0.30917859077453613,
-0.000781202397774905,
0.05472491681575775,
-0.47795894742012024,
0.49105098843574524,
-0.666538655757904,
-0.24683532118797302,
-0.08279570192098618,
0.10534628480672836,
-0.3766820728778839,
-0.17558184266090393,
0.07429351657629013,
0.21797509491443634,
-0.019568046554923058,
0.40351471304893494,
0.6366013884544373,
0.3552206754684448,
-0.039802636951208115,
-0.1700611561536789,
0.5245179533958435,
-0.16383129358291626,
-0.2101103812456131,
0.8687793016433716,
0.743414044380188,
0.016586121171712875,
0.1311970055103302,
0.01476829033344984,
0.7925539612770081,
-0.08209112286567688,
0.13263754546642303,
-0.37779727578163147,
-0.8525862693786621,
-0.24403898417949677,
-0.369649201631546,
-0.016590772196650505,
-0.7881258726119995,
-0.031424641609191895,
-0.43427571654319763,
-0.26308417320251465,
-0.15723375976085663,
-0.22722163796424866,
-0.15977948904037476,
-0.4194498658180237,
0.2607341408729553,
0.030993878841400146,
-0.365604430437088,
-0.01610437221825123,
0.6970637440681458,
-0.293366014957428,
0.11111953854560852,
0.38856780529022217,
0.016632352024316788,
0.43052929639816284,
0.1788196563720703,
-0.3062290847301483,
0.3934032618999481,
-0.5429113507270813,
0.4619157314300537,
-0.4548504650592804,
0.43100813031196594,
-0.18479017913341522,
0.6055034399032593,
-0.12121400237083435,
0.2888488471508026,
-0.679498016834259,
-0.5477166175842285,
0.5235824584960938,
-0.17856216430664062,
0.3063742518424988,
-0.6550940871238708,
0.13109655678272247,
-0.22245121002197266,
-0.29879897832870483,
0.34761112928390503,
0.0897001251578331,
-0.11726368963718414,
0.1834479719400406,
-0.8169063329696655,
-0.7469416260719299,
0.7773945927619934,
-0.2738616466522217,
-0.028771966695785522,
-0.22605596482753754,
-0.3126842975616455,
-0.003767687827348709,
-0.5576291680335999,
0.8848689794540405,
0.4575141966342926,
0.03990457206964493,
-0.9022986888885498,
0.5859372019767761,
0.43924984335899353,
-0.5363634824752808,
0.258603572845459,
0.08047375828027725,
0.12482238560914993,
0.011505762115120888,
-0.29704228043556213,
0.039049241691827774,
0.8967840075492859,
0.08543778955936432,
-0.03607228025794029,
-0.009571071714162827,
-0.24477364122867584,
-0.062017105519771576,
0.0959237590432167,
-0.003903587581589818,
-0.12991590797901154,
-0.07578235864639282,
0.40997013449668884
] |
247554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Hermes%20%28R12%29 | HMS Hermes (R12) | HMS Hermes was a conventional British aircraft carrier and the last of the .
Hermes was in service with the Royal Navy from 1959 until 1984, and she served as the flagship of the British forces during the 1982 Falklands War.
After being sold to India in 1986, the vessel was recommissioned and remained in service with the Indian Navy as until 2017.
Construction and modifications
The ship was laid down by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness during World War II as HMS Elephant. Construction was suspended in 1945 but work was resumed in 1952 to clear the slipway and the hull was launched on 16 February 1953. The vessel remained unfinished until 1957, when she entered service on 18 November 1959 as HMS Hermes after extensive modifications which included installation of a massive Type 984 'searchlight' 3D radar, a fully angled deck with a deck-edge lift, and steam catapults. With these changes she more resembled the reconstructed aircraft carrier than the other three ships in the class.
Hermes initially operated Supermarine Scimitar, de Havilland Sea Vixen, and Fairey Gannet fixed-wing aircraft, together with Westland Whirlwind helicopters.
Cost
The construction cost of Hermes was £18 million, with a further £1 million for electronic equipment and a further £10 million for aircraft in 1959.
Operations
On 16 November 1962, Hermes was cruising off of the Pembrokeshire coast in Wales when one of her helicopters carrying two Members of Parliament, Lord Windlesham and the MP for Loughborough, John Cronin, back from the carrier, which they had been visiting, to RNAS Brawdy, crashed off St David's Head. While Cronin and the helicopter's two-man crew were saved by another helicopter from Hermes, Lord Windlesham and an RAF officer being carried as a passenger were killed.
Proposed operation of F-4 Phantom
John Hay, Civil Lord of the Admiralty, said in Parliament on 2 March 1964 that "Phantoms will be operated from "Hermes", "Eagle" and the new carrier when it is built. ... Our present information and advice is that the aircraft should be able to operate from "Hermes" after she has undergone her refit."
This seemed optimistic, as most sources believed Victorious was the smallest carrier then in commission that the modified RN F-4K versions of the Phantom could realistically have operated from. The British Rolls-Royce Spey engines replacing the US General Electric J79 were a political necessity given the cancellation of the supersonic British Hawker Siddeley P.1154 V/STOL aircraft project. The projected superior fuel efficiency using the Spey engines was overshadowed by larger engine size and inflexibility. From the smaller Hermes maximum weight at takeoff would be 25 tons rather than 28 tons when operating off Eagle. Since this lower weight at launch from Hermes would be achieved by carrying less fuel, combat air patrol duration would be 25 to 50 percent less than from Eagle; from 2-2.5 hours to 1-1.5 hrs, and only partly compensated by refuelling when airborne. It was optimistically believed Hermes could replace its Vixens with Spey-powered Phantoms on a one-to-one basis, i.e. 11–12 with 7–8 Blackburn Buccaneer strike aircraft. While the Phantoms built for the RN were modified in ways similar to Vought F-8 Crusaders for the French Navy – improving deceleration on landing – the modifications were not entirely successful. Hermess flight deck was too short, her arresting gear as well as her catapults were not powerful enough to recover or launch the F-4Ks, even though they were slightly lighter, more economical and higher performing than their US Navy counterparts. The Phantom trials held on Hermes in 1969–1970 proved this, though in the views of the then Minister of Defence, Denis Healey, the carrier could operate the most modern aircraft, but in too small numbers to be effective. While it is clear that McNamara's claims that the F-4 was not safe for use on the USN , or 31,000-ton carriers, was rightly rejected by John Hay in 1964. It is clear that Hermes was not a viable substitute for CVA02, but the programme was politically and financially impossible.
Proposed transfer to Australia
A 1966 review indicated that Hermes was surplus to operational requirements and she was offered to the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) as a replacement for HMAS Melbourne. In 1968, Hermes took part in a combined exercise with the RAN, during which the carrier was visited by senior RAN officers and Australian government officials, while RAN Douglas A-4G Skyhawks and Grumman S-2 Trackers practised landings on the larger carrier. The offer was turned down due to operating and manpower costs.
Proposed international fleet
Hermes served as one of four Royal Navy strike carriers mainly in the Indian Ocean and finally in the Mediterranean Sea until decommissioned in 1970. She could have seen action against the Egyptians when Egypt closed off the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping in May 1967 when the UK and US contemplated forming an international fleet to open the straits with force if necessary, but the UK backed down.
Commando/ASW/STOVL carrier
When the decision was made in the mid-1960s to phase out fixed wing carrier operations Hermes was slated to become a "Commando Carrier" for Royal Marine operations (similar in concept to a US Navy LHA). Therefore, Hermes was docked down in number 10 Dock in Devonport Dockyard between 1971 and 1973, undergoing a conversion in which her arresting cables, steam catapults, and 3-D radar were removed. Landing craft and berthing for 800 troops were added and her airwing became approximately 20 Westland Sea King helicopters. By 1976, with the Soviet submarine threat becoming apparent and through NATO pressure, a further mild conversion was performed for Hermes to become an anti-submarine warfare carrier to patrol the North Atlantic. Hermes underwent one more conversion and new capabilities were added when she was refitted at Portsmouth from 1980 to June 1981, during which a 12° ski-jump and facilities for operating BAe Sea Harriers were incorporated.
After this refit the air wing comprised:
800 NAS 5 Sea Harrier FRS.1 fighter
826 NAS 12 Sea King HAS.5 ASW
Falklands War
Hermes was due to be decommissioned in 1982 after the 1981 Defence Review (that would have made the Royal Navy considerably smaller) by the British government, but when the Falklands War broke out, she was made the flagship of the British forces, setting sail for the South Atlantic just three days after the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands. She sailed for the Falklands with an airgroup of 12 Sea Harrier FRS1 attack aircraft of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, and 18 Sea King helicopters. A few weeks after sailing, more aircraft were flown or transported via other ships to replace some losses and augment the task force. Hermess airgroup grew to 16 Sea Harriers, 10 Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR3s of the Royal Air Force, and 10 Sea Kings (after some of the helicopters were dispersed to other ships) as well as a troop of Special Air Service (SAS) and Royal Marines. As she was the RN's largest carrier, she was considered too valuable to risk close into the Falklands, due to the possibility of Argentine air force attacks. Her Harriers therefore operated at the limit of their endurance radius but were very successful in keeping the enemy aircraft at bay.
Air group at the height of the Falklands Conflict:
800 NAS – 15 Sea Harrier FRS.1
826 NAS – 5 Sea King HAS.5
846 NAS – 5 Sea King HC.4
No. 1 Squadron RAF – 6 Harrier GR.3
After the Falklands War
After her return home from the Falklands conflict Hermes entered into a much needed 4-month refit to her propulsion and electrical systems, as well as a thorough cleaning and repainting. When this was completed in November 1982, she embarked stores and performed work-ups exercises. She then took part in NATO exercises in the North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea as a commando carrier. In the autumn of 1983 she took part in her last exercise, Ocean Safari, where she reverted to a strike carrier role, embarking 12 Sea Harriers, 10 RAF Harrier GR.3s and 10 Sea Kings. After this exercise, she called into Devonport for a minor refit and thereafter into maintained reserve in Portsmouth.
In 1983, when the proposed sale of the aircraft carrier to the Royal Australian Navy was cancelled following the Falklands War, an offer was made to sell Hermes and a squadron of Sea Harriers to Australia. However the new Hawke Government decided against purchasing a replacement for HMAS Melbourne.
Hermes served with the Royal Navy until 12 April 1984. On this day she entered Portsmouth with a reduced crew, under her own steam, flying the White Ensign for the final time as a seagoing ship.
Viraat
In April 1986 Hermes was towed from Portsmouth Dockyard to Devonport Dockyard to be refitted, reactivated and sold to India, recommissioning and sailing as INS Viraat in 1987.
Complement
The typical aircraft complement in the late 1960s consisted of 12 Sea Vixen FAW2s, 7 Buccaneer S2s, 4 Gannet AEW3s, 1 Gannet COD4, 5 Wessex HAS3s and 1 Wessex HAS1. Hermes was recommissioned as a commando carrier in 1973, as an ASW carrier in 1976 (carrying around 20 or so Sea King and Wessex helicopters), and then as a V/STOL carrier in 1981. Hermes initial complement of aircraft as a V/STOL carrier was five Harriers and 12 Sea King helicopters, though she had the capacity for up to a total of 37 aircraft.
Preservation attempts
Following her decommissioning from the Indian Navy in 2017, a crowdfunding campaign was launched to preserve Hermes as a museum piece. The campaign aimed to raise £100,000, but was only able to raise £9,303 before being declared unsuccessful.
On 1 November 2018 the Maharashtra cabinet approved the conversion of Viraat into India's first moored maritime museum and marine adventure centre. It would be located near Nivati, Sindhudurg district. On 1 July 2019 the Indian Minister of State for Defence informed the Indian Parliament that a decision to scrap Viraat had been taken due to the non-receipt of any financially self-sustaining proposal.
The ship is currently being scrapped in a ship breakers yard in Alang, India. As of December 2020, about five per cent of the ship was already gone. The distinctive take-off ramp used by the Harrier jump jets had been removed. On 10 February 2021, the Supreme Court of India ordered the dismantling be placed on hold, following a petition by a private firm to turn the ship into a museum.
See also
Type 984 radar
Notes
References
External links
Maritimequest HMS Hermes photo gallery
– filmed on Hermes.
Article about potential scrapping
Centaur-class aircraft carriers
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1953 ships
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United Kingdom
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Museum ships in India
Military and war museums in India
Centaur-class aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy
de:INS Viraat (R22) | [
0.020370127633213997,
-0.18202956020832062,
-0.10087504237890244,
-0.07817822694778442,
-0.22261452674865723,
0.39054250717163086,
0.47488629817962646,
-0.7910690903663635,
-0.2125188559293747,
0.4604589641094208,
-0.17993947863578796,
0.39520972967147827,
-0.2791907489299774,
-0.2161552906036377,
0.46165743470191956,
-0.027774488553404808,
0.429067999124527,
0.37428605556488037,
-0.03363161161541939,
-0.4958766996860504,
0.1065453439950943,
-0.014154830947518349,
0.3812171518802643,
-0.10146108269691467,
0.2450145184993744,
0.26159030199050903,
0.5177408456802368,
0.4232853353023529,
0.557076096534729,
0.13758940994739532,
0.6130814552307129,
0.7441724538803101,
-0.13053642213344574,
0.147139772772789,
0.4169171154499054,
0.26729997992515564,
0.045260846614837646,
0.06398659944534302,
-0.05370739847421646,
-0.5721620917320251,
-0.7911136746406555,
-0.10208281129598618,
0.4559549391269684,
0.032308485358953476,
-0.1659945845603943,
0.14358776807785034,
-1.4852874279022217,
0.1523003876209259,
0.5621765851974487,
0.15247347950935364,
-0.7391430139541626,
0.08522395044565201,
0.08559732139110565,
0.08092071115970612,
0.15061146020889282,
0.5968988537788391,
-1.2389775514602661,
0.05234523117542267,
-0.16785839200019836,
0.0499875433743,
0.46440452337265015,
0.4914882481098175,
0.13611596822738647,
0.40647968649864197,
0.31894829869270325,
-0.03438461571931839,
-0.5577493906021118,
0.46113482117652893,
-0.3674585521221161,
-0.01655764877796173,
0.32695695757865906,
-0.506301999092102,
-0.1555270254611969,
0.18864378333091736,
-0.44095444679260254,
-0.338061660528183,
-0.029620831832289696,
-0.8475350737571716,
0.531264066696167,
0.45105668902397156,
0.6305273771286011,
0.20746886730194092,
0.5914011001586914,
0.2784007489681244,
-0.3870414197444916,
0.017855502665042877,
-0.18849055469036102,
0.04138961806893349,
-0.7848395705223083,
0.6321861743927002,
-0.26351940631866455,
-0.5155239701271057,
0.23057587444782257,
0.31152021884918213,
0.0846821740269661,
0.4529261887073517,
-0.3080345094203949,
0.35726475715637207,
0.5693402886390686,
-0.1693965196609497,
0.14021724462509155,
0.6381182074546814,
0.5407295227050781,
-0.6693305373191833,
-0.7089461088180542,
-0.44695112109184265,
-0.39697566628456116,
-0.33446004986763,
-0.5249582529067993,
-0.13604000210762024,
-0.47189638018608093,
-0.32390642166137695,
-0.5035833120346069,
-0.03459525480866432,
-0.4407123029232025,
0.06738289445638657,
0.4205746352672577,
-0.11483100056648254,
-0.061368636786937714,
-0.17190566658973694,
0.5441296100616455,
0.8838696479797363,
-0.50728839635849,
0.1431262344121933,
0.012007554061710835,
0.1983659267425537,
0.6885870695114136,
0.5270938277244568,
-0.8822090029716492,
0.00020359420159365982,
0.5971435308456421,
1.32782781124115,
-0.7630227208137512,
-0.06733173877000809,
-0.5464853644371033,
0.11520764231681824,
-0.0439036525785923,
0.4393486976623535,
0.2028099149465561,
0.7530341744422913,
-0.674234926700592,
-0.34073367714881897,
0.010469024069607258,
0.008696038275957108,
0.6278380155563354,
0.12374988943338394,
0.23265241086483002,
-0.025210972875356674,
-0.3105398416519165,
-0.7250868082046509,
-0.06002405658364296,
-0.4841880202293396,
0.01779976114630699,
0.0859302282333374,
-0.3296670913696289,
-0.2728439271450043,
0.3697764277458191,
-0.2697010636329651,
0.025792984291911125,
0.333171010017395,
-0.4565366208553314,
-0.14900240302085876,
0.13009493052959442,
-0.06249102205038071,
0.6382485032081604,
0.15721887350082397,
0.45652636885643005,
-0.13274835050106049,
0.3320003151893616,
-0.60151207447052,
-0.3973156809806824,
-0.29195448756217957,
0.6287518739700317,
-0.028723405674099922,
-0.2667182385921478,
-0.30997398495674133,
0.8956626653671265,
0.15184985101222992,
0.34790658950805664,
-0.6204711198806763,
-0.42752012610435486,
-0.03108358196914196,
-0.1357526183128357,
0.30231764912605286,
0.7854682207107544,
0.43077364563941956,
0.13823877274990082,
0.37515488266944885,
-0.2123558521270752,
0.3523942530155182,
-0.3952174782752991,
-0.12200042605400085,
0.6777103543281555,
0.04293742775917053,
1.2752304077148438,
-0.3815522789955139,
-0.1776711493730545,
0.05365198850631714,
0.2655024826526642,
0.38002705574035645,
0.45632076263427734,
0.14458531141281128,
-0.18707329034805298,
-0.19825880229473114,
-0.42696166038513184,
0.40555551648139954,
0.36372724175453186,
0.3949723541736603,
-0.030107658356428146,
0.7334927916526794,
-0.7339627146720886,
-1.0288660526275635,
-0.04131974279880524,
0.35073480010032654,
0.25668251514434814,
-0.14013299345970154,
-0.23223160207271576,
-0.24541792273521423,
-0.250885933637619,
-0.2835472524166107,
0.5885075926780701,
0.2507544159889221,
-0.6080251336097717,
-0.4833108186721802,
-0.08246510475873947,
-0.026891686022281647,
0.3532000482082367,
0.2809741199016571,
-0.1780235916376114,
-0.15807053446769714,
-0.079961396753788,
0.24946126341819763,
-0.27772894501686096,
0.08481328189373016,
-0.016748689115047455,
0.2294985055923462,
-0.31514284014701843,
-0.06518858671188354,
0.7302989363670349,
-0.2957983911037445,
-0.23004308342933655,
0.5703541040420532,
-0.6703324913978577,
-0.02368387207388878,
0.4377216398715973,
0.10519929230213165,
0.11061825603246689,
0.09516755491495132,
0.1548476666212082,
-0.586170494556427,
0.13576920330524445,
0.3321680724620819,
0.4387511909008026,
-0.4581584334373474,
-0.1328052431344986,
-0.004268134478479624,
-0.15002413094043732,
0.12234058976173401,
0.5865607261657715,
-0.10739818215370178,
-0.3985027074813843,
-0.037569403648376465,
0.3332120180130005,
0.02040722966194153,
0.06812679767608643,
-0.22187165915966034,
-0.8209522366523743,
-0.35993996262550354,
0.7438073754310608,
-0.49532797932624817,
0.27187126874923706,
-0.3711434006690979,
0.3935275971889496,
-1.1761009693145752,
0.12197359651327133,
0.07899288088083267,
-0.06186642870306969,
0.44551533460617065,
-0.2118457704782486,
-0.3782970905303955,
0.5842029452323914,
0.9722880721092224,
-0.47574687004089355,
-0.5910320281982422,
-0.47017985582351685,
0.25887033343315125,
0.5051476955413818,
-0.3007461130619049,
-0.08097302168607712,
-0.3214375078678131,
-0.387012779712677,
-0.42339596152305603,
-0.6392377614974976,
0.15027235448360443,
0.06467260420322418,
0.2314641773700714,
-0.38083401322364807,
-0.29655200242996216,
-0.0551513209939003,
0.04402681440114975,
-0.41265231370925903,
0.5845969319343567,
-0.3788256049156189,
0.0517219640314579,
-0.3383916914463043,
-0.009696952067315578,
-0.4843766689300537,
0.7177782654762268,
-5.481927871704102,
-0.15979541838169098,
-0.008705283515155315,
-0.029318150132894516,
-0.2764098048210144,
0.284791499376297,
-0.24243254959583282,
-0.21827226877212524,
0.17384618520736694,
-0.5569713711738586,
0.9131788015365601,
0.20690155029296875,
0.1375247836112976,
0.2740571200847626,
0.6686108112335205,
0.33159226179122925,
0.8804247379302979,
-0.30847498774528503,
1.0681164264678955,
0.09566716849803925,
0.39677396416664124,
0.2372385859489441,
-0.17506617307662964,
-0.18022239208221436,
-0.40958482027053833,
0.19992446899414062,
0.14602355659008026,
-0.14818301796913147,
-0.7420654296875,
-0.31870654225349426,
0.09851005673408508,
-0.2942675054073334,
-0.24477900564670563,
-0.20048828423023224,
-0.015326989814639091,
-0.37760570645332336,
0.6863040924072266,
0.24630561470985413,
0.18076983094215393,
-0.43593496084213257,
-0.08001719415187836,
-0.01672886125743389,
0.19323813915252686,
0.31163886189460754,
0.2530968487262726,
-0.34107694029808044,
-0.03893834352493286,
-0.039117440581321716,
0.3884638547897339,
1.1703017950057983,
0.2960924506187439,
0.2296716272830963,
0.7422836422920227,
0.27684319019317627,
0.47575002908706665,
0.2256421148777008,
-0.5290100574493408,
-0.04322325810790062,
-0.19211824238300323,
0.0946071594953537,
-0.2585830092430115,
0.031682584434747696,
-0.17770247161388397,
-0.508356511592865,
0.045040592551231384,
0.6743105053901672,
-0.264406681060791,
-0.48546797037124634,
0.04939202964305878,
-0.289524108171463,
-0.0830480083823204,
1.2523243427276611,
-0.4434818923473358,
-0.8655779361724854,
0.21215058863162994,
-0.26699012517929077,
0.29236215353012085,
0.36751237511634827,
-0.31734856963157654,
-0.1680593192577362,
0.25677043199539185,
-0.6059897541999817,
-0.44228842854499817,
0.33445820212364197,
0.18950901925563812,
-0.7497963905334473,
-0.32499080896377563,
0.05642728507518768,
-0.023719651624560356,
-0.09163264185190201,
0.6426730155944824,
-0.5602410435676575,
-0.02236831746995449,
0.773566484451294,
1.0171900987625122,
-0.448032408952713,
-0.411911278963089,
-0.04943709075450897,
0.9444580674171448,
-0.23129840195178986,
0.12006112188100815,
-0.13037988543510437,
0.45471590757369995,
-0.081972636282444,
-0.592108428478241,
-0.4766276776790619,
-0.5961844325065613,
-0.2544267475605011,
0.11797408759593964,
-0.4791606068611145,
0.06748227775096893,
-0.6892298460006714,
-0.11854575574398041,
-0.13190969824790955,
0.6827583312988281,
-0.0019132407614961267,
0.083478182554245,
0.6934235692024231,
0.4058409035205841,
0.49068376421928406,
-0.7505180239677429,
0.8662937879562378,
-0.5226430296897888,
-0.42547595500946045,
-0.7084445953369141,
-0.5185003876686096,
0.2387024462223053,
-0.3708610534667969,
-0.7181931734085083,
0.0022264367435127497,
-0.04078024625778198,
0.37835705280303955,
-0.02141401171684265,
0.007654647342860699,
0.34714195132255554,
-0.6303914785385132,
-0.5779383182525635,
0.49666741490364075,
0.34999218583106995,
0.09969493746757507,
-0.6296124458312988,
0.12566164135932922,
-0.12948809564113617,
0.4027387797832489,
1.114270567893982,
0.39573052525520325,
0.7599096894264221,
-0.23782280087471008,
0.5143792033195496,
0.39565038681030273,
-0.4108482599258423,
-0.4602404832839966,
0.5166606903076172,
-0.5630349516868591,
-0.0756010189652443,
0.2517450153827667,
0.3689345717430115,
0.0068965209648013115,
-0.17247352004051208,
-0.320919930934906,
0.048868417739868164,
-0.0008489674655720592,
-0.7962926626205444,
-0.48539167642593384,
0.5537388920783997,
0.02646123804152012,
-0.05836808308959007,
-0.8095018863677979,
0.08387233316898346,
-0.08190551400184631,
-0.10514271259307861,
-0.6143919825553894,
-0.7636948823928833,
0.15521159768104553,
0.35198909044265747,
0.15118026733398438,
-0.8368955254554749,
-0.667514443397522,
-0.2906414270401001,
-0.1799418181180954,
-0.2452419400215149,
-0.007055506110191345,
-0.43356260657310486,
0.4842481315135956,
0.16355478763580322,
-0.0201828982681036,
-0.7055520415306091,
-0.015763916075229645,
-0.3466602861881256,
-0.19079022109508514,
0.09675952792167664,
-0.4345320463180542,
0.6035201549530029,
0.31394752860069275,
-0.7976653575897217,
0.4358082413673401,
0.1180465817451477,
0.06390286982059479,
0.2411174178123474,
-0.7687786817550659,
0.21675917506217957,
0.5854610204696655,
-0.8729435205459595,
0.03822680935263634,
0.3391810655593872,
-0.5115171074867249,
-0.05748764052987099,
-0.2499120980501175,
0.092567078769207,
0.9022130370140076,
-0.24592232704162598,
-1.0218315124511719,
0.31562328338623047,
0.8099372386932373,
-0.6160484552383423,
0.06134459748864174,
-0.3972894549369812,
0.6523846387863159,
-0.19823387265205383,
-0.7848105430603027,
-0.6261606812477112,
-0.11422254890203476,
-0.11173583567142487,
-0.5367658138275146,
-0.8040603399276733,
0.4750956594944,
0.1947997510433197,
-0.6022956967353821,
-0.45326194167137146,
-0.0632210299372673,
-0.7848603129386902,
-0.014189796522259712,
-0.14680667221546173,
-0.42498844861984253,
0.18464632332324982,
-0.35357096791267395,
-0.1079266145825386,
-0.18263570964336395,
0.41655248403549194,
0.6323029398918152,
0.5058575868606567,
0.7340990304946899,
0.4961206316947937,
-0.42034003138542175,
-0.1561950147151947,
-0.03440861031413078,
0.867507815361023,
-0.3611096739768982,
-0.14190219342708588,
-0.16705283522605896,
-0.02474149689078331,
-0.1698056012392044,
-0.8974593877792358,
-0.6064141392707825,
1.1332422494888306,
-0.5940735340118408,
0.14081093668937683,
-0.5924711227416992,
0.09259933233261108,
0.10525260120630264,
0.27690598368644714,
0.5060404539108276,
-0.8813634514808655,
-0.15981045365333557,
0.5586961507797241,
0.7459929585456848,
-0.0451604388654232,
-0.14407500624656677,
0.445107638835907,
0.14660580456256866,
-0.11813525855541229,
0.3667721152305603,
-0.027054505422711372,
0.4686632454395294,
0.10592683404684067,
0.035444341599941254,
0.004202392417937517,
-0.5503633618354797,
0.7237852811813354,
0.34185153245925903,
0.2379833608865738,
0.49323856830596924,
0.05355656519532204,
-0.3503931760787964,
-0.06648320704698563,
-0.49713894724845886,
-0.24943776428699493,
-0.28762903809547424,
0.6281527280807495,
0.4702460765838623,
0.6835483312606812,
-0.30704766511917114,
-0.4583779573440552,
-0.12440431118011475,
0.0187505055218935,
0.007084891200065613,
-0.4587987959384918,
0.019467618316411972,
-0.18641194701194763,
0.5422970652580261,
-0.5786992907524109,
0.5460498332977295,
-0.3709481656551361,
0.0866822898387909,
0.019190378487110138,
0.13314014673233032,
0.1496148556470871,
-0.36474764347076416,
-0.051352597773075104,
0.48438090085983276,
-0.20735256373882294,
-0.6516200304031372,
0.00731881707906723,
0.5345933437347412,
-0.7398733496665955,
0.26666155457496643,
0.43706977367401123,
-0.10340510308742523,
-0.22038359940052032,
0.0029461360536515713,
-0.11937122046947479,
0.3419434428215027,
0.033715058118104935,
0.47553551197052,
-0.5964045524597168,
0.709772527217865,
-0.6840037703514099,
-0.21717572212219238,
0.11222876608371735,
0.6514185667037964,
0.24995653331279755,
-0.492808997631073,
-0.12998716533184052,
0.9309976696968079,
-0.37228119373321533,
-0.1257476806640625,
0.7455967664718628,
-0.45178884267807007,
0.13967092335224152,
0.6820217370986938,
0.28917187452316284,
-0.023611044511198997,
-0.32695960998535156,
-0.5544594526290894,
-0.21422861516475677,
0.4988521635532379,
-0.3184836208820343,
-0.10449368506669998,
0.46680524945259094,
-0.18584564328193665,
0.45241779088974,
0.47427186369895935,
0.22540411353111267,
0.021007388830184937,
-0.05627545714378357,
0.6352463364601135,
0.0005148609634488821,
-0.6093604564666748,
0.5400744676589966,
-0.2527506947517395,
0.3040693998336792,
0.059146322309970856,
-0.2808081805706024,
0.17482633888721466,
-0.5379183292388916,
0.08931256830692291,
0.2031649798154831,
-0.16638483107089996,
0.6861600875854492,
0.19380925595760345,
-0.07161845266819,
0.21562650799751282,
-0.39954885840415955,
-0.10782792419195175,
-0.005837885197252035,
-0.020927604287862778,
0.4246163070201874,
-0.4339176118373871,
0.05557629093527794,
-0.07775396853685379,
-0.2844122350215912,
0.034748200327157974,
-0.48405736684799194,
-0.7961440086364746,
0.03701115399599075,
-0.07870917022228241,
-0.41669246554374695,
-0.20715372264385223,
-0.1702187955379486,
0.2610827088356018,
0.42544832825660706,
-0.3673701882362366,
-0.6299351453781128,
-0.15002375841140747,
-0.6994990110397339,
0.4092424511909485,
-0.1002439558506012,
0.1598571538925171,
0.011424762196838856,
0.3733949661254883,
0.039246294647455215,
0.1641261875629425,
-0.026443123817443848,
0.2578660249710083,
0.09400645643472672,
0.0418623648583889,
-0.06754637509584427,
0.17342044413089752,
-0.5951417684555054,
-0.16738858819007874,
0.2531570494174957,
-0.06585849821567535,
0.045261308550834656,
-0.05951816216111183,
-0.23190462589263916,
-0.010259280912578106,
0.22122684121131897,
-0.9492985010147095,
-0.39261704683303833,
0.34894493222236633,
0.4019043743610382,
-0.6551148891448975,
-0.014150516130030155,
-0.3171182870864868,
-0.8754939436912537,
-0.26516425609588623,
0.20101149380207062,
-0.22372180223464966,
0.044353753328323364,
0.5279025435447693,
0.37142810225486755,
0.3262743353843689,
-0.276345431804657,
0.11716128140687943,
-0.4508732557296753,
0.09531233459711075,
0.12464319169521332,
0.2027067393064499,
0.2751166522502899,
0.6793336868286133,
0.2903144061565399,
-0.10876019299030304,
0.4855118989944458,
0.3558981120586395,
-0.7759239673614502,
-0.18645812571048737,
-0.43311017751693726,
-0.34780025482177734,
0.08617328107357025,
0.3231620490550995,
0.21870413422584534,
-0.15118949115276337,
0.1690387725830078,
-0.5060288310050964,
0.6008570790290833,
-0.06410486251115799,
0.4368214011192322,
-0.19412142038345337,
0.36992010474205017,
-0.19297559559345245
] |
247556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic%20League | Schmalkaldic League | The Schmalkaldic League (; ; or ) was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.
Although created for religious motives soon after the start of the Reformation, its members later came to have the intention that the League would replace the Holy Roman Empire as their focus of political allegiance.
While it was not the first alliance of its kind, unlike previous formations, such as the League of Torgau, the Schmalkaldic League had a substantial military to defend its political and religious interests. It received its name from the town of Schmalkalden, which is located in modern Thuringia.
Origins
The League was officially established on 27 February 1531 by Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, and John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, the two most powerful Protestant rulers in the Holy Roman Empire at the time. It originated as a defensive religious alliance, with the members pledging to defend each other if their territories were attacked by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. At the insistence of the Elector of Saxony, membership was conditional on agreement to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession or the Reformed Tetrapolitan Confession.
Nuremberg religious peace
The formation of the Smalcald League in 1531 and the threatening attitude of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who, in April 1532, assumed the offensive with an army of 300,000 men, caused Ferdinand of Austria to grant the religious peace.
Ferdinand had made humiliating overtures to Suleiman and as long as he hoped for a favourable response, was not inclined to grant the peace, which the Protestants demanded at the Diet of Regensburg, which met in April 1532. However, as the army of Suleiman drew nearer, he yielded, and on 23 July 1532 the peace was concluded at Nuremberg, where the final deliberations took place.
Those who supported the Reformation obtained religious liberty until the meeting of a council and in a separate compact all proceedings in matters of religion pending before the imperial chamber court were temporarily paused.
Growth
In December 1535, the League admitted anyone who would subscribe to the Augsburg Confession, and Anhalt, Württemberg, Pomerania, as well as the free imperial cities of Augsburg, Frankfurt am Main, and the Free Imperial City of Kempten joined the alliance.
In 1538, the Schmalkaldic League allied with the newly reformed Denmark. In 1545, the League gained the allegiance of the Electoral Palatinate, under the control of Frederick III, Elector Palatine.
In 1544, Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Speyer, which stated that during the reign of Christian III, Denmark would maintain a peaceful foreign policy towards the Holy Roman Empire. The league would also get limited support from Brandenburg under Joachim II Hector, but during the Schmalkaldic War he would send cavalry support to the Emperor against the league.
Activities
The League's members agreed to provide 10,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry for their mutual protection. They rarely provoked Charles directly but confiscated church land, expelled bishops and Catholic princes and helped spread Lutheranism throughout northern Germany.
Martin Luther planned to present to the League the Smalcald Articles, a stricter Protestant confession, during a meeting in 1537.
Luther attended the critical meeting in 1537 but spent most of his time suffering from kidney stones. The rulers and princes even met in the home at which Luther was staying. Though Luther was asked to prepare the articles of faith that came to be known as the Smalcald Articles, they were not formally adopted at the time of the meeting, but in 1580, they were included in the Book of Concord.
Political environment
For 15 years, the League was able to exist without opposition because Charles was busy fighting wars with France and the Ottoman Empire. Overall, the Ottoman–Habsburg Wars lasted from 1526 to 1571.
In 1535, Francis I of France, who vigorously persecuted Protestants at home, supported the Protestant princes in their struggle against their common foe.
The tactical support ended in 1544 with the signing of the Treaty of Crépy, whereby the French king, who was fighting the Emperor in Italy, pledged to stop backing the Protestant princes and the League in Germany.
In 1535, Charles led the Conquest of Tunis. Francis I of France, in an effort to limit the power of the Habsburgs, allied with Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire, forming a Franco-Ottoman alliance. The Italian War of 1536–38 between France and the Holy Roman Empire ended in 1538 with the Truce of Nice.
The final war during that period Charles fought against France, the Italian War of 1542–46, ended with inconclusive results and the Treaty of Crépy.
After the peace with France, Charles signed the Truce of Adrianople in 1547 with the Ottoman Empire, which was allied to Francis, to free even more Habsburg resources for a final confrontation with the League.
Schmalkaldic War
After Charles made peace with Francis, he focused on suppressing Protestant resistance within his empire. From 1546 to 1547, in what is known as the Schmalkaldic War, Charles and his allies fought the League over the territories of Ernestine Saxony and Albertine Saxony. Although the League's military forces may have been superior, its leaders were incompetent and unable to agree on any definitive battle plans. Despite the fact that Pope Paul III withdrew his troops from the Imperial forces and halved his subsidy, on 24 April 1547, the imperial forces gathered by Charles routed the League's forces at the Battle of Mühlberg, capturing many leaders, including, most notably, Johann Frederick the Magnanimous. Philip of Hesse tried to negotiate, but the emperor refused, and Philip surrendered in May. In theory, that meant that the residents of thirty different cities were returned to Catholicism, but that was not the case. The battle effectively won the war for Charles; only two cities continued to resist. Many of the princes and key reformers, such as Martin Bucer, fled to England, where they directly influenced the English Reformation.
Aftermath
In 1548, the victorious Charles forced the Schmalkaldic League to agree to the terms set forth in the Augsburg Interim. However, by the 1550s, Protestantism had established itself too firmly within Central Europe to be ended by brute force.
A small Protestant victory in 1552 forced Charles to flee across the Alps to avoid capture; the heir Ferdinand (King of the Romans) signed the Peace of Passau, which granted some freedoms to Protestants and ended all of Charles' hopes of religious unity within his empire.
Three years later, the Peace of Augsburg granted Lutheranism official status within the Holy Roman Empire and let princes choose the official religion within the domains that they controlled, according to the principle of Cuius regio, eius religio.
See also
Other Protestant leagues:
League of Torgau (1526-1531), the earliest league of Protestant princes against the Catholic League of Dessau, succeeded by the Schmalkaldic League
Protestant Union (1608-1621), a league of Protestant states against the Catholic League
Heilbronn League (1633-1648), a league of western and southern Protestant German states under Swedish and French guidance
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Schmalkaldic League (1530/1 – 1547) at about.com
The Schmalkaldic War – World History at KMLA
Schmalkaldischer Bund
1531 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire | [
-0.7493366003036499,
-0.07253342866897583,
0.1399528831243515,
0.16316398978233337,
-0.5236659646034241,
-0.14683762192726135,
0.5773007869720459,
0.3164178431034088,
-0.42279288172721863,
-0.3150235116481781,
0.041609734296798706,
-0.4301825165748596,
0.06686685979366302,
0.8985888957977295,
-0.10453297197818756,
0.051997095346450806,
0.3487003743648529,
0.3215194046497345,
-0.20538587868213654,
-0.38576632738113403,
-0.3266954720020294,
-0.3390398621559143,
0.7144631743431091,
0.5127328634262085,
0.5296996831893921,
-0.5859531164169312,
0.8152626156806946,
-0.31108328700065613,
0.10811164975166321,
-0.16743557155132294,
0.3663973808288574,
0.5485435128211975,
0.05528201907873154,
-0.5095326900482178,
-0.16774238646030426,
0.17794770002365112,
0.15737348794937134,
-0.21239738166332245,
-0.20444069802761078,
-0.6724035143852234,
0.14633838832378387,
0.08765266090631485,
0.28055164217948914,
0.5260834097862244,
-0.024949796497821808,
-0.17364726960659027,
-1.4820537567138672,
0.5463026762008667,
-0.6478134393692017,
-0.031169692054390907,
-0.2610528767108917,
0.34183722734451294,
0.14551490545272827,
0.7803429961204529,
-0.4188377261161804,
0.5861631035804749,
-0.7718942165374756,
-0.09427498281002045,
0.3368115723133087,
-0.08725881576538086,
0.39143630862236023,
-0.1989833414554596,
0.44517725706100464,
-0.12523433566093445,
-0.2896549105644226,
-0.0858447402715683,
-0.4401969015598297,
0.5946577191352844,
-0.5253617167472839,
-0.9794264435768127,
0.05582473799586296,
-0.2629849910736084,
-0.5184425115585327,
-0.26577141880989075,
0.7556779980659485,
-0.1652478575706482,
-0.005203149281442165,
0.26539716124534607,
0.37219035625457764,
-0.3447659909725189,
-0.5477354526519775,
0.3933947682380676,
0.6757817268371582,
0.1631765514612198,
0.7680007219314575,
0.04668690636754036,
0.2775805592536926,
-0.017779547721147537,
-0.5656623840332031,
-0.10603311657905579,
0.10559765249490738,
-0.2175903469324112,
0.28161653876304626,
-0.29386600852012634,
0.16108490526676178,
-0.17486107349395752,
0.18034450709819794,
0.008948580361902714,
-0.13298991322517395,
0.49056297540664673,
0.266227662563324,
0.5596198439598083,
-0.35673412680625916,
-0.10121965408325195,
-0.8149069547653198,
-0.06851819157600403,
0.26181861758232117,
-0.12458599358797073,
-0.3216892182826996,
0.2809038758277893,
-0.2892489433288574,
-0.3384464681148529,
0.25469154119491577,
0.17439191043376923,
-0.1745358407497406,
-0.06575168669223785,
0.0013184696435928345,
-0.9615593552589417,
0.16992852091789246,
0.24814698100090027,
-0.12478060275316238,
0.3933590054512024,
-0.13381601870059967,
0.14167089760303497,
-0.07529731839895248,
-0.05767128989100456,
0.47164493799209595,
0.484213262796402,
-0.7706326842308044,
-0.33485347032546997,
0.6691255569458008,
0.8959850072860718,
0.31809914112091064,
-0.3920219838619232,
0.15169911086559296,
0.02971481904387474,
0.5965592861175537,
0.05654308944940567,
0.3710401952266693,
0.15355584025382996,
-0.6931889057159424,
-0.5522506833076477,
-0.1820163130760193,
-0.3865129053592682,
0.09104343503713608,
-0.1531848907470703,
-0.3808528482913971,
-0.8082501888275146,
-0.20917607843875885,
-0.21154075860977173,
0.022548716515302658,
0.2781057357788086,
0.05065055564045906,
0.019755614921450615,
-0.04137000814080238,
0.5062157511711121,
0.3295022249221802,
-0.563708484172821,
0.6119697093963623,
0.40539032220840454,
-0.3086041808128357,
0.11357908695936203,
-0.31641659140586853,
-0.3827359080314636,
0.27633538842201233,
0.06571263819932938,
0.1784372478723526,
0.31664514541625977,
-0.30975282192230225,
-0.03963875025510788,
-0.4776866137981415,
0.42044758796691895,
-0.019798537716269493,
0.09606374800205231,
0.4854450523853302,
0.3898928761482239,
0.6453517079353333,
0.20672723650932312,
0.3136416971683502,
-0.38825085759162903,
-0.5853939652442932,
0.7212554812431335,
0.21994048357009888,
0.06380745023488998,
0.1397789716720581,
0.7331214547157288,
0.25188037753105164,
-0.10967838764190674,
-0.18494579195976257,
-0.09729260206222534,
0.27708786725997925,
-0.5867982506752014,
0.31570351123809814,
-0.030813273042440414,
1.552040696144104,
0.09496911615133286,
-0.18586070835590363,
-0.1556532233953476,
-0.26207271218299866,
0.03929261490702629,
-0.0644572302699089,
-0.4325529932975769,
-0.04680493846535683,
0.25002267956733704,
-0.20937903225421906,
-0.19425168633460999,
-0.3946734070777893,
-0.17866237461566925,
0.09244171530008316,
0.14063239097595215,
-0.16200479865074158,
-0.18777036666870117,
-0.0030391060281544924,
0.1459597945213318,
-0.2811592221260071,
-0.24158594012260437,
-0.7351452708244324,
0.45821240544319153,
0.11770016700029373,
-0.2724453806877136,
0.26915374398231506,
-0.32914578914642334,
-0.46566447615623474,
0.6861932277679443,
0.13116030395030975,
0.3087037205696106,
-0.25519824028015137,
0.6148539185523987,
0.002994316862896085,
-0.40765950083732605,
0.049426425248384476,
0.4031154215335846,
0.3995589315891266,
-0.12629373371601105,
0.37409234046936035,
-0.5031603574752808,
-0.45399153232574463,
-0.09117130935192108,
0.0163849126547575,
-0.42236411571502686,
0.15662604570388794,
-0.1285022348165512,
-0.3780544400215149,
0.6148338317871094,
-0.37911713123321533,
0.4238831698894501,
0.09534182399511337,
-0.21994516253471375,
-0.16668756306171417,
0.1378946304321289,
-0.3814345598220825,
0.6396312713623047,
-0.5818669199943542,
-0.4359667897224426,
0.24852539598941803,
-0.4776671528816223,
1.1108218431472778,
-0.5637813806533813,
-0.09650566428899765,
0.160078763961792,
0.2297791987657547,
0.07655724883079529,
-0.1500077098608017,
0.005903810262680054,
0.07191120833158493,
-0.8224571347236633,
0.15006209909915924,
-0.020457299426198006,
-0.27891695499420166,
0.35127517580986023,
-0.05925919860601425,
0.10995697975158691,
-0.28525522351264954,
-0.03154005482792854,
-0.6245598196983337,
-0.9326201677322388,
0.10833002626895905,
-0.157195046544075,
-0.08302624523639679,
-0.289498895406723,
-0.708513081073761,
0.12385392189025879,
0.2191791534423828,
-0.4050794541835785,
-0.12233509123325348,
0.10324779897928238,
0.3120514750480652,
-0.17377202212810516,
0.6002612113952637,
-0.299930602312088,
0.1577450931072235,
-0.039448030292987823,
-0.5364950299263,
0.2822684645652771,
-0.24949315190315247,
0.3240492641925812,
-0.24867500364780426,
0.17701604962348938,
0.5697112679481506,
-0.39013057947158813,
-1.2318428754806519,
0.22100305557250977,
-0.5880312323570251,
-0.07369224727153778,
0.052315253764390945,
0.06855792552232742,
-0.8022791743278503,
-0.18018294870853424,
-5.760058403015137,
-0.06061217561364174,
-0.3185255527496338,
-0.22665834426879883,
0.16413909196853638,
0.593482494354248,
0.2565554678440094,
-0.4105851650238037,
0.06606904417276382,
-0.01570051722228527,
0.5947479605674744,
-0.2196982204914093,
-0.5716356635093689,
-0.1729205697774887,
0.2176208645105362,
0.07311101257801056,
-0.03693455457687378,
0.3638942539691925,
-0.2497369796037674,
-0.7242292761802673,
-0.1944115310907364,
-0.0789232924580574,
0.30527737736701965,
0.7224470376968384,
0.5733022093772888,
0.15063904225826263,
-0.04198884963989258,
-0.5555890798568726,
-0.4893714189529419,
-0.005530016031116247,
-0.2765241861343384,
0.04159608110785484,
0.06759738177061081,
0.18355143070220947,
-0.061958909034729004,
-0.11548164486885071,
0.9217121005058289,
1.0224229097366333,
0.40308254957199097,
0.0010894559090957046,
-0.14313721656799316,
0.5682698488235474,
-0.3226737678050995,
0.09964125603437424,
0.5985071659088135,
-0.24059732258319855,
-0.16285483539104462,
0.5958027243614197,
-1.087450385093689,
0.6224918961524963,
0.06515204161405563,
-0.2753583490848541,
0.026415714994072914,
-0.2610622048377991,
0.23110824823379517,
0.1351919025182724,
0.05095556750893593,
-0.3489060401916504,
-0.025715330615639687,
0.08750905841588974,
0.4991222321987152,
-0.000459065631730482,
-0.21509872376918793,
0.4022841155529022,
0.018616443499922752,
-0.7849634289741516,
-0.24161504209041595,
-0.06055036559700966,
0.5624791979789734,
-0.036245256662368774,
-0.016200894489884377,
0.19686317443847656,
0.3311239182949066,
-0.9149700999259949,
0.15388385951519012,
-0.5580987334251404,
-0.196180060505867,
-0.09322566539049149,
0.2643638849258423,
0.38151663541793823,
0.13472194969654083,
0.1969846785068512,
0.24645191431045532,
0.36459091305732727,
0.8479801416397095,
0.3613746464252472,
0.2625501751899719,
-0.04314958304166794,
-0.33063822984695435,
0.21448726952075958,
-0.13027061522006989,
-1.0671440362930298,
0.0442035049200058,
0.21883343160152435,
-0.028382305055856705,
0.816515326499939,
-0.5641392469406128,
-0.01974303647875786,
0.2736086845397949,
0.08887159824371338,
0.663133978843689,
0.18760797381401062,
-0.14720012247562408,
0.24698995053768158,
0.05852194130420685,
0.24980714917182922,
-0.4474795460700989,
0.3459044098854065,
0.36064156889915466,
0.015804031863808632,
-0.20889851450920105,
-0.17859439551830292,
-0.12561866641044617,
-0.13121579587459564,
0.01950947567820549,
-0.6222153306007385,
-1.023207664489746,
0.9242513179779053,
0.1389625519514084,
0.08808960765600204,
0.16170185804367065,
0.18201673030853271,
0.01868627406656742,
-0.1321982741355896,
-0.039879295974969864,
0.0790073499083519,
-0.39200398325920105,
0.25016212463378906,
0.283423513174057,
0.46378079056739807,
0.04732261598110199,
-0.6203888058662415,
0.20467136800289154,
-0.359406441450119,
0.23831140995025635,
0.11397899687290192,
-0.7300114631652832,
-0.28222694993019104,
-0.27310141921043396,
-0.1770719736814499,
0.1371157467365265,
-0.48349252343177795,
-0.2658219635486603,
0.16243807971477509,
0.6644085049629211,
-0.14211103320121765,
0.5578283667564392,
-0.4323887526988983,
-0.4010297656059265,
0.35903120040893555,
-0.2580285668373108,
0.1900949627161026,
0.9024868607521057,
0.012718026526272297,
-0.3483491539955139,
-0.39197540283203125,
0.7406346201896667,
0.44738835096359253,
-0.3146679401397705,
-0.3710670471191406,
-0.2434328943490982,
-0.28732767701148987,
-1.0674101114273071,
0.03617291897535324,
0.29995277523994446,
-0.000254521903116256,
-0.4922161102294922,
-0.3277170956134796,
-0.2278522402048111,
0.3145812749862671,
-0.022642798721790314,
-0.42674848437309265,
-0.5045839548110962,
0.47815707325935364,
0.46381568908691406,
0.05887879431247711,
0.02971205674111843,
-0.2061597853899002,
-0.13231514394283295,
-0.22662992775440216,
-0.5282071232795715,
-0.2727116346359253,
-0.6448414921760559,
0.17786858975887299,
0.3496343493461609,
-0.06595032662153244,
-0.27308163046836853,
-0.2915218472480774,
-0.08857849985361099,
0.6497766375541687,
0.8190865516662598,
-0.30544936656951904,
-0.13664023578166962,
0.20972804725170135,
-0.28904488682746887,
-0.4117732048034668,
0.08265070617198944,
0.0658741369843483,
0.6324239373207092,
-0.2928714156150818,
0.5368934869766235,
0.32618603110313416,
-0.18693622946739197,
-0.6323782801628113,
0.21421082317829132,
-0.3463999330997467,
0.2545977830886841,
-0.3307052254676819,
-0.8760495185852051,
0.47460415959358215,
-0.17989681661128998,
-0.3038157820701599,
-0.1095907986164093,
0.8101955056190491,
-0.19945137202739716,
-0.5331821441650391,
-0.03810514509677887,
-0.29899054765701294,
-0.28076574206352234,
0.04620486870408058,
-0.19536426663398743,
-0.08874388784170151,
-0.5233802199363708,
-0.19977271556854248,
-0.9156031608581543,
0.06801414489746094,
-0.1202578917145729,
-0.19800573587417603,
-0.12078544497489929,
0.1298115998506546,
0.48702937364578247,
-0.28977397084236145,
-0.08000163733959198,
-0.12354270368814468,
0.4918077886104584,
-0.28971463441848755,
-0.014635472558438778,
0.18938550353050232,
0.1298551708459854,
0.39438050985336304,
0.6007137298583984,
0.5093099474906921,
0.5903852581977844,
-0.42003363370895386,
0.13682354986667633,
-0.11058994382619858,
0.11469481885433197,
-0.4257950782775879,
0.12792009115219116,
0.13212338089942932,
-0.14077399671077728,
-0.2437712550163269,
-0.3772483468055725,
-0.3255655765533447,
0.8900707364082336,
0.24515557289123535,
0.017708295956254005,
0.16959689557552338,
0.0029814287554472685,
-0.23627296090126038,
-0.5663301348686218,
-0.1608123481273651,
-0.08842378854751587,
-0.037919431924819946,
-0.18033751845359802,
-0.2849828600883484,
-0.5735073089599609,
-0.6557607650756836,
-0.12011189013719559,
-0.5489965677261353,
0.022617671638727188,
-0.4519694149494171,
0.8664594292640686,
-0.29229536652565,
-0.005950362887233496,
0.3540356755256653,
-0.30624350905418396,
-0.5436936616897583,
0.4036701023578644,
0.4320049285888672,
-0.6682100892066956,
-0.08495843410491943,
-0.2990821897983551,
-0.13223843276500702,
0.027570737525820732,
-0.7710897922515869,
-0.6644660830497742,
0.17299774289131165,
0.12640275061130524,
-0.08870071917772293,
-0.7037872076034546,
-0.02648557722568512,
0.23860332369804382,
1.2305831909179688,
0.14459681510925293,
-0.1432897001504898,
0.019758939743041992,
-0.3288347125053406,
-0.12291210889816284,
0.5398908853530884,
-0.30422961711883545,
0.0905521810054779,
0.1948266178369522,
-0.11806877702474594,
0.5317935347557068,
0.4886033535003662,
-0.448440819978714,
0.35919415950775146,
-0.5725240707397461,
0.013878189958631992,
0.2568957507610321,
0.009345555678009987,
-0.5967881679534912,
0.19490353763103485,
-0.3852478265762329,
-0.05625571683049202,
0.49609610438346863,
0.0796976238489151,
0.3884851038455963,
0.09760233014822006,
0.6132821440696716,
0.2859162390232086,
0.18085746467113495,
0.20990145206451416,
-0.1815485805273056,
0.30657219886779785,
0.6242815256118774,
0.17232564091682434,
-0.4865698218345642,
0.563235342502594,
0.33556559681892395,
0.2083900421857834,
-0.7598169445991516,
0.5214262008666992,
-0.3115951716899872,
-0.3786865174770355,
0.1488775908946991,
-0.171103373169899,
-0.09186462312936783,
0.6507140398025513,
-0.1911197006702423,
0.3185243606567383,
-0.36410605907440186,
-0.04199647903442383,
-0.19378407299518585,
0.2848721444606781,
-0.14523489773273468,
-0.16423679888248444,
0.5842440128326416,
0.28800880908966064,
0.6013590693473816,
0.012869123369455338,
0.16239340603351593,
-0.1199282556772232,
0.5424972772598267,
0.44504600763320923,
0.8107682466506958,
0.20753265917301178,
-0.07806099206209183,
-0.4118078052997589,
0.3807772397994995,
-0.2286691963672638,
0.5143064260482788,
-0.04897717386484146,
0.10964610427618027,
0.3568989932537079,
-0.47077038884162903,
-0.16887523233890533,
-0.2823159098625183,
-0.5171450972557068,
0.3118385374546051,
-0.4332241714000702,
0.1904434859752655,
0.3613528609275818,
0.029522649943828583,
-0.24380671977996826,
0.7173722386360168,
0.2169652134180069,
0.7310518622398376,
0.7778364419937134,
-0.6177017092704773,
-0.14898723363876343,
0.5682913661003113,
-0.26241591572761536,
-0.08494079113006592,
-0.19220583140850067,
0.402531236410141,
-0.308313250541687,
0.06467274576425552,
-0.23500598967075348,
-0.34401243925094604,
-0.3979484438896179,
-0.003997733350843191,
-0.07597748935222626,
-0.7393820881843567,
0.10920119285583496,
0.13242127001285553,
0.8924960494041443,
0.16415031254291534,
-0.07821953296661377,
-0.260537326335907,
-0.2806030213832855,
0.20602016150951385,
0.3843977749347687,
-0.3516366183757782,
0.254813015460968,
-0.24491481482982635,
-0.01912142150104046,
-0.04260171577334404,
0.5791443586349487,
0.5058605074882507,
-0.14890263974666595,
-0.07520130276679993,
0.5099257230758667,
-0.581873893737793,
-0.08364370465278625,
0.7766579985618591,
-0.024961581453680992,
0.39881742000579834,
0.11382801830768585,
0.4902954399585724,
-0.19725719094276428,
-0.16549287736415863,
-0.07076191902160645,
0.021632986143231392,
0.02506638504564762,
0.7334349751472473,
0.2206524759531021,
-0.34666791558265686,
0.4989246726036072,
-0.568840742111206,
-0.28649985790252686,
-0.019735360518097878,
-0.12072952091693878,
-0.3233749270439148,
-0.05336115509271622,
0.18676601350307465,
-0.15979522466659546,
0.5238990187644958,
-0.6558514833450317,
0.497828871011734,
-0.2754514217376709,
0.43700793385505676,
-0.03231808543205261,
0.5893723964691162,
0.34027689695358276,
0.39297208189964294,
-0.3058053255081177,
-0.4048163890838623,
0.4128822088241577,
0.2823336124420166,
-0.2535102367401123,
0.40999528765678406,
-0.7191746830940247,
0.21788839995861053,
-0.39841732382774353,
-0.2880178391933441,
-0.6754234433174133,
0.5178942084312439,
-0.08972666412591934
] |
247558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spork | Spork | A spork is a hybrid form of cutlery taking the form of a spoon-like shallow scoop with two to four fork-like tines. Spork-like utensils, such as the terrapin fork or ice cream fork, have been manufactured since the late 19th century; patents for spork-like designs date back to at least 1874. Sporks are commonly used by fast food restaurants, schools, prisons, the military, backpackers and in airline meals.
The word spork is a portmanteau of spoon and fork. It appeared in the 1909 supplement to the Century Dictionary, where it was described as a trade name and "a 'portmanteau-word' applied to a long, slender spoon having, at the end of the bowl, projections resembling the tines of a fork". The word "spork" was later registered as a trademark in the US and the UK.
History
In the US, patents for sporks and proto-sporks have been issued. A combined spoon, fork, and knife closely resembling the modern spork was invented by Samuel W. Francis and issued on February 3, 1874. Other early patents predating the modern spork include , for a "cutting spoon", granted on November 24, 1908, to Harry L. McCoy and , for a spoon with a tined edge, granted to Frank Emmenegger in November 1912. Many of these inventions predated the use of the term "spork". Given this significant prior art, the basic concept of combining aspects of a spoon and fork is well established; more modern patents have limited themselves to the specific implementation and appearance of the spork. These design patents do not prevent anyone from designing and manufacturing a different version of a spork. Examples of modern US design patents for sporks include patent number D247,153 issued in February 1978 and patent D388,664 issued in January 1998.
Etymology
The word "spork" originated in the early 20th century to describe such devices. In 1951, Hyde W. Ballard of Westtown, Pennsylvania filed an application with the United States Patent Office (USPO; now the United States Patent and Trademark Office) to register "Spork" as a trademark for a combination spoon and fork made of stainless steel. The Van Brode Milling Company subsequently registered SPORK for a combination plastic spoon, fork and knife at the USPO on October 27, 1970, but the registration expired 20 years later. The word Spork accompanied by a stylised design is registered in the US in relation to hand tools, in the name of a UK-based individual.
In the UK, Plastico Limited registered Spork as a trademark in relation to cutlery with effect from September 18, 1975 (reg. no. 1052291, now expired). The trademark is also registered in the UK in relation to gardening tools in the name of the same UK based individual who owns US trademark registration no. 2514381. Another British company, Lifeventure, sells titanium and plastic versions using the name "Forkspoon".
In an unsuccessful lawsuit in 1999 where the company Regalzone sought to invalidate Plastico Limited's UK registration for Spork, Justice Neuberger wrote:
Materials and uses
Materials such as stainless steel, silver, aluminum, titanium, and polycarbonate plastic have been used in spork manufacturing. Plastic sporks are common in prisons in the United States because they are difficult to form into shiv-type weapons to attack other inmates. Prepackaged meals may come with a disposable plastic spork. Sporks are also frequently used by backpackers, Boy Scouts and other outdoorspeople as they are a lightweight and space-saving alternative to carrying both a fork and spoon.
See also
(spoon-fork in Finnish)
References
D. Green & Co. (Stoke Newington) Ltd. and Plastico Ltd. v Regalzone Ltd. [2002] ETMR 241 (CA)
External links
The Straight Dope on sporks
The spork’s weird history, Bee Wilson, Salon
American inventions
Eating utensils
Forks
Portmanteaus
Spoons | [
0.27864450216293335,
0.28038597106933594,
0.0076280077919363976,
0.20963886380195618,
-0.6295907497406006,
0.10537341982126236,
0.014452165924012661,
-0.052450425922870636,
-0.27682894468307495,
0.15091103315353394,
-0.27049362659454346,
-0.051331713795661926,
0.2593405544757843,
0.8927075266838074,
-0.3132605254650116,
0.05190570279955864,
0.8344811797142029,
0.5714931488037109,
-0.1498909890651703,
-0.014840793795883656,
-0.28471696376800537,
-0.6514843702316284,
0.5790969729423523,
-0.5540360808372498,
0.5248262286186218,
0.4082840085029602,
-0.0002101259451592341,
-0.14933404326438904,
0.005690435413271189,
-0.021577049046754837,
0.0933886244893074,
0.7262563109397888,
0.3873583674430847,
-1.2686665058135986,
-0.06086477264761925,
-0.31652048230171204,
0.09921032190322876,
-0.2912353575229645,
-0.10902805626392365,
-0.8636789321899414,
-0.13756689429283142,
0.16495473682880402,
0.7576896548271179,
0.5100334882736206,
-0.43929123878479004,
-0.5705968737602234,
-1.556120753288269,
0.6671736836433411,
-0.8867074847221375,
0.7923537492752075,
-0.6454975008964539,
0.13630300760269165,
0.25000709295272827,
0.011828313581645489,
0.15565086901187897,
0.6676139235496521,
-0.7461045980453491,
0.31482890248298645,
0.3275138735771179,
-0.7341100573539734,
-0.301970899105072,
0.3431752324104309,
0.037991948425769806,
-0.2113763988018036,
0.09250694513320923,
0.28882279992103577,
-0.2704299986362457,
0.5460115075111389,
-0.5550588369369507,
-0.009259430691599846,
0.13256700336933136,
-0.7058440446853638,
-0.1331189125776291,
0.14968782663345337,
0.3319992125034332,
-0.3466564118862152,
-0.4415663778781891,
-0.5573940873146057,
0.15810072422027588,
0.1965084671974182,
-0.3759763240814209,
0.4178372919559479,
0.844839870929718,
0.07572849839925766,
0.5344902276992798,
0.15237928926944733,
-0.6335827708244324,
0.41311171650886536,
-0.10234609246253967,
-0.13313859701156616,
0.2672944664955139,
-0.4107171297073364,
1.1100939512252808,
0.5236431360244751,
-0.22911305725574493,
-0.5002442002296448,
0.5547051429748535,
0.047754429280757904,
0.1778532713651657,
0.6064037084579468,
0.48595988750457764,
0.12199999392032623,
0.6852605938911438,
-0.19533872604370117,
-0.1284365952014923,
0.23059086501598358,
-0.2787453532218933,
-0.39759090542793274,
-0.0813068374991417,
-0.2345924973487854,
-0.5554680824279785,
0.18021808564662933,
-0.1984092891216278,
0.3727668523788452,
-0.1377658098936081,
0.17704583704471588,
0.6979708075523376,
0.31162285804748535,
-0.6602638363838196,
-0.6309968829154968,
0.3617919981479645,
0.5491025447845459,
0.27709776163101196,
-0.06615231931209564,
0.12983980774879456,
-0.1794046312570572,
-0.11436541378498077,
0.6343439817428589,
-0.13687321543693542,
0.06762085109949112,
0.6651971340179443,
0.9048213362693787,
0.11864237487316132,
-0.31410935521125793,
-0.6486466526985168,
-0.33956852555274963,
0.09628169238567352,
0.2584822475910187,
0.4794616401195526,
0.5558673739433289,
-0.8087855577468872,
0.17153693735599518,
-0.5036242008209229,
-0.24238990247249603,
0.15923632681369781,
-0.10105212032794952,
-0.17159925401210785,
-0.24727992713451385,
-0.5428319573402405,
-0.3297092020511627,
0.15948617458343506,
0.44328147172927856,
-0.06160227581858635,
0.19234426319599152,
0.24398043751716614,
0.11521542072296143,
-0.035093117505311966,
-0.5707964301109314,
0.2464173287153244,
-0.508725643157959,
-0.09784507006406784,
0.20769186317920685,
-0.6523141264915466,
0.10884800553321838,
0.2910482585430145,
0.2070905864238739,
0.29704341292381287,
0.4688675105571747,
-0.00032552049378864467,
0.6304385662078857,
-0.44324949383735657,
0.2871718108654022,
0.4460042119026184,
0.1026885062456131,
0.11748381704092026,
-0.006233197171241045,
0.4660603702068329,
-0.12576411664485931,
0.525260865688324,
0.17416544258594513,
-0.7513611912727356,
0.154322549700737,
0.12851303815841675,
-0.7001094222068787,
-0.1871078610420227,
-0.2937711477279663,
0.29817500710487366,
-0.42922738194465637,
-0.4973130226135254,
-0.021375898271799088,
-0.7164021730422974,
-0.6141308546066284,
0.11335711926221848,
-0.12486070394515991,
1.1907135248184204,
0.24363921582698822,
-0.5281227231025696,
0.6408637762069702,
0.23516444861888885,
-0.25357121229171753,
-0.014205093495547771,
0.004984292667359114,
-0.051861830055713654,
-0.20599903166294098,
-0.9526004195213318,
0.29006925225257874,
0.5011962056159973,
0.09896145015954971,
0.5938431620597839,
-0.11294030398130417,
0.737495481967926,
-0.7611239552497864,
0.559316873550415,
-0.5682907700538635,
-0.4794168770313263,
0.17927584052085876,
0.039095234125852585,
0.35400694608688354,
0.36930471658706665,
-0.365342915058136,
0.7638347148895264,
-0.2883467972278595,
-0.5499935150146484,
0.2758146822452545,
-0.3211519122123718,
0.5381157398223877,
0.10429313778877258,
-0.03682808205485344,
-0.03132309392094612,
-0.07685606926679611,
0.11904208362102509,
-0.15230755507946014,
0.35193297266960144,
-0.3717164993286133,
-0.38042253255844116,
0.18544547259807587,
0.3282267451286316,
-0.13546350598335266,
0.3189796805381775,
-0.7086228132247925,
0.1224195584654808,
0.3286952078342438,
-0.31513747572898865,
0.23324628174304962,
0.7833678126335144,
0.14956967532634735,
-0.11155100166797638,
0.7878267765045166,
0.5845779180526733,
-0.5419081449508667,
0.27149641513824463,
0.5708833932876587,
0.4298061728477478,
-0.48911193013191223,
0.3533545434474945,
0.08847932517528534,
-0.07825710624456406,
-0.11446064710617065,
0.28854048252105713,
0.42273807525634766,
-0.39421480894088745,
-0.014259031042456627,
-0.14036384224891663,
-0.2645743787288666,
-0.10605017095804214,
-0.05727183073759079,
-0.007435022387653589,
-0.421123206615448,
0.720493495464325,
0.5604183673858643,
0.3265490233898163,
-0.2087096869945526,
-1.07764732837677,
-0.2594292461872101,
-0.11063866317272186,
-0.4446805715560913,
-0.3977256417274475,
-0.326815128326416,
-0.5191841721534729,
-0.5317665934562683,
-0.4679253399372101,
0.8010756969451904,
0.8420791029930115,
-0.7059577107429504,
-0.16757820546627045,
-0.6418957710266113,
0.2562568783760071,
-0.4083285331726074,
0.1429511457681656,
-0.86299729347229,
-0.2753087878227234,
0.3256264626979828,
-0.16637594997882843,
0.3136191666126251,
-0.12634965777397156,
0.05541422218084335,
-0.40237706899642944,
0.01772993803024292,
0.6397644877433777,
-0.7127111554145813,
-0.36539992690086365,
-0.4683586359024048,
-0.4130944311618805,
0.14387722313404083,
-0.21142169833183289,
-0.0951199159026146,
0.4058815836906433,
-0.1705896109342575,
-5.706160068511963,
-0.42004919052124023,
-0.4877648651599884,
-0.5745830535888672,
0.3617977797985077,
0.599812924861908,
0.05991082638502121,
-0.6872013807296753,
-0.05591759458184242,
0.336495578289032,
-0.0000062907465689932,
0.41765084862709045,
0.48576080799102783,
0.22525204718112946,
0.7677761912345886,
0.31614670157432556,
-0.23333598673343658,
0.05573011562228203,
0.23448295891284943,
-0.542963445186615,
0.18520024418830872,
0.021696897223591805,
0.15201309323310852,
0.5643008351325989,
0.22909848392009735,
-0.39088281989097595,
-0.179291233420372,
0.008818932808935642,
-0.547850489616394,
-0.09298928081989288,
-0.05306433513760567,
-0.12016335874795914,
0.20619913935661316,
-0.4353475570678711,
-0.018226416781544685,
0.008710547350347042,
0.5027930736541748,
-0.18357627093791962,
0.25717130303382874,
-0.09411028027534485,
-0.36588627099990845,
0.5404042601585388,
0.401886522769928,
-0.22340190410614014,
1.2219994068145752,
-0.6286282539367676,
-0.06751155108213425,
-0.8596731424331665,
-0.5063517689704895,
0.22643165290355682,
0.5637087821960449,
-0.15279176831245422,
0.5267606973648071,
-0.026190675795078278,
0.12762567400932312,
0.0796680897474289,
0.3801010251045227,
0.27813419699668884,
-0.34556347131729126,
-0.3945748209953308,
0.5641271471977234,
-0.27176225185394287,
-0.2877674698829651,
0.05829382315278053,
-0.31390857696533203,
-0.20470531284809113,
-0.20447233319282532,
0.26263585686683655,
0.6146696209907532,
-0.18629905581474304,
-0.5515913963317871,
0.14356933534145355,
-0.03525049239397049,
-0.7815932631492615,
0.7258949279785156,
-0.21917350590229034,
-0.09086108207702637,
0.12662561237812042,
0.2968312203884125,
0.09708254039287567,
-0.4716747999191284,
0.02107829414308071,
-0.6738250255584717,
0.06081851199269295,
0.09322052448987961,
-0.5537684559822083,
-0.6348018646240234,
-0.22263655066490173,
-0.49505409598350525,
-0.21967029571533203,
0.7075299024581909,
0.14657285809516907,
0.13279898464679718,
0.3513617217540741,
-0.05510261282324791,
0.5068890452384949,
0.11299799382686615,
0.38513606786727905,
0.25337132811546326,
-0.15681476891040802,
-0.10685955733060837,
-0.060369618237018585,
-0.1508236974477768,
0.16006727516651154,
-0.08079776167869568,
-0.3740517795085907,
-0.4415139853954315,
0.2768084704875946,
0.6594685316085815,
-0.07208231091499329,
0.1815962940454483,
0.4928748309612274,
-0.4754897654056549,
-0.2836464047431946,
0.2794105112552643,
0.19844073057174683,
-0.41273364424705505,
0.08223450183868408,
0.4856574535369873,
-0.2675303518772125,
0.13290953636169434,
0.4004679322242737,
-0.29061827063560486,
0.13041986525058746,
-0.38366755843162537,
-0.5608738660812378,
0.3541339635848999,
-0.15690983831882477,
0.33744165301322937,
0.025849517434835434,
0.3024338483810425,
0.10404441505670547,
-0.05450081452727318,
-0.3952126204967499,
-0.04346558824181557,
0.07527380436658859,
-0.35065513849258423,
-0.054674405604600906,
-0.7474578619003296,
-0.745637059211731,
0.28593289852142334,
-0.4052286148071289,
0.09794263541698456,
0.009695235639810562,
0.3191812038421631,
0.5627809166908264,
-0.21622535586357117,
0.4664674401283264,
-0.3536372482776642,
0.8970882892608643,
-0.7408042550086975,
0.36137452721595764,
0.053606513887643814,
-0.47932684421539307,
0.21246033906936646,
-0.26038193702697754,
0.4065592288970947,
0.7922201156616211,
0.010908055119216442,
-0.33108025789260864,
-0.03307703882455826,
-0.10647474229335785,
-0.786871075630188,
0.13823489844799042,
-0.5169188976287842,
-0.35420307517051697,
-0.7501754760742188,
-0.16646535694599152,
-0.02878369763493538,
0.5492309331893921,
-0.4345717430114746,
-0.2958284914493561,
-0.2643384039402008,
0.016901155933737755,
0.3432774841785431,
-0.02005315013229847,
0.1730022132396698,
0.12209007889032364,
-0.47298163175582886,
-0.9175440073013306,
-0.0016396985156461596,
-0.00834069773554802,
0.19262409210205078,
0.4672633707523346,
0.676497757434845,
-0.5375558733940125,
-0.8312993049621582,
-0.012777668423950672,
-0.5476088523864746,
0.05618659779429436,
-0.32106950879096985,
-0.06802220642566681,
0.1632770597934723,
0.6006621718406677,
-0.6428187489509583,
-0.29771316051483154,
-0.1684204638004303,
0.5329211354255676,
-0.22992809116840363,
-0.5930161476135254,
0.25798940658569336,
-0.0716937854886055,
-0.5531924962997437,
0.14670921862125397,
0.15912406146526337,
-0.374621719121933,
0.3066633939743042,
-0.48479321599006653,
0.3104926347732544,
0.3439047932624817,
0.18377044796943665,
-0.045925114303827286,
0.2355746626853943,
0.6272086501121521,
-0.13319408893585205,
0.11184464395046234,
0.33974558115005493,
-0.028100227937102318,
0.1612662672996521,
-0.37623998522758484,
0.38651782274246216,
-0.24675177037715912,
-0.1492992341518402,
0.0890318974852562,
-0.9091708660125732,
0.6358275413513184,
-0.12220819294452667,
-0.5034430027008057,
0.6271476149559021,
-0.42560136318206787,
0.25758466124534607,
-0.2268349826335907,
-0.11989160627126694,
0.04257841408252716,
0.70638507604599,
0.5499878525733948,
-0.3107844293117523,
0.09319309890270233,
-0.07211741805076599,
0.0036043154541403055,
0.3720860481262207,
0.4679144322872162,
0.11925656348466873,
0.1688525676727295,
-0.6560143232345581,
-0.06187022477388382,
0.2652701139450073,
-0.8673418164253235,
-0.569897472858429,
0.08014984428882599,
0.41077274084091187,
-0.43727362155914307,
-0.04377160966396332,
-0.5122947692871094,
0.6636434197425842,
-0.21566897630691528,
0.40703654289245605,
-0.026349971070885658,
0.2961416244506836,
0.4851628839969635,
-0.29134508967399597,
0.42838916182518005,
-0.4858074486255646,
0.34844645857810974,
0.17488537728786469,
-0.006927081849426031,
-0.7017881870269775,
-0.7360230088233948,
0.21228913962841034,
-0.6697558164596558,
0.13732865452766418,
0.6874356865882874,
0.581376850605011,
-0.11536026000976562,
0.725373387336731,
0.32673001289367676,
-0.07263591140508652,
-1.0575590133666992,
-0.19783660769462585,
0.008832522667944431,
0.12973430752754211,
0.10741866379976273,
-0.015270831994712353,
-0.04781021177768707,
-0.028125856071710587,
-0.010186762548983097,
-0.10059908032417297,
-0.41417232155799866,
-0.2684662938117981,
-0.2110229730606079,
-0.24533167481422424,
0.22121576964855194,
0.22421658039093018,
0.5413464903831482,
0.3723096251487732,
0.38368913531303406,
0.3560374677181244,
0.18477405607700348,
-0.2699631452560425,
0.6608671545982361,
-0.5579252243041992,
0.1816713511943817,
0.07706141471862793,
-1.0843791961669922,
0.3887783885002136,
0.07084198296070099,
-0.14462369680404663,
-0.1616196632385254,
-0.21362332999706268,
-0.24212180078029633,
0.21168996393680573,
-0.04261330887675285,
0.09174484759569168,
0.09582263976335526,
-0.31074586510658264,
-0.2643667459487915,
0.35118478536605835,
-0.2709215581417084,
-0.1997917890548706,
0.9424253106117249,
0.03824150562286377,
-0.5102119445800781,
0.09319117665290833,
-0.15859346091747284,
-0.4767845869064331,
-0.07681354135274887,
-0.00515595730394125,
-0.8389625549316406,
-0.031846560537815094,
0.17431160807609558,
0.6765252351760864,
0.4995857775211334,
-0.2919776141643524,
0.1609140783548355,
-0.39260566234588623,
-0.3400859236717224,
-0.5163136124610901,
0.11274213343858719,
-0.07737690955400467,
1.0080429315567017,
-0.1735929697751999,
0.2726263999938965,
-0.0319276824593544,
-0.28894177079200745,
0.18680265545845032,
0.6732774972915649,
0.20769020915031433,
0.03642180934548378,
0.19316904246807098,
0.597123920917511,
-0.08459488302469254,
-0.1189660057425499,
0.2784932851791382,
-0.1439594030380249,
0.0645650252699852,
-0.7192369103431702,
0.2878182828426361,
-0.19478972256183624,
-0.2729380130767822,
0.22278854250907898,
0.43056410551071167,
0.557194709777832,
0.41178151965141296,
0.004589133895933628,
-0.15253615379333496,
0.02988612651824951,
-0.4141799807548523,
-0.7445984482765198,
-0.30141428112983704,
0.5892914533615112,
0.34971678256988525,
0.334978312253952,
-0.4939342737197876,
0.4376920163631439,
-0.16049975156784058,
0.20730605721473694,
0.4598085284233093,
0.7147729992866516,
0.4246431589126587,
0.1723850816488266,
-0.44465458393096924,
0.11201902478933334,
-0.3624500036239624,
-0.15668879449367523,
-0.07507067173719406,
0.34837737679481506,
-0.3851582109928131,
0.5680347681045532,
-0.21128645539283752,
-0.05803006887435913,
-0.029635917395353317,
-0.12006349861621857,
0.22548151016235352,
-0.29855582118034363,
0.09175380319356918,
-0.3186545968055725,
0.26429489254951477,
0.29913130402565,
-0.05352909862995148,
-0.23946580290794373,
-0.3943924307823181,
0.39602187275886536,
0.4778861701488495,
0.0644306167960167,
-0.5302475690841675,
0.604205846786499,
0.02502845600247383,
0.12409153580665588,
-0.13873447477817535,
0.40945038199424744,
0.473305344581604,
-0.299949049949646,
0.28797462582588196,
0.11300645768642426,
-0.246786966919899,
-0.3161967694759369,
0.12245089560747147,
-0.4339276850223541,
0.11097875982522964,
-0.7876933813095093,
-0.03231048956513405,
0.03087572008371353,
0.24755707383155823,
0.342116117477417,
-0.08323802053928375,
-0.2889154255390167,
0.5921182036399841,
-0.281358927488327,
-0.3572077751159668,
0.23435641825199127,
-0.12932465970516205,
0.5688068866729736,
-0.43055015802383423,
0.021180840209126472,
-0.10493309795856476,
0.05159560218453407,
0.0739380493760109,
0.228056862950325,
0.3083721101284027,
-0.27190887928009033,
0.17225687205791473,
0.15019844472408295,
-0.321367084980011,
-0.2801934480667114,
-0.5333007574081421,
0.6295958757400513,
-0.14514751732349396,
-0.3991561532020569,
-0.45598122477531433,
0.16700252890586853,
0.180282324552536,
-0.42898550629615784,
-0.02033180370926857,
-0.13290096819400787,
0.01572110876441002,
0.06980068236589432,
0.0721546858549118,
-0.19707031548023224,
-0.12144862115383148,
0.13501493632793427
] |
247564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Cobras | Charlotte Cobras | The Charlotte Cobras were a member of the Major Indoor Lacrosse League (MILL). They were based at Independence Arena in Charlotte, North Carolina and only played during the 1996 season. In October 1995, the MILL announced that Charlotte had been awarded an expansion franchise to begin play for the 1996 season. After failing to win a single game for the season, the MILL folded the franchise in August 1996.
The name was later alluded to in the name of the Carolina Cobras, which played in the Arena Football League. There is a Charlotte Cobras playing as a works team of city public employees in the National Public Safety Football League.
Game log
References
Lacrosse clubs established in 1996
Lacrosse clubs disestablished in 1996
Lacrosse in Charlotte, North Carolina
Lacrosse teams in North Carolina
Major Indoor Lacrosse League teams
1996 establishments in North Carolina
1996 disestablishments in North Carolina
Sports teams in Charlotte, North Carolina | [
-0.31540971994400024,
-0.0940508171916008,
-0.14909012615680695,
0.12002380192279816,
-0.4514879584312439,
0.2666797339916229,
0.7141996622085571,
0.698837399482727,
-0.7354381084442139,
-0.12745967507362366,
0.6355682015419006,
-0.022864367812871933,
-0.569602370262146,
0.15116280317306519,
0.09490427374839783,
0.6062625050544739,
-0.14588989317417145,
0.31390824913978577,
0.43532299995422363,
-0.8345019817352295,
0.32728129625320435,
-0.5691779851913452,
0.7213776707649231,
0.08853600174188614,
0.17465166747570038,
0.4381158649921417,
0.4666006565093994,
0.37930455803871155,
-0.3203342854976654,
-0.11423332244157791,
0.09338567405939102,
0.5866166353225708,
-0.23605167865753174,
-0.24387715756893158,
0.12343645840883255,
-0.11580421030521393,
-0.06561284512281418,
0.11583615094423294,
-0.3574658930301666,
-0.8000583052635193,
-0.41244059801101685,
-0.08760310709476471,
0.15745395421981812,
0.21116217970848083,
0.5844664573669434,
-0.1985567957162857,
-1.5030789375305176,
-0.5154603123664856,
-0.9365316033363342,
-0.6641115546226501,
-0.4293210208415985,
0.5199267864227295,
0.1300763189792633,
0.4395628571510315,
0.15922680497169495,
0.09478192031383514,
-0.9694605469703674,
-0.3354218006134033,
0.24020645022392273,
-0.09208355098962784,
0.21326494216918945,
0.36878496408462524,
0.03749901428818703,
0.09572740644216537,
-0.06254849582910538,
0.35699033737182617,
0.18993094563484192,
0.4299878478050232,
0.09834713488817215,
-0.5356772541999817,
0.1888951063156128,
0.08491133898496628,
-0.15026262402534485,
0.12344835698604584,
0.3687307834625244,
-0.12537123262882233,
0.26532086730003357,
-0.22178584337234497,
0.5207685232162476,
0.2915576994419098,
0.34910935163497925,
0.1813855618238449,
0.9532784223556519,
0.38436636328697205,
0.22242029011249542,
0.5831996202468872,
-0.6685512661933899,
-0.17097073793411255,
0.2575222849845886,
0.8006900548934937,
-0.8714244961738586,
-0.2734207808971405,
0.5436540246009827,
0.27755364775657654,
-0.1595904529094696,
-0.23895688354969025,
-0.0344182588160038,
0.5120511651039124,
0.38118597865104675,
0.30781638622283936,
-0.05276622250676155,
0.6360805630683899,
-0.0965050756931305,
-0.09840067476034164,
-0.5294362902641296,
-0.15488626062870026,
-0.30847999453544617,
0.07654418796300888,
-0.38457927107810974,
-0.347200870513916,
-0.5580559372901917,
0.39801788330078125,
-0.06819969415664673,
-0.501278817653656,
0.3698851764202118,
0.5616844296455383,
0.9832112193107605,
-0.23815655708312988,
0.23595131933689117,
0.4993652105331421,
0.40328213572502136,
0.6014118790626526,
-0.20936433970928192,
-0.015675054863095284,
0.13995875418186188,
0.24098849296569824,
-0.03042868711054325,
-0.19408954679965973,
0.36463961005210876,
-0.09436701983213425,
0.28459644317626953,
1.0602995157241821,
-0.15749968588352203,
0.519828736782074,
-0.05924982577562332,
-0.1281459629535675,
0.09488215297460556,
0.2796315550804138,
0.26031190156936646,
0.5331091284751892,
-0.7109220027923584,
-0.3060522675514221,
-0.6410671472549438,
-0.9428664445877075,
-0.05769912526011467,
-0.5931938886642456,
-0.1563933789730072,
0.004575102590024471,
0.09456679224967957,
0.458451509475708,
-0.31041499972343445,
-0.12705528736114502,
-0.3338510990142822,
-0.24772949516773224,
-0.6187361478805542,
0.4149325489997864,
0.579704761505127,
-0.09683552384376526,
0.3624030649662018,
0.48700183629989624,
-0.058167606592178345,
0.8093061447143555,
-0.038792818784713745,
0.42261144518852234,
-0.04442213103175163,
-0.6577475666999817,
-0.3765205442905426,
-1.0029391050338745,
0.32687908411026,
-0.15781821310520172,
-0.8538523316383362,
0.38265329599380493,
0.12986156344413757,
-0.08998150378465652,
-0.25400522351264954,
0.07124710828065872,
0.47762128710746765,
0.07942179590463638,
-0.15735548734664917,
-0.29750603437423706,
-0.5368903875350952,
0.2752838730812073,
0.4543698728084564,
-0.21171791851520538,
0.32957980036735535,
-0.019278621301054955,
0.8392290472984314,
-0.22262287139892578,
-0.02349000982940197,
0.18750613927841187,
0.22519594430923462,
0.3330199420452118,
0.8236249089241028,
-0.10423201322555542,
0.9757658243179321,
-0.3033143877983093,
-0.7974996566772461,
0.5408554673194885,
0.09420374035835266,
0.6023709774017334,
-0.06431405991315842,
0.009841958060860634,
0.4458070695400238,
0.07897806167602539,
-0.7259294986724854,
0.4248398542404175,
-0.061037011444568634,
0.08216722309589386,
0.5146766304969788,
0.9274365901947021,
0.09232276678085327,
-0.48864611983299255,
-0.17237362265586853,
0.023129791021347046,
0.009023239836096764,
-0.6522064805030823,
-0.1954003870487213,
0.3727375566959381,
0.22825953364372253,
-0.583534300327301,
0.7857335209846497,
0.07209978252649307,
-0.32213547825813293,
0.25857460498809814,
-0.8568586707115173,
0.5480726361274719,
-0.3270556330680847,
0.000743220851290971,
0.4425433874130249,
-0.5679576396942139,
0.4456578195095062,
0.5644199848175049,
-0.12842868268489838,
-0.9441872239112854,
-0.2491888850927353,
0.026836754754185677,
-0.11246317625045776,
-0.8593382835388184,
-0.24465586245059967,
0.4708707630634308,
0.1993045061826706,
0.38900256156921387,
-0.7194843292236328,
0.2941436171531677,
0.0030534914694726467,
-0.33167827129364014,
0.2540607154369354,
0.5440444350242615,
-0.33151647448539734,
-0.5262622833251953,
0.2273852676153183,
-0.11135654896497726,
0.27300915122032166,
-0.06271657347679138,
1.020877480506897,
0.3826529383659363,
-0.4858073890209198,
-0.28764817118644714,
0.10318703949451447,
0.3293353319168091,
0.42686280608177185,
0.038197796791791916,
-0.0019813328981399536,
0.07159335911273956,
-0.17780998349189758,
-0.21188117563724518,
-0.3968716859817505,
0.19172078371047974,
-0.18369196355342865,
0.062217891216278076,
0.42647114396095276,
-0.09469787031412125,
-0.1369514763355255,
-0.5108440518379211,
0.33366066217422485,
0.3235291838645935,
-0.29520151019096375,
0.22685320675373077,
-0.509824275970459,
-0.44430309534072876,
-0.24604451656341553,
0.2672916650772095,
0.9934778213500977,
-0.3509778082370758,
0.05090566352009773,
-0.26895809173583984,
-0.08072210848331451,
0.02642589807510376,
0.10102023929357529,
-0.6617732644081116,
-0.2877267003059387,
-0.1524459570646286,
-0.6925656795501709,
0.6206151247024536,
-0.5702049136161804,
0.10397196561098099,
-0.1497592329978943,
0.6007952094078064,
0.5303786396980286,
-0.10935459285974503,
-0.4051944613456726,
0.8737576603889465,
-0.49410098791122437,
-0.09844458848237991,
0.44158968329429626,
-0.4179656505584717,
-0.41555875539779663,
-0.5273179411888123,
-5.473848342895508,
0.7570887804031372,
0.07891541719436646,
-0.29789701104164124,
0.11506462842226028,
0.09794647246599197,
0.48879262804985046,
-0.2605491876602173,
-0.492796927690506,
0.642514169216156,
0.15609556436538696,
-0.11399109661579132,
-0.15201197564601898,
-0.19515880942344666,
0.7221488952636719,
0.4732767343521118,
0.9815777540206909,
-0.4058264195919037,
0.4682246148586273,
-0.11939699202775955,
-0.09737465530633926,
0.055553313344717026,
-0.17292815446853638,
-0.2956872880458832,
0.785520613193512,
0.6161587238311768,
-0.3350082039833069,
-0.1890905797481537,
-0.36414530873298645,
0.031132809817790985,
0.1175275668501854,
0.06592060625553131,
-0.06464744359254837,
-0.20939549803733826,
0.09650426357984543,
-0.7039907574653625,
0.6874443292617798,
0.37918803095817566,
0.1869073510169983,
-0.7590728998184204,
-0.3715008497238159,
0.6165859699249268,
-0.07678055018186569,
-0.038458451628685,
0.30640968680381775,
-0.06378477811813354,
-0.288828045129776,
0.39913901686668396,
-0.6444548964500427,
0.8813368678092957,
0.11228849738836288,
-0.550974428653717,
0.5129938721656799,
0.25677216053009033,
0.029623568058013916,
-0.5711010098457336,
-0.2626512944698334,
0.21207553148269653,
-0.20788738131523132,
0.8102312684059143,
0.301655113697052,
-0.6833114624023438,
0.02781003713607788,
-0.5516265630722046,
-0.3133242726325989,
-0.4001094102859497,
-0.10362204164266586,
0.2566612660884857,
0.7213926315307617,
-0.11384651809930801,
-0.14978526532649994,
-0.26754552125930786,
-0.4904022216796875,
-0.8197247982025146,
0.5262491703033447,
0.015576858073472977,
-0.3164444863796234,
0.05612434446811676,
0.40242668986320496,
-0.04035263508558273,
0.08266688883304596,
-0.18038350343704224,
0.1775357723236084,
0.5482606887817383,
0.02814280241727829,
0.12614934146404266,
-0.13288937509059906,
0.2749541103839874,
-0.8253457546234131,
-0.12228225916624069,
0.22578811645507812,
-0.2784091532230377,
0.002051139483228326,
0.297355055809021,
-0.6392417550086975,
-0.1010555699467659,
0.5122607350349426,
-0.8261016011238098,
-0.2619646489620209,
-0.6749200224876404,
0.3640715479850769,
0.02642795443534851,
0.37307223677635193,
-0.7353089451789856,
-0.3492644131183624,
-0.21753892302513123,
-0.03898463025689125,
0.05688035860657692,
0.6543857455253601,
-0.42699769139289856,
0.44432589411735535,
-0.3074341118335724,
-0.08216795325279236,
-0.2329624891281128,
0.34117645025253296,
0.2711370289325714,
-0.39363768696784973,
0.3392636477947235,
0.2386452853679657,
-0.3197672367095947,
-0.21695014834403992,
-0.09468088299036026,
-0.1587539166212082,
0.027310941368341446,
-0.5456442832946777,
0.12697546184062958,
0.5742490291595459,
0.3687029778957367,
-0.556912899017334,
0.03089004009962082,
0.2735518217086792,
-0.3025476038455963,
-0.022797085344791412,
-0.04413142800331116,
-0.5511619448661804,
-0.38765251636505127,
-0.6647644639015198,
-0.6621021032333374,
0.41613104939460754,
0.25866127014160156,
-0.3815571367740631,
0.16625507175922394,
0.40968799591064453,
0.3179267346858978,
-0.24152597784996033,
0.3918491005897522,
0.3262387812137604,
-0.24933995306491852,
-0.5169498920440674,
0.15858663618564606,
0.16356222331523895,
-0.49914735555648804,
1.0999150276184082,
-0.7300330400466919,
0.5731247663497925,
0.2743678092956543,
0.4661898910999298,
-0.1714983880519867,
0.06834609806537628,
-0.7915245294570923,
0.6264572739601135,
0.36894795298576355,
-0.79112708568573,
0.4378136396408081,
0.34738844633102417,
-0.6201961040496826,
0.2640906572341919,
-0.31813526153564453,
-0.23094630241394043,
0.31647446751594543,
0.09951180964708328,
-0.78994220495224,
-0.5664811730384827,
-0.08618154376745224,
0.12943577766418457,
0.1586533635854721,
-0.4588327407836914,
-0.28917375206947327,
-0.12565582990646362,
-0.2640724778175354,
0.351448118686676,
0.2830553352832794,
0.015973523259162903,
0.572613537311554,
0.36562010645866394,
-0.3193344175815582,
-0.11636316031217575,
-0.3136826753616333,
0.07286986708641052,
0.17505782842636108,
0.4238690733909607,
0.4324280917644501,
0.2890888452529907,
0.12151803821325302,
-0.5834915041923523,
-0.3759725093841553,
0.2746828496456146,
1.0802674293518066,
-0.22968697547912598,
-0.5551113486289978,
0.3489430546760559,
0.3437957763671875,
-0.004647363442927599,
0.31230974197387695,
0.38972708582878113,
0.0021301128435879946,
0.3729263246059418,
-0.0012169710826128721,
0.1483684629201889,
0.38741520047187805,
-0.23739860951900482,
-0.2531895935535431,
0.5449057221412659,
0.6911237239837646,
-0.09756030887365341,
0.0829981192946434,
0.3924458622932434,
-0.044976554811000824,
-0.5121224522590637,
-0.37189534306526184,
-0.5350393056869507,
0.26543551683425903,
-0.5252304077148438,
-0.41528332233428955,
-0.880592405796051,
0.22145353257656097,
0.8123341798782349,
-0.09947455674409866,
0.061300620436668396,
-0.47103190422058105,
0.12055707722902298,
0.04781521484255791,
0.04567544907331467,
-0.09051145613193512,
-0.13457338511943817,
0.9144691824913025,
-0.23399639129638672,
0.04596118628978729,
0.10044137388467789,
-0.30508360266685486,
0.06610514968633652,
0.7996758222579956,
-0.23342986404895782,
-1.192187786102295,
0.17018795013427734,
-0.364429771900177,
-0.05319644883275032,
-0.3748737573623657,
-0.6025510430335999,
0.12436783313751221,
0.23583588004112244,
-0.3665524423122406,
-0.39796045422554016,
-0.254526823759079,
0.9127679467201233,
-0.7328925728797913,
-0.05567007139325142,
0.47690463066101074,
0.11331287026405334,
-0.38808539509773254,
-0.13023565709590912,
0.05536206439137459,
-0.9143073558807373,
0.9336894750595093,
-0.20354974269866943,
0.3572666049003601,
-0.30735936760902405,
-0.625221848487854,
0.11200588196516037,
-0.44788703322410583,
-0.6456488370895386,
0.09583290666341782,
0.33764398097991943,
0.5712459683418274,
-0.3184950649738312,
-0.08991634100675583,
0.3149886429309845,
-1.1926413774490356,
0.009710871614515781,
0.16716429591178894,
-0.2924395203590393,
0.2247815877199173,
0.027301115915179253,
-0.2726442813873291,
0.5075342655181885,
-0.542244017124176,
0.004882920533418655,
0.1806526780128479,
-0.35510340332984924,
0.08679290115833282,
0.004682508762925863,
-0.1580251157283783,
0.08343084901571274,
-0.6992318630218506,
0.016516003757715225,
0.3534018397331238,
0.11110630631446838,
-0.3160851001739502,
0.565680980682373,
0.06081422045826912,
-1.2544829845428467,
0.7021295428276062,
0.09818169474601746,
-0.3232564330101013,
0.3539098799228668,
-0.5452238917350769,
-0.35385993123054504,
-0.11137285083532333,
-0.3996298611164093,
-0.006346709560602903,
-0.563779354095459,
0.12850722670555115,
0.1149098128080368,
0.9918531775474548,
-0.877265989780426,
-0.5923176407814026,
0.40773236751556396,
-0.651835560798645,
-0.128091499209404,
0.11057648062705994,
-0.13448426127433777,
0.9112502932548523,
0.9987919330596924,
0.5740506052970886,
-0.031084751710295677,
0.9439176321029663,
0.2943640351295471,
0.09612850099802017,
0.13974051177501678,
-0.07943280786275864,
0.03720264509320259,
-0.6491482853889465,
-1.0158016681671143,
0.571277916431427,
-0.025109753012657166,
0.11118604987859726,
0.3926108479499817,
-0.48560333251953125,
-0.3538123369216919,
0.6863613128662109,
0.191501647233963,
0.8429614901542664,
0.031478721648454666,
-0.25933322310447693,
-0.2127809375524521,
0.2831375002861023,
0.23048555850982666,
0.0652608647942543,
0.4457387626171112,
-0.07241635024547577,
0.10062599927186966,
-0.19556064903736115,
-0.004398846998810768,
-0.5702778697013855,
-0.17735035717487335,
-0.051184237003326416,
0.5856205821037292,
-0.38788679242134094,
-0.7591473460197449,
-0.24237988889217377,
-0.453316330909729,
-0.41040173172950745,
-0.05855768918991089,
-0.21530480682849884,
-0.25541988015174866,
-0.5162795782089233,
0.49892473220825195,
-0.0961698666214943,
-0.27151283621788025,
0.42719054222106934,
0.049060530960559845,
0.2416268289089203,
0.17388173937797546,
0.3581317961215973,
0.33211749792099,
0.1529187709093094,
0.44552841782569885,
-0.23720017075538635,
-0.19605779647827148,
0.3179413378238678,
0.1599678248167038,
0.4866374135017395,
-0.509079098701477,
-0.32194608449935913,
0.33774885535240173,
-0.28284183144569397,
-0.369916707277298,
0.03129253908991814,
-0.07444224506616592,
0.32424595952033997,
0.1694362461566925,
-0.06992708891630173,
0.5545641779899597,
-0.26247549057006836,
0.3223699629306793,
0.2625328600406647,
-0.5792244076728821,
0.18804128468036652,
0.010379815474152565,
0.6999695301055908,
0.1314057558774948,
0.7474172711372375,
0.2365684062242508,
0.34385421872138977,
-0.058919429779052734,
0.01906907930970192,
-0.4357702136039734,
0.09784594178199768,
-0.2531847357749939,
0.34094029664993286,
-0.1359587162733078,
0.24902449548244476,
-0.2943303883075714,
0.363158643245697,
0.08448507636785507,
-0.33195725083351135,
1.0239336490631104,
-0.19954822957515717,
-1.0236332416534424,
-0.237802192568779,
-0.6680849194526672,
-0.26065218448638916,
0.5883169174194336,
0.630232036113739,
-0.20482677221298218,
-0.39228713512420654,
0.18444734811782837,
-0.5842288732528687,
-0.1889169067144394,
0.17696315050125122,
-0.022679781541228294,
-0.7259528636932373,
-0.5222497582435608,
-0.09139875322580338,
-0.6924751996994019,
-0.9448583126068115,
-0.2234383225440979,
0.5727526545524597,
0.9100815057754517,
0.18869420886039734,
0.4886813759803772,
-0.5322174429893494,
0.12212817370891571,
-0.24019666016101837,
-0.2764410376548767,
0.5382251739501953,
-0.015341312624514103,
-0.38913747668266296,
0.021814273670315742,
0.3933146595954895,
-0.046739086508750916,
-1.0290801525115967,
-0.21266742050647736,
-0.21001674234867096,
-0.17047609388828278,
0.06108972802758217,
-0.18025703728199005,
-0.5408873558044434,
-0.262460321187973,
-0.44371774792671204
] |
247565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit%20Turbos | Detroit Turbos | The Detroit Turbos were a member of the Major Indoor Lacrosse League from 1989 to 1994. They were based in Detroit, Michigan. Led by Paul and Gary Gait in their first year in the NLL, the Turbos won the 1991 MILL Championship.
Awards & honors
All time Record
Playoff Results
Attendance
Championships
References
Sports teams in Detroit
Lacrosse clubs established in 1989
Lacrosse clubs disestablished in 1994
Lacrosse teams in Michigan
Major Indoor Lacrosse League teams
1989 establishments in Michigan
1994 disestablishments in Michigan
Defunct National Lacrosse League teams | [
0.03155502676963806,
0.24415382742881775,
-0.7179287672042847,
0.48199722170829773,
-0.5889963507652283,
0.2846539616584778,
0.321670264005661,
0.4530718922615051,
-0.3957451283931732,
0.03704075142741203,
0.49292823672294617,
0.7502756118774414,
-0.3021315634250641,
-0.004936626646667719,
-0.12422794848680496,
0.046684522181749344,
0.2279828041791916,
0.3655984401702881,
0.007229745853692293,
-0.7689744234085083,
0.14680403470993042,
-0.5574977993965149,
1.0177491903305054,
0.5485653281211853,
-0.12055660784244537,
0.6418465971946716,
0.18128515779972076,
0.0668114498257637,
-0.2372661530971527,
0.2371257096529007,
0.17881044745445251,
0.5304335355758667,
0.02396305464208126,
-0.5348657369613647,
0.24606557190418243,
-0.029525846242904663,
0.014394042082130909,
-0.41495880484580994,
-0.4125390350818634,
-0.30835795402526855,
0.14089365303516388,
0.14960072934627533,
0.21758507192134857,
0.17751343548297882,
0.43621012568473816,
0.2970786690711975,
-1.6579475402832031,
-0.30557793378829956,
-0.8102939128875732,
-0.4767930209636688,
-0.10230347514152527,
0.5320367813110352,
0.3691377341747284,
0.49422767758369446,
-0.15530233085155487,
0.3560957610607147,
-0.5326645374298096,
-0.16373802721500397,
-0.1552155613899231,
-0.1457500010728836,
0.47780606150627136,
0.20502969622612,
-0.035691600292921066,
0.21668358147144318,
-0.22743187844753265,
-0.10504596680402756,
0.2073889672756195,
0.47181594371795654,
0.1235652044415474,
-0.4212559759616852,
0.11982877552509308,
-0.30425146222114563,
-0.04661968722939491,
0.011115984059870243,
0.48517554998397827,
-0.3981650471687317,
0.30978521704673767,
-0.1964539885520935,
0.5665578246116638,
0.10790449380874634,
0.2950657904148102,
0.7314510941505432,
0.912190854549408,
0.2280304729938507,
0.03085271082818508,
-0.02567836456000805,
-0.6221718788146973,
-0.2360866218805313,
0.20297828316688538,
0.5288327932357788,
-0.8866095542907715,
-0.4771422743797302,
0.5090993642807007,
0.46299442648887634,
-0.21678800880908966,
-0.297023206949234,
-0.1813872903585434,
0.5817005634307861,
0.5818476676940918,
0.12457893788814545,
0.18452784419059753,
0.26689016819000244,
-0.13722868263721466,
0.11354165524244308,
-0.5995916724205017,
-0.03292499855160713,
0.34367701411247253,
-0.17856550216674805,
-0.429515540599823,
0.024352053180336952,
-0.14376889169216156,
0.14636892080307007,
-0.10905736684799194,
-0.46186408400535583,
0.0998566597700119,
-0.08324219286441803,
0.6030515432357788,
0.03445634990930557,
-0.048630114644765854,
0.42421194911003113,
0.305772989988327,
0.19916242361068726,
-0.4977570176124573,
-0.10768701136112213,
0.004773363471031189,
0.13014176487922668,
0.11046098917722702,
0.1594603806734085,
0.28899091482162476,
-0.7496212720870972,
0.25658005475997925,
1.4969226121902466,
-0.2884974479675293,
0.16279461979866028,
0.1429479569196701,
-0.021984774619340897,
0.5797513127326965,
-0.05680382251739502,
-0.39010336995124817,
0.07891815155744553,
-0.24468615651130676,
0.20615774393081665,
-0.556871235370636,
-0.8500570058822632,
-0.16361622512340546,
-0.6785380840301514,
-0.2566729485988617,
0.3802223205566406,
0.11032557487487793,
0.03903130069375038,
0.21571257710456848,
-0.19923590123653412,
0.023625070229172707,
-0.4389306902885437,
-0.09585076570510864,
0.6883426308631897,
-0.21946701407432556,
-0.5489304065704346,
0.02401759661734104,
0.20976762473583221,
-0.05374443903565407,
0.1652231067419052,
-0.17049872875213623,
0.23517124354839325,
0.241250142455101,
-0.4809344410896301,
-0.23376202583312988,
-0.9753134250640869,
0.5473764538764954,
-0.16531416773796082,
-0.5027198791503906,
0.1601305902004242,
0.5072616338729858,
0.024097805842757225,
0.13209500908851624,
-0.2509232759475708,
1.0729434490203857,
0.15933504700660706,
-0.14467206597328186,
-0.30483120679855347,
-0.721068263053894,
0.11489111930131912,
0.15997114777565002,
-0.42975884675979614,
0.7487701177597046,
0.3562910556793213,
0.8225527405738831,
-0.07405232638120651,
0.19606448709964752,
0.3250127136707306,
0.21488560736179352,
0.07148313522338867,
0.2443256974220276,
-0.5829197764396667,
1.2828267812728882,
-0.2402229756116867,
-0.7748594284057617,
-0.01700415462255478,
0.1435801088809967,
0.6323542594909668,
-0.4010773301124573,
0.06170967221260071,
0.7740786671638489,
-0.027691109105944633,
-0.7711913585662842,
0.32218530774116516,
0.04029593616724014,
0.12257196754217148,
0.15411391854286194,
0.8406563997268677,
0.2514854669570923,
-0.3004104793071747,
-0.2459779679775238,
0.1770128458738327,
-0.1366506963968277,
-0.5520719289779663,
-0.610776424407959,
0.17752647399902344,
0.1386066973209381,
-0.6703701019287109,
0.31480586528778076,
0.4146440923213959,
-0.3304887115955353,
0.19946204125881195,
-0.4779013991355896,
0.90472412109375,
-0.216959610581398,
-0.1552427113056183,
0.36028075218200684,
-0.6514587998390198,
0.08509115129709244,
0.5341230630874634,
-0.13566868007183075,
-0.7205736637115479,
0.12715637683868408,
0.21456731855869293,
0.23357604444026947,
-0.15577706694602966,
-0.17827482521533966,
0.519611120223999,
0.2498215138912201,
0.004204180557280779,
-0.45626264810562134,
0.1730000078678131,
0.3125994801521301,
-0.1786620020866394,
0.7770237326622009,
0.5410792231559753,
-0.26087960600852966,
-0.5566174983978271,
0.09204159677028656,
0.05204622074961662,
0.41992226243019104,
-0.5829375386238098,
0.7673028707504272,
0.3716515600681305,
-0.2359771579504013,
-0.3387826979160309,
0.04504071921110153,
0.3696322441101074,
0.3113957941532135,
-0.21969878673553467,
-0.32822778820991516,
-0.3238257169723511,
0.048419952392578125,
-0.22419455647468567,
-0.5105820894241333,
0.26349925994873047,
-0.0694103017449379,
-0.18705080449581146,
-0.2548735439777374,
0.045401379466056824,
-0.015066638588905334,
0.05282306298613548,
0.07519078254699707,
0.5468353033065796,
-0.36251822113990784,
0.44990673661231995,
-0.3010219633579254,
-0.5268316268920898,
-0.022879745811223984,
0.5650155544281006,
0.4816378951072693,
-0.5053948163986206,
-0.40021416544914246,
0.5226736664772034,
-0.20499858260154724,
-0.5905361175537109,
0.22633197903633118,
-0.8583081960678101,
-0.02483811415731907,
-0.2959531843662262,
-0.40770697593688965,
0.9085151553153992,
-0.1401185244321823,
-0.07468064874410629,
-0.14838340878486633,
0.6010962724685669,
0.49980810284614563,
0.056973978877067566,
-0.25972825288772583,
0.5465636849403381,
-0.9616501927375793,
-0.3481389284133911,
0.4818282723426819,
-0.35297301411628723,
-0.3500058650970459,
-0.9190962314605713,
-5.5512309074401855,
0.09635575860738754,
-0.06129877641797066,
-0.5486950278282166,
0.3609589636325836,
0.23536643385887146,
0.10374296456575394,
-0.29235461354255676,
-0.43393105268478394,
0.7176312208175659,
0.11669526249170303,
0.17907686531543732,
-0.44444167613983154,
-0.0715353935956955,
0.5581926107406616,
-0.08806650340557098,
0.9146728515625,
-0.7181416749954224,
0.12761668860912323,
-0.26677006483078003,
0.31784358620643616,
0.02824307791888714,
-0.11512699723243713,
-0.3419976532459259,
0.5846096873283386,
0.3347421884536743,
0.05026077851653099,
0.14646252989768982,
-0.5753705501556396,
-0.0109708895906806,
-0.4219699800014496,
0.05380026251077652,
0.03226800262928009,
0.04937615245580673,
-0.16959995031356812,
-0.5009958744049072,
0.6325605511665344,
0.1827477663755417,
0.5309571027755737,
-0.6902773380279541,
-0.6797263026237488,
0.17557504773139954,
0.04251434653997421,
-0.5813435316085815,
0.12588609755039215,
0.2757842242717743,
-0.12243840098381042,
-0.21938590705394745,
-0.6684374213218689,
1.1019363403320312,
0.5348612070083618,
-0.49575451016426086,
0.36432135105133057,
0.5417740345001221,
0.44492605328559875,
-0.8390406370162964,
0.13211363554000854,
0.28916630148887634,
-0.040868520736694336,
0.8915160298347473,
0.16983863711357117,
-0.275659441947937,
-0.10212878882884979,
-0.3424490690231323,
-0.566882848739624,
-0.4333555996417999,
-0.071476511657238,
-0.021745536476373672,
0.3432406187057495,
0.1413225531578064,
-0.2618192732334137,
0.5390887260437012,
-0.4780770242214203,
-0.8948101997375488,
0.24330396950244904,
0.2784518897533417,
-0.22777651250362396,
0.38600146770477295,
-0.4079051911830902,
0.26322758197784424,
0.15210819244384766,
-0.29626548290252686,
-0.12452860921621323,
0.295392781496048,
0.08753719180822372,
-0.07662177085876465,
-0.14964845776557922,
0.4196055233478546,
-0.39199888706207275,
0.15960009396076202,
0.7170213460922241,
-0.36249780654907227,
-0.019077971577644348,
0.1216081976890564,
-0.7086057662963867,
0.12456026673316956,
0.3823394477367401,
-0.234828382730484,
-0.052636124193668365,
-0.7589762210845947,
0.23531579971313477,
0.17594726383686066,
0.15761400759220123,
-0.5345160365104675,
-0.6671414971351624,
-0.6183333992958069,
-0.5070218443870544,
0.02357626147568226,
0.11046299338340759,
0.16457144916057587,
0.3183603882789612,
-0.32679879665374756,
-0.7433517575263977,
0.18861612677574158,
0.48839524388313293,
0.25389501452445984,
0.17721684277057648,
0.25796762108802795,
0.4359318017959595,
-0.22197015583515167,
-0.10676800459623337,
-0.009890114888548851,
-0.06095646321773529,
-0.20983749628067017,
-0.8105355501174927,
0.391768217086792,
0.29423579573631287,
0.6014736890792847,
-0.17100325226783752,
0.22857320308685303,
0.2778181731700897,
-0.2920970916748047,
0.16943985223770142,
0.26422765851020813,
-0.4025686979293823,
-0.16868045926094055,
-0.6940661072731018,
-0.28399863839149475,
0.08893749117851257,
0.24602068960666656,
-0.12851116061210632,
0.06447292864322662,
0.5839931964874268,
0.0004795929999090731,
-0.0797949805855751,
0.4819403290748596,
-0.11008480936288834,
-0.6285666823387146,
-0.07996577769517899,
0.24735981225967407,
-0.10179559141397476,
-0.6272823810577393,
1.053256630897522,
-0.5310409069061279,
0.8051319718360901,
0.3773551285266876,
0.26656702160835266,
-0.16327841579914093,
-0.14233453571796417,
-0.664229691028595,
1.063459873199463,
0.5655309557914734,
-0.4584069848060608,
0.32663485407829285,
0.30737540125846863,
0.01439225859940052,
0.5007227063179016,
-0.9519817233085632,
-0.3282347023487091,
0.6231229305267334,
0.254314661026001,
-0.5478382706642151,
-0.881632924079895,
0.07648103684186935,
1.0693011283874512,
0.0919695571064949,
0.0800737738609314,
-0.379160076379776,
0.2323140949010849,
-0.41539132595062256,
0.5094769597053528,
0.23254184424877167,
0.2798055410385132,
0.31483110785484314,
0.8063997626304626,
-0.4353507459163666,
-0.5808746814727783,
-0.4359291195869446,
0.04470694810152054,
0.2404639571905136,
0.27549999952316284,
0.07885341346263885,
0.34593042731285095,
-0.12993161380290985,
-0.4364621639251709,
-0.265977680683136,
0.2879538834095001,
1.0566757917404175,
-0.23502209782600403,
-0.5216643810272217,
0.12627272307872772,
0.0014675881247967482,
0.5137110352516174,
-0.05378007888793945,
0.7841488718986511,
-0.22909845411777496,
-0.32183295488357544,
0.08609945327043533,
-0.17892611026763916,
0.6026718020439148,
0.3437804579734802,
-0.30488425493240356,
0.135141983628273,
0.09037995338439941,
0.00685078464448452,
0.047876205295324326,
0.48094889521598816,
0.10157646983861923,
-0.9174561500549316,
-0.5691955089569092,
-0.9610215425491333,
0.1908835619688034,
-0.32042938470840454,
-0.6248965859413147,
-0.7218080163002014,
-0.029056183993816376,
0.2921569049358368,
-0.20451803505420685,
0.09630164504051208,
-0.5028867721557617,
-0.06158510223031044,
-0.00969912763684988,
-0.20208138227462769,
-0.46338796615600586,
0.6123325824737549,
0.3316217064857483,
0.18013609945774078,
0.34290358424186707,
-0.39224860072135925,
-0.5514139533042908,
0.013663098216056824,
0.598301887512207,
0.12367852032184601,
-0.23813441395759583,
0.04644632712006569,
-0.14426688849925995,
-0.12381096929311752,
-0.21877066791057587,
-0.5692381858825684,
0.020366493612527847,
-0.09138457477092743,
-0.14981980621814728,
-0.49520254135131836,
-0.35817477107048035,
0.9017577767372131,
-0.8520548939704895,
-0.45521247386932373,
0.23408390581607819,
0.2402525395154953,
-0.1882815957069397,
-0.19815997779369354,
-0.090469129383564,
-0.915596604347229,
0.7428069114685059,
0.05042710155248642,
0.34693026542663574,
-0.13409492373466492,
-0.5507495403289795,
-0.1650722175836563,
-0.33391934633255005,
-0.24350719153881073,
0.7898812890052795,
0.13715098798274994,
0.7839717864990234,
-0.2790454030036926,
0.0993415042757988,
-0.07484865933656693,
-0.7321749925613403,
-0.10099752247333527,
-0.05739720165729523,
-0.2956710755825043,
0.4519742429256439,
0.08002478629350662,
-0.16704586148262024,
0.35017457604408264,
-0.5024466514587402,
-0.42377105355262756,
0.3165680766105652,
-0.1502300351858139,
0.30758124589920044,
-0.08910980075597763,
0.028346853330731392,
-0.04831859469413757,
-0.4572509825229645,
-0.08619973808526993,
-0.33539116382598877,
-0.0007763382163830101,
-0.12689730525016785,
0.06841397285461426,
0.03938371315598488,
-0.6559888124465942,
0.3937056362628937,
0.1422956883907318,
-0.3833658695220947,
0.22223372757434845,
-0.05620424076914787,
-0.2775817811489105,
0.3136231303215027,
-0.6511402726173401,
0.2911188006401062,
0.034185029566287994,
0.13355286419391632,
-0.2940823435783386,
0.6261441707611084,
-0.6440267562866211,
-0.049402911216020584,
0.6015875935554504,
-0.34860724210739136,
-0.42825859785079956,
-0.12864571809768677,
-0.12488822638988495,
1.1222988367080688,
0.414702445268631,
0.3661395013332367,
-0.6282901763916016,
0.9850814342498779,
-0.19400474429130554,
-0.15608267486095428,
0.013337497599422932,
0.4079948365688324,
0.28715184330940247,
-0.588316798210144,
-0.7411032915115356,
0.7643548846244812,
0.1682596057653427,
-0.4572781026363373,
-0.0064813862554728985,
-0.600561261177063,
0.10712170600891113,
0.7310656905174255,
0.29581043124198914,
0.8955449461936951,
0.06108662486076355,
-0.12336139380931854,
0.013204202055931091,
0.6631444692611694,
0.16662000119686127,
-0.2092842012643814,
0.492235392332077,
0.29651665687561035,
0.24323081970214844,
-0.15466263890266418,
-0.08182704448699951,
-0.1591532826423645,
0.11719982326030731,
-0.15117290616035461,
0.47505050897598267,
-0.12580616772174835,
-0.3677460551261902,
-0.3081153929233551,
0.282905638217926,
0.17022839188575745,
-0.1187109425663948,
-0.3229414224624634,
-0.14835549890995026,
-0.2517969608306885,
0.19027277827262878,
0.16685433685779572,
-0.3096235990524292,
0.14467498660087585,
-0.17932584881782532,
0.3877395689487457,
-0.06380625069141388,
0.008132623508572578,
0.13032084703445435,
-0.3591364920139313,
0.44023430347442627,
0.10331703722476959,
-0.41369932889938354,
0.3140171766281128,
0.10750087350606918,
0.29970550537109375,
-0.9791045188903809,
-0.5567409992218018,
0.17509931325912476,
0.27166613936424255,
0.07072080671787262,
-0.12680022418498993,
0.259182333946228,
-0.44459325075149536,
-0.19680345058441162,
-0.7341662645339966,
-0.5018547773361206,
-0.012073910795152187,
0.2353215515613556,
-0.3905496597290039,
-0.402376264333725,
-0.16430257260799408,
-0.00395694375038147,
0.7570014595985413,
0.45919856429100037,
0.06654955446720123,
-0.18908414244651794,
0.8315615057945251,
-0.5686321258544922,
0.16634799540042877,
-0.3803194761276245,
-0.4298573434352875,
-0.04455758258700371,
0.6002570986747742,
0.09025584906339645,
0.7645220756530762,
-0.34043875336647034,
0.5135486125946045,
0.06814663857221603,
-0.5131089687347412,
1.0359830856323242,
0.00008698149031260982,
-0.9249058961868286,
0.046490177512168884,
-0.2515926957130432,
-0.2423693984746933,
0.6254000663757324,
0.29571935534477234,
0.16505083441734314,
0.04276187717914581,
-0.01047416403889656,
-0.8517336249351501,
-0.2253814935684204,
0.11371380090713501,
-0.21294832229614258,
-0.7822957038879395,
-0.6573154330253601,
0.14487768709659576,
-0.3798048198223114,
-0.9666982293128967,
-0.015059278346598148,
0.09709490090608597,
1.2359511852264404,
0.1330600380897522,
0.5868307948112488,
-0.22195856273174286,
0.2539486289024353,
-0.24006395041942596,
-0.343755304813385,
0.19697795808315277,
0.14100255072116852,
-0.32036271691322327,
0.23870466649532318,
0.10526919364929199,
-0.05448629707098007,
-0.17760059237480164,
-0.6371164321899414,
-0.0983409583568573,
-0.02251676470041275,
-0.37975752353668213,
-0.007733183912932873,
-0.15046507120132446,
-0.36863768100738525,
-0.6167534589767456
] |
247566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador%20Records | Matador Records | Matador Records is an independent record label, with a roster of mainly indie rock, but also punk rock, experimental rock, alternative rock, and electronic acts.
History
Matador was created in 1989 by Chris Lombardi in his New York City apartment. Lombardi had brought the Austrian duo H.P. Zinker into Wharton Tiers’ Fun City studio to record Matador's first release, "...and there was light". Lombardi continued to add artists to the label's roster, with bands like the Dustdevils, Railroad Jerk and Superchunk, before being joined by former Homestead Records manager Gerard Cosloy in 1990.
Lombardi and Cosloy have continued to run Matador Records together with Patrick Amory coming on as Matador's label manager in 1994, later becoming label president as well as a partner of Lombardi and Cosloy. Matador first drew mainstream media attention and larger sales with the North American release of Teenage Fanclub’s debut record, A Catholic Education in 1990. Other early releases that bolstered the label included Pavement's debut studio album Slanted and Enchanted in 1992 and Liz Phair's debut album, Exile in Guyville in 1993.
1993 also saw Matador enter into a partnership with Atlantic Records which lasted for several years. In 1996, Capitol Records purchased a 49 percent stake in Matador, which Lombardi and Cosloy bought back in 1999. Beggars Group purchased 50% of Matador in 2002 and took over the label's worldwide marketing.
Over the years, the label has moved to larger and larger premises, and it now operates in both London and New York. Matador Europe supervises the promotion, sales and marketing of Matador titles in Europe. The London-based office has also licensed recordings from some North American artists, such as M. Ward, Sleater-Kinney, Modest Mouse, and Superchunk. The roster has grown with the label, and Matador has helped artists such as Yo La Tengo, Cat Power, Cornelius, Solex, Pizzicato Five, Helium and the Arsonists reach audiences worldwide.
In the early 2000s, Matador had to sidestep unwanted involvement in the Recording Industry Association of America dispute over peer-to-peer file sharing networks. Matador's Patrick Amory contacted the RIAA multiple times in order to ensure that an erroneous listing on the group's website of Matador as an RIAA member was removed. After several attempts, the name of the independent label was removed from the membership list. Despite Matador's removal from the RIAA list, four of the label's albums have been certified Gold for sales of at least 500,000 units by the association: Exile in Guyville and Whip-Smart by Liz Phair and Turn on the Bright Lights and Antics by Interpol.
Matador acquired True Panther Sounds as an imprint in 2009. Cosloy, speaking through the Matador blog, stated that True Panther Sounds "will continue to be managed by label founder Dean Bein." And that the reason Matador acquired True Panther Sounds was simply, "As Victor Kiam once explained his decision to purchase the Remington Shaver operation, “I liked it so much, I bought the company.” The first joint venture by the two labels was Girls’ debut critically acclaimed release ‘Album’ and was "worked through Matador’s fearsome promotional & marketing machinery."
In October 2010, Matador celebrated the label's 21st anniversary with a series of concerts at the Palms Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. Pavement, Yo La Tengo, the New Pornographers, Spoon, Ted Leo & the Pharmacists, Guided By Voices, Kurt Vile, Cold Cave, Fucked Up, Liz Phair, Shearwater, Superchunk, Come, Times New Viking, Belle & Sebastian, Cat Power, Chavez, Perfume Genius, Harlem, and Guitar Wolf were amongst the participants. During the event Many of the artists stated their opinions and admiration of Matador. Damian Abraham, of Fucked Up, said that not only did Matador give them credibility as a band but also, "There were a lot of people who thought of us as that band with the swear word that yells, but Matador signing us was like, 'No, no, no, it's okay -- give it a second look.' We fell ass-backwards into being on one of the top indie labels of all time." Mike Hadreas said, "To me, signing to Matador was like getting into a really good school." 'It's a hard thing to talk about without resorting to clichés, but Matador really loves music,' said Ira Kaplan of Yo La Tengo.
Matador has continued to sign bands of various genres including Iceage, Lower, Algiers, Majical Cloudz, Car Seat Headrest and Snail Mail.
Current artists
Algiers
Belle and Sebastian
Body/Head
Car Seat Headrest (with associated acts 1 Trait Danger and Skinny Teeth)
Circuit Des Yeux
Darkside
Gang of Four
Horsegirl
Interpol
Julien Baker
Kim Gordon
King Krule
Lucy Dacus
Mdou Moctar
Muzz
Pavement
Perfume Genius
Queens of the Stone Age
Savages
Snail Mail
Spoon
Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks
Steve Gunn
The Desert Sessions
Yo La Tengo
Past artists
18th Dye
2 Foot Flame
A. C. Newman
Aereogramme
Arab Strap
Arsonists
Babylon Dance Band
Bailter Space
Barbara Manning
Bardo Pond
Bassholes
Bettie Serveert
Boards of Canada
Brightblack Morning Light
Bullet LaVolta
Bunnybrains
burger/ink
Cat Power
Ceremony
Chain Gang
Chavez
Chelsea Light Moving
Chris Knox
Circle X
Cold Cave
Come
Condo Fucks
Console
Cornelius
Couch
D-Story
Dälek
Dave Schramm
David Kilgour
Dead Meadow
Demolition Doll Rods
Dizzee Rascal
Dustdevils
Earles and Jensen
Early Man
Erika M. Anderson
Esben and the Witch
Fire In The Kitchen
Flipper
Fuck
God Help the Girl
Graeme Downes
Guided by Voices
Guitar Wolf
Harlem
H.P. Zinker
Helium
Jad Fair & Yo La Tengo
Jaguar Love
Jay Reatard
Jega
Jennifer O'Connor
Jimi Tenor
Jon Spencer Blues Explosion
Julian Plenti
Khan
Kurt Vile
Kustomized
Large Professor
Laura Cantrell
Lavender Diamond
Lemonade
Lesser
Liquor Giants
Live Human
Liz Phair
Lower
Lou Reed
Love Of Diagrams
Lynnfield Pioneers
Lyres
M. Ward
Magic Kids
Majical Cloudz
Mark Eitzel
Mary Timony
Matmos
MC Paul Barman
Mecca Normal
Mission of Burma
Modest Mouse
Mogwai
Moonshake
Mount Florida
Mr. Len
Neko Case
Nightmares On Wax
Non Phixion
Pell Mell
Pitchblende
Pizzicato Five
Plone
Pole
Portastatic
Preston School of Industry
Pretty Girls Make Graves
Prisonshake
Prosaics
Quickspace
Railroad Jerk
Red Snapper
Robert Pollard
Run On
Sad Rockets
Sensational
SF Seals
Shams
Shearwater
Silkworm
Sleater-Kinney
Smog
Solex
Sonic Youth
Spiral Stairs
Sportsguitar
Superchunk
Techno Animal
Ted Leo and the Pharmacists
Teenage Fanclub
Thalia Zedek
The Bionaut
The Cave Singers
The Clean
The Double
The Fall
The For Carnation
The Frogs
The Fucking Champs
The Modernist
The Pastels
The Ponys
The Soft Boys
The Wisdom of Harry
The Young
Thinking Fellers Union Local 282
Times New Viking
Tobin Sprout
Toiling Midgets
Tommy Keene
Two Lone Swordsmen
Unrest
Unsane
Unwound
Void
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Matador Records official Web site
Record labels established in 1989
Indie rock record labels
Alternative rock record labels
American independent record labels
Beggars Group
Hip hop record labels
Electronic music record labels | [
0.2254413366317749,
-0.1680006980895996,
-0.40589579939842224,
0.18618713319301605,
0.04759842902421951,
0.051347799599170685,
0.04391808435320854,
0.616887629032135,
-0.5427511930465698,
0.101193867623806,
0.11363527178764343,
0.4826608896255493,
0.16693326830863953,
0.4850998520851135,
-0.32925650477409363,
0.36947110295295715,
-0.013457225635647774,
0.4300435185432434,
-0.21216991543769836,
-0.3101978302001953,
-0.0225046519190073,
0.09429173171520233,
0.5582660436630249,
-0.39653337001800537,
-0.5767835378646851,
-0.12659743428230286,
-0.0747884213924408,
0.09252361953258514,
-0.7279135584831238,
0.16231903433799744,
0.3389061391353607,
0.3484376072883606,
0.45604875683784485,
-0.45463162660598755,
-0.08774417638778687,
0.04918544739484787,
-0.36855387687683105,
0.04960429295897484,
-0.7232947945594788,
-0.9410404562950134,
0.11631105840206146,
-0.6399737000465393,
-0.04512545466423035,
0.08050646632909775,
-0.5239889025688171,
-0.0909324660897255,
-0.4871603846549988,
0.5567001104354858,
-0.700048565864563,
0.007836523465812206,
-0.5664027333259583,
0.13496626913547516,
-0.0051124244928359985,
0.2947811782360077,
0.09318841248750687,
-0.1298464834690094,
-0.39230889081954956,
0.48700326681137085,
-0.1854018121957779,
-0.5128958225250244,
0.5278517007827759,
0.1172032505273819,
0.05046093836426735,
-0.32170048356056213,
0.2807583510875702,
-0.12734355032444,
0.4257500171661377,
0.7543224096298218,
-0.4697898030281067,
-0.4889124631881714,
-0.4416526257991791,
-0.14708001911640167,
0.11252249032258987,
-0.21169626712799072,
-0.5090241432189941,
-0.5747913718223572,
0.49625444412231445,
-0.1336585134267807,
0.04378765448927879,
0.6879254579544067,
0.49461105465888977,
0.10951761156320572,
1.316357970237732,
-0.23329289257526398,
0.0044298539869487286,
0.15342888236045837,
-0.18106140196323395,
-0.31357014179229736,
-0.39786967635154724,
0.17257578670978546,
-0.11509411782026291,
-0.6683955192565918,
1.223902940750122,
0.30896735191345215,
-0.5090998411178589,
-0.010962771251797676,
-0.23992405831813812,
-0.21064206957817078,
-0.09763853251934052,
0.4946419894695282,
0.042805012315511703,
0.07514336705207825,
-0.07575542479753494,
-0.3348870575428009,
-0.3286316394805908,
0.04680084064602852,
-0.3371824026107788,
0.15149150788784027,
-0.0038745675701647997,
-0.13342604041099548,
-0.38960137963294983,
0.413460910320282,
-0.3645498752593994,
-0.28478795289993286,
0.024592339992523193,
0.19887132942676544,
0.2652416229248047,
-0.5381401181221008,
-0.3598534166812897,
-0.03257090225815773,
0.7978712916374207,
0.9203227758407593,
0.06818366795778275,
0.12294790893793106,
-0.3127104640007019,
0.2342536449432373,
0.6616135835647583,
0.14096809923648834,
0.25679633021354675,
-0.04455556720495224,
0.059980589896440506,
0.06108490377664566,
0.0004513583844527602,
-0.16560910642147064,
-0.16383545100688934,
-0.06183702126145363,
0.5082536935806274,
0.18142728507518768,
0.19704502820968628,
-0.03882564604282379,
-0.8443828821182251,
-0.08573904633522034,
-0.8940630555152893,
-0.43036139011383057,
0.4359542429447174,
-0.430040568113327,
0.5483604669570923,
0.13952888548374176,
-0.5882511138916016,
-0.09034962207078934,
0.04833519086241722,
-0.20899872481822968,
-0.4237228333950043,
-0.44421541690826416,
-0.27754101157188416,
-0.18851390480995178,
0.4433533549308777,
-0.20047961175441742,
0.562907874584198,
0.17871564626693726,
0.2737879157066345,
-0.010235841386020184,
0.1730923354625702,
0.5047028660774231,
-0.11679133027791977,
-0.25537729263305664,
-0.16764654219150543,
0.5587148666381836,
-0.008575969375669956,
-0.20541363954544067,
-0.17202337086200714,
0.07573360204696655,
-0.2749973237514496,
-0.05949058756232262,
-0.024806877598166466,
0.294120728969574,
0.8199688196182251,
0.01941603422164917,
0.39076337218284607,
0.2053903490304947,
-0.42323067784309387,
0.5282687544822693,
0.34040558338165283,
0.24059389531612396,
-0.25163018703460693,
-0.30668875575065613,
0.2448088526725769,
-0.08485064655542374,
0.44656533002853394,
-0.1731838434934616,
-0.7046431303024292,
0.28089937567710876,
0.3918987512588501,
-0.7159205675125122,
0.06529850512742996,
0.771909236907959,
-1.108633279800415,
1.2103984355926514,
-0.2731958329677582,
-0.06428330391645432,
-0.16482149064540863,
0.215814009308815,
-0.2854413390159607,
0.07236532866954803,
-0.23161634802818298,
-0.2011149823665619,
0.5710731744766235,
-0.28939804434776306,
0.42679905891418457,
0.2865472137928009,
-0.18547700345516205,
-0.7917332053184509,
0.7239434123039246,
0.1571788489818573,
0.029475592076778412,
-0.18042977154254913,
-0.4545062780380249,
-0.04600903391838074,
0.28408703207969666,
-0.45467764139175415,
1.0683317184448242,
0.03091617301106453,
-0.1075177863240242,
0.18047566711902618,
-0.2463957667350769,
0.7358779907226562,
-0.2480391263961792,
-0.18083536624908447,
0.6479484438896179,
-0.1267842799425125,
0.12661820650100708,
0.5470799803733826,
-0.06830189377069473,
-0.664640486240387,
0.29339519143104553,
0.41153499484062195,
-0.05383582040667534,
-0.6460654139518738,
0.4742807447910309,
0.07225559651851654,
0.2525535523891449,
-0.11754272878170013,
-0.3528781533241272,
0.37928932905197144,
0.6780235767364502,
0.04858103021979332,
-0.0825451910495758,
-0.42869001626968384,
-0.472086638212204,
-0.03995157778263092,
0.6132124066352844,
0.4390496015548706,
-0.24318909645080566,
-0.2547312080860138,
-0.395171582698822,
0.4687057435512543,
-0.13232561945915222,
-0.2805692255496979,
0.3977448046207428,
-0.03759963810443878,
-0.48577880859375,
-0.25250089168548584,
0.44967904686927795,
0.4348335862159729,
-0.01615813933312893,
-0.7519034743309021,
-0.40942496061325073,
0.17267443239688873,
0.3141988217830658,
-0.37799158692359924,
0.42562687397003174,
0.38782304525375366,
-0.49664556980133057,
0.16081660985946655,
-0.23095475137233734,
0.060313522815704346,
-0.5609585046768188,
-0.06635623425245285,
-0.18381613492965698,
-0.7864051461219788,
0.36361727118492126,
0.4819948673248291,
0.28963005542755127,
-1.0285135507583618,
-0.8650304675102234,
-0.006604909896850586,
0.7084525227546692,
-0.5016937255859375,
-0.43679457902908325,
0.3961605131626129,
-0.36441904306411743,
-0.13383749127388,
-0.2999705672264099,
0.18825116753578186,
-0.2506466209888458,
-0.031184084713459015,
0.33104997873306274,
-0.033927302807569504,
-0.3270079493522644,
-0.5077002048492432,
-0.5032702088356018,
-0.18683937191963196,
-0.11630548536777496,
-0.09575020521879196,
0.513925313949585,
-0.08870232850313187,
0.171339750289917,
-0.3992716670036316,
-5.727438449859619,
0.31080907583236694,
-0.5051583051681519,
0.11335106194019318,
0.12633290886878967,
-0.2545343041419983,
0.22548723220825195,
-0.080965556204319,
-0.15173521637916565,
-0.49806538224220276,
-0.29579660296440125,
0.0712253674864769,
-0.055552199482917786,
0.6210675239562988,
0.41933372616767883,
0.7488861680030823,
0.3549897074699402,
0.018125569447875023,
0.03817242756485939,
0.4933679401874542,
-0.4014994204044342,
-0.5943127274513245,
0.3513396978378296,
0.22002162039279938,
0.3046547472476959,
0.9669123888015747,
-0.4818853437900543,
0.3067825734615326,
-0.6977816224098206,
0.1574719250202179,
-0.06160244718194008,
-0.22712813317775726,
-0.29325219988822937,
-0.6291744709014893,
0.4350413680076599,
0.29600077867507935,
0.2942591607570648,
-0.2514963448047638,
-0.20190967619419098,
-0.4586459994316101,
0.19637055695056915,
0.44714269042015076,
0.03317677974700928,
-0.1543346643447876,
-0.003572504734620452,
0.1872902661561966,
-0.7186631560325623,
-0.30542460083961487,
-0.03674346208572388,
1.0185707807540894,
0.1414707899093628,
-0.41496485471725464,
-0.19567716121673584,
0.0626753717660904,
-0.18092679977416992,
-0.09504379332065582,
0.2548753321170807,
-0.20126532018184662,
0.13207338750362396,
0.741380512714386,
1.0416152477264404,
-0.3886582553386688,
0.22244179248809814,
-0.4717118442058563,
0.029236208647489548,
0.05673776939511299,
-0.0056196777150034904,
-0.5700005292892456,
0.8339982628822327,
0.3844737112522125,
0.748584508895874,
-0.2970133125782013,
-0.2929125130176544,
-1.1015119552612305,
-0.3085518181324005,
-0.5739072561264038,
-0.21868176758289337,
-0.05335598066449165,
-0.3309038281440735,
0.40951886773109436,
-0.3601139485836029,
-0.3124783933162689,
-0.38555407524108887,
-0.19895848631858826,
-0.6362356543540955,
-0.40207332372665405,
-0.4984521269798279,
0.039667073637247086,
-0.7910480499267578,
0.19759193062782288,
0.8124146461486816,
0.15924090147018433,
0.36560818552970886,
0.08746051043272018,
0.27841225266456604,
0.062023427337408066,
0.6552367806434631,
0.6523659825325012,
0.16474699974060059,
-0.21134422719478607,
0.6423192024230957,
-0.40714412927627563,
0.23115405440330505,
-0.7128183245658875,
0.22171922028064728,
-0.007828272879123688,
-0.026668382808566093,
-0.2104937583208084,
0.21793979406356812,
-0.3540317118167877,
0.15477024018764496,
-0.5077168941497803,
-0.3670862317085266,
-0.9375287890434265,
0.6282879114151001,
-0.18449679017066956,
-0.05144786462187767,
0.4176993668079376,
0.1193775162100792,
-0.2626488208770752,
0.3662509024143219,
0.14851711690425873,
-0.2566162943840027,
-0.020206335932016373,
-0.39643245935440063,
-0.0647440254688263,
0.12809644639492035,
0.2805878818035126,
0.521050751209259,
-0.3230398893356323,
0.21416451036930084,
0.09507587552070618,
-0.2751908004283905,
0.26063984632492065,
-0.06454639881849289,
-0.48609375953674316,
-0.30337193608283997,
-0.4445425271987915,
0.01701309345662594,
-0.24604882299900055,
0.2024833858013153,
0.03973695635795593,
0.30404534935951233,
0.5519148111343384,
0.6251319050788879,
0.3462349772453308,
0.10472635924816132,
-0.05277467891573906,
-0.22196020185947418,
0.533599317073822,
0.6653894186019897,
-0.32756227254867554,
0.8270263075828552,
-0.3317120373249054,
0.04658074304461479,
0.048351749777793884,
0.151896134018898,
-0.27365049719810486,
-0.07410750538110733,
-0.15020117163658142,
0.22232086956501007,
-0.5403597354888916,
-0.3787084221839905,
0.07311131060123444,
0.2772475779056549,
-0.5296441316604614,
-0.30754101276397705,
-0.34325265884399414,
-0.3070070743560791,
0.3192610442638397,
-0.10738549381494522,
-0.6005752086639404,
0.15383826196193695,
-0.14636488258838654,
0.24205730855464935,
0.2763826549053192,
-0.0719195306301117,
0.21476607024669647,
0.06737025827169418,
0.1389751434326172,
-0.08534667640924454,
-0.17268489301204681,
-0.6685858368873596,
0.27817636728286743,
0.3665810823440552,
-0.7179176807403564,
-0.812711775302887,
-0.15453337132930756,
-0.5425313711166382,
-0.009187422692775726,
-0.16141356527805328,
0.6484208106994629,
0.6850926876068115,
-0.174793541431427,
-0.22202500700950623,
-0.6610054969787598,
-0.13956773281097412,
0.5575699806213379,
-0.5723303556442261,
-0.3573468029499054,
-0.05477964133024216,
0.239786297082901,
-0.6174229979515076,
0.3211362659931183,
0.21685269474983215,
-0.45923715829849243,
0.7751966118812561,
0.09821987897157669,
-0.9557145833969116,
0.09721619635820389,
-0.6696293950080872,
-0.5395886301994324,
-0.06428390741348267,
0.3689305782318115,
-0.2795037627220154,
0.11648508161306381,
0.37917739152908325,
-0.7638088464736938,
-0.3223593235015869,
0.18064188957214355,
-0.013005001470446587,
0.09899228066205978,
-0.06204643473029137,
0.17119485139846802,
-0.22255319356918335,
0.6328086256980896,
0.4910305142402649,
-0.37218183279037476,
-0.07865949720144272,
-0.3720564544200897,
0.03679462522268295,
0.1154661551117897,
-0.6668196320533752,
-0.15372799336910248,
-0.6072559952735901,
0.5653224587440491,
0.13427484035491943,
0.2326674610376358,
0.47253844141960144,
0.015641679987311363,
0.29707497358322144,
0.38744616508483887,
-0.35734376311302185,
-0.06815671175718307,
0.5713657140731812,
0.11291997134685516,
0.3239487409591675,
-0.32529956102371216,
-0.5176331400871277,
0.056912921369075775,
-0.05721506103873253,
-0.28705546259880066,
-0.41374102234840393,
0.20417961478233337,
1.3187484741210938,
-0.6379130482673645,
-0.09800868481397629,
-0.1874883472919464,
-0.2869999408721924,
0.09652040898799896,
0.3088620603084564,
0.016121484339237213,
-0.3744683265686035,
-0.02150545082986355,
-0.14617612957954407,
-0.07281886041164398,
-0.3130068778991699,
-0.2335454821586609,
0.12362249195575714,
-0.24190151691436768,
-0.12812837958335876,
0.005682546645402908,
0.07137558609247208,
0.672443151473999,
0.05178014561533928,
-0.4781208634376526,
0.2295178323984146,
-0.8138736486434937,
-0.10954967141151428,
-0.12404979020357132,
-0.23001064360141754,
0.07275785505771637,
0.4686986207962036,
-0.6236438751220703,
0.13231796026229858,
-0.4879692494869232,
-0.3648660182952881,
-0.2145695686340332,
0.07377522438764572,
-0.124376080930233,
0.15339544415473938,
-0.14892615377902985,
0.9938106536865234,
0.07702092826366425,
-0.6962823271751404,
0.11366870999336243,
0.24294845759868622,
0.10926266759634018,
0.09485702216625214,
0.0020791254937648773,
0.2342717945575714,
0.48010948300361633,
0.0932733565568924,
-0.16275711357593536,
0.27988848090171814,
-0.23776701092720032,
0.4100671708583832,
-0.4977818727493286,
-0.36870020627975464,
-0.4622442424297333,
0.06289731711149216,
-0.6107012629508972,
-0.00292507978156209,
0.5101627707481384,
-0.3214399516582489,
0.554541826248169,
0.894804060459137,
-0.23867741227149963,
0.32533252239227295,
0.49840307235717773,
0.5310989022254944,
-0.21448031067848206,
0.3383239209651947,
0.13084866106510162,
0.3214990496635437,
0.1229439526796341,
-0.4158763289451599,
-0.3190779983997345,
1.1411633491516113,
-0.08049558103084564,
0.7371549010276794,
-0.11040027439594269,
-0.2446325719356537,
0.6099170446395874,
-0.17295372486114502,
-0.4014340043067932,
-0.018699534237384796,
0.20307791233062744,
-0.9658617377281189,
0.6448152661323547,
0.10900814831256866,
-0.03376223146915436,
-0.35248836874961853,
0.08568722754716873,
-0.15345609188079834,
-0.03809868171811104,
-0.009961582720279694,
0.0952748954296112,
-0.02424444444477558,
0.027115778997540474,
0.021629206836223602,
-0.31662601232528687,
-0.14455723762512207,
0.4946306645870209,
0.6223652362823486,
-0.36619728803634644,
0.3811108469963074,
0.03106234036386013,
0.3723542392253876,
0.10301296412944794,
-0.027866313233971596,
0.44683921337127686,
0.19696305692195892,
0.2769753038883209,
-0.12684999406337738,
0.19189509749412537,
0.3440929353237152,
-0.20849257707595825,
-0.15236027538776398,
0.12553375959396362,
0.3379831612110138,
0.37843963503837585,
-0.2011738121509552,
0.6964417695999146,
0.06074981391429901,
0.5969435572624207,
0.678274393081665,
0.5193725228309631,
-0.48705118894577026,
-0.26668235659599304,
-0.6652933955192566,
0.12822197377681732,
-0.5321690440177917,
0.09709125012159348,
0.49047428369522095,
-0.33658120036125183,
0.07150333374738693,
0.3013988733291626,
-0.1751387119293213,
0.3168731927871704,
-0.01166598591953516,
-0.5277689099311829,
-0.6551846265792847,
0.15171226859092712,
0.036129169166088104,
0.20851850509643555,
-0.197124645113945,
0.7673483490943909,
-0.40680915117263794,
-0.04238731786608696,
0.2808925211429596,
0.3643941283226013,
0.23244784772396088,
0.037385616451501846,
-0.08798933774232864,
0.38540777564048767,
-0.5376955270767212,
-0.4485214650630951,
-0.759975790977478,
0.9323711395263672,
-0.15474651753902435,
-0.0225934199988842,
-0.04915400594472885,
0.6873989701271057,
-0.3362925052642822,
-0.17063148319721222,
0.5961205959320068,
-0.39790016412734985,
0.18244236707687378,
-0.04484245553612709,
0.5033237934112549,
0.08087142556905746,
0.2165120542049408,
1.078301191329956,
-0.284992516040802,
-0.3423337936401367,
0.43706250190734863,
0.16497908532619476,
-0.8725489974021912,
0.59413081407547,
0.22510622441768646,
-0.16665005683898926,
0.1586214154958725,
0.3029251992702484,
-1.1091179847717285,
-0.5923355221748352,
-0.11224687099456787,
0.3356996774673462,
0.2081046849489212,
-0.4516862630844116,
0.29390981793403625,
-0.115458182990551,
0.43883368372917175,
-0.3090302050113678,
0.3612901270389557,
-0.30969977378845215,
0.034908227622509,
-0.2517031133174896,
-1.3571183681488037,
0.5206075310707092,
0.278611421585083,
-0.032834943383932114,
0.5014217495918274,
-0.07982628047466278,
-0.06245296448469162,
0.4942624568939209,
0.6080361008644104,
-0.1411736160516739,
0.29767951369285583,
-0.14268438518047333
] |
247569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Blazers%20%281992%E2%80%9397%29 | Boston Blazers (1992–97) | The Boston Blazers were a member of the Major Indoor Lacrosse League from 1989 to 1997. They were called the New England Blazers from 1989 to 1991 while based in Worcester, Massachusetts, and were renamed the Boston Blazers in 1992 when they moved to Boston. While in Worcester, the Blazers played at the Worcester Centrum. In Boston, they played at the Boston Garden from 1992–1995 and then moved to the FleetCenter in 1996 and played there until 1997.
A separate franchise, also known as the Boston Blazers, was founded in 2007 and played in the National Lacrosse League from 2009 to 2013. While the name of the new team was chosen "in part due to the popularity and nostalgia associated with the former Boston Blazers franchise" it did not share any lineage with the MILL Blazers.
Awards & honors
All time Record
Playoff Results
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20050729024306/http://www.arenamedia.com/content/blazers/index.shtml
Defunct National Lacrosse League teams
Lacrosse teams in Boston
Lacrosse clubs established in 1992
Lacrosse clubs disestablished in 1997
Major Indoor Lacrosse League teams
1992 establishments in Massachusetts
1997 disestablishments in Massachusetts | [
-0.4157294034957886,
0.4035004675388336,
-0.2655383348464966,
-0.1322849690914154,
-0.6064960956573486,
0.07041137665510178,
0.38756856322288513,
0.5511457920074463,
-0.5454999804496765,
-0.314968079328537,
0.9266891479492188,
0.27567318081855774,
-0.3808329701423645,
0.06625666469335556,
-0.1093842014670372,
0.23690207302570343,
0.45996779203414917,
0.09734494239091873,
0.22135193645954132,
-0.3668445944786072,
0.14999507367610931,
0.006727046333253384,
0.7597038745880127,
0.14947058260440826,
-0.028175123035907745,
0.4533289670944214,
0.11394549161195755,
0.23495127260684967,
0.10698094964027405,
0.09965380281209946,
0.23097911477088928,
0.17190322279930115,
0.20579668879508972,
-0.6353164911270142,
0.43117213249206543,
-0.13594362139701843,
0.19410614669322968,
0.18902847170829773,
-0.2863844335079193,
-0.6462124586105347,
0.10670041292905807,
0.3093520700931549,
0.14104843139648438,
0.28999418020248413,
0.7515747547149658,
0.43053051829338074,
-1.5387353897094727,
-0.527201235294342,
-0.7583494782447815,
-0.12386675924062729,
-0.20440605282783508,
-0.17149245738983154,
0.4664768576622009,
-0.012346861883997917,
0.38006776571273804,
0.22664093971252441,
-0.09516816586256027,
0.08534558862447739,
-0.5788417458534241,
-0.07463521510362625,
0.1823398470878601,
0.0690356194972992,
-0.10374806821346283,
0.09057540446519852,
-0.3095507025718689,
0.5302231907844543,
0.11360007524490356,
0.5927836894989014,
0.2708940804004669,
-0.5400863289833069,
0.7455891370773315,
-0.13769911229610443,
0.07677486538887024,
0.33868923783302307,
0.31043335795402527,
-0.31349125504493713,
0.36398598551750183,
-0.06879923492670059,
-0.061409272253513336,
-0.00774020329117775,
-0.061956893652677536,
0.49593156576156616,
0.9269474744796753,
0.4093104302883148,
-0.008260900154709816,
-0.1361733078956604,
-0.5999107360839844,
-0.09005745500326157,
-0.007076526992022991,
0.9449662566184998,
-0.9737722873687744,
-0.3826870322227478,
0.8542024493217468,
0.6447221040725708,
-0.046491846442222595,
-0.4955635964870453,
-0.5831060409545898,
0.6838958263397217,
0.7667924165725708,
-0.33197975158691406,
0.030012641102075577,
0.04048604518175125,
-0.07782568782567978,
-0.26960289478302,
-0.6073969602584839,
-0.10983160138130188,
0.2030053734779358,
0.10038025677204132,
-0.5084150433540344,
-0.14744320511817932,
0.07285713404417038,
0.33075088262557983,
0.11248387396335602,
0.017152929678559303,
0.5175585746765137,
0.7131265997886658,
0.4573988616466522,
-0.1501859724521637,
-0.18456506729125977,
0.23805415630340576,
0.05288413166999817,
0.04342621937394142,
-0.3557526469230652,
-0.41089367866516113,
0.081772580742836,
0.2478412687778473,
0.5193383693695068,
-0.05418839678168297,
0.2534179985523224,
-0.4447554051876068,
-0.14617428183555603,
1.468680500984192,
-0.4820307195186615,
0.11615082621574402,
0.14598749577999115,
0.23761677742004395,
0.3094751536846161,
-0.11516357213258743,
-0.6352230906486511,
0.06638351827859879,
-0.7061258554458618,
0.31193867325782776,
-0.4275705814361572,
-0.697628915309906,
0.2522643506526947,
-0.5561637282371521,
0.3724207282066345,
0.25997394323349,
-0.29524844884872437,
0.12860669195652008,
0.3165152668952942,
-0.2190636843442917,
0.30519378185272217,
-0.27027344703674316,
-0.27732741832733154,
0.644467294216156,
0.49497872591018677,
0.12352603673934937,
0.2193039506673813,
0.6525713801383972,
-0.09975436329841614,
0.1722160428762436,
0.22924654185771942,
0.07044155150651932,
0.0984627828001976,
-0.034701477736234665,
-0.14316536486148834,
-0.7557490468025208,
0.49583306908607483,
0.11799834668636322,
-0.24772879481315613,
0.08303691446781158,
0.23316846787929535,
0.2737286686897278,
0.4413657784461975,
-0.3411565124988556,
1.0453053712844849,
0.47189584374427795,
-0.32952961325645447,
-0.2148473709821701,
-0.666468620300293,
-0.18818461894989014,
0.36610567569732666,
0.23892761766910553,
0.48898789286613464,
-0.1334129273891449,
0.658203125,
0.2792348265647888,
0.6666966080665588,
0.7276016473770142,
0.14063504338264465,
0.08406424522399902,
0.5170092582702637,
-0.4717879295349121,
1.049756646156311,
0.2764449715614319,
-0.7010049819946289,
0.004964900203049183,
0.05738723650574684,
0.5954120755195618,
0.060136258602142334,
-0.16960284113883972,
0.238554909825325,
0.24750472605228424,
-0.5459926128387451,
0.20496749877929688,
0.044666387140750885,
0.2824389934539795,
-0.2291799783706665,
0.7725189328193665,
0.39290881156921387,
-0.008281977847218513,
-0.7653462290763855,
0.30986085534095764,
-0.07174819707870483,
-0.6190729141235352,
-0.17329786717891693,
0.46483632922172546,
0.15892533957958221,
-0.8807846307754517,
0.7356573343276978,
0.18108563125133514,
0.1377679854631424,
0.22613753378391266,
-0.2367033064365387,
1.3345996141433716,
-0.49526891112327576,
-0.08801672607660294,
0.266988068819046,
-0.05068439617753029,
0.39022091031074524,
0.4657043516635895,
-0.22233577072620392,
-0.7579088807106018,
0.03826209530234337,
-0.013751871883869171,
0.11662618815898895,
-0.6445257663726807,
-0.14793400466442108,
0.3056075870990753,
0.36040183901786804,
-0.16649578511714935,
-0.5836166739463806,
0.42243078351020813,
-0.041194964200258255,
-0.3164781928062439,
0.3883453905582428,
0.08916611224412918,
-0.29470130801200867,
-0.45255744457244873,
0.27070218324661255,
-0.019821666181087494,
-0.09891577064990997,
-0.28373074531555176,
0.427151083946228,
0.3045429289340973,
-0.39692115783691406,
-0.3942481577396393,
0.5118271708488464,
0.273383229970932,
0.3822970986366272,
-0.03167826309800148,
0.061549112200737,
0.010952294804155827,
-0.3936987519264221,
-0.03500013053417206,
-0.29589560627937317,
0.05323180928826332,
-0.47597503662109375,
-0.2785930633544922,
-0.5108497738838196,
0.25762900710105896,
-0.45340490341186523,
-0.026200713589787483,
-0.09482140094041824,
0.3068365156650543,
0.03959192335605621,
0.15558382868766785,
-0.2662173807621002,
-0.7170439958572388,
0.14559482038021088,
0.30532005429267883,
0.5398029685020447,
-0.421497642993927,
-0.2911316454410553,
-0.11420146375894547,
-0.6517750024795532,
-0.3391261398792267,
-0.013060551136732101,
-0.5685395002365112,
-0.1117011159658432,
-0.129969522356987,
-0.6619768738746643,
0.41855108737945557,
-0.5544613599777222,
0.365219384431839,
-0.21739381551742554,
-0.05343315005302429,
0.5896369814872742,
-0.017752250656485558,
-0.18039952218532562,
-0.04028763249516487,
-0.29664841294288635,
-0.05665334686636925,
0.2143917828798294,
-0.9532382488250732,
-0.37276631593704224,
-0.7484422326087952,
-5.423412799835205,
0.41514286398887634,
0.2934301197528839,
-0.2715311646461487,
0.4015997648239136,
0.14736388623714447,
0.24173277616500854,
-0.5996630191802979,
0.31134268641471863,
0.32627928256988525,
0.4041702449321747,
0.1818023920059204,
-0.4093528091907501,
0.13657055795192719,
0.6541886329650879,
-0.042121220380067825,
0.7732030153274536,
-0.49338531494140625,
-0.24648302793502808,
-0.4318588078022003,
0.4669536352157593,
-0.14902812242507935,
0.044102076441049576,
-0.5719594359397888,
0.10210907459259033,
0.6951404213905334,
-0.3252313733100891,
0.3287435472011566,
-0.24973076581954956,
-0.08563300222158432,
-0.059356335550546646,
0.3272493779659271,
0.19920620322227478,
-0.2412457913160324,
-0.268294095993042,
-0.3722710907459259,
0.9515231251716614,
0.43085694313049316,
-0.010123435407876968,
-1.0748387575149536,
-0.06646902859210968,
0.6074120402336121,
-0.4025210440158844,
-0.23440434038639069,
0.7955362796783447,
0.3801403045654297,
-0.27966225147247314,
-0.14088740944862366,
-0.5263766050338745,
0.7039073705673218,
0.16820880770683289,
-0.38422679901123047,
0.3867380917072296,
0.5469418168067932,
-0.10770971328020096,
-0.7760302424430847,
-0.6337682008743286,
-0.10529378056526184,
-0.04974254220724106,
0.8513814806938171,
0.27121999859809875,
-0.2952961027622223,
0.47168558835983276,
-0.6535692811012268,
-0.15731236338615417,
-0.7746677398681641,
-0.4365897476673126,
0.5721780061721802,
0.5520836710929871,
-0.16552835702896118,
-0.19228152930736542,
0.4192639887332916,
-0.5209477543830872,
-0.9200931191444397,
0.8239490389823914,
-0.03719928860664368,
-0.0018392278579995036,
-0.05605515465140343,
-0.204727441072464,
-0.03861969709396362,
-0.07813596725463867,
-0.09457889199256897,
-0.08723199367523193,
0.5953776240348816,
0.1129818931221962,
-0.007955958135426044,
-0.013156536035239697,
0.4354015290737152,
-0.7861732244491577,
-0.283742219209671,
0.9034542441368103,
-0.46558013558387756,
0.13225410878658295,
0.5477911829948425,
-0.3398803174495697,
0.01106980536133051,
0.46352124214172363,
-0.2210478037595749,
0.09094776213169098,
-0.700271725654602,
-0.013536780141294003,
-0.5589843988418579,
0.05369008332490921,
-0.7662535905838013,
-0.40285179018974304,
0.02367139607667923,
-1.0085073709487915,
0.11766321212053299,
0.10718941688537598,
0.012512587010860443,
0.3643859326839447,
-0.2663763165473938,
-0.5996474623680115,
0.18882982432842255,
0.3955448865890503,
-0.025173265486955643,
-0.40236058831214905,
0.2531074583530426,
0.41677379608154297,
-0.21329869329929352,
-0.3119988441467285,
0.12680336833000183,
0.36151397228240967,
-0.20150341093540192,
-0.19641798734664917,
-0.20085377991199493,
0.5148187279701233,
0.06721460074186325,
-0.07512770593166351,
0.25417548418045044,
0.50018310546875,
0.30360010266304016,
0.29663169384002686,
0.35114049911499023,
-0.08605337888002396,
0.011696425266563892,
-0.9681128263473511,
-0.2829733192920685,
0.4187135696411133,
0.27034375071525574,
-0.10101115703582764,
0.09822430461645126,
0.5721405744552612,
0.14258800446987152,
-0.35487791895866394,
0.7090581655502319,
0.46435415744781494,
-0.43560343980789185,
-0.4840737283229828,
0.6713278293609619,
-0.37761446833610535,
-0.7564221620559692,
1.079309344291687,
-0.8357510566711426,
0.6290841698646545,
0.2530882656574249,
0.3726542294025421,
-0.04082613065838814,
-0.14439822733402252,
-0.43511438369750977,
0.5618870258331299,
0.8464363813400269,
-0.4733548164367676,
0.5037051439285278,
0.06397470086812973,
-0.43210509419441223,
0.08697949349880219,
-0.43095314502716064,
-0.3461897373199463,
0.21179984509944916,
0.518886923789978,
-0.49899911880493164,
-0.9734025001525879,
0.2193751186132431,
0.5876522660255432,
0.2252117544412613,
-0.04576142504811287,
-0.5411560535430908,
-0.21436035633087158,
-0.2517014145851135,
0.5112332105636597,
-0.14480695128440857,
0.020594004541635513,
0.27084749937057495,
1.1690782308578491,
-0.5117306709289551,
-0.5268246531486511,
-0.3146090507507324,
0.022791994735598564,
0.360518217086792,
0.3600974977016449,
0.08355249464511871,
0.47864463925361633,
-0.12472550570964813,
-0.7558060884475708,
-0.4566724896430969,
0.36962267756462097,
1.176810622215271,
-0.30519038438796997,
-0.6444045305252075,
-0.11805472522974014,
0.25651049613952637,
-0.19465942680835724,
0.08615589886903763,
-0.05766535922884941,
-0.45464977622032166,
0.054234907031059265,
-0.4477313756942749,
-0.08877921104431152,
-0.07045481353998184,
0.08361370861530304,
-0.2769052982330322,
0.4242381155490875,
0.3879658877849579,
-0.2874769866466522,
0.08180290460586548,
-0.06088069826364517,
0.1287877857685089,
-1.0113091468811035,
-0.7400866150856018,
-0.8719619512557983,
-0.3350999653339386,
-0.31146836280822754,
-0.2577666938304901,
-0.9768221378326416,
0.32290393114089966,
0.12194379419088364,
-0.1555868238210678,
-0.3598131239414215,
-0.5990286469459534,
0.3044337332248688,
-0.2376108318567276,
-0.5912392735481262,
-0.35023239254951477,
0.6330724954605103,
0.37392953038215637,
0.1688811331987381,
-0.11237843334674835,
-0.05203483998775482,
0.16234934329986572,
0.28838568925857544,
0.5430492162704468,
-0.19752942025661469,
-0.6104955077171326,
0.013111010193824768,
-0.33233901858329773,
-0.2320583313703537,
0.03759703412652016,
-0.3152502179145813,
0.48420968651771545,
0.40660569071769714,
-0.5925999879837036,
-0.3428480625152588,
-0.48884662985801697,
1.1007715463638306,
-0.6248959898948669,
-0.22419627010822296,
-0.007524029817432165,
0.3503951132297516,
-0.14643168449401855,
-0.1695641279220581,
-0.14298227429389954,
-1.2570204734802246,
0.4002014696598053,
-0.04800429195165634,
-0.04488677531480789,
-0.49460434913635254,
-0.41329893469810486,
-0.03211275115609169,
-0.18368904292583466,
-0.5560606122016907,
-0.2547645568847656,
-0.20611082017421722,
0.44519391655921936,
-0.45753833651542664,
0.0983363687992096,
0.37058117985725403,
-0.47862210869789124,
0.21007674932479858,
-0.11514386534690857,
-0.9501332640647888,
0.5139219760894775,
-0.1940872073173523,
-0.48207688331604004,
0.18689633905887604,
-0.49129989743232727,
-0.02061580866575241,
0.2340131253004074,
-0.5819875597953796,
0.34098413586616516,
0.16770775616168976,
-0.1748170107603073,
-0.5868470668792725,
-0.16169703006744385,
0.11518615484237671,
-0.2241501659154892,
-0.1351092904806137,
0.03929486498236656,
0.16934609413146973,
0.47281765937805176,
-0.9451180100440979,
-0.0269887987524271,
0.3015235960483551,
-0.3715500235557556,
0.3238458037376404,
-0.053207848221063614,
0.20353999733924866,
0.1529177725315094,
-0.6203765869140625,
0.0046075861901044846,
-0.014948929660022259,
0.22360755503177643,
0.020879210904240608,
0.6359948515892029,
-1.2001783847808838,
-0.19943688809871674,
0.5233320593833923,
-0.5051016211509705,
-0.2949356138706207,
-0.12089414149522781,
0.23464234173297882,
0.6756348609924316,
0.3681218922138214,
0.7297291159629822,
-0.30672428011894226,
1.1640393733978271,
-0.00342109939083457,
-0.2778242826461792,
0.1341353803873062,
-0.07818838208913803,
0.399616539478302,
-1.1160942316055298,
-0.48052799701690674,
0.48872584104537964,
0.16416440904140472,
-0.19994239509105682,
0.13228219747543335,
-0.2711457908153534,
-0.21340087056159973,
0.6319252848625183,
0.5406580567359924,
0.9710015058517456,
-0.7444060444831848,
-0.3932783305644989,
0.06327583640813828,
-0.05834488570690155,
-0.27062252163887024,
0.10681556910276413,
0.8158820271492004,
-0.08993738889694214,
0.13503621518611908,
-0.3366335928440094,
-0.029188252985477448,
-0.26184871792793274,
-0.012708625756204128,
-0.13893842697143555,
0.7246206402778625,
-0.014301626943051815,
0.002688612090423703,
-0.3151949644088745,
0.3586558699607849,
-0.04521137475967407,
-0.2776830494403839,
-0.2735356390476227,
-0.10721401125192642,
-0.46148157119750977,
-0.1949089616537094,
-0.05369645357131958,
-0.25147414207458496,
0.525041937828064,
0.062091466039419174,
0.3555639386177063,
-0.02840351313352585,
-0.23059989511966705,
-0.037428613752126694,
0.010846448130905628,
0.4896567165851593,
0.32910826802253723,
-0.16856954991817474,
-0.05998479947447777,
0.3612614572048187,
0.2883787751197815,
-0.763600766658783,
-0.8283097743988037,
-0.010236970148980618,
0.3299853801727295,
-0.33746448159217834,
0.7126138806343079,
-0.12243493646383286,
-0.5471898317337036,
-0.024296816438436508,
-0.7671257853507996,
-0.058047305792570114,
0.22200636565685272,
-0.013380467891693115,
-0.4204167127609253,
-0.06283782422542572,
0.30729663372039795,
0.4201606214046478,
0.7459707260131836,
0.09680967777967453,
-0.21433547139167786,
0.16975276172161102,
0.8031548261642456,
-0.5522109866142273,
0.2584090232849121,
-0.6375079154968262,
0.12074192613363266,
0.32144373655319214,
0.3585990071296692,
0.04667248576879501,
0.317613810300827,
-0.4984889626502991,
0.23540906608104706,
-0.26995155215263367,
-0.3207145929336548,
0.7847981452941895,
-0.5036298632621765,
-0.902802586555481,
0.2172165960073471,
-0.1326599419116974,
-0.5854055285453796,
0.4957710802555084,
0.7620062232017517,
0.2731688916683197,
0.06503801047801971,
0.619898796081543,
-0.6417657136917114,
-0.14539256691932678,
0.501878559589386,
0.30907121300697327,
-0.752358615398407,
-0.7364470362663269,
0.2624945044517517,
-0.24619151651859283,
-0.4317016005516052,
0.00782802328467369,
0.16313552856445312,
0.8174657821655273,
0.007770723197609186,
0.20598307251930237,
-0.5394560098648071,
0.14683952927589417,
-0.5710108876228333,
-0.7825567722320557,
0.38790297508239746,
0.8696507811546326,
0.056573834270238876,
-0.06854072958230972,
0.2068607658147812,
-0.04011865705251694,
-0.6036971807479858,
-0.019666455686092377,
0.02119711972773075,
0.25917771458625793,
0.12766112387180328,
-0.046884987503290176,
-0.35524752736091614,
-0.46513575315475464,
-0.04489636793732643
] |
247572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh%20Bulls | Pittsburgh Bulls | The Pittsburgh Bulls were a member of the Major Indoor Lacrosse League from 1990 to 1993.They were based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The National Lacrosse League would return to Pittsburgh in 2000 with the Pittsburgh CrosseFire, but the team would only stay for one season before moving to become the Washington Power.
All time Record
See also
Lacrosse in Pennsylvania
Bulls
Lacrosse clubs established in 1990
Lacrosse clubs disestablished in 1993
Lacrosse teams in Pennsylvania
1990 establishments in Pennsylvania
1993 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Defunct National Lacrosse League teams | [
-0.6671479344367981,
0.1637399047613144,
-0.4073578417301178,
0.28713691234588623,
-0.49829280376434326,
0.5365389585494995,
0.03052694723010063,
0.6732403039932251,
-0.4878176152706146,
-0.6389926671981812,
0.6707277297973633,
0.20561683177947998,
-0.14369098842144012,
0.21228262782096863,
-0.1861407458782196,
0.19111472368240356,
0.07413221895694733,
0.22628039121627808,
0.06065806373953819,
-0.477963924407959,
-0.01414552517235279,
-0.316114217042923,
0.6947622895240784,
0.42890465259552,
-0.18811476230621338,
0.246061772108078,
0.1604001820087433,
0.3255080282688141,
0.14773845672607422,
0.37677228450775146,
0.2263035625219345,
0.6437732577323914,
-0.10679831355810165,
-0.30649060010910034,
0.023451684042811394,
-0.43430739641189575,
-0.10361508280038834,
-0.02881983295083046,
-0.058384258300065994,
-0.43981850147247314,
-0.024901023134589195,
0.12425093352794647,
0.32476717233657837,
0.3861553370952606,
0.7616205811500549,
0.21985627710819244,
-1.346258521080017,
-0.34762877225875854,
-0.7421442866325378,
-0.17076902091503143,
-0.587425172328949,
0.09833487868309021,
0.4608309268951416,
0.18920999765396118,
0.036922018975019455,
0.2229539006948471,
-0.6411635279655457,
0.19653908908367157,
-0.08098634332418442,
-0.4049462080001831,
-0.0013493738370016217,
0.02968253195285797,
0.26205989718437195,
0.21119143068790436,
-0.7486381530761719,
-0.28709876537323,
0.355599969625473,
0.7368521690368652,
0.23628252744674683,
-0.36952877044677734,
0.24866800010204315,
-0.24447573721408844,
-0.14011803269386292,
-0.005263904109597206,
0.5882502794265747,
-0.7999875545501709,
0.5017197132110596,
0.0724763348698616,
-0.1989077627658844,
0.16451257467269897,
0.10209116339683533,
0.6086242198944092,
0.8239179253578186,
0.40024539828300476,
0.266936331987381,
-0.01099318452179432,
-0.8642795085906982,
-0.1467079222202301,
0.01848418638110161,
0.7193148136138916,
-0.8344998359680176,
-0.11166710406541824,
0.6557577848434448,
-0.10855521261692047,
-0.24487851560115814,
-0.015290780924260616,
0.03136959671974182,
0.4492427408695221,
0.5162365436553955,
0.062236588448286057,
0.15209917724132538,
-0.08242767304182053,
-0.15801872313022614,
-0.19793643057346344,
-0.4813860356807709,
0.04526248201727867,
0.5037305355072021,
-0.02395790070295334,
-0.15816184878349304,
-0.11570391803979874,
-0.2688709795475006,
0.3164677917957306,
0.20773449540138245,
-0.16495056450366974,
0.6199839115142822,
0.087791308760643,
0.5658747553825378,
-0.5178993940353394,
-0.4264601469039917,
0.17624744772911072,
-0.06403624266386032,
0.274148166179657,
-0.3908311426639557,
0.06077508628368378,
0.30760127305984497,
0.011233572848141193,
0.5381860733032227,
0.24007512629032135,
0.20920851826667786,
-0.6732922792434692,
0.45080897212028503,
1.172911524772644,
-0.2840667963027954,
0.18076662719249725,
-0.32403531670570374,
0.5806859731674194,
0.22394610941410065,
-0.3011195659637451,
-0.5643234252929688,
-0.19714979827404022,
-0.6409828066825867,
0.05172766000032425,
-0.3514246344566345,
-0.6288816332817078,
-0.09689992666244507,
-0.5917668342590332,
0.2195567488670349,
0.15597635507583618,
0.22143569588661194,
-0.245102658867836,
0.2026033252477646,
-0.544462263584137,
0.11143862456083298,
-0.15177199244499207,
-0.053849268704652786,
0.5985773205757141,
0.41816508769989014,
-0.2888966500759125,
0.12923525273799896,
0.6183728575706482,
0.0748405009508133,
-0.05956196039915085,
0.13083668053150177,
0.06169923394918442,
0.18149979412555695,
-0.27433910965919495,
-0.3276139497756958,
-0.803701639175415,
0.15169033408164978,
0.2995496094226837,
-0.37052255868911743,
0.12768253684043884,
0.4396349787712097,
0.03278142213821411,
0.34984272718429565,
-0.04485523700714111,
0.6953383088111877,
0.1578359752893448,
-0.04930549114942551,
-0.10448015481233597,
-0.7646497488021851,
0.1674642264842987,
0.4422474205493927,
0.37765252590179443,
-0.21328595280647278,
-0.10548235476016998,
0.6041632294654846,
-0.47287672758102417,
0.4415058195590973,
0.3802293539047241,
-0.1398259550333023,
0.03670024126768112,
0.5143758654594421,
-0.37063607573509216,
1.502991795539856,
-0.03709882125258446,
-0.5278381705284119,
-0.08022503554821014,
0.19389745593070984,
0.4757084548473358,
-0.03447927162051201,
-0.33330780267715454,
0.8243022561073303,
0.18748587369918823,
-0.9127920866012573,
0.3068271279335022,
-0.19140063226222992,
0.060320526361465454,
0.19992953538894653,
0.6473879814147949,
0.13141785562038422,
-0.07536554336547852,
-0.2600070536136627,
0.34313201904296875,
0.030024569481611252,
-0.28257638216018677,
-0.5270360112190247,
0.22522813081741333,
0.27212414145469666,
-0.7343475222587585,
0.6234695315361023,
0.3853701651096344,
0.3649185299873352,
0.1746734231710434,
-0.35590896010398865,
1.1978262662887573,
-0.2160208523273468,
0.11505201458930969,
0.4115131199359894,
-0.3417573571205139,
0.2490531951189041,
0.3880503177642822,
-0.132915660738945,
-0.7265110015869141,
-0.09427285939455032,
-0.08087315410375595,
0.210074320435524,
-0.24442218244075775,
0.0636596828699112,
-0.09540557861328125,
0.3289695680141449,
0.1721574068069458,
-0.497307151556015,
0.1555403620004654,
0.22575469315052032,
-0.2670162320137024,
0.681838870048523,
0.44796353578567505,
-0.27371424436569214,
-0.5488121509552002,
0.04960615187883377,
0.3615061342716217,
0.1034930944442749,
-0.03867434337735176,
0.493558794260025,
0.20085197687149048,
-0.27330178022384644,
-0.3690972626209259,
0.348857581615448,
-0.08431492745876312,
0.5219312906265259,
-0.40115490555763245,
-0.10418226569890976,
-0.07566894590854645,
0.08519479632377625,
-0.12901577353477478,
-0.1941872537136078,
0.049771733582019806,
-0.4438931941986084,
-0.14255809783935547,
-0.07697572559118271,
-0.04779663309454918,
-0.489181786775589,
0.040304746478796005,
-0.20268027484416962,
0.1817082166671753,
-0.17379958927631378,
0.33763375878334045,
-0.303622841835022,
-0.7447468042373657,
-0.19604279100894928,
0.09957780689001083,
0.8541535139083862,
-0.5663651823997498,
-0.03876148909330368,
-0.21332547068595886,
-0.37682801485061646,
-0.20056739449501038,
0.031509775668382645,
-0.6514658331871033,
0.01704486459493637,
-0.14329597353935242,
-0.36756259202957153,
0.49494290351867676,
-0.06324632465839386,
0.16647198796272278,
-0.08873553574085236,
0.8186284899711609,
0.6476510763168335,
0.009977431036531925,
-0.08932455629110336,
0.20412249863147736,
-0.2166658192873001,
-0.40089812874794006,
0.06884299963712692,
-0.5727207064628601,
-0.571317732334137,
-0.7404932975769043,
-5.587339878082275,
0.4641721546649933,
-0.07611393928527832,
-0.321737140417099,
0.1203979030251503,
-0.040722720324993134,
0.5468760132789612,
-0.22156667709350586,
-0.07900846004486084,
0.23159350454807281,
0.557370662689209,
0.05546128749847412,
-0.46376514434814453,
-0.44348832964897156,
0.42217615246772766,
0.35992157459259033,
0.805115818977356,
-0.8153114914894104,
0.0488387867808342,
-0.43316251039505005,
-0.17369362711906433,
-0.035592902451753616,
-0.2024485319852829,
-0.24455595016479492,
0.26861274242401123,
0.9229426980018616,
-0.35247379541397095,
0.05209819972515106,
-0.7343363761901855,
0.16364312171936035,
-0.35406211018562317,
-0.06945854425430298,
-0.00874955765902996,
-0.10386672616004944,
-0.10502678155899048,
-0.7032936811447144,
0.9353135228157043,
0.3259487450122833,
0.05692288652062416,
-0.8641229867935181,
-0.3901740312576294,
0.6306083798408508,
-0.4154844880104065,
-0.0516514927148819,
0.6000123023986816,
0.3930608630180359,
-0.22533179819583893,
-0.00897300150245428,
-0.48117679357528687,
0.6915944218635559,
0.32572904229164124,
-0.33313462138175964,
0.19523845613002777,
0.6196106672286987,
0.29307955503463745,
-0.5563691854476929,
0.175931915640831,
0.3903661072254181,
0.273622989654541,
0.6738789677619934,
-0.08300165086984634,
-0.4554156959056854,
0.2448386400938034,
-0.3390917479991913,
-0.5381683111190796,
-0.27463865280151367,
-0.18024985492229462,
0.2852937579154968,
0.556172251701355,
-0.3435019552707672,
-0.1435909867286682,
0.45696601271629333,
-0.37076035141944885,
-0.8083140254020691,
0.2022634744644165,
-0.37253010272979736,
-0.3292567729949951,
0.2152404934167862,
-0.03990687429904938,
0.030934788286685944,
0.04613930359482765,
-0.15890856087207794,
-0.14392459392547607,
0.235716313123703,
-0.08290286362171173,
-0.00878011342138052,
-0.023754216730594635,
0.17521920800209045,
-0.25858551263809204,
0.022610250860452652,
0.869941234588623,
-0.4890626072883606,
0.1176677867770195,
0.34185755252838135,
-0.6021241545677185,
0.2063128799200058,
0.6040967106819153,
-0.14690572023391724,
-0.5559298992156982,
-0.30634579062461853,
0.12567369639873505,
-0.29769304394721985,
-0.2674769163131714,
-0.6042590737342834,
-0.5518283843994141,
0.22059716284275055,
-0.63517826795578,
0.46814027428627014,
0.8963951468467712,
-0.057333290576934814,
0.24447962641716003,
-0.3021860420703888,
-0.24769580364227295,
-0.29567304253578186,
0.6383631229400635,
-0.005817360710352659,
-0.15893962979316711,
0.46380606293678284,
0.5860870480537415,
-0.19763974845409393,
-0.19642941653728485,
-0.17572930455207825,
0.16150712966918945,
-0.5231876373291016,
-0.5555693507194519,
0.11014393717050552,
0.5302614569664001,
-0.09126915782690048,
-0.03083152137696743,
0.11952348798513412,
0.10012347996234894,
0.20900145173072815,
0.29724013805389404,
0.5815109610557556,
-0.3604244887828827,
0.23720553517341614,
-0.41479724645614624,
-0.6086361408233643,
0.30738839507102966,
0.17092719674110413,
-0.47603535652160645,
0.09370880573987961,
0.3273254930973053,
-0.022890061140060425,
-0.1938587725162506,
0.6297119855880737,
0.003141891909763217,
-0.3352419137954712,
-0.35983920097351074,
0.969596266746521,
-0.36873361468315125,
-0.48757433891296387,
0.9745110869407654,
-0.5729933977127075,
0.6338967680931091,
0.2813554108142853,
-0.15690840780735016,
0.032465897500514984,
0.028267404064536095,
-0.352746844291687,
0.9260277152061462,
0.5201908349990845,
-0.8095224499702454,
0.24432115256786346,
0.13885487616062164,
-0.6957430839538574,
0.2904945909976959,
-0.5728780627250671,
-0.484319269657135,
0.32704654335975647,
0.4266287088394165,
-0.7097921967506409,
-0.4801160991191864,
0.02086307667195797,
0.4600055515766144,
-0.08092889189720154,
-0.23592451214790344,
-0.13100005686283112,
-0.12645117938518524,
-0.05222940444946289,
0.6437338590621948,
-0.07347699999809265,
-0.05887226387858391,
0.22383663058280945,
0.8588969111442566,
-0.5692316889762878,
-0.21326643228530884,
-0.29864707589149475,
0.4687678813934326,
0.5236871242523193,
0.3403671681880951,
0.08849009871482849,
0.4318659007549286,
0.3350588083267212,
-0.22611381113529205,
-0.2592613101005554,
0.46802470088005066,
0.6109583973884583,
-0.39843738079071045,
-0.6700568199157715,
0.017858967185020447,
0.21076178550720215,
-0.3804069757461548,
-0.11721372604370117,
0.2808701694011688,
0.2502773404121399,
0.04191385582089424,
-0.16127806901931763,
-0.15362755954265594,
0.08602318912744522,
-0.15260542929172516,
-0.16944418847560883,
0.1420011818408966,
0.4556679427623749,
-0.08744542300701141,
0.11444360017776489,
0.032122500240802765,
0.06401045620441437,
-1.0640274286270142,
-0.3771319091320038,
-0.5621678233146667,
0.14583683013916016,
-0.6355165839195251,
-0.5283929705619812,
-0.6611171364784241,
0.5174390077590942,
0.24837715923786163,
-0.06940200924873352,
-0.0494275726377964,
-0.7103832960128784,
0.03152063116431236,
-0.6467620730400085,
0.09526295959949493,
-0.22091586887836456,
0.48306533694267273,
0.8667749762535095,
0.01552891917526722,
-0.11836984753608704,
-0.6554633378982544,
0.07141580432653427,
0.43061956763267517,
0.5399994254112244,
-0.34675559401512146,
-0.8769232630729675,
0.4876873791217804,
-0.7203042507171631,
-0.12540704011917114,
-0.26256948709487915,
-0.2729019224643707,
0.24230548739433289,
0.36948853731155396,
-0.5016692280769348,
-0.5325832366943359,
-0.0373992994427681,
0.8425124287605286,
-0.7542940378189087,
-0.0782199501991272,
0.16104502975940704,
0.27219358086586,
-0.4516439437866211,
-0.08559262007474899,
-0.14606229960918427,
-1.1886039972305298,
0.7435548305511475,
0.28642550110816956,
0.32077232003211975,
-0.15935440361499786,
-0.6552855372428894,
-0.04135248437523842,
-0.04953945428133011,
-0.4009387791156769,
0.3606964647769928,
0.41718876361846924,
0.35654416680336,
-0.49410581588745117,
0.0008400006918236613,
-0.10826028883457184,
-0.6875801682472229,
-0.3352665901184082,
-0.3999657928943634,
-0.7659532427787781,
0.22322791814804077,
0.13100695610046387,
-0.21263347566127777,
0.1903250515460968,
-0.7764309644699097,
-0.1092735156416893,
0.2579973042011261,
-0.6658962965011597,
0.07037771493196487,
0.06701663136482239,
-0.2146172821521759,
-0.4215168058872223,
-0.157075434923172,
0.047900330275297165,
-0.03648067265748978,
-0.18254806101322174,
-0.14744573831558228,
0.022557435557246208,
0.24935561418533325,
-1.122172474861145,
0.6369984149932861,
0.14012902975082397,
-0.3845263421535492,
0.41024675965309143,
-0.1837243288755417,
-0.45881184935569763,
0.30418941378593445,
-0.2864416539669037,
-0.29434558749198914,
-0.20462024211883545,
-0.22038772702217102,
-0.27210307121276855,
0.6367632150650024,
-0.8901244401931763,
-0.06731176376342773,
0.543307900428772,
-0.2347363829612732,
-0.6137495636940002,
-0.12213106453418732,
-0.05694345757365227,
0.8712409138679504,
0.8231433033943176,
0.5059359073638916,
-0.42155006527900696,
1.1156980991363525,
-0.0962165892124176,
-0.21926678717136383,
0.40883296728134155,
0.3184085190296173,
0.5427005290985107,
-0.9171304702758789,
-0.6273437738418579,
0.6316288113594055,
0.4033230245113373,
0.12214469164609909,
0.1872538924217224,
-0.5204153656959534,
0.02607259526848793,
0.6478103399276733,
0.43278250098228455,
0.5621733665466309,
-0.4061322510242462,
-0.2611251473426819,
-0.15999840199947357,
0.24380512535572052,
-0.08795523643493652,
-0.04848726466298103,
0.7361963391304016,
-0.07346677780151367,
0.09678510576486588,
-0.6345644593238831,
-0.31497007608413696,
-0.22080576419830322,
0.009431285783648491,
0.2670128047466278,
0.7519748210906982,
-0.09483812749385834,
-0.42867499589920044,
-0.06967314332723618,
0.5392609238624573,
-0.07829276472330093,
-0.000037067336961627007,
-0.39481157064437866,
-0.18034730851650238,
0.39010632038116455,
0.10888583213090897,
-0.3126114010810852,
-0.3826127350330353,
0.3738473653793335,
-0.04029010608792305,
0.6055006980895996,
0.3319273293018341,
-0.024018162861466408,
0.5311842560768127,
0.499629944562912,
0.47061553597450256,
0.38710033893585205,
-0.0031557376496493816,
0.5723354816436768,
0.007355714216828346,
-0.06615138798952103,
-0.7388942241668701,
-0.5239289402961731,
0.03455023467540741,
-0.018119651824235916,
-0.28033798933029175,
0.24200022220611572,
-0.01144552230834961,
-0.604584813117981,
-0.1750551015138626,
-0.9103981852531433,
0.29238077998161316,
0.07730695605278015,
0.18882492184638977,
-0.27858948707580566,
-0.24264271557331085,
0.20162808895111084,
0.24265028536319733,
1.1516892910003662,
0.21702633798122406,
-0.2582418620586395,
0.12488222122192383,
0.5931504368782043,
-0.3397314250469208,
0.2975923418998718,
-0.5830029845237732,
-0.34519097208976746,
-0.13139915466308594,
0.8293985724449158,
0.11247611790895462,
0.3462066650390625,
-0.20107130706310272,
-0.0009459658176638186,
-0.35933026671409607,
-0.47849103808403015,
1.044643521308899,
-0.07590393722057343,
-0.9140544533729553,
-0.30216312408447266,
-0.2413572072982788,
-0.6943268775939941,
0.41032612323760986,
0.7324022650718689,
0.25991520285606384,
0.08110441267490387,
0.07192140072584152,
-0.5047146677970886,
0.1475520133972168,
-0.10446352511644363,
0.15018881857395172,
-0.3732951879501343,
-0.8622892498970032,
0.1846488118171692,
-0.45236411690711975,
-0.3132013976573944,
-0.11858383566141129,
0.2934669256210327,
0.6910218596458435,
-0.062069304287433624,
0.5863715410232544,
-0.6747382283210754,
0.16021573543548584,
-0.4823102056980133,
-0.06535529345273972,
0.2989962697029114,
0.47515174746513367,
-0.15784770250320435,
-0.31947579979896545,
0.6128653287887573,
0.04504159092903137,
-0.8068761229515076,
0.46197745203971863,
-0.1179150938987732,
0.005604875274002552,
0.13646407425403595,
-0.0649455338716507,
-0.442313015460968,
-0.46059882640838623,
-0.06198778748512268
] |
247573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Wave | Washington Wave | The Washington Wave was an American lacrosse team. They were a member of the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League and the Major Indoor Lacrosse League from 1987 to 1989. They were based in Washington, D.C. and played in the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland. The team's first coach, Bud Beardmore, was the respected former coach who won two national titles with the Maryland Terrapins. Also playing for this early NLL team were well-known players Brad Kotz and Frank Urso.
All time record
Playoff results
References
Sports in Washington, D.C.
Defunct National Lacrosse League teams
Lacrosse clubs established in 1987
Sports clubs disestablished in 1989
Major Indoor Lacrosse League teams
Lacrosse teams in Maryland
1987 establishments in Maryland
1989 disestablishments in Maryland
Landover, Maryland | [
-0.0578201599419117,
-0.10180925577878952,
-0.3714284300804138,
0.04592903330922127,
-0.6425722241401672,
-0.23131540417671204,
0.11476214975118637,
0.23539942502975464,
-0.4914247393608093,
-0.30284854769706726,
0.5797148942947388,
-0.015759848058223724,
-0.05902601405978203,
0.30371037125587463,
-0.29840612411499023,
-0.4776943624019623,
-0.43016716837882996,
0.6133202910423279,
0.5002059936523438,
-0.21344025433063507,
-0.4456591308116913,
-0.3238052427768707,
0.43256181478500366,
-0.33698710799217224,
-0.2629993259906769,
0.052717097103595734,
0.3537910580635071,
-0.03508203476667404,
0.1894652098417282,
0.1610831916332245,
0.06432628631591797,
0.5498049259185791,
-0.030602263286709785,
-0.22728507220745087,
-0.2433440387248993,
-0.040214117616415024,
-0.08275560289621353,
0.06118010729551315,
-0.28726905584335327,
-0.32540449500083923,
-0.23594433069229126,
-0.052343521267175674,
0.17658865451812744,
0.3876834511756897,
0.38904884457588196,
-0.2685083746910095,
-1.690261721611023,
-0.13814596831798553,
-0.8263606429100037,
0.08215638995170593,
-0.48352113366127014,
0.009036523289978504,
0.4072447121143341,
0.3052508533000946,
0.021316498517990112,
0.3110887408256531,
-0.29262223839759827,
0.6286022663116455,
0.02023019827902317,
-0.5221973061561584,
0.31969645619392395,
-0.08822295814752579,
0.3782697021961212,
-0.07660665363073349,
0.2853166460990906,
0.44287165999412537,
0.0056299492716789246,
0.3981015384197235,
0.14480911195278168,
-0.3681589961051941,
0.012237572111189365,
-0.08519956469535828,
-0.00033694354351609945,
0.1914760172367096,
0.32509616017341614,
0.019347453489899635,
0.3272034823894501,
-0.16076698899269104,
0.09509754925966263,
0.206949844956398,
-0.03145606443285942,
0.31934210658073425,
0.48124444484710693,
0.33597245812416077,
-0.07100553065538406,
0.12908628582954407,
-0.5213161706924438,
-0.07371556758880615,
0.2670024633407593,
0.7878512144088745,
-0.6557229161262512,
-0.15954940021038055,
0.7171825170516968,
0.16089443862438202,
0.0006769934552721679,
-0.03877514228224754,
-0.21048133075237274,
0.3495132327079773,
0.31534042954444885,
-0.18332713842391968,
-0.24796593189239502,
0.10072421282529831,
0.32518139481544495,
0.25539156794548035,
-0.5519466400146484,
-0.10506535321474075,
-0.02188901975750923,
0.03016473911702633,
-0.03356093168258667,
-1.858262062072754,
0.18120761215686798,
0.40475720167160034,
-0.5353270173072815,
-0.25733304023742676,
0.18422655761241913,
0.7009254097938538,
0.7461538314819336,
-0.3243595063686371,
-0.12541481852531433,
-0.013228549621999264,
-0.12321565300226212,
0.7303858995437622,
-0.18645375967025757,
-0.47510531544685364,
0.02686776965856552,
0.433563768863678,
0.32386744022369385,
0.059867143630981445,
-0.23694409430027008,
0.02128453366458416,
-0.15357588231563568,
0.9842310547828674,
-0.3891633152961731,
0.22806374728679657,
-0.020234059542417526,
0.13869091868400574,
0.1800144910812378,
0.19032473862171173,
-0.08879715204238892,
0.22628803551197052,
-0.3443313539028168,
-0.05754642188549042,
-2.347383737564087,
-0.4247034788131714,
0.33025577664375305,
-0.3618088662624359,
0.16794590651988983,
-0.23333075642585754,
-0.020612014457583427,
-0.010527446866035461,
0.0691697970032692,
-0.3615522086620331,
0.22155578434467316,
0.5114948153495789,
0.040450241416692734,
0.17011034488677979,
0.4824846088886261,
-0.3062693774700165,
1.095083236694336,
0.5527156591415405,
-0.27220478653907776,
0.3053243160247803,
-0.014510518871247768,
0.10668038576841354,
0.14272962510585785,
-0.13192254304885864,
-0.03927856683731079,
-0.45100483298301697,
0.27045270800590515,
0.016069339588284492,
-0.40221869945526123,
0.06345374882221222,
0.2883773446083069,
0.5195619463920593,
0.3705407679080963,
-0.23904138803482056,
0.5118642449378967,
0.09102418273687363,
-0.07260577380657196,
-0.3660431206226349,
-0.4248897135257721,
0.1926386058330536,
0.5433085560798645,
-0.05655208230018616,
0.27090975642204285,
0.028183812275528908,
0.32664909958839417,
-0.02407747134566307,
-0.16785621643066406,
0.11770191788673401,
0.014743056148290634,
-0.10227043181657791,
0.382694274187088,
-0.3086080551147461,
1.0811026096343994,
0.09636995941400528,
-0.6923192143440247,
0.14018785953521729,
0.09656774252653122,
0.39588144421577454,
-0.07350177317857742,
0.056307535618543625,
0.04454658925533295,
0.24975480139255524,
-0.5192757248878479,
1.8235759735107422,
0.2306683510541916,
0.34668341279029846,
0.1454501450061798,
0.693715512752533,
0.35790690779685974,
0.07515598833560944,
0.19077739119529724,
0.02515380270779133,
-0.12727053463459015,
-0.22575020790100098,
-0.1953779011964798,
0.43670743703842163,
0.0916287899017334,
-0.4341866374015808,
0.9052017331123352,
0.14855928719043732,
-0.11670354008674622,
0.20202398300170898,
0.24147823452949524,
0.3756134510040283,
0.01635335199534893,
0.21161098778247833,
-0.0546562522649765,
-0.9304699301719666,
0.437292218208313,
0.33049651980400085,
-0.35600510239601135,
-0.48613035678863525,
-0.12310262769460678,
-0.14459942281246185,
0.4407661557197571,
-0.49083462357521057,
0.6357133984565735,
0.3319586217403412,
0.38741347193717957,
-0.13911525905132294,
-0.6507787108421326,
0.3610222041606903,
0.1275268793106079,
-0.01216103695333004,
0.2683194577693939,
0.1527090221643448,
-0.11618239432573318,
-0.6989790797233582,
0.22237132489681244,
0.36496102809906006,
0.399684339761734,
-0.20413951575756073,
0.5697187781333923,
0.2225598245859146,
0.007639879826456308,
-0.4152791500091553,
0.47601866722106934,
0.23211070895195007,
0.3782818615436554,
0.3059149980545044,
0.011055291630327702,
0.49574702978134155,
-0.009929207153618336,
-0.3725897967815399,
-0.2520747482776642,
0.005283671896904707,
-0.17084263265132904,
0.17781785130500793,
0.5769016146659851,
0.34676292538642883,
-0.28404471278190613,
-2.66658091545105,
0.070168137550354,
0.07942917943000793,
-0.3445759415626526,
0.17990797758102417,
-0.6170273423194885,
-0.45886483788490295,
0.08958017826080322,
0.5803466439247131,
0.4570498764514923,
-0.2919026017189026,
-0.05631396919488907,
-0.23318831622600555,
-0.11561962217092514,
0.38383203744888306,
0.10744857043027878,
-0.31178751587867737,
-0.09988310188055038,
-0.470888614654541,
-0.19625812768936157,
0.5064504146575928,
-0.312043160200119,
0.28452372550964355,
0.1396273374557495,
0.14557594060897827,
0.2827785611152649,
-0.04757038876414299,
-0.6092560291290283,
0.03773042559623718,
-0.42308861017227173,
-0.30627697706222534,
-0.12246602773666382,
-0.2559153437614441,
0.08787824213504791,
-0.00756679056212306,
-5.138218879699707,
0.14285321533679962,
-0.010960593819618225,
-0.12525524199008942,
-0.1180272251367569,
0.007537841796875,
0.225636288523674,
-0.2713729739189148,
-0.28043270111083984,
0.3679758608341217,
0.12042233347892761,
0.05860846862196922,
-0.27724403142929077,
-0.1393319070339203,
0.5486084818840027,
0.08234935998916626,
0.9737848043441772,
0.17266115546226501,
0.21519994735717773,
-0.29891350865364075,
-0.3180352747440338,
0.43115630745887756,
0.0122548658400774,
-0.06082945689558983,
0.4397866725921631,
0.03772813826799393,
0.2319999486207962,
-0.3341975808143616,
-0.718448281288147,
-0.04294701665639877,
0.2704855799674988,
0.3419951796531677,
0.2518777847290039,
-0.28280773758888245,
0.1688212752342224,
-0.42589113116264343,
0.7964807748794556,
0.5606592893600464,
0.07686340063810349,
-0.6935120224952698,
-0.39604881405830383,
0.6197523474693298,
-0.3108406364917755,
-0.20588243007659912,
0.5143495798110962,
0.46067243814468384,
-0.5815790891647339,
-0.0225226990878582,
-0.1925560086965561,
0.43160679936408997,
0.17195090651512146,
-0.2619312107563019,
0.9490863680839539,
0.5373639464378357,
0.20735758543014526,
0.01614317111670971,
0.03274006024003029,
-0.22851502895355225,
-0.0650181770324707,
0.35936683416366577,
0.6077825427055359,
-0.4704042673110962,
0.3427598178386688,
-0.4409593641757965,
-0.1649949997663498,
-0.6591209769248962,
0.14671313762664795,
-0.02584022656083107,
0.2262505292892456,
0.012584513984620571,
0.30985772609710693,
0.3927416503429413,
-0.4257909059524536,
-0.9293339252471924,
-0.032572586089372635,
-0.0750390812754631,
-0.24946972727775574,
0.1826287806034088,
-0.05676696076989174,
0.008495384827256203,
-0.20870359241962433,
-0.021906888112425804,
-0.518778920173645,
0.3560343384742737,
0.045235525816679,
-0.0826771929860115,
-0.06296242773532867,
0.30615222454071045,
-0.5629262328147888,
0.02984023280441761,
0.3946584165096283,
0.2701946198940277,
0.15982745587825775,
0.05081787332892418,
-0.3421090841293335,
-0.049386266618967056,
0.1847876012325287,
-0.24809525907039642,
0.1263865977525711,
-0.5921145081520081,
0.05227253958582878,
0.006655566394329071,
-0.22398538887500763,
-0.549168050289154,
-0.09253032505512238,
-0.08057744055986404,
-0.36784228682518005,
-0.08387481421232224,
0.7307387590408325,
-0.20439134538173676,
0.25560447573661804,
-0.2549252510070801,
-0.3309444487094879,
-0.24862903356552124,
0.7778635025024414,
0.38336917757987976,
-0.2904890477657318,
0.391311913728714,
0.6272679567337036,
-0.04715549200773239,
0.21103405952453613,
0.2566666007041931,
-0.041383951902389526,
-0.28490716218948364,
0.0014120013220235705,
0.038621313869953156,
0.16976666450500488,
0.28075048327445984,
-0.8408386707305908,
0.061611905694007874,
0.40660959482192993,
-0.13743551075458527,
0.1428292989730835,
-0.09902343153953552,
-0.21485860645771027,
-0.09225720167160034,
-0.6877090930938721,
-0.11254753172397614,
0.061049219220876694,
-0.2809048295021057,
-0.0713968575000763,
0.16509070992469788,
0.07635072618722916,
0.7994862794876099,
0.279185950756073,
0.5162957310676575,
0.18479345738887787,
0.11336850374937057,
-0.7846322059631348,
0.5291366577148438,
-0.12727107107639313,
-0.7011030912399292,
0.7348487377166748,
-0.9187408685684204,
0.4811030626296997,
0.5143627524375916,
0.3135286569595337,
-0.04989327862858772,
-0.1992146521806717,
0.07812736183404922,
0.05062326788902283,
0.3211511969566345,
-0.9588835835456848,
0.11718481779098511,
-0.003882687771692872,
-0.4107450544834137,
-0.1670367568731308,
-0.5025563836097717,
-0.1661524623632431,
0.26199957728385925,
0.1505241096019745,
-0.521909773349762,
-1.02942955493927,
-0.25424519181251526,
0.16387635469436646,
0.5098831057548523,
-0.25529444217681885,
0.1761443018913269,
0.29671257734298706,
-0.42562156915664673,
-0.030275605618953705,
0.3753289580345154,
-0.437375545501709,
0.5840258002281189,
0.5491024255752563,
-0.5033785104751587,
-0.4745742380619049,
0.021094076335430145,
-0.38156190514564514,
0.445270299911499,
0.21681784093379974,
0.4948153793811798,
0.35127508640289307,
-0.25619688630104065,
-0.6779016256332397,
-0.2038804441690445,
-0.16908909380435944,
0.3502865135669708,
-0.22886298596858978,
-0.7635968923568726,
0.4348289966583252,
0.20546777546405792,
-0.3645126521587372,
0.08697104454040527,
-0.12898679077625275,
-0.6055306196212769,
0.25063589215278625,
-0.03606951981782913,
-0.4695523679256439,
0.5034844875335693,
0.133086696267128,
-0.5432243347167969,
-0.04656868055462837,
0.034074436873197556,
0.03493383154273033,
0.13886168599128723,
-0.0775638222694397,
-0.23515206575393677,
-0.2008475959300995,
-0.39481425285339355,
-0.36542269587516785,
0.2062777578830719,
-0.39080172777175903,
-0.5515246987342834,
-0.677664041519165,
-0.1491299718618393,
-0.09440676122903824,
-0.09242087602615356,
0.20992468297481537,
-0.45689600706100464,
0.031651418656110764,
-0.27764561772346497,
0.22428973019123077,
-0.2934037446975708,
0.13745076954364777,
0.6136054992675781,
-0.125528022646904,
0.20014843344688416,
0.05486147105693817,
0.38675665855407715,
0.39858174324035645,
0.8123592138290405,
-0.1639733910560608,
-0.6200533509254456,
0.2323981523513794,
0.15039227902889252,
0.03660593926906586,
0.24356387555599213,
-0.6253934502601624,
0.4800141751766205,
0.21020500361919403,
-0.3442312479019165,
-0.7566397786140442,
-0.26715588569641113,
0.7808496356010437,
-0.39021173119544983,
0.06993988156318665,
-0.009218406863510609,
0.026487117633223534,
-0.44554850459098816,
-0.2147914469242096,
0.10983453691005707,
-1.0934585332870483,
0.5668501853942871,
-0.058706458657979965,
0.2778324782848358,
-0.4453035891056061,
-0.11698182672262192,
0.09421753138303757,
-0.3193942904472351,
-0.38177382946014404,
0.08265699446201324,
0.07942339777946472,
0.6329845190048218,
-0.2482050657272339,
0.09844040870666504,
0.026080815121531487,
-0.39713147282600403,
0.2372557520866394,
-0.017421111464500427,
0.958484411239624,
0.1995808184146881,
-0.02716117538511753,
-0.04028453677892685,
0.11818147450685501,
-0.1078176274895668,
0.007375962100923061,
0.08751288056373596,
-0.22170041501522064,
0.14328519999980927,
-0.01347489096224308,
-0.2633711099624634,
0.03303532674908638,
0.24289928376674652,
0.052584368735551834,
-0.07962530106306076,
-0.049747321754693985,
-0.2236967533826828,
-0.34589844942092896,
-0.004110725596547127,
-0.9336540699005127,
0.6034500598907471,
-0.09550786763429642,
-0.34668925404548645,
0.8802205324172974,
-0.010571487247943878,
-0.2287173718214035,
-0.17325180768966675,
-0.25629884004592896,
-0.059383101761341095,
-0.12357289344072342,
-0.11397222429513931,
-0.24667897820472717,
0.48825734853744507,
-0.6210468411445618,
0.07262679189443588,
0.68706214427948,
-0.28864938020706177,
-0.007118266075849533,
0.08105796575546265,
-0.2920958995819092,
0.3721892833709717,
0.2831757068634033,
0.1473623514175415,
0.10520614683628082,
0.5521715879440308,
-0.03156976029276848,
-0.42252317070961,
0.40619948506355286,
0.4708625078201294,
0.09730979055166245,
-0.48997870087623596,
-0.4909135699272156,
-0.059777598828077316,
-0.20510800182819366,
-0.34509092569351196,
0.24102666974067688,
0.1644575148820877,
-0.8357146382331848,
0.900285005569458,
0.33804911375045776,
0.5769550204277039,
0.3987463414669037,
-0.0949048399925232,
0.14242707192897797,
-0.04165640473365784,
0.16660244762897491,
0.5716304779052734,
0.4424148499965668,
-0.04011598974466324,
0.22700542211532593,
-0.39413926005363464,
0.19573459029197693,
-0.354775607585907,
-0.07201139628887177,
-0.15738599002361298,
-0.039504241198301315,
-0.4944029152393341,
0.04096684604883194,
-1.7568504810333252,
-0.02383202686905861,
-0.4027104377746582,
-0.0006584672373719513,
-0.24122430384159088,
0.1541716754436493,
-0.278937965631485,
-0.22759662568569183,
-0.043418802320957184,
-0.43266719579696655,
0.42564892768859863,
0.29160988330841064,
0.3166519105434418,
0.21847565472126007,
0.20478130877017975,
-0.02089746855199337,
0.49769216775894165,
0.05418701469898224,
-0.2535842955112457,
-0.4353165626525879,
0.1267135739326477,
-0.1794331967830658,
0.5970551371574402,
-0.11010631918907166,
-0.09819693118333817,
0.13828936219215393,
-0.08726692944765091,
0.058331556618213654,
0.7619147300720215,
-0.001680372515693307,
-0.1507904976606369,
0.1294792741537094,
-0.6145824193954468,
-0.03743983805179596,
0.10725201666355133,
-0.06410578638315201,
0.15637469291687012,
-0.45066848397254944,
0.3298206031322479,
0.12575390934944153,
0.23346233367919922,
-0.24809440970420837,
-0.05103050544857979,
0.5376256704330444,
0.20370501279830933,
-0.3362560570240021,
0.2644997835159302,
-0.5373245477676392,
0.08470548689365387,
-0.6618934869766235,
0.28634384274482727,
0.03496028482913971,
-0.07330327481031418,
-0.24795885384082794,
0.640263557434082,
-0.27806395292282104,
0.10202960669994354,
0.3512020707130432,
-0.4744330942630768,
-0.7837128639221191,
0.12595582008361816,
-0.5524677634239197,
-0.03132055327296257,
0.19828343391418457,
0.3693346083164215,
-0.18121646344661713,
-0.23509962856769562,
0.3635142147541046,
-0.281833291053772,
-0.22593753039836884,
-0.09162421524524689,
-0.10053417086601257,
-0.3187830448150635,
-0.23088213801383972,
0.22726716101169586,
-0.34926122426986694,
0.15581482648849487,
-0.04195237159729004,
0.5998153686523438,
0.8507053256034851,
0.38236549496650696,
0.35492560267448425,
-0.464291512966156,
0.5717275142669678,
0.07987795025110245,
-4.391708850860596,
0.09638369083404541,
0.14646784961223602,
0.029542315751314163,
0.18327495455741882,
0.01992074027657509,
0.031048506498336792,
-0.3571031987667084,
0.3322417140007019,
0.06082841008901596,
0.23699437081813812,
0.4587550163269043,
-0.2894723117351532,
-0.44312232732772827,
-0.11623825877904892,
0.5395201444625854
] |
247577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20isomorphism | Graph isomorphism | In graph theory, an isomorphism of graphs G and H is a bijection between the vertex sets of G and H
such that any two vertices u and v of G are adjacent in G if and only if and are adjacent in H. This kind of bijection is commonly described as "edge-preserving bijection", in accordance with the general notion of isomorphism being a structure-preserving bijection.
If an isomorphism exists between two graphs, then the graphs are called isomorphic and denoted as . In the case when the bijection is a mapping of a graph onto itself, i.e., when G and H are one and the same graph, the bijection is called an automorphism of G.
Graph isomorphism is an equivalence relation on graphs and as such it partitions the class of all graphs into equivalence classes. A set of graphs isomorphic to each other is called an isomorphism class of graphs.
The two graphs shown below are isomorphic, despite their different looking drawings.
Variations
In the above definition, graphs are understood to be undirected non-labeled non-weighted graphs. However, the notion of isomorphic may be applied to all other variants of the notion of graph, by adding the requirements to preserve the corresponding additional elements of structure: arc directions, edge weights, etc., with the following exception.
Isomorphism of labeled graphs
For labeled graphs, two definitions of isomorphism are in use.
Under one definition, an isomorphism is a vertex bijection which is both edge-preserving and label-preserving.
Under another definition, an isomorphism is an edge-preserving vertex bijection which preserves equivalence classes of labels, i.e., vertices with equivalent (e.g., the same) labels are mapped onto the vertices with equivalent labels and vice versa; same with edge labels.
For example, the graph with the two vertices labelled with 1 and 2 has a single automorphism under the first definition, but under the second definition there are two auto-morphisms.
The second definition is assumed in certain situations when graphs are endowed with unique labels commonly taken from the integer range 1,...,n, where n is the number of the vertices of the graph, used only to uniquely identify the vertices. In such cases two labeled graphs are sometimes said to be isomorphic if the corresponding underlying unlabeled graphs are isomorphic (otherwise the definition of isomorphism would be trivial).
Motivation
The formal notion of "isomorphism", e.g., of "graph isomorphism", captures the informal notion that some objects have "the same structure" if one ignores individual distinctions of "atomic" components of objects in question. Whenever individuality of "atomic" components (vertices and edges, for graphs) is important for correct representation of whatever is modeled by graphs, the model is refined by imposing additional restrictions on the structure, and other mathematical objects are used: digraphs, labeled graphs, colored graphs, rooted trees and so on. The isomorphism relation may also be defined for all these generalizations of graphs: the isomorphism bijection must preserve the elements of structure which define the object type in question: arcs, labels, vertex/edge colors, the root of the rooted tree, etc.
The notion of "graph isomorphism" allows us to distinguish graph properties inherent to the structures of graphs themselves from properties associated with graph representations: graph drawings, data structures for graphs, graph labelings, etc. For example, if a graph has exactly one cycle, then all graphs in its isomorphism class also have exactly one cycle. On the other hand, in the common case when the vertices of a graph are (represented by) the integers 1, 2,... N, then the expression
may be different for two isomorphic graphs.
Whitney theorem
The Whitney graph isomorphism theorem, shown by Hassler Whitney, states that two connected graphs are isomorphic if and only if their line graphs are isomorphic, with a single exception: K3, the complete graph on three vertices, and the complete bipartite graph K1,3, which are not isomorphic but both have K3 as their line graph. The Whitney graph theorem can be extended to hypergraphs.
Recognition of graph isomorphism
While graph isomorphism may be studied in a classical mathematical way, as exemplified by the Whitney theorem, it is recognized that it is a problem to be tackled with an algorithmic approach. The computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic is called the graph isomorphism problem.
Its practical applications include primarily cheminformatics, mathematical chemistry (identification of chemical compounds), and electronic design automation (verification of equivalence of various representations of the design of an electronic circuit).
The graph isomorphism problem is one of few standard problems in computational complexity theory belonging to NP, but not known to belong to either of its well-known (and, if P ≠ NP, disjoint) subsets: P and NP-complete. It is one of only two, out of 12 total, problems listed in whose complexity remains unresolved, the other being integer factorization. It is however known that if the problem is NP-complete then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to a finite level.
In November 2015, László Babai, a mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Chicago, claimed to have proven that the graph isomorphism problem is solvable in quasi-polynomial time. He published preliminary versions of these results in the proceedings of the 2016 Symposium on Theory of Computing, and of the 2018 International Congress of Mathematicians. In January 2017, Babai briefly retracted the quasi-polynomiality claim and stated a sub-exponential time time complexity bound instead. He restored the original claim five days later. , the full journal version of Babai's paper has not yet been published.
Its generalization, the subgraph isomorphism problem, is known to be NP-complete.
The main areas of research for the problem are design of fast algorithms and theoretical investigations of its computational complexity, both for the general problem and for special classes of graphs.
See also
Graph homomorphism
Graph automorphism problem
Graph isomorphism problem
Graph canonization
Notes
References
Graph theory
Graph algorithms
Morphisms | [
-0.4639351963996887,
0.045549649745225906,
-0.1198839545249939,
0.06685694307088852,
-0.21660050749778748,
-0.07383602112531662,
0.04248865321278572,
-0.0071128071285784245,
-0.06067095696926117,
-0.8732461333274841,
-0.6457735896110535,
0.022029085084795952,
-0.9222897291183472,
-0.07269502431154251,
0.12028344720602036,
0.515745222568512,
0.40673187375068665,
0.6132826209068298,
-0.8031253814697266,
-0.8670487403869629,
0.4604998826980591,
0.3917456269264221,
-0.05823011323809624,
-0.09292181581258774,
0.49120745062828064,
-0.00962656456977129,
0.26618102192878723,
-0.07942945510149002,
0.5078010559082031,
0.8144209980964661,
0.43211671710014343,
0.781412661075592,
0.059275224804878235,
0.19047588109970093,
0.0008654140401631594,
-0.22426462173461914,
0.49167144298553467,
-0.20099568367004395,
0.09332738816738129,
-0.26512610912323,
0.7396355271339417,
0.18530043959617615,
0.07565292716026306,
0.6717613935470581,
-0.29573941230773926,
-0.3245292901992798,
-1.344413161277771,
0.4397262632846832,
0.4965253174304962,
-0.34553226828575134,
-0.14010436832904816,
-0.08099959045648575,
-0.1447196751832962,
0.7243662476539612,
-0.15377876162528992,
0.547029972076416,
-0.3326481580734253,
0.1387995034456253,
0.3912416100502014,
0.13393937051296234,
-0.02540290355682373,
0.4378899335861206,
0.029035620391368866,
0.3287014365196228,
-0.27467912435531616,
0.9171965718269348,
-0.1797742396593094,
0.09543229639530182,
-0.6439134478569031,
-0.492080420255661,
-0.13727359473705292,
-0.29472824931144714,
-0.3479893207550049,
0.2943357527256012,
-0.09366735816001892,
-0.012917577289044857,
-0.13425256311893463,
-0.5019860863685608,
0.5552262663841248,
-0.057925548404455185,
-0.08194031566381454,
0.8815972805023193,
0.335236519575119,
-0.308250367641449,
0.612734854221344,
0.09003876149654388,
-0.7808041572570801,
0.8337616324424744,
-0.8664082884788513,
0.4846141040325165,
0.31680750846862793,
-0.5970944166183472,
0.374569833278656,
-0.03060496412217617,
0.24698318541049957,
0.479977548122406,
0.31200072169303894,
-0.36181947588920593,
0.6350519061088562,
0.0330788716673851,
-0.1624496430158615,
-0.23257043957710266,
-0.3714131712913513,
-0.2402736395597458,
-0.9229398965835571,
-0.6868106722831726,
-0.5871501564979553,
-0.29249873757362366,
0.28032806515693665,
-0.0970902219414711,
-0.8113428354263306,
0.20096856355667114,
-0.1545233428478241,
-0.1614437848329544,
-0.23606330156326294,
-0.16394822299480438,
0.16156314313411713,
0.1015608161687851,
0.13664065301418304,
0.1580742448568344,
-0.28333741426467896,
0.38199561834335327,
-0.21952219307422638,
1.0523743629455566,
-0.14983411133289337,
0.20087061822414398,
0.04579317569732666,
1.1463359594345093,
-0.9766650199890137,
-0.2059153914451599,
-0.29080846905708313,
0.5761557817459106,
0.5426033139228821,
0.31328633427619934,
0.262114554643631,
-0.6695472598075867,
-0.43857380747795105,
-0.16143544018268585,
-0.436589777469635,
-0.06931644678115845,
-0.5795345902442932,
-0.41549551486968994,
-0.19712142646312714,
-0.1289358139038086,
0.45174556970596313,
-0.2240239828824997,
-0.31554388999938965,
-0.22249390184879303,
0.38572072982788086,
0.25046175718307495,
0.24941466748714447,
0.12255411595106125,
-0.8778454661369324,
0.17555858194828033,
-0.7791672945022583,
0.030462345108389854,
0.4537077248096466,
0.4529671370983124,
-0.5043258666992188,
-0.016309618949890137,
0.17318639159202576,
-0.1269414722919464,
-0.48722898960113525,
-0.8668038249015808,
0.6075280904769897,
-0.7290982007980347,
0.2212238758802414,
0.19230501353740692,
-0.3664015531539917,
0.37448614835739136,
-0.0986294224858284,
-0.28085756301879883,
-0.23475535213947296,
0.03074542246758938,
-0.32117530703544617,
0.34015876054763794,
0.19635336101055145,
-0.2980716824531555,
0.5221588611602783,
0.11644195765256882,
-0.9290496110916138,
0.15700966119766235,
0.5092548131942749,
-0.386943519115448,
0.07863932847976685,
0.4931768476963043,
0.3832189738750458,
-0.2838154137134552,
0.2098686844110489,
0.22423583269119263,
-0.3664790689945221,
-0.10410813242197037,
0.014153127558529377,
-0.7855681777000427,
1.3264371156692505,
-0.09544622153043747,
-0.9727134704589844,
-0.42948150634765625,
-0.4311959743499756,
0.2565484046936035,
-0.30645430088043213,
-0.2549207806587219,
0.5670487880706787,
-0.09388373792171478,
-0.24502840638160706,
0.7908615469932556,
-0.22241495549678802,
-0.1909521222114563,
-0.7220081686973572,
0.863524317741394,
0.1626913696527481,
0.19973349571228027,
0.658553957939148,
0.3957495093345642,
0.12489081174135208,
0.2831965982913971,
-0.5125498175621033,
-0.011708026751875877,
0.06388833373785019,
-0.21188412606716156,
0.5850726962089539,
-0.06588370352983475,
-0.14672765135765076,
0.1381678581237793,
-0.28413066267967224,
0.4674820899963379,
0.6503856778144836,
0.9045078754425049,
0.6550509929656982,
-0.4049373269081116,
-0.39936578273773193,
-0.10098525881767273,
0.5826011896133423,
0.2256147861480713,
0.16539600491523743,
0.3079768717288971,
0.5029804706573486,
-0.4220982789993286,
0.4941149055957794,
-0.5625126361846924,
-0.031892403960227966,
0.42107006907463074,
-0.5370907783508301,
-0.2415638566017151,
-0.17602254450321198,
-0.2640109658241272,
-0.36856481432914734,
0.1541212946176529,
-0.22236450016498566,
-0.07386675477027893,
-0.06387048214673996,
-0.284167617559433,
0.38029196858406067,
-0.7037370800971985,
-0.5760324597358704,
-0.17520132660865784,
0.03973860293626785,
-0.36136093735694885,
0.03363895043730736,
0.28812599182128906,
0.44031643867492676,
-0.6979594230651855,
-0.42356133460998535,
-0.41176652908325195,
-0.2336851805448532,
-0.4708351790904999,
-0.877521276473999,
0.3646036684513092,
1.0485680103302002,
0.22797991335391998,
0.19161713123321533,
-0.9080400466918945,
-0.6366563439369202,
0.045344144105911255,
-0.8586914539337158,
-0.5623068809509277,
-0.40886199474334717,
0.4817448556423187,
-0.7664837837219238,
-0.27169713377952576,
-0.15454892814159393,
0.2525375783443451,
0.4172835946083069,
-0.07265937328338623,
-0.6865506768226624,
0.2186964601278305,
0.06627673655748367,
-0.8991647362709045,
-0.19325049221515656,
-0.629814088344574,
0.07283324003219604,
0.730574369430542,
-0.16643264889717102,
-0.3810062110424042,
0.4243049621582031,
0.6341573596000671,
-0.28915074467658997,
-0.06128785386681557,
-0.11665255576372147,
-0.3624984920024872,
0.025283396244049072,
-0.14003108441829681,
0.17782844603061676,
-0.16059072315692902,
0.09526937454938889,
0.34953686594963074,
-0.47125256061553955,
-0.05558854341506958,
-5.510427474975586,
0.21458657085895538,
-0.061190374195575714,
-0.08973077684640884,
-0.5870218873023987,
-0.16747555136680603,
0.496620237827301,
-0.10181258618831635,
-0.2440730184316635,
0.36380288004875183,
-0.22808906435966492,
-0.24388621747493744,
-0.7556564807891846,
0.6567676067352295,
0.18336142599582672,
0.16984517872333527,
0.36627325415611267,
-0.36401307582855225,
0.38600093126296997,
0.44516390562057495,
-0.46407055854797363,
-0.31879472732543945,
-0.010694430209696293,
-0.39158281683921814,
0.05153592303395271,
0.13693290948867798,
-0.48543262481689453,
0.185725599527359,
0.06642108410596848,
-0.36387836933135986,
0.2724543511867523,
0.017173511907458305,
0.09992464631795883,
-0.3375025987625122,
-0.4269616901874542,
0.3417409658432007,
0.35935336351394653,
0.06796727329492569,
-0.36452382802963257,
-0.47140684723854065,
0.14316871762275696,
0.762890636920929,
0.18482506275177002,
-0.34032392501831055,
0.3813845217227936,
-0.4882100224494934,
0.0002610049268696457,
-0.293842613697052,
-0.2940819263458252,
0.7238214612007141,
-0.12047034502029419,
0.3225899636745453,
0.32667994499206543,
0.2997693121433258,
0.3605303466320038,
0.038804780691862106,
0.2794157564640045,
-0.2902371287345886,
-0.7207115292549133,
0.4857487380504608,
0.37292882800102234,
-0.6048983335494995,
0.7247928977012634,
-0.13997076451778412,
-0.6244946122169495,
0.17298951745033264,
-0.8137335181236267,
-0.3892771899700165,
0.2843761146068573,
0.1428849697113037,
-0.7067737579345703,
0.0645034983754158,
0.22782808542251587,
-0.41451355814933777,
-0.14918199181556702,
-0.4348994791507721,
0.014641552232205868,
-0.14319561421871185,
0.12361914664506912,
-0.017799898982048035,
-0.34347474575042725,
0.12030292302370071,
-0.4961692988872528,
0.429740309715271,
-0.07466340810060501,
0.00017209128418471664,
-0.011222941800951958,
0.4187059700489044,
-0.198649063706398,
-0.003027145517989993,
0.6211420893669128,
0.24121718108654022,
0.6706113815307617,
0.9789364337921143,
0.3490389287471771,
-0.24773287773132324,
0.36224859952926636,
0.1815822571516037,
0.6050541400909424,
-0.20847664773464203,
0.6295291185379028,
-0.09338996559381485,
0.26583239436149597,
0.35598284006118774,
0.0448349229991436,
0.2776761054992676,
-0.1691196858882904,
0.547033965587616,
0.7321168184280396,
0.010918829590082169,
-0.5382249355316162,
-0.21624954044818878,
-0.426809161901474,
-0.13634566962718964,
0.5062013268470764,
0.040943246334791183,
-0.4964023530483246,
-0.17135301232337952,
0.8154858350753784,
-0.16555316746234894,
-0.40870195627212524,
0.4310169517993927,
-0.17375241219997406,
-0.06033789739012718,
-0.9504434466362,
-0.3138182461261749,
-0.12604942917823792,
0.24450944364070892,
-0.08574685454368591,
-0.08364222198724747,
-0.6200294494628906,
0.9760827422142029,
-0.1675032377243042,
-0.1278255581855774,
0.14408361911773682,
-0.45700618624687195,
0.3713696599006653,
0.16408921778202057,
0.1707104742527008,
-0.363656222820282,
0.7387015223503113,
-0.04415251687169075,
-0.050279587507247925,
-0.34309929609298706,
0.5253730416297913,
0.33515751361846924,
-0.25254371762275696,
0.04515068233013153,
-0.28013288974761963,
0.6142925024032593,
-0.5207508206367493,
-0.6269092559814453,
0.6152215003967285,
-0.25828105211257935,
0.30495136976242065,
0.45599564909935,
-0.22962675988674164,
0.47139471769332886,
0.4062292277812958,
-0.9940285682678223,
0.6647530198097229,
-0.07089535892009735,
-0.43384498357772827,
-0.1937786042690277,
-0.37512537837028503,
0.3381590247154236,
-0.19518640637397766,
-0.27529680728912354,
-0.8676701784133911,
0.17823581397533417,
0.27504396438598633,
0.2652340233325958,
0.20568931102752686,
-0.15784694254398346,
0.10460873693227768,
0.16679289937019348,
0.0016487613320350647,
0.32014328241348267,
0.3859953284263611,
-0.5003488659858704,
0.18380290269851685,
-0.792303204536438,
-0.023776138201355934,
0.4176174998283386,
0.5963954925537109,
-0.1590217798948288,
-0.3308972418308258,
0.3415756821632385,
-0.32364875078201294,
-0.24836434423923492,
0.4474787414073944,
-0.10784750431776047,
-0.48562249541282654,
-0.44036534428596497,
0.12184660136699677,
-0.022271422669291496,
0.37092944979667664,
-0.3547452986240387,
0.13784369826316833,
-0.7469472289085388,
-0.2657763957977295,
0.4944444000720978,
-0.3708522319793701,
0.851693332195282,
0.40291470289230347,
-0.16341586410999298,
-0.317997008562088,
0.028030429035425186,
-0.5109765529632568,
-0.15604983270168304,
-0.1268959492444992,
-0.5180564522743225,
-0.33708009123802185,
-0.573843777179718,
-0.16472820937633514,
0.500034511089325,
0.01579117774963379,
-0.24708667397499084,
-0.19202859699726105,
-0.31719639897346497,
-0.03487632796168327,
-0.5433213710784912,
0.3062683343887329,
-0.013174805790185928,
0.32088038325309753,
0.09352083504199982,
0.5532200932502747,
-0.2602018117904663,
0.3285609483718872,
-0.03762549161911011,
-0.020526552572846413,
0.002435798989608884,
-0.3771011531352997,
-0.03579036146402359,
-0.07037819921970367,
-0.6969342231750488,
-0.5166610479354858,
0.42792248725891113,
-0.14074353873729706,
-0.5266067981719971,
0.045316047966480255,
0.31691208481788635,
-0.10523863881826401,
-0.258523166179657,
0.4700550436973572,
0.3569526970386505,
0.07848294824361801,
-0.4318362772464752,
0.13139565289020538,
0.12581048905849457,
-0.3658473491668701,
-0.018931929022073746,
0.2330441176891327,
-0.1878843754529953,
0.5322457551956177,
0.6510653495788574,
-0.2616978585720062,
0.12181568145751953,
0.5979942679405212,
0.41332289576530457,
-0.23922137916088104,
-0.5730656385421753,
-0.14484453201293945,
-0.09377837181091309,
0.012991969473659992,
0.2248837947845459,
-0.14502951502799988,
0.1836983859539032,
0.17468732595443726,
0.07352834194898605,
-0.09557407349348068,
-0.33105576038360596,
0.796669065952301,
0.27510184049606323,
0.5707159042358398,
-0.07084470242261887,
-0.38728001713752747,
0.3050984740257263,
-0.7435489296913147,
0.15790706872940063,
-0.6785484552383423,
-0.6560881733894348,
-0.01260315254330635,
-0.6111144423484802,
0.17784948647022247,
-0.10741949826478958,
0.5456762313842773,
0.5757525563240051,
-0.25845929980278015,
-0.04299789294600487,
-0.6863654255867004,
0.17849288880825043,
-0.18134936690330505,
-0.28983253240585327,
-0.15970353782176971,
0.7532919645309448,
0.39498308300971985,
0.5100802183151245,
-0.2645064890384674,
0.14872823655605316,
-0.8610405921936035,
0.02243119664490223,
-0.1520208865404129,
-0.5400825142860413,
-0.23299504816532135,
0.7167356610298157,
0.2923682928085327,
-0.3311573565006256,
0.010929185897111893,
0.4415716230869293,
0.4827177822589874,
0.3795601427555084,
-0.2410109043121338,
0.10465265065431595,
-0.6053280830383301,
0.08465400338172913,
0.9137021899223328,
-0.4170554578304291,
0.6011340618133545,
0.3693864345550537,
0.1252172738313675,
0.4762154519557953,
0.35467493534088135,
0.0936494767665863,
-1.0455727577209473,
0.07854844629764557,
-0.4685690701007843,
0.567432701587677,
-0.3604787588119507,
0.8049370646476746,
0.41190406680107117,
0.26959696412086487,
-0.31423527002334595,
0.815716564655304,
0.25438833236694336,
-0.33969637751579285,
-0.4478454291820526,
-0.4682333767414093,
0.05886984243988991,
0.12168067693710327,
0.7132386565208435,
1.0563194751739502,
-0.48180466890335083,
0.06813564896583557,
-0.03675401955842972,
-0.049856822937726974,
-0.06567110121250153,
-0.18887314200401306,
-0.5229765176773071,
0.7178314924240112,
0.3535913825035095,
-0.25274568796157837,
-0.08456272631883621,
0.12566472589969635,
-0.5459772348403931,
0.4729577600955963,
0.4567425549030304,
0.14651843905448914,
-0.006793434731662273,
0.40943244099617004,
-0.2702144980430603,
0.21804121136665344,
-0.29563000798225403,
0.11684264987707138,
-0.4998457133769989,
-0.0020885535050183535,
0.7965512275695801,
-0.25531166791915894,
0.2380126714706421,
0.06740564107894897,
-0.32651403546333313,
0.3865813910961151,
0.3237338662147522,
0.4314282238483429,
0.19909505546092987,
-0.6660630702972412,
-0.22116997838020325,
0.39292988181114197,
-0.4154120087623596,
0.017807165160775185,
0.15379583835601807,
0.5700466632843018,
-0.24276569485664368,
-0.8296488523483276,
-0.10974736511707306,
-0.34238287806510925,
0.16661421954631805,
0.2544085383415222,
-0.23549722135066986,
0.5475450158119202,
0.6206835508346558,
-0.1837274581193924,
-0.21013537049293518,
0.23117929697036743,
0.538025975227356,
0.41359367966651917,
-0.7108631134033203,
1.2095261812210083,
0.3832734227180481,
-0.5609708428382874,
-0.08115359395742416,
-0.41001567244529724,
0.29048824310302734,
0.2800835371017456,
-0.5752219557762146,
0.023907115682959557,
-0.2913849651813507,
0.09500551223754883,
-0.4442833960056305,
0.052374888211488724,
0.4655389189720154,
0.11698468774557114,
-0.07794509828090668,
0.31341275572776794,
0.3600197434425354,
-0.4697497487068176,
0.3322025239467621,
-0.09939128905534744,
-0.6479423642158508,
0.04302603378891945,
0.16064290702342987,
-0.5478764176368713,
-0.06513138115406036,
0.3883238732814789,
0.11790764331817627,
0.14125660061836243,
0.19711142778396606,
0.011041957885026932,
0.6290844082832336,
0.6344192028045654,
0.2551688849925995,
0.09313883632421494,
-0.5526798963546753,
0.19358792901039124,
-0.15360522270202637,
-0.7898168563842773,
0.2565079629421234,
0.3658045530319214,
0.5211079716682434,
-0.5451768636703491,
-0.37042927742004395,
-0.09935075789690018,
-0.9838114380836487,
0.47666651010513306,
-0.22982364892959595,
0.4383157789707184,
-0.19245323538780212,
-0.4247085750102997,
-0.5904632806777954,
0.28355395793914795,
0.5850382447242737,
0.01338860671967268,
-0.17046663165092468,
-0.10990957915782928,
-0.3705391585826874,
0.07451309263706207,
0.36736100912094116,
-0.4224039912223816,
-0.1607365608215332,
0.5991619229316711
] |
247578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzong%20architecture | Dzong architecture | Dzong architecture is used for dzongs, a distinctive type of fortified monastery (, , ) architecture found mainly in Bhutan and Tibet. The architecture is massive in style with towering exterior walls surrounding a complex of courtyards, temples, administrative offices, and monks' accommodation.
Characteristics
Distinctive features include:
High inward sloping walls of brick and stone painted white with few or no windows in the lower sections of the wall
Use of a surrounding red ochre stripe near the top of the walls, sometimes punctuated by large gold circles
Use of unique style flared roofs atop interior temples
Massive entry doors made of wood and iron
Interior courtyards and temples brightly colored in Buddhist-themed art motifs such as the ashtamangala or swastika
Regional differences
Bhutan
Dzongs serve as the religious, military, administrative, and social centers of their district. They are often the site of an annual tsechu or religious festival.
The rooms inside the dzong are typically allocated half to administrative function (such as the office of the penlop or governor), and half to religious function, primarily the temple and housing for monks. This division between administrative and religious functions reflects the idealized duality of power between the religious and administrative branches of government.
Tibet
Tibet used to be divided into 53 prefecture districts also called dzongs. There were two dzongpöns for each dzong, a lama and a layman. They were entrusted with both civil and military powers and are equal in all respects, though subordinate to the generals and the Chinese amban in military matters, until the expulsion of the ambans following the Xinhai Revolution in 1912. Today, 71 counties in the Tibet Autonomous Region are called dzongs in the Tibetic languages.
Siting of dzongs
Bhutanese dzong architecture reached its zenith in the 17th century under the leadership of Ngawang Namgyal, the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche. The Zhabdrung relied on visions and omens to site each of the dzongs. Modern military strategists would observe that the dzongs are well-sited with regard to their function as defensive fortresses. Wangdue Phodrang dzong, for instance, is set upon a spur overlooking the confluence of the Sankosh (Puna Tsang) and Tang Rivers, thus blocking any attacks by southern invaders who attempted to use a river route to bypass the trackless slopes of the middle Himalayas in attacking central Bhutan. Drukgyel Dzong at the head of the Paro valley guards the traditional Tibetan invasion path over the passes of the high Himalayas.
Dzongs were frequently built on a hilltop or mountain spur. If the dzong is built on the side of a valley wall, a smaller dzong or watchtower is typically built directly uphill from the main dzong with the purpose of keeping the slope clear of attackers who might otherwise shoot downward into the courtyard of the main dzong below (see image at head of article).
Punakha Dzong is distinctive in that it is sited on a relatively flat spit of land at the confluence of the Mo and Pho Rivers. The rivers surround the dzong on three sides, providing protection from attack. This siting proved inauspicious, however, when in 1994 a glacial lake 90 kilometers upstream burst through its ice dam to cause a massive flood on the Pho Chhu, damaging the dzong and taking 23 lives.
Construction
By tradition, dzongs are constructed without the use of architectural plans. Instead construction proceeds under the direction of a high lama who establishes each dimension by means of spiritual inspiration.
In previous times the dzongs were built using corvée labor which was applied as a tax against each household in the district. Under this obligation each family was to provide or hire a decreed number of workers to work for several months at a time (during quiet periods in the agricultural year) in the construction of the dzong.
Dzongs comprise heavy masonry curtain walls surrounding one or more courtyards. The main functional spaces are usually arranged in two separate areas: the administrative offices; and the religious functions - including temples and monks' accommodation. This accommodation is arranged along the inside of the outer walls and often as a separate stone tower located centrally within the courtyard, housing the main temple, that can be used as an inner defensible citadel. The main internal structures are again built with stone (or as in domestic architecture by rammed clay blocks), and whitewashed inside and out, with a broad red ochre band at the top on the outside. The larger spaces such as the temple have massive internal timber columns and beams to create galleries around an open central full height area. Smaller structures are of elaborately carved and painted timber construction.
The roofs are massively constructed in hardwood and bamboo, highly decorated at the eaves, and are constructed traditionally without the use of nails. They are open at the eaves to provide a ventilated storage area. They were traditionally finished with timber shingles weighted down with stones; but in almost all cases this has now been replaced with corrugated galvanised iron roofing. The roof of Tongsa Dzong, illustrated, is one of the few shingle roofs to survive and was being restored in 2006/7.
The courtyards, usually stone-flagged, are generally at a higher level than the outside and approached by massive staircases and narrow defensible entrances with large wooden doors. All doors have thresholds to discourage the entrance of spirits. Temples are usually set at a level above the courtyard with further staircases up to them.
Modern architecture in the dzong style
Larger modern buildings in Bhutan often use the form and many of the external characteristics of dzong architecture in their construction, although incorporating modern techniques such as a concrete frame.
University of Texas at El Paso
The campus architecture of the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) is a rare example of dzong style seen outside the Himalayas. Initial phases were designed by El Paso architect Henry Trost, and later phases have continued in the same style.
UNESCO tentative listing
In 2012, the Bhutanese government listed five dzongs to its tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription in the future. The five dzongs are Punakha Dzong, Wangdue Phodrang Dzong, Paro Dzong, Trongsa Dzong and Dagana Dzong.
See also
Architecture in Tibet
Architecture of Bhutan
Driglam namzha
References
Further reading
External links
Dzongs of Bhutan
Designs for Trashi Chhoe Dzong Precinct, Thimphu, Bhutan
!
Architecture of Bhutan
Tibetan Buddhist architecture
Architectural history
Architectural styles | [
0.49065375328063965,
0.9258313179016113,
-0.4918431341648102,
-0.6893209218978882,
0.18505032360553741,
0.7567285299301147,
0.7558358311653137,
-0.020082108676433563,
-0.6847115755081177,
-0.6897830367088318,
-0.621974527835846,
-0.2856537401676178,
-0.4660190939903259,
0.11806567013263702,
-0.3107541799545288,
0.9166690111160278,
1.281380534172058,
-0.17876024544239044,
0.1871514469385147,
-0.4349396526813507,
0.13081155717372894,
-0.5185854434967041,
0.16874061524868011,
0.005071828607469797,
0.0998898446559906,
-0.22299416363239288,
0.8079410195350647,
0.14391161501407623,
-0.18559879064559937,
0.05240747332572937,
-0.03650601580739021,
0.8068098425865173,
-0.1297816038131714,
-0.4417438507080078,
-0.056740179657936096,
0.3978612720966339,
0.022829901427030563,
-0.5346584320068359,
-0.7568308711051941,
-0.5078784227371216,
0.5733206868171692,
-0.03313058987259865,
0.3020716905593872,
0.8779218196868896,
-0.2746249735355377,
-0.8034964799880981,
-1.6124389171600342,
0.2614680528640747,
-0.7611445188522339,
0.02183007262647152,
-0.2626144587993622,
0.2932468354701996,
0.3949173390865326,
-0.2196914553642273,
0.358197957277298,
0.6549960374832153,
-0.860995888710022,
0.3766794502735138,
0.5085082054138184,
-0.010973257943987846,
0.3278162479400635,
0.05216846987605095,
-0.1712077260017395,
-0.18171235918998718,
-0.5670053958892822,
-0.03930287063121796,
-0.5510069727897644,
-0.4272998869419098,
0.13508594036102295,
-0.2781723141670227,
-0.3254907727241516,
-0.09506922960281372,
0.4805424213409424,
0.0992039367556572,
-0.6714361906051636,
0.11329905688762665,
-0.1896231323480606,
-0.37532180547714233,
0.09710418432950974,
-0.7145686149597168,
0.052192650735378265,
0.23478198051452637,
0.3952725827693939,
0.24697762727737427,
0.15654680132865906,
-0.11708695441484451,
-0.6714464426040649,
0.09024737030267715,
-0.03731595352292061,
0.6739572286605835,
0.09951019287109375,
-0.5132184624671936,
0.48756468296051025,
0.7727472186088562,
-0.37001803517341614,
-0.26906442642211914,
-0.3668613135814667,
0.2598414421081543,
-0.08876930922269821,
0.2661466598510742,
0.6394410133361816,
0.7745992541313171,
0.23599374294281006,
0.18193121254444122,
-0.27675697207450867,
-0.9412840008735657,
-0.8788221478462219,
0.02516530267894268,
-1.02188241481781,
-0.6631513237953186,
-0.860515832901001,
0.34359169006347656,
-0.18342283368110657,
-0.10725167393684387,
0.47343435883522034,
-0.2289649248123169,
0.013488786295056343,
-0.5531812906265259,
-0.7017441391944885,
-0.08860744535923004,
0.5853388905525208,
0.6597888469696045,
-0.2409602701663971,
0.4791437089443207,
0.3404829204082489,
0.12815317511558533,
0.29425176978111267,
1.0026464462280273,
-1.4484931230545044,
0.27274641394615173,
-0.17072151601314545,
0.4502028226852417,
-0.04705304279923439,
0.012652159668505192,
-0.1854594498872757,
-0.18992002308368683,
1.070180058479309,
-0.24083489179611206,
0.42343541979789734,
0.20191600918769836,
-1.103238582611084,
-0.1434187889099121,
-0.6459088921546936,
-0.0032962101977318525,
-0.0823240801692009,
-0.2877781391143799,
0.23098653554916382,
-0.6051458120346069,
-0.51853346824646,
-0.4310022294521332,
0.10893864184617996,
-0.11801686137914658,
-0.34822431206703186,
-0.030269570648670197,
-0.45137664675712585,
0.8697096109390259,
0.463844895362854,
-0.08437470346689224,
0.2988582253456116,
-0.25637853145599365,
-0.005010751076042652,
-0.178138867020607,
-0.26791664958000183,
0.14301340281963348,
0.1990228295326233,
-0.12452857196331024,
0.2853487432003021,
0.7148209810256958,
-0.3885520398616791,
-0.27242761850357056,
-0.24293668568134308,
0.21435540914535522,
-0.1558360606431961,
-0.3078714907169342,
-0.003079161047935486,
-0.22166794538497925,
0.1670513153076172,
0.5608528852462769,
0.2439376711845398,
0.3937607705593109,
-0.5999991297721863,
0.678612232208252,
0.4129152297973633,
-0.26161864399909973,
1.1987890005111694,
0.09184698015451431,
0.4970673620700836,
0.25477805733680725,
-0.20483192801475525,
-0.2298644781112671,
-0.4389660060405731,
-0.39940446615219116,
0.4391995370388031,
0.08227752149105072,
0.36881014704704285,
0.585889458656311,
-0.20555099844932556,
0.7518354654312134,
0.17663125693798065,
0.8057733178138733,
0.3432242274284363,
-0.06544969975948334,
-0.16460272669792175,
-0.1833297461271286,
-0.23469780385494232,
0.28783902525901794,
0.033018555492162704,
0.20204874873161316,
0.5365979671478271,
-0.08636476844549179,
1.0684958696365356,
-0.5595484972000122,
0.08544065803289413,
0.4077244699001312,
0.20918679237365723,
-0.17018820345401764,
-0.604158341884613,
-0.030639057978987694,
-0.4516436755657196,
-0.6247825026512146,
0.6839740872383118,
0.06286599487066269,
-0.4368900656700134,
0.8930181264877319,
-0.26574739813804626,
0.9442300200462341,
-0.49887123703956604,
-0.12003611773252487,
0.3911459743976593,
0.08465256541967392,
-0.6421990394592285,
0.024213187396526337,
-0.19335782527923584,
-0.04152119532227516,
0.13934780657291412,
-0.24544809758663177,
-0.048385269939899445,
-0.004056066740304232,
0.9768426418304443,
-0.2953447103500366,
-0.07722753286361694,
-0.6090506911277771,
-0.16317062079906464,
-0.1912635862827301,
-0.0918661504983902,
0.2169363647699356,
-0.4599412679672241,
-0.04201656952500343,
-0.7958900332450867,
-0.01514610555022955,
0.20470409095287323,
0.27757954597473145,
0.6438741683959961,
-0.12479377537965775,
-0.24674639105796814,
-0.1705179363489151,
-0.26042503118515015,
-0.3162860572338104,
-0.31727299094200134,
-0.125802144408226,
-0.18100759387016296,
0.005717947613447905,
0.2786015272140503,
-0.29626357555389404,
-0.11672809720039368,
-0.8696298599243164,
0.567236602306366,
-0.2211991399526596,
0.8422576785087585,
0.12876619398593903,
-0.8653446435928345,
-0.5640453100204468,
-0.8270823955535889,
-0.38604092597961426,
-0.3872442841529846,
-0.8330700993537903,
0.3071487545967102,
0.10053680092096329,
-0.7284957766532898,
0.015721986070275307,
0.2159910947084427,
0.6588988304138184,
0.7124005556106567,
-0.7971404790878296,
-0.7260538339614868,
0.1299188733100891,
-0.005706346593797207,
-0.6241521239280701,
0.22380900382995605,
0.41764792799949646,
0.5112045407295227,
0.5534690022468567,
-0.009257105179131031,
-0.3111887276172638,
-0.07567983865737915,
0.7310138940811157,
-0.09610028564929962,
-0.33712536096572876,
0.06802430003881454,
-0.5317931771278381,
0.21980449557304382,
0.4243214726448059,
-0.1754099577665329,
0.3828221261501312,
-0.18958868086338043,
0.7729957103729248,
-0.4362561106681824,
-0.30531612038612366,
-5.403989315032959,
-0.567263662815094,
0.26685142517089844,
-0.4156065583229065,
-0.28744006156921387,
0.4873470067977905,
0.6431201100349426,
-0.05623709037899971,
-0.175026997923851,
-0.7761176824569702,
-0.4274456202983856,
-0.8873693943023682,
0.29771915078163147,
0.35401830077171326,
-0.06542859226465225,
0.3850539028644562,
0.3950928747653961,
0.5377930998802185,
0.37402090430259705,
0.0678643062710762,
0.32156816124916077,
-0.2520865797996521,
0.09417068213224411,
0.40201717615127563,
0.1036999374628067,
0.3930997848510742,
-0.5892178416252136,
-0.16908715665340424,
-0.6953563094139099,
-0.0684979036450386,
-0.3105597198009491,
0.06588602811098099,
0.09092841297388077,
0.3762856423854828,
-0.3676653802394867,
0.700211763381958,
0.4086286723613739,
0.40012848377227783,
0.7739448547363281,
0.2567541301250458,
0.26563262939453125,
0.26945510506629944,
0.48805737495422363,
-0.012258180417120457,
-0.1639959216117859,
-0.5485925078392029,
-0.3109935522079468,
-0.5341654419898987,
-0.5887229442596436,
0.7549976706504822,
0.21305623650550842,
0.032986536622047424,
0.7827459573745728,
0.03834915533661842,
-0.11206783354282379,
-0.046574972569942474,
0.4899832606315613,
0.28819578886032104,
-0.32151663303375244,
0.2980678081512451,
0.20110449194908142,
-0.18767738342285156,
-0.29299116134643555,
-0.6417559385299683,
0.13734248280525208,
-0.11283625662326813,
-0.447991281747818,
-0.17230811715126038,
-0.1053069531917572,
0.450543612241745,
-0.5253044366836548,
0.3801746070384979,
-0.17089803516864777,
-0.7380793690681458,
0.28247392177581787,
-0.6486608386039734,
-0.3256804943084717,
-0.4021797776222229,
0.20670892298221588,
0.30200666189193726,
0.17504696547985077,
-0.3420372009277344,
0.22352167963981628,
0.5650333762168884,
0.13942378759384155,
-0.38994693756103516,
-0.3222714364528656,
0.7303389310836792,
-0.5033092498779297,
0.536106288433075,
0.7283074855804443,
-0.5379142165184021,
-0.20575255155563354,
0.09874209016561508,
0.9464209675788879,
0.6948727369308472,
1.2264617681503296,
-0.7190166711807251,
0.9889563322067261,
-0.30482161045074463,
0.4250287115573883,
-0.26223525404930115,
0.0573672316968441,
0.4475955665111542,
-0.42106935381889343,
-0.2180168181657791,
-0.006815455853939056,
0.5035467147827148,
1.275262713432312,
0.0033306628465652466,
0.08477483689785004,
-0.43544021248817444,
0.023718927055597305,
0.03681952506303787,
0.7169187664985657,
-0.1678745597600937,
-0.00044501610682345927,
0.49220675230026245,
-0.3107636868953705,
-0.05031828582286835,
0.4850160479545593,
0.04370937868952751,
0.01387089304625988,
0.2194671779870987,
0.026427656412124634,
0.1430276483297348,
-0.14074425399303436,
0.2912536561489105,
-0.540979266166687,
-0.04763747379183769,
0.4190651476383209,
-0.28152692317962646,
0.2078724354505539,
-0.2333458960056305,
-0.1679491549730301,
0.5764902234077454,
-0.06636065244674683,
-0.7933811545372009,
-0.16295012831687927,
-0.6805568337440491,
0.3484858274459839,
-0.2738092243671417,
0.5174962282180786,
0.4857383966445923,
0.405094712972641,
0.2128564715385437,
0.26042646169662476,
-0.4039900004863739,
0.18919141590595245,
-0.10060745477676392,
-0.4716000258922577,
-0.052811332046985626,
0.3910662829875946,
-0.2538316547870636,
-0.39992058277130127,
-0.28480690717697144,
-0.3403468430042267,
0.0057456400245428085,
0.09387948364019394,
0.027641385793685913,
0.5985175371170044,
-0.1561698466539383,
-0.6368361711502075,
0.0798424482345581,
-0.08850173652172089,
-0.2920059561729431,
0.15498988330364227,
-0.279403418302536,
-0.5627020001411438,
0.5852234959602356,
0.6821699142456055,
-0.2703646421432495,
-0.8235851526260376,
-0.020321644842624664,
0.4498659670352936,
-0.0292955432087183,
0.1295069456100464,
0.32819098234176636,
0.09531905502080917,
0.084750235080719,
-0.7505610585212708,
-0.13143472373485565,
0.18621964752674103,
0.8438467383384705,
-0.012945670634508133,
-0.10406752675771713,
-0.5234676599502563,
-0.22590194642543793,
-0.6209734678268433,
-0.20196810364723206,
0.28669682145118713,
-0.35110586881637573,
0.16556398570537567,
0.1208924874663353,
0.08305976539850235,
-0.8414795398712158,
-0.19869767129421234,
-0.18588268756866455,
0.030817344784736633,
-0.20828038454055786,
0.7307791709899902,
0.22131097316741943,
-0.33236151933670044,
0.714931845664978,
0.936769962310791,
-0.4575956463813782,
0.9715744853019714,
0.3349030017852783,
-0.06415335834026337,
-0.01082907896488905,
-0.0019608389120548964,
-0.7858387231826782,
-0.3155711591243744,
-0.1172165796160698,
-0.42325618863105774,
-0.35180947184562683,
0.09884310513734818,
-0.5117188692092896,
-0.2742263972759247,
-0.04468903690576553,
-0.16461384296417236,
-0.45248228311538696,
-0.37036189436912537,
0.19102412462234497,
-0.9357685446739197,
0.11986251920461655,
-0.35079851746559143,
-0.3384389281272888,
-0.5257598757743835,
-0.7323213815689087,
0.2797223627567291,
0.11184452474117279,
0.1765718162059784,
-0.1129119023680687,
-0.03802883252501488,
-0.33561789989471436,
-0.202927827835083,
-0.13689196109771729,
0.35471969842910767,
0.30575960874557495,
-0.144857257604599,
1.2369047403335571,
0.19163420796394348,
-0.3887249231338501,
-0.45751774311065674,
0.449351042509079,
-0.12363408505916595,
-0.45535266399383545,
-0.2762524485588074,
0.4116588234901428,
-0.3403546214103699,
-0.37776005268096924,
-0.3734982907772064,
-0.8626394867897034,
0.4802258610725403,
-0.336907297372818,
-0.15051263570785522,
0.40247178077697754,
0.3905445337295532,
-0.07021728903055191,
-0.48645487427711487,
-0.2642728090286255,
0.24644477665424347,
-0.6848541498184204,
0.1342652291059494,
-0.047391459345817566,
-0.07835239171981812,
-0.06994247436523438,
-0.0041724746115505695,
-0.43019556999206543,
-0.4615420997142792,
-0.5246708393096924,
0.6387202143669128,
0.2190432846546173,
0.2973974645137787,
0.059014007449150085,
-0.3419378399848938,
-0.10827833414077759,
0.06800876557826996,
0.3574327826499939,
0.12898197770118713,
0.0019499192712828517,
0.35862451791763306,
-0.05615527182817459,
0.1873258650302887,
-0.8112074732780457,
-0.007859931327402592,
-0.27715325355529785,
-0.45336198806762695,
-0.8077564835548401,
-0.7275465130805969,
0.11800571531057358,
0.17135779559612274,
0.6411750316619873,
-0.2504176199436188,
0.45919719338417053,
0.04688352346420288,
0.3934248387813568,
-0.3936699330806732,
0.26795241236686707,
-0.05456796661019325,
0.7817374467849731,
-0.050009001046419144,
-0.26891717314720154,
0.2773469388484955,
0.07608935981988907,
0.03793339803814888,
-0.20540402829647064,
0.3367713391780853,
0.3790949285030365,
0.03794892877340317,
-0.02408738061785698,
0.46360012888908386,
0.47158974409103394,
-0.17015370726585388,
0.36423423886299133,
0.34118199348449707,
-0.29073962569236755,
0.34193891286849976,
0.003720065113157034,
0.23569853603839874,
-0.2663409411907196,
0.6887519955635071,
0.39400941133499146,
-0.12963438034057617,
0.20636913180351257,
-1.1642245054244995,
-0.4272835850715637,
0.265087753534317,
0.3539722263813019,
0.013330564834177494,
0.4057541787624359,
-0.10737801343202591,
0.6901543736457825,
-0.21889780461788177,
-0.7858143448829651,
-0.37208646535873413,
-0.4540766477584839,
-0.19738465547561646,
0.16213658452033997,
0.3768831193447113,
0.019531622529029846,
0.023412300273776054,
0.4285719692707062,
0.10692615061998367,
-0.4172053337097168,
0.6557930111885071,
0.23051071166992188,
-0.031218646094202995,
0.20933830738067627,
-0.056825052946805954,
0.4295320510864258,
0.6040096879005432,
0.7093548774719238,
0.29458290338516235,
-0.3160141110420227,
-0.14529132843017578,
0.46433356404304504,
0.1416480839252472,
-0.5826230049133301,
0.08356105536222458,
0.04291776567697525,
-0.36922919750213623,
-0.06105588749051094,
-0.0418035052716732,
0.14014600217342377,
-0.05880754068493843,
-0.356124609708786,
-0.25810253620147705,
0.039098892360925674,
0.5547710061073303,
0.16400165855884552,
0.03420163318514824,
0.39909327030181885,
0.04392446577548981,
-0.11404136568307877,
0.39347901940345764,
0.02625536359846592,
0.053466882556676865,
-0.2838658392429352,
0.2812780439853668,
-0.04045969992876053,
0.32953116297721863,
-0.843468189239502,
0.27957212924957275,
-0.03367505967617035,
-0.13999876379966736,
0.5911971926689148,
-0.1288273185491562,
0.10708002001047134,
-0.08035176247358322,
0.288137823343277,
-0.22520692646503448,
0.21701399981975555,
0.039787765592336655,
0.30318766832351685,
-0.3675171732902527,
0.8613235950469971,
-0.03814349323511124,
0.06662904471158981,
0.3006437420845032,
0.548775315284729,
0.17770002782344818,
0.5067376494407654,
-0.1936890035867691,
-0.22876715660095215,
-0.14345861971378326,
0.06725828349590302,
-0.7068984508514404,
0.3185935914516449,
-0.28664252161979675,
0.15643346309661865,
0.21924704313278198,
0.23649290204048157,
-0.3612653911113739,
0.3583759069442749,
-0.05778965353965759,
-0.1634138524532318,
0.1329462081193924,
-0.42123058438301086,
0.08864700794219971,
0.10174153000116348,
0.2688572108745575,
0.1310095489025116,
0.09312219172716141,
-0.660529375076294,
0.26131966710090637,
-0.3014370799064636,
-0.49007636308670044,
0.5240222215652466,
0.3045124411582947,
0.0646965429186821,
-0.7041440010070801,
0.07290225476026535,
-0.4743081331253052,
-0.3086097836494446,
0.7609148621559143,
0.6299200654029846,
0.05124545097351074,
-0.8508734107017517,
0.011736971326172352,
-0.2399994432926178,
-0.1885438859462738,
0.3930339515209198,
-1.1814218759536743,
0.16451379656791687,
-0.04622938483953476,
-0.20213307440280914,
-0.41981348395347595,
0.462356835603714,
0.4569843113422394,
-0.09963718801736832,
0.4402220845222473,
-0.17553283274173737,
-0.21614450216293335,
-0.2799268662929535,
-0.061112694442272186,
0.0020021458622068167,
0.34703993797302246,
-0.21411393582820892
] |
247579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delitzsch%20%28district%29 | Delitzsch (district) | Delitzsch () is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Torgau-Oschatz and Muldentalkreis, the city of Leipzig, the district of Leipziger Land and the state of Saxony-Anhalt (districts Saalekreis, Anhalt-Bitterfeld and Wittenberg).
History
After the 1815 Congress of Vienna Saxony had to cede large amounts of its territory to Prussia. The Prussian government established districts in the newly acquired lands, among them the district of Delitzsch.
The state of Prussia was dissolved after the end of the Nazi era, and the new state of Saxony-Anhalt was established, with Delitzsch being a part of it. In 1953 the East German government dissolved the states. They were reestablished after the German reunification in 1990, but Delitzsch and Eilenburg (two districts made up of the former Delitzsch district) were initially given to Saxony instead of Saxony-Anhalt. The two districts again merged in 1994 and formed the present borders.
In August 2008, as a part of the district reform in Saxony, the districts of Delitzsch and Torgau-Oschatz were merged into the new district Nordsachsen.
Geography
The district was located in the triangle between the metropolises of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld. It consists of plain countryside, which is mainly agriculturally used. There is low urbanisation throughout the district. The Mulde River runs through the easternmost part of the district. On the eastern banks there is the Düben Heath (Dübener Heide), a nature park extending from here to the east and to the north.
Coat of arms
Towns and municipalities
External links
Official website (German)
Dueben Heath Nature Park (German) | [
-0.2599042057991028,
0.2601729929447174,
0.21360443532466888,
-0.15962451696395874,
-0.5174639225006104,
0.21717087924480438,
0.3694134056568146,
0.5589773654937744,
0.2833535969257355,
-0.6579194664955139,
0.14824508130550385,
-0.3551728427410126,
-0.06996800005435944,
0.35559791326522827,
-0.27659153938293457,
0.6828528046607971,
0.35278964042663574,
0.093050517141819,
-0.03434089943766594,
-0.47638776898384094,
0.5487189888954163,
-0.3326055109500885,
0.25110071897506714,
0.5636921525001526,
-0.3679894208908081,
-0.5041482448577881,
0.8272134065628052,
0.23396380245685577,
-0.5110445618629456,
0.001794699695892632,
-0.23582710325717926,
0.5785852670669556,
-0.6702427864074707,
-0.0675477683544159,
0.5178241729736328,
0.5113223791122437,
-0.5135728716850281,
-0.747072696685791,
0.056350309401750565,
-0.5926437973976135,
-0.29174497723579407,
0.4078669250011444,
-0.332755446434021,
-0.10205311328172684,
0.6487852334976196,
-1.0223314762115479,
-1.4278779029846191,
0.16784551739692688,
-0.7804663181304932,
-0.5670322775840759,
-0.4213639795780182,
-0.1602691262960434,
0.533420979976654,
0.22922642529010773,
-0.46406057476997375,
0.008848229423165321,
-1.0872632265090942,
-0.010520040057599545,
0.4471709430217743,
0.7764456868171692,
0.35787418484687805,
0.4806610345840454,
-0.5049647688865662,
0.2726646065711975,
0.5783939361572266,
0.18921664357185364,
-0.21475106477737427,
0.9876102209091187,
-0.5050091743469238,
-1.2128764390945435,
-0.9218165278434753,
-0.48213616013526917,
0.17327731847763062,
-0.1903221607208252,
0.0029072214383631945,
-0.31484678387641907,
-0.6494073867797852,
-0.43919768929481506,
-0.12597417831420898,
0.1909172683954239,
-0.4187750518321991,
-0.35699278116226196,
0.9039559364318848,
-0.24549391865730286,
0.6966186761856079,
0.08923274278640747,
-0.9257421493530273,
-0.6593089699745178,
-0.20110082626342773,
-0.1882932186126709,
-0.47986897826194763,
0.30511194467544556,
-0.11318852007389069,
0.05512601137161255,
0.27674156427383423,
-1.0349931716918945,
-0.32124555110931396,
0.28269198536872864,
0.1502724587917328,
0.876729428768158,
0.12644989788532257,
0.20393769443035126,
0.14800098538398743,
0.24915818870067596,
-0.4585621654987335,
-0.3745425343513489,
0.30073440074920654,
-0.8326570987701416,
0.0937076136469841,
0.35600754618644714,
-0.9782990217208862,
-0.05382757633924484,
0.0697161853313446,
-0.19773198664188385,
-0.2331196814775467,
0.19878582656383514,
0.09973229467868805,
-0.44613131880760193,
0.12861843407154083,
0.43278324604034424,
-0.06165993586182594,
0.685723066329956,
-0.18049252033233643,
0.5470842123031616,
-0.12865690886974335,
-0.058749619871377945,
0.34216731786727905,
0.8193368911743164,
-0.3100372552871704,
0.22325116395950317,
0.7242080569267273,
1.1185519695281982,
0.20550882816314697,
-0.019238948822021484,
-0.016704872250556946,
-0.6856479048728943,
0.5610668063163757,
0.21881145238876343,
0.15355771780014038,
-0.07473929226398468,
-0.2571944296360016,
-0.09257002919912338,
-0.9728230237960815,
0.06833764165639877,
-0.03958774358034134,
-0.2822723388671875,
-0.08776543289422989,
-0.4739651083946228,
-0.23645122349262238,
-0.6640071868896484,
0.7622212171554565,
0.06628940999507904,
-0.6387741565704346,
0.3230661451816559,
-0.7628828287124634,
0.6878314018249512,
0.04767436906695366,
0.08344393223524094,
0.15997101366519928,
0.6413936018943787,
0.48806923627853394,
-0.283047616481781,
0.5343689322471619,
0.217166930437088,
0.5000304579734802,
-0.2080703228712082,
0.20432959496974945,
-0.4037296772003174,
0.11424471437931061,
0.36982014775276184,
-1.180026888847351,
0.27158093452453613,
-0.2324230968952179,
-0.20420634746551514,
0.4741065204143524,
-0.1364884376525879,
-0.03599701076745987,
0.03395162150263786,
-0.040808700025081635,
-0.6093766093254089,
-0.9520132541656494,
0.1224469467997551,
-0.1013152003288269,
0.7449687123298645,
0.6349164247512817,
0.2072947770357132,
0.12144523859024048,
-0.26586565375328064,
-0.15822623670101166,
0.7851589918136597,
0.24138808250427246,
-0.8655914664268494,
0.918975830078125,
0.06098363175988197,
1.4646186828613281,
0.345220148563385,
-0.3622432053089142,
-0.6281067728996277,
-0.9767783284187317,
1.059023141860962,
-0.853242039680481,
-0.6910829544067383,
0.22470496594905853,
0.2393864393234253,
0.17739789187908173,
0.13238118588924408,
-1.062986135482788,
-0.013596284203231335,
-0.33820754289627075,
0.4523147940635681,
0.028329750522971153,
-0.22788314521312714,
-0.06378202885389328,
0.6257654428482056,
0.24229267239570618,
-0.5299224853515625,
-0.11471256613731384,
0.11357156187295914,
0.037887413054704666,
-0.433680921792984,
-0.28339913487434387,
0.5986925363540649,
-0.039505474269390106,
0.20626915991306305,
-0.08221480250358582,
0.48111507296562195,
0.18589700758457184,
0.6738754510879517,
-0.36639267206192017,
-1.0608397722244263,
0.6569958329200745,
0.8596690893173218,
0.37746527791023254,
-0.3624216914176941,
-0.13846221566200256,
-0.25932011008262634,
-0.38752245903015137,
-0.4526933431625366,
0.02121426910161972,
-0.8878379464149475,
0.3964257836341858,
0.028591472655534744,
0.11183498054742813,
0.12763969600200653,
0.4409118890762329,
0.43778517842292786,
-0.32025614380836487,
0.5254371166229248,
-0.2150888442993164,
-0.24107636511325836,
0.08601950109004974,
0.3643549382686615,
0.29346540570259094,
-0.8457918167114258,
-0.14087989926338196,
0.2124449610710144,
0.19813457131385803,
-0.1324996054172516,
-0.2825453281402588,
0.36792799830436707,
-0.20355962216854095,
0.2821248173713684,
0.08654812723398209,
-0.3729502260684967,
-1.0805782079696655,
-0.3198361098766327,
0.378081738948822,
0.04883652925491333,
0.057131510227918625,
0.2358168214559555,
-0.13094371557235718,
-0.42922499775886536,
-0.23301661014556885,
-0.7779003381729126,
-0.13641785085201263,
-0.46730950474739075,
-0.5430448651313782,
0.5624538660049438,
-0.3695211410522461,
0.19913238286972046,
0.45348453521728516,
0.6625836491584778,
0.021333545446395874,
-0.8528485298156738,
-0.34875622391700745,
0.39785143733024597,
0.7155690789222717,
-0.12242147326469421,
-0.8251647353172302,
0.2538192868232727,
0.11837220191955566,
-0.016775837168097496,
-1.1773847341537476,
0.25804004073143005,
-0.3360174298286438,
0.28809812664985657,
-0.4879711866378784,
-0.37740713357925415,
0.8362147212028503,
-0.18104428052902222,
-0.8651857972145081,
0.07535907626152039,
-0.5732441544532776,
0.28406116366386414,
-0.6905539035797119,
-1.0454312562942505,
-0.6529975533485413,
0.127627894282341,
-4.151944160461426,
-0.48807603120803833,
-0.5655437111854553,
0.3222723603248596,
-0.684076189994812,
0.21429966390132904,
0.5741881728172302,
-0.17913933098316193,
-0.3194885849952698,
0.40619173645973206,
0.42495015263557434,
-0.5148977637290955,
0.02054232731461525,
0.8970970511436462,
1.2795538902282715,
0.4304051697254181,
0.5546575784683228,
-0.2220986932516098,
0.08841432631015778,
-0.7171435952186584,
-0.06993072479963303,
0.471591979265213,
-0.032984659075737,
0.48454853892326355,
0.6353111863136292,
0.8402529954910278,
0.3189655840396881,
0.07657399028539658,
-1.4143271446228027,
-1.1697231531143188,
0.49657851457595825,
-0.06683028489351273,
-0.3252650797367096,
0.13455842435359955,
-0.3974402844905853,
-0.08120791614055634,
0.8243944644927979,
0.7469900250434875,
0.31654199957847595,
0.07845333963632584,
0.14673037827014923,
1.1083546876907349,
-0.21222436428070068,
0.3294699192047119,
0.7233058214187622,
0.21132341027259827,
-0.7113714814186096,
0.3801313042640686,
-0.6495386958122253,
1.168264627456665,
0.3690330684185028,
-0.4214775562286377,
0.22698025405406952,
0.004356176592409611,
0.11757690459489822,
-0.3094015419483185,
0.2346380054950714,
-0.6019303798675537,
-0.4381137788295746,
1.017006516456604,
0.16553863883018494,
-0.1993229240179062,
-0.10217542201280594,
-0.31621119379997253,
-0.12356672435998917,
0.1927853226661682,
0.08995480090379715,
-0.37821874022483826,
0.15416382253170013,
0.3419281542301178,
-0.30993497371673584,
0.3207532465457916,
-0.4380947947502136,
-0.6759195923805237,
-0.350389689207077,
0.13046614825725555,
-0.8003526926040649,
-0.27039843797683716,
0.16010664403438568,
0.14899441599845886,
0.28516414761543274,
-0.3764273524284363,
0.07366504520177841,
0.7877308130264282,
0.044256992638111115,
-0.14037905633449554,
-0.5002065300941467,
0.15070027112960815,
-0.14582082629203796,
-0.34119904041290283,
-0.027555279433727264,
-0.49787530303001404,
0.11983749270439148,
0.11399663239717484,
-1.5987720489501953,
0.762222409248352,
-0.4421807527542114,
-0.7590293884277344,
-0.4456271827220917,
-0.6472750306129456,
0.6008833646774292,
-0.5007844567298889,
0.08346367627382278,
0.029670214280486107,
-0.012130022048950195,
-0.6861950159072876,
0.29724252223968506,
0.2523162066936493,
0.015469723381102085,
0.31221529841423035,
0.2208120971918106,
0.3546837568283081,
0.2329133301973343,
-1.2926279306411743,
0.9090171456336975,
-0.8597740530967712,
-0.8507052063941956,
1.2566972970962524,
-0.23111148178577423,
0.17940358817577362,
0.2980206310749054,
-0.2520292401313782,
0.39180266857147217,
-0.5489491820335388,
-0.1677376627922058,
0.08862162381410599,
0.38959699869155884,
-0.3391357660293579,
-0.08627396076917648,
1.1972899436950684,
0.10052928328514099,
0.0430278517305851,
-0.378573477268219,
-0.5682559013366699,
0.26182350516319275,
-0.09002804756164551,
-0.3859139084815979,
-0.13969378173351288,
-0.12912015616893768,
0.35741952061653137,
1.0152209997177124,
0.6457667350769043,
-0.31635716557502747,
0.11788129061460495,
-0.005700588691979647,
0.08509376645088196,
0.6564638018608093,
-0.5666325688362122,
-0.5416978597640991,
0.3277641236782074,
-0.5585504174232483,
-0.021952206268906593,
0.3875008523464203,
-0.33606454730033875,
-0.16544651985168457,
0.3063625991344452,
0.914532482624054,
0.7676094770431519,
0.9718595147132874,
0.04334212839603424,
-0.2577269375324249,
0.17542409896850586,
-0.7913201451301575,
0.6884867548942566,
1.0528690814971924,
-0.18331307172775269,
-1.0221428871154785,
-0.21903841197490692,
-0.3229609727859497,
0.39945322275161743,
-0.1923757940530777,
-0.9066686034202576,
-1.018883228302002,
0.37917184829711914,
0.0985211580991745,
-0.18043923377990723,
0.27530476450920105,
0.05048219859600067,
-0.20426833629608154,
-0.15352925658226013,
0.01640121452510357,
-0.12275829911231995,
-0.62546306848526,
0.9538336992263794,
0.3751596212387085,
-0.23291346430778503,
-0.6938492655754089,
0.4822632968425751,
-0.5090706944465637,
-0.38510677218437195,
0.6255785822868347,
-1.0825270414352417,
0.20367281138896942,
0.06408631801605225,
-0.3268679976463318,
-1.1875269412994385,
0.8219092488288879,
0.18998265266418457,
-0.40149301290512085,
-0.41057679057121277,
0.13616833090782166,
1.053996205329895,
0.16601336002349854,
0.805162787437439,
0.31359902024269104,
-0.6427625417709351,
0.5817912817001343,
0.88343346118927,
-0.6031363606452942,
0.7656491994857788,
-0.8368984460830688,
-0.791579008102417,
0.12479889392852783,
0.26304367184638977,
-0.7888937592506409,
0.36164164543151855,
0.6463744640350342,
-0.8850434422492981,
-0.6730906963348389,
0.20408642292022705,
-1.0981112718582153,
0.03150252625346184,
-0.9178701043128967,
-0.19326044619083405,
-0.65973299741745,
0.49387481808662415,
0.2749002277851105,
-0.8279498219490051,
0.5614303350448608,
-0.2535032033920288,
0.26225796341896057,
-0.014641858637332916,
0.3275815546512604,
-0.31439685821533203,
0.021004468202590942,
-0.312065988779068,
-0.19381622970104218,
0.7222850322723389,
0.38233160972595215,
0.6100667119026184,
0.8125046491622925,
0.09163527190685272,
1.3119323253631592,
-0.3677922785282135,
0.9669013023376465,
-0.527279794216156,
1.0077520608901978,
-0.3259536027908325,
-0.853721559047699,
0.8162478804588318,
-0.26533812284469604,
0.340054988861084,
-1.2832975387573242,
-0.6777589917182922,
1.386405348777771,
0.2948847711086273,
-0.15395225584506989,
0.6875770092010498,
0.6010234951972961,
0.36020755767822266,
-0.7500696778297424,
0.3308350741863251,
0.3487817943096161,
0.04780322313308716,
0.22632481157779694,
0.12422101944684982,
0.3667083978652954,
0.6662877202033997,
0.26250869035720825,
-0.28161633014678955,
-0.49083924293518066,
-0.6154652833938599,
0.3878448009490967,
0.25409552454948425,
-0.5468650460243225,
0.14997237920761108,
-0.14910952746868134,
-0.45121657848358154,
0.7055193781852722,
-0.9699965715408325,
-0.4920254349708557,
0.3662860691547394,
0.13618336617946625,
-0.9563037753105164,
0.05073440819978714,
-0.5084254741668701,
-0.9435693025588989,
0.3167899549007416,
-0.7616152763366699,
0.6048533320426941,
-0.09925578534603119,
-0.7343013286590576,
-0.8579874038696289,
0.3518674075603485,
0.31029871106147766,
-0.2051824927330017,
-0.4144766926765442,
0.15624000132083893,
-0.6720017194747925,
0.2676015794277191,
-0.39684781432151794,
1.1964377164840698,
0.10697009414434433,
0.44486498832702637,
0.42210808396339417,
0.9791566729545593,
-0.005928651429712772,
-0.24426718056201935,
-0.04142628237605095,
0.20992107689380646,
0.3509964346885681,
-0.8214466571807861,
-0.27895399928092957,
1.4318242073059082,
-0.2631416618824005,
0.7432200908660889,
1.1099766492843628,
0.11100414395332336,
0.3129037916660309,
-0.03437652066349983,
-0.28140512108802795,
-0.30666226148605347,
1.1092009544372559,
0.10913277417421341,
-0.07386568188667297,
0.8872230052947998,
0.21217194199562073,
-0.12755300104618073,
0.06180812045931816,
-0.2629412114620209,
0.12759418785572052,
0.060835618525743484,
-0.3185567259788513,
-0.1415482461452484,
-0.2932637631893158,
-0.0011201860615983605,
0.08879496157169342,
0.11913205683231354,
-0.2365417629480362,
0.16071681678295135,
0.08818874508142471,
0.8477098345756531,
-0.17458994686603546,
0.3571547269821167,
0.20903906226158142,
0.3312753438949585,
0.29832085967063904,
-0.16012506186962128,
0.7942032217979431,
-0.4792684018611908,
0.5518549084663391,
0.07401580363512039,
-0.4091174900531769,
-0.42840540409088135,
0.3091658651828766,
0.4546075761318207,
0.7574538588523865,
-0.391813188791275,
-0.4443429708480835,
0.03857934847474098,
0.3394331932067871,
-0.9361944794654846,
0.041501544415950775,
0.13105575740337372,
-0.8732172250747681,
-0.47077322006225586,
0.2990177571773529,
-0.1480814516544342,
-0.42374441027641296,
0.195638969540596,
0.6562610864639282,
-0.16135846078395844,
0.29844993352890015,
-0.5127065777778625,
0.7704142332077026,
-0.5660189986228943,
0.7322875261306763,
-0.03575563430786133,
0.2703889012336731,
1.1378711462020874,
0.01083987858146429,
0.06709647178649902,
-0.25479114055633545,
-0.14867280423641205,
-0.008165404200553894,
-0.35333016514778137,
0.04135359823703766,
-0.11093825846910477,
0.8450884819030762,
-0.4640235900878906,
0.11673130095005035,
-0.5871061086654663,
0.32261621952056885,
-0.1434597671031952,
-0.8000022768974304,
-0.5285249352455139,
-0.8533092141151428,
0.5690457224845886,
0.07359708100557327,
-0.16157841682434082,
0.4635102152824402,
0.3944583535194397,
-0.21365103125572205,
0.06841199845075607,
-0.0626271441578865,
0.8132839202880859,
-0.9040786027908325,
0.34791967272758484,
-0.2928096055984497,
0.7010349035263062,
0.47848770022392273,
-0.17621080577373505,
-0.37925437092781067,
0.6950598955154419,
0.036991529166698456,
-0.030105968937277794,
0.5300948619842529,
-0.32420873641967773,
-0.22521282732486725,
0.22482351958751678,
0.6156028509140015,
-0.40726545453071594,
0.16754432022571564,
0.1768397092819214,
0.0426989309489727,
-0.5336952209472656,
0.3083350658416748,
-0.3187636733055115,
0.058354444801807404,
0.34346872568130493,
0.009737513959407806,
-0.08946957439184189,
-0.0750095546245575,
-0.4535256624221802,
-0.19328954815864563,
0.6378918290138245,
-0.10059384256601334,
1.1056251525878906,
0.422920823097229,
-0.141495019197464,
-0.029378272593021393,
-0.5853095054626465,
0.2614460587501526,
0.46678784489631653,
-0.6216172575950623,
0.48769310116767883,
-0.8316124677658081,
-0.5209356546401978,
-0.10583201795816422,
-0.03331388160586357,
0.05110781639814377,
0.06985798478126526,
0.38115033507347107,
-0.01835368387401104,
-0.10247540473937988,
-0.252607136964798,
-0.8726349472999573,
-1.1252567768096924,
0.2413690686225891,
-0.07987049967050552
] |
247580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Lambert | Raymond Lambert | Raymond Lambert (18 October 1914 – 24 February 1997) was a Swiss mountaineer who together with Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached an altitude of 8611 metres (just 237 metres from the summit) of Mount Everest, as part of a Swiss Expedition in May 1952. At the time it was the highest point that a climber had ever reached. There was a second Swiss expedition in autumn 1952, but a party including Lambert and Tenzing was forced to turn back at a slightly lower point. The following year Tenzing returned with Edmund Hillary to reach the summit on 29 May 1953.
Early mountaineering
He was born Raymond Jules Eugene Lambert in Geneva, where he made his home for his entire life. Lambert was member to a group of elite Genevois climbers. With this group, Lambert tested his skills against French, German and Italian rivals to become the first ascenders of the hardest new climbs in the Mont Blanc Range. Second ascents of the Croz Spur on the Grandes Jorasses and the North Face of the Drus (where his name is immortalised in the Fissure Lambert) put him at the forefront of international mountaineering; however, it was one climb in particular, in 1938, that gave Lambert true legendary status: a winter ascent of the Aiguilles Diables. Caught in a violent February storm, the climbing party found themselves stranded on the summit of Mont Blanc du Tacul. Lambert was the only one capable of contacting rescue. After three days sheltering in a crevasse, all of Lambert's toes were severely frostbitten. Subsequently, all of his toes were amputated.
On Everest
For more details on Lambert's first attempt, see 1952 Swiss Mount Everest Expedition.
Within a year after the amputation, Lambert was climbing again. His mountaineering career continued through the Second World War and in 1952 he was an obvious choice for Edouard Wyss-Dunant's Genevois expedition to Everest. Tibet was now closed to foreigners but Nepal had just opened up. The previous year Eric Shipton's British-New Zealand reconnaissance had climbed the Khumbu Icefall and reached the elusive Western Cwm, proving that Everest could be climbed from Nepal. Unfortunately for the British, who had enjoyed exclusive access to the mountain for 21 years, the Nepal government gave the 1952 permit to the Swiss. Building on Shipton's experience, the Genevans reached the head of the Western Cwm and climbed the huge face above to the desolate, wind-swept plateau of the South Col. Three Swiss climbers and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay continued towards the summit, pitching a tent at 8,400m. Two returned, leaving Tenzing and Lambert, who had become firm friends, to make a summit attempt. High altitude mountaineering in 1952 was still in its infancy. Even Swiss organisation and technology were not up to the job and, apart from Tenzing, the Sherpas had little experience. Despite the best plans, Tenzing and Lambert now had to spend a night at 8,400m with no sleeping bags and no stove, producing a trickle of drinking water by melting snow over a candle. The oxygen sets were barely operable and when the two men continued in the morning, they were effectively climbing without oxygen. They struggled heroically, at times crawling on all fours, hindered by the dead weight of malfunctioning oxygen sets, finally grinding to a halt near 8595m, approximately 250m short of the summit. Assuming that George Mallory and Andrew Irvine did not reach higher in 1924, this was the highest than anyone had ever been. Lambert's extraordinary determination was further confirmed that autumn when, alone out of the spring team, he returned for the second Swiss attempt on Everest. This time he and Tenzing were driven back from the South Col by the November jet stream winds and, to the immense relief of the British team, preparing for 1953, the Swiss admitted defeat.
After Everest
Lambert returned to Nepal in 1954, trespassing across the Tibetan frontier to attempt Gaurisankar. Having failed at Gaurisankar, the expedition attempted Cho Oyu, but was turned back by high winds at about 23000 feet. Lambert returned again to Nepal in 1955 to make the first ascent with Eric Gauchat and Claude Kogan of Ganesh I (7,429m). Subsequent expeditions took him to Pakistan and South America. Then in 1959 he embarked on a completely new career and by 1963, now married with two children, he was a fully qualified glacier pilot, flying to remote and inaccessible icy areas - a vocation which brought him considerable fame until he finally stopped flying in 1987. Ten years later, aged 82, Lambert died near his home in Geneva due to complications of a lung disorder.
Honour and respect
John Hunt recalls meeting Raymond Lambert in 1953 to learn as much as he could about the Swiss attempt on Everest:
"Despite their disappointment, the Swiss were most helpful. However, Raymond told me tactfully, `Monsieur Colonel, vous aurez gros problemes', meaning, I think, that we hadn't a hope in hell."
On 26 May 1953, exactly a year after Lambert's attempt, Hunt himself photographed the skeletal remains of the tent at 8,400m. Said Hunt:
"It brought home the significance of their performance and made me force myself 50m higher up the ridge, to deposit the supplies for our final camp."
Three days later Tenzing and Hillary reached the summit. On the way home, the team stopped off at Zürich airport and met the Swiss trail-blazers again. Lord Hunt recalls:
"They offered us unreserved applause. In later years Raymond and I became close friends. He was not a demonstrative person, but the warmth of personality, once bestowed, was very precious to me."
References
External links
R.Lambert mountaineer and mountains air pilot
1914 births
1997 deaths
Swiss mountain climbers | [
-0.6090697646141052,
0.6185232400894165,
-0.11777752637863159,
0.13747204840183258,
-0.05064922571182251,
0.37364593148231506,
0.8445307612419128,
-0.28493013978004456,
-0.48101094365119934,
0.13520659506320953,
-0.006892457604408264,
0.01257359143346548,
-0.12926697731018066,
0.11545230448246002,
-0.039024583995342255,
0.15357853472232819,
0.6029525995254517,
-0.6565455198287964,
-0.3557644188404083,
-0.5287392735481262,
-0.16721804440021515,
-0.514599084854126,
0.2505587041378021,
-0.3515026569366455,
-0.2941340208053589,
0.2189306914806366,
-0.053490377962589264,
0.48638418316841125,
0.7152149081230164,
0.07991555333137512,
-0.01836591772735119,
0.4391053020954132,
0.8010804057121277,
-0.33230850100517273,
-0.36332789063453674,
0.35141363739967346,
0.3028545379638672,
0.14703021943569183,
-0.21571476757526398,
0.015245073474943638,
-0.1998872309923172,
0.31023886799812317,
-0.2903822660446167,
0.08322270959615707,
0.09673566371202469,
-0.5474364757537842,
-0.9000638127326965,
0.3408644199371338,
-0.5451837778091431,
-0.23979808390140533,
-0.26582416892051697,
0.40303364396095276,
0.31965088844299316,
0.03746828809380531,
0.535346508026123,
0.5061442255973816,
-0.7252518534660339,
-0.1680184304714203,
-0.4323979318141937,
-0.250877320766449,
0.14031818509101868,
-0.27927908301353455,
0.4072757363319397,
-0.5658972859382629,
-0.27679935097694397,
0.15703430771827698,
-0.007182380184531212,
-0.13873250782489777,
0.49188053607940674,
-0.16200560331344604,
0.3480187654495239,
0.04126990586519241,
0.24622464179992676,
0.4075956344604492,
0.21795004606246948,
-0.2744462788105011,
-0.027438480406999588,
-0.17353782057762146,
0.15752460062503815,
-0.1403532177209854,
-0.2252410650253296,
-0.39746320247650146,
0.1383272111415863,
0.5956963300704956,
-0.11249101161956787,
0.25880518555641174,
-0.23045672476291656,
0.3705678880214691,
-0.33024296164512634,
-0.03463627025485039,
-0.6776756644248962,
-0.5418922305107117,
0.5721808671951294,
0.18352937698364258,
-0.12386012822389603,
-0.41325250267982483,
-0.16424672305583954,
0.5349671840667725,
0.41074517369270325,
-0.4257164001464844,
0.40888118743896484,
0.33395877480506897,
0.2682040333747864,
0.22255901992321014,
-0.610708475112915,
-0.421775758266449,
0.03500296175479889,
-0.2890925109386444,
-0.6011301875114441,
-0.5713483691215515,
-0.8044450879096985,
-0.18786920607089996,
-0.06728158891201019,
0.10749949514865875,
0.14909565448760986,
0.35850709676742554,
0.25067442655563354,
-0.9174128770828247,
-0.24923592805862427,
-0.24875770509243011,
-0.09478562325239182,
0.6833885908126831,
-0.2688674032688141,
0.26014697551727295,
-0.1684105098247528,
0.33973363041877747,
0.1958819478750229,
0.5961381793022156,
-0.3946153521537781,
0.9045079350471497,
0.1117679700255394,
0.4087928533554077,
-0.34318313002586365,
-0.37989541888237,
0.0489446260035038,
-0.3912411630153656,
0.23582366108894348,
0.0632711872458458,
-0.5832271575927734,
0.39926794171333313,
-1.0134001970291138,
0.2455308586359024,
0.10635162144899368,
0.5338220000267029,
0.30244189500808716,
0.34298643469810486,
-0.12527619302272797,
-0.11813151836395264,
-0.02746519446372986,
-0.4534275531768799,
-0.19078584015369415,
-0.08105909079313278,
0.35019513964653015,
-0.2306203544139862,
-0.43051955103874207,
1.0551780462265015,
0.4209354817867279,
0.2630307674407959,
0.00490593072026968,
-0.22099590301513672,
0.5564203262329102,
-0.3447062373161316,
-0.02193128876388073,
0.49029532074928284,
0.9278257489204407,
-0.28896114230155945,
0.09603527188301086,
0.3615938425064087,
0.10003319382667542,
0.04861188679933548,
0.12790384888648987,
-0.17545202374458313,
-0.22573788464069366,
0.1001666784286499,
-0.46312665939331055,
0.3967321217060089,
0.07691647857427597,
0.29783007502555847,
-0.5162844061851501,
-0.1412978321313858,
-0.7780104279518127,
0.08042554557323456,
-0.30553802847862244,
-0.32749679684638977,
0.7239686250686646,
0.5228767395019531,
0.3518301248550415,
0.05220741778612137,
0.195203959941864,
-0.023970479145646095,
-0.3564540445804596,
-0.1601763665676117,
0.31346309185028076,
-0.09674690663814545,
0.7045159935951233,
-0.014262261800467968,
0.24794715642929077,
0.14435285329818726,
0.25740066170692444,
0.21201422810554504,
-0.0888662114739418,
-0.2512378692626953,
0.38990873098373413,
-0.027348341420292854,
-0.17407551407814026,
0.5391359925270081,
0.14497780799865723,
0.324441522359848,
0.3455953896045685,
0.7107992172241211,
0.23131856322288513,
-0.4567151665687561,
-0.20470717549324036,
0.5639936327934265,
-0.7012797594070435,
-0.04544391855597496,
-0.47551751136779785,
0.555108904838562,
0.41295817494392395,
-0.08693702518939972,
0.3767971992492676,
0.4676913022994995,
-0.2880815863609314,
0.36049896478652954,
0.03554297611117363,
0.9452822804450989,
0.010624872520565987,
-0.20161172747612,
0.00799783319234848,
-0.11490470916032791,
-0.2736841142177582,
0.25655117630958557,
0.8320126533508301,
0.020381567999720573,
0.33951348066329956,
0.21843059360980988,
0.05411458760499954,
-0.6808347702026367,
0.7007676959037781,
-0.7096715569496155,
0.1396053433418274,
0.00472354656085372,
-0.11655896157026291,
0.4352206289768219,
-0.05346601456403732,
0.6523293852806091,
0.15153497457504272,
0.38621893525123596,
-0.4616353213787079,
-0.20690548419952393,
0.11131329834461212,
0.5689324736595154,
-0.020712319761514664,
-0.0006141079356893897,
-0.4716712236404419,
-0.5707207918167114,
-0.1950722634792328,
-0.046132493764162064,
0.5718308091163635,
0.4848608076572418,
0.39241430163383484,
-0.2692810595035553,
0.19282613694667816,
0.18659943342208862,
-0.13182435929775238,
-1.0223604440689087,
-0.6412375569343567,
-0.657616376876831,
0.4460499882698059,
-0.30831798911094666,
-0.20393867790699005,
-0.59488844871521,
-0.6243311166763306,
0.4980373978614807,
0.12017138302326202,
-0.31872355937957764,
-0.40074244141578674,
0.4991535544395447,
-0.6393030881881714,
-0.3524755537509918,
0.3792991638183594,
0.42055219411849976,
0.36632734537124634,
-0.20511604845523834,
0.156797394156456,
0.33043423295021057,
-0.02585972286760807,
0.08626110851764679,
0.39889779686927795,
0.12285106629133224,
0.38778483867645264,
0.9087563753128052,
-0.16948175430297852,
0.22048063576221466,
-0.20092055201530457,
0.45157620310783386,
-0.4731022119522095,
0.1953587681055069,
0.37996622920036316,
0.057062823325395584,
-0.10340249538421631,
0.1506093591451645,
-0.1863100230693817,
-0.049317725002765656,
0.16047970950603485,
0.4673595428466797,
-0.14492015540599823,
-0.3798120617866516,
-5.820760250091553,
0.20798169076442719,
-0.18161465227603912,
-0.3158338665962219,
-0.950269877910614,
-0.0652274414896965,
0.14567774534225464,
-0.04604323208332062,
-0.003903408534824848,
-0.44929683208465576,
-0.08644050359725952,
-0.9259549379348755,
-0.10594955831766129,
0.33942267298698425,
0.39317217469215393,
0.4417414367198944,
0.5367650985717773,
-0.06074657663702965,
0.49360597133636475,
0.7357956767082214,
0.6234360933303833,
-0.21750086545944214,
-0.01723240315914154,
-0.04993923753499985,
-0.4608192443847656,
0.39002725481987,
0.08295358717441559,
0.2813211679458618,
-0.3988087475299835,
-0.07021205127239227,
0.19679950177669525,
-0.13218261301517487,
-0.011555050499737263,
0.24227958917617798,
-0.29857927560806274,
0.10537207126617432,
0.4065936207771301,
0.34139764308929443,
0.007946926169097424,
0.2984158992767334,
0.05946166440844536,
-0.04166780412197113,
-0.01178717240691185,
0.08207574486732483,
0.40034613013267517,
-0.14035457372665405,
-0.4147479832172394,
-0.11088299006223679,
-0.06110305339097977,
0.25312668085098267,
0.6885668635368347,
-0.27054351568222046,
0.36614570021629333,
-0.3498171269893646,
-0.3472553789615631,
-0.032042406499385834,
0.01359868235886097,
0.1620519459247589,
-0.9018574953079224,
0.6883052587509155,
-0.1541949063539505,
-0.05582791194319725,
0.3046550750732422,
-0.6200512647628784,
0.11709502339363098,
0.27051717042922974,
0.21942567825317383,
0.08697225898504257,
-0.4113626778125763,
-0.009503737092018127,
-0.10576091706752777,
0.6938731670379639,
-0.02742641791701317,
-0.7461737990379333,
-0.1979929506778717,
-0.5648335814476013,
-0.11910223215818405,
-0.3017440438270569,
-0.5291938781738281,
-0.001875721151009202,
-0.19758854806423187,
-0.1669253259897232,
0.06823776662349701,
0.3434339165687561,
0.8014289140701294,
-0.1887655109167099,
-0.3179434537887573,
0.16225695610046387,
0.3369707465171814,
0.4272967278957367,
0.23094429075717926,
-0.38600340485572815,
0.2634890079498291,
0.8353583812713623,
0.36122751235961914,
0.5599513053894043,
0.020469212904572487,
-0.1741064190864563,
0.6317645311355591,
0.09170780330896378,
-0.5197649598121643,
-0.507172167301178,
0.3589431345462799,
-0.2369716763496399,
-0.48184001445770264,
-0.0995360016822815,
-0.0019145056139677763,
0.15208706259727478,
0.6808829307556152,
0.17328409850597382,
0.19135026633739471,
0.14747971296310425,
-0.507529079914093,
0.0041521210223436356,
0.38805219531059265,
-0.3707096576690674,
0.11812859773635864,
-0.14818117022514343,
-0.07183189690113068,
-0.050811730325222015,
-0.3309759497642517,
0.42064276337623596,
-0.0987282544374466,
-0.236949160695076,
0.0013955974718555808,
-0.3024875521659851,
-0.28554585576057434,
-0.19549810886383057,
-0.12836667895317078,
0.4860239326953888,
-0.5283527374267578,
0.7045666575431824,
0.1673276126384735,
-0.30549994111061096,
0.3682907819747925,
-0.28307604789733887,
-0.03591235727071762,
-0.518907904624939,
0.054610855877399445,
-0.27435988187789917,
-0.08132653683423996,
0.24013052880764008,
-0.012392389588057995,
0.6478312611579895,
0.1540900617837906,
-0.14699237048625946,
0.2969571053981781,
-0.799862265586853,
-0.20138081908226013,
0.6226614117622375,
-0.24087761342525482,
0.12198617309331894,
0.010880792513489723,
0.08105534315109253,
-0.5380722284317017,
-0.16896478831768036,
-0.3482838571071625,
0.0018662974471226335,
0.07607487589120865,
0.36985400319099426,
0.2693603038787842,
-0.3696296215057373,
-0.9115530848503113,
-0.07391958683729172,
0.04397330805659294,
0.11468256264925003,
0.10912910103797913,
-0.5925639271736145,
-0.45887964963912964,
0.2668049931526184,
0.16130463778972626,
-0.7965478897094727,
-0.8992202877998352,
0.0003936481662094593,
-0.12265830487012863,
-0.13997244834899902,
-0.34835630655288696,
-0.41111162304878235,
-0.39456281065940857,
-0.10958368331193924,
-0.4087088406085968,
0.2532879710197449,
-0.5995179414749146,
0.11934156715869904,
0.6850135922431946,
-0.47643429040908813,
-0.6531465649604797,
-0.29536187648773193,
-0.0008500618278048933,
-0.05101819336414337,
0.2770349383354187,
-0.17755602300167084,
-0.043183334171772,
0.4956863224506378,
0.34658241271972656,
-0.5094834566116333,
-0.22010961174964905,
0.1482185423374176,
-0.1931154429912567,
0.08744175732135773,
-0.6258671879768372,
-0.45481425523757935,
0.4303613007068634,
0.25774624943733215,
0.41918155550956726,
-0.8239963054656982,
-0.04361383989453316,
0.4397846460342407,
-0.007011721841990948,
0.0005028856685385108,
-0.36885151267051697,
-0.9721958637237549,
0.230307474732399,
0.5430349111557007,
-0.20713621377944946,
0.47932907938957214,
-0.0009298367076553404,
0.12916171550750732,
-0.3345136046409607,
-0.5964327454566956,
-0.03573310747742653,
-0.0512157641351223,
-0.5689918994903564,
-0.3526651859283447,
-0.47775787115097046,
-0.08897534012794495,
0.5471219420433044,
0.35349392890930176,
0.31638094782829285,
-0.2924158573150635,
-0.4503818154335022,
-0.39135777950286865,
0.21954773366451263,
-0.11113660782575607,
-0.21378374099731445,
0.0281925518065691,
0.5553871393203735,
0.4221864342689514,
0.19762402772903442,
-0.11865495890378952,
0.27654191851615906,
1.1042859554290771,
0.3485354781150818,
-0.2821698784828186,
-0.43963563442230225,
0.09593788534402847,
0.3438204228878021,
-0.6537905931472778,
0.2826302945613861,
-0.17929072678089142,
0.0838981419801712,
-0.05641704425215721,
-0.7868026494979858,
-0.2692286968231201,
0.6976601481437683,
0.004021011292934418,
-0.5157065987586975,
-0.2959940433502197,
0.5561356544494629,
-0.004178059287369251,
0.27856558561325073,
0.7896648049354553,
0.3518190085887909,
-0.18497075140476227,
-0.12166670709848404,
0.7203956842422485,
-0.2180078774690628,
-0.4246588945388794,
-0.19214873015880585,
-0.20518295466899872,
-0.0857071578502655,
-0.9578301310539246,
-0.5382601022720337,
0.31657788157463074,
-0.42255982756614685,
0.5151075124740601,
0.14752985537052155,
0.1405632197856903,
-0.5871618390083313,
-0.12255622446537018,
-0.7834935188293457,
-0.16545014083385468,
0.4829021990299225,
0.47403082251548767,
-0.5161743760108948,
-0.2337711900472641,
-0.3238755166530609,
-0.10897303372621536,
-0.8801096677780151,
0.4759314954280853,
-0.8578777313232422,
0.40316325426101685,
-0.5568593144416809,
-0.1332268863916397,
0.5418000221252441,
0.28800779581069946,
-0.29001492261886597,
0.7269424796104431,
-0.41673627495765686,
-0.015813058242201805,
-0.22872409224510193,
0.16714642941951752,
0.6226600408554077,
-0.38944074511528015,
-0.21005773544311523,
-0.08807272464036942,
0.4662710726261139,
-1.024559736251831,
0.11284752935171127,
0.4722183346748352,
0.5277345180511475,
0.23786011338233948,
-0.25424960255622864,
0.7006296515464783,
-1.1785216331481934,
-0.004966743756085634,
0.38915762305259705,
-0.1666409969329834,
-0.14465543627738953,
0.15081125497817993,
0.39288756251335144,
0.11290838569402695,
0.6546675562858582,
0.13845999538898468,
-0.19714444875717163,
0.5581876039505005,
0.12940411269664764,
-0.563433051109314,
-0.3456265330314636,
0.5529728531837463,
0.06444601714611053,
0.07656501978635788,
-0.4232841432094574,
0.7703872323036194,
-0.17187157273292542,
-0.192597895860672,
-0.17275689542293549,
-0.8330389857292175,
-0.10185697674751282,
-0.0562562420964241,
0.025760279968380928,
0.9177679419517517,
-0.08565190434455872,
0.03571150451898575,
0.09663087129592896,
0.05947887524962425,
-0.26923829317092896,
0.14970001578330994,
0.6712475419044495,
0.1102016344666481,
0.04618081822991371,
0.0684017613530159,
-0.08225096762180328,
-0.5065609216690063,
-0.09779120981693268,
0.16823650896549225,
0.30449536442756653,
0.048539772629737854,
-0.3118319809436798,
0.3853241801261902,
0.16344057023525238,
-0.37108469009399414,
0.565582275390625,
0.04598112031817436,
-0.2075849026441574,
-0.20177625119686127,
-0.05364154651761055,
-0.7107433080673218,
0.3015389144420624,
0.6330472230911255,
0.1480063945055008,
-0.053347405046224594,
-0.12069003283977509,
0.5202150940895081,
-0.1116238459944725,
-0.17448477447032928,
0.2902388274669647,
-0.07633637636899948,
-0.028879443183541298,
-0.4591008722782135,
-0.20559296011924744,
0.06337711215019226,
-0.18584653735160828,
0.20792774856090546,
-0.462044358253479,
-0.4849332273006439,
0.19674964249134064,
0.19436365365982056,
0.1735030561685562,
-0.23667967319488525,
0.23647244274616241,
-0.3875497579574585,
-0.5884125828742981,
0.07315187156200409,
-0.06016550958156586,
0.19482997059822083,
-0.4774809181690216,
0.6129337549209595,
0.46351927518844604,
-0.2903120219707489,
-0.08956091850996017,
-0.25642091035842896,
-0.16649647057056427,
0.2692425549030304,
0.3887671232223511,
0.04980798065662384,
-0.3427389860153198,
0.005884007550776005,
-0.5533781051635742,
0.6137840151786804,
-0.048144951462745667,
-0.14168037474155426,
-0.35690993070602417,
0.5553044080734253,
0.07864833623170853,
-0.02884146198630333,
-0.028422433882951736,
0.05387995019555092,
-0.0704151839017868,
-0.41038545966148376,
-0.23684781789779663,
-0.3518739938735962,
0.08556350320577621,
0.059750091284513474,
0.09024976938962936,
0.17061761021614075,
-0.45376861095428467,
-0.12866583466529846,
-0.18102258443832397,
0.6156876683235168,
0.5334467887878418,
-0.30676591396331787,
-0.49508270621299744,
-0.06018650531768799,
-0.6061049103736877,
-0.6196169853210449,
0.9393244981765747,
0.19652970135211945,
-0.25079643726348877,
-0.6049219369888306,
0.6111148595809937,
0.08894246071577072,
0.23481053113937378,
0.2957434058189392,
0.14031368494033813,
0.4368402063846588,
0.2948170304298401,
-0.06766481697559357,
-0.5336475968360901,
0.3079015016555786,
-0.14006412029266357,
0.2578277289867401,
0.4222733676433563,
-1.265242338180542,
0.29332661628723145,
-0.22299064695835114,
0.08143173158168793,
-0.07862129807472229,
0.40393683314323425,
-0.3492187559604645
] |
247582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume%20Cronyn | Hume Cronyn | Hume Blake Cronyn Jr., OC (July 18, 1911 – June 15, 2003) was a Canadian stage and screen actor and writer, who enjoyed a long career, often appearing professionally alongside Jessica Tandy, his wife of over fifty years.
Early life
Cronyn, one of five children, was born in London, Ontario, Canada. His father, Hume Blake Cronyn, Sr., was a businessman and a Member of Parliament for London (after whom the Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory at Western University, then known as The University of Western Ontario and asteroid (12050) Humecronyn are named). His mother, Frances Amelia (née Labatt), was an heiress of the brewing company of the same name; as the daughter of John Labatt and the granddaughter of John Kinder Labatt. Cronyn's paternal great-grandfather, Right Reverend Benjamin Cronyn, an Anglican cleric of the Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy, served as the first bishop of the Anglican diocese of Huron and founded Huron College, from which grew the University of Western Ontario.
His great-uncle, Benjamin, Jr., was both a prominent citizen and early mayor of London, Ontario, but was later indicted for fraud and fled to Vermont; during his tenure in London he built a mansion called Oakwood, which currently serves as the head office of the Info-Tech Research Group. Cronyn was also a cousin of Canadian-born theater producer, Robert Whitehead, and a first cousin of the Canadian-British artist Hugh Verschoyle Cronyn GM (1905–1996).
Cronyn was the first Elmwood School boarder in Ottawa (at the time Elmwood was called Rockliffe Preparatory School) and boarded at Elmwood between 1917 and 1921. After leaving Elmwood, Cronyn went to Ridley College in St. Catharines, and McGill University in Montreal, where he became a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. Early in life, Cronyn was an amateur featherweight boxer, having the skills to be nominated for Canada's 1932 Olympic Boxing team.
Career
Subsequent to graduating from Ridley College, Cronyn switched majors, from pre-law to drama, while attending McGill University, and continued his acting studies thereafter, under Max Reinhardt and at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. In 1934, the same year he joined The Lambs, he made his Broadway debut as a janitor in Hipper's Holiday and became known for his versatility, playing a number of different roles on stage. He won a Drama Desk Special Award in 1986. In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.
His first Hollywood film was Alfred Hitchcock's Shadow of a Doubt (1943). He later appeared in Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944) and worked on the screenplays of Rope (1948) and Under Capricorn (1949). He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Seventh Cross (1944) and won a Tony Award for his performance as Polonius opposite Richard Burton's Hamlet (1964). Cronyn bought the screenplay What Nancy Wanted from Norma Barzman, who was later blacklisted with her husband Ben Barzman, with the idea of producing the film and starring Tandy. However, he sold the screenplay to RKO which later filmed it as The Locket (1946). Cronyn also made appearances in television, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode "Kill With Kindness" (1956) and Hawaii Five-O episodes "Over Fifty? Steal" (1970) and "Odd Man In" (1971).
Cronyn had an association with the Stratford Festival as a member of both the acting company and its board of governors. He played Shylock in The Merchant of Venice in 1976, and debuted his play Foxfire in 1980. The play would later move to Broadway (and won Tandy a Best Actress Tony award), and a film version was made in 1987.
In 1990 he won an Emmy award for his role in the TV Movie Age Old Friends.
Marriages and family
Cronyn's first marriage was to the philanthropist Emily Woodruff in late 1934 or early 1935. They shared a "lavender marriage" and never lived together. Woodruff insisted that the marriage remain a secret because of her lesbian relationships. They quietly divorced in 1936.
Cronyn married the actress Jessica Tandy in 1942, and appeared with her in many of their more memorable dramatic stage, film and television outings, including The Green Years (1946), The Seventh Cross (1944), The Gin Game (1977), Foxfire (1987), Cocoon (1985), *batteries not included (1987), Cocoon: The Return (1988), To Dance with the White Dog (1993) and Camilla (1994).
The couple starred in a short-lived (1953–1954) radio series, The Marriage (based on their earlier Broadway play, The Fourposter), playing New York attorney Ben Marriott and his wife, former fashion buyer Liz, struggling with her switch to domestic life and their raising an awkward teenage daughter (future soap opera star Denise Alexander). The show was scheduled to move from radio to television, with Cronyn producing as well as acting in the show. However, Tandy suffered a miscarriage and the show's debut was delayed a week. The series, which was the first situation comedy broadcast in color, premiered in July 1954 to "warm and enthusiastic reviews"; eight episodes were aired.
The couple had a daughter, Tandy, and a son, Christopher. Cronyn and Tandy lived in the Bahamas, then at a lakeside estate in Pound Ridge, New York, and, finally, in Easton, Connecticut. Jessica Tandy died in 1994, aged 85, from ovarian cancer.
After he was widowed, Cronyn married author/playwright Susan Cooper (with whom he had co-written Foxfire) in July 1996. His 1991 autobiography, which covered his life and career up to the mid-1960s, was titled A Terrible Liar (). His intention to write a second volume never materialized. Cronyn died on June 15, 2003, from prostate cancer, one month before his 92nd birthday.
Honours
In 1979, Cronyn was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. On July 11, 1988, he was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada, giving him the post nominal letters "OC" for life.
Cronyn was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 1999. He also received the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992 and the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002.
He was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LLD) by the University of Western Ontario on October 26, 1974. His wife, Jessica Tandy, was given the same degree on the same day.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
Hipper's Holiday – 1934
High Tor – 1937
There's Always a Breeze – 1938
Escape This Night – 1938
Off to Buffalo – 1939
Three Sisters – 1939
The Weak Link – 1940
Retreat to Pleasure – 1940
Mr. Big – 1941
Portrait of a Madonna – 1946 (Director)
The Survivors – 1948
Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep – 1950
Hilda Crane – 1950
The Little Blue Light – 1951
The Fourposter – 1951
The Honeys – 1955
A Day by the Sea – 1955
The Egghead – 1957
The Man in the Dog Suit – 1958
Triple Play – 1959
Big Fish, Little Fish – 1961
Hamlet – 1964 (Tony Award for role of Polonius)
The Physicists – 1964
Slow Dance on the Killing Ground – 1964
A Delicate Balance – 1966
Promenade, All! – 1972
Noël Coward in Two Keys – 1974
The Gin Game – 1977 (performed, produced)
Foxfire – 1982 (performed, wrote play and lyrics)
The Petition – 1986
Radio appearances
References
External links
Hume Cronyn at Virtual History
Order of Canada Citation
Hume Cronyn – Internet Accuracy Project
Katharine Cronyn Harley fonds (R11163) at Library and Archives Canada. The fonds includes many records related to Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy.
1911 births
2003 deaths
Canadian male film actors
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian male stage actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Irish descent
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
McGill University alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
Male actors from London, Ontario
Deaths from prostate cancer
Tony Award winners
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
20th-century Canadian male actors
People with acquired American citizenship
People from Pound Ridge, New York
People from Easton, Connecticut
Special Tony Award recipients | [
-0.2929362952709198,
0.6733468770980835,
-0.09876786172389984,
-0.5439223647117615,
-0.4823923110961914,
0.4694260358810425,
0.42103320360183716,
0.42693522572517395,
-0.028317609801888466,
-0.05440317839384079,
-0.32581812143325806,
0.2372758537530899,
-0.13134677708148956,
0.6515485048294067,
0.3170177638530731,
0.19754193723201752,
-0.06513454020023346,
0.9319743514060974,
-0.14362472295761108,
-0.42551833391189575,
-0.0261521115899086,
-0.32192617654800415,
0.1182992085814476,
-0.23291198909282684,
-0.116071417927742,
0.08415674418210983,
0.24836225807666779,
-0.27965614199638367,
-0.16751842200756073,
-0.07468303292989731,
0.1782851219177246,
0.8069943785667419,
0.04846356809139252,
-0.574521005153656,
-0.17614716291427612,
-0.3408847749233246,
0.36673834919929504,
-0.08883051574230194,
0.4855802655220032,
0.01563912071287632,
0.04919895529747009,
0.2602512836456299,
0.2739490270614624,
0.08701260387897491,
-0.09733863919973373,
-0.10535087436437607,
-1.9474657773971558,
0.31383228302001953,
-0.8590220212936401,
-0.4999660849571228,
0.015713399276137352,
0.12341304123401642,
0.608339786529541,
0.518438994884491,
-0.05275638774037361,
0.7733550071716309,
-0.5712250471115112,
-0.086675263941288,
0.7220401167869568,
0.04002382978796959,
0.1935954988002777,
0.3583986759185791,
0.18225452303886414,
0.1402468979358673,
-0.13072632253170013,
0.6035791635513306,
-0.008637038059532642,
0.2876818776130676,
-0.3915228247642517,
0.5453020930290222,
-0.3700549304485321,
-0.17727574706077576,
0.6552552580833435,
0.01844269596040249,
-0.544528603553772,
0.23427033424377441,
0.0009226914262399077,
0.5218209624290466,
-0.050871722400188446,
-0.6440801620483398,
-0.3375631272792816,
-0.3586016297340393,
0.20528921484947205,
0.5057083964347839,
0.19382239878177643,
0.19142380356788635,
-0.26406776905059814,
-0.26141929626464844,
0.3689994215965271,
0.3074961006641388,
-1.0606759786605835,
0.05525816231966019,
-0.08938656002283096,
0.17641037702560425,
0.3364708125591278,
-0.5022537708282471,
0.34867119789123535,
0.09877992421388626,
0.10946829617023468,
0.07685326784849167,
0.09888000786304474,
0.6271907091140747,
0.46931222081184387,
-0.5264407396316528,
-0.2654828131198883,
0.5279332995414734,
-0.7515622973442078,
-0.5498172640800476,
0.4890226125717163,
-1.451258659362793,
-0.5001940727233887,
0.21478775143623352,
-0.07010582089424133,
0.08486693352460861,
0.07885385304689407,
0.34989556670188904,
0.690000057220459,
-0.17228823900222778,
-0.2707328200340271,
-0.02968897484242916,
-0.06319300830364227,
1.2421575784683228,
-0.6441807746887207,
-0.014871052466332912,
-0.3361469507217407,
0.4915911853313446,
0.41868162155151367,
-0.20246540009975433,
0.2663845121860504,
0.4949193596839905,
0.10104905813932419,
1.0775343179702759,
-0.6169789433479309,
-0.36384978890419006,
-0.5248042941093445,
-0.5210397243499756,
0.9925577044487,
0.5154821276664734,
0.4887886047363281,
0.1511743664741516,
-0.47957032918930054,
-0.6097196340560913,
-2.049996852874756,
-0.34310370683670044,
0.8523767590522766,
0.5174961090087891,
-0.3420444428920746,
0.1650516837835312,
0.3451445400714874,
0.71575528383255,
-0.01531123835593462,
-0.3675614297389984,
-0.013653679750859737,
0.026266321539878845,
-0.31523990631103516,
0.3765294551849365,
0.6199854612350464,
-0.14875826239585876,
0.36572787165641785,
0.8295401334762573,
0.26721104979515076,
-0.2448202669620514,
-0.09607711434364319,
0.08333925902843475,
-0.045046258717775345,
0.5447298288345337,
0.14798873662948608,
-0.12099107354879379,
0.14909009635448456,
0.31013810634613037,
-0.3149198293685913,
0.12005072087049484,
0.4085647463798523,
-1.0521650314331055,
1.0923643112182617,
0.619095504283905,
-0.10858548432588577,
0.31459373235702515,
-0.038984548300504684,
-0.7462682723999023,
-0.6184344291687012,
-0.23920537531375885,
-0.024178657680749893,
-0.10861018300056458,
0.3756370544433594,
0.1715632677078247,
0.4730601906776428,
-0.3651460111141205,
-0.052008576691150665,
0.9172269105911255,
-0.26507511734962463,
-0.43497395515441895,
0.30083319544792175,
-0.49815821647644043,
1.0342822074890137,
0.3613170385360718,
0.2095036506652832,
0.5887904167175293,
0.5707451105117798,
1.047655463218689,
-0.19086892902851105,
0.04363830387592316,
-0.13043761253356934,
0.0008129419293254614,
-0.5204189419746399,
2.6627230644226074,
0.33361175656318665,
0.059678222984075546,
0.48169684410095215,
0.7833549976348877,
0.500304639339447,
-0.5216813087463379,
-0.43178272247314453,
-0.2950591742992401,
-0.06632784008979797,
-0.381855845451355,
0.41864797472953796,
-0.2648604214191437,
-0.5103704929351807,
-0.22835193574428558,
0.2286624163389206,
0.174286350607872,
0.4430288076400757,
0.6040444374084473,
-0.4904394745826721,
0.9625704288482666,
-0.31932657957077026,
-0.006314367055892944,
-0.49198535084724426,
-0.837628185749054,
0.27489998936653137,
-0.18219739198684692,
-0.10277947038412094,
-0.38380101323127747,
0.11750499159097672,
-0.5325044989585876,
-0.07371894270181656,
-0.3494475781917572,
-0.1415773332118988,
0.3344496488571167,
0.4594516456127167,
0.11453726142644882,
-0.5958800315856934,
0.5347895622253418,
-0.9173907041549683,
0.561090886592865,
-0.10277042537927628,
0.16846662759780884,
0.5320069193840027,
-0.008825638331472874,
0.49054208397865295,
0.016342712566256523,
0.10182563960552216,
-0.4834473133087158,
0.21807405352592468,
0.24323293566703796,
-0.2838548421859741,
0.33360162377357483,
-0.09388799220323563,
-0.1728457510471344,
-0.6032152771949768,
0.4458063244819641,
0.09720329940319061,
0.17358027398586273,
-0.4363076686859131,
-0.5919515490531921,
-0.1638202667236328,
-0.9000033736228943,
0.3570035398006439,
-0.652640700340271,
-0.006159838289022446,
-0.6102529764175415,
-0.14351512491703033,
-2.231034278869629,
0.5532524585723877,
0.6340094804763794,
-0.26503095030784607,
0.24515241384506226,
-0.8712537884712219,
-0.1782667189836502,
0.25570160150527954,
0.8315977454185486,
-0.6245914101600647,
0.2185271680355072,
-0.5791206359863281,
0.1723843812942505,
-0.0988544151186943,
-0.15688468515872955,
0.21083304286003113,
-0.12517258524894714,
0.23985692858695984,
-0.16231048107147217,
-0.31061628460884094,
0.3504038453102112,
-0.11691896617412567,
0.5816230773925781,
0.005535391625016928,
-0.3466838002204895,
0.2954244315624237,
-0.2614544630050659,
0.09951107203960419,
0.4851105213165283,
-0.7660625576972961,
-0.05013475939631462,
0.5632616877555847,
-0.020493607968091965,
-0.4240962266921997,
-0.1064368411898613,
-3.7744648456573486,
-0.027359547093510628,
-0.2845953106880188,
-0.170368954539299,
0.6553819179534912,
-0.2864575684070587,
0.8625583052635193,
-0.4565329849720001,
-0.5458542108535767,
-0.07561852782964706,
0.33953678607940674,
-0.22411952912807465,
0.317884624004364,
0.7236295938491821,
0.4624451696872711,
0.5401076674461365,
0.5956920385360718,
-0.3307248055934906,
0.5811043977737427,
0.00027054661768488586,
-0.5369923710823059,
0.23376037180423737,
-0.2658488154411316,
-0.041272059082984924,
0.6111453175544739,
0.3236096501350403,
0.12803484499454498,
-0.01728466898202896,
-0.6968445777893066,
0.1505608856678009,
-0.3661048412322998,
-0.030077923089265823,
-0.047381654381752014,
-0.13259638845920563,
-0.8526208400726318,
-0.31962132453918457,
0.11201461404561996,
0.15357084572315216,
0.49713754653930664,
0.04306633025407791,
-0.22825166583061218,
0.9692466259002686,
-0.00417321315035224,
0.9566847681999207,
0.3347155749797821,
-0.07095477730035782,
-0.9605990648269653,
0.010030112229287624,
-0.09793655574321747,
0.3692973852157593,
-0.4919157922267914,
0.5024771690368652,
1.3578672409057617,
0.1098504438996315,
0.03153378888964653,
-0.13919979333877563,
0.7897871136665344,
-0.8266839981079102,
-0.7892058491706848,
0.03698878362774849,
0.511135995388031,
-0.18468013405799866,
0.4302336871623993,
-0.08766566962003708,
0.10694721341133118,
-0.8132471442222595,
0.18896490335464478,
-0.3369123041629791,
0.03041050024330616,
-0.17057479918003082,
-0.23960468173027039,
0.4198403060436249,
-0.15684570372104645,
-0.9711756110191345,
0.28062084317207336,
0.014768424443900585,
-0.34267809987068176,
0.45544081926345825,
0.436838299036026,
-0.32985275983810425,
0.11147334426641464,
-0.11695028096437454,
-0.9323880672454834,
1.0246706008911133,
0.15726956725120544,
-0.0047146319411695,
-0.2958865165710449,
0.23210909962654114,
-0.7571389675140381,
-0.1901545375585556,
-0.0656767189502716,
0.014295312575995922,
-0.23395884037017822,
0.43989241123199463,
0.08110687881708145,
0.10771377384662628,
0.5265907049179077,
-0.15954247117042542,
0.5029003024101257,
-0.37727272510528564,
-0.17622727155685425,
-0.792567253112793,
-0.5705710649490356,
-0.6790546178817749,
-0.37322357296943665,
-0.2946411073207855,
0.13071756064891815,
0.33018413186073303,
0.005396194756031036,
-0.0005821328959427774,
-0.22835998237133026,
-0.35079243779182434,
-0.5201858282089233,
0.5738413333892822,
0.5487700700759888,
-0.1131567507982254,
-0.4980206787586212,
0.38667410612106323,
0.39084047079086304,
1.002397894859314,
0.3830558657646179,
0.47433140873908997,
0.12352254986763,
0.4205279052257538,
-0.5030933618545532,
-0.5988560914993286,
0.42964354157447815,
-0.49343863129615784,
-0.555425763130188,
-0.4959021508693695,
0.06630212068557739,
0.11152682453393936,
-0.0655006691813469,
-0.5906157493591309,
0.1495802402496338,
-0.6044152975082397,
-0.424872487783432,
0.2511539161205292,
-0.1316646784543991,
-0.3860441744327545,
0.15647916495800018,
-0.27533626556396484,
-0.500863254070282,
0.3176921606063843,
0.20116542279720306,
0.29558905959129333,
0.14189155399799347,
-0.025553764775395393,
-0.7750020623207092,
0.2850257456302643,
-0.3660055100917816,
-0.9280332922935486,
0.2940569519996643,
-1.0344479084014893,
-0.11383500695228577,
-0.05059404298663139,
-0.7014519572257996,
0.20677050948143005,
-0.47200411558151245,
0.12688247859477997,
-0.3646833002567291,
0.17274554073810577,
-0.42033958435058594,
0.7033647894859314,
0.5287331342697144,
-0.5425974130630493,
-0.21181248128414154,
-0.27873748540878296,
-0.8710268139839172,
0.6119517087936401,
-0.24439415335655212,
0.4091102182865143,
-0.6023862957954407,
-0.402409166097641,
0.36552372574806213,
0.012556995265185833,
0.20752018690109253,
0.2622421383857727,
0.4160303771495819,
-0.11288470774888992,
0.1397358924150467,
0.448801189661026,
-0.24987664818763733,
1.0479120016098022,
0.4649258553981781,
-0.7138696312904358,
-0.30937933921813965,
0.014239891432225704,
-0.16186362504959106,
0.06926906108856201,
0.12363794445991516,
0.4582156538963318,
0.8117485046386719,
-0.030292408540844917,
-0.8080272674560547,
-0.685235857963562,
0.6507177352905273,
-0.04732340946793556,
0.02587573416531086,
-0.5628987550735474,
0.7249882221221924,
1.119342565536499,
-0.3060409724712372,
0.577937126159668,
0.02871273271739483,
-0.7342305183410645,
-0.24738460779190063,
0.032033521682024,
-0.5116666555404663,
0.9652131795883179,
0.32758983969688416,
-0.3660891652107239,
0.2878877520561218,
0.4053686559200287,
0.133091002702713,
-0.8917977213859558,
0.6318283081054688,
0.36189448833465576,
-0.6600837707519531,
-0.383267343044281,
0.18328239023685455,
-0.7184603810310364,
-0.19519838690757751,
-0.3923766613006592,
-0.6673123240470886,
0.4062407910823822,
0.004606951959431171,
-0.7485167980194092,
0.6580201983451843,
-0.3307182788848877,
-0.5750725865364075,
-0.07931093126535416,
0.9693829417228699,
0.8025721907615662,
-0.15979015827178955,
0.26679280400276184,
-0.4579874873161316,
0.6026346683502197,
-0.6189766526222229,
0.1230519562959671,
0.42739513516426086,
0.4695206582546234,
0.7999615669250488,
-0.9066401124000549,
-1.0749051570892334,
0.11185746639966965,
0.048558395355939865,
0.12402383238077164,
-0.378516286611557,
0.28307661414146423,
0.19171278178691864,
-0.32535994052886963,
-0.6847518682479858,
-0.7065585255622864,
0.5347832441329956,
-0.37848347425460815,
0.30245569348335266,
0.015650976449251175,
0.15053512156009674,
0.04314902797341347,
-0.44091692566871643,
-0.17251482605934143,
-0.25215786695480347,
0.4905294179916382,
-0.058966014534235,
0.21840433776378632,
0.3014633059501648,
-0.1569432020187378,
0.11940664052963257,
-0.10709486156702042,
-0.29623880982398987,
-0.5088069438934326,
0.05980914458632469,
0.17886078357696533,
-0.40211930871009827,
-0.6097002625465393,
0.6768900752067566,
-0.5253305435180664,
-0.14824259281158447,
-0.8302445411682129,
1.0811306238174438,
0.24154655635356903,
0.27793532609939575,
-0.6281961798667908,
-0.013446302153170109,
-0.9228687286376953,
-0.6697283387184143,
-0.5214438438415527,
-0.582932710647583,
-0.23572711646556854,
-0.5220072269439697,
-0.2312203049659729,
-0.21387338638305664,
0.7750980854034424,
-0.13463462889194489,
0.365363746881485,
-0.9193077683448792,
-0.15168879926204681,
-0.64989173412323,
0.6260133385658264,
-0.794110894203186,
0.7538266777992249,
0.38978737592697144,
0.14163987338542938,
0.8532701134681702,
0.43171417713165283,
-0.2517739534378052,
-0.6989234685897827,
0.2635413408279419,
-0.5778427124023438,
0.25616708397865295,
0.4080469012260437,
0.05065612867474556,
0.637776792049408,
-0.6194658279418945,
-0.14382225275039673,
0.6945968270301819,
-0.8750704526901245,
-0.16937820613384247,
0.6326520442962646,
-0.18851064145565033,
-0.6618237495422363,
0.5470710396766663,
0.22769522666931152,
0.4555325210094452,
0.5680078268051147,
-0.2906605303287506,
-0.3163742125034332,
0.6008559465408325,
-0.08242504298686981,
-0.18612636625766754,
-0.011149894446134567,
-0.88792884349823,
0.34147024154663086,
-0.1769402027130127,
-0.19923031330108643,
-0.02709544263780117,
-0.9203717708587646,
-0.08799194544553757,
1.032583236694336,
0.3449493944644928,
0.6230717301368713,
0.03323689475655556,
-0.32034215331077576,
-0.29922282695770264,
0.2535947561264038,
-0.23934613168239594,
0.9558293223381042,
-0.10238788276910782,
0.09946753829717636,
1.046833872795105,
0.3652135133743286,
0.3279252052307129,
-0.8189491629600525,
-0.040099162608385086,
0.10801805555820465,
0.29034706950187683,
-0.029345016926527023,
-0.4014640152454376,
-2.169672966003418,
-0.012260799296200275,
-0.3013545274734497,
0.37189337611198425,
-0.06405999511480331,
0.1379256248474121,
-0.6134277582168579,
-0.034722886979579926,
0.027184583246707916,
-0.010518751107156277,
0.5474064946174622,
0.4980769455432892,
-0.16945725679397583,
-0.029410282149910927,
0.35184431076049805,
0.5145561695098877,
-0.1527744084596634,
0.28329145908355713,
-0.5992304086685181,
0.12896516919136047,
0.2906607389450073,
-0.03940041735768318,
0.1644509732723236,
-0.20515526831150055,
0.07658056169748306,
0.3686423897743225,
0.09994668513536453,
-0.47533735632896423,
0.43586331605911255,
0.06624817103147507,
-0.3024502694606781,
0.5436075925827026,
-0.36668160557746887,
-0.5346816778182983,
0.7909398078918457,
-0.6344131827354431,
0.22311922907829285,
-0.7768160104751587,
0.35034826397895813,
0.062456388026475906,
-0.44426149129867554,
-0.04494398459792137,
0.7729691863059998,
0.19825106859207153,
0.2741968035697937,
-0.09476792067289352,
0.0022389390505850315,
-0.5609336495399475,
0.5602439641952515,
-0.6769198179244995,
0.16713695228099823,
-0.3396740257740021,
0.1334778517484665,
-0.24851790070533752,
0.3302942216396332,
0.2367669939994812,
0.2825551927089691,
0.052484940737485886,
0.1382485181093216,
-0.47300225496292114,
-0.11462689191102982,
-0.15071368217468262,
0.10640811920166016,
0.23693841695785522,
0.3684578537940979,
-0.2625482976436615,
-0.3532424569129944,
0.2507535517215729,
0.22020398080348969,
0.29934075474739075,
-0.00326136383228004,
-0.20454087853431702,
0.1067328229546547,
0.1298714429140091,
-0.2763064205646515,
0.37380626797676086,
0.13702978193759918,
0.3815509080886841,
0.7333727478981018,
0.44539278745651245,
0.3586856424808502,
-0.4248485565185547,
-0.3282158076763153,
0.7674905061721802,
0.1510130912065506,
-4.932156085968018,
-0.4302392899990082,
-0.30297166109085083,
-0.9396551251411438,
0.08406136184930801,
0.17518095672130585,
0.5754084587097168,
-0.07442229986190796,
-0.2004512995481491,
-0.23345273733139038,
0.509951114654541,
-0.3500020205974579,
-0.5113098621368408,
-0.7214778065681458,
0.26926520466804504,
0.3806164264678955
] |
247585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Lending%20Right | Public Lending Right | A Public Lending Right (PLR) is a program intended to either compensate authors for the potential loss of sales from their works being available in public libraries or as a governmental support of the arts, through support of works available in public libraries, such as books, music and artwork.
Thirty-five countries have a PLR program, and others are considering adopting one. Canada, the United Kingdom, all the Scandinavian countries, Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Israel, Australia, Malta and New Zealand currently have PLR programmes. There is ongoing debate in France about implementing one. There is also a move towards having a Europe-wide PLR programme administered by the European Union.
In the United States the Authors Guild began a campaign in support of the PLR in 2018.
The first PLR programme was initiated in Denmark in 1941. However, it was not properly implemented until 1946 due to World War II. The idea spread slowly from country to country and many nations' PLR programs are quite recent developments.
National variations
PLR programmes vary from country to country. Some, like Germany and the Netherlands, have linked PLR to copyright legislation and have made libraries liable to pay authors for every book in their collection. Other countries do not connect PLR to copyright. For a nation like Canada or Australia the majority of funds would be going to authors outside the country, much of it to the United States, which is unpalatable to those nations.
In Denmark, the current programme is considered a type of governmental support of the arts, not reimbursement of potential lost sales. Types of works supported are books, music, and visual artworks, created and published in Denmark, and available in public and school libraries.
Payments
How amounts of payment are determined also varies from country to country. Some pay based on how many times a book has been taken out of a library, others use a simpler system of payment based simply on whether a library owns a book or not.
The amount of payments is also variable. The amount any one author can receive is never very considerable. In Canada for instance the payment, which is based on the following equation: Payment per title = Hit Rate (C$63.97 for 2021–21) x # libraries where title is found x % share x time adjusted, has a maximum of C$4,500 (in 2021) for any one author in a year. In the United Kingdom authors are paid on a per-loan basis calculated from a representative sample of libraries. The current rate is 8.52 pence per individual loan.
Eligibility criteria
Different countries also have differing eligibility criteria. In most nations only published works are accepted, government publications are rarely counted, nor are bibliographies or dictionaries. Some PLR services are mandated solely to fund literary works of fiction, and some such as Norway, have a sliding scale paying far less to non-fiction works. Many nations also exclude scholarly and academic texts.
EU directive
Within the European Union, the public lending right is regulated since November 1992 by directive 92/100/EEC on rental right and lending right. A report in 2002 from the European Commission pointed out that many member countries had failed to implement this directive correctly.
The PLR directive has met with resistance from the side of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). The IFLA has stated that the principles of 'lending right' can jeopardize free access to the services of publicly accessible libraries, which is the citizen's human right. The PLR directive and its implementation in public libraries is rejected by a number of European authors, including Nobel Laureates Dario Fo and José Saramago. Conversely, more than 3000 authors signed a petition opposing PLR cuts in 2010.
References
External links
PLR International Network website
An update (2002) on the international situation by Jim Parker (UK PLR Offices, Stockton-on-Tees, UK)
Australian authors 'compensated' for library circulation
Public Lending Right Commission of Canada Website
Authors join forces to defend public lending right
Intellectual property law
Library science | [
0.38508233428001404,
0.1943199336528778,
-0.06240634620189667,
0.5449379086494446,
0.01173765305429697,
-0.02746853046119213,
-0.3909592926502228,
0.2910749912261963,
-0.4084058403968811,
0.06453059613704681,
-0.3544754385948181,
0.6371784806251526,
0.22476984560489655,
0.2978590428829193,
-0.14810460805892944,
-0.0807451531291008,
0.4049608111381531,
0.28747209906578064,
0.2121892124414444,
-0.09197470545768738,
-0.6729847192764282,
0.08124661445617676,
-0.055488742887973785,
-0.2854173183441162,
0.539976179599762,
-0.03600016236305237,
0.5380703806877136,
-0.13727761805057526,
-0.865104615688324,
-0.0573577918112278,
0.42939072847366333,
0.41452959179878235,
0.20135697722434998,
-0.2858615517616272,
0.22142170369625092,
-0.06111626699566841,
-0.17461247742176056,
-0.9117624163627625,
-0.44747719168663025,
-0.7102226614952087,
0.4624681770801544,
0.1417008340358734,
0.06657789647579193,
0.27701854705810547,
-0.31226736307144165,
-0.08096206188201904,
-1.3654111623764038,
0.23043940961360931,
-0.6225119233131409,
-0.16731898486614227,
-0.6517146825790405,
0.21741248667240143,
-0.21277201175689697,
0.47323352098464966,
0.3138370215892792,
0.7266702055931091,
-0.4043966829776764,
-0.26232200860977173,
0.043457578867673874,
-0.692591667175293,
0.7761406898498535,
-0.3824165463447571,
0.2342144101858139,
0.3488808870315552,
0.6205371022224426,
0.03529401868581772,
0.1573677510023117,
0.49605169892311096,
-0.2975024878978729,
-0.6456708312034607,
-0.5614224672317505,
-0.13064074516296387,
-0.4023497998714447,
0.06744637340307236,
-0.4879647195339203,
0.2736298441886902,
0.561301589012146,
-0.23628245294094086,
-0.028112059459090233,
-0.3319876492023468,
-0.01008159015327692,
1.1646684408187866,
0.22831961512565613,
-0.21246321499347687,
0.21264201402664185,
-0.2841259837150574,
-0.6273588538169861,
0.0007420696201734245,
0.038141585886478424,
0.05616273730993271,
0.18743367493152618,
-0.17648565769195557,
0.3778451383113861,
-0.2539255619049072,
0.04799360781908035,
-0.09955132752656937,
0.3387742340564728,
-0.13538432121276855,
0.3100961446762085,
0.17986449599266052,
-0.32731178402900696,
-0.4598007798194885,
0.14322951436042786,
0.06905435770750046,
-0.22246913611888885,
0.38770490884780884,
0.18800021708011627,
-0.14275911450386047,
0.3867643475532532,
0.10425278544425964,
0.2463720142841339,
0.4730307459831238,
-0.2883627414703369,
-0.05843396484851837,
-0.08982892334461212,
0.17418356239795685,
0.3477458655834198,
0.19697165489196777,
-0.6478146910667419,
0.12689529359340668,
0.26476818323135376,
0.5049952864646912,
0.28144168853759766,
-0.262832373380661,
0.1448017656803131,
-0.07440070807933807,
0.4885190427303314,
0.4050500690937042,
-0.636684775352478,
-0.1272411197423935,
0.5710563659667969,
0.6116713285446167,
-0.09935283660888672,
-0.32662537693977356,
0.06757538765668869,
-0.020902717486023903,
-0.1069280356168747,
-0.02221834659576416,
0.5624492764472961,
-0.085135318338871,
-0.18759062886238098,
-0.302886039018631,
-0.653351902961731,
-0.6164969801902771,
0.15381740033626556,
-0.2792333662509918,
0.658996045589447,
0.14928387105464935,
-0.5510353446006775,
-0.019347237423062325,
0.653536319732666,
0.3121229410171509,
-0.18677695095539093,
0.26088955998420715,
-0.15297356247901917,
-0.008390391245484352,
0.6481863856315613,
-0.027665508911013603,
-0.18730679154396057,
0.5889396667480469,
0.4293712079524994,
0.05678839236497879,
-0.5639370083808899,
-0.2433653473854065,
-0.3939415216445923,
-0.2875017523765564,
-0.5811572670936584,
0.5965514183044434,
0.3575666546821594,
-0.371239572763443,
-0.3101496398448944,
0.3891156315803528,
0.07473079115152359,
-0.774307370185852,
0.18776048719882965,
0.163476824760437,
-0.12313585728406906,
-0.0807064101099968,
0.5479962825775146,
0.16677255928516388,
-0.5628747344017029,
0.5125754475593567,
-0.05233590677380562,
0.057349178940057755,
-0.261223703622818,
-0.4227493107318878,
0.33500969409942627,
0.17305539548397064,
0.6031056046485901,
-0.4910464584827423,
-0.7422654628753662,
-0.6290122270584106,
0.11074350774288177,
-0.4680466055870056,
1.170145034790039,
0.19576288759708405,
-0.21370376646518707,
1.344595193862915,
0.08002270013093948,
-0.1771772801876068,
-0.20577339828014374,
0.2590755224227905,
0.27957388758659363,
-0.3953480124473572,
-1.0627105236053467,
-0.07375945150852203,
0.4456745684146881,
0.02349044941365719,
0.005152370780706406,
-0.17289458215236664,
0.659573495388031,
0.005247591994702816,
0.31689491868019104,
-0.2596595287322998,
-0.030502622947096825,
-0.08640608936548233,
-0.4094155430793762,
0.46190494298934937,
-0.3466832935810089,
0.10966764390468597,
0.660029947757721,
-0.2111748307943344,
0.47716814279556274,
0.5819661617279053,
-0.7372162342071533,
0.5599409937858582,
-0.30454087257385254,
0.22624105215072632,
0.46099990606307983,
-0.18263761699199677,
0.2110363095998764,
0.040687672793865204,
0.0217230673879385,
-0.8819833993911743,
-0.029063155874609947,
0.05989881232380867,
0.05712894722819328,
-0.5340409874916077,
0.46675756573677063,
0.2143489420413971,
-0.44678816199302673,
-0.21080929040908813,
-0.1400924026966095,
0.15415751934051514,
-0.08355098962783813,
0.1062319278717041,
-0.7047818899154663,
0.5176418423652649,
0.08193651586771011,
0.037681762129068375,
0.07150542736053467,
0.7867133617401123,
-0.30072805285453796,
-0.1595374196767807,
0.19648891687393188,
0.47941121459007263,
-0.4556341767311096,
-0.07572774589061737,
0.42599770426750183,
-0.8523723483085632,
-0.3680869936943054,
0.1236712858080864,
0.04780024662613869,
0.29473888874053955,
-0.10257203876972198,
-0.3702588379383087,
0.08825438469648361,
-0.2213057428598404,
-0.2585560083389282,
0.6173409819602966,
0.22096547484397888,
0.26541849970817566,
-0.7831888794898987,
0.22191545367240906,
-0.2806878387928009,
-0.12364894896745682,
0.9794783592224121,
0.11563825607299805,
-0.40741583704948425,
-1.0091506242752075,
-0.1850445717573166,
-0.049862951040267944,
0.22319573163986206,
-1.1936331987380981,
-0.011288014240562916,
-0.29668745398521423,
0.4226113259792328,
0.09685219824314117,
-0.4673806130886078,
0.21376098692417145,
-0.637118399143219,
0.009322709403932095,
0.07906386256217957,
0.04302544891834259,
0.7527813911437988,
0.9021313786506653,
-0.4575015604496002,
-0.13210660219192505,
0.3793625831604004,
-0.4343430995941162,
-0.15081749856472015,
-0.3929469883441925,
-0.22863173484802246,
-0.062379322946071625,
0.45105576515197754,
0.14900827407836914,
-0.615773618221283,
-0.22546766698360443,
-5.872046947479248,
0.4815162122249603,
-0.9571581482887268,
0.07319452613592148,
-0.24448567628860474,
0.38682377338409424,
0.7013585567474365,
-0.009349971078336239,
-0.20390944182872772,
-0.42435064911842346,
-0.1619289368391037,
0.2623569071292877,
0.3777267336845398,
0.7047995924949646,
0.6504608392715454,
0.0859294906258583,
0.38249167799949646,
0.06535766273736954,
-0.37780654430389404,
0.2898179590702057,
-0.015438239090144634,
-0.11019515246152878,
0.19420629739761353,
0.31229594349861145,
0.10257257521152496,
0.30430078506469727,
-0.21297696232795715,
0.11947657912969589,
-0.2695607542991638,
-0.5029182434082031,
0.5909949541091919,
-0.21616029739379883,
0.21385827660560608,
-0.2996222972869873,
0.22625769674777985,
0.08552397787570953,
0.2911022901535034,
0.4079841077327728,
-0.4444652497768402,
-0.010574904270470142,
-0.01852479949593544,
-0.0034377635456621647,
0.13705787062644958,
0.3101518154144287,
0.14421981573104858,
0.36860400438308716,
-0.270524263381958,
-0.07694102823734283,
-0.7693634629249573,
0.44407182931900024,
0.14499129354953766,
0.14220933616161346,
0.2561032176017761,
0.15959061682224274,
-0.1105412021279335,
-0.15723490715026855,
0.21209070086479187,
-0.27102646231651306,
-0.39771974086761475,
-0.02344510890543461,
0.3824305236339569,
-0.07467329502105713,
0.023244213312864304,
-0.3553464114665985,
-0.5022286176681519,
-0.3512642979621887,
-0.5511398315429688,
-1.1343092918395996,
0.6969320774078369,
0.8107579350471497,
-0.15759846568107605,
0.21334637701511383,
0.19032876193523407,
-0.7945151925086975,
0.07446563988924026,
-0.715514063835144,
-0.16037864983081818,
0.14014789462089539,
0.21464012563228607,
0.0584837943315506,
0.0764269158244133,
-0.14404045045375824,
-0.2690698802471161,
0.0998140275478363,
-0.08808741718530655,
-0.40187352895736694,
-0.018345309421420097,
0.11613660305738449,
-0.07413873076438904,
-0.5469092130661011,
0.6885592937469482,
-0.043908413499593735,
0.15395574271678925,
-0.006939310114830732,
-0.3512954115867615,
0.09772247076034546,
0.03304671496152878,
0.18698576092720032,
-0.006104032043367624,
0.16746386885643005,
0.6632829904556274,
0.0936010554432869,
0.011835175566375256,
-1.0763212442398071,
-0.44839704036712646,
-0.13255281746387482,
-0.7557324767112732,
-0.013092821463942528,
0.3812035620212555,
-0.6039449572563171,
-0.3473603129386902,
-0.2562948167324066,
-0.2582540810108185,
-0.5479279160499573,
0.049388911575078964,
-0.0006273740436881781,
-0.015636766329407692,
0.49433815479278564,
-0.16581067442893982,
-0.3128916323184967,
0.7172364592552185,
0.48715630173683167,
0.06681300699710846,
-1.1720331907272339,
-0.49824532866477966,
-0.14896135032176971,
-0.07348717749118805,
-0.30219754576683044,
-0.24772407114505768,
-0.09601137042045593,
0.41305333375930786,
0.17847588658332825,
0.1083921492099762,
-0.12366800010204315,
-0.3045337498188019,
0.16132359206676483,
-0.3284081518650055,
0.1822836697101593,
-0.039074160158634186,
-0.03129490092396736,
0.24746829271316528,
-0.4263332784175873,
0.22353880107402802,
0.07932844012975693,
0.8861678838729858,
-0.35429877042770386,
-0.027450790628790855,
-0.06666584312915802,
-0.44100093841552734,
0.37019097805023193,
-0.17247046530246735,
-0.03607264161109924,
0.1024792417883873,
-0.099723219871521,
0.23103073239326477,
-0.5525400042533875,
0.46628257632255554,
-0.14587612450122833,
0.24640311300754547,
-0.4350791275501251,
-0.14091144502162933,
-0.41599583625793457,
-0.668366014957428,
-0.06264889985322952,
0.11272398382425308,
-0.26744142174720764,
-0.9322163462638855,
-0.05064185708761215,
-0.21188698709011078,
0.7705116271972656,
0.17785362899303436,
-0.19538600742816925,
-0.06132706627249718,
0.18632280826568604,
0.08394492417573929,
-0.49147745966911316,
0.21601349115371704,
0.16991984844207764,
-0.12546463310718536,
-0.26493385434150696,
0.09084130823612213,
-0.46876513957977295,
-0.4081631004810333,
-0.3635595738887787,
0.9082106351852417,
-0.2991468012332916,
-0.1860884428024292,
0.1843617707490921,
-0.42684265971183777,
-0.33625251054763794,
-0.013881710357964039,
-0.5212769508361816,
0.5949402451515198,
0.03802094608545303,
0.04586738720536232,
-0.33868300914764404,
0.24169988930225372,
0.12701773643493652,
-0.3834294080734253,
-0.1539287269115448,
-0.03759700804948807,
0.23242704570293427,
-1.0212424993515015,
0.03239303082227707,
-0.312902569770813,
-0.8155422210693359,
0.21167293190956116,
-0.15110087394714355,
-0.4618121087551117,
0.8386483192443848,
-0.440535306930542,
0.1410028487443924,
0.1216534674167633,
0.3815213441848755,
-0.16159379482269287,
-0.02629336155951023,
-0.017592284828424454,
-0.31235262751579285,
-0.5149989724159241,
-0.4342302083969116,
0.5815272927284241,
-0.2860534191131592,
-0.19860877096652985,
-0.07858160138130188,
-0.12380969524383545,
0.28385254740715027,
0.08011848479509354,
-0.874390721321106,
0.005949216894805431,
0.19349250197410583,
-0.06776239722967148,
-0.5978897213935852,
0.49749308824539185,
-0.2327030450105667,
-0.37424254417419434,
0.03904978185892105,
-0.32292142510414124,
0.38407102227211,
-0.43102893233299255,
0.2773314416408539,
0.3309447467327118,
0.6822754144668579,
-0.01626935414969921,
-0.7580648064613342,
-0.13130097091197968,
0.7737540006637573,
0.4348503649234772,
0.1341431438922882,
-0.28559520840644836,
0.6748620271682739,
0.49989646673202515,
-0.22102493047714233,
-0.3943299353122711,
-0.11607053875923157,
0.514335572719574,
0.3958449959754944,
-0.2119300216436386,
0.0035593335051089525,
0.5795834064483643,
0.7780495285987854,
0.544806718826294,
-0.09445952624082565,
-0.19970440864562988,
0.09071153402328491,
0.3417578339576721,
0.14490973949432373,
0.3806590139865875,
-0.7637374401092529,
0.20030692219734192,
-0.5682282447814941,
0.2304636389017105,
0.1590205430984497,
0.5509510636329651,
0.6800220012664795,
0.44405603408813477,
-0.2324458509683609,
-0.10531064122915268,
-0.22391140460968018,
-0.057440731674432755,
-0.4262159764766693,
-0.39666125178337097,
0.13289809226989746,
-0.3110106587409973,
-0.4144287109375,
0.04605098068714142,
-0.186020165681839,
0.4008241593837738,
0.44798117876052856,
-0.2140042632818222,
-0.8163135647773743,
-0.4450191855430603,
0.07757384330034256,
-0.04933313652873039,
0.41480469703674316,
-0.038090284913778305,
0.025508681312203407,
0.25534164905548096,
0.12029547989368439,
-0.10641820728778839,
-0.0023135896772146225,
-0.45225873589515686,
0.11845141649246216,
0.29387006163597107,
-0.6735950112342834,
0.6974191665649414,
0.3443598747253418,
0.24430054426193237,
0.07077480107545853,
-0.0969109758734703,
-0.2380654662847519,
0.40495145320892334,
-0.46842342615127563,
0.5459280014038086,
0.6802202463150024,
-0.19563108682632446,
-0.16337233781814575,
0.00977594219148159,
-0.26569896936416626,
0.6339704394340515,
0.29533055424690247,
0.018752282485365868,
0.03036464937031269,
0.8826918601989746,
0.08394643664360046,
-0.004476035013794899,
0.07733524590730667,
-0.18775738775730133,
-0.06581295281648636,
0.6277517080307007,
0.05886724218726158,
0.524875819683075,
0.07928819209337234,
-0.10340413451194763,
0.3380815088748932,
-0.00787250604480505,
-0.062164921313524246,
-0.027932286262512207,
-0.3995235860347748,
-0.7132800221443176,
-0.014832627959549427,
0.6181097626686096,
-0.5043280124664307,
-0.17849993705749512,
0.1084333062171936,
-0.17872081696987152,
0.6175248026847839,
0.1475086510181427,
0.30606919527053833,
-0.12666821479797363,
0.1559682935476303,
0.5843697786331177,
0.1115582212805748,
0.20986780524253845,
-0.39309293031692505,
0.2151288390159607,
-0.26589858531951904,
0.5569273829460144,
-0.07623999565839767,
0.1835051327943802,
-0.47651273012161255,
0.153577521443367,
0.8636671900749207,
0.179512158036232,
-0.23958809673786163,
0.021135643124580383,
-0.2258429080247879,
0.5723564624786377,
0.10694635659456253,
-0.13888993859291077,
0.16217198967933655,
0.055522650480270386,
0.2446473091840744,
-0.5438569784164429,
0.4256559908390045,
0.24206148087978363,
-0.1294439435005188,
0.5157236456871033,
0.08290443569421768,
0.42542028427124023,
-0.03790467232465744,
0.268148273229599,
-0.48762068152427673,
-0.15163959562778473,
-0.19713248312473297,
0.24505099654197693,
-0.25706174969673157,
0.09366719424724579,
-0.10212401300668716,
-0.5382634401321411,
-0.6130639314651489,
-0.1799888014793396,
-0.676080048084259,
-0.26184213161468506,
0.2909203767776489,
-0.6130648851394653,
0.24407663941383362,
-0.060443270951509476,
1.144131064414978,
-0.17685312032699585,
-0.2096795290708542,
-0.4243435561656952,
-0.10003985464572906,
0.2317706048488617,
0.2629888355731964,
-0.0974053218960762,
0.46853846311569214,
-0.21711720526218414,
-0.11484479159116745,
-0.001307436148636043,
0.2912229895591736,
0.3370586335659027,
0.2217186689376831,
0.24244050681591034,
0.056732043623924255,
0.4070218503475189,
0.2485559582710266,
0.13925474882125854,
0.15359021723270416,
0.020393626764416695,
-0.09878852218389511,
0.4232026934623718,
0.3418918251991272,
0.12424664944410324,
-0.010238910093903542,
-0.20247815549373627,
0.11022492498159409,
0.055342525243759155,
0.3219796419143677,
-0.23446235060691833,
0.0198421198874712,
-0.3528415262699127,
-0.5766392946243286,
-0.6297924518585205,
0.726161003112793,
-0.31405141949653625,
0.218488410115242,
0.10406854003667831,
0.28659024834632874,
0.18069230020046234,
-0.44752421975135803,
-0.22765929996967316,
-0.343917578458786,
0.8489525318145752,
-0.22333097457885742,
0.271657258272171,
0.40988457202911377,
0.21406139433383942,
0.10133469849824905,
-0.7842572927474976,
0.4002055823802948,
-0.03494533523917198,
-0.5680007934570312,
0.1079397201538086,
0.16612857580184937,
-0.2694418728351593,
0.00431467080488801,
-0.06599036604166031,
0.0016430533723905683,
-0.7274460792541504,
0.2240748107433319
] |
247587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isar | Isar | The Isar is a river in Tyrol, Austria and Bavaria, Germany, which is not navigable for watercraft above raft size. Its source is in the Karwendel range of the Alps in Tyrol; it enters Germany near Mittenwald and flows through Bad Tölz, Munich, and Landshut before reaching the Danube near Deggendorf. At in length, it is the fourth largest river in Bavaria, after the Danube, Inn, and Main. It is Germany's second most important tributary of the Danube after the Inn.
Etymology
One theory is that the name Isar comes from the hypothetical Indo-European root *es or *is, which generally meant "flowing water" and later turned into a word with a meaning narrowed to frozen water (hence English ice, ) in Proto-Germanic. An older theory is that it comes from Celtic words and the name Isar is a construction of the Celtic stems ys "fast, torrential" and ura "water, river". According to another interpretation ys may mean "high" as well as "low", referring to the rapidly changing water level in the river Isar. In the ancient settlement area of the Celts several related river names can be found:
Jizera (Czech Republic)
Isère (France)
Isel (Austria)
IJssel (Netherlands; known to Romans as Isala)
IJzer (Belgium)
Eisack / Isarco (Italy)
Isauro / Foglia (Italy)
Isonzo (Italy)
Isar (Spanish town, in the province of Burgos)
Ésera (Spain)
It may be possible that the ancient name of the lower part of the river Danube, Ister, has the same source. Newer interpretations relate it to the Proto-Basque particle *(w)its-, "water", also seen in similar but otherwise unexplained river names, such as Vézère, Vizela, Weser and Vistula.
Geography
The Isar drains a substantial part of the Alps and parts of the Karwendel mountains northeast towards the Danube river and thus finally towards the Black Sea. Apart from the larger tributaries Amper and Loisach many smaller rivers empty into the Isar, such as the Leutasch, the Jachen, the Dürrach, the Dorfen, the Sempt, the Pfettrach and the Gleirschbach. The drainage basin contains some 9,000 square kilometers (3,500 square miles). During the winter most of the precipitation in the Alps falls as snow. This results in an increased water flow during the spring meltdown. It has an average discharge at the mouth of . This makes it comparable to other medium-sized rivers in Germany, like the Moselle, Lech or Main.
The official head of the Isar is located in the Hinterau valley east of the village Scharnitz in the Karwendel mountains in Tyrol at a height above sea level of . In 2003 the Isar spring was “developed”, however, this move has been discussed due to environmental reasons. The Lavatschbach, which is the Isar’s longest headstream, has its source farther to the southeast near a mountain cabin named Hallangerhaus. It is also sometimes called the Isar’s head. Further on the young Isar is supplied water by the Birkkarbach, which has its source at the foot of the highest mountain of the Karwendel, the Birkkarspitze and the Moserkarbach.
Having entered Upper Bavaria after ca. just north of Scharnitz, the Isar is dammed for the first time between Mittenwald and Krün. Some of its waters are led via the Rißbach, whose flowing direction was reversed for this purpose, into the Walchensee. Here it is fed into the giant downpipes of the Walchensee power plant. 200 metres lower the plant releases this part of the water into the Kochelsee. From here it flows into the river Loisach, Isar's second most important tributary. Not far down the river a large reservoir called Sylvensteinsee was created between 1954 and 1959 to make more energy generation possible and also to avoid flooding. It is located some south of Lenggries. It has prevented some bad floods in Munich, for example in 1979, 1999 and most important, in 2005. In that year for the first time ever water had to be released from the lake because its capacity was exhausted. Flooding was barely avoided in Munich, literally 'by the width of one hand'. At Bad Tölz the Isar leaves the Bavarian Alps. This town marks the river's transit from its upper to its middle course.
It now flows through a sub-alpine, glacial morainic landscape towards Wolfratshausen. Just north of the town it absorbs the Loisach, including the water previously drained off for the power plant. The Isar continues on to and through the Munich gravel plain, into which it cuts a narrow, steeply sloped valley. The latter finally opens up and ends within the city limits of Munich. Further downstream the river passes Freising and then absorbs the waters of the Amper, its most important tributary, at Moosburg. This is where its lower course begins.
Passing Landshut, the river makes its way through the Tertiary Hills of Lower Bavaria all the way into the Danube valley. Its mouth at the Danube some five kilometres away from Deggendorf is at above sea level. Thus the Isar descends some from its head to its mouth.
Islands
Most of the small islands and gravel banks keep changing shape and size due to the annual floods. Some of the islands within the bigger cities were built up during the 19th century and thus protected against the abrasive powers of the water. Among those are the Museumsinsel (on which the Deutsches Museum is located); formerly this island was called Kohleninsel (coal island), the Praterinsel (both located in Munich) and the Mühleninsel in Landshut.
History
It is quite likely that the Isar was used as a trade route, even in prehistoric times, to transport wares from the Alps and even Italy towards the Danube with rafts. An existing trade road from the Inn valley across Seefelder Pass into the northern foothills of the alps was built up and called Via Raetia by the Romans. The town of Mittenwald thus became an important trade post in the Werdenfelser Land.
At a few places the Romans built wooden bridges across the Isara so they could cross the river with its strong currents more easily. One of these could have been along the Roman road from Salzburg to Augsburg south of contemporary Munich. Thus trade traffic could easily be controlled and income from tolls was frequent and regular. The medieval foundation of the cities of Munich and Landshut are directly connected with the building of bridges and the resulting conflicts concerning power and influence on the economy. Due to the continuing growth of the cities there was a constant demand for timber and lime, which resulted in an increase of commercial rafting. Beginning in the 17th century wares like Mediterranean fruit, spices, cotton and silk from the Venetian Market in Mittenwald were transported down the Isar and Danube all the way to Vienna and Budapest. During the 19th century when commercial rafting was at its peak, some 8,000 rafts arrived in Munich each year.
Since the Middle Ages water mills were working at the banks of the Isar by hydro mechanical power. To ensure a more constant flow for the mills the water in Munich was led into small canals. The canals were also used to provide freshwater to the population of the city and also the numerous tanneries of the city and to fill the protecting ditches located outside the medieval town wall. During the annual floodings cities along the Isar were flooded again and again, causing severe damage and even killing people. In 1813 a bridge in Munich collapsed during a flood, killing more than 100 people who were watching the flooding from the bridge. From 1806 on, the banks of the river were fixed and the river was canalized. This led to its deeper digging into the river bed due to its flowing faster. Further extensive measures have been taken since the 1920s to install hydroelectric power plants. From 1954 to 1959 the then much-disputed Sylvensteinspeicher was built for the generation of electricity and for protection against floodings. The village of Fall was drowned in the reservoir. When the water level in the reservoir is very low the church tower can still be seen sticking out of the water. Only over the last few years the Isar was partly turned back from a canal into a more natural river.
At the lower Isar between Moosburg and Plattling gold was washed from the river’s sediments during the 16th and 17th century. However, there was no big economic revenue in this due to the minor amounts of the metal found in the river.
Following their executions on October 16, 1946, the ashes of the convicted Nazi war criminals Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Frick, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Fritz Sauckel and Julius Streicher were scattered in the Isar, as were those of Hermann Göring who had committed suicide the previous night in defiance of his scheduled execution.
Environmental issues
Since the 1920s the water of the Isar has been used for the generation of electricity. This has had far-reaching consequences not only for the local fauna and flora but also for people. To provide the 28 hydroelectric power plants with enough water power the river’s water is diverted several times and almost the whole river was canalized. For example, just north of Mittenwald all the river’s water was diverted to the lake Walchensee in 1923 for the Walchensee hydroelectric plant. Since 1990 a small portion of the water, 4 cubic meters per second (1100 U.S. gallons per second) is allowed to remain in the river to keep the area from being dry. The construction of the Sylvenstein Dam and numerous regulations relating to the river (pushed through in the early 19th century) have strongly enhanced its character. The construction of the Sylvenstein dam has prevented the river from overflowing its banks.
Lately, there have been attempts to bring the Isar closer back to a natural character. For example, since May, 2000, the river is being re-naturalized in the southern part of the river’s passage through the city of Munich, between Großhesseloher Brücke and Reichenbachbrücke. To achieve this the riverbed is being widened, the banks are flattened and small gravel islands are built along with near-natural ramps to slow the waterflow. Also, the dams are enlarged in width and height.
Besides an improved protection against flooding the river was, thus, brought into an almost natural state and this resulted in an improved quality of the recreational area within the city of Munich. The quality of the water has also improved due to the upgrading of the sewage plants along the river. The number of germs, however, is still relatively high. Together with other cities and communities along the Isar, Munich has set a goal to reduce the number of germs until the water quality is good enough to allow bathing in the river. If this is achieved, Munich would be one of the few big cities in Europe with a river with water of good enough quality to allow swimming in it. The sewer plants on the upper river are now treating the sewage with ultraviolet light, which greatly reduces the number of germs, but still the Isar cannot be guaranteed safe to bathe in because of the entrance of polluted rainwater into the river, especially during strong precipitation.
There are a number of natural reservations along the Isar, including special protection areas for birds, for example the natural reserve Vogelfreistätte Mittlere Isarstauseen northeast of Moosburg. This area is an important resting place for migrating water birds. There has been evidence for more than 260 different species of birds, among them rare species like the common tern and the bluethroat.
To preserve the beauty of the Isar valley Gabriel von Seidl founded the Isartalverein in 1902. This first civil initiative from Munich purchased of land, and today maintains more than of hiking trails.
Recreation
There are several areas along the river Isar that have been designated since the 1960s as nudist resorts. However, along much of its banks, even within the city of Munich, people can be seen skinny-dipping wherever they please.
Notes
References
External links
Tourist Information: Sights of Munich (Isar)
Rivers of Bavaria
Rivers of Tyrol (state)
International rivers of Europe
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
Braided rivers in Europe | [
-0.2671438753604889,
0.5627887845039368,
0.8790357708930969,
-0.09029821306467056,
0.9249773621559143,
0.8233876824378967,
0.8191863298416138,
0.6470872163772583,
-0.06757454574108124,
-0.4964660108089447,
-0.09829158335924149,
0.006133313290774822,
-0.388126015663147,
-0.09232325106859207,
-0.381928414106369,
0.34161871671676636,
0.13024839758872986,
0.26111751794815063,
-0.15163066983222961,
-0.44764190912246704,
0.5623724460601807,
-0.10193674266338348,
0.6045026183128357,
-0.0278367530554533,
-0.33780092000961304,
-0.31281906366348267,
-0.1463593691587448,
0.7340335249900818,
0.1778167486190796,
0.09543871879577637,
-0.17173703014850616,
0.043373044580221176,
0.06697189807891846,
-0.2600128948688507,
-0.7911736965179443,
0.2932206988334656,
-0.3720424175262451,
0.20488615334033966,
-0.22572976350784302,
-0.1898191124200821,
0.012652905657887459,
-0.020795149728655815,
-0.4265967607498169,
-0.58544921875,
0.17438331246376038,
-0.23105770349502563,
-0.9306202530860901,
-0.19345037639141083,
-0.7866165041923523,
0.679940938949585,
-0.7882303595542908,
0.6055260896682739,
-0.21163415908813477,
0.030674267560243607,
0.18551085889339447,
-0.12925505638122559,
-1.0378460884094238,
-0.011214719153940678,
-0.016595588997006416,
-0.0766187533736229,
1.0895476341247559,
0.22535823285579681,
-0.3440089523792267,
0.14100360870361328,
-0.2642737925052643,
0.27257800102233887,
-0.05005062371492386,
0.2688254117965698,
0.12703457474708557,
-0.8162543177604675,
-0.015782736241817474,
-0.40739551186561584,
-0.8693481683731079,
-0.38717806339263916,
-0.19496293365955353,
-0.15115118026733398,
-0.26175403594970703,
0.2802737355232239,
-0.14183375239372253,
0.027836646884679794,
0.26702815294265747,
0.32239460945129395,
0.9219627380371094,
0.5916794538497925,
-0.33860307931900024,
0.257870614528656,
-0.4817463755607605,
0.6139600872993469,
-0.3910087049007416,
-0.14013630151748657,
0.023843811824917793,
-0.4762413799762726,
0.016643662005662918,
-0.17983227968215942,
0.2531568109989166,
-0.03913024812936783,
-0.43271952867507935,
-0.29437220096588135,
0.1587434858083725,
0.4365684986114502,
0.8539826273918152,
0.32978367805480957,
0.09423144161701202,
0.5457547307014465,
-0.09520643204450607,
0.4227526783943176,
0.02616528980433941,
-0.21870006620883942,
-0.6643807888031006,
-0.17932656407356262,
-0.8118022084236145,
0.4522183835506439,
0.3339809775352478,
0.04615042358636856,
0.3997575044631958,
0.08872982859611511,
0.13779565691947937,
-0.7087206840515137,
0.4077415466308594,
0.2941901981830597,
1.1107453107833862,
0.2884451448917389,
0.030052462592720985,
0.44995078444480896,
0.569854736328125,
-0.1041862890124321,
-0.6211053133010864,
0.4835585057735443,
-0.6090336441993713,
0.6963184475898743,
0.40897753834724426,
0.44897982478141785,
0.3972316384315491,
0.04377424344420433,
-0.20925869047641754,
-0.028485970571637154,
0.45143336057662964,
-0.34246382117271423,
0.057011500000953674,
0.3780550956726074,
-1.0752537250518799,
0.11105094105005264,
-0.12420227378606796,
-0.7701653838157654,
-0.01462292019277811,
-0.07236722856760025,
-0.2512262761592865,
-0.6010801792144775,
-0.07837578654289246,
-0.012833749875426292,
0.1580093950033188,
0.16048985719680786,
-0.39568719267845154,
-0.03755753114819527,
-0.04559963569045067,
0.5756645798683167,
0.6586481332778931,
0.4431711435317993,
0.12435327470302582,
-0.07758695632219315,
0.557791531085968,
0.5168471336364746,
-0.19051167368888855,
-0.18747206032276154,
1.041979193687439,
-0.41266539692878723,
-0.5302382111549377,
-0.3671330511569977,
0.2622990310192108,
-0.1637972891330719,
0.3232194781303406,
-0.10900292545557022,
0.2926088273525238,
0.20117902755737305,
0.11286336183547974,
-0.4307575225830078,
-0.004399409983307123,
0.962500810623169,
0.05104842036962509,
-0.2164478749036789,
-0.7722820043563843,
0.6012017130851746,
-0.5733404159545898,
0.5134067535400391,
0.02033032290637493,
0.42470040917396545,
0.05742932856082916,
-0.18184609711170197,
-0.06253533065319061,
-0.40108487010002136,
0.6873174905776978,
-0.49660733342170715,
0.38985446095466614,
-0.23163992166519165,
0.7511042356491089,
-0.321033239364624,
-0.8201044201850891,
0.17853368818759918,
-0.6857648491859436,
0.5835469961166382,
0.12700113654136658,
-0.3779130280017853,
0.4677183926105499,
-0.19411396980285645,
-0.6060301661491394,
0.20804516971111298,
-0.25315672159194946,
-0.05736234784126282,
-0.4032372534275055,
0.48510727286338806,
0.28634482622146606,
-0.3783870041370392,
-0.3446331322193146,
-0.194301038980484,
0.3628219664096832,
0.17067520320415497,
-0.31434687972068787,
-0.13422934710979462,
0.47904136776924133,
0.2300156056880951,
1.0453919172286987,
0.17208214104175568,
-0.18594612181186676,
0.28293898701667786,
-0.07183931022882462,
0.37510183453559875,
0.33170798420906067,
0.8648397922515869,
-0.03952116146683693,
-0.7161560654640198,
0.1549685150384903,
0.2719147205352783,
0.6781259179115295,
-0.16296818852424622,
0.3288394808769226,
-0.1670178323984146,
-0.022478407248854637,
0.1334524154663086,
1.1236752271652222,
0.07697839289903641,
0.6599761247634888,
0.07930539548397064,
-0.7109700441360474,
0.2518277168273926,
0.263204962015152,
0.548888623714447,
0.10777496546506882,
0.25761792063713074,
-0.6909518241882324,
-0.37684366106987,
-0.21906349062919617,
0.5919056534767151,
-0.24488615989685059,
-0.2597695291042328,
-0.5153887271881104,
-0.2957872748374939,
-0.026351135224103928,
0.6025536060333252,
0.34324508905410767,
0.8125499486923218,
-0.17482386529445648,
-0.18173664808273315,
-0.17450103163719177,
-0.15906596183776855,
-0.17794306576251984,
0.20114682614803314,
-0.35719701647758484,
-0.40379270911216736,
-0.47697702050209045,
0.5175967216491699,
0.6197620034217834,
0.4277381896972656,
-0.39259061217308044,
0.34148654341697693,
0.0650336965918541,
0.059617191553115845,
-0.41175875067710876,
-0.10437307506799698,
-0.38044458627700806,
-0.3927938640117645,
0.6406128406524658,
0.5988066792488098,
0.539054811000824,
-0.0670686587691307,
-0.13488970696926117,
0.3088473081588745,
0.24279217422008514,
-0.08379965275526047,
-0.23279531300067902,
-0.19819322228431702,
0.3839208781719208,
-0.08035238087177277,
0.11681494116783142,
-0.037242501974105835,
0.05932895466685295,
-0.14147847890853882,
0.20107604563236237,
0.3829989433288574,
0.9618774056434631,
-0.5011577010154724,
-0.8877705335617065,
0.38795754313468933,
-0.022959135472774506,
-0.2703675329685211,
-0.49854838848114014,
-0.37449681758880615,
0.07299947738647461,
0.015244447626173496,
-5.471489429473877,
-0.6724452972412109,
-0.5919875502586365,
-0.13737879693508148,
-0.6057276725769043,
-0.14193138480186462,
-0.021811727434396744,
-0.034864168614149094,
-0.2595541477203369,
0.10649928450584412,
0.33795440196990967,
-0.004285796079784632,
0.2531795799732208,
0.3223195970058441,
0.2456214725971222,
0.41477474570274353,
0.47285225987434387,
-0.013881614431738853,
0.14658772945404053,
-0.23130391538143158,
0.37261560559272766,
-0.11436469852924347,
0.17591188848018646,
0.09532750397920609,
0.11930061131715775,
0.3382430076599121,
0.11106312274932861,
-0.3062311112880707,
-0.8035318851470947,
-0.6150029897689819,
0.5716830492019653,
-0.7481368780136108,
-0.4393357038497925,
-0.09206468611955643,
-0.09294053167104721,
-0.22235193848609924,
0.5651746988296509,
0.3185611367225647,
0.5864740610122681,
-0.010125340893864632,
-0.18863876163959503,
0.3885546326637268,
0.33699125051498413,
-0.5749883055686951,
-0.011095516383647919,
-0.8067852854728699,
-0.56954026222229,
-0.08708582818508148,
-0.20582863688468933,
0.8750751614570618,
-0.16918975114822388,
-0.5330844521522522,
0.6440097093582153,
-0.38091543316841125,
0.03934606909751892,
0.07269973307847977,
0.026521407067775726,
0.7392359375953674,
0.25745952129364014,
0.8580287098884583,
-0.038129210472106934,
-0.04337283596396446,
0.33192160725593567,
-0.5521708130836487,
-0.555711567401886,
0.20626334846019745,
0.4502117931842804,
0.23405827581882477,
0.518394947052002,
0.14065594971179962,
-0.06251347064971924,
0.015536285936832428,
-0.1807650476694107,
-0.9284002184867859,
-0.3679729402065277,
-0.731763482093811,
-0.2762821614742279,
-0.15066879987716675,
-0.0865577831864357,
-0.19142970442771912,
-0.3074159324169159,
0.1563422530889511,
0.1729065179824829,
0.273007333278656,
0.7819027900695801,
0.002420301316305995,
0.06780025362968445,
0.07493245601654053,
1.0330324172973633,
-0.11790136247873306,
0.30210164189338684,
-0.48824775218963623,
0.3920118510723114,
0.1579897701740265,
-0.4167047441005707,
0.7164067625999451,
-0.23014457523822784,
-0.3277195990085602,
0.07756176590919495,
0.18747363984584808,
0.49392563104629517,
-0.05293148756027222,
0.4960646629333496,
-0.25732874870300293,
0.2724481523036957,
-0.1157393828034401,
-0.051703594624996185,
0.007479157764464617,
0.6894345879554749,
-0.3326294422149658,
-0.575107216835022,
-0.19528064131736755,
0.05604449287056923,
-0.9396637678146362,
-0.44210004806518555,
-0.1669774353504181,
-0.8919283151626587,
0.6479524970054626,
-0.4489709734916687,
0.06819833070039749,
-0.765731692314148,
0.013795705512166023,
0.6535341143608093,
-0.7552481293678284,
-0.5734829902648926,
0.16539371013641357,
0.2430388331413269,
0.7709828019142151,
-0.30117738246917725,
0.5560135245323181,
-0.3807828426361084,
0.2274659425020218,
0.10977719724178314,
-0.6224172115325928,
0.0024059568531811237,
-0.3170629143714905,
0.2261231392621994,
-0.04619298130273819,
0.12202712893486023,
-0.17472966015338898,
0.4197717607021332,
0.0633510947227478,
-0.12817701697349548,
-0.18572820723056793,
0.10532848536968231,
0.23472964763641357,
0.27168840169906616,
-0.08089623600244522,
-0.9190713167190552,
0.7033881545066833,
0.009553030133247375,
-0.061522867530584335,
-0.016675453633069992,
0.5047611594200134,
-0.05036217346787453,
0.047509122639894485,
0.14175410568714142,
0.3579452931880951,
-0.09101217985153198,
0.16102035343647003,
0.33262908458709717,
-0.2828633487224579,
-0.8108384013175964,
0.2314378023147583,
0.26543232798576355,
0.3636868894100189,
-0.33323919773101807,
-0.39333194494247437,
-0.32332977652549744,
0.275081992149353,
0.41107797622680664,
-0.270234614610672,
0.10948576033115387,
0.12316015362739563,
-0.6172974109649658,
0.22580592334270477,
-0.7771990895271301,
0.1538570523262024,
-0.29115232825279236,
-0.04076506942510605,
-0.10946889221668243,
-0.1708681881427765,
-0.39804807305336,
0.5754520297050476,
-0.2553839683532715,
-0.661160409450531,
0.02882971242070198,
0.6623312830924988,
-0.5301166772842407,
-0.2362195998430252,
0.49464645981788635,
-0.3563675582408905,
0.48333337903022766,
0.2703697383403778,
-0.07464787364006042,
-0.47688961029052734,
-0.2420722246170044,
0.025815390050411224,
-0.4162259101867676,
-0.16044674813747406,
0.2215012013912201,
0.009864475578069687,
-0.3080790936946869,
0.576343834400177,
-0.9357274770736694,
-0.7157875299453735,
-0.10800331085920334,
0.46110403537750244,
-0.8271061778068542,
0.0728059709072113,
-0.6358597278594971,
-0.8508071899414062,
0.1524348258972168,
1.0722429752349854,
-0.4958189129829407,
0.7314098477363586,
-0.09495298564434052,
0.15651457011699677,
-0.7320828437805176,
0.15538139641284943,
-0.7471688985824585,
-0.18462741374969482,
0.19166576862335205,
-0.2750423848628998,
-0.5186803936958313,
-0.18494869768619537,
0.8394103050231934,
0.0009754776838235557,
1.0045701265335083,
-0.3631201684474945,
0.27416834235191345,
-0.024555064737796783,
-0.11806885153055191,
0.1700044423341751,
-0.015880107879638672,
0.20953890681266785,
0.03156161308288574,
0.27884796261787415,
0.45021146535873413,
0.06698930263519287,
0.24116455018520355,
0.5787222981452942,
0.23360659182071686,
-0.47873222827911377,
0.23215211927890778,
0.4278812110424042,
-0.6345345973968506,
-0.9014974236488342,
-0.6106190085411072,
0.4038718044757843,
0.4598909914493561,
0.10610076785087585,
-0.5785029530525208,
-0.24109883606433868,
1.1059224605560303,
0.06699714809656143,
0.3072115182876587,
0.0117393983528018,
0.08342664688825607,
0.5184673070907593,
-0.06296524405479431,
-0.09019672870635986,
-0.25351762771606445,
0.16026167571544647,
-0.61505526304245,
-0.5422230362892151,
-0.3761046230792999,
-0.5147898197174072,
0.3226298689842224,
-0.17420147359371185,
0.14298777282238007,
-0.339706689119339,
0.37716764211654663,
-0.5063849091529846,
-0.5053389668464661,
0.2679447531700134,
-0.19438351690769196,
-0.424315482378006,
0.5275980830192566,
0.17389753460884094,
-0.9301446080207825,
-0.11840005218982697,
-0.23224271833896637,
-0.03504857048392296,
-0.06435255706310272,
-0.18986089527606964,
-0.17101620137691498,
0.37220045924186707,
-0.9787342548370361,
0.5068337321281433,
0.07525356858968735,
0.19569791853427887,
-0.7103226780891418,
0.28335580229759216,
0.19066046178340912,
0.056358277797698975,
0.012261485680937767,
0.17893974483013153,
-0.6948692798614502,
-0.08258607238531113,
-0.17666666209697723,
-0.10022056847810745,
0.17042474448680878,
-0.5048167109489441,
-0.02913144789636135,
0.4807911515235901,
-0.456807404756546,
-0.7141627073287964,
0.0018342692637816072,
-0.34503206610679626,
0.06534119695425034,
0.034273043274879456,
-0.46939754486083984,
1.0265792608261108,
-0.2502431869506836,
0.47871699929237366,
0.4591737687587738,
0.0010846395744010806,
0.2974907457828522,
-0.02903619222342968,
0.5093600153923035,
-0.12449027597904205,
0.26367074251174927,
0.33812621235847473,
-0.02944648265838623,
0.7025603652000427,
0.5593034625053406,
-0.38212311267852783,
-0.3717683255672455,
0.6251224875450134,
0.08306658267974854,
-0.06699170917272568,
-0.28741198778152466,
0.3995594084262848,
-0.5352627038955688,
0.2624436020851135,
-0.11353269219398499,
-0.8542483448982239,
-0.01986546441912651,
-0.18662704527378082,
0.11451306194067001,
1.2084406614303589,
0.2321571707725525,
-0.23177184164524078,
0.48530808091163635,
-0.12957799434661865,
-0.31278204917907715,
-0.07276076823472977,
0.30036142468452454,
-0.26890820264816284,
0.3362121880054474,
-0.2988259196281433,
-0.4475971758365631,
-0.881858229637146,
-0.5167657732963562,
0.7520491480827332,
0.2813202142715454,
-0.35451260209083557,
-0.3866082429885864,
0.5460353493690491,
0.5390167236328125,
-0.1441432535648346,
-0.07679350674152374,
-0.3433772623538971,
-1.0165822505950928,
-0.46477410197257996,
-0.0009645142708905041,
-0.7164216637611389,
-0.26652348041534424,
-0.11324547231197357,
0.02423121966421604,
-0.05800803378224373,
-0.5587758421897888,
-0.13296262919902802,
0.20295299589633942,
0.5303191542625427,
0.5677001476287842,
0.41810017824172974,
-0.1966463178396225,
0.13516107201576233,
0.19262062013149261,
0.7934287190437317,
-0.06429074704647064,
-0.28161904215812683,
-0.42397257685661316,
-0.14751498401165009,
0.2550569474697113,
-0.24486294388771057,
0.08709508180618286,
-0.05621853843331337,
-0.18179398775100708,
-0.3164459466934204,
0.6139608025550842,
0.044880423694849014,
-0.08432460576295853,
-0.7405893802642822,
-0.3385474979877472,
0.5600147843360901,
0.24557769298553467,
-0.10704480856657028,
0.5691322684288025,
-0.38034430146217346,
0.3192950487136841,
0.39309194684028625,
-0.18228650093078613,
0.5259563326835632,
-0.5326605439186096,
-0.23009933531284332,
0.1074509248137474,
0.14981229603290558,
1.1498993635177612,
-0.06815710663795471,
-0.08069638162851334,
0.4901972711086273,
0.24455440044403076,
-0.6800126433372498,
0.6639264822006226,
-0.3218821585178375,
0.021581364795565605,
-0.023048026487231255,
0.006783165968954563,
-0.5353004336357117,
-0.286859393119812,
0.48982712626457214,
-0.04353705421090126,
0.37345069646835327,
0.18326982855796814,
-0.338069885969162,
0.002126307925209403,
0.3595722019672394,
-0.10962367802858353,
-0.010427961125969887,
-0.48094674944877625,
0.6679462194442749,
-0.5642898082733154,
0.17989830672740936,
0.1974841058254242,
-0.25543975830078125,
0.12989333271980286,
-0.19478555023670197,
-0.07422393560409546,
-0.38459452986717224,
0.44908618927001953,
-0.41363975405693054,
0.18585608899593353,
0.4179683327674866,
-0.47378668189048767,
-0.674741804599762,
-0.6581224203109741,
-0.02637321501970291,
-0.094090037047863,
-0.6536256074905396,
0.1504761427640915,
-0.12534156441688538,
-0.18378663063049316,
0.2519800066947937,
0.1925598680973053,
-0.9587964415550232,
-0.3907467722892761,
-0.1760767549276352
] |
247588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi%20Unsoeld | Willi Unsoeld | William Francis Unsoeld (October 5, 1926 – March 4, 1979) was an American mountaineer who was a member of the first American expedition to summit Mount Everest. The American Mount Everest Expedition was led by Norman Dyhrenfurth, and included Unsoeld, Jim Whittaker, Lute Jerstad, Barry Bishop and Tom Hornbein. Whittaker, with Sherpa Nawang Gombu, reached the summit on May 1, 1963. Unsoeld, Hornbein, Bishop and Jerstad reached the top on May 22. Unsoeld and Hornbein's climb was the first ascent from the peak's west ridge, and the first major traverse of a Himalayan peak. His subsequent activities included working as a U.S. Forest Service smokejumper, Peace Corps director in Nepal, speaker for Outward Bound, faculty member at Oregon State University and The Evergreen State College and mountaineering guide. He died on Mount Rainier in an avalanche.
Early life
Born in Arcata, California, William Francis Unsoeld was raised in Eugene, Oregon. He received his BS in physics from Oregon State College in 1951, and also studied at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Washington. He helped to create the OSC Mountain Club during his time at Oregon State University.
Everest ascent
In the late 1950s Unsoeld was a leading climbing guide in the Grand Teton Mountains. He climbed Mt. Rainier over 200 times.
Unsoeld and Tom Hornbein ascended Everest's difficult West Ridge route in May 1963, on a National Geographic Society sponsored expedition while Barry Bishop and Lute Jerstad followed Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay’s South Col route established during their 1953 climb. It was the first simultaneous attempt from two directions.
The grueling expedition cost Unsoeld nine of his toes due to frostbite and required several months of recovery in the hospital. Unsoeld and the team reunited in July 1963 when they were presented with the National Geographic Society’s highest honor, the Hubbard Medal, by John F. Kennedy.
Later career
Unsoeld taught religious studies at Oregon State in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
After a stint in the Peace Corps, Unsoeld joined Outward Bound and traveled about the country giving speeches and promoting the organization.
After leaving Outward Bound he became one of the founding faculty at The Evergreen State College in Washington State. He was highlighted prominently in the first recruiting video in 1971, advising that "not every student should come to Evergreen".
It was at The Evergreen State College where he created an Outdoor Education Program. This program consisted of four distinct Habitat Groups, one of which was the Winter Mountaineering Group.
Personal life
Unsoeld married Jolene (Bishoprick) Unsoeld in 1951; they had two daughters and two sons. Jolene Unsoeld and their two sons, Krag and Regon, reside in Olympia, Washington. Their daughter Terres Unsoeld lives in California. Jolene Unsoeld served three terms in the U.S. Congress from 1989 to 1995.
In 1976, Unsoeld and his 22-year-old daughter Nanda Devi Unsoeld were on an expedition to climb her namesake mountain Nanda Devi, the second highest peak in India. His daughter died on September 7 during the climb, which was plagued by accidents and eventual tragedy. The reason for her death was blood clotting caused by the high altitude of the mountain. Asked at his home (where a picture of Devi was displayed over the fireplace) how he could continue climbing after losing his daughter, Willi responded: "What, you want me to die of a heart attack, drinking beer, eating potato chips, and watching a golf tournament on TV?"
Death
Unsoeld died in an avalanche during an Outdoor Education Winter Expedition climb of Mount Rainier on March 4, 1979, at the age of 52. He was leading over a dozen students from The Evergreen State College on an ascent of Mount Rainier at the time. He died during the descent from their high camp in Cadaver Gap along with one student, Janie Diepenbrock from Sacramento, California.
A later analysis of the mishap, excerpts of which were published by the American Alpine Club, said in part: "There are many guides who would not have taken on this particular climb with this particular group, but this is a matter of personal preference rather than a determination as to whether this climb was proper to attempt or not."
Legacy
Known as "The Father of Experiential Education," Willi Unsoeld influenced the growth of outdoor education, inspiring educational leaders like Simon Priest. His philosophical approach to living and global perspective mentored environmental visionaries like Caril Ridley.
His philosophy focused on experiencing the sacred in nature, the importance of risk in education and getting personal experience rather than relying on the experience of others. His dynamic style of mentoring inspired thousands of followers.
Why don’t you stay in the wilderness? Because that isn’t where it is at; it’s back in the city, back in downtown St. Louis, back in Los Angeles. The final test is whether your experience of the sacred in nature enables you to cope more effectively with the problems of people. If it does not enable you to cope more effectively with the problems — and sometimes it doesn’t, it sometimes sucks you right out into the wilderness and you stay there the rest of your Life – then when that happens, by my scale of value; it’s failed. You go to nature for an experience of the sacred ... to re-establish your contact with the core of things, where it’s really at, in order to enable you to come back to the world of people and operate more effectively. Seek ye first the kingdom of nature, that the kingdom of man might be realized.
Evergreen's annual Willi Unsoeld Seminar is held as a living memorial to Unsoeld as a mountaineer, a philosopher and a theologian.
See also
List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest
References
External links
Willi Unsoeld: Brief Biography & Quotes
1926 births
1979 deaths
People from Arcata, California
American mountain climbers
Oregon State University alumni
Outdoor educators
Mountaineering deaths
Natural disaster deaths in Washington (state)
American summiters of Mount Everest
Deaths in avalanches
Evergreen State College faculty
Peace Corps directors | [
-0.8037424087524414,
-0.007387266494333744,
0.14379726350307465,
0.17085067927837372,
-0.08018660545349121,
0.08031883835792542,
0.8393206596374512,
-0.5378028154373169,
0.11117219924926758,
0.09652881324291229,
0.23172640800476074,
-0.1211705356836319,
0.1185072511434555,
-0.43085625767707825,
-0.356014221906662,
-0.07345126569271088,
0.3403490483760834,
-0.09989621490240097,
-0.5729027986526489,
-0.10727526992559433,
0.10557634383440018,
-0.8025780916213989,
0.784978449344635,
0.06333209574222565,
0.11580365896224976,
-0.06006069481372833,
-0.1912459284067154,
-0.30934271216392517,
0.1382834017276764,
0.17189130187034607,
-0.29539477825164795,
0.2087302953004837,
0.698424756526947,
-0.3697815537452698,
-0.7851750254631042,
0.6922250986099243,
-0.051372744143009186,
-0.003770692041143775,
0.216741144657135,
0.2514375150203705,
-0.6579466462135315,
0.3015041649341583,
-0.004473269917070866,
-0.007198916282504797,
0.2687073051929474,
-0.4747946262359619,
-1.6334593296051025,
-0.1488298624753952,
-0.40178588032722473,
-0.1181226596236229,
-0.22489666938781738,
0.10760404914617538,
0.34315234422683716,
0.21235144138336182,
0.5035375952720642,
0.014757056720554829,
-0.2597709894180298,
-0.2024250626564026,
-0.1690654158592224,
-0.31957465410232544,
0.31116294860839844,
-0.043875399976968765,
0.43655499815940857,
-0.36848184466362,
-0.06138494983315468,
0.16322050988674164,
-0.09700463712215424,
-0.010904832743108273,
-0.024928370490670204,
-0.17133578658103943,
0.057176604866981506,
-0.00026104849530383945,
0.23290075361728668,
0.10239696502685547,
0.5750935077667236,
-0.28897181153297424,
0.26119688153266907,
0.09720610082149506,
-0.47131919860839844,
0.07878169417381287,
-0.10064246505498886,
-0.27516114711761475,
0.27917978167533875,
0.4983886182308197,
-0.10175208002328873,
0.20818676054477692,
-0.5668656229972839,
0.4329119026660919,
-0.1132272481918335,
-0.03308575227856636,
-0.13124264776706696,
-0.5900110006332397,
-0.16048796474933624,
0.35390910506248474,
0.3460659980773926,
-0.4136910140514374,
0.45931950211524963,
0.40818125009536743,
-0.08999265730381012,
-0.3499944508075714,
0.43483537435531616,
-0.1771644651889801,
0.11489967256784439,
-0.4824332594871521,
0.0035499967634677887,
-0.36875998973846436,
0.22594113647937775,
-0.024940235540270805,
0.017560001462697983,
-0.3735615611076355,
-0.8355882167816162,
0.2479320466518402,
0.4819956123828888,
-0.25058019161224365,
0.4160442650318146,
0.8913373947143555,
0.44295409321784973,
-0.7736480832099915,
-0.15618175268173218,
-0.3093818128108978,
0.27501943707466125,
0.6501489281654358,
-0.47295475006103516,
0.043818242847919464,
-0.540499210357666,
0.4615781009197235,
0.2751624882221222,
0.5027169585227966,
-0.8213974237442017,
0.4148407578468323,
0.2175028771162033,
0.2508557140827179,
0.42223572731018066,
-0.2403344362974167,
-0.35506224632263184,
0.20821116864681244,
0.48165637254714966,
-0.23591721057891846,
-0.5699491500854492,
0.6273166537284851,
-0.7062607407569885,
-0.0867512971162796,
-0.4512360095977783,
-0.015069792978465557,
0.3985101580619812,
0.07480178028345108,
-0.04433400183916092,
-0.34854233264923096,
-0.18883228302001953,
0.12532377243041992,
0.22425749897956848,
0.39313504099845886,
0.2078145444393158,
-0.13119061291217804,
-0.26272353529930115,
1.0766820907592773,
0.5883058309555054,
0.12190255522727966,
0.16436584293842316,
-0.006104831118136644,
-0.13958017528057098,
-0.40640613436698914,
-0.2906995713710785,
0.16861344873905182,
0.6449305415153503,
-0.4078924357891083,
-0.07733407616615295,
-0.014427319169044495,
-0.21391719579696655,
0.03212553262710571,
0.39659735560417175,
0.05319862440228462,
0.13643872737884521,
0.28149017691612244,
-0.02791745588183403,
0.20156434178352356,
0.19364601373672485,
0.382305383682251,
-0.2563813328742981,
-0.08579976111650467,
-0.7294683456420898,
-0.16969874501228333,
0.07322360575199127,
-0.14263421297073364,
0.33336830139160156,
0.49984413385391235,
0.3036782145500183,
0.24913166463375092,
0.31352946162223816,
-0.17698965966701508,
-0.13052895665168762,
-0.99857097864151,
-0.05235341563820839,
-0.015035991556942463,
0.7708566784858704,
0.05256054177880287,
-0.3676498532295227,
0.35104283690452576,
-0.3175064027309418,
0.22543253004550934,
-0.04467741772532463,
-0.33068352937698364,
0.1146303042769432,
-0.19860975444316864,
0.17857074737548828,
0.5882704854011536,
0.574317216873169,
-0.0010412333067506552,
0.2949487566947937,
0.3254053592681885,
0.36814501881599426,
-0.7296661734580994,
-0.309041827917099,
0.9519691467285156,
-0.721078634262085,
-0.1573610156774521,
-0.3816763758659363,
0.29133859276771545,
0.8068707585334778,
-0.4160347282886505,
0.6511794328689575,
0.8149809241294861,
-0.42322200536727905,
-0.04476095363497734,
-0.06596459448337555,
0.54899662733078,
-0.2639777362346649,
0.15853235125541687,
-0.344032347202301,
-0.24942706525325775,
0.1723162978887558,
0.06912922114133835,
0.5409805178642273,
-0.09221968799829483,
0.5723890066146851,
0.07592127472162247,
0.19871217012405396,
-0.24660897254943848,
0.5616008639335632,
-0.7389081716537476,
0.2685234248638153,
0.6036202311515808,
-0.1081562340259552,
0.6677640080451965,
0.004599874373525381,
0.25956377387046814,
0.5244805216789246,
0.547396183013916,
-0.3849290609359741,
-0.2848600149154663,
0.0018768106820061803,
0.5260694026947021,
0.12632589042186737,
-0.4517765939235687,
-0.3891178071498871,
-0.2773558795452118,
-0.3217385411262512,
0.3340398371219635,
0.6142142415046692,
0.3654612600803375,
0.882455587387085,
0.18776537477970123,
0.21067029237747192,
-0.1257108747959137,
0.0012761304387822747,
-0.7083747386932373,
-0.4895533621311188,
-0.7597310543060303,
-0.00003496600766084157,
-0.03163176774978638,
0.20026805996894836,
-0.06725630164146423,
-0.04224325343966484,
0.23468050360679626,
-0.18854297697544098,
-0.0007900742348283529,
-0.3341716527938843,
0.44745370745658875,
-0.47210603952407837,
-0.25033795833587646,
0.701586127281189,
0.9542589783668518,
0.6880470514297485,
-0.05025158450007439,
0.1321917325258255,
-0.22292247414588928,
-0.3084353506565094,
-0.01447226107120514,
0.27786552906036377,
0.25501498579978943,
0.24503974616527557,
1.0306288003921509,
-0.0077393874526023865,
-0.10470519214868546,
-0.35985705256462097,
0.7037569880485535,
-0.15680579841136932,
-0.1967654973268509,
0.14413969218730927,
0.45251792669296265,
-0.7526683211326599,
-0.08068104088306427,
-0.44879934191703796,
-0.31946617364883423,
0.11817111074924469,
0.2312353551387787,
-0.15382766723632812,
-0.6544559001922607,
-5.678708076477051,
0.0759454220533371,
0.023447835817933083,
-0.19829706847667694,
-0.25920531153678894,
0.1518133580684662,
-0.029635656625032425,
-0.07286368310451508,
-0.09840051084756851,
0.082509346306324,
0.3308168053627014,
-0.2946104407310486,
0.24261637032032013,
0.1996959000825882,
0.27948933839797974,
0.45681190490722656,
0.7795483469963074,
-0.2677641808986664,
0.08210337907075882,
0.2844584882259369,
0.2791820764541626,
-0.4128902554512024,
0.04053637385368347,
-0.0841207280755043,
-0.13780254125595093,
0.3960447609424591,
-0.2279309630393982,
0.2253641039133072,
-0.2902391850948334,
-0.2765066623687744,
0.16816353797912598,
-0.00640845624729991,
-0.660904049873352,
0.2514469027519226,
-0.15626260638237,
-0.15510688722133636,
0.8478894829750061,
0.23789168894290924,
0.09299252182245255,
0.10520119220018387,
0.14804212749004364,
-0.11133071780204773,
-0.6009133458137512,
0.13262546062469482,
0.35406962037086487,
-0.08438464999198914,
-0.20683707296848297,
0.2513069808483124,
-0.43506237864494324,
0.19442975521087646,
0.5050179958343506,
-0.23097380995750427,
0.5557608604431152,
-0.6266352534294128,
0.2124127596616745,
0.09475953876972198,
0.06499055027961731,
0.516470730304718,
-0.2775511145591736,
0.10203190892934799,
-0.6737233996391296,
-0.4357679784297943,
0.05366755649447441,
-0.6662546396255493,
-0.44575703144073486,
0.22542069852352142,
0.6492889523506165,
0.39028751850128174,
0.22413818538188934,
-0.4041367173194885,
-0.02200109139084816,
1.0939589738845825,
0.31040433049201965,
-1.1974742412567139,
0.0063942489214241505,
-0.5944184064865112,
0.03748077154159546,
-0.44129982590675354,
-0.8249186277389526,
-0.16764119267463684,
-0.2674199938774109,
-0.01771378517150879,
0.22468145191669464,
0.3865320682525635,
0.9607707262039185,
0.22252368927001953,
-0.36823371052742004,
0.31359609961509705,
0.20452679693698883,
0.24094940721988678,
-0.1382818967103958,
-0.2612813413143158,
-0.029369989410042763,
0.3415375053882599,
0.5395323634147644,
0.3925726115703583,
-0.24838340282440186,
-0.0384841188788414,
0.4774230122566223,
-0.031065650284290314,
-0.3473944365978241,
-0.002436581999063492,
0.4368709325790405,
-0.3237079083919525,
-0.004399151541292667,
-0.16747711598873138,
-0.2956376075744629,
0.435124933719635,
1.1514166593551636,
-0.0807502493262291,
0.18499408662319183,
0.4254724979400635,
-0.20951753854751587,
-0.30159786343574524,
-0.2893171012401581,
-0.13931342959403992,
-0.29814741015434265,
-0.010641701519489288,
0.061056509613990784,
0.03907513618469238,
-0.3594563901424408,
0.02736854925751686,
0.153587207198143,
-0.7894144058227539,
0.5794170498847961,
0.05646945908665657,
-0.12498883157968521,
0.2972048223018646,
-0.6087398529052734,
0.4993533790111542,
-0.5105471611022949,
1.1319339275360107,
0.07942935079336166,
0.293913871049881,
0.12606075406074524,
0.06562232971191406,
-0.21987131237983704,
-0.26433080434799194,
0.10005415230989456,
-0.08622782677412033,
-0.333906888961792,
0.17484329640865326,
-0.03737815096974373,
0.3903129994869232,
-0.00361662358045578,
-0.05727178975939751,
0.15112987160682678,
-0.4170267581939697,
-0.47211697697639465,
0.4239361584186554,
0.02947014383971691,
-0.021720152348279953,
0.1855451613664627,
-0.21887898445129395,
-0.19329297542572021,
0.025753285735845566,
-0.27411872148513794,
-0.03610958904027939,
-0.5469064712524414,
-0.2295488864183426,
-0.14468848705291748,
-0.2505251467227936,
-0.9302202463150024,
0.02010025642812252,
0.009035157039761543,
0.04425036534667015,
-0.09504086524248123,
-0.3688122034072876,
-0.4685424566268921,
0.2504592537879944,
0.41551679372787476,
-0.9342144131660461,
-0.40198633074760437,
-0.19266155362129211,
-0.25001078844070435,
0.15424078702926636,
-0.18790513277053833,
-0.6063699722290039,
0.19389741122722626,
-0.5570470094680786,
0.16071641445159912,
0.27045485377311707,
-1.0931106805801392,
-0.18817533552646637,
0.28334471583366394,
-0.8840903639793396,
-0.2408738136291504,
-0.6230118274688721,
0.05475332587957382,
0.10004109889268875,
0.1594788134098053,
-0.17740680277347565,
0.28102073073387146,
0.7846265435218811,
0.31828632950782776,
0.020191609859466553,
0.0974094346165657,
-0.29830336570739746,
-0.7033551931381226,
0.057162344455718994,
-0.0939074456691742,
-0.8403969407081604,
-0.09669257700443268,
-0.17984482645988464,
-0.006262550130486488,
-1.0928126573562622,
-0.2849322259426117,
0.4843730330467224,
0.03242630511522293,
0.053553882986307144,
-0.5165671706199646,
-0.5584829449653625,
-0.0033286225516349077,
0.49217939376831055,
-0.048936627805233,
0.38074517250061035,
0.6080036163330078,
0.17639422416687012,
-0.5076318979263306,
-0.5248182415962219,
-0.45108726620674133,
0.22643789649009705,
-0.48198631405830383,
-0.34346526861190796,
-0.30834639072418213,
-0.39728304743766785,
-0.025449788197875023,
0.2492176741361618,
1.0114275217056274,
-0.8148662447929382,
-0.3676486313343048,
-0.4361751675605774,
-0.09903690218925476,
0.17655996978282928,
0.21588601171970367,
0.29949751496315,
0.3682686686515808,
0.1351480334997177,
-0.28260719776153564,
-0.07317285984754562,
0.7630724906921387,
1.0304971933364868,
0.3428110182285309,
-0.31762731075286865,
-0.24678514897823334,
0.3130093216896057,
-0.16259098052978516,
-0.6687198877334595,
0.11353493481874466,
-0.03938357159495354,
0.5760287642478943,
-0.2905541658401489,
-0.34308376908302307,
-0.0832018181681633,
0.8889313340187073,
-0.17815092206001282,
-0.03192785754799843,
-0.22502532601356506,
0.16493602097034454,
-0.43786951899528503,
-0.04323352128267288,
0.5039920210838318,
-0.27572593092918396,
0.14198088645935059,
-0.6024337410926819,
0.6954259276390076,
-0.7730588912963867,
-0.401685893535614,
-0.16856539249420166,
-0.837989866733551,
-0.042869336903095245,
-0.6317035555839539,
-0.2941873073577881,
0.1487002819776535,
-0.36257031559944153,
0.5029200911521912,
0.3159874379634857,
-0.17969517409801483,
-0.6271164417266846,
-0.1531292349100113,
-0.7099153995513916,
-0.20366892218589783,
0.08466722816228867,
-0.10930448025465012,
-0.690333902835846,
-0.3065490424633026,
-0.20655882358551025,
-0.5055471658706665,
-0.5533952116966248,
0.08609991520643234,
-1.019245982170105,
0.25316739082336426,
-0.5241808295249939,
-0.35675543546676636,
0.15403926372528076,
0.35772204399108887,
0.019566861912608147,
0.18206097185611725,
-0.6380380392074585,
-0.06963523477315903,
-0.37259113788604736,
0.33870118856430054,
0.5190319418907166,
0.23217065632343292,
0.08831923454999924,
-0.112526535987854,
0.195229634642601,
-0.5126607418060303,
0.17666175961494446,
0.11444011330604553,
0.2744302749633789,
-0.3084195852279663,
-0.28388816118240356,
0.7061876654624939,
-0.9488110542297363,
-0.1659727543592453,
0.4188779890537262,
0.0603160560131073,
0.1539677530527115,
-0.06716380268335342,
0.09342124313116074,
0.0871700868010521,
1.023239254951477,
-0.15078212320804596,
-0.2690889239311218,
0.5468064546585083,
0.35699260234832764,
-0.2512182295322418,
-0.5806288719177246,
0.17625634372234344,
0.08498852699995041,
-0.16651257872581482,
-0.44575798511505127,
0.6595056056976318,
-0.03259079158306122,
0.1462165266275406,
-0.2066125124692917,
-0.31420961022377014,
-0.30876976251602173,
0.5094578266143799,
-0.4196234941482544,
1.305739402770996,
0.2812257409095764,
0.05582105368375778,
0.2358068823814392,
-0.16681218147277832,
-0.23543857038021088,
0.22523628175258636,
0.7707211375236511,
-0.19022679328918457,
0.3114877939224243,
0.038409702479839325,
-0.33329105377197266,
-0.7407833337783813,
-0.20115803182125092,
-0.22226963937282562,
1.0792518854141235,
-0.40375909209251404,
-0.2731684446334839,
0.08674529194831848,
0.15899808704853058,
-0.5282403826713562,
1.1133387088775635,
0.033657386898994446,
0.04541566222906113,
-0.5085917711257935,
-0.527154803276062,
-0.6645819544792175,
-0.030926279723644257,
0.6422456502914429,
0.3987944424152374,
0.13933169841766357,
-0.20530226826667786,
0.3412841260433197,
0.15091700851917267,
0.6024113893508911,
0.8772962689399719,
-0.2669389247894287,
0.255612313747406,
-0.2444033920764923,
0.09516023099422455,
-0.04288783669471741,
-0.02522917278110981,
0.17926497757434845,
-0.003703873138874769,
-0.5450201034545898,
0.15124434232711792,
0.44688811898231506,
0.09759775549173355,
-0.267746239900589,
0.40599197149276733,
-0.3047933876514435,
-0.34949782490730286,
0.19914864003658295,
-0.1254667043685913,
0.05377664417028427,
-0.39409077167510986,
0.5712741017341614,
0.16325899958610535,
-0.39677515625953674,
-0.0011604658793658018,
-0.009973518550395966,
0.2777193784713745,
-0.10651540011167526,
-0.1863647997379303,
0.6030511260032654,
-0.8514001965522766,
0.3226349949836731,
-0.19297952950000763,
0.9120479822158813,
-0.058341145515441895,
0.07155921310186386,
-0.1694680154323578,
0.4507426917552948,
0.032254237681627274,
0.05028478428721428,
0.6637444496154785,
0.01657661609351635,
-0.2615295946598053,
-0.14983238279819489,
-0.3585849106311798,
-0.2683826684951782,
-0.0030880484264343977,
0.10871542990207672,
-0.14696793258190155,
0.1805708110332489,
0.06761767715215683,
-0.055940162390470505,
-0.3440195620059967,
0.5492802262306213,
0.2554195523262024,
-0.21908354759216309,
-0.4956097900867462,
-0.15083171427249908,
0.07064317911863327,
-0.44293972849845886,
0.6021223068237305,
0.31696218252182007,
0.12450536340475082,
-1.1938284635543823,
0.6231558322906494,
0.47365254163742065,
-0.43513911962509155,
0.06793063133955002,
0.04269157722592354,
0.5946720242500305,
0.08990833163261414,
-0.31488582491874695,
0.44878557324409485,
0.4860226809978485,
-0.2620167136192322,
-0.413859099149704,
0.5323253870010376,
-1.036155104637146,
0.502285897731781,
0.3538306653499603,
0.025946347042918205,
0.0016829794039949775,
0.5927159786224365,
-0.3763670325279236
] |
247598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresticklan%20National%20Park | Tresticklan National Park | Tresticklan National Park () is located in the municipality of Dals-Ed in northwestern Dalsland, Sweden, along the Norwegian border. "Trestickel" means "trident", possibly a reference to the shape of Lake Stora Tresticklan. This national park contains one of the few remaining areas of old-growth forest in southern Scandinavia. The park was established in 1996 and has an area of . The park's highest point is the Orshöjden (276 m.a.sl).
See also
Bråtane
Lake Stora Le
Råbocken
References
External links
Sweden's National Parks: Tresticklan National Park from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Geography of Västra Götaland County
National parks of Sweden
Protected areas established in 1996
1996 establishments in Sweden
Tourist attractions in Västra Götaland County | [
0.000435723050031811,
0.05586714670062065,
0.273995041847229,
-0.19019749760627747,
0.45648619532585144,
-0.28709301352500916,
1.3055768013000488,
0.03662168234586716,
-0.508018434047699,
-0.05745586380362511,
0.2341824173927307,
0.1003861054778099,
-0.304393470287323,
0.5458344221115112,
-0.8115463852882385,
0.41552844643592834,
0.32570865750312805,
0.7641090154647827,
0.14691007137298584,
-0.6468759775161743,
0.1971956342458725,
-0.9424869418144226,
0.3463228642940521,
-0.018819786608219147,
-0.008783417753875256,
0.4338448643684387,
0.9253175258636475,
0.9166735410690308,
0.8499875068664551,
0.11372896283864975,
-0.40171095728874207,
0.2137347310781479,
-0.32960155606269836,
-0.4225184917449951,
-0.25134286284446716,
0.08194099366664886,
0.37730953097343445,
-0.36233192682266235,
-0.04609314724802971,
-0.12909579277038574,
0.24156174063682556,
-0.6169885396957397,
-1.0481091737747192,
-0.041174959391355515,
0.09938984364271164,
-0.45174917578697205,
-0.862163782119751,
0.5494924783706665,
-0.33511778712272644,
0.7760347127914429,
-1.1763783693313599,
0.565019965171814,
-0.2564404010772705,
0.6568616628646851,
0.5739192366600037,
0.12087000906467438,
-0.6025807857513428,
0.267342209815979,
0.38719701766967773,
-0.14275802671909332,
-0.4944222569465637,
0.8533930778503418,
-0.3880922198295593,
0.09845589846372604,
0.10909684002399445,
0.14952988922595978,
0.2940789461135864,
0.24888582527637482,
0.6900582909584045,
-0.935945987701416,
0.08502084016799927,
0.1275213211774826,
0.33835268020629883,
0.1621345728635788,
0.13701528310775757,
0.17129041254520416,
0.14591723680496216,
0.27166661620140076,
0.041767701506614685,
0.16239693760871887,
0.62058025598526,
-0.07421606779098511,
1.0854617357254028,
-0.13278555870056152,
0.09868773818016052,
0.14815333485603333,
-0.34605732560157776,
-0.23769423365592957,
-0.759477972984314,
-0.3528778553009033,
0.20783071219921112,
0.25647762417793274,
0.3937736451625824,
0.10290677845478058,
1.0613702535629272,
0.3464897871017456,
-0.16793489456176758,
0.25690022110939026,
0.2312975525856018,
0.7475593090057373,
-0.017642438411712646,
1.0398190021514893,
0.09645813703536987,
-0.09199442714452744,
-0.33986973762512207,
-0.6443108916282654,
-0.5415776371955872,
-0.4939812123775482,
-0.42784884572029114,
0.07880065590143204,
-0.7084766030311584,
-0.08597644418478012,
0.7571291923522949,
0.07169975340366364,
0.1325010508298874,
1.1900204420089722,
0.39512529969215393,
-0.4280134439468384,
0.1704055815935135,
0.37812769412994385,
0.8413858413696289,
0.7175053954124451,
-0.2921713590621948,
-0.3049663305282593,
-0.0709957554936409,
0.10825034230947495,
0.3759811222553253,
0.31256920099258423,
-0.12536746263504028,
-0.08831185847520828,
-0.0015084008919075131,
0.3163281977176666,
0.19091452658176422,
0.5296822190284729,
0.24142904579639435,
-0.6743041276931763,
0.39130011200904846,
-0.04147067666053772,
0.10180437564849854,
0.5533654689788818,
-0.8323582410812378,
-0.287344753742218,
0.09228787571191788,
-0.8642860651016235,
0.5074657201766968,
-0.2707250714302063,
-0.3058568835258484,
-0.6983664631843567,
-0.48348715901374817,
0.045318905264139175,
0.45597198605537415,
0.19982025027275085,
0.42621374130249023,
-0.19721250236034393,
-0.39788874983787537,
1.024199366569519,
0.22572003304958344,
-0.006816512905061245,
0.7016823887825012,
0.4062933623790741,
0.650503933429718,
-0.15032915771007538,
-0.06435512006282806,
-0.11263635754585266,
0.3298552632331848,
-0.07629987597465515,
0.406413197517395,
0.40558889508247375,
-0.012874577194452286,
0.0650482028722763,
0.11538834869861603,
0.4538624882698059,
0.6335170269012451,
-0.3729458451271057,
0.4434172809123993,
-0.06479831784963608,
-0.14332211017608643,
0.24667395651340485,
-0.17083054780960083,
-0.04448504373431206,
-0.8376356959342957,
0.2721942663192749,
0.2697569727897644,
-0.12158504873514175,
0.06167372316122055,
0.3212791681289673,
0.666528046131134,
0.4379083514213562,
-0.126644104719162,
-0.14485187828540802,
-0.7592498064041138,
-1.220951795578003,
0.5982357859611511,
0.035850416868925095,
1.4053022861480713,
-0.2573232054710388,
-0.2671864628791809,
0.44123104214668274,
-0.4398701786994934,
0.5523517727851868,
-0.38889896869659424,
-0.3256183862686157,
0.4000954031944275,
-0.07717102766036987,
-0.8970528244972229,
0.1465088576078415,
-0.16003219783306122,
-0.702123761177063,
0.1496742218732834,
0.09858974814414978,
0.06771758198738098,
-0.7312092185020447,
0.5057563781738281,
0.31236886978149414,
-0.3417961299419403,
0.0771775022149086,
0.05195847526192665,
0.21614724397659302,
0.5072951316833496,
-0.514488697052002,
0.6084955930709839,
-0.008508648723363876,
-0.21681956946849823,
0.0313698947429657,
0.02801359072327614,
-0.13332834839820862,
0.5170741081237793,
0.8481696248054504,
0.07943447679281235,
-0.46193748712539673,
0.03376571089029312,
-0.12276417016983032,
0.41452935338020325,
-0.028627319261431694,
-0.1124819815158844,
-0.1341259926557541,
0.0035549697931855917,
0.2776985466480255,
-0.023152340203523636,
-0.209108367562294,
-0.37676796317100525,
0.3488712012767792,
-0.5593129992485046,
0.33379215002059937,
0.3658808767795563,
0.7866023182868958,
-0.1681227833032608,
0.39144593477249146,
-0.42047616839408875,
-0.17312169075012207,
0.20093342661857605,
0.21999794244766235,
0.10470099002122879,
-0.7263976335525513,
-0.13550594449043274,
-0.013729484751820564,
0.06829269230365753,
0.08314633369445801,
0.0018569329986348748,
0.20749637484550476,
-0.5543603897094727,
-0.26670944690704346,
-0.8329896330833435,
0.5777494311332703,
-0.29035836458206177,
-0.582663893699646,
-0.1719030737876892,
-0.2524975538253784,
0.41524428129196167,
0.3220175504684448,
0.11397729068994522,
-0.40146929025650024,
-0.2628082036972046,
0.40662041306495667,
-0.2107657939195633,
-0.16064511239528656,
-0.010412316769361496,
-0.3695261478424072,
-0.2691110074520111,
-0.18780791759490967,
0.22185513377189636,
0.9517208337783813,
0.14497210085391998,
-0.22855079174041748,
-0.32389405369758606,
0.050690703094005585,
0.009351490065455437,
-0.037258416414260864,
-0.4983547627925873,
0.2668607234954834,
0.4259670376777649,
0.27252304553985596,
-0.2696479260921478,
0.41905635595321655,
-0.6452337503433228,
0.3786636292934418,
-0.08848679065704346,
-0.10510293394327164,
1.287062168121338,
0.26415807008743286,
-0.7193006277084351,
0.21984635293483734,
-0.8369009494781494,
0.1055455207824707,
0.13890711963176727,
0.20129232108592987,
-0.23162873089313507,
-0.24970047175884247,
-4.941592693328857,
0.004139503464102745,
-0.7040392160415649,
-0.2458219975233078,
0.01889914646744728,
0.5398374199867249,
0.5043774247169495,
-0.16890506446361542,
0.07546476274728775,
0.7686530947685242,
0.14539501070976257,
-0.4645932614803314,
0.5393807291984558,
1.109667181968689,
0.6067920923233032,
0.5925662517547607,
0.30437901616096497,
-0.0942913219332695,
0.250739723443985,
-0.3294545114040375,
-0.15255089104175568,
-0.22882717847824097,
-0.20814374089241028,
0.6164838671684265,
0.3752761483192444,
1.312296986579895,
-0.17155317962169647,
-0.555916428565979,
-0.494525671005249,
-0.3657959997653961,
-0.0680144652724266,
-0.12432800233364105,
0.36439692974090576,
-0.249142587184906,
-0.5676247477531433,
0.46701160073280334,
0.18094965815544128,
-0.21180042624473572,
0.45407089591026306,
-0.6111725568771362,
0.3028874397277832,
-0.05258609354496002,
0.2476925551891327,
0.10407364368438721,
0.4943063259124756,
-0.7617226839065552,
-0.4209248125553131,
0.2268562912940979,
-0.1791323721408844,
0.5111273527145386,
0.00781446136534214,
0.3396199643611908,
0.7255604267120361,
-0.3620915114879608,
-0.2176317721605301,
-0.5559374690055847,
0.5865384340286255,
-0.19544531404972076,
-0.24206335842609406,
0.334210067987442,
0.41610151529312134,
-0.3969409465789795,
-0.22806371748447418,
-0.7899495363235474,
-0.10950711369514465,
-0.28311729431152344,
-0.1106446236371994,
-0.034288786351680756,
-0.004125998355448246,
-0.03865363821387291,
-0.2895466685295105,
0.45760101079940796,
-0.6545193195343018,
-1.0022512674331665,
-0.07019150257110596,
-0.5009061694145203,
-0.8958263397216797,
-0.04973417520523071,
-0.14755988121032715,
0.22851485013961792,
-0.5070285201072693,
-0.10330352187156677,
-0.13124985992908478,
0.8940830230712891,
0.1770070195198059,
-0.3618231415748596,
-0.0014928384916856885,
-0.31939029693603516,
0.045226626098155975,
-0.6752499341964722,
0.6942920088768005,
-0.279994398355484,
-0.1437704861164093,
-0.010844617150723934,
-0.5151910185813904,
0.7793481349945068,
0.020715756341814995,
0.17169716954231262,
0.5779792666435242,
-0.8383825421333313,
1.0962932109832764,
-0.017667558044195175,
0.690773069858551,
-0.2794739305973053,
-0.34712642431259155,
-0.7311417460441589,
0.3657509982585907,
0.13314256072044373,
0.30404147505760193,
0.23049232363700867,
0.010473115369677544,
-0.09987472742795944,
-0.15738528966903687,
-0.3608895540237427,
0.4833911657333374,
-0.08298807591199875,
-0.500188946723938,
0.7064764499664307,
0.1870904415845871,
0.42013153433799744,
-0.04424179717898369,
0.3645114600658417,
0.2290763109922409,
-0.029403969645500183,
0.4564075171947479,
-0.5084355473518372,
-0.42124083638191223,
0.08596329391002655,
-0.5090172290802002,
-0.23770850896835327,
0.31960803270339966,
0.14040155708789825,
0.27759483456611633,
-0.4370017945766449,
0.30663493275642395,
-0.764008641242981,
-0.787290632724762,
-0.5077110528945923,
0.2702537477016449,
-0.05069448798894882,
0.043284326791763306,
-0.4646044373512268,
0.0918242335319519,
0.6853079199790955,
-0.6811557412147522,
0.14178720116615295,
-0.13519783318042755,
-0.48335281014442444,
-1.0104267597198486,
0.15355324745178223,
-0.8265635371208191,
-0.03628780320286751,
-0.13606388866901398,
-0.8505051732063293,
0.6768059730529785,
-0.73553866147995,
-0.17347262799739838,
0.26736029982566833,
-0.2471858263015747,
-0.2852175831794739,
-0.41858673095703125,
-0.3619932234287262,
-1.0368319749832153,
0.15543432533740997,
0.4611738324165344,
-0.1499682366847992,
-1.2917228937149048,
-0.6498249769210815,
-0.5870285034179688,
1.0754016637802124,
0.033448152244091034,
-0.9922472834587097,
-0.415778249502182,
-0.37882232666015625,
0.023208865895867348,
-0.40694093704223633,
-0.05254482477903366,
-0.06338564306497574,
0.16545456647872925,
-0.15118950605392456,
0.10362767428159714,
0.3668910264968872,
-0.013548499904572964,
0.5706506371498108,
0.3447275161743164,
-0.5999530553817749,
-0.8253704905509949,
0.06649291515350342,
-0.24799740314483643,
-0.07300271838903427,
0.4265541434288025,
-0.14843082427978516,
0.4533084034919739,
-0.14283005893230438,
0.027242189273238182,
-0.732697606086731,
0.13635577261447906,
-0.21368218958377838,
-0.040358494967222214,
-0.7489579319953918,
0.3916575014591217,
0.18760213255882263,
-0.287853866815567,
0.7530520558357239,
-0.32317930459976196,
-0.9911528825759888,
0.30302169919013977,
1.019266128540039,
-0.5162519812583923,
0.56317538022995,
-1.0749024152755737,
-0.5979824662208557,
0.007851934060454369,
0.4886007606983185,
-0.6107689142227173,
0.09285929054021835,
0.7730082273483276,
-0.6741339564323425,
-1.0823904275894165,
-0.07876592874526978,
-0.005007524974644184,
-0.1743578016757965,
-0.34498903155326843,
-0.5695093870162964,
-1.044007658958435,
-0.3493708670139313,
0.7087972164154053,
-0.2619669437408447,
0.46060192584991455,
-0.6132575273513794,
0.2986254096031189,
-0.1511627584695816,
0.35852763056755066,
0.10789279639720917,
-0.16343629360198975,
0.5560710430145264,
-0.20939894020557404,
0.5645349025726318,
1.2760463953018188,
0.8218796849250793,
0.6317792534828186,
1.2473098039627075,
0.27798986434936523,
-0.06772465258836746,
-0.31961068511009216,
-0.13776755332946777,
0.2927713990211487,
-0.7852334380149841,
-0.8174623250961304,
0.2102895826101303,
-0.5551370978355408,
-0.3550999164581299,
-0.4831882119178772,
-0.41580623388290405,
1.230219841003418,
-0.3584834039211273,
-0.0028877484146505594,
0.5068989992141724,
-0.10935286432504654,
0.03635530173778534,
0.03590923175215721,
-0.1710110455751419,
-0.4389428198337555,
0.3192070424556732,
0.557693362236023,
-0.8051851987838745,
-0.1421298384666443,
-0.3040306270122528,
0.6972312927246094,
-0.2506830096244812,
-0.2760770320892334,
-0.4864756762981415,
0.5980269908905029,
-0.09156496822834015,
-0.8062607049942017,
-0.24526262283325195,
0.703679084777832,
-0.7574071288108826,
0.1353035569190979,
-0.5699717998504639,
-0.6552817821502686,
0.4844273328781128,
0.026564298197627068,
0.06786530464887619,
-0.6608964204788208,
-0.9503504037857056,
-0.25701165199279785,
-0.10851757228374481,
-0.16203580796718597,
0.3266100287437439,
-0.6829838156700134,
-0.4474051594734192,
0.11179877072572708,
-0.558754026889801,
0.2532017230987549,
-0.10367091000080109,
-0.010999980382621288,
0.1156044527888298,
-0.160003200173378,
0.1010383889079094,
-0.6326683759689331,
0.4792926013469696,
-0.7259006500244141,
-1.097601056098938,
0.11801175773143768,
-0.03372705727815628,
0.05423295870423317,
-0.3770920932292938,
-0.3108060956001282,
0.3736300766468048,
0.11774367094039917,
0.46068933606147766,
-0.24861007928848267,
1.0651556253433228,
-0.10766822099685669,
-0.0077916341833770275,
0.35874345898628235,
-0.45776116847991943,
0.41327789425849915,
0.6831070184707642,
0.15066613256931305,
0.42220237851142883,
0.12452474981546402,
0.2751368284225464,
0.26553574204444885,
1.0585814714431763,
-0.02251485176384449,
-0.22091615200042725,
0.22962214052677155,
0.646142840385437,
-0.6907574534416199,
-0.6054904460906982,
-0.3843863010406494,
0.4350108504295349,
-0.49388042092323303,
-0.6684121489524841,
0.10954176634550095,
-0.2694069743156433,
0.014694673009216785,
0.29044127464294434,
-0.05937981978058815,
0.3661676347255707,
-0.049717389047145844,
-0.4505506157875061,
-0.027615172788500786,
-0.11860498785972595,
0.5007814168930054,
-0.2952093482017517,
0.4920217990875244,
0.24431461095809937,
0.6411396861076355,
-0.12706981599330902,
0.13678766787052155,
-0.4253562092781067,
-0.17787615954875946,
-0.06383130699396133,
-0.4863469898700714,
-0.4670519232749939,
-0.4498046636581421,
0.1899009644985199,
0.2115333378314972,
-0.2929595410823822,
-0.9312452077865601,
0.39482712745666504,
0.315010130405426,
-0.648853063583374,
0.46967872977256775,
0.0038110048044472933,
0.3742678463459015,
0.4470621645450592,
0.37873581051826477,
-0.08485837280750275,
0.09351999312639236,
-0.037870217114686966,
0.2324034571647644,
-0.0456850565969944,
0.9764699935913086,
0.2701188325881958,
0.1433001458644867,
0.02375311590731144,
0.06983287632465363,
1.0264651775360107,
-0.02311825565993786,
-0.39774104952812195,
0.00003407306576264091,
-0.5547630786895752,
0.4227463901042938,
0.7074236869812012,
0.13007616996765137,
0.1201263964176178,
0.44366320967674255,
-0.24266351759433746,
-0.20966573059558868,
0.16165493428707123,
-0.7123557329177856,
-0.317343533039093,
0.09101363271474838,
0.4049563407897949,
-0.09407147765159607,
-0.3403457999229431,
0.05104022100567818,
0.45269978046417236,
0.1770073026418686,
0.6485661864280701,
-0.20601323246955872,
0.5743467211723328,
-0.34373462200164795,
-0.15662701427936554,
0.4978102743625641,
0.2510707676410675,
0.30290257930755615,
0.8662638664245605,
0.028956029564142227,
0.10755311697721481,
-0.6198660731315613,
-0.5249341726303101,
0.4573926329612732,
-0.8992972373962402,
0.5652936697006226,
-0.7201692461967468,
-0.0523969940841198,
-0.33925101161003113,
0.43849167227745056,
0.8232602477073669,
0.019911499693989754,
-0.6761572957038879,
0.8801263570785522,
0.05334540829062462,
-0.03396395221352577,
0.7774357199668884,
0.12886181473731995,
-0.6653615832328796,
-0.3742790222167969,
-0.08520625531673431,
-0.35867080092430115,
-0.722032904624939,
-0.19590814411640167,
0.9296482801437378,
0.44086506962776184,
-0.9067639112472534,
0.04385969415307045,
-0.5470442175865173,
0.23385494947433472,
-0.17433862388134003,
0.2789308726787567,
0.34988313913345337,
-0.6978039145469666,
-0.355254590511322,
-0.9484354257583618,
-0.35458827018737793,
0.05706969276070595,
-0.8322639465332031,
0.047356292605400085,
-0.6074856519699097,
-0.46032819151878357,
-0.10236803442239761,
0.5590253472328186,
-0.5998087525367737,
-0.01478982251137495,
0.023252345621585846
] |
247601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested%20Upper%20Merged%20Ontology | Suggested Upper Merged Ontology | The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. SUMO defines a hierarchy of classes and related rules and relationships. These are expressed in a version of the language SUO-KIF which has a LISP-like syntax. A mapping from WordNet synsets to SUMO has been defined. Initially, SUMO was focused on meta-level concepts (general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain), and thereby would lead naturally to a categorization scheme for encyclopedias. It has now been considerably expanded to include a mid-level ontology and dozens of domain ontologies.
SUMO is organized for interoperability of automated reasoning engines. To maximize compatibility, schema designers can try to assure that their naming conventions use the same meanings as SUMO for identical words (for example, "agent" or "process"). SUMO has an associated open source Sigma knowledge engineering environment.
Initially, Sumo was developed by the Teknowledge Corporation and now is maintained by Articulate Software. SUMO is open source. The first release was in December 2000.
See also
Semantic translation
External links
Main page for SUMO
The Sigma reasoning system for SUMO
Online browser for SUMO
Adam Pease, creator and current Technical Editor of the standard
Home page of the IEEE Standard Upper Ontology working group
Java platform software
Knowledge representation
Ontology (information science)
Open data
Knowledge bases | [
-0.27751025557518005,
0.07526086270809174,
-0.5656587481498718,
0.10383597761392593,
-0.5602606534957886,
0.3901169002056122,
-0.053017858415842056,
0.25545594096183777,
-0.021343503147363663,
-0.24110494554042816,
-0.5597505569458008,
0.25252658128738403,
0.1948234736919403,
0.2618064880371094,
0.025936443358659744,
-0.11534279584884644,
0.4268256723880768,
0.21496154367923737,
-0.10090579092502594,
-0.2987275719642639,
-0.2187955379486084,
0.20735783874988556,
-0.3690376877784729,
-0.6079925894737244,
0.2727168798446655,
-0.0026460576336830854,
0.2324824333190918,
-0.24494701623916626,
0.15977755188941956,
-0.025107569992542267,
0.038806311786174774,
0.8808155059814453,
-0.07487892359495163,
-0.47613364458084106,
0.049070004373788834,
-0.31615662574768066,
-0.09896334260702133,
-0.4482484459877014,
0.26737555861473083,
-0.2827448546886444,
0.3351345360279083,
0.2358701527118683,
0.4036652147769928,
0.7225791215896606,
-0.30915915966033936,
-0.4689924418926239,
-1.6618282794952393,
-0.3632233738899231,
-1.3726708889007568,
-0.16485880315303802,
-0.4587936997413635,
0.21521973609924316,
0.40232741832733154,
0.3500066101551056,
-0.3673539161682129,
0.386630117893219,
-0.48347118496894836,
-0.04037262499332428,
0.6981158256530762,
-0.0826524868607521,
0.2900610566139221,
0.3203270733356476,
-0.2058919072151184,
0.2476993054151535,
0.27163201570510864,
0.31636568903923035,
-0.4931311309337616,
0.40366044640541077,
-1.3139632940292358,
-0.250032514333725,
-0.4590766131877899,
-0.2885555326938629,
0.2659655809402466,
0.21542493999004364,
-0.26176562905311584,
-0.003225527470931411,
0.06161896139383316,
0.30216139554977417,
-0.007395905442535877,
-0.563134491443634,
-0.5459694266319275,
0.5650305151939392,
0.4836733043193817,
-0.06284526735544205,
1.0335551500320435,
0.32357800006866455,
-0.42020052671432495,
0.17718052864074707,
-0.32415905594825745,
0.7632169127464294,
-0.2588469088077545,
0.09695099294185638,
0.4324348270893097,
0.14158950746059418,
0.17424601316452026,
0.2369539588689804,
0.08403974026441574,
0.10075661540031433,
0.16020528972148895,
0.32918915152549744,
-0.14251495897769928,
0.4472445249557495,
0.7845362424850464,
-0.4233276844024658,
-0.6376028060913086,
-0.517175555229187,
-0.549759566783905,
-0.30209434032440186,
-0.4159435033798218,
-0.2929689586162567,
-0.8230859637260437,
0.5453583002090454,
-0.012779423967003822,
0.38916289806365967,
0.10342928767204285,
0.43573373556137085,
0.13289915025234222,
0.21626035869121552,
-0.3816407024860382,
-0.4172579348087311,
-0.0791495218873024,
0.7818378806114197,
-0.4214348793029785,
0.39240720868110657,
0.08063449710607529,
0.6002904176712036,
0.1318507194519043,
0.476229727268219,
-0.40202459692955017,
0.14633986353874207,
0.19250546395778656,
0.8535264730453491,
0.3136899173259735,
-0.23441480100154877,
-0.5324079394340515,
0.2663705348968506,
0.7701717615127563,
0.010235235095024109,
0.582366406917572,
0.11738449335098267,
-1.0557785034179688,
-0.3333689272403717,
-0.5570627450942993,
-0.24560938775539398,
0.8392902612686157,
0.24264219403266907,
-0.07944668084383011,
-0.048968780785799026,
-0.017518632113933563,
0.020002054050564766,
-0.031092733144760132,
-0.44031742215156555,
-0.21911929547786713,
0.010293068364262581,
0.27607056498527527,
0.9665926098823547,
0.5285279750823975,
-0.48355183005332947,
0.3645660877227783,
0.4121708869934082,
-0.027733556926250458,
-0.3096166253089905,
-0.5042608380317688,
-0.067655548453331,
0.3083163797855377,
-0.6019585728645325,
0.04318741708993912,
0.015839604660868645,
0.002392061986029148,
0.8319141864776611,
-0.3607814610004425,
-0.24988919496536255,
-0.023930346593260765,
-0.5399818420410156,
0.04093819484114647,
-0.1256336271762848,
0.7040039896965027,
0.3553554117679596,
0.9788399934768677,
-0.29355552792549133,
-0.9670925736427307,
0.22173263132572174,
0.4560810625553131,
-0.5934873223304749,
-0.15640230476856232,
0.17495512962341309,
0.7947314977645874,
-0.19144365191459656,
-0.0694066658616066,
0.22481203079223633,
-0.5244585871696472,
-0.2741905450820923,
0.18406717479228973,
-0.4814327359199524,
1.25187349319458,
0.7105201482772827,
0.016295278444886208,
1.1276130676269531,
0.3400309681892395,
0.6349396705627441,
0.26017358899116516,
-0.4999803602695465,
-0.05541638284921646,
0.22267654538154602,
-0.11677837371826172,
0.9939234256744385,
-0.07532230019569397,
-0.1948600858449936,
-0.11933227628469467,
0.05630834400653839,
0.4465111792087555,
-0.10990806668996811,
0.5082838535308838,
-0.44548434019088745,
0.12774844467639923,
-0.4534011483192444,
0.12864407896995544,
0.260439395904541,
-0.49673211574554443,
-0.45895764231681824,
1.0699341297149658,
-0.2476409673690796,
0.27365151047706604,
0.041514452546834946,
0.18962913751602173,
0.39630234241485596,
0.4405575096607208,
0.3540293574333191,
0.5821189284324646,
-0.31606388092041016,
0.23329465091228485,
0.00494064437225461,
0.0045106057077646255,
-0.07095079123973846,
0.0783131867647171,
-0.7985632419586182,
-0.13154715299606323,
-0.6205534338951111,
-0.15800297260284424,
-0.45020052790641785,
-0.0011547370813786983,
0.2869160771369934,
-0.8485997915267944,
0.16356554627418518,
0.2912314236164093,
-0.2298002392053604,
0.04088156670331955,
0.4715270400047302,
-0.49167296290397644,
0.41271892189979553,
-0.1055220440030098,
0.24317951500415802,
-0.2907745838165283,
-0.6833606362342834,
-0.12342467904090881,
0.3577282130718231,
-0.17236657440662384,
0.265608549118042,
-0.01975524052977562,
0.1531510055065155,
-0.09745723009109497,
0.5587414503097534,
-0.08380420506000519,
-0.281343549489975,
-0.0544029101729393,
-0.7181340456008911,
-0.17034201323986053,
-0.2964593172073364,
0.4419212341308594,
0.00695947278290987,
0.4959065020084381,
-0.35007444024086,
-0.7630162239074707,
-0.587988018989563,
-0.7654350996017456,
-0.878198504447937,
0.32452377676963806,
0.4309212863445282,
-1.1845165491104126,
-0.6753802299499512,
0.1751662939786911,
0.4760186970233917,
-0.11086194217205048,
-0.26556456089019775,
-0.26982662081718445,
-0.6981500387191772,
0.00004770546001964249,
-0.23183000087738037,
-0.08585575968027115,
-0.638282835483551,
0.013817014172673225,
0.5047076940536499,
-0.15767617523670197,
-0.2349100261926651,
0.027831899002194405,
0.2976940870285034,
0.20244033634662628,
0.08227358758449554,
-0.10348684340715408,
0.2825205624103546,
-0.8058499693870544,
0.03798944503068924,
0.10408250987529755,
-0.07444524765014648,
0.04566787928342819,
0.45499637722969055,
0.06690052896738052,
0.6024487614631653,
-5.391313552856445,
-0.033796973526477814,
-0.44789302349090576,
0.13252690434455872,
0.2630476653575897,
0.3141544759273529,
0.30314522981643677,
-0.0649489164352417,
-0.3212451636791229,
-0.1091855838894844,
-0.42613643407821655,
-0.07209312915802002,
-0.349999338388443,
0.6507223844528198,
0.5120206475257874,
0.10065031796693802,
0.6407131552696228,
0.7753384709358215,
0.38446420431137085,
0.17990422248840332,
-0.5825592875480652,
0.09625851362943649,
-0.08028927445411682,
0.8327786326408386,
-0.1528523862361908,
0.8117747902870178,
-0.15269383788108826,
0.33222103118896484,
-0.47106340527534485,
-0.45935866236686707,
0.38507330417633057,
-0.4283030033111572,
-0.13218803703784943,
-0.26643630862236023,
-0.5674067735671997,
0.19657044112682343,
0.5918940901756287,
0.865939199924469,
0.6591185331344604,
-0.3868279457092285,
-0.5321123003959656,
0.2193254679441452,
-0.02091260999441147,
0.057573117315769196,
0.38525715470314026,
-0.2628142237663269,
-0.14881156384944916,
-0.0654282495379448,
-0.4128151834011078,
0.7326831817626953,
-0.7234319448471069,
0.20637601613998413,
0.6389081478118896,
0.24879594147205353,
0.4182211756706238,
0.29852259159088135,
0.6235671043395996,
0.11939550191164017,
0.120085209608078,
0.006156039424240589,
0.726979672908783,
-0.8044505715370178,
-0.22042137384414673,
-1.12079918384552,
-0.2990846633911133,
-0.6571286916732788,
-0.45995399355888367,
-0.06844218075275421,
0.37401700019836426,
0.40428417921066284,
-0.4946754276752472,
0.41324251890182495,
0.14954179525375366,
-0.8530125617980957,
0.2701146602630615,
-0.24722540378570557,
0.1698424518108368,
-0.22538170218467712,
0.330066442489624,
0.38768234848976135,
-0.0856337919831276,
0.048079654574394226,
-0.4953836500644684,
0.5619955658912659,
0.22534409165382385,
0.023281199857592583,
-0.05892914906144142,
0.24421913921833038,
-0.34763219952583313,
0.2838362753391266,
0.01226234994828701,
0.03458278253674507,
-0.014601974748075008,
0.5754978060722351,
0.21788771450519562,
0.5681155920028687,
0.5071578621864319,
0.31158944964408875,
0.2901792824268341,
-0.3318655490875244,
0.309896320104599,
-0.8884241580963135,
-0.29648488759994507,
0.1476893573999405,
-0.027858320623636246,
-0.16473525762557983,
-0.7295690178871155,
0.22975316643714905,
0.42615413665771484,
-0.006897739600390196,
0.293076753616333,
0.25455448031425476,
-0.5671374797821045,
-0.19689838588237762,
0.0730331540107727,
0.6184991598129272,
-0.7252888679504395,
0.3879410922527313,
0.34660637378692627,
0.6364669799804688,
0.14279982447624207,
0.0948946624994278,
0.24795830249786377,
-0.20977221429347992,
-0.423890084028244,
-0.6174793839454651,
0.13479585945606232,
0.18836857378482819,
-0.2745760679244995,
-0.1461421698331833,
0.19867700338363647,
-0.3201788663864136,
-0.09271471202373505,
0.08587756752967834,
0.365504652261734,
-0.919421911239624,
-0.3330594599246979,
0.5882353782653809,
-0.24947579205036163,
-0.3610282838344574,
0.34268271923065186,
-0.2250916063785553,
-0.15767823159694672,
-0.2606636583805084,
0.9447081685066223,
0.28729167580604553,
0.1446101814508438,
-0.13910254836082458,
-0.6110502481460571,
0.7222874164581299,
0.1649705022573471,
-0.7658432126045227,
0.17536228895187378,
-0.9644829034805298,
0.03519250079989433,
0.18701623380184174,
-0.4939497113227844,
-0.04156096652150154,
0.1334414929151535,
-0.2554114758968353,
0.044254202395677567,
-0.2486458271741867,
-0.5395167469978333,
-0.09557553380727768,
0.21529968082904816,
-0.39110738039016724,
-0.6729759573936462,
-0.20686346292495728,
-0.6465355753898621,
0.3080744743347168,
-0.33751949667930603,
-0.04513031989336014,
-0.7118874788284302,
-0.3731761574745178,
0.7765346765518188,
0.12685741484165192,
0.3068457543849945,
0.6239607334136963,
0.0036254371516406536,
-0.5526246428489685,
0.2700292766094208,
-0.10939490050077438,
-0.18422934412956238,
0.16197530925273895,
0.5906540155410767,
-0.28949132561683655,
0.08516165614128113,
0.6759678721427917,
-0.5728968381881714,
-0.5667653679847717,
-0.17647413909435272,
0.36009830236434937,
0.42674484848976135,
0.37040647864341736,
-0.6351252198219299,
-0.49340787529945374,
0.1454051434993744,
0.11065427958965302,
0.2660295367240906,
-0.7806898355484009,
0.4330167770385742,
0.43041130900382996,
-0.35400357842445374,
0.40366131067276,
0.8282116651535034,
-1.0055655241012573,
0.32348179817199707,
0.13110430538654327,
-0.5506061911582947,
0.1535898745059967,
-0.180824413895607,
-1.0975595712661743,
-0.49775680899620056,
-0.46045535802841187,
0.03908594325184822,
-0.3906066417694092,
0.6041858196258545,
-0.5905345678329468,
-0.4801395535469055,
-0.17308808863162994,
0.4019733667373657,
-0.5393710732460022,
-0.16038034856319427,
-0.022818364202976227,
-0.2627071440219879,
0.27293962240219116,
-0.09495912492275238,
-0.41893231868743896,
0.6981621384620667,
-0.7918767333030701,
-0.3503405749797821,
-0.5035191774368286,
0.302615761756897,
0.6532654762268066,
-0.2864147424697876,
-0.12200499325990677,
-0.3115302622318268,
0.1803576499223709,
-0.5213768482208252,
-0.09305738657712936,
0.569699227809906,
0.7179943323135376,
0.459844708442688,
-0.8896835446357727,
-0.6744862794876099,
0.25723350048065186,
0.6415255665779114,
-0.3325786292552948,
-0.2850550711154938,
0.13186095654964447,
0.8205340504646301,
-0.8373329043388367,
-0.7708209753036499,
-0.333653062582016,
0.8039178252220154,
-0.29797816276550293,
-0.1836128830909729,
-0.5885785222053528,
-0.2596457898616791,
0.1019979864358902,
0.19058996438980103,
-0.3214518427848816,
-0.20444728434085846,
0.6004408597946167,
0.010456475429236889,
0.24480628967285156,
-0.16200347244739532,
0.1857357770204544,
0.59009850025177,
-0.9178547859191895,
0.30843254923820496,
-0.18333597481250763,
-0.11042290925979614,
0.24677155911922455,
0.2195880264043808,
-0.389578640460968,
0.04599541425704956,
-0.4999055862426758,
0.3279379904270172,
-0.48683714866638184,
-0.25463834404945374,
0.39124903082847595,
0.10886331647634506,
-0.4989495277404785,
-0.1572183221578598,
-0.45622703433036804,
0.16988150775432587,
-0.3673914074897766,
-0.29802405834198,
0.06916752457618713,
-1.0625410079956055,
0.3858601450920105,
-0.3440517485141754,
0.1937953382730484,
-0.2629741430282593,
-0.05083435773849487,
0.36727696657180786,
-0.047155339270830154,
0.18114760518074036,
-0.10604725778102875,
-0.2996668219566345,
0.7809020280838013,
-0.07159285992383957,
-0.38345932960510254,
0.7683277726173401,
0.5892803072929382,
-0.05119752138853073,
-0.13267557322978973,
0.3444565236568451,
-0.4738351106643677,
0.3933090269565582,
0.3388257324695587,
0.32510873675346375,
1.1143485307693481,
0.22709888219833374,
-0.11974084377288818,
0.02826312743127346,
-0.417416512966156,
0.35592177510261536,
0.8101276755332947,
-0.06929606199264526,
-0.1167876347899437,
0.4614458680152893,
-0.23124441504478455,
-0.4563906490802765,
0.4073601961135864,
0.034567903727293015,
-0.7535765171051025,
0.023476943373680115,
0.5321881175041199,
0.5022919774055481,
0.3873128890991211,
-0.33224987983703613,
0.373159795999527,
-0.5977796912193298,
-0.6939197182655334,
0.3782241940498352,
-0.6104985475540161,
-0.1245756447315216,
0.6265349984169006,
0.3875334560871124,
0.4891946315765381,
-0.5359732508659363,
-0.4631437063217163,
-0.4901461899280548,
0.04535176232457161,
0.09394203871488571,
0.3961769938468933,
-0.2572593092918396,
0.5861496329307556,
0.32611095905303955,
-0.04855194315314293,
0.48225075006484985,
-0.48875692486763,
0.19329293072223663,
-0.2929213047027588,
0.16067562997341156,
-0.5277304649353027,
-0.08588021248579025,
-0.1453845500946045,
-0.324564129114151,
0.631476104259491,
-0.06736719608306885,
-0.2976623773574829,
-0.06842714548110962,
-0.12285999208688736,
0.5549899935722351,
0.048904094845056534,
0.10932579636573792,
0.18555709719657898,
0.4491088390350342,
0.06886839121580124,
0.07400299608707428,
0.20403364300727844,
0.3135640323162079,
0.20818458497524261,
0.27557897567749023,
0.1880338042974472,
0.25357481837272644,
0.3265399634838104,
-0.023198049515485764,
-0.49154531955718994,
0.38722002506256104,
-0.02371853031218052,
0.4112144112586975,
0.06695529073476791,
-0.15938636660575867,
0.8930068612098694,
0.07151394337415695,
0.7169414758682251,
-0.08626971393823624,
-0.5638960599899292,
0.23504894971847534,
0.4912601411342621,
-0.6690266132354736,
0.34350934624671936,
-0.7363433241844177,
0.42816826701164246,
0.07969125360250473,
0.3514806628227234,
-0.3663489520549774,
0.3820238411426544,
0.30980291962623596,
-0.01213786005973816,
-0.5515720248222351,
0.602201521396637,
-0.5147155523300171,
0.44493594765663147,
-0.7251123785972595,
0.5056636333465576,
0.39099669456481934,
-0.1300814002752304,
-0.23182205855846405,
0.6107328534126282,
-0.18479396402835846,
0.2368515133857727,
0.5216969847679138,
-0.08829550445079803,
0.2222595363855362,
0.20359022915363312,
-0.36651381850242615,
-0.2576950192451477,
-0.006259916350245476,
0.3400701582431793,
-0.5289921164512634,
0.13815046846866608,
0.17674115300178528,
0.266172856092453,
-0.516539454460144,
0.2657295763492584,
-0.35286852717399597,
0.013929964043200016,
-0.6384275555610657,
0.1606442779302597,
-0.3237520456314087,
0.3200221061706543,
-0.30469146370887756,
0.6112810969352722,
0.12866084277629852,
-0.8403522968292236,
-0.5820858478546143,
-0.0992434173822403,
-0.03413478657603264,
0.641025722026825,
-1.435530424118042,
0.3109970986843109,
-0.26534324884414673,
-0.4674639105796814,
-0.47278618812561035,
0.1020868793129921,
0.3786345422267914,
-0.45012331008911133,
0.34736061096191406,
-0.039241448044776917,
-0.5037468671798706,
0.022144924849271774,
0.33856073021888733,
-0.5804215669631958,
0.4257998764514923,
0.43208807706832886
] |
247609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom%20%281972%20TV%20series%29 | Zoom (1972 TV series) | Zoom (stylized as ZOOM) is a half-hour educational television program, created almost entirely by children, which aired on PBS originally from January 9, 1972, to February 10, 1978, with reruns being shown until September 12, 1980. It was originated and produced by WGBH-TV in Boston. Inspired by educational shows like Sesame Street and The Electric Company, but designed to give the kids who watched it a voice without adults on screen, it was, for the most part, unscripted. Far from seeking to make stars of the child performers, their contracts prohibited them from making any television appearances or doing commercials for three years after they left the show.
The show was revived in 1999 and aired on PBS until 2005.
Description
Zoom encouraged children to "turn off the TV and do it!" On the show, a cast of seven kids (ten in Season 4) known as Zoomers presented various activities such as games, plays, poems, recipes, jokes, songs, movies, science experiments, and informal chats on subjects such as hospitals, prejudice, etc., all suggested by viewer contributions. These activities were introduced by such titles as Zoomovie, Zoom Play of the Week, Zoomrap (later Zoomchat), Zoomgame, Zoomdo, Zoomgoody, Zoomphenomenon, etc.
The young Zoomers were only identified by first names, and every six months, half the cast would be replaced, creating a continuous revolving door of hosts.
The mail-in request became a pop culture reference for its musical exhortation to "Write Zoom, Z-double-O-M, Box 3-5-0, Boston, Mass 0-2-1-3-4: send it to Zoom!". The lines were mostly spoken, but the ZIP Code was sung.
The program featured its own language, Ubbi-Dubbi, where the syllable "ub" was added before each vowel sound in each syllable of each word ("H-ub-i, fr-ub-iends," etc.). For the first two seasons, a word game called "Fannee Doolee" was featured, in which a series of statements about the titular character were presented to the audience without further explanation (e.g., "Fannee Doolee likes sweets, but hates candy"). It was eventually revealed that Fannee Doolee loved all words with double letters and hated all words without them.
Each show had one or two Zoomguest sequences, short film documentaries about children with special talents (singing, tap-dancing, instrument-making, etc.) or interesting hobbies or jobs. The premiere episode featured a boy who built a boat by making a ring of sticks and twigs and covering them with a tarpaulin.
In the show's first two seasons, Tracy hosted a "Tracy Asks..." sequence in which she asked a question, e.g., "Which came first, the chicken or the egg?" or "What is the world's longest word?", and local children were filmed giving their answers. The first season had "quickie" comedy routines modeled after Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In.
The performers in the original series were known for wearing striped rugby shirts and jeans. In Seasons 1 and 2 the cast performed barefoot but wore shoes from Season 3 on.
The first Zoom series lasted six seasons (1972–1978) and featured 49 Zoomers. During the second and third seasons, cast members were transitioned with a catchy production number that introduced the new cast members to the continuing cast members. The same song was used for each transition ("How do ya do do-dee-do, how do ya do-dee-do-dee-do, how's your sister, how's your brother, how are you?"). In the last three seasons, entirely new casts were used.
Several episodes were available with captions for the hearing-impaired.
Cast (in order by introduction in the opening song)
Some PBS stations continued to broadcast reruns of the series until September 12, 1980.
Merchandise
In 1973, the cast members from the first season came out with an album called Playgrounds (LP ) that was available by mail order.
In 1974, A&M Records released an album of songs from the show titled Come on and Zoom (LP ; cassette ), featuring cast members from the second season. The catalogue number of the album was SP-3402 (213 402 under the PolyGram system).
In 1977, Rounder Records released Zoom Tunes, featuring cast members from the fourth season.
Two books for children were based on the 1970s Zoom series:
The Zoom Catalog (), published by Random House in 1972, was a collection of stories, poems, plays, jokes and activities from the show, featuring the second cast.
Do a Zoomdo, published by Little Brown in 1975, featured activities from the show.
On December 1, 1998, WGBH released the video-and-book set Best of the 70s and Zoomers Revisited — Where Are They Now? ().
On October 28, 2008, WGBH released a two-DVD set, Zoom Back to the '70s. The first DVD was a reissue of Best of the 70s, with extras consisting of behind the scenes stills set to the theme song and a 10-question quiz asking what a few of the cast members are doing today. The second DVD consisted of four episodes from the series.
See also
Studio See, another PBS children's program that used content from viewers
Zoom (1999 TV series), 1999 remake of the 1972 series
Play School, the series Zoom was inspired by
References
External links
“'Come on and ZOOM!': ZOOM and 1970s American Childhood" by Leslie Paris
Television series by WGBH
English-language television shows
1970s American children's television series
1972 American television series debuts
1978 American television series endings
PBS Kids shows
American children's education television series
Television series about children | [
-0.0368964858353138,
-0.2529347836971283,
0.37022531032562256,
0.5150637626647949,
-0.2679905593395233,
-0.09959951788187027,
-0.07841116935014725,
0.4206119477748871,
-0.27598634362220764,
0.3807942867279053,
-0.1959291398525238,
0.5643043518066406,
-0.1849661022424698,
0.035822149366140366,
-0.2121257185935974,
-0.2848571538925171,
0.7925589680671692,
0.08847223967313766,
-0.6447293758392334,
-0.4013963043689728,
0.046313002705574036,
-0.5281329154968262,
0.3856338560581207,
-0.1570974886417389,
-0.27376723289489746,
0.2527209520339966,
0.15980519354343414,
0.6850473284721375,
0.7953868508338928,
0.1718229502439499,
0.26366835832595825,
0.018667740747332573,
0.47296255826950073,
-0.09229101240634918,
-0.45611572265625,
0.5386017560958862,
-0.06818050891160965,
0.5239030718803406,
0.3297538161277771,
-0.42277127504348755,
0.9259676337242126,
-0.2152664214372635,
-0.32745322585105896,
-0.38045862317085266,
0.060101740062236786,
-0.7600914835929871,
-1.7253175973892212,
-0.04662073031067848,
-0.3159118890762329,
-0.21752727031707764,
-0.9777414798736572,
0.5368312001228333,
0.5164769887924194,
0.09200143814086914,
-0.01143623422831297,
0.7437186241149902,
-0.0880434587597847,
-0.49083438515663147,
-0.22625038027763367,
0.24345341324806213,
0.18199557065963745,
-0.37963905930519104,
0.23187148571014404,
0.1815323829650879,
-0.721189022064209,
0.015784988179802895,
-0.034593407064676285,
0.5668011903762817,
0.5902689695358276,
-1.049236536026001,
-0.06625781953334808,
-0.0633314922451973,
-0.17499040067195892,
0.09107648581266403,
0.14351916313171387,
-0.28731951117515564,
0.2521509528160095,
-0.25724631547927856,
0.07074124366044998,
0.08957566320896149,
0.11750293523073196,
0.27772727608680725,
0.374300479888916,
-0.12338495254516602,
0.08708719164133072,
-0.30434244871139526,
-0.03488868847489357,
0.17567163705825806,
-0.4572373628616333,
0.5213567614555359,
-0.7447035908699036,
-0.3944217562675476,
0.5378860831260681,
0.22459863126277924,
0.04086960852146149,
-0.415499210357666,
-0.306611567735672,
0.05372362583875656,
0.6588954329490662,
-0.16269716620445251,
-0.0013112906599417329,
0.06011510640382767,
0.31983792781829834,
-0.23198506236076355,
-0.5744826793670654,
0.12342438101768494,
0.7249732613563538,
-1.1098681688308716,
-0.62809818983078,
0.4251890182495117,
-0.538861095905304,
0.06288691610097885,
0.25682196021080017,
-0.21106094121932983,
0.026607029139995575,
0.29260748624801636,
0.27752721309661865,
-0.21511277556419373,
-0.5652267932891846,
0.5393146276473999,
-0.4740848243236542,
0.2237173467874527,
0.02218414470553398,
-0.3565724194049835,
-0.1717316210269928,
0.4196188747882843,
-0.01281240489333868,
0.30767562985420227,
-0.3865828812122345,
0.06562677770853043,
0.2608228623867035,
0.3807210922241211,
0.2863364517688751,
-0.0773928314447403,
0.2371104657649994,
-0.49707478284835815,
0.4344440996646881,
-0.5311676859855652,
-0.9169602990150452,
-0.15361300110816956,
-0.024905717000365257,
0.4860752820968628,
-0.5607240200042725,
-0.36066579818725586,
0.04044874757528305,
-0.2629554271697998,
0.32917407155036926,
-0.03047594241797924,
-0.49589651823043823,
-0.281721830368042,
-0.14526449143886566,
-0.2393031120300293,
0.32146087288856506,
-0.6018930077552795,
-0.32252663373947144,
0.5297288298606873,
-0.1587192565202713,
0.22612857818603516,
0.24510794878005981,
0.009235723875463009,
0.09009642153978348,
-0.2653246223926544,
-0.22974655032157898,
-0.2431975156068802,
-0.1325315535068512,
-0.607214629650116,
-0.2996169328689575,
0.03433729335665703,
0.1901395469903946,
0.5795406699180603,
0.2267340123653412,
0.407878041267395,
0.2034730762243271,
0.21729320287704468,
0.19004018604755402,
0.1003091111779213,
0.47940558195114136,
0.4087107181549072,
-0.106849804520607,
0.14716553688049316,
-0.4938601553440094,
0.19033917784690857,
0.0905335545539856,
-0.20296408236026764,
0.33251211047172546,
-0.053271450102329254,
0.4218171238899231,
0.043530095368623734,
0.3105126619338989,
0.5972355008125305,
-0.8161419630050659,
0.19430819153785706,
0.10254836827516556,
-0.38037174940109253,
1.0640289783477783,
-0.27706342935562134,
-0.6340444684028625,
0.25098031759262085,
0.3402218818664551,
0.6593828201293945,
-0.006401436403393745,
0.1345159262418747,
1.0016173124313354,
0.36061200499534607,
-0.1979869157075882,
0.12675414979457855,
-0.26453906297683716,
0.03174222260713577,
-0.15656623244285583,
0.5344681739807129,
-0.10310127586126328,
-0.16676539182662964,
0.43432116508483887,
0.5496197938919067,
0.06487321108579636,
0.3677011728286743,
-0.49041447043418884,
-0.299047589302063,
-0.0957929790019989,
-0.12189112603664398,
-0.24362064898014069,
-0.23154227435588837,
-0.6359100937843323,
0.3118946850299835,
-0.2710146903991699,
0.49680423736572266,
0.9780721664428711,
-0.08143622428178787,
1.059335708618164,
-0.2684171497821808,
-0.248151957988739,
0.14330686628818512,
0.030286164954304695,
-0.6366321444511414,
-0.05708450824022293,
0.48993387818336487,
0.4983464777469635,
-0.4444817900657654,
0.2842552661895752,
-0.4485706090927124,
0.7065721750259399,
-0.08438330143690109,
-0.19115985929965973,
0.04530314728617668,
0.38135963678359985,
0.5221884250640869,
0.2668858468532562,
0.504010021686554,
-0.5321609973907471,
-0.5244136452674866,
0.38502880930900574,
0.3122747540473938,
0.04630083218216896,
-0.045809730887413025,
0.19243645668029785,
-0.06505392491817474,
0.2165273278951645,
-0.5310472249984741,
0.5074353814125061,
0.13598932325839996,
0.4898177683353424,
-0.1288638412952423,
0.5497382879257202,
-0.43881165981292725,
-0.02147310972213745,
-0.773427426815033,
0.010816673748195171,
-0.6618728637695312,
-0.24483013153076172,
-0.36058416962623596,
-0.44330281019210815,
0.43253859877586365,
-0.0949411690235138,
0.2934790551662445,
0.09378872066736221,
-0.23161758482456207,
-0.16682705283164978,
0.6017860174179077,
-0.4449365437030792,
-0.5699208974838257,
-0.14338421821594238,
0.042261213064193726,
-0.1210513710975647,
0.12034616619348526,
-0.20683708786964417,
-0.16025011241436005,
-0.25917789340019226,
-0.2543577551841736,
-0.3402482867240906,
-0.39720025658607483,
0.3674071133136749,
-0.048555344343185425,
-0.2322036623954773,
-0.06379086524248123,
-0.24190367758274078,
0.5143261551856995,
0.12903444468975067,
0.5065532326698303,
-0.01715119555592537,
0.14462879300117493,
0.4816484749317169,
0.07007500529289246,
-0.14723330736160278,
-0.268281489610672,
-0.239059180021286,
-0.16791337728500366,
-0.2382647544145584,
-0.6526248455047607,
-5.943853378295898,
0.4343565106391907,
-0.23371277749538422,
0.24580053985118866,
-0.28071078658103943,
0.07636015117168427,
0.46708133816719055,
-0.24320858716964722,
0.5758817791938782,
0.040071818977594376,
-0.04506109654903412,
-0.48182564973831177,
-0.1978776752948761,
0.27229174971580505,
-0.0318741537630558,
-0.39806506037712097,
0.3991871476173401,
0.256513386964798,
-0.06935497373342514,
0.02930024079978466,
0.137241929769516,
-0.6078962683677673,
0.2732347548007965,
0.35161903500556946,
0.29605117440223694,
0.12493588775396347,
-0.15840736031532288,
0.2253424972295761,
-0.447121798992157,
0.3423506021499634,
-0.0365331806242466,
-0.6574982404708862,
-0.4751218855381012,
0.527290940284729,
-0.17460551857948303,
0.5641877055168152,
0.7543241381645203,
-0.3845806419849396,
0.5705170035362244,
-0.6134799122810364,
-0.23940250277519226,
-0.08692082017660141,
-0.41628164052963257,
-0.06069697439670563,
0.09155227988958359,
-0.07432939857244492,
0.07072383165359497,
-0.30650603771209717,
-0.3330127000808716,
0.33504360914230347,
0.7315917611122131,
0.5198028683662415,
0.04061557352542877,
0.01458409707993269,
-0.33066660165786743,
-0.2613966763019562,
-0.12838008999824524,
0.5580989122390747,
-0.22012953460216522,
0.08045029640197754,
0.6167433857917786,
0.3898744285106659,
-0.3396275043487549,
-0.7831414937973022,
-0.0780375748872757,
-0.177394300699234,
-0.5535107851028442,
-0.025830699130892754,
0.7368398308753967,
0.07304766029119492,
-0.14007453620433807,
0.3074178099632263,
0.05074577033519745,
-0.8416516184806824,
-0.12269829213619232,
-0.052785664796829224,
0.21344159543514252,
-0.27442076802253723,
-0.41931816935539246,
0.5716599822044373,
0.07107087224721909,
-0.36416515707969666,
0.3588710129261017,
0.8140676617622375,
-0.17157761752605438,
-0.6483285427093506,
-0.12614741921424866,
0.03485642373561859,
0.06749740988016129,
-0.1590849757194519,
0.8889645338058472,
-0.5591160655021667,
-0.010229059495031834,
0.6181769967079163,
-0.18625295162200928,
0.295551598072052,
0.4330238401889801,
0.12866975367069244,
0.3341916799545288,
-0.4978058934211731,
-0.05377838388085365,
0.07949334383010864,
0.3262758255004883,
-0.6522263288497925,
-0.5308862924575806,
-0.5946296453475952,
-0.12871363759040833,
0.4483185112476349,
0.6054059863090515,
-0.08657895773649216,
-0.3169790804386139,
0.08570987731218338,
-0.48485904932022095,
-0.18975485861301422,
0.6225005388259888,
-0.1242971420288086,
0.1355193704366684,
0.13173288106918335,
0.1610073447227478,
0.5472394227981567,
-0.2960449159145355,
0.3868507146835327,
-0.15667720139026642,
-0.42969584465026855,
-0.5391401052474976,
0.19696222245693207,
-0.44633087515830994,
-0.1856456696987152,
0.1812826693058014,
0.14760030806064606,
-0.15072624385356903,
0.5501349568367004,
0.33444273471832275,
0.07951086014509201,
0.27913612127304077,
-0.6831377744674683,
-0.233276829123497,
-0.1554221659898758,
0.041453056037425995,
-0.4825804531574249,
-0.01579924300312996,
0.0048638759180903435,
0.07830266654491425,
0.15919043123722076,
-0.01921161264181137,
-0.0046720621176064014,
0.07600003480911255,
-0.37389248609542847,
-0.32873183488845825,
0.3321991264820099,
0.3197820484638214,
-0.4710295498371124,
0.1325640231370926,
0.058860234916210175,
-0.40630337595939636,
0.16836541891098022,
-0.5417460799217224,
-0.30827608704566956,
0.3084997534751892,
-0.22295667231082916,
0.3016248047351837,
-0.3092508912086487,
-0.7261078357696533,
-0.09430785477161407,
0.3235006630420685,
0.2895831763744354,
0.00525421230122447,
-0.760955274105072,
-0.1398346722126007,
-0.006639035418629646,
-0.112979955971241,
-0.04569384455680847,
-0.33987879753112793,
0.39680424332618713,
0.5083640217781067,
0.038234807550907135,
-0.3534383475780487,
-0.7154937982559204,
0.10838427394628525,
0.10753216594457626,
0.21024540066719055,
-0.6762033700942993,
-0.14276278018951416,
-0.16803902387619019,
0.5669025778770447,
-0.4826083779335022,
-0.40575429797172546,
-0.25106215476989746,
-0.0438840351998806,
0.28800567984580994,
0.35223808884620667,
0.373627632856369,
0.5075831413269043,
0.9452441334724426,
-0.6431469917297363,
-0.12586244940757751,
-0.41072261333465576,
0.558934211730957,
-0.12453214079141617,
0.06327982991933823,
-0.6919071674346924,
0.042245183140039444,
-0.34264689683914185,
0.011130055412650108,
0.3414584696292877,
-0.14253263175487518,
-0.15278032422065735,
0.35438334941864014,
0.08216369897127151,
0.08900724351406097,
-0.18657976388931274,
-0.5203911066055298,
-0.3222958743572235,
-0.08669701218605042,
-0.1870497614145279,
0.26838624477386475,
-0.08883634954690933,
-0.4464212656021118,
0.15690553188323975,
-0.6978910565376282,
-0.285582572221756,
-0.12393861263990402,
-0.5371192097663879,
-0.30325940251350403,
-0.44533801078796387,
-0.14696888625621796,
0.27390313148498535,
-0.5407866835594177,
-0.5454171895980835,
-0.016538847237825394,
-0.3491784930229187,
-0.08947288990020752,
0.08427596837282181,
0.14161483943462372,
-0.6181680560112,
0.3892841935157776,
-0.013374590314924717,
0.19809049367904663,
-0.023074334487318993,
0.07550939172506332,
0.6193479299545288,
0.5894275307655334,
-0.008443246595561504,
0.18721891939640045,
0.10066946595907211,
0.4593011438846588,
0.21782474219799042,
-0.17451335489749908,
-0.3677282929420471,
0.036332834511995316,
0.020761962980031967,
-0.14222460985183716,
0.021127626299858093,
-0.24569210410118103,
0.677847683429718,
-1.0250808000564575,
-0.052743300795555115,
0.1148889809846878,
-0.06062372028827667,
-0.08870144933462143,
-0.07888371497392654,
0.19542858004570007,
-0.7731034159660339,
0.15111863613128662,
0.24320651590824127,
0.6184296011924744,
-0.13761760294437408,
0.0727841779589653,
0.24625124037265778,
0.10957548022270203,
0.35370469093322754,
-0.3017261326313019,
-0.08073671162128448,
0.8852137923240662,
0.23051472008228302,
0.25366395711898804,
0.0265362411737442,
-0.24217289686203003,
-0.5109764337539673,
-0.5339632630348206,
-0.434671550989151,
0.38198819756507874,
-0.2622188329696655,
-0.5917448997497559,
-0.1610003262758255,
-0.9456310272216797,
-0.25638559460639954,
0.7630090713500977,
-0.32266145944595337,
0.5800461173057556,
-0.2357293963432312,
0.5340306162834167,
-0.30740809440612793,
-0.14177019894123077,
0.15054528415203094,
-0.14624206721782684,
0.034692469984292984,
0.51169753074646,
-0.3621859550476074,
0.14964412152767181,
-0.17155581712722778,
-0.005403660237789154,
0.3485889434814453,
-0.825572669506073,
0.3567725121974945,
-0.05679173767566681,
0.045742250978946686,
0.30411654710769653,
0.16158229112625122,
0.3472892642021179,
0.23482739925384521,
-0.3244500756263733,
0.09949565678834915,
0.7865382432937622,
-0.8500033020973206,
-0.055029094219207764,
0.22995460033416748,
0.21092264354228973,
0.05882798507809639,
0.0957430750131607,
0.23127847909927368,
0.37193483114242554,
-0.3267449140548706,
-0.10879639536142349,
-1.1547996997833252,
0.22446225583553314,
0.34063801169395447,
-0.029155218973755836,
0.5512570142745972,
0.03458221256732941,
0.11657148599624634,
-0.29059210419654846,
-0.24919621646404266,
0.8132284879684448,
-0.2508421540260315,
-0.2088681161403656,
0.08125995844602585,
-0.16780218482017517,
0.3682069778442383,
0.14641542732715607,
0.14192676544189453,
0.4753742516040802,
0.13743677735328674,
-0.35956066846847534,
-0.1777793914079666,
0.2088635116815567,
0.2701101005077362,
-0.2981143295764923,
0.47465524077415466,
-0.055099982768297195,
0.589735209941864,
-0.005622684955596924,
0.4452904760837555,
-0.10255482792854309,
0.505367636680603,
-0.49016517400741577,
-0.2689571976661682,
-0.2348775863647461,
0.037956904619932175,
-0.24671661853790283,
0.17467421293258667,
-0.1259579211473465,
0.20917460322380066,
0.019422579556703568,
-0.01727946102619171,
0.19957633316516876,
0.15788206458091736,
-0.2999130189418793,
0.32559412717819214,
0.4787088632583618,
-0.06719605624675751,
0.14755819737911224,
0.10417836159467697,
0.31994226574897766,
0.05665934085845947,
0.3444382846355438,
0.615687370300293,
0.3831208348274231,
-0.0026593669317662716,
0.4797186851501465,
-0.3805469274520874,
-0.015280920080840588,
-0.3688379228115082,
-0.5554329752922058,
-0.11706515401601791,
0.595521867275238,
0.3699619770050049,
0.33902549743652344,
0.1466412991285324,
-0.2632347047328949,
-0.028552455827593803,
-0.7449551820755005,
-0.39166828989982605,
0.0023842197842895985,
0.21198825538158417,
0.06154593452811241,
-0.5283791422843933,
0.4683954417705536,
0.08864793926477432,
0.17825981974601746,
0.23969411849975586,
-0.18256354331970215,
-0.2467746138572693,
0.16210490465164185,
0.0933968648314476,
-0.28383463621139526,
-0.17478308081626892,
-0.12001810222864151,
-0.6661533713340759,
0.4614979028701782,
0.5418815016746521,
0.1435852348804474,
0.1003420501947403,
0.009578707627952099,
-0.1329178512096405,
0.14812298119068146,
1.020992398262024,
0.1479160189628601,
-0.33263763785362244,
-0.36688846349716187,
0.062258850783109665,
-0.0020730323158204556,
-0.10846077650785446,
0.5563470125198364,
-0.4481271505355835,
0.23980340361595154,
0.04729919880628586,
-0.1871776133775711,
-0.36611148715019226,
0.3161850869655609,
-0.09805275499820709,
-0.07704121619462967,
-0.48238587379455566,
0.4094986021518707,
-0.6764064431190491,
-0.4690341055393219,
0.4761810600757599,
0.4427139461040497,
0.5808390974998474,
-0.2853427529335022,
0.18738600611686707,
-0.2906246483325958,
0.12146728485822678,
-0.2126331329345703,
-0.0037779700942337513,
-0.17403000593185425,
0.6870185136795044,
0.2617867588996887,
-0.6991002559661865,
0.11313637346029282,
-0.5254784822463989,
-0.34170180559158325,
-0.01496715098619461,
-0.39459308981895447,
-0.2786213159561157,
0.3015727996826172,
0.598503828048706,
-0.010897338390350342,
0.29464489221572876,
0.2201593816280365
] |
247610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Hitchcock%20Presents | Alfred Hitchcock Presents | Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series created, hosted and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965. It features dramas, thrillers and mysteries. Between 1962 and 1965 it was renamed The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. Hitchcock himself directed only 18 episodes during its run.
By the time the show premiered on October 2, 1955, Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades. Time magazine named Alfred Hitchcock Presents as one of "The 100 Best TV Shows of All Time". The Writers Guild of America ranked it #79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series, tying it with Monty Python's Flying Circus, Star Trek: The Next Generation and Upstairs, Downstairs. In 2021, Rolling Stone ranked it 18th on its list of 30 Best Horror TV Shows of All Time.
A series of literary anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series. One volume, devoted to stories that censors would not allow to be adapted for broadcast, was entitled Alfred Hitchcock Presents: Stories They Wouldn't Let Me Do on TV—though eventually several of the stories collected therein were adapted.
History
Alfred Hitchcock Presents is well known for its title sequence. The camera fades in on a simple line-drawing caricature of Hitchcock's rotund profile (which Hitchcock drew), to the theme music of Charles Gounod's "Funeral March of a Marionette" (suggested by Hitchcock's long-time musical collaborator Bernard Herrmann). Hitchcock appears in silhouette from the right edge of the screen, and then walks to center screen to eclipse the caricature. He then almost always says, "Good evening." The caricature drawing and Gounod's "Funeral March of a Marionette" have become indelibly associated with Hitchcock in popular culture.
Hitchcock appears again after the title sequence and drolly introduces the story from an empty studio or from the set of the current episode; his monologues were written by James B. Allardice. At least two versions of the opening were shot for every episode. A version intended for the American audience would often spoof a recent popular commercial or poke fun at the sponsor, leading into the commercial. An alternative version for European audiences would include jokes at the expense of Americans in general. For later seasons, opening remarks were also filmed with Hitchcock speaking in French and German for the show's international presentations.
Hitchcock closed the show in much the same way as it opened, but mainly to tie up loose ends rather than joke. Frequently, a leading character in the story would have seemingly gotten away with a criminal activity; in the postscript, Hitchcock would briefly detail how fate (or the authorities) eventually brought the character to justice. Hitchcock told TV Guide that his reassurances that the criminal had been apprehended were "a necessary gesture to morality."
Alfred Hitchcock Presents finished at number 6 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1956–57 season, number 12 in 1957–58, number 24 in 1958–59, and number 25 in 1959–60. The series was originally 25 minutes per episode, but it was expanded to 50 minutes in 1962 and retitled The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. Hitchcock directed 17 of the 267 filmed episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents — four during the first season and one or two per season thereafter. He directed only the fourth of the 93 50-minute episodes, entitled "I Saw the Whole Thing" with John Forsythe. The last new episode aired on June 26, 1965, but the series has continued to be popular in television syndication for decades.
Guest stars and other actors
Actors appearing in the most episodes include Patricia Hitchcock (Alfred Hitchcock's daughter), Dick York, Robert Horton, James Gleason, John Williams, Robert H. Harris, Russell Collins, Barbara Baxley, Ray Teal, Percy Helton, Phyllis Thaxter, Carmen Mathews, Mildred Dunnock, Alan Napier, Robert Vaughn and Vincent Price.
Many notable film actors, such as Robert Redford, Inger Stevens, Cedric Hardwicke, Robert Newton, Steve McQueen, Bruce Dern, Walter Matthau, George Segal, Laurence Harvey, Claude Rains, Joan Fontaine, Thelma Ritter, Dennis Morgan, Joseph Cotten, Vera Miles, Tom Ewell, Peter Lorre, Bette Davis, Dean Stockwell, Jessica Tandy, John Gavin, Michael Rennie, Phyllis Thaxter, Roger Moore, John Cassavetes, Teresa Wright and Barbara Bel Geddes, among others, also appeared on the series.
Directors
The directors who directed the most episodes included Robert Stevens (44 episodes), Paul Henreid (28 episodes), Herschel Daugherty (24 episodes), Norman Lloyd (19 episodes), Alfred Hitchcock (17 episodes), Arthur Hiller (17 episodes), James Neilson (12 episodes), Justice Addiss (10 episodes), and John Brahm (10 episodes). Other notable directors included Robert Altman, Ida Lupino, Stuart Rosenberg, Robert Stevenson, David Swift and William Friedkin, who directed the last episode of the show.
Broadcast history
The broadcast history was as follows:
Sunday at 9:30–10 p.m. on CBS: October 2, 1955 – September 1960
Tuesday at 8:30–9 p.m. on NBC: September 1960 – September 1962
Thursday at 10–11 p.m. on CBS: September—December 1962
Friday at 9:30–10:30 p.m.on CBS: January— September 1963
Friday at 10–11 p.m. on CBS: September 1963 – September 1964
Monday at 10–11 p.m. on NBC: October 1964 – September 1965
Episodes
See: List of Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes, for more details.
Alfred Hitchcock Presents, 25 minutes long, aired weekly at 9:30 on CBS on Sunday nights from 1955 to 1960, and then at 8:30 on NBC on Tuesday nights from 1960 to 1962. It was followed by The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, which lasted for three seasons, September 1962 to June 1965, adding another 93 episodes to the 268 already produced for Alfred Hitchcock Presents.
Two episodes that were directed by Hitchcock were nominated for Emmy Awards. The first episode was "The Case of Mr. Pelham" in 1955 that starred Tom Ewell while the second was "Lamb to the Slaughter" in 1958 that starred Barbara Bel Geddes and Harold J. Stone. In 2009 TV Guides list of "100 Greatest Episodes of All Time" ranked "Lamb to the Slaughter" at #59. The third season opener "The Glass Eye" (1957) won an Emmy Award for director Robert Stevens. An episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour titled "An Unlocked Window" (1965) earned an Edgar Award for writer James Bridges in 1966.
Among the most famous episodes remains writer Roald Dahl's "Man from the South" (1960) starring Steve McQueen and Peter Lorre, in which a man bets his finger that he can start his lighter 10 times in a row. This episode was ranked #41 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. The episode was later referenced and remade in the film Four Rooms, with Quentin Tarantino directing a segment called "The Man from Hollywood".
The 1962 episode "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" was not aired by NBC because the sponsor felt that the ending was too gruesome. The plot has a magician's helper performing a "sawing a woman in half" trick. Not knowing that the performance is meant to be an illusion, the helper actually cuts an unconscious woman in half. The episode has since been shown in syndication.
Home media
Universal Studios released the first five seasons of Alfred Hitchcock Presents on DVD in Region 1. Season 6 was released on November 12, 2013 via Amazon.com's CreateSpace program. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release on DVD-R, available exclusively through Amazon.com.
In Region 2, Universal Pictures UK has released the first three seasons on DVD, and Fabulous Films has released all seven seasons on DVD, including all three seasons of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour.
In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all seven seasons on DVD in Australia. They have also released all three seasons of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour.
1985 revival
In 1985, NBC aired a new TV movie pilot based upon the series, combining four newly filmed stories with colorized footage of Hitchcock from the original series to introduce each segment. The movie was a huge ratings success. The Alfred Hitchcock Presents revival series debuted in the fall of 1985 and retained the same format as the pilot: newly filmed stories (a mixture of original works and updated remakes of original series episodes) with colorized introductions by Hitchcock. The new series lasted only one season before NBC cancelled it, but it was then produced for three more years by the USA Network.
In other media
In 1962, Golden Records released a record album of six ghost stories for children titled Alfred Hitchcock Presents: Ghost Stories for Young People. The album, which opens with the Charles Gounod Alfred Hitchcock Presents theme music, is hosted by Hitchcock himself, who begins, "How do you do, boys and girls. I'm delighted to find that you believe in ghosts, too. After all, they believe in you, so it is only common courtesy to return the favor."
Hitchcock introduces each of the stories, all the while recounting a droll story of his own failed attempts to deal with a leaky faucet (which at the conclusion of the album leads to Hitchcock "drowning" in his flooded home). The ghost stories themselves, accompanied by minimal sound effects and music, are told by actor John Allen, four of which he wrote himself and two of which are adaptations:
"The Haunted and the Haunters (The Pirate's Curse)"
"The Magician ('Til Death Do Us Part)"
"Johnny Takes a Dare (The More the Merrier)"
Saki's "The Open Window" (special adaptation)
"The Helpful Hitchhiker"
Walter R. Brooks' "Jimmy Takes Vanishing Lessons"
References
Further reading
Grams, Martin, Jr. and Patrik Wikstrom, The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion. OTR Pub. 2001 (paperback: )
McCarty, John and Brian Kelleher, Alfred Hitchcock Presents: An Illustrated Guide to the Ten-Year Television Career of the Master of Suspense. St Martin's Press 1985 (paperback: )
External links
Alfred Hitchcock Presents at CVTA with episode list
Universal Studios' Alfred Hitchcock Presents DVD site archived at the Wayback Machine
Alfred Hitchcock
American crime drama television series
American horror fiction television series
1950s American mystery television series
1960s American mystery television series
1955 American television series debuts
1965 American television series endings
1950s American anthology television series
1960s American anthology television series
Black-and-white American television shows
CBS original programming
Edgar Award-winning works
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
American thriller television series
Television series by Universal Television | [
-0.3943478465080261,
0.11563967913389206,
0.2500821352005005,
0.2736091911792755,
-0.16883282363414764,
-0.17390775680541992,
0.2987273335456848,
-0.06504098325967789,
-0.17849302291870117,
0.16567884385585785,
-0.10160789638757706,
0.4457785189151764,
-0.005490145646035671,
0.7056134939193726,
-0.17371967434883118,
0.20559701323509216,
0.15487436950206757,
-0.14013263583183289,
-0.535956621170044,
-0.568239152431488,
-0.368694543838501,
-0.5224493145942688,
0.5372189879417419,
-0.3386680483818054,
-0.1291552037000656,
0.3472447395324707,
-0.12970058619976044,
-0.3316855728626251,
0.29162588715553284,
0.2932717800140381,
-0.08621677756309509,
-0.07737307995557785,
-0.08694597333669662,
-0.4732508361339569,
-0.7562926411628723,
-0.02225690335035324,
0.20829196274280548,
-0.35028308629989624,
-0.44603225588798523,
-0.41578736901283264,
0.5921916365623474,
-0.169065460562706,
-0.20387166738510132,
-0.004776668734848499,
-0.425625741481781,
-0.3116638958454132,
-1.2821367979049683,
0.09003522247076035,
-0.9465041160583496,
-0.43766048550605774,
-0.040970198810100555,
0.7326732873916626,
0.027405936270952225,
0.5965831279754639,
0.3991391658782959,
0.9170495867729187,
-0.08438685536384583,
-0.1302291452884674,
-0.4793764054775238,
0.06798820197582245,
-0.2125271111726761,
-0.33814117312431335,
0.5316173434257507,
0.4490804970264435,
-0.24412605166435242,
0.10328736901283264,
0.2693093419075012,
0.31448492407798767,
0.12282418459653854,
-0.48718464374542236,
-0.08228980004787445,
-0.3290025293827057,
0.14048507809638977,
-0.0035143261775374413,
0.7461150884628296,
-0.26626840233802795,
0.30191171169281006,
-0.4064213037490845,
-0.09611513465642929,
-0.15370023250579834,
-0.03930767625570297,
0.10474785417318344,
0.5577986240386963,
0.6959770321846008,
0.06259506940841675,
-0.09994592517614365,
-0.16607330739498138,
0.3368087112903595,
-0.4680336117744446,
-0.3240189850330353,
-0.7069663405418396,
-0.17774707078933716,
0.606777548789978,
-0.27953749895095825,
0.2982729971408844,
-0.43623054027557373,
-0.20746783912181854,
-0.07569748163223267,
0.3586358428001404,
0.05289756506681442,
-0.021017322316765785,
-0.11547922343015671,
0.035665880888700485,
-0.5903709530830383,
-0.5804834365844727,
0.2511831820011139,
0.5703171491622925,
-0.7684497833251953,
-0.05919352173805237,
0.6223527193069458,
-0.2812715172767639,
0.1819159984588623,
0.24609684944152832,
-0.013203926384449005,
-0.16817469894886017,
0.003260574536398053,
0.3399812579154968,
-0.5046921372413635,
-1.0080716609954834,
0.5120758414268494,
-0.07183175534009933,
0.06669101119041443,
0.16730545461177826,
0.035268384963274,
-0.29972001910209656,
0.26763322949409485,
0.2677310109138489,
0.6033786535263062,
-0.20717668533325195,
-0.28770315647125244,
0.0781029462814331,
0.3066015839576721,
-0.2804543375968933,
-0.23996418714523315,
0.21506299078464508,
-0.5173813700675964,
-0.09113338589668274,
-0.03465661033987999,
-0.7142378091812134,
-0.05955411493778229,
-0.46417394280433655,
0.23992745578289032,
-0.5736405253410339,
-0.5440666675567627,
0.353802353143692,
-0.17039047181606293,
0.18942217528820038,
0.16601814329624176,
-0.29522427916526794,
-0.4824039936065674,
0.03892712667584419,
-0.1847694218158722,
0.2480262964963913,
-0.5169386267662048,
0.0551106333732605,
0.2567957043647766,
0.5601816177368164,
0.3607911467552185,
0.4319433569908142,
-0.25825366377830505,
0.2464776635169983,
-0.05224443972110748,
-0.05555973947048187,
0.3188178837299347,
-0.17400959134101868,
0.2939658761024475,
-0.4507298469543457,
0.05563468858599663,
0.4102874994277954,
0.474218487739563,
0.15840424597263336,
0.8837268948554993,
0.49172207713127136,
-0.03809613734483719,
0.19301602244377136,
-0.17873816192150116,
0.9226579666137695,
0.33074653148651123,
0.1854197382926941,
-0.16709409654140472,
-0.3489733636379242,
0.07072942703962326,
-0.12580223381519318,
-0.6175652742385864,
0.4340338706970215,
-0.18088732659816742,
0.43840718269348145,
0.03981541097164154,
-0.036295950412750244,
0.10626435279846191,
-0.35436752438545227,
0.07947240024805069,
-0.5214964747428894,
-0.5390487909317017,
0.5985199809074402,
0.12734833359718323,
-0.5287815928459167,
0.8467819690704346,
0.021081257611513138,
0.32883691787719727,
0.27828219532966614,
-0.08154333382844925,
0.8692017793655396,
0.21133306622505188,
-0.4931908845901489,
-0.08798256516456604,
0.14364539086818695,
-0.08179488033056259,
0.44000691175460815,
0.7114614248275757,
0.2586292326450348,
-0.3735688626766205,
0.33427944779396057,
0.4884408414363861,
-0.027122078463435173,
0.10376002639532089,
-0.4085407257080078,
0.18575546145439148,
-0.0003060840826947242,
-0.20412440598011017,
0.38677746057510376,
0.21091599762439728,
-0.2042975276708603,
0.4137767255306244,
-0.5507287383079529,
0.7550930976867676,
0.015144671313464642,
-0.5560551881790161,
0.3692946135997772,
-0.039080508053302765,
0.13123753666877747,
0.5442746877670288,
0.08840689808130264,
-0.4537908732891083,
-0.4177580177783966,
0.49556657671928406,
0.5982072353363037,
-0.767640233039856,
0.08661260455846786,
-0.21352234482765198,
-0.04789217561483383,
-0.20170418918132782,
-0.2987111210823059,
0.4569747745990753,
0.4355544149875641,
0.0408383309841156,
-0.10235173255205154,
0.3736917972564697,
0.026088709011673927,
-0.13645531237125397,
-0.06518512219190598,
0.4538986384868622,
0.12614016234874725,
-0.08742345124483109,
0.04690881818532944,
0.49523696303367615,
-0.42851564288139343,
-0.5042330622673035,
0.8130797743797302,
0.5743260383605957,
0.1912391185760498,
0.42790699005126953,
0.20655745267868042,
0.024289855733513832,
0.09904935210943222,
-1.025913119316101,
0.08342868834733963,
-0.47199758887290955,
-0.34864935278892517,
0.3899605870246887,
0.3081929683685303,
-0.0019632510375231504,
-0.39018332958221436,
0.10640829056501389,
0.10078411549329758,
-0.29296350479125977,
-0.3206203877925873,
0.7837838530540466,
-0.4042448103427887,
-0.3745103180408478,
-0.10197357833385468,
0.005432446487247944,
-0.048346176743507385,
0.09575480967760086,
-0.22329536080360413,
0.06517712026834488,
-0.2654995322227478,
-0.8310824632644653,
-0.2166500687599182,
-0.23085559904575348,
0.07190461456775665,
0.05976596847176552,
-0.4238826632499695,
0.21922312676906586,
-0.22948375344276428,
0.33553963899612427,
-0.204269677400589,
0.3620973229408264,
-0.1543334722518921,
-0.29942163825035095,
-0.2740418314933777,
0.37777289748191833,
-0.33047837018966675,
-0.09266844391822815,
0.04760795831680298,
0.33448803424835205,
0.06508736312389374,
-0.8647772073745728,
-5.952637195587158,
-0.5814551711082458,
0.199715256690979,
0.2343568056821823,
0.41580769419670105,
0.13483960926532745,
0.5505125522613525,
-0.3148343563079834,
0.4253457486629486,
0.16041100025177002,
0.22753535211086273,
-0.3397121727466583,
-0.15537066757678986,
0.8551380038261414,
0.250744104385376,
-0.2526071071624756,
-0.3317089080810547,
0.19087551534175873,
-0.0969378799200058,
-0.0836484357714653,
-0.22192645072937012,
-0.4761001467704773,
0.45236027240753174,
0.12695208191871643,
0.2693997025489807,
0.4614352583885193,
-0.37697499990463257,
0.3775569200515747,
-0.34012046456336975,
0.49316298961639404,
0.17577709257602692,
-0.4205855429172516,
-0.1584363579750061,
-0.08908866345882416,
-0.14300958812236786,
0.4730071723461151,
1.0444207191467285,
-0.530840277671814,
0.799241840839386,
-0.3976602256298065,
-0.07774704694747925,
-0.23244589567184448,
-0.14818881452083588,
-0.037641074508428574,
0.5899367332458496,
0.07149244099855423,
0.02968541346490383,
-0.5162340998649597,
0.027490299195051193,
0.3710382878780365,
0.8181554079055786,
0.7009746432304382,
0.15747882425785065,
-0.06896288692951202,
-0.11537256836891174,
-0.1824791431427002,
-0.09054408967494965,
-0.20429129898548126,
-0.6016212701797485,
0.20153561234474182,
0.5380589962005615,
0.5090215802192688,
0.0012149687390774488,
-0.11163007467985153,
-0.2513049840927124,
-0.26946043968200684,
-0.5434017181396484,
0.17357394099235535,
0.5693674087524414,
-0.4249468445777893,
0.04007137566804886,
0.23930056393146515,
0.23154917359352112,
-0.9081769585609436,
0.004932800307869911,
-0.6418660879135132,
0.4136160612106323,
0.06674672663211823,
-0.13604015111923218,
-0.0031099694315344095,
0.08371981233358383,
-0.03615761175751686,
-0.4446015954017639,
0.2428719848394394,
-0.3446604907512665,
-0.5561433434486389,
0.17948472499847412,
0.2890639901161194,
-0.2934558391571045,
-0.26830458641052246,
0.08923349529504776,
-0.027182692661881447,
-0.10045682638883591,
0.5133484601974487,
-0.13499373197555542,
0.422650009393692,
0.23841378092765808,
0.414457768201828,
0.7036195397377014,
0.17295759916305542,
-0.8931154012680054,
-0.2979145348072052,
0.845296323299408,
-0.6025604605674744,
-0.28663745522499084,
-0.974962055683136,
0.2676108479499817,
0.22979487478733063,
0.5201500058174133,
-0.25965964794158936,
-0.2728935182094574,
0.037809714674949646,
-0.7129239439964294,
-0.302555114030838,
0.7976458072662354,
0.11956590414047241,
-0.11426316201686859,
0.6840988397598267,
0.019346607849001884,
0.2991163730621338,
0.11650339514017105,
0.7323967814445496,
-0.229736790060997,
-0.24486492574214935,
-0.5625835061073303,
0.5478717088699341,
-0.201767235994339,
-0.25720468163490295,
0.4190294146537781,
0.26550906896591187,
-0.3024430274963379,
0.24294522404670715,
0.1428593397140503,
0.17325149476528168,
0.3341357409954071,
-0.10063961893320084,
-0.5314631462097168,
-0.18141122162342072,
0.038840532302856445,
-0.6420204639434814,
0.11879989504814148,
-0.21107539534568787,
-0.18798792362213135,
0.29113906621932983,
0.2897546887397766,
-0.252859890460968,
0.11408647149801254,
-0.34030359983444214,
0.2251882553100586,
-0.20008254051208496,
-0.02315661311149597,
0.20035330951213837,
0.3344234824180603,
-0.26314690709114075,
-0.5224360823631287,
0.24359172582626343,
-0.3480609059333801,
-0.38710734248161316,
-0.20975454151630402,
-0.14894536137580872,
-0.13753144443035126,
-0.7231318354606628,
-0.6696310639381409,
-0.011744573712348938,
-0.015607420355081558,
0.12042813748121262,
-0.31725549697875977,
-0.7333239912986755,
-0.143959641456604,
0.5065367817878723,
0.019063755869865417,
0.32080408930778503,
-0.06920966506004333,
-0.04740544781088829,
0.3454304039478302,
0.7383726239204407,
-0.1702505499124527,
-0.570855438709259,
-0.0009613119182176888,
-0.15176400542259216,
0.36751091480255127,
-0.5097752213478088,
-0.5729430913925171,
-0.25474241375923157,
0.579230010509491,
-0.636336624622345,
-0.5886483788490295,
-0.05518220365047455,
-0.30236440896987915,
0.17962031066417694,
-0.04508545249700546,
-0.10887514799833298,
0.4982977509498596,
0.26722073554992676,
-0.7226824164390564,
-0.04354134574532509,
0.16127319633960724,
-0.011304035782814026,
-0.11146070063114166,
-0.11201947927474976,
-0.3873186409473419,
0.287662148475647,
-0.15079817175865173,
-0.261359840631485,
-0.1389600932598114,
-0.8790228962898254,
-0.12689292430877686,
0.14099562168121338,
-0.2629111409187317,
0.6649746894836426,
0.18228866159915924,
0.1716466248035431,
-0.293768048286438,
-0.1171981617808342,
0.06579644978046417,
-0.20423822104930878,
-0.018056504428386688,
-0.3523658215999603,
0.2313760668039322,
-0.25847384333610535,
0.1297735869884491,
0.14827238023281097,
-0.38894563913345337,
0.035942159593105316,
-1.0030996799468994,
-0.046521108597517014,
0.11975275725126266,
-0.9577340483665466,
-0.07417742908000946,
-0.2418678253889084,
0.38844457268714905,
0.019864970818161964,
-0.537060022354126,
0.027934111654758453,
0.06432387977838516,
-0.4308595359325409,
0.34821516275405884,
0.5133286714553833,
-0.39016249775886536,
0.2855898141860962,
0.3624745011329651,
0.5383068323135376,
0.2923501133918762,
-0.2550106644630432,
0.41146475076675415,
0.1330355554819107,
0.12567512691020966,
-0.469491571187973,
-0.14036411046981812,
0.45954304933547974,
0.14127127826213837,
-0.21034367382526398,
-0.5771805644035339,
0.1567593514919281,
0.4147234559059143,
-0.7428321242332458,
-0.42771291732788086,
0.1482200175523758,
-0.21973656117916107,
-0.03369130194187164,
-0.11099832504987717,
0.41090816259384155,
-0.634222149848938,
-0.03198520466685295,
-0.021109381690621376,
0.5290449261665344,
-0.041414666920900345,
0.2433214634656906,
-0.2041603922843933,
-0.036157671362161636,
0.30136439204216003,
0.15794894099235535,
0.18699997663497925,
0.5344691872596741,
0.15086542069911957,
0.3628685772418976,
0.11337056010961533,
-0.38101983070373535,
0.19711224734783173,
-0.5549347400665283,
-0.24987906217575073,
0.4553104341030121,
-0.654780924320221,
-0.46531614661216736,
-0.38260242342948914,
-0.992850661277771,
0.010949133895337582,
0.43670469522476196,
-0.3377609848976135,
0.4515368640422821,
-0.2599380612373352,
0.5747098326683044,
0.09276208281517029,
0.19545002281665802,
0.03768972307443619,
-0.30362018942832947,
0.2507212460041046,
1.0596816539764404,
-0.06005418300628662,
0.2682340145111084,
-0.2523757219314575,
-0.4900265634059906,
0.03741250932216644,
-0.7530545592308044,
0.10605419427156448,
0.36260417103767395,
-0.023033909499645233,
0.140232652425766,
-0.2773033380508423,
0.3878554403781891,
0.07982022315263748,
-0.6053244471549988,
0.10991252213716507,
0.9173208475112915,
-0.6719686985015869,
0.15892058610916138,
0.8228879570960999,
-0.14182023704051971,
0.0335816815495491,
0.2173050045967102,
0.030943261459469795,
0.5265584588050842,
-0.12638860940933228,
-0.3670455813407898,
-0.6478590965270996,
0.14725397527217865,
-0.1135987937450409,
-0.0365472249686718,
0.07756444811820984,
-0.10668537765741348,
0.8818665742874146,
-0.24973291158676147,
-0.36282527446746826,
0.5764341354370117,
-0.4293139576911926,
-0.14144448935985565,
-0.4506480395793915,
-0.6204054951667786,
-0.003143355483189225,
-0.0877935066819191,
0.33372581005096436,
0.3180803656578064,
0.051779087632894516,
-0.09851489216089249,
-0.043028805404901505,
0.30765265226364136,
0.28460997343063354,
-0.2931050658226013,
0.5821367502212524,
-0.25052788853645325,
0.5191679000854492,
0.05474406108260155,
0.12613843381404877,
-0.18649205565452576,
1.0841736793518066,
-0.15391851961612701,
-0.10735674202442169,
-0.06468959897756577,
0.5523270964622498,
-0.3409733176231384,
-0.19936561584472656,
-0.09253451973199844,
0.07123061269521713,
0.46489790081977844,
0.16103555262088776,
0.14933456480503082,
0.38174161314964294,
-0.16771113872528076,
0.31370896100997925,
0.37043410539627075,
-0.19761736690998077,
0.14441408216953278,
-0.43114742636680603,
0.2877536118030548,
-0.05951470881700516,
0.4260881245136261,
0.6581371426582336,
0.2667863070964813,
0.4075230062007904,
0.4982755780220032,
-0.1721837818622589,
-0.3586943745613098,
-0.30652037262916565,
-0.20278887450695038,
-0.35193881392478943,
0.022357290610671043,
-0.050894491374492645,
-0.11996821314096451,
0.4980486035346985,
-0.22348849475383759,
0.2469976842403412,
-0.3931598663330078,
-0.49174174666404724,
0.5480209589004517,
-0.023617571219801903,
-0.33383551239967346,
-0.08635769784450531,
0.37030693888664246,
-0.18560576438903809,
0.05921391397714615,
-0.40369516611099243,
0.19794388115406036,
-0.17865321040153503,
0.12960214912891388,
0.14195875823497772,
0.11941218376159668,
0.5277019739151001,
-0.40093305706977844,
-0.6339449286460876,
0.33699971437454224,
-0.0038404252845793962,
0.2180737853050232,
-0.19359298050403595,
0.045556727796792984,
-0.5077157020568848,
-0.37540537118911743,
0.45234763622283936,
0.3427504897117615,
-0.006482937838882208,
-0.1617669314146042,
0.21906910836696625,
0.012355099432170391,
-0.02855769358575344,
0.5816048383712769,
-0.3440726101398468,
-0.10988753288984299,
0.3622952997684479,
-0.4712069034576416,
-0.3277633786201477,
0.30167198181152344,
-0.017726676538586617,
-0.33436861634254456,
-0.42477333545684814,
0.04685761779546738,
-0.24322529137134552,
-0.003220045007765293,
0.0543111227452755,
0.7269359827041626,
1.215163230895996,
-0.42948126792907715,
0.31178030371665955,
-0.16351504623889923,
0.009403692558407784,
-0.37287577986717224,
0.2600480020046234,
0.16239701211452484,
0.39078378677368164,
-0.021065812557935715,
-0.6504209041595459,
0.5109879374504089,
-0.5974369645118713,
-0.15785248577594757,
0.1874942034482956,
-0.21351252496242523,
-0.5225268006324768,
-0.03250569850206375,
0.3410511314868927,
-0.2879014015197754,
0.5544382333755493,
0.06806822121143341
] |
247613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border | Border | Borders are geographical boundaries, imposed either by geographic features such as oceans, or by arbitrary groupings of political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Borders are established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation.
Some borders—such as most states' internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and completely unguarded. Most external borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints; adjacent border zones may also be controlled.
Borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones. A difference has also been established in academic scholarship between border and frontier, the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries.
History
In the pre-modern world, the term border was vague and could refer to either side of the boundary, thus it was necessary to specify part of it with borderline or borderland. During the medieval period the government's control frequently diminished the further people got from the capital, therefore borderland (especially impassable terrain) attracted many outlaws, as they often found sympathizers.
In the past, many borders were not clearly defined lines; instead there were often intervening areas often claimed and fought over by both sides, sometimes called marchlands. Special cases in modern times were the Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone from 1922 to 1991 and the Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone from 1922 until 1970. In modern times, marchlands have been replaced by clearly defined and demarcated borders. For the purposes of border control, airports and seaports are also classed as borders. Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. Under international law, each country is generally permitted to legislate the conditions that have to be met in order to cross its borders, and to prevent people from crossing its borders in violation of those laws.
Some borders require presentation of legal paperwork like passports and visas, or other identity documents, for persons to cross borders. To stay or work within a country's borders aliens (foreign persons) may need special immigration documents or permits; but possession of such documents does not guarantee that the person should be allowed to cross the border.
Moving goods across a border often requires the payment of excise tax, often collected by customs officials. Animals (and occasionally humans) moving across borders may need to go into quarantine to prevent the spread of exotic infectious diseases. Most countries prohibit carrying illegal drugs or endangered animals across their borders. Moving goods, animals, or people illegally across a border, without declaring them or seeking permission, or deliberately evading official inspection, constitutes smuggling. Controls on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place.
In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers, and institute formal border control procedures. These can extend inland, as in the United States where the U.S. Customs and Border Protection service has jurisdiction to operate up to 100 miles from any land or sea boundary. On the other hand, some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada–United States border. Borders may even be completely unmarked, typically in remote or forested regions; such borders are often described as "porous". Migration within territorial borders, and outside of them, represented an old and established pattern of movement in African countries, in seeking work and food, and to maintain ties with kin who had moved across the previously porous borders of their homelands. When the colonial frontiers were drawn, Western countries attempted to obtain a monopoly on the recruitment of labor in many African countries, which altered the practical and institutional context in which the old migration patterns had been followed, and some might argue, are still followed today. The frontiers were particularly porous for the physical movement of migrants, and people living in borderlands easily maintained transnational cultural and social networks.
A border may have been:
Agreed by the countries on both sides
Imposed by the country on one side
Imposed by third parties, e.g. an international conference
Inherited from a former state, colonial power or aristocratic territory
Inherited from a former internal border, such as within the former Soviet Union
Never formally defined.
In addition, a border may be a de facto military ceasefire line.
Classification
Political borders
Political borders are imposed on the world through human agency. That means that although a political border may follow a river or mountain range, such a feature does not automatically define the political border, even though it may be a major physical barrier to crossing.
Political borders are often classified by whether or not they follow conspicuous physical features on the earth.
Natural borders
Natural borders are geographical features that present natural obstacles to communication and transport. Existing political borders are often a formalization of such historical, natural obstacles.
Some geographical features that often constitute natural borders are:
Oceans: oceans create very costly natural borders. Very few countries span more than one continent. Only very large and resource-rich states are able to sustain the costs of governance across oceans for longer periods of time.
Rivers: some political borders have been formalized along natural borders formed by rivers. Some examples are: the Niagara River (Canada–U.S), the Rio Grande (Mexico–U.S.), the Rhine (France–Germany), and the Mekong (Thailand–Laos). If a precise line is desired, it is often drawn along the thalweg, the deepest line along the river. In the Hebrew Bible, Moses defined the middle of the river Arnon as the border between Moab and the Israelite tribes settling east of the Jordan (). The United States Supreme Court ruled in 1910 that the boundary between the American states of Maryland and West Virginia is the south bank of the Potomac River.
Lakes: larger lakes create natural borders. Examples are Lake Tanganyika, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia on its west shore and Tanzania and Burundi on the east; and the Great Lakes which form a substantial part of the border between Canada and the United States.
Forests: denser jungles or forests can create strong natural borders. One example of a natural forest border is the Amazon rainforest, separating Brazil and Bolivia from Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
Mountain ranges: Many nations have their political borders defined along mountain ranges, often along a drainage divide. Examples are the Pyrenees, which have separated Spain and France or their forerunners for millennia; the Andes separating Chile and Argentina; and the Alps separating Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany and others.
Throughout history, technological advances have reduced the costs of transport and communication across the natural borders. That has reduced the significance of natural borders over time. As a result, political borders that have been formalized more recently, such as those in Africa or Americas, typically conform less to natural borders than very old borders, such as those in Europe or Asia, do.
Landscape borders
A landscape border is a mixture of political and natural borders. One example is the defensive forest created by China's Song Dynasty in the eleventh century. Such a border is political in the sense that it is human-demarcated, usually through a treaty. However, a landscape border is not demarcated by fences and walls but instead landscape features such as forests, mountains, and water bodies. It is different from a natural border, however, in the sense that the border landscape is not natural but human-engineered. Such a landscape usually differs from the borderland's natural geography and its building requires tremendous human labour and financial investment.
Geometric borders
Geometric boundaries are formed by straight lines (such as lines of latitude or longitude), or occasionally arcs (Pennsylvania/Delaware), regardless of the physical and cultural features of the area. Such political boundaries are often found around the states that developed out of colonial holdings, such as in North America, Africa and the Middle East. The Canada–United States border follows the 49th parallel for roughly from Lake of the Woods (Ontario and Minnesota) west to the Pacific Ocean.
Fiat borders
A generalization of the idea of geometric borders is the idea of fiat boundaries by which is meant any sort of boundary that does not track an underlying bona fide physical discontinuity (fiat, latin for “let it be done”, a decision). Fiat boundaries are typically the product of human demarcation, such as in demarcating electoral districts or postal districts.
Relic borders
A relic border is a former boundary, which may no longer be a legal boundary at all. However, the former presence of the boundary can still be seen in the landscape. For instance, the boundary between East and West Germany is no longer an international boundary, but it can still be seen because of historical markers on the landscape; it remains a cultural and economic demarcation in Germany. Other examples include the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Vietnam (defunct since 1975) and the border between North and South Yemen (defunct since 1990). Occasionally a relic border is reconstituted in some form, for example the border between British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland ceased to exist when the two colonies merged to form the independent state of Somalia in 1960, however when the former British Somaliland declared independence in 1991 it claimed the former British-Italian line as its eastern border.
Lines of Control
A line of control (LoC) refers to a militarized buffer border between two or more nations that has yet to achieve permanent border status. LoC borders are typically under military control and are not recognized as an official international border. Formally known as a cease-fire line, an LoC was first created with the Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan. Similar to a cease-fire line, an LoC is typically the result of war, military stalemates and unresolved land ownership conflict.
Maritime borders
A maritime border is a division enclosing an area in the ocean where a nation has exclusive rights over the mineral and biological resources, encompassing maritime features, limits and zones. Maritime borders represent the jurisdictional borders of a maritime nation and are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Maritime borders exist in the context of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones; however, the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries, which are considered within the context of land boundaries.
Some maritime borders have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which illustrate regional problems.
Airspace borders
Airspace is the atmosphere located within a country's controlled international and maritime borders. All sovereign countries hold the right to regulate and protect air space under the international law of Air sovereignty. The horizontal boundaries of airspace are similar to the policies of "high seas" in maritime law. Airspace extends 12 nautical miles from the coast of a country and it holds responsibility for protecting its own airspace unless under NATO peacetime protection. With international agreement a country can assume the responsibility of protecting or controlling the atmosphere over International Airspaces such as the Pacific Ocean. The vertical boundaries of airspace are not officially set or regulated internationally. However, there is a general agreement of vertical airspace ending at the point of the Kármán line. The Kármán line is a peak point at the altitude of 62 mi (100 km) above the Earth's surface, setting a boundary between the atmosphere (airspace) and outer space (which is governed by space law).
Frontier
The frontier is a border that is open-ended to one side, identifying an expanding borderland to one side.
This type of border can be fairly abstract and has been identified as a particular state of mind for human activity. As such frontiers have been applied to borderlands identifying and claiming them as terra nullius.
Types of border regulation
Regulated borders
Regulated borders have varying degrees of control on the movement of persons and trade between nations and jurisdictions. Most Industrialized nations have regulations on entry and require one or more of the following procedures: visa check, passport check or customs checks. Most regulated borders have regulations on immigration, types of wildlife and plants, and illegal objects such as drugs or weapons. Overall border regulations are placed by national and local governments and can vary depending on nation and current political or economic conditions. Some of the most regulated borders in the world include: Australia, the United States, Israel, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates. These nations have government-controlled border agencies and organizations that enforce border regulation policies on and within their borders.
Open borders
An open border is the deregulation and or lack of regulation on the movement of persons between nations and jurisdictions, this does not apply to trade or movement between privately owned land areas. Most nations have open borders for travel within their nation of travel, though more authoritarian states may limit the freedom of internal movement of its citizens, as for example in the former USSR. However, only a handful of nations have deregulated open borders with other nations, an example of this being European countries under the Schengen Agreement or the open Belarus-Russia border. Open borders used to be very common amongst all nations, however this became less common after the First World War, which led to the regulation of open borders, making them less common and no longer feasible for most industrialized nations.
Demilitarized zones
A demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a border separating two or more nations, groups or militaries that have agreed to prohibit the use of military activity or force within the border's bounds. A DMZ can act as a war boundary, ceasefire line, wildlife preserve, or a de facto international border. An example of a demilitarized international border is the 38th parallel between North and South Korea. Other notable DMZ zones include Antarctica and outer space (consisting of all space 100 miles away from the earth's surface), both are preserved for world research and exploration. The prohibition of control by nations can make a DMZ unexposed to human influence and thus developed into a natural border or wildlife preserve, such as on the Korean Demilitarized Zone, the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone, and the Green Line in Cyprus.
Border economics
The presence of borders often fosters certain economic features or anomalies. Wherever two jurisdictions come into contact, special economic opportunities arise for border trade. Smuggling provides a classic case; contrariwise, a border region may flourish on the provision of excise or of import–export services — legal or quasi-legal, corrupt or legitimate. Different regulations on either side of a border may encourage services to position themselves at or near that border: thus the provision of pornography, of prostitution, of alcohol, fireworks, and/or of narcotics may cluster around borders, city limits, county lines, ports and airports. In a more planned and official context, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) often tend to cluster near borders or ports.
Even if the goods are not perceived to be undesirable, states will still seek to document and regulate the cross-border trade in order to collect tariffs and benefit from foreign currency exchange revenues. Thus, there is the concept unofficial trade in goods otherwise legal; for example, the cross-border trade in livestock by pastoralists in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia sells an estimated $250 to $300 million of livestock to Somalia, Kenya and Djibouti every year unofficially, over 100 times the official estimate.
Human economic traffic across borders (apart from kidnapping) may involve mass commuting between workplaces and residential settlements. The removal of internal barriers to commerce, as in France after the French Revolution or in Europe since the 1940s, de-emphasizes border-based economic activity and fosters free trade. Euroregions are similar official structures built around commuting across boundary.
Politics
Political borders have a variety of meanings for those whom they affect. Many borders in the world have checkpoints where border control agents inspect persons and/or goods crossing the boundary.
In much of Europe, controls on persons were abolished by the 1985 Schengen Agreement and subsequent European Union legislation. Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external borders within the European Union and the associated Schengen Area states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt out (United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintain the Common Travel Area amongst themselves).
The United States has notably increased measures taken in border control on the Canada–United States border and the United States–Mexico border during its War on Terrorism (See Shantz 2010). One American writer has said that the US-Mexico border is probably "the world's longest boundary between a First World and Third World country".
Historic borders such as the Great Wall of China, the Maginot Line, and Hadrian's Wall have played a great many roles and been marked in different ways. While the stone walls, the Great Wall of China and the Roman Hadrian's Wall in Britain had military functions, the entirety of the Roman borders were very porous, which encouraged Roman economic activity with neighbors. On the other hand, a border like the Maginot Line was entirely military and was meant to prevent any access in what was to be World War II to France by its neighbor, Germany; Germany ended up going around the Maginot Line through Belgium just as it had done in World War I.
Border conflict
Border conflicts or the potential of such are the reason why many borders feature fortifications and zoning like no man's lands, demilitarized zones, demarcation lines and buffer zones.
Border construction and crossings
Borders have sometimes been significantly shaped by physical border constructions and openings. From border crossings, over border markers to border barriers these constructions fulfill many different functions. Such as also providing crossover.
Crossings and transition
Even the most fortified borders reserve specific places to allow crossing. The many forms of borders have different ways of enabling and controlling passage.
Movement and permeability
Borders can have an significant impact on and function for movement. It can enable and stop movement, across as well as along borders.
The permeability of borders depends on its construction, availability of crossings, regulation and types or scope of activity. The permeability can vary, borders can be barriers for humans, but also for animal migration or types of pollution.
Overlap and cooperation
Borders facilitate or block hybrids like border overlap and cooperation beyond mere encounter and exchange.
Cross-border regions
Macro-regional integration initiatives, such as the European Union and NAFTA, have spurred the establishment of cross-border regions. These are initiatives driven by local or regional authorities, aimed at dealing with local border-transcending problems such as transport and environmental degradation. Many cross-border regions are also active in encouraging intercultural communication and dialogue as well as cross-border economic development strategies. In Europe, the European Union provides financial support to cross-border regions via its Interreg programme. The Council of Europe has issued the Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation, providing a legal framework for cross-border co-operation even though it is in practice rarely used by Euroregions.
Border studies
There has been a renaissance in the study of borders starting with the end of the 1990s, partially from the creation of a counter-narrative to the discourse about the world becoming a borderless and deterritorialized place, which has accompanied theories about globalization. Examples of recent initiatives are the Border Regions in Transition network of scholars, the International Boundaries Research Unit at the University of Durham, the Association for Borderlands Studies based in North America, the African Borderlands Research Network (ABORNE) and the founding of smaller border research centres at Nijmegen and Queen's University Belfast.
Border art
Border art is a contemporary art practice rooted in the socio-political experience(s), such as of those on the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, or frontera. Since its conception in the mid-80's, this artistic practice has assisted in the development of questions surrounding homeland, borders, surveillance, identity, race, ethnicity, and national origin(s).
Border art as a conceptual artistic practice, however, opens up the possibility for artists to explore similar concerns of identity and national origin(s) but whose location is not specific to the U.S-México border. A border can be a division, dividing groups of people and families. Borders can include but are not limited to language, culture, social and economic class, religion, and national identity. In addition to a division, a border can also conceive a borderland area that can create a cohesive community separate from the mainstream cultures and identities portrayed in the communities away from the borders, such as the Tijuana-San Diego border between Mexico and the United States.
Border art can be defined as an art that is created in reference to any number of physical or imagined boundaries. This art can but is not limited to social, political, physical, emotional and/or nationalist issues. Border art is not confined to one particular medium. Border art/artists often address the forced politicization of human bodies and physical land and the arbitrary, yet incredibly harmful, separations that are created by these borders and boundaries. These artists are often "border crossers" themselves. They may cross borders of traditional art-making (through performance, video, or a combination of mediums). They may at once be artists and activists, existing in multiple social roles at once. Many border artists defy easy classifications in their artistic practice and work.
Images gallery
The following pictures show in how many different ways international and regional borders can be closed off, monitored, at least marked as such, or simply unremarkable.
See also
Border barrier
Border control
Boundaries between the continents of Earth
Boundary delimitation
Boundary (real estate)
Enclave and exclave
Geopolitics
Illegal entry
Illegal immigration
Landlocked country
Limes (Roman Empire)
List of border conflicts
List of bordering countries with greatest relative differences in GDP (PPP) per capita
List of countries and territories by land borders
List of countries by land and maritime borders
List of countries that border only one other country
List of divided islands
List of international river borders
List of land borders with dates of establishment
List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914
List of national border changes (1914–present)
List of territorial disputes
Maritime boundary
Political geography
Political science
References
Further reading
Border Stories – A website devoted to stories from both sides of the U.S. Mexico Border
Talking Borders online audio archive at Queen's University Belfast
The World in 2015: National borders undermined? 11-min video interview with Bernard Guetta, a columnist for Libération newspaper and France Inter radio. "For [Guetta], one of the main lessons from international relations in 2014 is that national borders are becoming increasingly irrelevant. These borders, drawn by the colonial powers, were and still are entirely artificial. Now, people want borders along national, religious or ethnic lines. Bernard Guetta calls this a "comeback of real history"."
Baramova, Maria (2010), Border Theories in Early Modern Europe, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (pdf).
Said Saddiki, World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0121
Struck, Bernhard, Border Regions, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2013, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (pdf).
External links
Collection of pictures of European borders, mainly intra-Schengen borders
Institut Européen des Itinéraires Culturels homepage
Border Ireland – database of activities and publications on cross-border co-operation on the island of Ireland since 1980's
Baltic Borderlands Greifswald | [
0.15832757949829102,
-0.2606898844242096,
0.07178230583667755,
0.4216621518135071,
0.48007965087890625,
-0.1878557950258255,
0.28585752844810486,
0.4926668107509613,
-0.21195687353610992,
-0.780449390411377,
-0.5143476128578186,
-0.2330571413040161,
-0.2447909116744995,
0.5435752272605896,
0.01423500757664442,
0.7044768929481506,
0.05100306496024132,
0.21881014108657837,
-0.17086364328861237,
0.08171867579221725,
-0.590083122253418,
0.08905182778835297,
0.2108239382505417,
-0.3844762444496155,
0.4805750846862793,
-0.41085827350616455,
0.0141289122402668,
0.12174554914236069,
-0.2776889503002167,
0.36579063534736633,
0.4345211386680603,
0.502465546131134,
-0.6154273748397827,
0.5943543314933777,
-0.1525316834449768,
-0.45042094588279724,
-0.1457541435956955,
-0.11408726871013641,
-0.356211394071579,
-0.9519547820091248,
0.10925589501857758,
0.025114787742495537,
-0.27159783244132996,
0.18614959716796875,
-0.10075750201940536,
-0.7108607888221741,
-0.9405403137207031,
0.47641870379447937,
-0.43378138542175293,
0.3950343728065491,
-0.40870627760887146,
0.27038756012916565,
-0.40611132979393005,
0.41439828276634216,
0.005975431762635708,
-0.15931656956672668,
-0.5352410674095154,
-0.3917185962200165,
0.11238344013690948,
-0.586341917514801,
0.56913161277771,
0.3462265133857727,
-0.24919334053993225,
0.38741523027420044,
0.03927489370107651,
0.32006698846817017,
0.3899266719818115,
-0.29880401492118835,
0.30705785751342773,
-0.8291645646095276,
-0.42945557832717896,
0.04909103736281395,
-0.07617691159248352,
0.2004452645778656,
-0.30705365538597107,
-0.004976760596036911,
-0.198611781001091,
-0.042494311928749084,
-0.04256629943847656,
0.476850688457489,
0.02559131383895874,
0.1955239325761795,
0.28257128596305847,
-0.7500038146972656,
0.38097670674324036,
-0.35974982380867004,
-0.44033142924308777,
0.3054187595844269,
-0.6458779573440552,
0.1533130556344986,
0.7371854186058044,
0.25391632318496704,
0.19962407648563385,
-0.2866223454475403,
0.3118438720703125,
-0.4470338821411133,
0.1695820540189743,
-0.39560678601264954,
0.238869309425354,
0.20536084473133087,
-0.5630151629447937,
-0.17550328373908997,
0.31254276633262634,
0.03535318747162819,
-0.3290930986404419,
-0.7234506607055664,
0.19471552968025208,
0.23484967648983002,
0.009424232877790928,
0.10281401127576828,
-0.16314423084259033,
-0.09704374521970749,
0.3890173137187958,
0.21034936606884003,
-0.3930189907550812,
0.17940613627433777,
0.09089740365743637,
0.3376142680644989,
0.5244897603988647,
-0.09667983651161194,
0.07828228175640106,
0.18282651901245117,
-0.31571292877197266,
-0.17412802577018738,
0.23032815754413605,
-0.03552869334816933,
0.5181472897529602,
-0.08037599176168442,
-1.2004691362380981,
0.022763341665267944,
-0.15722203254699707,
0.5538641214370728,
-0.16447845101356506,
0.47270143032073975,
0.0047723278403282166,
-0.06479273736476898,
0.6421228647232056,
-0.048121269792318344,
0.7043974995613098,
-0.010745089501142502,
-0.8557700514793396,
-0.39448311924934387,
-0.30248138308525085,
-0.18690849840641022,
0.41115546226501465,
-0.35214120149612427,
0.021233145147562027,
-1.0771496295928955,
-0.150450199842453,
-0.10183391720056534,
0.03622812777757645,
0.8279696106910706,
0.03995640203356743,
0.390585720539093,
-0.4564779996871948,
0.21869876980781555,
0.362647145986557,
0.06976807117462158,
-0.03941452503204346,
0.030133835971355438,
-0.15290947258472443,
0.5705517530441284,
0.037240274250507355,
-0.13547854125499725,
0.43116527795791626,
-0.2825678288936615,
-0.2479710429906845,
0.6305023431777954,
0.060587260872125626,
0.10353055596351624,
-0.07932446151971817,
0.052995771169662476,
0.22713616490364075,
0.42088207602500916,
-0.0570046491920948,
0.4110487699508667,
0.1811353713274002,
0.19115696847438812,
0.48069295287132263,
0.14263226091861725,
-0.28839734196662903,
0.4443552494049072,
0.12987199425697327,
0.4263996481895447,
-0.19817091524600983,
0.12300291657447815,
0.46537718176841736,
-0.4141746759414673,
-0.41608402132987976,
0.04138442128896713,
-0.20787647366523743,
-0.3092995285987854,
-0.34862449765205383,
-0.5616876482963562,
0.8873134851455688,
-0.18535509705543518,
-0.5384274125099182,
0.6658250093460083,
-0.6648301482200623,
0.8117172718048096,
-0.24445267021656036,
-0.26724913716316223,
0.6882937550544739,
-0.003210741328075528,
-0.1716773957014084,
0.3357815444469452,
0.25779828429222107,
-0.17762205004692078,
0.1552468240261078,
0.19738079607486725,
0.24186381697654724,
-0.2799641788005829,
0.11928817629814148,
-0.23972226679325104,
0.09426096826791763,
0.07374224066734314,
-0.14050306379795074,
-0.19995753467082977,
-0.021726006641983986,
-0.033548902720212936,
0.6373355388641357,
-0.2590987980365753,
-0.05473005026578903,
0.6839141845703125,
-0.2443004995584488,
-0.25180506706237793,
0.13927944004535675,
0.6133090257644653,
0.36272525787353516,
-1.0708260536193848,
-0.8464007377624512,
-0.32070961594581604,
0.4606948792934418,
-0.524176836013794,
-0.01682143285870552,
0.02559918537735939,
0.5100055932998657,
-0.11042531579732895,
0.31139665842056274,
-0.19928106665611267,
-0.5854582786560059,
0.2065727263689041,
0.39789485931396484,
0.2738454341888428,
-0.0878981500864029,
-0.0017105038277804852,
0.5821061730384827,
-0.06666848063468933,
-0.11027995496988297,
0.10701305419206619,
0.1477874368429184,
0.3549266755580902,
0.26800307631492615,
-0.36775991320610046,
0.04135620966553688,
-0.6170499324798584,
0.08108336478471756,
-0.027961524203419685,
0.07001500576734543,
0.033083900809288025,
0.1710459291934967,
0.2075532078742981,
-0.25088754296302795,
-0.3260553777217865,
-0.415103554725647,
-0.3115586042404175,
-0.4420805871486664,
-0.12480635195970535,
0.2719554901123047,
0.5121257305145264,
0.23168617486953735,
0.44265446066856384,
-0.09903952479362488,
-0.38156524300575256,
-0.3973035514354706,
-0.06493621319532394,
0.7375978827476501,
0.1872406005859375,
-0.13708262145519257,
-0.152822345495224,
0.15785427391529083,
0.027175238355994225,
0.4863400161266327,
-0.8999103307723999,
0.05761408805847168,
-0.840388298034668,
0.15265105664730072,
-0.43996429443359375,
-0.24185943603515625,
-0.03790627047419548,
-0.2948184609413147,
0.46045708656311035,
0.08799099922180176,
0.3660374879837036,
0.049398116767406464,
0.2713521718978882,
-0.09837661683559418,
-0.06379713863134384,
0.584596574306488,
-0.295151025056839,
-0.7219855785369873,
0.20322658121585846,
-0.15688775479793549,
0.05726055055856705,
0.12989632785320282,
-0.18519660830497742,
-0.6496604084968567,
0.18121092021465302,
-5.941896438598633,
-0.06196673586964607,
-0.009287945926189423,
-0.17973478138446808,
-0.610586941242218,
-0.20101535320281982,
1.0385940074920654,
-0.020741619169712067,
-0.11396658420562744,
-0.0266202874481678,
0.22650957107543945,
0.07006040960550308,
0.005063764750957489,
0.03368367627263069,
0.8141903877258301,
0.10838480293750763,
0.3093002438545227,
-0.08160034567117691,
-0.34622669219970703,
0.6280874013900757,
-0.6626107692718506,
0.07030432671308517,
0.751708447933197,
0.20389431715011597,
0.34905266761779785,
0.042366351932287216,
-0.3220689594745636,
0.3014320731163025,
-0.31450003385543823,
-0.06011878699064255,
-0.20170140266418457,
-0.12862810492515564,
0.32078540325164795,
-0.29991039633750916,
-0.013463753275573254,
-0.1370292603969574,
0.1891976147890091,
0.5048798322677612,
0.16332918405532837,
-0.09330190718173981,
-0.1726895272731781,
0.6907310485839844,
0.5342071652412415,
-0.04224560782313347,
-0.3630335032939911,
-0.5792279839515686,
0.4169864058494568,
-0.11867253482341766,
-0.273009330034256,
0.54733806848526,
-0.37550321221351624,
0.4415324628353119,
0.5178685188293457,
-0.5048949122428894,
-0.12866473197937012,
-0.3104352056980133,
0.5528314709663391,
-0.6375219225883484,
-1.2957322597503662,
0.41061142086982727,
0.3181118071079254,
-0.8730405569076538,
-0.0870065689086914,
-0.20776964724063873,
0.3451136648654938,
-0.5476434230804443,
-1.0108152627944946,
-0.3220851719379425,
0.45733922719955444,
-0.04578965902328491,
-0.3960559368133545,
-0.18137437105178833,
0.05813188850879669,
-0.4919203817844391,
-0.16493506729602814,
-0.5365810990333557,
0.17353320121765137,
-0.4251517951488495,
0.6639900207519531,
-0.30558279156684875,
-0.46185827255249023,
0.6918438673019409,
-0.06293991208076477,
0.05383480340242386,
-0.13827650249004364,
-0.2803006172180176,
0.19602487981319427,
0.06588409841060638,
-0.22050060331821442,
-0.13953492045402527,
0.5986601114273071,
-0.06406668573617935,
0.7436264753341675,
-0.4540391266345978,
0.34412527084350586,
0.05831541493535042,
0.04609226807951927,
-0.05415211245417595,
0.27411597967147827,
-0.8116764426231384,
0.8219788074493408,
-0.24653750658035278,
0.0809241458773613,
-0.31607386469841003,
-0.1286606788635254,
0.014707231894135475,
-0.2102639228105545,
0.506441593170166,
0.5478155612945557,
-0.18066054582595825,
-0.2832599878311157,
0.4145623743534088,
-0.07406946271657944,
-0.4107746481895447,
-0.5243523716926575,
-0.12069080024957657,
-0.32308006286621094,
0.21365974843502045,
0.3177460730075836,
0.011258399114012718,
0.011568223126232624,
0.39750024676322937,
0.12031225115060806,
0.3956202268600464,
0.4004906117916107,
-0.1199309453368187,
-0.44389209151268005,
0.013624250888824463,
0.7063888311386108,
-0.03973690792918205,
0.6789803504943848,
0.16018058359622955,
0.40598979592323303,
-0.24870285391807556,
0.2134704440832138,
-0.3362715542316437,
0.10840863734483719,
0.04913714528083801,
0.17620015144348145,
-0.3868701457977295,
-0.07320589572191238,
-0.49362069368362427,
0.138729989528656,
0.29888221621513367,
0.8772377371788025,
-0.07182902842760086,
-0.5041360855102539,
-0.16055092215538025,
0.26119792461395264,
0.6120234727859497,
-0.28430160880088806,
-0.17693497240543365,
-0.017635677009820938,
-0.5263822674751282,
0.12169263511896133,
-0.6227638125419617,
0.7626001834869385,
0.12234653532505035,
0.15230165421962738,
-0.5555933117866516,
0.0009756766958162189,
-0.23198004066944122,
-0.3572250306606293,
0.08832300454378128,
0.18164941668510437,
-0.46886739134788513,
-0.546740710735321,
-0.0361814983189106,
0.038991715759038925,
0.2649970054626465,
0.3073268234729767,
-0.5856542587280273,
0.003034397726878524,
-0.22548231482505798,
-0.5479397177696228,
0.16964760422706604,
-0.3055669665336609,
-0.1038864329457283,
0.024540552869439125,
0.21522308886051178,
0.027821552008390427,
-0.47564390301704407,
0.22689665853977203,
0.49838772416114807,
0.09101932495832443,
0.030810676515102386,
-0.03953281417489052,
0.4319187104701996,
0.2567231059074402,
-0.1263691782951355,
0.3426152467727661,
0.08877017349004745,
-0.5588094592094421,
-0.017414309084415436,
-0.11137647181749344,
-0.16051602363586426,
-0.18760547041893005,
0.243062824010849,
-0.5820158123970032,
0.04541897773742676,
0.32577118277549744,
0.29000338912010193,
-0.3635977506637573,
0.4968201518058777,
-0.09291669726371765,
0.20591406524181366,
0.14618754386901855,
0.09067485481500626,
0.12727513909339905,
-0.07835280150175095,
-0.49513155221939087,
-0.26383841037750244,
-0.5469216108322144,
0.4592150151729584,
-0.006953421514481306,
-0.13251015543937683,
-0.07192295044660568,
-0.40440985560417175,
0.10691376775503159,
0.005442860070616007,
0.8500809073448181,
-0.0976407453417778,
-0.14885076880455017,
-0.09071148931980133,
-0.01217765174806118,
0.17564530670642853,
0.29211488366127014,
-0.5245111584663391,
0.4399147629737854,
-0.1197049468755722,
-0.01233900710940361,
-0.404881089925766,
0.09688157588243484,
0.17575252056121826,
0.27375248074531555,
0.13939842581748962,
-0.24135440587997437,
-0.540741503238678,
0.17725616693496704,
0.14475861191749573,
0.2939450442790985,
0.790285587310791,
0.33399468660354614,
-0.27504226565361023,
0.33128830790519714,
0.4906552731990814,
-0.07115738093852997,
-0.8813030123710632,
-0.8254781365394592,
0.06324077397584915,
-0.1567211002111435,
-0.5889172554016113,
-0.4606488049030304,
-0.1806536465883255,
0.3729245066642761,
0.24922794103622437,
-0.23853318393230438,
0.13430455327033997,
0.338367223739624,
0.3675157129764557,
0.0022337359841912985,
-0.6780595779418945,
-0.17598958313465118,
-0.3433091938495636,
0.2091640681028366,
-0.595174252986908,
-0.2965095043182373,
0.4529300630092621,
-0.11889323592185974,
-0.41470083594322205,
0.2297215312719345,
-0.2051858752965927,
0.9071366786956787,
-0.1098875179886818,
0.7032572031021118,
-0.03696126863360405,
-0.17386959493160248,
0.27790096402168274,
0.06192854419350624,
0.00140490778721869,
-0.5598593950271606,
-0.6067238450050354,
0.1231500506401062,
-0.61857008934021,
0.46018046140670776,
-0.19441810250282288,
0.4510430693626404,
0.04388171434402466,
-0.16418178379535675,
-0.5598580837249756,
-0.2774903178215027,
-0.19680431485176086,
0.19903060793876648,
0.22140835225582123,
-0.1545887291431427,
-0.49882733821868896,
0.04052257165312767,
0.46718379855155945,
-0.2880121171474457,
0.3834152817726135,
-0.6837299466133118,
0.6265531182289124,
-0.2397426962852478,
-0.8267260789871216,
0.5225486159324646,
-0.03835595026612282,
0.3685317933559418,
-0.41288721561431885,
0.41860052943229675,
-0.041785627603530884,
0.4456270635128021,
0.17898276448249817,
0.16553890705108643,
0.27007320523262024,
-0.023154526948928833,
0.22933924198150635,
0.544236958026886,
-0.6695654392242432,
0.6544452905654907,
0.26691481471061707,
0.044743720442056656,
-0.10831581801176071,
-0.25003644824028015,
0.18363389372825623,
0.4306086003780365,
0.3286116123199463,
-0.01584623195230961,
-0.06566444784402847,
-0.1866142302751541,
0.6179976463317871,
0.33410924673080444,
0.26657235622406006,
-0.056902896612882614,
-0.6009644269943237,
-0.2930647134780884,
-0.44828522205352783,
0.4152233600616455,
-0.23538169264793396,
-0.09458006918430328,
0.6977977752685547,
0.1778586208820343,
0.17508505284786224,
-0.05369923636317253,
0.5908502340316772,
-0.6762421727180481,
0.0997881144285202,
0.688269317150116,
0.49909451603889465,
-0.29407748579978943,
0.19063273072242737,
0.5639076232910156,
-0.4516170024871826,
0.2192147821187973,
0.47401508688926697,
-0.0429961234331131,
-0.4278869926929474,
0.37972596287727356,
0.027407193556427956,
-0.5475921034812927,
-0.5087372064590454,
-0.14837004244327545,
0.4496801793575287,
-0.12458376586437225,
0.014029763638973236,
0.397708922624588,
0.18759037554264069,
0.6631593704223633,
-0.8023378849029541,
-0.047019876539707184,
0.11029789596796036,
0.459229975938797,
0.5840846300125122,
-0.42879021167755127,
0.4413033723831177,
0.30267396569252014,
-0.5201341509819031,
0.00011851379531435668,
0.5147314667701721,
0.33579376339912415,
-0.30812451243400574,
-0.17140133678913116,
-0.012176958844065666,
0.2854442298412323,
-0.7783987522125244,
0.17534251511096954,
-0.06046406552195549,
0.19307169318199158,
0.3910121023654938,
-0.697860062122345,
0.10231901705265045,
0.23954595625400543,
-0.3780922591686249,
-0.012638410553336143,
-0.22319434583187103,
-0.016525978222489357,
-0.12170293927192688,
-0.10266634821891785,
0.9669781923294067,
-0.017155034467577934,
-0.6088936924934387,
0.3208361864089966,
0.3415883779525757,
-0.11386074125766754,
-0.07960984855890274,
-0.6830344200134277,
0.34953218698501587,
-0.180000439286232,
0.04060189053416252,
-0.22411459684371948,
0.40237730741500854,
0.3532526195049286,
-0.5632442831993103,
0.010270283557474613,
0.30072498321533203,
-0.14507359266281128,
-0.1370205581188202,
0.42595773935317993,
-0.3417114019393921,
0.16534443199634552,
-0.5958106517791748,
0.34795862436294556,
-0.4656525254249573,
-0.4932982325553894,
-0.18116611242294312,
-0.11816141754388809,
-0.49636584520339966,
0.6494076251983643,
0.7096242904663086,
-0.07825251668691635,
1.2483266592025757,
-0.21507976949214935,
-0.4311954975128174,
-0.6005927920341492,
0.22431088984012604,
0.10500264167785645,
-0.4108581244945526,
-0.13929133117198944,
0.1712506264448166,
0.3283447325229645,
-0.4437994360923767,
0.26314422488212585,
0.1667344570159912,
-0.23514284193515778,
-0.344537615776062,
-0.3779391050338745,
-0.04988143593072891,
-0.1543024778366089,
0.25624749064445496,
-1.224420189857483,
0.4714865982532501,
0.42515772581100464,
0.08602353185415268,
0.23265479505062103,
-0.05448330566287041,
0.10616138577461243,
0.023508669808506966,
0.14365282654762268,
-0.2123497575521469,
-0.3666444718837738,
0.32748332619667053
] |
247614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun%20province | Satun province | Satun (, ; ) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Trang, Phatthalung, and Songkhla. To the south it borders Perlis of Malaysia.
Toponymy
The name Satun is a Thai version of its original Malay name, Setul (santol, or wild mangosteen tree).
Geography
The province is on the Malay Peninsula, on the shore of the Andaman Sea. It is separated from Songkhla province by the Nakhon Si Thammarat mountain range, and from Malaysia by the Sankalakhiri mountains.
The Ko Tarutao and Ko Phetra marine national parks are part of the province. Close to the border with Malaysia is the Thale Ban National Park, a big freshwater swamp area. The total forest area is or 40.1 percent of provincial area.
History
Until 1916 Satun was a small Malay state known as Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara, closely related to Kedah Sultanate. After that date it was administered by a governor sent from Nakhon Si Thammarat. In 1897 Satun became part of Monthon Syburi (now Kedah), which in 1909 was divided between British Empire and Siam as part of Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. While most of Kedah was ceded to Britain, Satun was awarded to Siam because it had a relatively large Thai population. Satun was then incorporated into Monthon Phuket. The monthon system was ended in 1933, and Satun province became a first-level subdivision of Thailand.
The province was to have been the site of the Pak Bara Deep-seaport in La-ngu District.
Symbols
The provincial seal shows Phra Samut Thewa (समुद्र देवा Samudra Deva, "God of the ocean") sitting on a rock in the sea, with the sunset behind. Phra Samut Thewa is a spirit who guards the sea. The rock is his divine vehicle. The sunset symbolizes the Andaman Sea, which lies to the west of the province.
The provincial tree is the Thai Rosewood or Pha-yungklaep (Dalbergia bariensis), and the provincial flower is the Snowy Orchid Tree (Bauhinia acuminata). The province's motto is Peaceful, clean, and pure nature.
Demographics
Like Narathiwat, Yala, and Pattani, Satun is one of the four provinces of Thailand which have a Muslim majority: 76.77 percent are Muslim and 23.02 percent are Buddhists. Most of the Muslims have some ethnic-Malay ancestry, though only 9.9 percent of the present-day population claims to be ethnically Malay, a result of the effective language shift process from Malay to Thai amongst its populace. The majority language in Satun province is Southern Thai, while the Malay dialect used in Satun is distinctly different from Patani Malay and is much closer to the Kedah dialect of Malay.
Since Satun had belonged to the Kedah Sultanate, which had a strong relationship for many centuries with both Ayutthaya and Siam under the Chakri dynasty, its Malay Muslims commonly intermarry with Thai Buddhists without serious religious hesitation. This custom has created a distinct social group known as samsam, meaning a mixed person. Most samsams, if not all, are Muslims.
Unlike the other Muslim majority provinces in Thailand, Satun does not have a history of political confrontation with the central power in Bangkok or of tension with the Buddhist population which makes up the majority of Thailand as a country. Malay Muslims in Satun are substantially assimilated and rarely sympathise with separatism from Thailand, in contrast to the Malay Muslims in Pattani, Narathiwat, and Yala.
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
Satun is divided into seven districts (amphoe). These are further divided into 36 subdistricts (tambon) and 277 villages (muban).
Originally, the province was divided into two districts, Mambang and Thung Wa, and the minor district (king amphoe) La-ngu. Due to the decline of pepper production in Thung Wa District, in 1930 the government made Thung Wa a minor district and instead declared La-ngu a district. In 1939 Mambang was renamed to Mueang Satun. Khuan Kalong was split off from Mueang district in 1969, from which in turn Tha Pae was split in 1976 and Manang in 1996. In 1973 Thung Wa regained district status. Khuan Don was established in 1975 by splitting it from Mueang district.
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Satun Provincial Administration Organisation () and 7 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Satun has town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 6 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 34 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Economy
According to a Satun Provincial Office spokesman, the province's tourism income rose from two to 6.3 billion baht from 2010 to 2013, while tourist arrivals increased from 690,000 to 1.13 million.
The Department of Airports announced in October 2018 that it will conduct a feasibility study of an airport in the province. Six million baht is allocated for the study, to be completed in September 2019.
Transportation
Boat
Satun is connected to Malaysian Langkawi Island by direct ferry service.
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
National parks
Mu Ko Phetra National Park is a marine national park in the Strait of Malacca off Thailand, covering mostly intact coastal line, open water, and about 30 islands of the southern part of Trang province and the northern part of Satun province. Established on 31 December 1984, it is the 49th national park and 14th marine national park of Thailand.
Thale Ban National Park is a forested area south of the Banthat Mountains in southern Thailand, in the south of Satun province bordering Malaysia; it borders Taman Negeri Perlis park. The park was established on 27 October 1980. It covers an area of of Khuan Don and Mueang Satun districts.
Tarutao National Park is Thailand's second marine national park on 19 April 1974. The coastal Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park had been designated in 1966.
Gallery
References
External links
Website of the province
Provinces of Thailand
Southern Thailand
Strait of Malacca | [
-0.1783864051103592,
-0.17990128695964813,
0.31445586681365967,
-0.21089015901088715,
-0.24999850988388062,
-0.2009250521659851,
0.509004533290863,
0.5982173085212708,
-0.4880548119544983,
-0.16313202679157257,
-0.3310813903808594,
-0.3725482225418091,
-0.596398115158081,
-0.1118498295545578,
-0.41079190373420715,
0.7727820873260498,
0.9952941536903381,
0.08880457282066345,
0.6968736052513123,
-0.48664921522140503,
-0.22106346487998962,
-0.5338947176933289,
0.3929237127304077,
-0.404233455657959,
0.5904685258865356,
-0.10258467495441437,
0.4093492329120636,
0.6747692227363586,
0.5504096746444702,
-0.18191443383693695,
-0.601539671421051,
0.37486666440963745,
-0.2953818142414093,
0.12688025832176208,
0.2175755500793457,
0.3610507845878601,
0.12818937003612518,
0.14190158247947693,
-0.2084002047777176,
0.03995058313012123,
-0.24429729580879211,
-0.48247066140174866,
-0.06534682959318161,
-0.009982885792851448,
0.09605088829994202,
-1.5867698192596436,
-0.8326786756515503,
1.0479094982147217,
-0.5168483853340149,
0.456915944814682,
-0.7266674637794495,
0.7137620449066162,
-0.07606449723243713,
-0.4516373872756958,
0.4255635142326355,
0.3452717065811157,
-0.7092785835266113,
0.40594273805618286,
-0.4370853900909424,
0.1471373438835144,
-0.07122354209423065,
0.5048539638519287,
-0.5549530982971191,
0.19982562959194183,
-0.3202190697193146,
0.31096506118774414,
0.21991415321826935,
0.045488666743040085,
0.11721941083669662,
-0.5137925744056702,
0.03514386713504791,
0.7289552092552185,
-0.1297365128993988,
0.10480392724275589,
0.25820475816726685,
-0.29443836212158203,
-0.30393004417419434,
-0.29068613052368164,
0.1273300051689148,
0.16050495207309723,
0.19653744995594025,
-0.12221671640872955,
0.7869138717651367,
0.08678875863552094,
0.7547711730003357,
0.09395379573106766,
-0.596948504447937,
-0.07974927127361298,
-0.08121560513973236,
-0.010615311563014984,
-0.10421288013458252,
0.05894690006971359,
0.22060565650463104,
-0.25239601731300354,
-0.35763660073280334,
-1.1685237884521484,
-0.5120887160301208,
0.4792642295360565,
0.17438265681266785,
0.28930675983428955,
-0.1367437094449997,
-0.26820215582847595,
0.8061940670013428,
-0.3367966115474701,
-0.8511608839035034,
-0.37856724858283997,
-0.3407179117202759,
-0.37951740622520447,
-0.1293482482433319,
-0.6181468367576599,
-0.6311936974525452,
0.1565486490726471,
0.10823981463909149,
0.06212093308568001,
-0.016888143494725227,
0.33541548252105713,
0.23030944168567657,
-0.15596261620521545,
0.7048941254615784,
-0.4351021945476532,
0.349332332611084,
0.39404919743537903,
-0.3825928866863251,
0.35888850688934326,
0.4626810848712921,
-0.039314255118370056,
0.2843189239501953,
-0.6357014775276184,
0.17302338778972626,
0.8051091432571411,
0.5646862983703613,
0.7932214736938477,
-0.1840439736843109,
0.4908757209777832,
0.16555272042751312,
-0.1753675490617752,
0.25966063141822815,
0.3710007965564728,
0.7076320648193359,
0.053952205926179886,
-1.4509718418121338,
0.8308098316192627,
-0.9842273592948914,
-0.09878932684659958,
0.15113449096679688,
-0.2178896814584732,
-0.3709010183811188,
-0.49684274196624756,
-0.5792417526245117,
-0.26879674196243286,
0.266695111989975,
0.08774548768997192,
0.0463966429233551,
0.518356204032898,
-0.5855672955513,
0.16076624393463135,
0.5880827307701111,
0.2642943263053894,
-0.017597053200006485,
0.10021363198757172,
-0.09342732280492783,
0.10446713864803314,
-0.07682010531425476,
-0.3018791973590851,
0.45522958040237427,
-0.21596117317676544,
-0.04722064360976219,
0.5669127106666565,
-0.19166941940784454,
0.28810855746269226,
-0.5013754963874817,
-0.1413576900959015,
0.3981876075267792,
-0.4959053099155426,
0.37024107575416565,
-0.24989232420921326,
-0.11908036470413208,
0.09629424661397934,
-0.15856632590293884,
0.15061400830745697,
-0.8343916535377502,
0.38735371828079224,
0.08964531868696213,
0.3417828679084778,
0.3877719044685364,
0.2968117594718933,
0.9341813325881958,
0.101105235517025,
-0.1370595246553421,
0.25784245133399963,
-0.5113137364387512,
-0.3758304715156555,
0.14759895205497742,
0.3847297728061676,
0.15594793856143951,
0.6286838054656982,
0.02505015768110752,
0.7465324997901917,
-0.2181224673986435,
1.0639125108718872,
-0.20597031712532043,
-0.14422641694545746,
0.5055034160614014,
-0.04064199700951576,
-0.23606088757514954,
1.0295863151550293,
-0.2197791486978531,
0.38652583956718445,
0.7907947897911072,
0.8493895530700684,
0.3041625916957855,
-0.6217268705368042,
-0.44536474347114563,
0.11185260117053986,
-0.22662648558616638,
-0.7168468236923218,
-0.11578135937452316,
0.17877449095249176,
0.28901684284210205,
-0.09240630269050598,
0.12908011674880981,
0.028904594480991364,
-0.5119357109069824,
0.7227650880813599,
-0.3086189031600952,
0.8672968745231628,
0.04637503996491432,
0.10583347082138062,
-0.03091469407081604,
-0.6211272478103638,
0.45333993434906006,
-0.3430061340332031,
0.3498145639896393,
-0.0678616464138031,
-0.427710622549057,
0.0328160859644413,
0.03774654120206833,
-0.1171220913529396,
0.5188984274864197,
-0.9901841282844543,
-0.004202333278954029,
0.30681395530700684,
-0.20789815485477448,
-0.18415407836437225,
0.31375885009765625,
0.3372859060764313,
-0.7011696100234985,
0.5121227502822876,
0.11887340992689133,
0.042877063155174255,
-0.1738554984331131,
0.09652597457170486,
0.18341073393821716,
-0.381637841463089,
-0.0983709916472435,
0.04907873645424843,
-0.3587489128112793,
0.15943042933940887,
0.5668585300445557,
-0.36986279487609863,
-1.0181623697280884,
0.015155569650232792,
0.6135161519050598,
-0.024091172963380814,
-0.6202519536018372,
-0.268327534198761,
-0.006971865892410278,
-0.6669347882270813,
0.3517545759677887,
0.21375352144241333,
0.2571353018283844,
-0.766242265701294,
-0.059666574001312256,
-0.5967478156089783,
-0.7431736588478088,
-0.8733537197113037,
0.32103845477104187,
0.5345901250839233,
-1.113875389099121,
-0.47950175404548645,
0.8117476105690002,
1.1159003973007202,
0.4780932664871216,
-0.5600011348724365,
-0.15786054730415344,
-0.10586776584386826,
0.25055238604545593,
-0.2174672931432724,
-0.11361226439476013,
0.4494292140007019,
-0.44167545437812805,
-0.03674070164561272,
-0.6296623945236206,
0.01771065965294838,
-0.3277261555194855,
-0.428609699010849,
0.30894768238067627,
0.27092501521110535,
0.9132784605026245,
-0.180361807346344,
-0.7552973628044128,
-0.036540739238262177,
-0.46765434741973877,
0.35457518696784973,
0.13473249971866608,
-0.30090248584747314,
-0.023191802203655243,
0.18182265758514404,
-5.197633743286133,
-0.6750634908676147,
-0.1254519373178482,
-0.6888399720191956,
0.49425527453422546,
-0.17400099337100983,
0.5661208629608154,
-0.45054271817207336,
-0.23376724123954773,
0.31554919481277466,
0.12868790328502655,
-0.553840696811676,
0.16804875433444977,
0.6225166320800781,
0.31624937057495117,
0.20032158493995667,
-0.05625501275062561,
0.20272599160671234,
0.6583860516548157,
0.2776138186454773,
-0.1684887707233429,
-0.00617874413728714,
-0.15984927117824554,
0.27788493037223816,
0.28986573219299316,
0.9433546662330627,
0.41374456882476807,
-0.570900022983551,
-0.7113967537879944,
-0.531962513923645,
-0.4347700774669647,
0.14033819735050201,
0.05972744897007942,
-0.24614651501178741,
-0.419882208108902,
-0.5978280901908875,
0.6100339889526367,
0.3743426203727722,
0.33872348070144653,
0.13212895393371582,
-0.11959318816661835,
-0.09980513155460358,
-0.2425622045993805,
0.3014463782310486,
0.07136926800012589,
-0.5036392211914062,
-0.87972092628479,
-0.5550864934921265,
-0.5318965315818787,
0.4350050091743469,
0.6508554816246033,
0.1826363503932953,
0.3476094901561737,
-0.021427813917398453,
-0.34197181463241577,
0.2874137759208679,
-0.11322709918022156,
-0.07367461174726486,
-0.25853967666625977,
0.3717260956764221,
0.7675656080245972,
-0.08771543204784393,
-0.7364964485168457,
-0.30790430307388306,
0.28805530071258545,
-0.22304663062095642,
0.5418421030044556,
-0.058644767850637436,
0.7031937837600708,
0.39828750491142273,
-0.4699097275733948,
-0.36770114302635193,
-0.4023476839065552,
-0.7185592651367188,
-0.007209419272840023,
-0.3086896240711212,
-0.6040049195289612,
-0.19320479035377502,
-0.006010245066136122,
0.1602301299571991,
-0.7428320050239563,
0.4652884602546692,
0.43413862586021423,
1.0738579034805298,
0.05632990971207619,
-0.7435844540596008,
-0.16927912831306458,
0.41206201910972595,
0.04889577627182007,
0.16781876981258392,
0.35408923029899597,
-0.6089271903038025,
0.5279464721679688,
0.07075898349285126,
-0.0015842326683923602,
0.33665570616722107,
0.26140180230140686,
-0.12888416647911072,
-0.10837162286043167,
-1.083071231842041,
0.26325634121894836,
-0.47388169169425964,
0.3955862522125244,
-0.10368747264146805,
-0.4018791615962982,
-0.5111184120178223,
0.025369921699166298,
0.5934693813323975,
-0.42123159766197205,
0.12123481184244156,
-0.2731407880783081,
0.22920989990234375,
0.23697611689567566,
0.6586217284202576,
0.2823653221130371,
-0.5382758378982544,
-0.5409947633743286,
0.39861932396888733,
0.12933975458145142,
0.7062493562698364,
-0.42114076018333435,
0.7520279884338379,
0.03886251524090767,
0.025308242067694664,
-0.17033733427524567,
-0.758689284324646,
-0.34172773361206055,
0.4335135519504547,
0.012083686888217926,
-0.14852899312973022,
0.3631371855735779,
-0.5779852271080017,
0.4605030417442322,
-0.6005271673202515,
-0.2991904318332672,
-0.4957413077354431,
-0.004790684673935175,
-0.16143710911273956,
-0.01266080979257822,
-0.1001637727022171,
0.18727116286754608,
0.07214472442865372,
-0.346446692943573,
0.4814760386943817,
0.20308786630630493,
-0.01588718593120575,
0.641264796257019,
-0.25173839926719666,
-0.8451989889144897,
0.37724176049232483,
-0.11354207992553711,
-0.5351077914237976,
0.4688328802585602,
-0.41825029253959656,
-0.06281235069036484,
-0.23033858835697174,
-0.013532784767448902,
-0.021083194762468338,
1.1929947137832642,
-0.0546291284263134,
-0.7762641906738281,
-0.7817909717559814,
-1.0017012357711792,
0.14736273884773254,
0.20205166935920715,
-0.5974862575531006,
0.5259822607040405,
-0.41780412197113037,
-0.44124704599380493,
0.8996965885162354,
0.16872604191303253,
-0.3636472225189209,
-0.26811301708221436,
-0.20637662708759308,
-0.13924425840377808,
-0.49256113171577454,
0.26861804723739624,
-0.12139088660478592,
-0.3723848760128021,
-0.002152571454644203,
-0.5539090633392334,
-0.30190691351890564,
-0.22053997218608856,
0.6070785522460938,
0.5567772388458252,
0.1779850721359253,
-0.32921329140663147,
-0.40197107195854187,
-0.2617029845714569,
-0.06121068447828293,
0.5140441060066223,
-0.053093548864126205,
-0.04983576387166977,
-0.04860220104455948,
-0.10245212912559509,
-0.21439731121063232,
-0.39404967427253723,
0.8380934000015259,
-0.31032684445381165,
0.22641727328300476,
0.10241488367319107,
0.5371080636978149,
-0.13593660295009613,
0.32639992237091064,
0.0826227143406868,
-0.6762782335281372,
0.24712353944778442,
0.275310218334198,
-0.1238398402929306,
-0.2327210158109665,
-0.3885886073112488,
-0.24531027674674988,
0.21911418437957764,
0.2078251987695694,
-0.3308829963207245,
0.2168368250131607,
0.2163112759590149,
-0.3509006202220917,
-0.002550631295889616,
-1.064598798751831,
-0.40790921449661255,
-0.3639948070049286,
-0.6482717394828796,
-0.26435959339141846,
-0.5836999416351318,
0.36953988671302795,
0.5825442671775818,
-0.9924380779266357,
0.9160023331642151,
-0.17866410315036774,
0.26363685727119446,
0.15828034281730652,
0.8027649521827698,
0.3406464755535126,
-0.6645568609237671,
-0.024798845872282982,
0.3303600251674652,
0.04105781763792038,
0.14849483966827393,
0.75721675157547,
0.3153763711452484,
0.9196205139160156,
0.04276062548160553,
-0.5082975625991821,
-0.8388491868972778,
0.022348033264279366,
0.1613312065601349,
-0.5504427552223206,
-0.4761449992656708,
0.47684067487716675,
0.5599268078804016,
-0.06617464870214462,
-0.8376269936561584,
-0.10412231087684631,
1.2223999500274658,
-0.28221482038497925,
0.20640259981155396,
1.0551594495773315,
0.4284346103668213,
-0.24742451310157776,
-0.43761712312698364,
0.026447279378771782,
0.111761674284935,
-0.0423068106174469,
0.2943647503852844,
-0.3621956408023834,
-0.7863776087760925,
-0.12211298942565918,
0.8169121742248535,
-0.36546754837036133,
-0.8601311445236206,
-0.711007833480835,
0.0233602374792099,
0.21097436547279358,
0.2658531963825226,
-0.2980455756187439,
-0.003595361951738596,
-0.5260021686553955,
-0.11254019290208817,
-0.16742782294750214,
-0.48235371708869934,
0.18623016774654388,
0.0004507006669882685,
-0.1617661416530609,
0.36185508966445923,
-0.7523123621940613,
0.17098583281040192,
0.06689383834600449,
-0.7482917308807373,
0.2264387011528015,
-0.35378700494766235,
-0.37046748399734497,
-0.369745671749115,
-0.4316403865814209,
-0.20907054841518402,
0.361760675907135,
-0.09504598379135132,
0.4448675215244293,
-0.024334406480193138,
0.16051392257213593,
-1.1191657781600952,
0.18402430415153503,
0.17176640033721924,
-0.07896848022937775,
-0.42919591069221497,
-0.40646982192993164,
0.48255228996276855,
-0.31710049510002136,
-0.0710473507642746,
0.7317177057266235,
0.24815940856933594,
0.1585160791873932,
0.46559539437294006,
0.18794263899326324,
0.14092649519443512,
0.36243870854377747,
0.35093045234680176,
-1.0150035619735718,
-0.1582285463809967,
0.6385442614555359,
0.2871963381767273,
-0.3388054668903351,
-0.12789544463157654,
0.6511505842208862,
0.1232268288731575,
0.751872181892395,
0.09441661834716797,
-0.34582239389419556,
0.37784984707832336,
0.0810488909482956,
-0.07199106365442276,
0.026977138593792915,
-0.663230836391449,
0.3393872082233429,
-0.5085983276367188,
-0.5399962663650513,
0.5544217228889465,
-0.5945221781730652,
-0.0955629050731659,
0.39485007524490356,
0.6144915819168091,
0.8327029943466187,
0.4097001254558563,
-0.14042073488235474,
0.19159765541553497,
0.0006201067590154707,
0.5893504023551941,
-0.11746875196695328,
0.6254381537437439,
0.03655911237001419,
0.26823627948760986,
0.4082440733909607,
-0.3313230872154236,
-0.09521829336881638,
0.7053284645080566,
0.67498379945755,
-0.31248044967651367,
-0.42365971207618713,
0.07274327427148819,
-0.02773173712193966,
-0.328561007976532,
0.10011682659387589,
-0.2708403170108795,
0.42256176471710205,
0.14636531472206116,
0.04052161052823067,
0.5921028256416321,
-0.3416558504104614,
-0.17270801961421967,
0.5230012536048889,
0.05402778834104538,
0.11792110651731491,
0.2720808684825897,
-0.4374532103538513,
-0.14754219353199005,
0.32158488035202026,
-0.24091815948486328,
0.19708497822284698,
-0.5705897212028503,
-0.21755722165107727,
0.49682992696762085,
-0.11244089901447296,
0.3023248612880707,
-0.23266492784023285,
0.3582439720630646,
0.5032678246498108,
0.3290337324142456,
-0.03588290885090828,
-0.38253456354141235,
0.13000407814979553,
-0.11923207342624664,
-0.061431922018527985,
-0.35481947660446167,
-0.007212928030639887,
0.12998077273368835,
-0.03557511419057846,
-0.3569304645061493,
0.8250576257705688,
0.3980221152305603,
-0.30247098207473755,
0.9639566540718079,
-0.10355193167924881,
0.23943251371383667,
0.324069082736969,
0.254846453666687,
0.5616077184677124,
-0.2111814171075821,
0.38537487387657166,
-1.0020722150802612,
0.13600017130374908,
0.8246104121208191,
0.5618652701377869,
0.6309242248535156,
0.3925706148147583,
-0.21169477701187134,
0.29136839509010315,
0.6004255414009094,
-0.7539585828781128,
0.3281532824039459,
-0.39032137393951416,
-0.17469923198223114,
-0.4138748049736023,
0.37234780192375183,
1.0625858306884766,
-0.36789003014564514,
-0.6011689305305481,
0.4163900315761566,
0.3114987313747406,
-0.694796085357666,
0.5921217799186707,
-0.21362732350826263,
-0.38409551978111267,
-0.2296726405620575,
-0.3387796878814697,
-0.6172831654548645,
0.2960689067840576,
0.4423227310180664,
0.8763432502746582,
0.05059283971786499,
0.04696894809603691,
-0.4458354115486145,
-0.06788160651922226,
0.5137084722518921,
0.21160244941711426,
-0.6449640393257141,
-0.11958245187997818,
-0.4476524591445923,
-0.7052318453788757,
-1.0562247037887573,
0.5157238841056824,
-0.4794652462005615,
-0.09409085661172867,
0.4313178062438965,
-0.30989494919776917,
-0.5528146028518677,
0.31477880477905273,
0.16095343232154846,
-0.01307780109345913,
0.08383888006210327,
0.3573468327522278
] |
247616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic | Picnic | A picnic is a meal taken outdoors (al fresco) as part of an excursion, especially in scenic surroundings, such as a park, lakeside, or other place affording an interesting view, or else in conjunction with a public event such as preceding an open-air theater performance, and usually in summer.
Picnics are usually meant for the late mornings or midday, but could also be held later in the day. Descriptions of picnics show that the idea of a meal that was jointly contributed and was enjoyed out-of-doors was essential to a picnic from the early 19th century.
Picnics are often family-oriented but can also be an intimate occasion between two people or a large get-together such as company picnics and church picnics or clubs and community get togethers or of community care units. It is also sometimes combined with a cookout, usually a form of barbecue: either grilling (griddling, gridironing, or charbroiling), braising (by combining a charbroil or gridiron grill with a broth-filled pot), baking, or a combination of all of the above.
On romantic and family picnics, a picnic basket and a blanket (to sit or recline on) are usually brought along. Outdoor games or some other form of entertainment are common at large picnics. In established public parks, a picnic area generally includes picnic tables and possibly other items related to eating outdoors, such as built-in grills, water faucets, garbage containers, and restrooms.
Some picnics are a potluck, an entertainment at which each person contributed some dish to a common table for all to share. When the picnic is not also a cookout, the food eaten is rarely hot, instead taking the form of deli sandwiches, finger food, fresh fruit, salad, cold meats and accompanied by chilled wine or champagne or soft drinks.
Etymology
The word comes from the French word pique-nique, whose earliest usage in print is in the 1692 edition of Tony Willis, Origines de la Langue Française, which mentions pique-nique as being of recent origin. The term was used to describe a group of people dining in a restaurant who brought their own wine. The concept of a picnic long retained the connotation of a meal to which everyone contributed something. According to some dictionaries, the French word pique-nique is based on the verb piquer, which means 'pick', 'peck', or 'nab', and the rhyming addition nique, which means 'thing of little importance', 'bagatelle', 'trifle', but for example the Oxford English Dictionary says it is of unknown origin.
The French Revolution popularized the picnic across the world. French aristocrats fled to other Western countries, bringing their picnicking traditions with them. After the Revolution, French people of all classes visited and mingled in the country's royal parks. Picnicking transformed from an upper class luxury to a cheap way to spend an afternoon with friends.
The word picnic first appeared in English in a letter from Lord Chesterfield in 1748 (OED), who associates it with card-playing, drinking, and conversation. Dictionaries agree it entered the English language as a respelling of the French word pique-nique. The practice of an elegant meal eaten out-of-doors, rather than an agricultural worker's dinner in a field, was connected with respite from hunting from the Middle Ages; the excuse for the pleasurable outing of 1723 in François Lemoyne's painting (illustration, left) is still offered in the context of a hunt.
Black American communities have long believed there to be a link between the word picnic and lynching parties. This false etymology claims that the term picnic referred to the "picking" of a "nigger" to lynch. Scholars argue that this myth persists due to a hint of truth; white Americans frequently ate and picnicked at lynchings, and some white Americans referred to lynchings as "barbecues."
Related historical events
After the French Revolution in 1789, royal parks became open to the public for the first time. Picnicking in the parks became a popular activity amongst the newly enfranchised citizens.
Early in the 19th century, a fashionable group of Londoners formed the 'Picnic Society'. Members met in the Pantheon on Oxford Street. Each member was expected to provide a share of the entertainment and of the refreshments with no one particular host. Interest in the society waned in the 1850s as the founders died.
From the 1830s, Romantic American landscape painting of spectacular scenery often included a group of picnickers in the foreground. An early American illustration of the picnic is Thomas Cole's The Pic-Nic of 1846 (Brooklyn Museum of Art). In it, a guitarist serenades the genteel social group in the Hudson River Valley with the Catskills visible in the distance. Cole's well-dressed young picnickers having finished their repast, served from splint baskets on blue-and-white china, stroll about in the woodland and boat on the lake.
The image of picnics as a peaceful social activity can be used for political protest, too. In this context, a picnic functions as a temporary occupation of significant public territory. A famous example of this is the Pan-European Picnic held on both sides of the Hungarian/Austrian border on 19 August 1989 as part of the struggle towards German reunification.
In 2000, a 600-mile-long picnic took place from coast to coast in France to celebrate the first Bastille Day of the new Millennium.
Cultural representations
Film
The 1955 film Picnic, based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning play by William Inge, was a multiple Oscar winner. The film has been remade twice, in 1986 and 2000.
The Office Picnic (1972) is a dark comedy set in an Australian Public Service office. It was written and produced by filmmaker Tom Cowan, who is now famous for his work on the series Survivor.
In Peter Weir's mystery film Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), three girls and one of their teachers on a school outing mysteriously disappear. The only one who is later found remembers almost nothing. It is based on a 1967 drama and mystery novel of the same name by Australian author Joan Lindsay.
In Bhaji on the Beach (1993, titled Picknick on the Beach in the German version), nine Indian women of various ages flee from their everyday lives by taking a joint excursion to the British resort town of Blackpool.
A scene in The Sound of Music (released 1965) when the song Do Re Mi begins.
Painting
Perhaps the most famous depiction of a picnic is Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass) by Édouard Manet. The 1862 painting depicts the juxtaposition of a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting.
A more contemporary portrayal is Past Times by Kerry James Marshall, from 1997, which depicts a black family picnicking in front of a lake. Two radios laid on their gingham patterned picnic blanket emit the lyrics of The Temptations and Snoop Dogg, while figures in the background engage in other activities synonymous with affluent white-American suburban culture.
Literature
In Fernando Arrabal's Picnic in the Field, the young and inexperienced soldier Zepo is visited unexpectedly by his devoted parents. Despite the war setting they have a cheerful picnic together.
In Jane Austen's novel Emma, at the Box Hill picnic which turned out to be a sore disappointment, Frank Churchill said to Emma: "Our companions are excessively stupid. What shall we do to rouse them? Any nonsense will serve..." (Project Gutenberg Entry:)
The novel Roadside Picnic by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, which was written in 1972, was the source for the film Stalker (1979) by Andrei Tarkovsky. The novel is about a mysterious "zone" filled with strange and often deadly extraterrestrial artifacts, which are theorized by some scientists to be the refuse from an alien "picnic" on Earth.
No Picnic on Mount Kenya, by Felice Benuzzi, recounts the attempt of three Italian prisoners of war during the Second World War to picnic on top of Mount Kenya.
From Charles Dickens' The Mystery of Edwin Drood: "...Miss Twinkleton (in her amateur state of existence) has contributed herself and a veal pie to a picnic." (Project Gutenberg Entry:)
The Wind in the Willows (1908), by Kenneth Grahame, begins with a boating picnic enjoyed by Rat and Mole that exemplifies an English tradition:
"The Rat brought the boat alongside the bank, made her fast, helped the still awkward Mole safely ashore, and swung out the luncheon-basket. The Mole begged as a favour to be allowed to unpack it all by himself; and the Rat was very pleased to indulge him, and to sprawl at full length on the grass and rest, while his excited friend shook out the table—cloth and spread it, took out all the mysterious packets one by one and arranged their contents in due order, still gasping, 'O my! O my!' at each fresh revelation."
Music
In 1906, the American composer John Walter Bratton wrote a musical piece originally titled "The Teddy Bear Two Step". It became popular in a 1908 instrumental version renamed "Teddy Bears' Picnic", performed by the Arthur Pryor Band. The song regained prominence in 1932 when the Irish lyricist Jimmy Kennedy added words and it was recorded by the then popular Henry Hall (and his BBC Dance Orchestra) featuring Val Rosing (Gilbert Russell) as lead vocalist, which went on to sell a million copies. "The Teddy Bears' Picnic" resurfaced again in the late 1940s and early 1950s when it was used as the theme song for the Big Jon and Sparkie children's radio show. This perennial favorite has appeared on many children's recordings ever since, and is the theme song for the AHL's Hershey Bears hockey club. lyrics and audio from the BBC
"Stoned Soul Picnic", by Laura Nyro (released in 1968), was also a major hit for the group The 5th Dimension.
Roxette's 1996 song "June Afternoon" depicts images of people having fun and eating on a park during a sunny warm June day.
"Malcolm's X-Ray Picnic" was a moderate hit for the indie-pop group Number One Cup in 1997.
Gallery
References
External links
Eating parties
Leisure | [
0.38256412744522095,
-0.03918318450450897,
-0.43888047337532043,
0.2719343304634094,
0.17594768106937408,
-0.38689175248146057,
0.3515947163105011,
0.4334929585456848,
-0.4141875207424164,
-0.6236787438392639,
-0.45329707860946655,
0.11431553214788437,
0.11914338171482086,
-0.13383187353610992,
-0.6255438923835754,
0.5683383941650391,
0.6069858074188232,
0.04583103582262993,
0.2216678112745285,
-0.24875439703464508,
-0.2271878570318222,
-0.6328108310699463,
-0.025741273537278175,
0.15065844357013702,
-0.23671039938926697,
-0.19406382739543915,
0.20485328137874603,
0.2436600774526596,
0.17955799400806427,
-0.19442027807235718,
-0.6422507762908936,
0.47704651951789856,
0.1576840877532959,
-0.3770216703414917,
-0.07181176543235779,
0.019425997510552406,
0.47782355546951294,
-0.6813064217567444,
-0.15774138271808624,
-0.12234410643577576,
0.10744435340166092,
-0.1579589992761612,
0.3490951955318451,
0.37854498624801636,
-0.0626145750284195,
-0.43286338448524475,
-1.0651755332946777,
0.7602528929710388,
-0.6248012185096741,
0.26631850004196167,
-0.5789002776145935,
0.40958648920059204,
-0.012217827141284943,
0.5539239048957825,
-0.08738996088504791,
0.5838879942893982,
-0.32232868671417236,
0.2503264844417572,
0.023213734850287437,
-0.6287257075309753,
0.21500179171562195,
0.4276193380355835,
0.42169189453125,
-0.3757007420063019,
-0.05425827205181122,
-0.021900301799178123,
0.04527779668569565,
0.19820308685302734,
0.4519957900047302,
-0.7368801832199097,
-0.13250695168972015,
-0.19804497063159943,
-0.4920487105846405,
0.41056808829307556,
0.1726672649383545,
-0.2301248013973236,
0.1260085254907608,
-0.46813276410102844,
-0.7122608423233032,
0.13956815004348755,
-0.36578765511512756,
0.09757257252931595,
0.25164854526519775,
0.2516573369503021,
0.503723680973053,
-0.04552954435348511,
-0.44578149914741516,
0.21042191982269287,
-0.19459408521652222,
-0.11263156682252884,
0.437358558177948,
-0.0806921124458313,
0.7987620830535889,
-0.03300992771983147,
0.17467647790908813,
0.33735767006874084,
0.27274131774902344,
0.20715294778347015,
0.7163366675376892,
-0.0808827206492424,
-0.14112071692943573,
-0.08259568363428116,
0.1984981894493103,
-0.3045578896999359,
-0.4508627653121948,
-0.1081095039844513,
0.14235611259937286,
-0.4310634434223175,
0.23514103889465332,
-0.14494943618774414,
-0.21843178570270538,
0.4680844843387604,
0.2899327874183655,
0.042040109634399414,
0.21560566127300262,
-0.10262352228164673,
0.0813504308462143,
0.06341864168643951,
-0.7854393124580383,
-0.3387751877307892,
-0.057238686829805374,
0.5056084394454956,
0.21522314846515656,
0.019812773913145065,
-0.13383813202381134,
0.11747896671295166,
0.5302240252494812,
0.458602637052536,
-0.3629118800163269,
-0.2510336637496948,
0.6890894770622253,
-0.2030687779188156,
-0.11377613246440887,
-0.08063655346632004,
-0.040025703608989716,
-0.3324963450431824,
0.07565615326166153,
-0.1202792078256607,
0.41260194778442383,
0.36061376333236694,
-1.0668765306472778,
-0.23290884494781494,
0.2514188289642334,
-0.247288316488266,
0.7133806347846985,
-0.2233009785413742,
0.47897857427597046,
-0.8280109167098999,
-0.37780827283859253,
-0.2715700566768646,
0.293920636177063,
0.20291681587696075,
-0.6096916794776917,
-0.13765914738178253,
-0.13109958171844482,
0.775147020816803,
0.20321452617645264,
-0.31813549995422363,
-0.014905925840139389,
0.047454990446567535,
0.6444677114486694,
0.09079547971487045,
-0.4624740779399872,
-0.3160766363143921,
0.30103254318237305,
0.07419294863939285,
-0.3577446937561035,
0.370282918214798,
0.326193243265152,
0.11526025086641312,
-0.4198455512523651,
0.25055015087127686,
-0.17050839960575104,
-0.4462692439556122,
-0.32229188084602356,
0.1536412090063095,
0.18670351803302765,
-0.12633894383907318,
0.8113930821418762,
0.6384128928184509,
-0.6676933765411377,
-0.42431774735450745,
0.3047771751880646,
-0.5395913124084473,
-0.09021998941898346,
-0.6451816558837891,
-0.1634778529405594,
-0.020696043968200684,
0.009353678673505783,
0.09201384335756302,
-0.6244595646858215,
-0.3235386610031128,
-0.42697855830192566,
-0.4450528919696808,
1.222527265548706,
-0.3437213599681854,
-0.768394410610199,
0.9355903267860413,
0.290324866771698,
-0.28867828845977783,
-0.18217338621616364,
0.47812724113464355,
0.08361749351024628,
-0.07429918646812439,
-1.266502022743225,
0.12436751276254654,
0.5123978853225708,
0.2510897219181061,
-0.35994452238082886,
-0.26338496804237366,
-0.14999078214168549,
-0.2244112342596054,
0.39175230264663696,
0.26709944009780884,
0.18458408117294312,
0.770844578742981,
-0.6772626638412476,
0.47093576192855835,
0.09606315940618515,
-0.31756144762039185,
0.44908201694488525,
0.005172947887331247,
-0.5338166952133179,
-0.02347557805478573,
-0.03331857547163963,
0.6023082733154297,
0.30401551723480225,
0.17302130162715912,
0.6247103810310364,
-0.5208026766777039,
0.06950850039720535,
-0.18412676453590393,
-0.026376890018582344,
-0.3822201192378998,
-0.1601288616657257,
0.47690287232398987,
0.5374208092689514,
-0.40592890977859497,
0.02434777468442917,
-0.1719687581062317,
-0.2641473710536957,
0.10711680352687836,
-0.029766689985990524,
0.19725702702999115,
0.11172740906476974,
0.1295340657234192,
0.02497820369899273,
0.4119148254394531,
0.026891781017184258,
-0.21592971682548523,
0.3254963457584381,
0.4557134807109833,
0.4569350779056549,
-0.07454796135425568,
0.4452348053455353,
-0.2115422785282135,
0.10534728318452835,
-0.10614975541830063,
0.3716748356819153,
-0.06460365653038025,
-0.42200902104377747,
-0.08117756992578506,
0.026009082794189453,
0.097496397793293,
-0.15433037281036377,
-0.4071616232395172,
-0.09391887485980988,
-0.44142216444015503,
-0.07353527098894119,
0.8863336443901062,
0.7429008483886719,
-0.052070241421461105,
-0.419075608253479,
0.07707873731851578,
-0.22490456700325012,
-0.5256964564323425,
0.08325958251953125,
0.19818860292434692,
-0.11365694552659988,
-0.7550948262214661,
-0.08388680964708328,
0.004244869574904442,
0.693023681640625,
-0.12346915900707245,
-0.3627392053604126,
-0.5447087287902832,
0.33542031049728394,
0.32033050060272217,
-0.5985013246536255,
0.18654271960258484,
0.4768223166465759,
0.5091160535812378,
0.7672519087791443,
0.22277522087097168,
0.6138385534286499,
0.2378896325826645,
-0.18912750482559204,
0.18431472778320312,
0.25059670209884644,
-0.17679695785045624,
-0.34218230843544006,
-0.2814958989620209,
-0.18812155723571777,
-0.05019748583436012,
0.45198914408683777,
0.00427405396476388,
0.31653478741645813,
-0.4855576753616333,
-5.919956207275391,
-0.27471354603767395,
-0.570376992225647,
-0.13727468252182007,
-0.40603455901145935,
0.24643976986408234,
0.62818443775177,
-0.5746104717254639,
0.05985095724463463,
0.3625960052013397,
-0.06411422789096832,
-0.37701162695884705,
0.34252703189849854,
0.39038074016571045,
0.7203658223152161,
-0.0578179731965065,
0.5022291541099548,
0.1716073751449585,
-0.11010535061359406,
0.1731567531824112,
-0.08634256571531296,
0.3900781571865082,
0.06071566417813301,
0.8081576824188232,
-0.07749997079372406,
-0.3912956416606903,
0.23982922732830048,
0.08380895107984543,
-0.13008810579776764,
-0.08776774257421494,
0.7331808805465698,
0.012270512990653515,
0.44163957238197327,
0.07909923791885376,
-0.14647987484931946,
0.48141297698020935,
0.5410577058792114,
-0.08460019528865814,
0.21587036550045013,
-0.16034317016601562,
-0.172681987285614,
0.26303017139434814,
0.10381697118282318,
-0.031534407287836075,
0.20430733263492584,
-0.430152028799057,
-0.04597238823771477,
-0.08951673656702042,
-0.013299225829541683,
0.42853811383247375,
0.7097019553184509,
0.48798656463623047,
0.6518685221672058,
0.028598137199878693,
-0.17658597230911255,
0.34042730927467346,
0.3042214512825012,
0.19548283517360687,
-0.364801824092865,
-0.32670480012893677,
0.626498818397522,
-0.4411572217941284,
-0.20869991183280945,
-0.4967747628688812,
0.005743698216974735,
0.23806139826774597,
-0.41723307967185974,
-0.3454645872116089,
0.13262762129306793,
0.7422893643379211,
-0.4596250057220459,
0.0909801498055458,
0.2109839916229248,
-0.973620593547821,
0.37436339259147644,
-0.4610024392604828,
-0.3975924551486969,
-0.5111152529716492,
0.2729702889919281,
0.12015095353126526,
-0.31410014629364014,
-0.14876258373260498,
-0.07694023847579956,
0.00001330990380665753,
0.39111053943634033,
0.10326569527387619,
-0.045553162693977356,
-0.25408467650413513,
-0.2106093466281891,
-0.5090275406837463,
0.8925310373306274,
0.25956037640571594,
0.1850918084383011,
0.2798808515071869,
-0.16056595742702484,
1.039478063583374,
0.29294946789741516,
-0.39262035489082336,
0.4175724685192108,
-0.29392606019973755,
0.45955944061279297,
0.1064905896782875,
0.11900395900011063,
0.45033079385757446,
-0.2032013088464737,
-0.25132253766059875,
0.12622712552547455,
0.11451368033885956,
0.9107712507247925,
-0.04492110386490822,
0.12742796540260315,
0.6274331212043762,
-0.47612300515174866,
-0.625214695930481,
0.3402419090270996,
0.15303491055965424,
0.2702644169330597,
0.4336782693862915,
0.17641305923461914,
-0.10289198160171509,
0.3425290286540985,
-0.2338666319847107,
-0.28827622532844543,
-0.2260694056749344,
0.11533355712890625,
-0.47691845893859863,
-0.10464464873075485,
-0.4156714081764221,
0.21379026770591736,
-0.03229030221700668,
0.6539542078971863,
0.5942632555961609,
0.6541756987571716,
0.1069926917552948,
0.17630726099014282,
-0.12447100132703781,
0.004474645480513573,
-0.32410725951194763,
0.04104538634419441,
-0.16856548190116882,
0.050689734518527985,
-0.37684178352355957,
-0.7786136269569397,
0.19438931345939636,
0.05472981557250023,
0.37334883213043213,
-0.7848917841911316,
-0.1524403989315033,
-0.26737698912620544,
0.43595683574676514,
-0.3955143988132477,
0.4194358289241791,
-0.09461323916912079,
0.04537086561322212,
0.006203905213624239,
-0.5993801951408386,
0.09451805800199509,
-0.259506493806839,
0.17820388078689575,
-0.08585908263921738,
-0.12952087819576263,
-0.7533650398254395,
-1.1748504638671875,
-0.10531383007764816,
-1.0741605758666992,
0.11656030267477036,
-0.2612590789794922,
-0.7486432194709778,
-0.03824584558606148,
0.1734224110841751,
-0.1299748569726944,
-0.054362427443265915,
0.0032378954347223043,
-0.079884372651577,
-0.11572276055812836,
-0.14491429924964905,
0.2170117348432541,
-0.3634414076805115,
-0.5555654764175415,
-0.5074305534362793,
0.07328121364116669,
-0.5001160502433777,
0.013996307738125324,
0.23319798707962036,
0.35496997833251953,
-0.5426355600357056,
-0.3770582973957062,
0.31414052844047546,
-0.2531845271587372,
-0.07378385961055756,
-0.17019318044185638,
0.006538847461342812,
0.4113541841506958,
0.19119642674922943,
0.35603395104408264,
-0.15418656170368195,
-0.049272146075963974,
-0.06153322011232376,
-0.3784216046333313,
-0.2160172313451767,
-0.15018214285373688,
-0.7486041784286499,
-0.9981852173805237,
0.10646567493677139,
-0.291524738073349,
-0.44338855147361755,
0.17165914177894592,
-0.030390767380595207,
-0.1966216117143631,
0.2768439054489136,
-0.5929138660430908,
-0.273993581533432,
0.18919339776039124,
-0.11118550598621368,
-0.12804773449897766,
0.3931182324886322,
-0.3774043917655945,
-0.5262078046798706,
0.1328929364681244,
-0.03985815867781639,
0.5120128393173218,
0.05641085281968117,
-0.5512273907661438,
-0.35904693603515625,
-0.36045902967453003,
0.17204268276691437,
0.3983575403690338,
-1.1544400453567505,
0.03520835563540459,
-0.055917564779520035,
0.17856265604496002,
-0.3221713900566101,
-0.3941095471382141,
-0.3361169695854187,
-0.07975465059280396,
-0.2122354507446289,
0.001459833001717925,
0.04327022284269333,
0.24177655577659607,
0.3620549142360687,
-0.11469493061304092,
0.9009983539581299,
0.05781837925314903,
-0.5114161372184753,
-0.42371484637260437,
0.19252146780490875,
-0.3124758303165436,
-0.41281235218048096,
-0.2552982568740845,
0.10203314572572708,
0.283592164516449,
-0.512919545173645,
0.34083250164985657,
-0.26776814460754395,
-0.17772720754146576,
-0.3219098746776581,
-0.6364971995353699,
0.12255984544754028,
0.1271202266216278,
0.6060675978660583,
0.37490153312683105,
-0.046370361000299454,
-0.49490466713905334,
-0.19212447106838226,
0.31287798285484314,
-0.39246755838394165,
0.43659842014312744,
0.07791519910097122,
0.047768570482730865,
-0.22007863223552704,
0.3362780511379242,
0.10283084213733673,
0.4219135046005249,
0.30127808451652527,
0.22564299404621124,
-0.4886115789413452,
-0.07757001370191574,
-0.9314934015274048,
0.4716867208480835,
-0.3459889590740204,
-0.14355474710464478,
-0.27871233224868774,
-0.018832972273230553,
-0.008141076192259789,
-0.41551217436790466,
-0.739098310470581,
0.261362224817276,
-0.03421444445848465,
-0.7068101763725281,
0.44111546874046326,
-0.32303786277770996,
-0.09947524964809418,
-0.03742236644029617,
0.15397939085960388,
0.3571881651878357,
0.6229836344718933,
0.6353200674057007,
-0.02924221381545067,
-0.3650236129760742,
0.468180775642395,
-0.5917141437530518,
0.5670458674430847,
-0.1693991720676422,
-1.0346719026565552,
0.3176679313182831,
-0.19960467517375946,
0.17644301056861877,
-0.7227150201797485,
-0.2674528956413269,
0.05789466202259064,
0.4459800124168396,
0.0034425596240907907,
0.5613641142845154,
0.8478043079376221,
-0.38817164301872253,
0.1244082897901535,
0.18765175342559814,
-0.2732677757740021,
0.3230043649673462,
0.14537960290908813,
0.2893295884132385,
-0.042853206396102905,
0.49903497099876404,
0.04707326367497444,
0.35541966557502747,
0.04871930927038193,
0.14261192083358765,
-0.17137616872787476,
0.4544098675251007,
0.24036990106105804,
0.4947233498096466,
0.37384116649627686,
0.554886519908905,
0.17335762083530426,
-0.47988361120224,
-0.15916281938552856,
-0.05277957022190094,
-0.7538196444511414,
-0.8072338700294495,
-0.1243232861161232,
0.637684166431427,
0.0838816836476326,
0.21167993545532227,
0.3789299726486206,
0.43010494112968445,
0.22754260897636414,
0.42839670181274414,
0.42931291460990906,
-0.466229647397995,
-0.04586297273635864,
0.5122666954994202,
-0.031798601150512695,
0.37345656752586365,
-0.26286834478378296,
0.38636311888694763,
-0.19204525649547577,
0.10043958574533463,
0.1190258041024208,
-0.1599518209695816,
-0.10240918397903442,
0.8786546587944031,
0.332805871963501,
0.2540925145149231,
-0.2998817563056946,
-0.10901880264282227,
-0.4762459099292755,
-0.3650493621826172,
-0.018582910299301147,
-0.07274191826581955,
0.22991658747196198,
0.10321386903524399,
0.6918985843658447,
-0.9598054885864258,
-0.031655412167310715,
0.28740745782852173,
-0.3103443384170532,
0.4797438681125641,
0.2868064343929291,
0.33868950605392456,
0.050433702766895294,
-0.05465180054306984,
-0.22102080285549164,
-0.670982837677002,
-0.5074665546417236,
-0.12946592271327972,
-0.35652419924736023,
0.3738049864768982,
0.44472044706344604,
-0.311515748500824,
-0.01456380169838667,
0.3544433116912842,
0.04200451821088791,
0.20575974881649017,
-0.17384594678878784,
0.01414603553712368,
-0.28182628750801086,
0.1045617014169693,
0.736766517162323,
0.07499945163726807,
-0.34304141998291016,
-0.22431103885173798,
0.17982624471187592,
0.02346818335354328,
-0.16733196377754211,
-0.2420663833618164,
0.2224707007408142,
-0.08848920464515686,
-0.4269142150878906,
-0.4215668737888336,
0.6519497036933899,
0.8289216756820679,
-0.3352011442184448,
0.3334994316101074,
0.07629231363534927,
0.4069875478744507,
-0.08104438334703445,
0.37350913882255554,
-0.3296281099319458,
0.3297599256038666,
-0.6826622486114502,
-0.04805794358253479,
0.04919647052884102,
0.7358239889144897,
0.21655823290348053,
-0.37280726432800293,
0.020323192700743675,
0.29829010367393494,
-0.22723029553890228,
-0.054286375641822815,
0.3543999493122101,
-0.09876502305269241,
-0.18592210114002228,
-0.565987765789032,
0.5481525659561157,
0.14775046706199646,
-0.1937164068222046,
0.2191244512796402,
0.19445116817951202,
0.9986155033111572,
-0.18112818896770477,
0.08480282872915268,
-0.10664615780115128,
-0.029694905504584312,
-0.3907466530799866,
-0.09550896286964417,
-0.1481003314256668,
-0.1346336007118225,
0.035224799066782,
-0.731225848197937,
0.0475553423166275,
0.07977955788373947,
-0.17091555893421173,
0.22385090589523315,
-0.01905454881489277,
-1.0075420141220093,
-0.07545977830886841,
0.18118403851985931,
-0.19434140622615814,
-0.37252339720726013,
0.22543366253376007
] |
247620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Sides%20%28FFG-14%29 | USS Sides (FFG-14) | USS Sides (FFG-14) is an guided-missile frigate that served in the US Navy.
History
The eighth ship in the class, it was named for Admiral John H. Sides (died 1978). Ordered from Todd Pacific Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California, on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY76 program, Sides was laid down on 7 August 1978, launched on 19 May 1979, and commissioned on 30 May 1981. Sides ship sponsor was Mrs. Joanne Sides Watson, daughter of Admiral Sides.
Sides escorted tankers through the Straits of Hormuz during the Tanker War and participated in Operation Praying Mantis, the retaliation for Iranian mining operations. Sides was also part of the Surface Action Group under when Iran Air 655 was shot down. Sides and her crew received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for the time period 13 April 1988 to 25 July 1988. The following year, Commander David R. Carlson authored an article in U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings in which Carlson called into question Vincennes' self-defense justification for the use of force and wrote, "Iran Air Flight 655 was shot down for no good reason." Capt. Will Rogers of Vincennes and David L. Dillon, speaking on behalf of the US Navy, challenged Carlson's account of events.
Sides and her crew received Navy E Ribbons for the 18-month period, July 1983 to December 1984, and for the years 1995, 1999 and 2000.
Sides was decommissioned on 28 February 2003 and as of 2014 was laid up in reserve at Naval Inactive Ships Maintenance Facility Bremerton, Washington.
Sides was expected to join the Portuguese Navy in 2006, together with her sister ship , but the Portuguese Navy dropped the offer and chose two Dutch s instead. Sides was expected to join the Turkish Navy in the summer of 2008, together with her sister ship George Philip, but the Turkish Navy dropped the offer.
Further reading
References
External links
Crew Group USS Sides FFG-14 pages
Crew Page USS Sides FFG-14 pages
MaritimeQuest USS Sides (FFG-14) pages
Ships built in Los Angeles
1979 ships
Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the United States Navy | [
-0.38987797498703003,
0.12473219633102417,
0.10503463447093964,
0.5755389928817749,
-0.37960508465766907,
0.322441428899765,
0.30441465973854065,
-0.15493226051330566,
-0.7481988072395325,
0.12418083846569061,
0.6870725154876709,
-0.012921997345983982,
-0.16248679161071777,
0.054826702922582626,
0.13423223793506622,
0.1221480593085289,
0.32326647639274597,
0.7002018094062805,
0.20964044332504272,
-0.7382863163948059,
-0.22276052832603455,
-0.5841115713119507,
0.39263489842414856,
0.0461110919713974,
-0.23060725629329681,
0.7666170597076416,
0.47770074009895325,
-0.015286559239029884,
0.6604770421981812,
0.04604830965399742,
0.28935810923576355,
0.8300075531005859,
0.17147275805473328,
0.04108487442135811,
0.06789448112249374,
0.0948529988527298,
-0.6429411768913269,
-0.2556130886077881,
-0.44083356857299805,
-0.06446455419063568,
-0.6552294492721558,
-0.391661673784256,
0.1095353215932846,
0.5469093322753906,
-0.021676907315850258,
0.07538745552301407,
-1.0225108861923218,
0.6579529047012329,
0.1742638200521469,
0.248320534825325,
-0.7896105647087097,
0.11352522671222687,
0.1471840888261795,
0.04055410623550415,
0.5702459812164307,
0.4630826711654663,
-0.925165593624115,
0.2031286656856537,
-0.4917152523994446,
-0.7660978436470032,
0.3657492399215698,
0.4891222417354584,
0.4505903124809265,
0.04037868604063988,
0.17377640306949615,
0.29562675952911377,
-0.25288525223731995,
0.697774350643158,
-0.1985214799642563,
-0.2179163247346878,
0.6659398078918457,
-0.14642930030822754,
-0.007695467676967382,
0.8068093657493591,
-0.18755093216896057,
0.10628537088632584,
0.07422146946191788,
-0.21585474908351898,
0.28687745332717896,
0.479293555021286,
0.5098394155502319,
0.3210735023021698,
0.9825021028518677,
0.018289171159267426,
-0.1156410425901413,
0.08429443836212158,
-0.794788658618927,
-0.014907915145158768,
-0.788874626159668,
0.538746178150177,
-0.7425321936607361,
-0.30219125747680664,
0.14239180088043213,
0.7406207323074341,
0.40725475549697876,
0.2814624309539795,
-0.5925129652023315,
0.38198086619377136,
0.8092811107635498,
0.6649554967880249,
0.27776187658309937,
0.03372775763273239,
0.5100135803222656,
0.23282374441623688,
-0.5010990500450134,
-0.40579262375831604,
-0.4699268937110901,
-0.626737117767334,
-0.36711934208869934,
-0.06896809488534927,
-0.39003247022628784,
0.2270006537437439,
-0.47422048449516296,
-0.07689036428928375,
-0.5067724585533142,
0.9258733987808228,
0.4521542191505432,
-0.27418753504753113,
-0.1155986338853836,
-0.16026638448238373,
0.4305431544780731,
1.08052659034729,
-0.5596808195114136,
-0.23393703997135162,
0.4670180678367615,
0.3530348539352417,
0.5335151553153992,
0.553930401802063,
-0.8049668669700623,
0.07725879549980164,
0.343250572681427,
0.8337994813919067,
-0.2953091263771057,
0.2346295863389969,
-0.5852869749069214,
-0.7374913096427917,
0.3711493909358978,
0.6204795241355896,
0.5777899622917175,
0.6198130249977112,
-1.2262636423110962,
-0.3006170690059662,
-0.17379994690418243,
-0.6652288436889648,
0.5356496572494507,
-0.2916000485420227,
0.021436739712953568,
0.049882300198078156,
-0.40722355246543884,
-0.2799667418003082,
0.38542017340660095,
-0.6949576735496521,
0.6148061752319336,
0.07424087822437286,
-0.6248940229415894,
0.3914269804954529,
0.15012390911579132,
0.04602561891078949,
0.5552130937576294,
0.7401880621910095,
-0.29693713784217834,
0.11302005499601364,
-0.10801517218351364,
-0.12818174064159393,
0.6498366594314575,
0.40300750732421875,
0.5291879177093506,
-0.6251294612884521,
-0.022121062502264977,
-0.054724253714084625,
-0.3520039916038513,
0.09071636945009232,
0.5771484375,
-0.5149389505386353,
0.38238322734832764,
-0.40542083978652954,
-0.021748729050159454,
-0.15909767150878906,
0.6335003972053528,
-0.49943721294403076,
-0.36627328395843506,
0.058471471071243286,
0.5139683485031128,
-0.6027118563652039,
0.4384327828884125,
0.10631323605775833,
0.565356433391571,
-0.1530512273311615,
0.12337605655193329,
0.4668470323085785,
-0.49072015285491943,
-0.404488205909729,
0.48754677176475525,
0.26893508434295654,
1.5339292287826538,
-0.5216578245162964,
-0.5302810668945312,
0.03180144354701042,
-0.10888197273015976,
0.4883239269256592,
0.09828353673219681,
-0.3433246612548828,
0.6999112963676453,
-0.0045884400606155396,
-0.887018084526062,
0.010811697691679,
0.36313575506210327,
0.3673084080219269,
0.5485678315162659,
1.081641674041748,
-0.3159928321838379,
-0.8639310002326965,
-0.0777253657579422,
0.5629631876945496,
-0.13540074229240417,
-0.4173407256603241,
-0.03678920865058899,
-0.7043757438659668,
-0.0004159294767305255,
-0.1535581648349762,
0.777410626411438,
0.06086801365017891,
-0.27045542001724243,
0.3822937309741974,
-0.26751866936683655,
-0.3461330533027649,
-0.2030612975358963,
0.5770977139472961,
-0.28438687324523926,
-0.3628750443458557,
0.02545527182519436,
0.646601140499115,
0.04362272471189499,
-0.8726182579994202,
0.32402557134628296,
0.1809731125831604,
0.04834454879164696,
-0.46317487955093384,
0.8070191740989685,
-0.383387953042984,
-0.25441762804985046,
0.6032543182373047,
-0.7260820865631104,
-0.23190781474113464,
0.2810594141483307,
-0.283016175031662,
0.4821832776069641,
0.15170319378376007,
0.6385870575904846,
-0.9301055073738098,
0.8415238261222839,
0.676188588142395,
0.6237182021141052,
-1.0576882362365723,
-0.2949904501438141,
0.5383008122444153,
-0.2646583616733551,
-0.2970131039619446,
0.1870289146900177,
0.1424342393875122,
0.023160861805081367,
0.18737347424030304,
0.11663869023323059,
0.10679017007350922,
0.028757352381944656,
-0.5167333483695984,
-0.5566865801811218,
-0.13336583971977234,
0.6249726414680481,
0.040602557361125946,
0.24586142599582672,
-0.16990111768245697,
0.32810601592063904,
-0.6902819871902466,
0.24620085954666138,
0.19363924860954285,
-0.520466148853302,
0.1561037302017212,
-0.6541919708251953,
-0.740079939365387,
0.9755740165710449,
0.7447351217269897,
0.29821279644966125,
-0.6732132434844971,
-0.28051650524139404,
-0.30245691537857056,
0.13280707597732544,
-0.32089388370513916,
-0.6934951543807983,
-0.454302579164505,
0.24397726356983185,
-0.36470699310302734,
-0.45138075947761536,
0.29275843501091003,
0.057055167853832245,
0.2540421485900879,
-0.401324987411499,
-0.4214251637458801,
0.7351037859916687,
0.21571390330791473,
-0.1372447907924652,
0.24382229149341583,
-0.1987280249595642,
-0.11194942891597748,
-0.16757206618785858,
-0.385621577501297,
-0.5857308506965637,
0.4944508671760559,
-5.188266754150391,
-0.4487932026386261,
-0.5327160358428955,
0.026132935658097267,
-0.28572335839271545,
0.2160465121269226,
0.5006992220878601,
-0.5117829442024231,
-0.05453822389245033,
-0.2858738601207733,
0.40193870663642883,
0.5809009671211243,
-0.09532991051673889,
0.21963100135326385,
0.6245110630989075,
0.467165470123291,
1.2367242574691772,
-0.488152414560318,
0.6906761527061462,
0.06015588715672493,
-0.16528280079364777,
0.460282564163208,
-0.05172014981508255,
0.04191458225250244,
-0.07316965609788895,
0.38699981570243835,
-0.7711721062660217,
-0.21655550599098206,
-0.6798374056816101,
-0.1764756739139557,
-0.07869938760995865,
-0.0558943971991539,
-0.19713802635669708,
-0.5404086112976074,
-0.23133212327957153,
-0.5941295623779297,
0.7801476716995239,
-0.052128277719020844,
-0.1539423018693924,
-0.8660780787467957,
-0.4778551459312439,
-0.2025097906589508,
0.13254933059215546,
0.5915628671646118,
0.8190908432006836,
-0.22997261583805084,
-0.05864963307976723,
0.11204609274864197,
0.5423465967178345,
1.4229382276535034,
0.2775331139564514,
0.16441969573497772,
0.8173184990882874,
0.21546126902103424,
0.3130558729171753,
-0.29849594831466675,
-0.015094495378434658,
0.050321124494075775,
-0.8272274136543274,
0.08509644120931625,
0.4281473457813263,
-0.09005294740200043,
-0.2772488594055176,
-0.5638105273246765,
0.12737418711185455,
-0.26934194564819336,
-0.07673881202936172,
-0.3808239996433258,
0.09311341494321823,
-0.2605314254760742,
-0.33700984716415405,
1.6131638288497925,
-0.17680604755878448,
-0.971626341342926,
0.9011807441711426,
-0.41575995087623596,
-0.16319715976715088,
0.12850379943847656,
-0.09386541694402695,
0.06989749521017075,
0.2539244592189789,
0.35128727555274963,
-0.4660038948059082,
0.8311282992362976,
-0.18593554198741913,
-0.6530697345733643,
-0.3860364556312561,
-0.09586814790964127,
-0.11670752614736557,
0.4966796040534973,
0.442997008562088,
-0.5413414835929871,
0.6823410987854004,
0.400535523891449,
0.3196030557155609,
-0.36195746064186096,
0.008428721688687801,
0.40159958600997925,
0.4671383202075958,
-0.9588359594345093,
0.39036622643470764,
-0.038781844079494476,
0.22119849920272827,
-0.07170815765857697,
-0.7801251411437988,
-0.5452066659927368,
-0.05356951802968979,
0.07492313534021378,
-0.05771013721823692,
-0.3338470458984375,
-0.1326248049736023,
-0.7110028266906738,
-0.29406115412712097,
-0.0919634997844696,
0.517242431640625,
0.1897377371788025,
0.062106646597385406,
0.6389131546020508,
0.32425957918167114,
0.16245660185813904,
-0.22296205163002014,
0.5479846596717834,
-0.10774622112512589,
-0.16960936784744263,
-0.6168205738067627,
-0.8475841879844666,
0.04783077538013458,
-0.4111408591270447,
-0.6435003876686096,
0.44103649258613586,
0.10597691684961319,
0.35093235969543457,
-0.2817668914794922,
0.14958758652210236,
0.17700837552547455,
-0.2167925089597702,
-0.05374442785978317,
0.015028894878923893,
0.6997352242469788,
-0.020469607785344124,
-0.35769155621528625,
-0.1662498563528061,
-0.3887244462966919,
0.39227545261383057,
0.9555023908615112,
0.4819753170013428,
0.20246532559394836,
0.6085856556892395,
-0.30808496475219727,
0.6172277331352234,
-0.36848321557044983,
-0.5776671171188354,
0.5110389590263367,
-0.8116791844367981,
0.2757011651992798,
-0.09376722574234009,
0.3494868576526642,
0.08122707158327103,
-0.17252004146575928,
-0.21632729470729828,
0.10272044688463211,
0.05907128378748894,
-0.5749892592430115,
-0.2897607088088989,
-0.03277852386236191,
0.38125404715538025,
-0.2140117883682251,
-0.4086136817932129,
-0.3112685978412628,
0.1404719352722168,
-0.014417999424040318,
-0.5422535538673401,
-0.5411269068717957,
0.12076599150896072,
0.5737737417221069,
0.1504979431629181,
-0.46828562021255493,
-0.3214128911495209,
0.25293660163879395,
0.2609368860721588,
-0.5508111119270325,
-0.0931948646903038,
-0.10239671170711517,
0.500311553478241,
0.30892080068588257,
0.034432653337717056,
-0.8741164803504944,
-0.03339790552854538,
-0.1299736499786377,
0.3118973970413208,
0.09778029471635818,
-0.542229413986206,
0.7527617812156677,
0.24599875509738922,
-0.8624306917190552,
0.25391045212745667,
0.33334454894065857,
-0.06885625422000885,
0.13354094326496124,
-1.0994783639907837,
0.08044026046991348,
0.6137738227844238,
-0.556918203830719,
0.32014399766921997,
-0.021695272997021675,
-0.2856251299381256,
0.1321532279253006,
0.16159936785697937,
0.07227355986833572,
0.22518810629844666,
0.3619523048400879,
-1.2450428009033203,
0.12442349642515182,
0.5223858952522278,
-0.21502673625946045,
-0.16820694506168365,
-0.09043074399232864,
-0.1986297070980072,
-0.3814723789691925,
-0.5042089819908142,
-0.4769023656845093,
-0.6352570056915283,
-0.240787535905838,
-0.6284518241882324,
-0.9782016277313232,
0.44945046305656433,
-0.5218252539634705,
-0.22819870710372925,
0.5999815464019775,
-0.4810643792152405,
-0.637485682964325,
0.2062193900346756,
0.013668585568666458,
0.06090916320681572,
0.302131325006485,
-0.6554646492004395,
-0.4024697542190552,
0.3892677128314972,
0.44880443811416626,
0.21487002074718475,
0.17354443669319153,
0.7550385594367981,
0.47406476736068726,
-0.7771897315979004,
-0.056998636573553085,
-0.12933020293712616,
0.580258846282959,
-0.9063223004341125,
-0.3779098689556122,
0.08826062828302383,
0.3645029664039612,
-0.7863950729370117,
-0.42325735092163086,
-0.34749677777290344,
1.116456389427185,
-0.2392808049917221,
0.30297380685806274,
-0.315889447927475,
0.05410173535346985,
-0.18573921918869019,
-0.43187981843948364,
0.6478595733642578,
-1.2030041217803955,
0.3168720006942749,
0.2589069604873657,
0.2408096045255661,
0.12260664999485016,
-0.4956746995449066,
0.4689323604106903,
-0.19710370898246765,
-0.15366879105567932,
0.5650558471679688,
0.3126847743988037,
0.6461362242698669,
-0.1767364889383316,
0.2794003486633301,
-0.35277116298675537,
0.061307892203330994,
0.9506710171699524,
-0.1082715168595314,
-0.5100617408752441,
0.426821231842041,
-0.2936558425426483,
-0.29462701082229614,
0.07883569598197937,
-0.3606310486793518,
-0.44201305508613586,
-0.33376413583755493,
0.18989349901676178,
0.2535991072654724,
0.6330164074897766,
-0.00011550936324056238,
-1.0007586479187012,
-0.11882594227790833,
0.009387032128870487,
0.2843250334262848,
-0.018161294981837273,
-0.26338696479797363,
-0.21491310000419617,
0.5231248140335083,
-0.4823790490627289,
0.6317464709281921,
-0.7232640385627747,
-0.09820014238357544,
-0.2962972819805145,
0.16576434671878815,
0.2529170513153076,
-0.5753249526023865,
-0.09378310292959213,
0.16179010272026062,
-0.31553134322166443,
-0.8354988694190979,
0.18251849710941315,
0.3433976471424103,
-0.22783297300338745,
0.4055803120136261,
0.5523039102554321,
-0.44759899377822876,
-0.2623952329158783,
-0.11999829113483429,
-0.386996865272522,
-0.3112486004829407,
0.23593823611736298,
0.47880586981773376,
-0.18478919565677643,
0.6799169182777405,
-0.9914719462394714,
-0.351896733045578,
-0.2110145390033722,
0.7355474829673767,
-0.17815710604190826,
-0.6583801507949829,
-0.31985628604888916,
0.3768611252307892,
-0.0720888078212738,
0.3053343594074249,
0.011079218238592148,
-0.3808978199958801,
0.03170029819011688,
0.40179190039634705,
-0.6040454506874084,
0.076859250664711,
0.002873481484130025,
-0.4690764248371124,
0.05456453934311867,
0.48932626843452454,
-0.14055635035037994,
0.25478595495224,
0.29095447063446045,
0.20756760239601135,
0.19129522144794464,
0.17449140548706055,
0.09111516177654266,
-0.19274701178073883,
-0.3315950036048889,
0.17904412746429443,
0.13301551342010498,
-0.6994811296463013,
0.35700729489326477,
0.061226192861795425,
-0.3370290696620941,
-0.26523199677467346,
0.005822501145303249,
0.24629342555999756,
-0.5026565194129944,
0.0038775173015892506,
0.015533494763076305,
0.15165483951568604,
0.0608692467212677,
0.24039298295974731,
0.042982544749975204,
0.3179846704006195,
-0.6067396402359009,
0.2169613540172577,
-0.06578955054283142,
-0.0705254077911377,
0.44166621565818787,
-0.32332441210746765,
0.008723198436200619,
0.0388796366751194,
-0.8971419334411621,
0.36045143008232117,
-0.6919656991958618,
-1.0423065423965454,
0.14228060841560364,
0.11553798615932465,
-0.39121654629707336,
0.5616022348403931,
0.45632073283195496,
0.0015119690215215087,
0.5845060348510742,
-0.5934986472129822,
-0.6386407017707825,
0.18330365419387817,
-0.19828711450099945,
0.209104984998703,
0.3859260678291321,
0.729691743850708,
0.7484930753707886,
0.8179190158843994,
-0.06266506016254425,
-0.2782290279865265,
0.013067638501524925,
0.03362343832850456,
-0.27664101123809814,
0.004971603862941265,
-0.43681177496910095,
0.31860148906707764,
-0.018461115658283234,
0.1249406561255455,
-0.34685632586479187,
-0.00860997661948204,
-0.4842195510864258,
0.34582245349884033,
-0.5041446089744568,
-0.03615414351224899,
0.7464813590049744,
-1.0363750457763672,
-0.4621170163154602,
0.2235213965177536,
-0.008102861233055592,
-0.2556331753730774,
-0.15710870921611786,
0.41330963373184204,
-0.4183328151702881,
-0.5661101341247559,
-0.28420037031173706,
-0.5503417253494263,
-0.2878721356391907,
0.30757707357406616,
0.107427679002285,
-0.4360646605491638,
0.008370877243578434,
0.502480685710907,
0.02039984241127968,
-0.10845564305782318,
-0.2286963015794754,
0.5986985564231873,
0.8785263895988464,
0.06418635696172714,
0.26805463433265686,
-0.42614540457725525,
0.28792670369148254,
-0.23124390840530396,
0.336116224527359,
0.0667412132024765,
-0.6697671413421631,
-0.7080798149108887,
0.3528255224227905,
0.3188461661338806,
0.3724316656589508,
-0.23240718245506287,
0.1445629596710205,
-0.24280573427677155,
0.1307171732187271,
-0.3886934518814087,
0.30205094814300537,
-0.09996570646762848,
0.060255855321884155,
-0.3100566864013672
] |
247622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity%20law | Reciprocity law | In mathematics, a reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials with integer coefficients. Recall that first reciprocity law, quadratic reciprocity, determines when an irreducible polynomial splits into linear terms when reduced mod . That is, it determines which prime numbers the relationholds. For a general reciprocity lawpg 3, it is defined as the rule determining which primes the polynomial splits into linear factors, denoted .
There are several different ways to express reciprocity laws. The early reciprocity laws found in the 19th century were usually expressed in terms of a power residue symbol (p/q) generalizing the quadratic reciprocity symbol, that describes when a prime number is an nth power residue modulo another prime, and gave a relation between (p/q) and (q/p). Hilbert reformulated the reciprocity laws as saying that a product over p of Hilbert norm residue symbols (a,b/p), taking values in roots of unity, is equal to 1. Artin reformulated the reciprocity laws as a statement that the Artin symbol from ideals (or ideles) to elements of a Galois group is trivial on a certain subgroup. Several more recent generalizations express reciprocity laws using cohomology of groups or representations of adelic groups or algebraic K-groups, and their relationship with the original quadratic reciprocity law can be hard to see.
Quadratic reciprocity
In terms of the Legendre symbol, the law of quadratic reciprocity for positive odd primes states
Cubic reciprocity
The law of cubic reciprocity for Eisenstein integers states that if α and β are primary (primes congruent to 2 mod 3) then
Quartic reciprocity
In terms of the quartic residue symbol, the law of quartic reciprocity for Gaussian integers states that if π and θ are primary (congruent to 1 mod (1+i)3) Gaussian primes then
Octic reciprocity
Eisenstein reciprocity
Suppose that ζ is an th root of unity for some odd prime .
The power character is the power of ζ such that
for any prime ideal of Z[ζ]. It is extended to other ideals by multiplicativity.
The Eisenstein reciprocity law states that
for a any rational integer coprime to and α any element of Z[ζ] that is coprime to a and and congruent to a rational integer modulo (1–ζ)2.
Kummer reciprocity
Suppose that ζ is an lth root of unity for some odd regular prime l. Since l is regular, we can extend the symbol {} to ideals in a unique way such that
where n is some integer prime to l such that pn is principal.
The Kummer reciprocity law states that
for p and q any distinct prime ideals of Z[ζ] other than (1–ζ).
Hilbert reciprocity
In terms of the Hilbert symbol, Hilbert's reciprocity law for an algebraic number field states that
where the product is over all finite and infinite places.
Over the rational numbers this is equivalent to the law of quadratic reciprocity. To see this take a and b to be distinct odd primes.
Then Hilbert's law becomes
But (p,q)p is equal to the Legendre symbol, (p,q)∞ is 1 if one of p and q is positive and –1 otherwise, and (p,q)2 is (–1)(p–1)(q–1)/4. So for p and q positive odd primes Hilbert's law is the law of quadratic reciprocity.
Artin reciprocity
In the language of ideles, the Artin reciprocity law for a finite extension L/K states that the Artin map from the idele class group CK to the abelianization Gal(L/K)ab of the Galois group vanishes on NL/K(CL), and induces an isomorphism
Although it is not immediately obvious, the Artin reciprocity law easily implies all the previously discovered reciprocity laws, by applying it to suitable extensions L/K.
For example, in the special case when K contains the nth roots of unity and L=K[a1/n] is a Kummer extension of K, the fact that the Artin map vanishes on NL/K(CL) implies Hilbert's reciprocity law for the Hilbert symbol.
Local reciprocity
Hasse introduced a local analogue of the Artin reciprocity law, called the local reciprocity law. One form of it states that for a finite abelian extension of L/K of local fields, the Artin map is an isomorphism
from onto the Galois group .
Explicit reciprocity laws
In order to get a classical style reciprocity law from the Hilbert reciprocity law Π(a,b)p=1, one needs to know the values of (a,b)p for p dividing n. Explicit formulas for this are sometimes called explicit reciprocity laws.
Power reciprocity laws
A power reciprocity law may be formulated as an analogue of the law of quadratic reciprocity in terms of the Hilbert symbols as
Rational reciprocity laws
A rational reciprocity law is one stated in terms of rational integers without the use of roots of unity.
Scholz's reciprocity law
Shimura reciprocity
Weil reciprocity law
Langlands reciprocity
The Langlands program includes several conjectures for general reductive algebraic groups, which for the special of the group GL1 imply the Artin reciprocity law.
Yamamoto's reciprocity law
Yamamoto's reciprocity law is a reciprocity law related to class numbers of quadratic number fields.
See also
Hilbert's ninth problem
Stanley's reciprocity theorem
References
. Correction, ibid. 80 (1973), 281.
Survey articles
Reciprocity laws and Galois representations: recent breakthroughs
Algebraic number theory | [
-0.1891077160835266,
-0.26264330744743347,
0.31368112564086914,
0.13892880082130432,
-0.6119764447212219,
-0.17338678240776062,
0.0617176815867424,
-0.6688149571418762,
0.15147210657596588,
-0.11391390115022659,
-0.46199968457221985,
0.806587278842926,
-0.40900614857673645,
0.3757775127887726,
-0.13688039779663086,
0.3778744637966156,
0.0596790611743927,
0.4773789942264557,
-0.26816362142562866,
-0.3974030911922455,
0.24708615243434906,
0.39291879534721375,
0.40730658173561096,
0.013018671423196793,
-0.20032727718353271,
-0.12279904633760452,
0.11302448064088821,
-0.1744854748249054,
-0.38882288336753845,
0.3108786940574646,
0.10180098563432693,
0.824630081653595,
0.026977190747857094,
-0.20670750737190247,
0.5546461343765259,
0.27300506830215454,
0.3906172811985016,
-0.12278034538030624,
0.2288161665201187,
-0.2932405173778534,
0.8574029207229614,
-0.31349772214889526,
0.2628893554210663,
0.17699189484119415,
-0.41723403334617615,
-0.7769784927368164,
-1.3299108743667603,
-0.05270616337656975,
-0.24153168499469757,
-0.6830918788909912,
-0.36734890937805176,
-0.037680819630622864,
0.058761388063430786,
0.472525417804718,
-0.00869619008153677,
1.0071347951889038,
-1.0798884630203247,
-0.501254677772522,
0.8462744355201721,
-0.5276530385017395,
-0.030856704339385033,
-0.010775821283459663,
-0.05146127566695213,
0.40399986505508423,
-0.04890928044915199,
0.710161566734314,
-0.008986435830593109,
0.3468598425388336,
-0.4786645472049713,
-0.7671202421188354,
-0.3652510344982147,
-0.14099092781543732,
-0.4329908788204193,
-0.12811098992824554,
-0.25796234607696533,
0.029025135561823845,
-0.22698791325092316,
-0.20121966302394867,
-0.17901700735092163,
0.5091974139213562,
-0.21295426785945892,
0.5421972274780273,
0.1947125643491745,
-0.3425793945789337,
0.6622154712677002,
-0.35991379618644714,
-0.28336164355278015,
0.2145981639623642,
-0.5810933113098145,
0.791443407535553,
0.23380082845687866,
0.10060011595487595,
-0.002111161360517144,
-0.18928565084934235,
-0.10767187178134918,
0.056153565645217896,
0.07316000014543533,
-0.5661417841911316,
0.24057605862617493,
0.3938629627227783,
-0.14087773859500885,
-0.4525030255317688,
-0.16351720690727234,
-0.48352038860321045,
-0.3029085099697113,
-0.46376994252204895,
-0.5284679532051086,
-0.5626199245452881,
0.7218623757362366,
-0.08482053130865097,
-0.8927974700927734,
0.25928106904029846,
0.2170284390449524,
-0.21297802031040192,
-0.5139084458351135,
-0.11508248746395111,
0.1567590832710266,
0.07371862977743149,
-0.1806204617023468,
0.9279553890228271,
-0.4255891740322113,
0.38356807827949524,
0.21758577227592468,
0.4777893126010895,
-0.02793932519853115,
0.014973796904087067,
0.6536471247673035,
0.9013238549232483,
-1.141751766204834,
-0.2663605213165283,
0.658068060874939,
0.8450160026550293,
0.2578921318054199,
0.20388364791870117,
-0.1824934482574463,
-0.46453142166137695,
-0.3678017258644104,
-0.5102248787879944,
-0.702364444732666,
-0.1825145184993744,
-0.10890915989875793,
-0.40795981884002686,
-0.13847675919532776,
-0.04847126081585884,
0.24582846462726593,
-0.05276991054415703,
-0.43356096744537354,
-0.21795770525932312,
0.31543484330177307,
-0.1461678296327591,
0.3139122426509857,
0.5308364033699036,
-0.33230647444725037,
0.2163836508989334,
-0.2939227223396301,
-0.2590760588645935,
0.7265012264251709,
0.07723799347877502,
-0.5165765285491943,
0.5827285051345825,
-0.3497517704963684,
-0.32644736766815186,
-0.5279064178466797,
-0.5968261957168579,
0.156927227973938,
-0.40882018208503723,
0.7562527060508728,
0.6301413774490356,
-0.21390607953071594,
0.14649121463298798,
-0.8866333365440369,
-0.07269078493118286,
0.2501501739025116,
-0.41645073890686035,
0.5170883536338806,
0.048888154327869415,
0.21082943677902222,
-0.0444241426885128,
0.706082284450531,
0.035028260201215744,
-0.967704176902771,
0.6290199160575867,
0.1913299858570099,
-0.12077412754297256,
0.44140350818634033,
0.2766540050506592,
0.24633707106113434,
-0.13144858181476593,
0.36266452074050903,
0.14734061062335968,
-0.6093180775642395,
-0.04203389585018158,
0.09300658106803894,
-0.8248949646949768,
0.9092646837234497,
0.6810349822044373,
-0.5606623291969299,
0.3481137454509735,
-0.512311577796936,
0.295573890209198,
-0.42983388900756836,
-0.3165472447872162,
0.6648451685905457,
0.3037431538105011,
-0.6732442378997803,
0.5356535911560059,
0.13162796199321747,
0.11712976545095444,
-0.3102758824825287,
0.5752761363983154,
0.5170223712921143,
0.4291147291660309,
0.140912726521492,
-0.2126282900571823,
-0.3076668679714203,
-0.06875073164701462,
-0.6749102473258972,
0.27584680914878845,
0.20460452139377594,
0.16054323315620422,
0.7834479212760925,
0.1232406347990036,
0.030667446553707123,
0.9079934358596802,
0.12429308146238327,
0.5424052476882935,
0.5696679949760437,
0.8362821340560913,
0.4946264326572418,
-0.10085929185152054,
-0.013145283795893192,
-0.15867894887924194,
0.21238848567008972,
0.031060026958584785,
0.004295045044273138,
0.2980301082134247,
0.16282972693443298,
-0.27861085534095764,
0.25949355959892273,
-0.47949329018592834,
-0.08469025790691376,
0.9493083953857422,
-0.2183886617422104,
0.027279602363705635,
-0.12333546578884125,
0.03379358351230621,
-0.5334721803665161,
0.12456482648849487,
0.0802547037601471,
-0.09867659956216812,
0.32641932368278503,
0.5345593690872192,
0.3191492259502411,
-0.5854306817054749,
0.1672392189502716,
-0.020857064053416252,
0.23711718618869781,
0.27630048990249634,
0.04056582599878311,
0.2862256169319153,
0.0036808582954108715,
-0.2397526651620865,
0.17964977025985718,
-0.6072391867637634,
-0.2756173312664032,
-0.35318243503570557,
-0.7039036154747009,
-0.2578122615814209,
0.45673272013664246,
0.10966837406158447,
-0.07939767092466354,
-0.49999701976776123,
-0.8919528126716614,
0.30470529198646545,
-0.9431283473968506,
-0.6609707474708557,
-0.27232760190963745,
0.34555763006210327,
-0.9731767773628235,
-0.2997392416000366,
0.0063869464211165905,
0.4970739483833313,
0.09065573662519455,
-0.662111222743988,
-0.7374341487884521,
-0.15264324843883514,
-0.47824516892433167,
-0.12997370958328247,
0.23290501534938812,
-0.4453062117099762,
-0.6735683083534241,
0.18876522779464722,
-0.02792326733469963,
-0.20656391978263855,
0.2850453853607178,
0.5691999793052673,
-0.2941681742668152,
-0.18750834465026855,
0.4775386452674866,
-0.24718476831912994,
-0.19145162403583527,
-0.022811898961663246,
0.13485264778137207,
-0.39040783047676086,
-0.263270765542984,
-0.7295914888381958,
-0.5616707801818848,
0.574000895023346,
-5.4489641189575195,
0.3295646607875824,
-0.5628652572631836,
0.35386937856674194,
0.10596609860658646,
0.3195037245750427,
0.691743791103363,
-0.019244486466050148,
-0.5051778554916382,
-0.24065063893795013,
0.11803849041461945,
-0.5520020723342896,
-0.3249923288822174,
0.7474392652511597,
0.4661920666694641,
-0.021327674388885498,
0.2808167040348053,
-0.2053832709789276,
0.034867506474256516,
0.3195626735687256,
0.3183809220790863,
-0.03840025141835213,
-0.2971775531768799,
0.11222907155752182,
-0.11040058732032776,
0.16144289076328278,
-0.117368683218956,
0.43020084500312805,
-0.8459591269493103,
0.3249463438987732,
-0.5932496190071106,
0.05888041853904724,
0.062430642545223236,
-0.26603418588638306,
0.01280223298817873,
0.38539019227027893,
0.469444215297699,
-0.04421814903616905,
-0.07349823415279388,
-0.1488158106803894,
-0.22143468260765076,
0.4207797944545746,
0.0577433817088604,
-0.17137131094932556,
0.4257815480232239,
-0.04767592251300812,
0.11018204689025879,
0.3845052719116211,
-0.23024019598960876,
0.6156497597694397,
-0.278176873922348,
0.010788191109895706,
0.2774088382720947,
0.13612619042396545,
-0.036310575902462006,
-0.5964857935905457,
0.1686871498823166,
-0.23954163491725922,
-0.27489227056503296,
0.4896904230117798,
-0.06054173782467842,
-0.7186809182167053,
0.7474339604377747,
0.17198970913887024,
-0.44907429814338684,
0.09748029708862305,
-0.8210275173187256,
-0.8144835233688354,
0.4407140016555786,
0.45556676387786865,
-0.4428974688053131,
0.37387463450431824,
0.022567901760339737,
-0.4899483323097229,
0.009657546877861023,
-0.5224583745002747,
-0.004810471553355455,
0.3139011263847351,
0.5535019636154175,
0.40242576599121094,
-0.054702796041965485,
-0.3347553014755249,
-0.8339959383010864,
0.35780808329582214,
0.09598153084516525,
-0.1042596697807312,
-0.026862600818276405,
-0.37364161014556885,
-0.20574599504470825,
-0.24804383516311646,
0.17515531182289124,
-0.4981859028339386,
0.5914274454116821,
0.0597565658390522,
-0.15688718855381012,
0.20255716145038605,
0.042052801698446274,
0.3750389516353607,
0.08811704069375992,
-0.10635843873023987,
0.22172576189041138,
-0.5855773091316223,
0.1781131774187088,
-0.46657595038414,
0.36976754665374756,
-0.029430199414491653,
-0.32387465238571167,
0.7247331738471985,
-0.045586392283439636,
-0.11227802187204361,
-0.3370213210582733,
0.012180165387690067,
-0.5258060097694397,
-0.30334147810935974,
0.20139756798744202,
-0.058507636189460754,
-0.6666611433029175,
0.049017518758773804,
0.8197628855705261,
0.12449512630701065,
0.41218307614326477,
0.2752803564071655,
-0.12803471088409424,
-0.45228374004364014,
-0.37990066409111023,
-0.09832824021577835,
0.042298562824726105,
0.10675006359815598,
-0.10648896545171738,
-0.06965778023004532,
-0.2984299659729004,
0.32443881034851074,
-0.19559818506240845,
0.3356880843639374,
0.4510292112827301,
0.04281628876924515,
0.0007169244345277548,
0.2873827815055847,
-0.26199451088905334,
-0.415132075548172,
1.0272853374481201,
0.14790351688861847,
-0.4582549035549164,
-0.707315981388092,
0.42315438389778137,
0.4209577739238739,
0.25848400592803955,
-0.33850446343421936,
-0.5203788876533508,
0.6257610321044922,
0.30890142917633057,
-0.33020472526550293,
0.7160676121711731,
-0.45543065667152405,
0.10734500735998154,
0.42775771021842957,
0.1789904087781906,
0.8307926058769226,
0.5206387042999268,
-0.270311564207077,
0.05172796547412872,
0.06917517632246017,
-0.937007486820221,
-0.56421959400177,
0.1564643234014511,
0.011345850303769112,
-1.1005045175552368,
-0.49017658829689026,
-0.39601099491119385,
0.6614490151405334,
-0.2794424295425415,
0.24083688855171204,
-0.534873902797699,
-0.3831610083580017,
0.3603525757789612,
0.0783623456954956,
0.47978973388671875,
0.08249683678150177,
0.08648966997861862,
-0.4595300257205963,
0.20622994005680084,
-0.6108756065368652,
-0.35571056604385376,
0.43896588683128357,
0.9592067003250122,
-0.43036460876464844,
0.07055734843015671,
0.023553160950541496,
-0.7030273079872131,
0.006797843612730503,
0.770810067653656,
0.15234501659870148,
-0.16710937023162842,
-0.5825011134147644,
-0.02517572045326233,
-0.2970287501811981,
0.2589518427848816,
1.1864396333694458,
-0.33376359939575195,
-0.09054850041866302,
0.15035004913806915,
1.0592776536941528,
-0.39481139183044434,
0.6228988766670227,
0.2900944948196411,
0.09937414526939392,
-0.27376362681388855,
-0.18745943903923035,
-0.6185635924339294,
0.6073352098464966,
-0.40995821356773376,
-0.746621310710907,
-0.14001686871051788,
-0.16697613894939423,
-0.24629394710063934,
-0.1681823432445526,
0.32538601756095886,
-0.12231253832578659,
-0.40231096744537354,
-0.23749198019504547,
0.25141817331314087,
-0.5174516439437866,
0.4737781882286072,
0.23416094481945038,
-0.30819863080978394,
0.038727011531591415,
-0.3753046989440918,
-0.433030366897583,
0.4518342912197113,
0.13410684466362,
-0.4265666902065277,
-0.44937101006507874,
0.320941686630249,
0.002062278101220727,
0.027393683791160583,
-0.6164103150367737,
-0.8821195363998413,
0.7512407302856445,
-1.23876953125,
-0.7397046685218811,
0.12404660135507584,
0.3547527492046356,
0.6821394562721252,
-0.45101162791252136,
0.004542930517345667,
0.21799620985984802,
0.6004995703697205,
-0.5794936418533325,
-0.1886516958475113,
0.34417322278022766,
-0.01602821610867977,
0.6034200191497803,
-0.652705729007721,
-0.14406195282936096,
0.5615360736846924,
0.4207648038864136,
0.4079987406730652,
-0.3004278540611267,
0.9336482286453247,
0.6905484199523926,
0.005210643168538809,
-0.05488327518105507,
-0.43882879614830017,
0.17273156344890594,
-0.011050599627196789,
0.5363594889640808,
0.41395893692970276,
-0.38393905758857727,
0.1424088329076767,
0.054506924003362656,
0.4350156784057617,
-1.0183976888656616,
0.514868438243866,
0.9452736377716064,
0.18510520458221436,
0.5808544158935547,
-0.25843897461891174,
-0.04157175496220589,
-0.36619970202445984,
-0.4132218360900879,
-0.23865577578544617,
-0.4994341731071472,
-0.2260906994342804,
-0.5597191452980042,
-0.018467465415596962,
0.0573560930788517,
-0.06139398366212845,
0.498614639043808,
-0.3761352598667145,
0.23015931248664856,
-1.0786681175231934,
-0.12255823612213135,
-0.2894318103790283,
0.05421203374862671,
-0.1294596642255783,
0.059737034142017365,
-0.07053102552890778,
0.24556338787078857,
-0.7773447632789612,
-0.4127958416938782,
-0.7405615448951721,
0.10488694161176682,
0.12740333378314972,
-0.6323229670524597,
0.42399561405181885,
0.3428405225276947,
0.42537668347358704,
0.18985424935817719,
-0.35832837224006653,
-0.1422387808561325,
0.20574124157428741,
0.07311248034238815,
0.0012920629233121872,
0.19148766994476318,
-0.02278831973671913,
-0.12452270835638046,
0.46242743730545044,
-0.34420549869537354,
-0.03187521547079086,
0.8238356709480286,
0.10735367983579636,
-0.26011407375335693,
0.8449409008026123,
-0.658740222454071,
-0.6326822638511658,
0.4572783410549164,
-0.5086184740066528,
0.05226290971040726,
-0.2916259765625,
0.2036420702934265,
0.5836693048477173,
0.0653291717171669,
-0.9318369626998901,
0.4941200315952301,
0.1135983094573021,
-0.26118671894073486,
0.15174221992492676,
-0.4543316066265106,
-0.09352888911962509,
0.35854578018188477,
0.5710489749908447,
0.6503469944000244,
-0.3026857078075409,
0.45875582098960876,
0.18669337034225464,
0.3475285768508911,
0.016559399664402008,
0.1760309934616089,
0.26114538311958313,
0.00923188216984272,
0.6871429085731506,
-0.17202743887901306,
0.29206880927085876,
-0.5918059349060059,
0.07217907905578613,
0.016115406528115273,
0.3165983557701111,
-0.4098644554615021,
0.5996909141540527,
0.02129478007555008,
0.56678307056427,
0.2767908573150635,
0.08981658518314362,
-0.2662526071071625,
0.05773252248764038,
0.19344626367092133,
0.8181194067001343,
0.18699148297309875,
-0.4889509975910187,
0.22508858144283295,
-0.3187430799007416,
0.5864276885986328,
0.05413571745157242,
0.42398831248283386,
0.7885672450065613,
-0.598788857460022,
0.24676458537578583,
0.5786246061325073,
-0.045188091695308685,
0.15427660942077637,
0.22292886674404144,
0.42286890745162964,
-0.07046380639076233,
-0.7402068972587585,
-0.025060659274458885,
-0.5848314166069031,
0.24330931901931763,
-0.2792547941207886,
-0.32396623492240906,
-0.584962785243988,
0.5659787654876709,
-0.5616632103919983,
-0.7435790300369263,
0.5696825981140137,
0.007685170974582434,
-0.18767939507961273,
-0.7739257216453552,
0.9479576945304871,
1.022594690322876,
-0.11640922725200653,
0.2390020340681076,
-0.25030750036239624,
0.2170025110244751,
0.3149489760398865,
-0.6304447650909424,
-0.17028817534446716,
0.008772875182330608,
0.33389565348625183,
-0.7333383560180664,
0.11203183233737946,
0.36044275760650635,
-0.19228608906269073,
-0.0758611410856247,
0.013319799676537514,
-0.51046222448349,
-0.405276894569397,
0.7017350196838379,
-0.4341159760951996,
0.1346152424812317,
-0.3810493052005768,
-0.08443061262369156,
-0.16955599188804626,
0.5465917587280273,
0.2917393445968628,
0.18712389469146729,
-0.15015682578086853,
0.5068986415863037,
-0.3183661103248596,
-0.0892246663570404,
0.32019442319869995,
-0.45360806584358215,
0.20488597452640533,
-0.457098126411438,
0.8283229470252991,
0.04669862613081932,
0.11145832389593124,
0.13101954758167267,
-0.09377392381429672,
0.031127693131566048,
-0.014256389811635017,
0.1842087358236313,
-0.018014859408140182,
-0.34074339270591736,
0.27333858609199524,
-0.11885667592287064,
0.6575864553451538,
-0.2647995352745056,
-0.37681999802589417,
-0.49282440543174744,
0.49796634912490845,
0.8352428078651428,
-0.30929744243621826,
-0.016734806820750237,
-0.09879910945892334,
-0.07577160000801086,
0.12845569849014282,
-0.20206090807914734,
-0.4445280432701111,
-0.41145673394203186,
0.6270717978477478
] |
247623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Estocin | USS Estocin | USS Estocin (FFG-15), ninth ship of the Oliver Hazard Perry class of guided-missile frigates, was named for Captain Michael John Estocin (1931–1967). Ordered from Bath Iron Works on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY76 program, Estocin was laid down on 2 April 1979, launched on 3 November 1979, and commissioned on 10 January 1981.
Estocin (FFG-15) was the first ship of that name in the US Navy. The ship's motto, listed on her crest, was "Courage, Honor, Tenacity".
History
Estocin was sponsored by Michael John Estocin's widow, Mrs Quay Marie (Hampton) Estocin. Their three daughters served as maids of honor at the ceremonial launching and christening.
1980s
After her commissioning, Estocin was assigned to Destroyer Squadron Eight, homeported in Mayport, Florida. While there, she made deployments to the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean, and participated in Special Operations off the Central American coast.
Estocin and her crew were awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal for operations near Lebanon between 10 October and 10 November 1982. See also Multinational Force in Lebanon.
15 October 1985 Estocin ran aground near Key West, Florida.
Throughout 1986, Estocin served as the Navy's testbed for the Mk-92 Fire Control System improvement project (CORT). The Mk-92 "CORT" program was a CNO Priority-1 Project, one of the only four in the entire Navy at that time. These tests had Estocin tracking and engaging a variety of surface and air targets. Fifteen SM-1 medium range missiles and nearly 1000 rounds of 76mm ammunition were fired in the course of the test cycle. By the end of 1986, Estocin had logged nearly 15,000 underway miles in support of this project. Estocin and her crew were awarded a Secretary of the Navy Letter of Commendation for operations between January and November, 1986.
On 1 October 1986, Estocin officially became part of the Naval Reserve Force (NRF) reported to Naval Surface Warfare Group Four, homeported in Philadelphia, PA. Upon joining the NRF, Estocin operated primarily in the western Atlantic in support of Naval Reserve Training (NRT) and active fleet commitments. She logged frequent underway weekends devoted entirely to Selected Reserve crew training, as well as periodic underway periods of 2-week duration to enable reservists to complete their active duty training requirements. These operations took Estocin as far north as Nova Scotia and south to the Caribbean.
Estocin and her crew were awarded a United States Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon for operations July to September, 1989.
1990s
Estocin was chosen to conduct a Great Lakes Cruise in 1991 in support of U.S. Navy recruiting efforts and to promote public awareness in America's heartland, through port calls to U.S. and Canadian cities on the Great Lakes. In the fall of 1991 and the spring of 1992, Estocin participated in Canadian Fleet Operations conducted with U.S. Navy and Canadian Maritime Command units in the area south of Nova Scotia.
Estocin and her crew were awarded a Battle Effectiveness Award for operations in 1992.
On 17 August 1992, Estocin changed homeport to Newport, RI. Estocin completed Maritime Interdiction Operations in the Caribbean and in December 1993 operated off the coast of Haiti during Operation Support Democracy. In January 1994, Estocin again changed her homeport moving to Naval Base, Norfolk, VA. Estocin was again selected for a Great Lakes Cruise in the summer of 1994. Upon completion of this cruise, she underwent a four-month drydock period to inspect and overhaul numerous shipboard systems. After completion of this drydocking, Estocin was sent in the fall of 1995 to the Caribbean in support of Counter Drug Operations. During this cruise, Estocin transited the Panama Canal to conduct Counter Drug Operations in the eastern Pacific as well.
In 1996, after completing a work-up cycle, which included re-certification of her propulsion plant and cruise missile tactical qualification, Estocin deployed with Destroyer Squadron Eighteen in support of Operation Northern Light-Bright Horizon 96. During this fast-paced month and a half commitment, Estocin participated in a variety of maneuvering and training exercises with over 53 ships and submarines from 13 European nations. Upon her return to Norfolk, Estocin entered an availability period to prepare ship's systems for her next commitment, Joint Task Force Exercise 97-1 (JTFEX 97–1). During this exercise Estocin was the flagship for the Opposing Forces (OPFOR), whose mission was to train the deploying carrier battle group. Although composed of U.S. ships, the OPFOR simulated a variety of patrol boats found throughout the world. Successfully training the battle group, Estocin prepared for her next deployment.
Assigned to Cruiser Destroyer Group Eight, Estocin deployed for Baltic Operations 97 (BALTOPS 97) in May 1997. The deployment entailed at-sea operations with ships from NATO countries as well as non-NATO countries such as Russia, Poland and Lithuania. BALTOPS 97 also included goodwill visits to former Eastern-Bloc nations. During this deployment, Estocin had the unique opportunity to become the first U.S. warship to visit two Russian ports in the same deployment, with stops in Baltiysk and Severomorsk, Russia. In addition, Estocin had the distinct privilege of hosting the Admirals of the Russian Baltic and Northern Fleets during her port calls.
January 1999 found Estocin deploying for the Caribbean. Once again in support of Counter Drug Operations, Estocin set the standard in curbing the flow of drugs into the United States. After four and a half months in the Caribbean, including a cocaine seizure of over , Estocin returned home on 15 May.
Estocin was underway once again at the end of June 1999 to participate in INDEX 99-2 with the Battle Group. During this exercise, Estocin simulated Opposing Forces during Harpoon, Anti Air Warfare, and Anti Submarine Warfare exercises. Estocin proved her battle readiness in all areas as she conducted multiple PACFIRES with her 76mm gun, launched two Mk 46 Torpedoes and fired three successful SM-1 engagements. After achieving her best battle readiness condition in over four years, Estocin returned to Norfolk in July to conduct a nine-week Restricted Availability (RAV).
After this maintenance period and successful training cycle workups, Estocin sailed late November 1999 to support preparing the Battle Group for deployment as an Opposition Force in JTFEX 00-1. She also participated in INDEX 99-3, which allowed training in all warfare areas for the crew. At the completion of the JTFEX, Estocin was chosen by Commander, Second Fleet to perform a bilateral exercise with two French Navy ships, the and frigate . This exercise provided valuable training for the midshipmen embarked on Jeanne d'Arc and helped to further strengthen the strong Naval ties with this NATO ally.
2000s and decommissioning
As of 2000, Estocin was in homeport, Norfolk, VA, preparing for upcoming exercises including: a group sail under the command of Commander, Destroyer Squadron Fourteen; a UNITAS exercise with ships from the Venezuelan, Colombian, and U.S. navies; and participation with Brazilian and other nation naval units in honor of the 500th anniversary of the founding of Brazil in April 2000.
Estocin and her crew were awarded a Battle Effectiveness Award for operations in 2000.
On 14 May 2001, Estocin returned to homeport in Norfolk, Virginia after a five-month deployment to the Caribbean, including again Operation UNITAS.
Estocin and swapped crews in late February 2002 (with one junior officer deemed crucial to Estocin's operation to transfer that remained with that Estocin through the crew swap). Both frigates were scheduled to decommission in 2002, but following 11 September 2001, Navy leadership decided it might be advantageous to retain one of the two short hulled frigates. Estocin had already reduced crew size nearly 40% preparing to decommission in support of a planned ship transfer to the Republic of Turkey that had been already approved by Congress. Yet, she was the more recently modernized of the two frigates which was why the Republic of Turkey was interested in that Foreign Military Sale (FMS). The U.S. changed the FMS offer to Turkey with the Former Samuel Eliot Morison at a reduced price to the original FMS offer of Estocin. Former Samuel Eliot Morison sailors were then transferred to serve on Estocin and their ship was decommissioned 11 April 2002 with the former Estocin skeleton crew. Estocin was decommissioned at Mayport and stricken a year later on 3 April 2003. She was the last short-hulled FFG operational with the US Navy.
TCG Göksu (F 497)
On 3 April 2003, Estocin was decommissioned, stricken from the Navy list and transferred to Turkey as that nation's TCG Göksu (F 497). As of 2022, she is still in active service.
See also
RADM David M. Thomas Jr., former engineering officer, USS Estocin (FFG-15)
References
External links
MaritimeQuest USS Estocin FFG-15 pages
Navysite.de – USS Estocin FFG-15 page
Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the United States Navy
1979 ships
Ships built in Bath, Maine
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Turkish Navy
United States Navy Pennsylvania-related ships | [
-0.7777783870697021,
-0.03179189935326576,
-0.1436992883682251,
0.37536945939064026,
-0.1543884575366974,
0.8467504978179932,
0.3877507448196411,
0.0652940571308136,
-0.5384116768836975,
-0.13661715388298035,
-0.36815449595451355,
0.5023351907730103,
-0.17611514031887054,
0.28770798444747925,
0.342953085899353,
0.24073070287704468,
0.22156350314617157,
0.4018210172653198,
-0.6954480409622192,
-0.32928910851478577,
-0.009114515036344528,
-0.5408787727355957,
0.6256842017173767,
0.06113613769412041,
0.5868632197380066,
0.3176243007183075,
-0.15882669389247894,
0.033824749290943146,
0.1420881301164627,
0.2784028947353363,
0.24336405098438263,
0.7909525036811829,
0.09641598910093307,
-0.4355696737766266,
-0.3909383714199066,
-0.0015009419294074178,
-0.45197367668151855,
-0.4328468441963196,
-0.6021695137023926,
-0.023005910217761993,
-0.29593008756637573,
-0.3995979428291321,
-0.20661872625350952,
-0.5972740650177002,
-0.05164565145969391,
-0.07034598290920258,
-1.4331263303756714,
0.2420293390750885,
-0.09165968000888824,
-0.0704248920083046,
-0.24182800948619843,
-0.028970852494239807,
0.5777974128723145,
-0.14627480506896973,
0.015256310813128948,
0.7825325131416321,
-1.0425901412963867,
-0.013854067772626877,
-0.1823118031024933,
-0.8030645847320557,
0.5614870190620422,
0.7112689018249512,
0.7094878554344177,
0.3471516966819763,
0.1415264755487442,
0.28187307715415955,
-0.07276461273431778,
0.13638350367546082,
-0.5363327264785767,
-0.12090617418289185,
0.4559013843536377,
-0.19651786983013153,
0.027513805776834488,
0.486628919839859,
-0.3792545795440674,
-0.31418347358703613,
-0.2909400463104248,
-0.26067766547203064,
0.030207471922039986,
0.5741416811943054,
0.4151252806186676,
-0.006686300039291382,
0.78178471326828,
0.18406908214092255,
-0.1633927822113037,
0.3861408829689026,
-0.7755259275436401,
0.29863160848617554,
-0.5043489336967468,
0.38607972860336304,
-0.8070392608642578,
-0.483894407749176,
0.25676146149635315,
1.0945708751678467,
0.8142523765563965,
0.18934936821460724,
-0.3109055161476135,
0.20560097694396973,
0.10843502730131149,
0.5783228874206543,
0.07447638362646103,
0.41365185379981995,
0.469452440738678,
0.2652549147605896,
-0.3044932782649994,
-0.18458184599876404,
-0.02851281501352787,
-0.6630107164382935,
-0.18677514791488647,
-0.5010496377944946,
-0.3910056948661804,
-0.44336047768592834,
-0.25175613164901733,
0.10367869585752487,
-0.13416436314582825,
0.2731764316558838,
0.2681543231010437,
-0.3948025405406952,
0.06528295576572418,
-0.40560609102249146,
0.38763725757598877,
0.6787523627281189,
-0.6434820294380188,
-0.285834938287735,
-0.14653387665748596,
0.21518661081790924,
0.5671113729476929,
0.2747989594936371,
-0.8068405985832214,
-0.0887136161327362,
0.17390377819538116,
0.6982758045196533,
-0.46024301648139954,
0.513567328453064,
-0.7789270281791687,
-0.4392031729221344,
-0.009966341778635979,
0.3611368238925934,
-0.3363531529903412,
0.839863121509552,
-0.6583647727966309,
-0.07550433278083801,
-0.4097740352153778,
-0.6357654929161072,
0.7709406018257141,
-0.3799004852771759,
-0.1043018251657486,
0.21960440278053284,
-0.16069866716861725,
-0.020321983844041824,
0.17966334521770477,
-0.8353196978569031,
-0.00671776570379734,
-0.06465871632099152,
-0.43440020084381104,
0.2175511121749878,
0.39190778136253357,
0.12955769896507263,
0.5363069772720337,
0.49788492918014526,
0.01856200210750103,
0.06655880808830261,
-0.1390092521905899,
0.0018950708908960223,
0.3104998469352722,
-0.16877521574497223,
0.24210532009601593,
-0.0792737677693367,
-0.08584599196910858,
-0.2439611554145813,
-0.0850118100643158,
0.058908652514219284,
0.6933885812759399,
-0.4947959780693054,
0.0463469922542572,
0.2949056923389435,
0.6640037298202515,
0.1371082365512848,
0.3531576693058014,
-0.8622874021530151,
-0.45059072971343994,
0.10825001448392868,
0.22948907315731049,
-0.16124647855758667,
0.252493292093277,
-0.005485451780259609,
-0.18680953979492188,
-0.11013640463352203,
0.4552885591983795,
0.4710763990879059,
-0.6937083601951599,
-0.6418865323066711,
0.25894302129745483,
-0.0560138002038002,
1.174952745437622,
0.04326844587922096,
-0.5277817845344543,
0.5014832019805908,
0.29329612851142883,
0.4605286717414856,
-0.34597668051719666,
-0.4154787063598633,
0.7551971077919006,
0.015090951696038246,
-0.8062810301780701,
0.3919556140899658,
-0.1165529265999794,
0.02055378630757332,
0.19474610686302185,
0.7049424648284912,
0.16302061080932617,
-0.7818385362625122,
0.29836153984069824,
0.43799325823783875,
-0.3267730474472046,
-0.3448442220687866,
-0.02783558890223503,
-0.8685076236724854,
-0.24482274055480957,
-0.20616792142391205,
0.23644499480724335,
0.002005192684009671,
-0.007638642098754644,
0.6708627343177795,
-0.3779563307762146,
0.17415648698806763,
-0.3251567780971527,
0.3635130226612091,
0.26063302159309387,
-0.11194071918725967,
0.3580670654773712,
0.25707048177719116,
0.10060784220695496,
-0.39368000626564026,
0.009087128564715385,
0.06924571841955185,
0.26105067133903503,
-0.2392660528421402,
0.6177305579185486,
-0.106056347489357,
-0.2947400212287903,
0.6276480555534363,
-0.31708240509033203,
0.15172028541564941,
0.35969221591949463,
-0.33522364497184753,
0.19989816844463348,
0.22505633533000946,
0.5506714582443237,
-0.2637709975242615,
0.8380753993988037,
0.5357213616371155,
0.26486822962760925,
-0.4002593755722046,
-0.24956482648849487,
0.15532609820365906,
0.008244520984590054,
0.10150711238384247,
-0.3841441869735718,
-0.2165284901857376,
0.030459098517894745,
0.061720799654722214,
0.28979164361953735,
0.3753052353858948,
0.4909955859184265,
-0.5465090274810791,
0.14124394953250885,
0.05546443536877632,
0.6155528426170349,
-0.04335351288318634,
-0.002717507304623723,
-0.08757482469081879,
0.4451141059398651,
-0.6176549196243286,
0.11574117839336395,
0.34505540132522583,
-0.48791271448135376,
0.4633519649505615,
-0.46395784616470337,
-1.0095828771591187,
0.47541946172714233,
0.6797670722007751,
-0.5206522345542908,
-0.12731081247329712,
-0.27351894974708557,
0.05692102015018463,
-0.6385045051574707,
-0.14446938037872314,
-0.6389874815940857,
-0.2545321583747864,
0.1010938510298729,
-0.6548507809638977,
-0.3776297867298126,
0.6072357296943665,
0.07050714641809464,
0.3538934290409088,
-0.4744724631309509,
-0.4538022577762604,
0.3046657145023346,
-0.32370880246162415,
-0.27979162335395813,
0.11508972942829132,
-0.4298817813396454,
0.27565667033195496,
0.18425774574279785,
-0.28282430768013,
-0.08531281352043152,
0.17170342803001404,
-5.434329032897949,
0.08825471252202988,
-0.26891401410102844,
0.054238736629486084,
-0.015120763331651688,
0.5482320189476013,
0.43389424681663513,
-0.5787621736526489,
0.030878890305757523,
-0.19054776430130005,
0.3921665847301483,
0.41929367184638977,
-0.04363050311803818,
0.3148205578327179,
0.6006789803504944,
0.4859565198421478,
0.6177988052368164,
-0.6350809335708618,
0.39108598232269287,
-0.2201874852180481,
-0.0891091600060463,
-0.37757495045661926,
-0.35772785544395447,
0.2844664454460144,
0.10453923791646957,
-0.00538789015263319,
-0.7857932448387146,
0.6388877630233765,
-1.2114225625991821,
-0.38495779037475586,
-0.10962103307247162,
0.052647922188043594,
-0.7045959234237671,
0.20886960625648499,
-0.33368074893951416,
-0.5535919070243835,
0.6388462781906128,
0.09097208082675934,
0.39846643805503845,
-0.56488436460495,
-0.28490808606147766,
-0.14733493328094482,
-0.019388938322663307,
0.05433677136898041,
0.2368953675031662,
-0.19383645057678223,
-0.276549369096756,
0.3676967918872833,
0.39740267395973206,
1.1947187185287476,
0.35727548599243164,
-0.019341450184583664,
0.34517890214920044,
0.63409423828125,
0.6279395818710327,
-0.42132285237312317,
0.33390361070632935,
0.2652336657047272,
-0.6802738904953003,
0.206049844622612,
0.33701199293136597,
-0.17997586727142334,
0.01732032187283039,
-0.6245961785316467,
0.3049047589302063,
-0.42391854524612427,
-0.3438316881656647,
-0.1798112392425537,
-0.0513913631439209,
0.17609946429729462,
-0.16716372966766357,
1.6394096612930298,
-0.4875614047050476,
-0.9487792253494263,
0.12059945613145828,
-0.3631443679332733,
-0.014084212481975555,
0.1717454493045807,
-0.2881959080696106,
0.16538988053798676,
-0.022231178358197212,
0.04332905635237694,
-0.4016794264316559,
1.0320419073104858,
0.17026618123054504,
-0.15070664882659912,
-0.4610195755958557,
0.2389409840106964,
-0.21721941232681274,
0.04518177732825279,
0.015397350303828716,
-0.3262699246406555,
0.1851411610841751,
0.3993818759918213,
-0.19536350667476654,
-0.6098592281341553,
-0.2774103879928589,
0.834762692451477,
0.8288224935531616,
-0.7565362453460693,
0.3744684159755707,
-0.7847249507904053,
0.5305808186531067,
-0.1585526019334793,
0.09395159780979156,
-0.6053268909454346,
-0.22463026642799377,
0.03515082597732544,
0.7053499817848206,
0.0717310905456543,
-0.1675175130367279,
-0.032799962908029556,
0.011045399121940136,
-0.30404675006866455,
0.6161291003227234,
0.05774484947323799,
0.08376336842775345,
0.44815805554389954,
0.6667624711990356,
0.4014730155467987,
-0.23505081236362457,
0.31256330013275146,
-0.4664280414581299,
0.3201119601726532,
0.41348031163215637,
-1.2828480005264282,
-0.055940140038728714,
-0.2282625138759613,
-0.6036455631256104,
0.22703352570533752,
0.36296549439430237,
0.7697872519493103,
-0.41023001074790955,
0.20463934540748596,
0.2781205475330353,
-0.966118574142456,
-0.4011940062046051,
-0.6026818752288818,
0.3324950039386749,
0.2434931844472885,
-0.1217227652668953,
-0.1565227508544922,
-0.5519219636917114,
0.15001137554645538,
0.5525048971176147,
0.9472357034683228,
0.34054532647132874,
0.08888619393110275,
-0.3432587683200836,
0.900995671749115,
-0.6036201119422913,
-0.7712562680244446,
0.24469216167926788,
-0.2762577533721924,
0.24509847164154053,
0.2143488973379135,
0.29730838537216187,
0.17842532694339752,
-0.4368981719017029,
0.3721431791782379,
0.24972181022167206,
0.4255606234073639,
-0.686665415763855,
-0.9391740560531616,
0.0029496715869754553,
0.22860923409461975,
-0.42099782824516296,
-0.7036362290382385,
-0.102468341588974,
0.3025224804878235,
0.24714401364326477,
-0.03327517211437225,
-1.180870771408081,
-0.1615213006734848,
0.35867661237716675,
-0.19636766612529755,
-0.4898429811000824,
-0.771174967288971,
0.25737830996513367,
0.36683130264282227,
0.20927618443965912,
-0.06646469235420227,
-0.10443010181188583,
0.6007123589515686,
0.3030608594417572,
0.16316330432891846,
-0.8316991329193115,
-0.23424571752548218,
-0.16205990314483643,
-0.017782112583518028,
-0.32995733618736267,
-0.7008691430091858,
-0.003270560409873724,
0.02600867673754692,
-0.618885338306427,
0.27184146642684937,
0.041427042335271835,
0.442276269197464,
0.04220423102378845,
-0.21397630870342255,
0.17744579911231995,
0.5065200924873352,
-0.6484856009483337,
0.5420988202095032,
0.01805451698601246,
-0.705500602722168,
0.08926348388195038,
-0.11332564800977707,
0.1738290637731552,
0.28361284732818604,
-0.24526824057102203,
-0.9488369226455688,
0.19215241074562073,
0.6773343682289124,
0.12846942245960236,
-0.1661190390586853,
0.03581995889544487,
-0.16861774027347565,
-0.6383750438690186,
-0.8179196119308472,
-0.7292143702507019,
-0.14354270696640015,
0.011002526618540287,
-0.8113373517990112,
-0.8455298542976379,
0.7915324568748474,
0.35438066720962524,
-0.1112198755145073,
0.877310037612915,
-0.09160175919532776,
-0.5233057737350464,
-0.12672585248947144,
-0.039410755038261414,
0.21428802609443665,
0.4245024025440216,
-0.57818204164505,
-0.3124302327632904,
0.05177038908004761,
-0.2474808394908905,
0.12592609226703644,
0.5817229747772217,
0.7005565166473389,
0.3938989043235779,
-0.5233777165412903,
0.057060547173023224,
-0.26159054040908813,
0.3938124179840088,
-0.4729393720626831,
0.17222866415977478,
0.4052281379699707,
0.1121014878153801,
-0.5804930925369263,
-0.48044994473457336,
-0.34669628739356995,
1.1946454048156738,
-0.8438608050346375,
0.03306834027171135,
-0.05898553133010864,
0.026773683726787567,
0.3019375801086426,
-0.31133028864860535,
0.48489680886268616,
-0.7491963505744934,
0.5060412287712097,
0.41638433933258057,
0.5746814012527466,
-0.3124063313007355,
0.08860503882169724,
0.3254864811897278,
-0.1782057136297226,
-0.02169722504913807,
0.0699462741613388,
0.4740085303783417,
0.592957079410553,
-0.5013350248336792,
0.09306694567203522,
0.37615466117858887,
0.30819135904312134,
0.28670352697372437,
-0.41025736927986145,
-0.7201374769210815,
0.6143181920051575,
-0.38892409205436707,
-0.4549098312854767,
-0.14147596061229706,
-0.6728952527046204,
-0.25044023990631104,
-0.6391674280166626,
-0.1886407881975174,
0.40649735927581787,
-0.10349531471729279,
0.2917466163635254,
-0.4938652217388153,
0.2416747361421585,
-0.25344201922416687,
0.17225207388401031,
-0.0302580613642931,
0.06530680507421494,
-0.32830438017845154,
0.655526340007782,
-0.6711256504058838,
0.6393784880638123,
-0.16667690873146057,
-0.3731568157672882,
-0.2526084780693054,
0.14633549749851227,
0.3962903916835785,
0.28971099853515625,
-0.38691797852516174,
0.3469482660293579,
-0.12058374285697937,
-0.793429970741272,
-0.01413292158395052,
-0.008172639645636082,
-0.3314096927642822,
-0.17361612617969513,
0.5051180124282837,
-0.3461219072341919,
0.2053615301847458,
-0.30089879035949707,
-0.025085456669330597,
-0.1784503310918808,
0.47413182258605957,
0.3512926995754242,
0.0951305404305458,
0.7436562180519104,
-0.4637584984302521,
-0.17306455969810486,
0.02860240451991558,
0.768160343170166,
-0.3781684637069702,
-0.4228074252605438,
-0.5460983514785767,
0.42949071526527405,
-0.23570942878723145,
0.04640375077724457,
0.3436371386051178,
-0.4971539080142975,
-0.22563284635543823,
0.4125818610191345,
0.13362474739551544,
0.4616897404193878,
-0.11266623437404633,
0.05581071972846985,
0.260008305311203,
0.04000062122941017,
0.0005838574143126607,
0.337003231048584,
0.521065354347229,
-0.29648357629776,
-0.06322483718395233,
0.37347373366355896,
0.46794745326042175,
-0.3609614074230194,
0.03633744269609451,
0.7353261709213257,
0.5384537577629089,
-0.6571452021598816,
-0.02314496599137783,
-0.4351208209991455,
-0.28545454144477844,
0.1962948739528656,
0.3702046871185303,
-0.06760112196207047,
-0.2780155539512634,
-0.26618295907974243,
0.3297326862812042,
0.02980905771255493,
0.16628201305866241,
0.2092522233724594,
0.48301219940185547,
0.5003810524940491,
-0.28628411889076233,
-0.20107236504554749,
0.5692234635353088,
-0.02463621273636818,
0.3680790364742279,
-0.21237093210220337,
0.10521501302719116,
0.40032824873924255,
-0.24328352510929108,
0.6211919188499451,
-0.3589366376399994,
-0.3201826214790344,
0.13769544661045074,
0.14600618183612823,
0.0963296890258789,
0.6896232962608337,
0.5045332908630371,
0.4150174558162689,
0.8565828800201416,
-0.3538515269756317,
-0.3903726637363434,
-0.05006186291575432,
0.1214185580611229,
0.04362869635224342,
-0.12171570211648941,
0.06318330019712448,
0.287078857421875,
0.5203602910041809,
-0.20674771070480347,
-0.005983583629131317,
0.10035154223442078,
0.1358177661895752,
-0.10348282009363174,
-0.36567431688308716,
-0.44310757517814636,
-0.1265764981508255,
-0.11617422103881836,
-0.018218403682112694,
0.34369951486587524,
0.21985425055027008,
-0.9098796844482422,
0.04400252923369408,
-0.5981762409210205,
-0.3308466076850891,
0.6260759830474854,
-0.8993181586265564,
-0.27785539627075195,
-0.3242638111114502,
0.2150566279888153,
0.05672687664628029,
-0.23743599653244019,
0.4739094376564026,
-0.9430570006370544,
-0.23721429705619812,
-0.34877246618270874,
-0.33307814598083496,
0.20460212230682373,
0.3492695689201355,
0.21721333265304565,
-0.04079357907176018,
-0.33285683393478394,
0.6086440682411194,
0.1909712851047516,
-0.6915621161460876,
-0.23366259038448334,
0.6082168817520142,
0.5664430856704712,
-0.09765349328517914,
0.34963998198509216,
-0.6502498984336853,
-0.079745814204216,
-0.47763919830322266,
0.08005554974079132,
0.3346252143383026,
-0.3531942069530487,
-0.6974718570709229,
0.4403693377971649,
0.6297006011009216,
0.6001092195510864,
-0.4749019145965576,
-0.13360388576984406,
-0.17021557688713074,
0.18670149147510529,
-0.6139591336250305,
0.08538313955068588,
0.148504838347435,
0.17310617864131927,
-0.005848911590874195
] |
247631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20de%20Br%C3%A9beuf | Jean de Brébeuf | Jean de Brébeuf () (25 March 1593 16 March 1649) was a French Jesuit missionary who travelled to New France (Canada) in 1625. There he worked primarily with the Huron (Wyandot people) for the rest of his life, except for a few years in France from 1629 to 1633. He learned their language and culture, writing extensively about each to aid other missionaries.
In 1649, Brébeuf and another missionary were captured when an Iroquois raid took over a Huron village (referred to in French as St. Louis). Together with Huron captives, the missionaries were ritually tortured and killed on 16 March 1649. Brébeuf was beatified in 1925 and among eight Jesuit missionaries canonized as saints in the Catholic Church in 1930.
Biography
Early years
Brébeuf was born 25 March 1593 in Condé-sur-Vire, Normandy, France. (He was the uncle of poet Georges de Brébeuf). He joined the Society of Jesus in 1617 at the age of 24, spending the next two years under the direction of Lancelot Marin. Between 1619 and 1621, he was a teacher at the college of Rouen. Brébeuf was nearly expelled from the Society when he contracted tuberculosis in 1620—a severe and usually fatal illness that prevented his studying and teaching for the traditional periods.
His record as a student was not particularly distinguished, but Brébeuf was already beginning to show an aptitude for languages. Later in New France, he would teach Native American languages to missionaries and French traders. Brébeuf was ordained as a priest at Pontoise Cathedral in February 1622.
Missionary
After three years as Steward at the College of Rouen, Brébeuf was chosen by the Provincial of France, Father Pierre Coton, to embark on the missions to New France.
In June 1625, Brébeuf arrived in Québec with Fathers Charles Lalemant and Énemond Massé, together with the lay brothers Francois Charton and Gilbert Burel. He worked at the Sainte-Marie among the Hurons. For about five months Brébeuf lived with a tribe of Montagnais, who spoke an Algonquian language. He was later assigned in 1626 to the Huron with Father Anne Nouée. From then on Brébeuf worked mostly as a missionary to the Huron, who spoke an Iroquoian language. Brébeuf briefly took up residence with the Bear Tribe at Toanché, but met with no success in trying to convert them to Catholicism. He was summoned to Québec because of the danger to which the entire colony was then exposed by the English. He reached Québec on 17 July 1628 after an absence of two years. On 19 July 1629, Samuel de Champlain surrendered, and the missionaries returned to France.
In Rouen, Brébeuf served as a preacher and confessor, taking his final Jesuit vows in 1630. Between 1631 and 1633, Brébeuf worked at the College of Eu, Seine-Maritime in northern France as a steward, minister and confessor. He returned to New France in 1633, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life.
Along with Antoine Daniel and Ambroise Davost, Brébeuf chose Ihonatiria (Saint-Joseph I) as the centre for missionary activity with the Huron. At the time, the Huron suffered epidemics of new Eurasian diseases contracted from the Europeans. Their death rates were high, as they had no immunity to the diseases long endemic in Europe. They, with our hindsight, rightly blamed the Europeans for the deaths, with none of the parties understanding the causes.
Called Échon by the Hurons, Brébeuf was personally involved with teaching. His lengthy conversations with Huron friends left him with a good knowledge of their culture and spirituality. He learned their language and taught it to other missionaries and colonists. Fellow Jesuits such as Paul Ragueneau describe his ease and adaptability to the Huron way of life.
His efforts to develop a complete ethnographic record of the Huron has been described as "the longest and most ambitious piece of ethnographic description in all The Jesuit Relations". Brébeuf tried to find parallels between the Huron religion and Christianity, so as to facilitate conversion of the Huron to the European religion. Brébeuf was known by the Huron for his apparent shamanistic skills, especially in rainmaking. Despite his efforts to learn their ways, he considered Huron spiritual beliefs to be undeveloped and "foolish delusions"; he was determined to convert them to Christianity. Brébeuf did not enjoy universal popularity with the Huron, as many believed he was a sorcerer. By 1640, nearly half the Huron had died of smallpox and the losses disrupted their society. Many children and elders died. With their loved ones dying before their eyes, many Huron began to listen to the words of Jesuit missionaries who, unaffected by the disease, appeared to be men of great power.
Brébeuf's progress as a missionary in achieving conversions was slow. Not until 1635 did some Huron agree to be baptized as Christians. He claimed to have made 14 converts as of 1635 and, by the next year, he claimed 86. He wrote a detailed account in 1636 of The Huron Feast of the Dead, a mass reburial of remains of loved ones after a community moved the location of its village. It was accompanied by elaborate ritual and gift-giving.
In 1638, Brébeuf turned over direction of the mission at Saint-Joseph I to Jérôme Lalemant; he was called to become Superior at his newly founded Saint-Joseph II. In 1640, after an unsuccessful mission into Neutral Nation territory, Brébeuf broke his collarbone. He was sent to Québec to recover, and worked there as a mission procurator. He taught the Huron, acting as confessor and advisor to the Ursulines and Religious Hospitallers. On Sundays and feast days, he preached to French colonists.
Brébeuf is credited with composing the "Huron Carol", Canada's oldest Christmas song, written around 1642. He wrote the lyrics in the native language of the Huron/Wendat people. The song's melody is based on a traditional French folk song, "Une Jeune Pucelle" (A Young Maid).
Linguistic work
The educational rigor of the Jesuit seminaries prepared missionaries to acquire native languages. But, as they had learned the classical and Romance languages, they likely had difficulty with the very different conventions of the New World indigenous languages. Brébeuf's study of the languages was also shaped by his religious training. Current Catholic theology tried to reconcile knowledge of world languages with accounts in the Bible of the tower of Babel, as this was the basis of European history. This influence can be seen in his discussion of language in his accounts collected in The Jesuit Relations.
Jean de Brébeuf's remarkable facility with language was one of the reasons he was chosen for the Huron mission in 1626. He is distinguished for his commitment to learning the Huron (Wyandot) language. People with a strong positive attitude towards the language often learn the language much more easily. Brébeuf was widely acknowledged to have best mastered the Native oratory style, which used metaphor, circumlocution and repetition. Learning the language was still onerous, and he wrote to warn other missionaries of the difficulties.
To explain the low number of converts, Brébeuf noted that missionaries first had to master the Huron language. His commitment to this work demonstrates he understood that mutual intelligibility was vital for communicating complex and abstract religious ideas. He believed learning native languages was imperative for the Jesuit missions, but noted that it was so difficult a task that it consumed most of the priest's time. Brébeuf felt his primary goal in his early years in New France was to learn the language.
With increasing proficiency in the Wyandot language, Brébeuf became optimistic about advancing his missionary goals. By understanding Huron religious beliefs and communicating Christian fundamentals, he could secure converts to Christianity. He realized the people would not give up all their traditional beliefs.
Brébeuf worked tirelessly to record his findings for the benefit of other missionaries. He built on the work of Recollects priests but significantly advanced the study, particularly in his representations of sounds. He discovered and reported the feature of compound words in Huron, which may have been his major linguistic contribution. This breakthrough had enormous consequences for further study, becoming the foundation for all subsequent Jesuit linguistic work.
He translated Ledesma's catechism from French into Huron, and arranged to have it printed. It was the first printed text in that language (with French orthography). He also compiled a dictionary of Huron words, emphasizing translation of religious phrases such as from prayers and the Bible.
Death
Brébeuf was killed at St. Ignace in Huronia on 16 March 1649. He had been taken captive with Gabriel Lalemant when the Iroquois destroyed the Huron mission village at Saint-Louis. The Iroquois took the priests to the occupied village of Taenhatenteron (also known as St. Ignace), where they subjected the missionaries and native converts to ritual torture before killing them.
Three priests had been killed in Mohawk country at Ossernenon in 1642 and 1646. Antoine Daniel had been killed in a similar Iroquois raid in 1648. Charles Garnier was killed by Iroquois in December 1649 in a Petun (Tobacco People) village, and Noel Chabanel was also martyred that year in the conflict between the Mohawk and other tribes. The Jesuits considered the priests' martyrdom as proof that the mission to the Native Americans was blessed by God and would be successful.
Throughout the torture, Brébeuf was reported to have been more concerned for the fate of the other Jesuits and of the captive Native converts than for himself. As part of the ritual, the Iroquois drank his blood and ate his heart, as they wanted to absorb Brébeuf's courage in enduring the pain. The Iroquois mocked baptism by pouring boiling water over his head.
The Jesuits Christophe Regnault and Paul Ragueneau provided the two accounts of the deaths of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalement. According to Regnault, they learned of the tortures and deaths from Huron refugee witnesses who had escaped from Saint-Ignace. Regnault went to see the bodies to verify the accounts, and his superior Rageuneau's account was based on his report. The main accounts of Brébeuf's death come from The Jesuit Relations. Jesuit accounts of his torture emphasize his stoic nature and acceptance, claiming that he suffered silently without complaining.
Potential martyrdom was a central component of the Jesuit missionary identity. Missionaries going to Canada knew they were at risk from harsh conditions, as well as from confronting alien cultures. They expected to die in the name of God; they believed the missionary life and its risks were a chance to save converts and be saved.
Relics, beatification and canonization
Fathers Brébeuf and Lalement were recovered and buried together in a Sainte Marie cemetery. Brébeuf's relics later became important religious objects within Catholic New France. Historian Allan Greer notes that "his death seemed to fit the profile of a perfect martyr's end" and was preceded by what were considered religious signs pointing to correspondences with the Passion of Christ, which added to the significance of Brébeuf. On 21 March 1649, Jesuit inspectors found the bodies of Brébeuf and Lalement. In the late spring of 1649, Christophe Regnault prepared the skeletal remains of Brébeuf and Lalemant for transportation to Québec for safekeeping. Regnault boiled away the remaining flesh and reburied it in the mission church, scraped the bones and dried them in an oven, wrapped each relic in separate silk, deposited them in two small chests, and sent them to Québec.
Brébeuf's family later donated his skull in a silver reliquary to the Catholic church orders in Québec. It was held by the women of the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec and the Ursuline convent from 1650 until 1925, when the relics were moved to the Québec Seminary for a ceremony to celebrate Brébeuf's beatification. According to Catholic belief, these relics provide physical access to the influence of the saint of whom they are a part.
In 1652 Paul Raguenau went through the Relations and pulled out material relating to the martyrs of New France. He formalized this material in a document, to be used as the foundation of canonization proceedings, entitled Memoires touchant la mort et les vertus (des Pères Jesuits), or the Manuscript of 1652. The religious communities in New France considered the Jesuit martyrs as imitators of previous saints in the Catholic Church. In this sense, Brébeuf in particular, and others like him, reinforced the notion that "...Canada was a land of saints".
Catherine de Saint-Augustin said that Brébeuf appeared to her in a vision at the Québec Hôtel-Dieu while she was in a state of "mystical ecstasy," and he acted as her spiritual advisor. According to one account, Catherine de Saint-Augustin ground up part of Brébeuf's relic bone and gave it in a drink to a heretical and mortally ill man. It is said that the man was cured of his disease. In another instance, in 1660–61, a possessed woman was exorcised by the aid of one of Brébeuf's ribs, again while under the care of Catherine de Saint-Augustin. The exact circumstances of this event are disputed. Brébeuf's relics were also used by nuns who were treating wounded Huguenot (Protestant) soldiers, and they "reported that his assistance [bone slivers put in soldiers' drinks] helped rescue these patients from heresy".
Jean de Brébeuf was canonized by Pope Pius XI on 29 June 1930, and proclaimed one of the patron saints of Canada by Pope Pius XII on 16 October 1940. A contemporary newspaper account of the canonization declares: "Brébeuf, the 'Ajax of the mission', stands out among them [others made saints with him] because of his giant frame, a man of noble birth, of vigorous passions tamed by religion," describing both the man and his defining drive according to formal terms of hagiography.
Modern era
It is said that the modern name of the Native North American sport of lacrosse was first coined by Brébeuf who thought that the sticks used in the game reminded him of a bishop's crosier (crosse in French, and with the feminine definite article, la crosse).
He is buried in the Church of St. Joseph at the reconstructed Jesuit mission of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons across Highway 12 from the Martyrs' Shrine Catholic Church near Midland, Ontario. A plaque near the grave of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant was unearthed during excavations at Ste Marie in 1954. The letters read "P. Jean de Brébeuf /brusle par les Iroquois /le 17 de mars l'an/1649" (Father Jean de Brébeuf, burned by the Iroquois, 17 March 1652).
In September 1984, Pope John Paul II prayed over Brébeuf's skull before fully joining in an outdoor ecumenical service on the grounds of the nearby Martyrs' Shrine. The service was attended by an estimated 75,000 and mixed pre-Christian first-nation ritual with Catholic liturgy.
Numerous schools are named in his honour:
St. Jean Brebeuf School in Calgary, Alberta
St. John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School in Abbotsford, British Columbia.
St. John Brebeuf School in Winnipeg, Manitoba, which is part of the St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish
Brebeuf College School in Toronto, Ontario
St. Jean de Brébeuf Catholic Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario
St. Jean de Brébeuf Catholic Elementary School in Brantford, Ontario (Closed 2009)
St. Jean de Brebeuf Catholic High School in Vaughan, Ontario
St. Jean Brebeuf Catholic School in Brampton, Ontario
St. John Brebeuf Catholic School in Erin, Ontario, which is part of St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish, part of the Roman Catholic Diocese in Hamilton, Ontario
Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in Montreal, Quebec
École Jean-de-Brébeuf in Gatineau, Québec
Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis, Indiana
There is Eglise St-Jean de Brebeuf in Sudbury, Ontario, and a St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish in Niles, Illinois, USA. There is also a unit at Camp Ondessonk in the Shawnee National Forest named after Jean de Brébeuf. The Catholic camp is named for all of the North American Martyrs and those who helped them.
The parish municipality of Brébeuf, Quebec, is named after him, as is rue de Brébeuf on the Plateau Mont-Royal in Montreal. Parc Brébeuf in the Hull region of Gatineau, Quebec is named in his honour, and features a statue.
The character of Christophe in The Orenda, a 2013 novel by Joseph Boyden, is based on Jean de Brebeuf. The novel won the 2014 Canada Reads competition, a reality show with elimination-style voting on CBC Radio.
Jean de Brébeuf is the subject of Brébeuf and his Brethren, a blank-verse epic poem by the Canadian poet E. J. Pratt, FRSC, for which Pratt was awarded one of his three Governor General's Awards for Poetry in 1940.
See also
Saint Jean de Brébeuf, patron saint archive
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Bimbenet-Privat, Michèle, « Le buste reliquaire de saint Jean de Brébeuf par Charles de Poilly (1664), Un chef-d'œuvre de l'orfèvrerie parisienne conservé au Québec », Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France 1995, Paris, Édition-diffusion de Boccard, 1997, p. 229-235, 4 ill.
Derome, Robert, « Le buste-reliquaire de saint Jean de Brébeuf, histoires et mythes », Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France 1995, Paris, Édition-diffusion de Boccard, 1997, p. 236-253, 6 ill.
Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "THE JESUIT MARTYRS IN CANADA. (A.D. 1644-1649.)." In: The Lives of the Saints. Volume the Eighth: July - Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 733–788.
1593 births
1649 deaths
Battles of the Beaver Wars
Jesuit martyrs
Jesuit saints
17th-century French Jesuits
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada
Canadian Jesuits
Canadian Roman Catholic saints
French Roman Catholic saints
17th-century Christian saints
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
French Roman Catholic missionaries
People murdered in Canada
French murder victims
Jesuit missionaries in New France
French torture victims | [
-0.138417586684227,
0.7768052220344543,
-0.5572605133056641,
-0.005928467959165573,
-0.13131113350391388,
0.8054871559143066,
1.1990243196487427,
0.24831858277320862,
-0.36787906289100647,
-0.9357408285140991,
-0.30467474460601807,
0.21098138391971588,
0.20926415920257568,
0.07903323322534561,
-0.06131589040160179,
-0.19488734006881714,
0.4668721556663513,
-0.36202722787857056,
-0.029178079217672348,
-0.5506132245063782,
-0.2836046814918518,
-0.3883463740348816,
0.3472774028778076,
0.1686156988143921,
0.11507216095924377,
0.07349550724029541,
0.061779048293828964,
0.2082570344209671,
0.34442320466041565,
-0.3249582350254059,
0.2637680768966675,
0.9134939312934875,
0.44190433621406555,
-0.4384153187274933,
-0.5894254446029663,
0.5792856216430664,
-0.2447005808353424,
-0.03582053631544113,
0.004292941186577082,
0.04564310610294342,
0.03778959810733795,
0.20942774415016174,
0.0024906450416892767,
0.21089980006217957,
0.05218002200126648,
0.1710296869277954,
-1.530132532119751,
0.2159021496772766,
-0.4676872491836548,
-0.12478822469711304,
0.48283666372299194,
0.11509675532579422,
0.43809494376182556,
0.5113425254821777,
-0.6905360221862793,
0.5074496269226074,
-0.8205952644348145,
-0.19121041893959045,
0.28495845198631287,
-0.41193637251853943,
0.4974471628665924,
0.20288832485675812,
0.5866442322731018,
0.11102040857076645,
-0.08892974257469177,
-0.38604453206062317,
-0.18671733140945435,
0.3539908826351166,
0.4448060393333435,
-0.506501317024231,
0.08747225999832153,
-0.00631538312882185,
0.02160656452178955,
0.06377783417701721,
0.4143430292606354,
-0.5596840977668762,
-0.1429731249809265,
0.08965534716844559,
0.11017944663763046,
0.3124023973941803,
-0.37285351753234863,
-0.2339283525943756,
0.7372961640357971,
-0.1784498691558838,
0.14177416265010834,
0.9121593236923218,
-0.016666200011968613,
0.11373063921928406,
-0.5607656836509705,
-0.2421642392873764,
-0.3205154836177826,
-0.4966500699520111,
-0.22898438572883606,
0.4324834942817688,
0.20439650118350983,
0.3998485803604126,
-0.037616558372974396,
-0.22547248005867004,
-0.15990085899829865,
-0.20719517767429352,
-0.08671488612890244,
0.190018892288208,
0.4469214379787445,
0.674742579460144,
0.030051041394472122,
-0.2153838574886322,
0.05700907111167908,
-0.15037132799625397,
-0.6821366548538208,
-0.9331583380699158,
-0.1558801233768463,
0.21863269805908203,
-0.9141685962677002,
0.15514597296714783,
0.1444866955280304,
0.2640681862831116,
0.47996073961257935,
-0.9642844796180725,
-0.4001469016075134,
0.043209850788116455,
-0.14273224771022797,
0.6959419846534729,
0.244320347905159,
-0.2160787135362625,
-0.49342066049575806,
0.049449373036623,
0.03859790787100792,
-0.2898566424846649,
-0.10501705855131149,
0.5221661329269409,
-0.004348368383944035,
1.077718734741211,
-0.1669086068868637,
-0.6112877130508423,
-0.5522302985191345,
0.2415662258863449,
-0.18427003920078278,
0.5275049209594727,
-0.7426133751869202,
-0.025234375149011612,
-1.1083271503448486,
-0.16743570566177368,
-0.7464900612831116,
0.024372737854719162,
0.5229573249816895,
0.16590861976146698,
0.014768248423933983,
-0.4077243506908417,
-0.11267292499542236,
-0.037340983748435974,
-0.7207862138748169,
0.0004663901636376977,
0.18134427070617676,
-0.3421555757522583,
-0.3355278968811035,
0.6331936717033386,
0.26825976371765137,
0.5792955756187439,
0.018389059230685234,
0.02023984305560589,
0.2218320369720459,
0.07059450447559357,
0.14318032562732697,
0.2575558125972748,
0.33484092354774475,
0.030013352632522583,
-0.010541664436459541,
0.19380322098731995,
0.09875690937042236,
-0.10967221111059189,
-0.11953363567590714,
-0.2819482386112213,
-0.04701853543519974,
-0.702976644039154,
0.03579793497920036,
0.4022299647331238,
0.35552477836608887,
0.1624506413936615,
-0.035790733993053436,
-0.15737828612327576,
-0.7460955381393433,
0.3801743984222412,
0.3338325321674347,
-0.4892682135105133,
0.2686498165130615,
0.34382539987564087,
0.6287848353385925,
-0.241877019405365,
-0.1227211207151413,
0.5397363305091858,
-0.548570454120636,
-0.7453669309616089,
0.4970962703227997,
-0.4330049753189087,
1.54533851146698,
0.5034076571464539,
-0.3835442066192627,
0.5813291668891907,
0.2231454700231552,
0.4547630846500397,
-0.6706101298332214,
-0.060951147228479385,
0.21975894272327423,
0.4946343004703522,
-0.42539435625076294,
1.429788589477539,
0.5890795588493347,
0.0944485068321228,
0.46163058280944824,
0.9127203822135925,
0.5281704664230347,
0.028620775789022446,
0.5014273524284363,
0.48502078652381897,
-0.38869115710258484,
-0.464450865983963,
-0.2353709191083908,
0.06904483586549759,
-0.07250010967254639,
-0.17954349517822266,
0.3372543752193451,
-0.02193893864750862,
-0.11752390116453171,
0.6688085794448853,
0.09059608727693558,
0.6685735583305359,
0.11211728304624557,
0.5116159915924072,
0.11310301721096039,
-0.8408157825469971,
0.09961780160665512,
0.5991237163543701,
0.17701780796051025,
-0.34627845883369446,
-0.30882003903388977,
-0.20431730151176453,
0.09803120791912079,
-0.38175198435783386,
-0.041879668831825256,
0.0349392332136631,
0.3395673632621765,
0.5257377028465271,
-0.1941520869731903,
0.18441666662693024,
0.07828476279973984,
0.47690293192863464,
0.39569196105003357,
0.2677976191043854,
0.5479664206504822,
-0.47717761993408203,
0.20467223227024078,
0.6635380387306213,
-0.4948779046535492,
0.500932514667511,
0.5822360515594482,
-0.4779855012893677,
0.7782336473464966,
0.07323472946882248,
0.17921453714370728,
0.34410521388053894,
0.6200881004333496,
-0.38786619901657104,
-0.5128346085548401,
0.6113016605377197,
0.1669265627861023,
-0.9629603028297424,
-0.1802809238433838,
-0.23410634696483612,
0.07308042794466019,
0.0046533094719052315,
0.09629501402378082,
-0.6259546875953674,
-0.13536331057548523,
-0.8708222508430481,
0.665163516998291,
-0.29184690117836,
-0.40777072310447693,
0.7836212515830994,
-0.08198804408311844,
0.005886348430067301,
-0.09165571630001068,
0.8222130537033081,
-0.5612258315086365,
0.3109075427055359,
0.4549174904823303,
0.08950837701559067,
-0.022122863680124283,
-0.2155054658651352,
0.6110550165176392,
-0.27913132309913635,
0.4089813828468323,
0.31811410188674927,
-0.19303928315639496,
0.13821759819984436,
-0.11926313489675522,
0.1057969257235527,
-0.14565789699554443,
-0.6395696401596069,
-0.08851822465658188,
0.08464925736188889,
-0.6833606362342834,
0.030338125303387642,
-0.20694193243980408,
0.1439860463142395,
0.4625026285648346,
-0.24911436438560486,
-0.06559564918279648,
-0.07032646238803864,
-5.376070976257324,
0.2876242995262146,
0.10673297941684723,
-0.0035892471205443144,
-0.383530855178833,
-0.3776926100254059,
0.6603755950927734,
-0.23617999255657196,
0.061768531799316406,
-0.06815224885940552,
0.17385034263134003,
-0.14651912450790405,
-0.7793383002281189,
0.1413579136133194,
0.4140642583370209,
0.7957512736320496,
0.23491819202899933,
0.02384036034345627,
0.11185724288225174,
0.35855600237846375,
-0.12815378606319427,
0.27063027024269104,
-0.11139543354511261,
-0.22500687837600708,
0.3915407061576843,
0.2771758735179901,
0.003961220849305391,
0.625194787979126,
-0.9158889055252075,
0.26973316073417664,
0.2302219122648239,
-0.09764066338539124,
0.5327861905097961,
-0.6872868537902832,
-0.38586071133613586,
-0.3254576027393341,
0.7050953507423401,
0.6771014332771301,
0.1836722493171692,
0.15811370313167572,
-0.3367449939250946,
0.06916806101799011,
-0.6750546097755432,
0.4482364058494568,
0.07635187357664108,
-0.6844732761383057,
-0.9944959282875061,
0.48937150835990906,
0.21952547132968903,
0.9453768730163574,
-0.048608604818582535,
-0.350612610578537,
0.12772773206233978,
-0.09177135676145554,
0.7354307174682617,
-0.5920031666755676,
0.2979004979133606,
0.36719003319740295,
-0.6585025787353516,
0.31933438777923584,
0.6385168433189392,
-0.6786320209503174,
-0.26155057549476624,
-0.6972591280937195,
0.48887184262275696,
-0.24685706198215485,
0.06645709276199341,
-0.08730354905128479,
0.11484218388795853,
-0.6964927911758423,
0.34278491139411926,
0.6452658176422119,
-0.017677797004580498,
-1.009621024131775,
-0.46587908267974854,
-0.5815278887748718,
-0.5924468040466309,
0.0106122437864542,
-0.1295783668756485,
0.01991845667362213,
0.20364783704280853,
-0.2411782145500183,
-0.26780766248703003,
0.7146619558334351,
0.8157148361206055,
0.06561687588691711,
-0.5957669615745544,
0.43127185106277466,
-0.6739946603775024,
-0.22831295430660248,
0.13187380135059357,
-0.193940669298172,
-0.026201646775007248,
0.48617568612098694,
-0.4334779977798462,
0.11717163026332855,
0.177915558218956,
-0.3547864556312561,
0.1416003257036209,
-0.18584281206130981,
-0.212311252951622,
0.12188998609781265,
-0.08855201303958893,
-0.41419869661331177,
-0.04117906093597412,
-0.19102051854133606,
-0.46608850359916687,
0.41201841831207275,
0.6265124678611755,
0.8790855407714844,
0.11918362230062485,
0.2555729150772095,
-0.42427971959114075,
-0.18752551078796387,
0.0505249947309494,
-0.20428895950317383,
-0.18223470449447632,
0.15371757745742798,
1.3649824857711792,
0.207889124751091,
0.14239567518234253,
0.196081280708313,
-0.45537981390953064,
-0.25436076521873474,
0.1932677924633026,
0.16921669244766235,
0.08697205781936646,
0.12165345251560211,
-0.577582597732544,
-0.0886654406785965,
-0.2862839102745056,
-0.16966915130615234,
-0.19954490661621094,
-0.07610133290290833,
0.2291336953639984,
-0.3349544107913971,
-0.6775647401809692,
-0.38833728432655334,
0.16212831437587738,
-0.2620963156223297,
-0.06949933618307114,
-0.2845793664455414,
-0.2182096540927887,
0.5713807940483093,
-0.1282324194908142,
0.627547562122345,
0.684643566608429,
-0.18983639776706696,
-0.1283857375383377,
0.9263758063316345,
-0.24840117990970612,
-0.3213270306587219,
0.2825230360031128,
0.3684687912464142,
-0.05964396148920059,
-0.20383791625499725,
0.3074842691421509,
0.059234727174043655,
0.298138827085495,
0.02197515219449997,
0.31416311860084534,
0.2547151744365692,
-0.4552295506000519,
-0.029487982392311096,
0.07758857309818268,
-0.028994979336857796,
0.11043374985456467,
-0.5664400458335876,
-0.6996312737464905,
0.5483629703521729,
0.23073789477348328,
-0.7217074036598206,
-0.8059722781181335,
0.05856451392173767,
0.23079848289489746,
-0.3495239317417145,
0.2949050962924957,
0.20581328868865967,
0.29400670528411865,
-0.21823081374168396,
-0.23369555175304413,
0.0798606351017952,
-0.08821513503789902,
0.09353760629892349,
0.8320448398590088,
-0.45866382122039795,
-0.46582794189453125,
-0.7801538109779358,
-0.06706666201353073,
-0.2670898139476776,
-0.15278415381908417,
0.10535144805908203,
-0.421784907579422,
0.9076276421546936,
0.1168125793337822,
-0.7360689640045166,
-0.2104634791612625,
-0.372843474149704,
0.3059050142765045,
-0.26273784041404724,
0.043411970138549805,
-0.09976532310247421,
0.02471904270350933,
0.33849790692329407,
0.001738302526064217,
-0.9282624125480652,
0.4222946763038635,
0.1241103783249855,
-0.3086595833301544,
0.4337882995605469,
-0.00700245751067996,
-0.36687013506889343,
0.3267313241958618,
0.6717820167541504,
-0.3789466917514801,
-0.40434035658836365,
0.29801496863365173,
0.4268187880516052,
-0.17790000140666962,
-0.31394925713539124,
-0.907652735710144,
-0.45987579226493835,
-0.678862452507019,
-0.5776943564414978,
-0.6703540682792664,
0.6198587417602539,
0.1634315848350525,
0.17763067781925201,
0.4036352038383484,
-0.24971838295459747,
0.014691703021526337,
-0.25891780853271484,
-0.1774832010269165,
-0.04440556839108467,
-0.006166564300656319,
0.13492856919765472,
0.620655357837677,
-0.009222770109772682,
0.16925720870494843,
-0.23209790885448456,
0.3806498646736145,
0.7113919258117676,
0.3666069507598877,
-0.37524303793907166,
-0.20219780504703522,
0.2429506927728653,
-0.2270497828722,
-0.10864288359880447,
0.17198896408081055,
-0.2416466474533081,
-0.6120280623435974,
-0.5603411793708801,
-0.3869445025920868,
-0.04154509678483009,
0.8481496572494507,
0.38593590259552,
-0.5501530766487122,
0.40075963735580444,
-0.12388364970684052,
-0.017393335700035095,
0.12490982562303543,
0.14106601476669312,
0.0935140922665596,
-0.09595463424921036,
-0.11795759946107864,
-0.3459162712097168,
-0.2548619508743286,
-0.2607920169830322,
-0.4467991888523102,
-0.23719774186611176,
-0.42836007475852966,
-1.031378149986267,
-0.6458491086959839,
0.7238816618919373,
-0.06328331679105759,
-0.27751946449279785,
0.25642967224121094,
-0.28711074590682983,
0.7526257038116455,
-0.6125568747520447,
-0.6332221627235413,
0.14349400997161865,
0.052414439618587494,
0.5347515940666199,
0.40723302960395813,
-0.3754831552505493,
-0.16822685301303864,
0.19761775434017181,
0.1696666032075882,
-0.042457517236471176,
-0.4746648669242859,
0.10036332160234451,
-0.17802830040454865,
0.344079852104187,
0.20970401167869568,
0.551474392414093,
-0.4390384554862976,
0.16359122097492218,
-0.20226244628429413,
-0.059876251965761185,
-0.7768205404281616,
0.6977463364601135,
0.5148306488990784,
-0.5124714374542236,
0.6186095476150513,
0.23289258778095245,
-0.04395384341478348,
0.5946357250213623,
-0.1801677942276001,
0.11758463084697723,
0.12214888632297516,
0.0894981399178505,
-0.2574862241744995,
-0.1943805068731308,
-0.45325785875320435,
-0.10178779065608978,
0.08560039848089218,
-0.8521528840065002,
-0.6886234283447266,
-0.07644817233085632,
0.17686615884304047,
0.09873591363430023,
0.6499491930007935,
-0.3536069095134735,
0.2991442084312439,
0.8868039846420288,
-0.12626343965530396,
-0.5142209529876709,
-0.3210839331150055,
-0.16990923881530762,
0.09525883942842484,
0.15409374237060547,
-0.9341932535171509,
0.2036406248807907,
-0.4210694134235382,
0.34366196393966675,
-0.12234485149383545,
-0.02432945743203163,
0.0987389013171196,
0.06644775718450546,
0.08421660959720612,
1.1767774820327759,
-0.8255107402801514,
-0.31607359647750854,
-0.21460360288619995,
0.26744621992111206,
-0.025466376915574074,
0.10026559978723526,
0.2972744405269623,
-0.07722771912813187,
0.2769305109977722,
-0.019295405596494675,
0.3155583441257477,
-0.13226580619812012,
-0.23603448271751404,
0.1588454246520996,
0.7297242879867554,
-0.2427663803100586,
-0.5856872797012329,
-0.7338137626647949,
-0.034208763390779495,
-0.80002361536026,
0.6024656295776367,
0.09581810235977173,
-0.015132666565477848,
-0.15717527270317078,
-0.07014141231775284,
-0.5304749011993408,
0.5157328248023987,
0.24716338515281677,
-0.12524957954883575,
-0.2848071753978729,
0.24516381323337555,
0.19586515426635742,
0.33080893754959106,
0.1275835931301117,
0.05203906074166298,
0.2291598618030548,
-0.2171269804239273,
-0.0326058566570282,
-0.3018127679824829,
-0.3447502553462982,
-0.18973499536514282,
0.11739169806241989,
0.32380354404449463,
-0.0987059697508812,
-0.20789359509944916,
0.4089549481868744,
-0.14105169475078583,
-0.42488589882850647,
-0.05101296678185463,
-0.7309379577636719,
-0.28638315200805664,
-0.16917866468429565,
-0.5041397213935852,
0.23310218751430511,
0.037938810884952545,
0.8441057205200195,
-0.08208029717206955,
-0.1379069983959198,
-0.09545814990997314,
-0.2274448275566101,
0.11894290894269943,
-0.1846064329147339,
-0.06538821011781693,
0.37398040294647217,
-0.31252580881118774,
0.8370797634124756,
-0.8702262043952942,
0.29369500279426575,
0.17705124616622925,
0.0737936943769455,
-0.45916640758514404,
-0.07835502922534943,
0.14065568149089813,
-0.055832237005233765,
0.46408581733703613,
0.19232964515686035,
-0.14252011477947235,
0.4391308128833771,
-0.33983656764030457,
-0.18730811774730682,
-0.2670685052871704,
0.2711263597011566,
-0.35712674260139465,
-0.5045461058616638,
-0.3188881278038025,
-0.2770196497440338,
-0.10778556764125824,
0.17170535027980804,
0.7817277908325195,
-0.11257804185152054,
-0.6950973868370056,
0.26248428225517273,
0.004791421350091696,
-0.6481590867042542,
0.7827285528182983,
0.3825179934501648,
0.38547104597091675,
-0.40538281202316284,
0.7460359334945679,
-0.2351977527141571,
0.2122846096754074,
0.37621480226516724,
-2.2998619079589844,
0.09000208228826523,
0.43560367822647095,
-0.5419192910194397,
0.03176775574684143,
0.5266978740692139,
0.2637682855129242,
-0.3494155704975128,
0.3515867292881012,
-0.9234651923179626,
0.13028459250926971,
-0.1548578441143036,
0.10162778943777084,
-0.2344989776611328,
0.5166248679161072,
0.3247079849243164
] |
247636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Grand%20Prix | Canadian Grand Prix | The Canadian Grand Prix () is an annual motor racing event held since 1961. It has been part of the Formula One World Championship since 1967. It was first staged at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario, as a sports car event, before alternating between Mosport and Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Quebec, after Formula One took over the event. After 1971, safety concerns led to the Grand Prix moving permanently to Mosport. In 1978, after similar safety concerns with Mosport, the Canadian Grand Prix moved to its current home at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on Notre Dame Island in Montreal.
In 2005, the Canadian Grand Prix was the most watched Formula One GP in the world. The race was also the third most watched sporting event worldwide, behind the first place Super Bowl XXXIX and the UEFA Champions League Final.
Preceding the qualifying session in 2014, the Grand Prix organizers announced they had agreed to a 10-year extension to keep the Canadian Grand Prix at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve through 2024. The 2020 and 2021 events were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.
History
Origins
The early Canadian Grand Prix was one of the premier events of the new Canadian Sports Car Championship, a series which had been created alongside the Canadian Grand Prix at Mosport Park near Toronto in 1961. Mosport Park (which is still in its original layout configuration) was a spectacular and challenging circuit which had many ups and downs; the circuit was popular with drivers. Several international sports car as well as Formula One drivers participated in the event. For the first five years, the event would be won by drivers with either prior Formula One experience, or would enter the championship after winning the Canadian Grand Prix. In 1966 the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ran the event, with American Mark Donohue winning. Formula One took over the following year, although the CSCC and Can-Am series continued to compete at Mosport in their own events.
Formula One
Mosport Park and Mont-Tremblant
The event was run as part of the Formula One world championship first in 1967; Mosport Park was selected as the venue for the event. The Ontario circuit alternated with the Circuit Mont-Tremblant in Quebec, where the Canadian Grand Prix was held in 1968 and 1970. Mont-Tremblant, located hours northwest of Montreal was much like Mosport Park in that it was a spectacular circuit which had much elevation change and was very challenging. The first championship race was held between the German and Italian rounds on 27 August; it was won by Jack Brabham with his New Zealander teammate Denny Hulme completing a Brabham 1–2.
The 1968 event, which was moved to late September so it could be paired with the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen saw the unlucky New Zealander Chris Amon lead from the start until 17 laps from the end of the 90 lap distance when his gearbox broke; the McLaren team finished 1–2 with Amon's countrymen Hulme and Bruce McLaren taking top honours.
Following the 1968 season, a group led by John Bassett and race sponsor Imperial Tobacco developed a proposal to move both the Grand Prix and Mosport's Telegram Trophy IndyCar race to a new street circuit in Toronto along Lake Shore Boulevard and through Exhibition Place with the start/finish line and pits to be located inside Exhibition Stadium. Bassett dropped the idea just as the bill was going through third reading before Toronto city council. The idea to move the race to an urban location would return a decade later.
The 1969 event at Mosport Park saw Briton Jackie Stewart climb up from 4th to take the lead, but Jacky Ickx was coming up fast, and Stewart and Ickx battled until lap 33, when they came to lap privateer Al Pease for the fourth time, Ickx attempted to pass Stewart, and the two cars collided. Stewart was unable to get his Matra going, but Ickx did get his Brabham going, and held onto the lead until the checkered flag. An angry Stewart complained to his boss Ken Tyrrell about Pease, who complained to the organizers. The 48-year-old Pease was then given the black disqualification flag after completing less than half the number of laps the leaders had completed in an almost embarrassingly outdated Eagle-Climax, and became the only driver in F1 history ever to be disqualified for being too slow. The 1970 event saw Ickx win again with his Swiss teammate Clay Regazzoni making the result a Ferrari 1–2. But the Mont-Tremblant circuit was not used again for Formula One because of safety concerns regarding the bitter winters seriously affecting the track surface and a dispute with the local racing authorities there in 1972. The alternating of the race stopped and Mosport solely continued to hold the Canadian Grand Prix from 1971.
The 1971 event saw Mosport Park flooded with rain; the main event was delayed after a fatal accident at a Formula Ford support race and by the time it started, it was raining heavily. Jackie Stewart took victory easily in a Tyrrell from Swede Ronnie Peterson in a March. 1972 saw Mosport upgraded with new safety features, and Stewart won again. 1973 was an interesting event; like the race 2 years previous it was a rain-soaked event. Austrian new-boy Niki Lauda in a BRM took the lead from Peterson in a Lotus on Lap 3, Lauda led until the 20th lap when he came to change tires; there was considerable confusion after François Cevert and Jody Scheckter collided on Lap 33 leading to a bungled pace car interlude after which things became very confused as the pace car failed to pick up the leader and allowed those ahead to gain almost a lap. All this meant that Briton Jackie Oliver ended up in the lead with American Peter Revson second and Frenchman Jean-Pierre Beltoise third. Of these three Revson had the most competitive car and so eventually moved into the lead and led all the way to the flag while Peterson's Brazilian teammate Emerson Fittipaldi charged to try to make up for lost ground and overtook Oliver and Beltoise in the closing laps to grab second. For hours after the race confusion reigned but eventually it was confirmed that Revson was the winner- thanks to a lucky break when the pace car came out. The 1974 event saw Fittipaldi win while his championship rivals Clay Regazzoni finished 2nd and Jody Scheckter crashed heavily after a brake failure on his Tyrrell. There was no 1975 event, and the 1976 event was one where Briton James Hunt found out that his 9 points from Brands Hatch were taken away and he was disqualified; Hunt won the Canadian Grand Prix event that year, driving furiously throughout the race.
1977 was the race where French-Canadian Gilles Villeneuve made his debut for Ferrari. But concerns about the bumpy Mosport Park's safety arose when Briton Ian Ashley had a horrendous accident while cresting a bumpy rise. Ashley's Hesketh flipped over the Armco guardrails and went into a television tower. The German-born Englishman was seriously injured and safety operations to rescue him were inefficient and time-consuming; and the lack of safety at Mosport was underlined when Jochen Mass lost control of his McLaren and hit a guardrail that virtually flattened upon impact. Jody Scheckter won this race in his Wolf, but with continuing safety concerns, a new proposal was brought forward. Labatt, the sponsor who held the rights to F1 racing in Canada at the time, as well as the owners of Mosport Park revived the 1968 proposal to move the race to Toronto's Exhibition Place after the FIA deemed Mosport as an unsuitable host facility going forward. Toronto city council turned down the proposal by a margin of two votes and within a few hours, Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau had negotiated with Labatt to move the race permanently to Montreal. A third attempt at a Toronto race eventually came to fruition by competing Canadian brewer Molson in 1986 as the Molson Indy Toronto, part of the Indy Car World Series
A plan was quickly put together to develop a track called the Circuit Île Notre Dame; a man-made island in the middle of the St. Lawrence sea-way that was the site of the famous Expo '67; specific roads on the island were combined and modified, and then pit facilities were built to make a temporary race track. The Canadian Grand Prix was first held there in 1978 and it has been held there ever since, with the exception of four years when the event was cancelled.
Montreal
The first winner in Montreal was Quebec native Villeneuve, driving a Ferrari. 1979 saw circuit layout modifications to make it faster, and Australian Alan Jones win, and he then won the 1980 race and the Drivers' Championship that year. 1980 also saw a big startline pile-up with involved Jones's Brazilian championship rival Nelson Piquet after he and Jones collided going into the very fast Droit du Casino corner. Piquet jumped into his spare car with a more powerful qualifying engine; but the engine blew up and Piquet retired from the race. Frenchman Jean-Pierre Jabouille's season and F1 racing career came to an end when he crashed his Renault head-on into a tire wall. He had badly broken legs; it took the tall Frenchman months to recover. 1981 saw a rain-soaked event in which near end of the race, Villeneuve demonstrated his car control skill when the front wing of his Ferrari was askew from a crash and he drove on to third place with the car in this condition. Frenchman Jacques Laffite took what was to be his last F1 victory, followed by Briton John Watson and Villeneuve.
Villeneuve was killed in 1982 on his final qualifying lap for the Belgian Grand Prix. A few weeks after his death, the race course in Montreal was renamed Circuit Gilles Villeneuve after him. Gilles Villeneuve was one of the first people inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame, and is so far the only Canadian winner of the Formula One Canadian Grand Prix. The 1982 Canadian Grand Prix was a tragic event, in the shadow of the death of Villeneuve a month earlier. It saw another accident when Villeneuve's teammate Didier Pironi stalled at the front of the grid. First, Raul Boesel struck a glancing blow to the stationary vehicle, and then Riccardo Paletti crashed directly into the rear of Pironi's Ferrari at over . Pironi and F1 doctor Sid Watkins came to Paletti's aid to try to extract him from his car, which briefly caught fire. After a half-hour, the 23-year-old Paletti was extracted and flown to a nearby hospital, where he succumbed to his injuries. Nelson Piquet won the race in his Brabham. 1982 was also significant in that the race was moved from October to June with the event happening in early June ever since. 1983 saw Frenchman René Arnoux win his first race as a Ferrari driver, and the following year Piquet won again in a BMW-powered Brabham. 1985 saw Ferrari finish 1–2 with Italian Michele Alboreto and Swede Stefan Johansson taking top honours from Frenchman Alain Prost, while Lotus gained their final ever lock-out of the front row when Elio de Angelis and Ayrton Senna started 1–2. 1986 was a competitive race. Finn Keke Rosberg in a McLaren charged through the field, caught and then passed British leader Nigel Mansell. But Rosberg, like the other front runners, encountered problems, benefiting Mansell who won the race. In , the race was not held due to sponsorship dispute between two local breweries, Labatt and Molson. During the break the track was modified, and starting line moved to its current position.
1988 saw Brazilian Ayrton Senna take victory in the all-conquering McLaren MP4/4 with its Honda turbo engine, and the following year he so very nearly won again, but the Honda engine in his McLaren failed and Belgian Thierry Boutsen took victory, which was the first in his F1 career. 1990, like the year before, was a rain-soaked event, and it saw a number of accidents; Senna came out to win again. 1991 saw a dramatic finale in which Nigel Mansell's Williams failed on the very last lap only a few corners from the finish line; Nelson Piquet took his 23rd and final F1 victory in a Benetton. Austrian Gerhard Berger won the 1992 event after the dominant Mansell spun off after a collision with Berger's teammate Senna. Alain Prost won the 1993 event while fending off a spirited drive from Senna, and in response to the Imola tragedies, the 1994 event saw the very fast Droit du Casino curve being turned into a chicane. German Michael Schumacher won this event. Ferrari's Jean Alesi won the 1995 edition, which occurred on his 31st birthday and which would be the only win of his career. Alesi had inherited the lead when Michael Schumacher pitted with electrical problems and Damon Hill's hydraulics failed. The victory was a popular one for Alesi, particularly after several unrewarded drives the year before, namely in Italy. Alesi's win at Montreal was voted the most popular race victory of the season by many, as it was the number 27 Ferrari—once belonging to the famous Gilles Villeneuve at his much loved home Grand Prix. Schumacher gave Alesi a lift back to the pits after Alesi's car ran out of fuel just before the Pits Hairpin.
The Canadian Grand Prix race had grown in importance around this time; the demise of Grands Prix in Detroit, Phoenix and Mexico City meant that it had been the only North American Grand Prix round since 1993 and would continue to be the only round in North America up until 2000, and again from 2008 to 2011 after yet another demise of the United States Grand Prix, this time at Indianapolis. It was also one of two races in the entire Americas, the other being the Brazilian Grand Prix, although the Argentine Grand Prix had returned for 4 brief years from 1995 to 1998. The 1996 race saw the Casino corner removed and the layout changed; the run from the hairpin at the bottom of the circuit was turned into a straight. Briton Damon Hill won this event, and the 1997 race was stopped early due to a crash involving Olivier Panis. He was sidelined for nine races and some see it as a turning point in the career of the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix winner. The races from 1997 to 2004 (except 1999 and 2001) saw a romp of Michael Schumacher victories, all in a Ferrari. 1999 saw Finn Mika Häkkinen win, and in 2001, there was the first sibling 1–2 finish in the history of Formula 1, as Ralf and Michael Schumacher topped the podium. The Schumacher brothers would finish 1–2 in the 2003 edition as well, 2001 was also noted for Jean Alesi achieving Prost's best finish of the season; he celebrated his fifth place by doing several donuts in his vehicle, and throwing his helmet into the crowd. The 2007 race was the site of rookie Lewis Hamilton's first win. On lap 67, Takuma Sato overtook McLaren-Mercedes's Fernando Alonso, to cheers around the circuit, just after overtaking Ralf Schumacher and having overtaken Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen earlier in the race. The race saw Sato move from the middle of the grid to the back of the pack and to a high of fifth before a pit-stop error caused him to move back to eleventh. Sato fought up 5 places in the field in the last 15 laps to finish sixth. Sato was voted "Driver of the Day" on the ITV website over Lewis Hamilton's first win. The race also saw an atrocious crash involving Robert Kubica (who went on to win the race the following season, resulting to be his only one in F1). The 2011 Canadian Grand Prix became the longest ever Formula One race to date; rainstorms delayed the race for hours; but when it got going again Briton Jenson Button stormed through the field from last place after the restart on lap 41 and caught German leader Sebastian Vettel; whom he forced into making a mistake, passed the Red Bull driver and the Briton took victory, in what he described as "my best ever race". The 2013 Canadian Grand Prix saw Vettel dominate in his Red Bull, but it was also to see the first Formula One-related fatality in 12 years. Thirty-eight-year-old track marshal Mark Robinson was run over by a recovery vehicle, and the accident happened while marshals were removing the Sauber of Esteban Gutiérrez after the Mexican had spun off during the closing stages of the race. Robinson died later in hospital and became the first track-side death in Formula One since that of marshal Graham Beveridge at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix.
Wildlife
In the weeks leading up the Grand Prix, city officials trap as many groundhogs as they can in and around the race course, and transport the animals to nearby Île Ste-Helene. Nonetheless, in 1990, Alessandro Nannini struck a gopher on the track which damaged his tire. In 2007, a groundhog disrupted the practice session of Ralf Schumacher. On race day itself, Anthony Davidson had been running in third until he struck a groundhog, initially thought to be a beaver, which forced him to pit and repair the damage to his front wing. In 2008, a groundhog crossed the track at the hairpin in the 2nd practice session but luckily did not disrupt the session. In 2018, Romain Grosjean struck a groundhog in the 2nd practice session on the approach to turn 13, damaging his front wing.
Wall of Champions
The final corner of Circuit Gilles Villeneuve became well known for crashes involving former World Champions. In 1999, Damon Hill, Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve all crashed into the same wall which had the slogan Bienvenue au Québec (Welcome to Quebec) on it. The wall became ironically known as "Wall of Champions". The wall also was involved in a crash with Ricardo Zonta, who was, at the time, the reigning FIA GT sports car champion. In recent years, CART Champion Juan Pablo Montoya, Formula Renault 3.5 Champion Carlos Sainz Jr. and 2009 Formula One World Champion Jenson Button have also fallen victim to the wall. In 2011 Friday practice the wall claimed 4-time F1 Champion Sebastian Vettel. During Q2 in 2019, the wall claimed another former Formula Renault 3.5 champion, Kevin Magnussen, though he escaped serious injury.
Before the wall was named it also claimed victims such as 1992 World Sportscar Champion and long-time F1 driver Derek Warwick who spectacularly crashed his Arrows-Megatron during qualifying for the 1988 Canadian Grand Prix.
2009 hiatus
On 7 October 2008, the Canadian Grand Prix was dropped from the Formula One calendar, which left the Montreal race off the list for the first time since .
Since the United States Grand Prix was dropped after 2007, this meant that in 2009 no Formula One race was held in North America for the first time since 1958. (The American Indianapolis 500 formed part of the FIA World Drivers' Championship from 1950 to 1960, but was not run to Formula One regulations and only very rarely entered by regular championship competitors.)
During the Australian Grand Prix, reports surfaced that the Canadian Grand Prix could return during the 2009 season in the event that the race circuit in Abu Dhabi was not ready in time. On 26 April 2009, Speed reported Bernie Ecclestone as saying the FIA was negotiating a return of the Canadian Grand Prix for the 2010 season, provided upgrades to the circuit were completed.
On 29 August 2009, the BBC reported the provisional schedule for the season, which had both the Canadian and British Grand Prix marked down as "provisional". The Canadian GP was originally scheduled for 6 June. The 2010 Canadian Grand Prix was eventually run in Montreal on 13 June 2010.
On 27 November 2009, Quebec's officials and Canadian Grand Prix organizers announced they had reached a settlement with Formula One Administration and signed a new five-year contract spanning the 2010–2014 seasons. Under the five-year agreement, the government pays 15 million Canadian dollars a year to host the race, much less than the 35 million a year Ecclestone initially asked for.
Winners of the Canadian Grand Prix
Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
* Built by Cosworth, funded by Ford
** Between 1999 and 2005 built by Ilmor, funded by Mercedes
Year by year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Previous circuits used
References
External links
Formula 1 Grand Prix du Canada
Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame
Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on Google Maps (Current Formula 1 Tracks)
Canadian Grand Prix at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Formula One Grands Prix
National Grands Prix
Grand Prix
Recurring sporting events established in 1961
1961 establishments in Ontario
Sports car races
Can-Am races | [
-0.39830589294433594,
0.5171986222267151,
0.02916676178574562,
0.4356693625450134,
-0.23892973363399506,
-0.18366937339305878,
0.2993723154067993,
0.4292173981666565,
-0.31450173258781433,
0.03813178837299347,
0.45502084493637085,
0.5344190001487732,
0.012177499011158943,
0.5313407778739929,
-0.23852300643920898,
0.3388558030128479,
-0.002888432005420327,
0.3232479989528656,
0.5711234211921692,
-0.614715576171875,
0.06613453477621078,
-0.5266247391700745,
0.7225213646888733,
-0.1169736385345459,
-0.29782339930534363,
-0.00506911426782608,
0.6349728107452393,
0.39886724948883057,
-0.73988938331604,
0.002329352544620633,
0.21215051412582397,
0.5502176880836487,
-0.15819527208805084,
0.36162906885147095,
0.19273215532302856,
-0.18115881085395813,
0.13359196484088898,
-0.6073359251022339,
-0.008557151071727276,
-0.6843510270118713,
0.07206474244594574,
-0.290897399187088,
-0.053156640380620956,
0.5438680052757263,
0.03591257333755493,
0.4306677281856537,
-1.2177826166152954,
0.23846015334129333,
-0.7897019982337952,
-0.3603503704071045,
-0.5419884920120239,
0.0850667804479599,
-0.0331229530274868,
0.7445542216300964,
0.23974715173244476,
0.6964734792709351,
-0.18408268690109253,
-0.15095986425876617,
-0.352492094039917,
-0.4349440336227417,
0.47250908613204956,
0.7310357093811035,
0.47035321593284607,
0.6363832950592041,
0.26386767625808716,
-0.06797543168067932,
0.46034201979637146,
0.1590021699666977,
-0.15778499841690063,
-0.08031685650348663,
-0.4761091470718384,
-0.6874684691429138,
0.2995903491973877,
0.06244749203324318,
0.8154739737510681,
-0.7370862364768982,
-0.06755000352859497,
-0.0155035350471735,
0.28646352887153625,
-0.30470943450927734,
0.1718686819076538,
-0.7304663062095642,
0.4427555203437805,
0.6728378534317017,
0.46132147312164307,
0.06368597596883774,
-0.5394414663314819,
-0.516233503818512,
-0.1804599016904831,
-0.057045355439186096,
-1.290062427520752,
-0.09970492869615555,
0.3503478765487671,
-0.5635840892791748,
0.007145506329834461,
-0.14806433022022247,
-0.07520059496164322,
-0.34124475717544556,
0.8253674507141113,
0.26870959997177124,
0.6076543927192688,
-0.25148358941078186,
0.25120019912719727,
0.5281954407691956,
-1.253398060798645,
0.1698366105556488,
-0.4360099136829376,
-0.41443461179733276,
0.3365054130554199,
-0.06167474016547203,
0.17774029076099396,
0.07649275660514832,
-0.24747951328754425,
0.3374210000038147,
0.24988055229187012,
-0.45573890209198,
-0.08120213449001312,
-0.46074792742729187,
-0.2719184160232544,
0.28916728496551514,
0.2753743529319763,
-0.4575127065181732,
0.02784467674791813,
-0.17870497703552246,
-0.21262787282466888,
0.21751318871974945,
0.22271963953971863,
0.16758094727993011,
-0.14899301528930664,
-0.12686100602149963,
0.17616066336631775,
0.5146949291229248,
-0.5220333337783813,
-0.0973861813545227,
0.0496138259768486,
-0.32098355889320374,
0.4320859909057617,
-0.19301974773406982,
0.016523195430636406,
0.10169856995344162,
-0.7236048579216003,
-0.33595675230026245,
-0.6194967031478882,
-0.8301073312759399,
0.1600879430770874,
0.1781492829322815,
-0.167036771774292,
-0.21642404794692993,
0.06068648770451546,
-0.31024497747421265,
0.41257211565971375,
-0.24956603348255157,
-0.39690256118774414,
-0.39044472575187683,
0.17394110560417175,
0.8192065954208374,
0.07701589167118073,
0.32183751463890076,
0.21825608611106873,
0.6398633122444153,
-0.0853491947054863,
0.342496782541275,
0.1524641513824463,
-0.048159487545490265,
0.44102907180786133,
-0.06253942102193832,
0.2675503194332123,
-0.2265763133764267,
0.34455618262290955,
0.3145705759525299,
-0.002216770313680172,
0.14517298340797424,
0.28461310267448425,
-0.4529463052749634,
-0.4622354805469513,
-0.3950371742248535,
0.9681407809257507,
0.0060797943733632565,
0.2977045178413391,
-0.18212151527404785,
-0.5516738891601562,
0.028533075004816055,
0.07709300518035889,
-0.10055846720933914,
0.5603301525115967,
-0.07951903343200684,
0.5511378645896912,
-0.09856013208627701,
-0.3705473840236664,
0.3779219090938568,
0.4858185052871704,
-0.1200854554772377,
-0.13577386736869812,
-1.1365545988082886,
0.8615536093711853,
-0.1531914621591568,
-0.22254469990730286,
0.5068957805633545,
-0.37105241417884827,
0.3542264699935913,
-0.27578631043434143,
0.2104637622833252,
0.9394667148590088,
-0.12518925964832306,
-0.712488055229187,
0.7038037180900574,
0.33296775817871094,
0.14663878083229065,
-0.23227357864379883,
0.7032163739204407,
-0.03488185256719589,
-0.5444695949554443,
-0.4092332124710083,
0.37379521131515503,
-0.2957434356212616,
-0.5908222794532776,
-0.41501912474632263,
0.23588386178016663,
-0.4072997570037842,
0.14648476243019104,
0.42295151948928833,
0.13059771060943604,
-0.2672261595726013,
0.6480422019958496,
-0.6107399463653564,
0.513132631778717,
-0.054014965891838074,
0.42363494634628296,
0.020152946934103966,
-0.30876919627189636,
0.3831845819950104,
0.6146859526634216,
0.5809348225593567,
-0.47200989723205566,
-0.010822158306837082,
-0.04970628768205643,
0.4888354241847992,
-0.2723767161369324,
0.12969902157783508,
0.7543613910675049,
0.045495446771383286,
0.19083264470100403,
-0.8095517158508301,
0.5575849413871765,
-0.12609592080116272,
-0.07897499203681946,
0.1275235116481781,
0.6843658685684204,
-0.02459799125790596,
-0.5901712775230408,
0.16674582660198212,
-0.18738259375095367,
0.44209665060043335,
-0.06933990865945816,
0.2326004058122635,
0.46555694937705994,
0.41789719462394714,
-0.23135535418987274,
0.013347627595067024,
0.47836989164352417,
-0.31260526180267334,
-0.186200350522995,
-0.5799955129623413,
0.16038404405117035,
-0.2499212622642517,
-0.7591539621353149,
-0.1424669772386551,
0.1427057683467865,
-0.5380405187606812,
0.503650426864624,
-0.3686545193195343,
0.012704874388873577,
0.256319522857666,
-0.35620081424713135,
0.5152583718299866,
0.29735252261161804,
-0.6196146011352539,
0.6946877241134644,
-0.5653771758079529,
0.13080067932605743,
-0.3143083453178406,
0.4195149540901184,
0.19456081092357635,
-0.3997414708137512,
-0.3808799982070923,
0.6021780967712402,
-0.5134164690971375,
-0.4532720744609833,
0.08690793812274933,
-0.7535786032676697,
0.027653653174638748,
-0.027106478810310364,
-0.7643271684646606,
0.705552339553833,
0.48682257533073425,
-0.4167099595069885,
-0.34045425057411194,
0.13439826667308807,
0.3565081059932709,
-0.3411107361316681,
0.10552743822336197,
0.24050594866275787,
-0.4394712448120117,
0.039411041885614395,
0.5429839491844177,
0.31208300590515137,
-0.9638717174530029,
-0.38166728615760803,
-5.623656272888184,
-0.5287047624588013,
-0.10119769722223282,
-0.17868834733963013,
0.5663734674453735,
-0.09437499195337296,
0.43150946497917175,
0.27723780274391174,
-0.1675868034362793,
-0.00785092730075121,
0.15469233691692352,
-0.015977302566170692,
-0.5440791249275208,
0.3846930265426636,
0.44090571999549866,
0.2087903618812561,
0.1807519644498825,
-0.5290524959564209,
0.1295054405927658,
0.10263267159461975,
0.11688495427370071,
0.06995007395744324,
0.01978624239563942,
-0.28394898772239685,
0.4917975068092346,
0.458524227142334,
-0.4954795837402344,
0.11916611343622208,
-1.0481233596801758,
0.5528368353843689,
-0.5058390498161316,
0.0029885980766266584,
-0.004114014562219381,
-0.686519980430603,
-0.2822766900062561,
0.14809606969356537,
0.31126004457473755,
0.4760378897190094,
0.7466551661491394,
-0.08354063332080841,
-1.065743088722229,
-0.05950957536697388,
0.6297492980957031,
-0.38744738698005676,
0.4798954427242279,
-0.23012138903141022,
-0.5372709035873413,
-0.036880504339933395,
0.025194784626364708,
0.8309037685394287,
0.3539174795150757,
-0.0013901791535317898,
0.29632213711738586,
-0.10385902225971222,
0.02018158696591854,
-0.29070430994033813,
0.29708239436149597,
-0.6609488725662231,
-0.5635153651237488,
-0.047318436205387115,
0.04448879137635231,
-0.21270154416561127,
0.3521003723144531,
-0.4675918519496918,
-0.24034644663333893,
-0.4848305881023407,
-0.20870649814605713,
0.21121329069137573,
0.31030166149139404,
0.44076094031333923,
-0.42943763732910156,
0.30987802147865295,
-0.634403645992279,
-1.1179198026657104,
-0.2699429988861084,
0.08711415529251099,
-0.018293598666787148,
0.38891837000846863,
0.21257318556308746,
0.12434107810258865,
0.2783503532409668,
-0.1855320930480957,
-0.40775081515312195,
0.2007555365562439,
0.17649725079536438,
0.019048957154154778,
0.17217278480529785,
0.3167189955711365,
0.06046493351459503,
-0.21738407015800476,
0.5531251430511475,
-0.1768544614315033,
0.3874381482601166,
-0.0666574090719223,
0.1541285365819931,
-0.2893798053264618,
0.5419402122497559,
0.02522891014814377,
0.1296682208776474,
-1.204447627067566,
0.05987965688109398,
-0.19751690328121185,
0.7289005517959595,
-0.5625005960464478,
-1.0714181661605835,
-0.8537099957466125,
-0.16359840333461761,
0.45008954405784607,
-0.4272279441356659,
0.48949557542800903,
-0.4416419565677643,
-0.5617648363113403,
-0.47817856073379517,
-0.0441112294793129,
0.8904415369033813,
0.3443542420864105,
0.10813738405704498,
0.4184649884700775,
0.7865358591079712,
-0.007295600604265928,
0.44284310936927795,
0.12775561213493347,
-0.16041995584964752,
-0.04408997297286987,
0.7440899610519409,
0.8327897787094116,
0.15543046593666077,
0.17836736142635345,
-0.1528342217206955,
-0.2570030689239502,
-0.3936048448085785,
0.16125422716140747,
0.29681551456451416,
0.002366649219766259,
0.11511627584695816,
0.1295318901538849,
-0.6899144649505615,
0.3384523093700409,
0.19583448767662048,
-0.24844695627689362,
0.5683304071426392,
0.091310054063797,
-0.2231309711933136,
-0.14881886541843414,
-0.2124505192041397,
0.248734712600708,
-0.03156525269150734,
-0.11987405270338058,
0.45826101303100586,
0.7434231638908386,
-0.2061481922864914,
-0.5842542052268982,
0.6462960243225098,
-0.7634328007698059,
0.22435550391674042,
-0.04077690467238426,
0.3108536899089813,
-0.23732200264930725,
0.17241136729717255,
-0.8228148221969604,
0.5874459743499756,
-0.16112089157104492,
-0.6140594482421875,
-0.04050944745540619,
0.3990350365638733,
0.2454613298177719,
0.04504882171750069,
-0.5023210048675537,
-0.09889256954193115,
0.4153346121311188,
0.5811915397644043,
-0.5900368690490723,
-0.7069698572158813,
0.25077909231185913,
0.8173272609710693,
-0.22740453481674194,
-0.05719456821680069,
-0.44972413778305054,
0.3822185695171356,
-0.39847591519355774,
-0.14829914271831512,
0.096620112657547,
-0.3036991357803345,
0.5181376934051514,
0.4767202138900757,
-0.515749454498291,
-0.3273170590400696,
-0.16568978130817413,
0.3428790271282196,
0.49448680877685547,
0.7482284307479858,
0.29127568006515503,
0.44780826568603516,
0.06909088790416718,
-0.37174081802368164,
-0.24067412316799164,
-0.2530827522277832,
0.46702855825424194,
-0.28378167748451233,
0.11816175282001495,
-0.03884435445070267,
0.2449491024017334,
0.1933845579624176,
-0.010745657607913017,
0.5650854706764221,
-0.23571708798408508,
0.07377939671278,
0.0387721061706543,
-0.5223036408424377,
0.5481175780296326,
0.3622620403766632,
-0.28906652331352234,
0.7864875197410583,
0.3781379461288452,
-0.39021196961402893,
-0.09912095218896866,
-0.07765121012926102,
0.2003086358308792,
-0.6086757183074951,
0.03627008944749832,
-0.17452292144298553,
0.17384561896324158,
-0.5410389304161072,
-0.6250032782554626,
-0.32090049982070923,
0.5285643339157104,
0.7476783394813538,
-0.24110913276672363,
-0.2865990698337555,
0.16085940599441528,
-0.26069337129592896,
-0.07011659443378448,
-0.2126103937625885,
-0.46969491243362427,
0.45153164863586426,
-0.19461992383003235,
0.26838815212249756,
0.04834383726119995,
-0.23571953177452087,
-0.021370982751250267,
0.6822930574417114,
0.5588505864143372,
0.4948762357234955,
-0.6664242744445801,
-0.3593467175960541,
0.4850972294807434,
0.05088575556874275,
-0.285454660654068,
-0.19103176891803741,
0.15268367528915405,
-0.6893813610076904,
-0.01913297176361084,
-1.28197181224823,
0.19617237150669098,
0.6745831370353699,
-0.4333372414112091,
-0.6107299327850342,
0.21663053333759308,
0.20226068794727325,
-0.22892612218856812,
-0.09037455916404724,
0.26425570249557495,
-0.5724988579750061,
0.4269750416278839,
-0.1769278198480606,
0.3944666385650635,
-0.4470367729663849,
0.00893899891525507,
-0.12969742715358734,
-0.33062878251075745,
-0.21617978811264038,
-0.07545863837003708,
0.29520896077156067,
0.49789926409721375,
-0.26646968722343445,
-0.25387388467788696,
-0.6746345162391663,
-0.5549731254577637,
0.08039890974760056,
-0.037106409668922424,
-0.03685285896062851,
0.46651557087898254,
-0.13097284734249115,
0.12595541775226593,
-0.07951121777296066,
-0.3967709243297577,
-1.1336761713027954,
0.6940183043479919,
0.47831594944000244,
0.2813778817653656,
-0.26485711336135864,
-0.07960473001003265,
0.2292950302362442,
-0.023421309888362885,
-0.367707222700119,
-0.324657678604126,
0.15418344736099243,
0.5352886319160461,
0.0693192183971405,
0.3892785906791687,
-0.7526152729988098,
0.8734976053237915,
0.17372582852840424,
-0.9136678576469421,
-0.07055182009935379,
-0.08953255414962769,
0.18913599848747253,
0.07900991290807724,
-0.2515468895435333,
0.39574134349823,
0.5432396531105042,
-0.3312157988548279,
-0.43895864486694336,
0.6321286559104919,
-0.5931419730186462,
0.1489173173904419,
0.43118345737457275,
-0.6528279185295105,
0.10262215882539749,
0.23301981389522552,
-0.6010789275169373,
1.0557019710540771,
-0.12255264073610306,
0.0504346638917923,
-0.12882262468338013,
0.4331493079662323,
0.10003603994846344,
-0.7553877234458923,
0.13663001358509064,
-0.06463401764631271,
0.1387665569782257,
-0.021450353786349297,
-0.4840329587459564,
0.5482590794563293,
-0.7803815007209778,
0.07888171076774597,
-0.4026757776737213,
-0.3989231288433075,
0.08675248920917511,
0.05660301074385643,
0.21258345246315002,
-0.12099158763885498,
-0.13709871470928192,
-0.2146608680486679,
-0.05229895934462547,
0.3011358082294464,
-0.24122071266174316,
-0.19426117837429047,
0.26446405053138733,
-0.002854297636076808,
0.8598071932792664,
-0.12517648935317993,
0.19861064851284027,
-0.26917871832847595,
-0.08450783789157867,
-0.4329966902732849,
0.4660274386405945,
-0.46489208936691284,
0.0789237767457962,
-0.2429640144109726,
-0.15763407945632935,
-0.0483117550611496,
0.36489009857177734,
0.16505266726016998,
-0.10010217875242233,
0.34107595682144165,
0.9277418851852417,
0.22179695963859558,
-0.2505183219909668,
-0.007318415213376284,
-0.2367054969072342,
-0.004853411111980677,
-0.6403591632843018,
0.17630745470523834,
-0.0612245611846447,
0.17347034811973572,
-0.1587420254945755,
0.30118680000305176,
0.07842183113098145,
0.5559716820716858,
-0.23674723505973816,
0.329501748085022,
-0.40018826723098755,
-0.49642226099967957,
-0.45645490288734436,
-0.2155432105064392,
-0.49530652165412903,
0.11170421540737152,
0.32601845264434814,
0.2886548936367035,
-0.15346696972846985,
-0.41910749673843384,
-0.15753942728042603,
0.027257146313786507,
-0.5963106751441956,
-1.0192437171936035,
-0.28843867778778076,
-0.14899039268493652,
0.2532523274421692,
0.5738822817802429,
0.4007667005062103,
-0.23131921887397766,
-0.28629931807518005,
0.21904303133487701,
0.029049716889858246,
0.05152065306901932,
0.2370656430721283,
0.23355169594287872,
0.012705270200967789,
0.06179229915142059,
-0.5726619958877563,
0.10024350881576538,
-0.17570438981056213,
0.3655337989330292,
-0.5579152703285217,
-0.30840304493904114,
0.36431360244750977,
-0.007226774003356695,
-0.07972843945026398,
-0.16540071368217468,
-0.09197287261486053,
0.1767309159040451,
0.7718690037727356,
0.6552703380584717,
0.3248814642429352,
-0.12299258261919022,
-0.020552530884742737,
-0.749748170375824,
0.042543552815914154,
0.11840248852968216,
-0.054937515407800674,
-0.6062893867492676,
-0.6860238909721375,
0.30486416816711426,
0.12199954688549042,
-0.8851359486579895,
0.5339558720588684,
0.06335657089948654,
0.5515778064727783,
0.2795149087905884,
0.2747684717178345,
0.24720776081085205,
0.4014085531234741,
-0.5815553665161133,
0.5100053548812866,
-0.12175153195858002,
-0.16983911395072937,
-0.08036176860332489,
-0.506732165813446,
-0.012864063493907452,
0.21656258404254913,
0.21868544816970825,
-0.0617203414440155,
-0.23476043343544006,
0.11139998584985733,
-0.5126835703849792,
0.5652265548706055,
-0.5960356593132019,
0.010916785337030888,
0.05626647174358368
] |
247640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Keeler | Willie Keeler | William Henry Keeler (March 3, 1872 – January 1, 1923), nicknamed "Wee Willie", was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball who played from 1892 to 1910, primarily for the Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas in the National League, and the New York Highlanders in the American League. Keeler, one of the best hitters of his time, was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. One of the greatest contact hitters of all time and notoriously hard to strike out, Keeler has the highest career at bats-per-strikeout ratio in MLB history: throughout his career, on average he went more than 60 at bats between individual strikeouts.
Early life
William Henry O'Kelleher, Jr. (he later Americanized the name to Keeler) was born in Brooklyn, New York, on March 3, 1872, the son of William O'Kelleher, Sr., a trolley switch man. He played baseball from an early age, and as a freshman served as captain of his high school team. He quit school the following year, and played semiprofessional baseball in the New York City area.
Professional baseball career
In 1892, after beginning the season playing his second year with the Plainfield Crescent Cities of the Central New Jersey League, he joined the minor league team in Binghamton, New York, and he was called up to the New York Giants at the end of the season. After a trip back to the minors because of an injury at the start of the 1893 season, he returned to the Giants later that year. Initially a third baseman, he later moved to the outfield. He quickly established himself as a star, and played until retiring in 1910.
Keeler's advice to hitters was "Keep your eye clear, and hit 'em where they ain't"—"they" being the opposing fielders. His .385 career batting average after the 1898 season is the highest average in history at season's end for a player with more than 1,000 hits (1,147 hits). He compiled a .341 batting average over his career, currently 14th all time. He hit over .300 16 times in 19 seasons, and hit over .400 once. He twice led his league in batting average and three times in hits. Keeler had an amazing 206 singles during the 1898 season, a record that stood for more than 100 years until broken by Ichiro Suzuki. Additionally, Keeler had an on-base percentage of greater than .400 for seven straight seasons. When Keeler retired in 1910, he was third all-time in hits with 2,932, behind only Cap Anson and Jake Beckley.
He was one of the smallest players to play the game, standing 5 feet 4½ inches and weighing 140 pounds (64 kg), resulting in his nickname. Keeler was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939. He appeared as number 75 on The Sporting News' list of the "100 Greatest Baseball Players". In 1999, he was named as a finalist to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Having played his last game in 1910, he was the most chronologically distant player on both Top 100 lists.
Keeler had the ability to bunt most balls pitched to him, enabling him to avoid striking out; his skill at prolonging at bats by fouling pitches off with this method was the impetus for the rule change that made a foul bunt with two strikes a strikeout. In the 1899 season for the Brooklyn Superbas, in 570 at bats, Keeler struck out only twice, setting an AB-per-K mark of 285, an MLB single-season record. With Ned Hanlon's Baltimore Orioles, he perfected the "Baltimore chop", in which he would chop the ball into the ground hard enough to cause a high bounce, which enabled him to reach first base before a fielder could glove the ball and throw him out. Bill James speculated that Keeler introduced the hit and run strategy to the original Orioles and teammate John McGraw. In James' theory, Boston's Tommy McCarthy was the first manager to make wide use of the hit and run. McCarthy then taught it to John Montgomery Ward, who taught it to Keeler.
In forming the powerful original Baltimore Orioles of the late 19th century, manager Ned Hanlon was given an ownership stake in the team and a free rein to form his team. In one of the most one-sided trades in baseball history, Hanlon obtained Dan Brouthers and Keeler from Brooklyn in exchange for Billy Shindle and George Treadway. Keeler and six of his teammates from the Orioles were eventually inducted into the Hall of Fame.
In 1897, Keeler had a 44-game hitting streak to start the season, breaking the previous single season record of 42 set by Bill Dahlen. Keeler had a hit in his final game of the 1896 season, giving him a National League-record 45-game hitting streak. This mark was surpassed by Joe DiMaggio in 1941, who had a 56-game hitting streak. In 1978, Pete Rose tied Keeler's single season mark of 44 games. No other player in baseball has ever matched this feat. Keeler also had eight consecutive seasons with 200 hits or more, a record broken by Ichiro Suzuki in 2009.
In 1901, when Ban Johnson formed the American League, one of the first acts was to raid the National League and offer their stars big contracts. In 1901, Keeler received offers from six of the eight new American League clubs, including an offer from Chicago for two years at $4,300 a season ($ in current dollar terms). Keeler remained in Brooklyn and did not actually jump to the new league until 1903, when he signed with the New York Highlanders (renamed the Yankees in 1913). In 1905, Keeler set the Yankees team record for most sacrifice hits in a season with 42. He remained with the Highlanders through 1909, and played the 1910 season with the New York Giants. Keeler played in 1911 for the Eastern League's Toronto Maple Leafs, and had 43 hits in 39 games.
Later life
After his retirement, Keeler was a scout and coach for the Superbas and the Boston Braves, as well as Brooklyn's Federal League team, the Tip-Tops. He was wealthy after retiring as a player, and invested in mining companies, real estate, and other ventures. His real estate lost value in the post-World War I economic recession, and by the time of his death, his brothers and he had to sell their childhood home.
Keeler suffered from tuberculosis and endocarditis for the last five years of his life. By late 1922, his condition had worsened and whether he would live into the new year was doubtful. Seriously ill by New Year's Eve, he heard bells and sirens in the streets when the new year arrived. Keeler sat up and said to his brother, "You see, the new year is here and so am I—still." He enjoyed a drink and a smoke, then said that he was ready for a long sleep. A short time later, Keeler died; he was 50. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York.
Keeler is mentioned in the story "Hit 'em where they ain't" by Robert Ruark and as well in the poem "Line-Up for Yesterday" by Ogden Nash.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball batting champions
List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball players with a .400 batting average in a season
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders
References
External links
1872 births
1923 deaths
19th-century baseball players
American Roman Catholics
Baltimore Orioles (NL) players
Baseball players from New York (state)
Binghamton Bingos players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Brooklyn Grooms players
Brooklyn Superbas players
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)
Harvard Crimson baseball coaches
Major League Baseball right fielders
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League batting champions
New York Giants (NL) players
New York Highlanders players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Deaths from endocarditis
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
Plainfield Crescent Cities players | [
-0.28140249848365784,
-0.6776206493377686,
-0.6564405560493469,
-0.07023883610963821,
0.17888586223125458,
0.2853313088417053,
0.5013566613197327,
0.1816103309392929,
-0.5188836455345154,
-0.815174400806427,
0.33805879950523376,
-0.05597100406885147,
-0.7355140447616577,
0.1357651948928833,
-0.32519713044166565,
0.642440676689148,
-0.22821499407291412,
0.18341898918151855,
-0.1960257738828659,
-0.18661755323410034,
-0.46139732003211975,
-0.4835120141506195,
0.22755320370197296,
-0.39582154154777527,
-0.4085676670074463,
0.07190270721912384,
-0.45191147923469543,
0.14643792808055878,
0.08854328840970993,
-0.028009049594402313,
0.1828743815422058,
-0.0972970724105835,
0.8025669455528259,
-0.49395567178726196,
-0.7503693103790283,
-0.14472153782844543,
-0.2958448827266693,
-0.03405676409602165,
0.04828392714262009,
-0.20434227585792542,
-0.4178166687488556,
-0.013613816350698471,
0.4693091809749603,
-0.163664773106575,
-0.06377634406089783,
-0.3358122706413269,
-1.360848307609558,
0.33055078983306885,
-0.3760947287082672,
0.25197744369506836,
-0.17604443430900574,
0.07402219623327255,
0.13340196013450623,
-0.014787089079618454,
-0.027020037174224854,
-0.1909467875957489,
0.34593361616134644,
-0.14148184657096863,
-0.37900426983833313,
-0.32290706038475037,
0.16400207579135895,
0.10744483023881912,
1.3976390361785889,
-0.6520261764526367,
-0.018363961949944496,
0.8298860788345337,
-0.5246419310569763,
0.571942150592804,
-0.08339717984199524,
0.05355112627148628,
0.8930372595787048,
0.3923836648464203,
-0.050843361765146255,
0.5023944973945618,
0.6656162142753601,
-0.5955590605735779,
-0.12342983484268188,
0.09337892383337021,
0.04043795168399811,
0.9070144891738892,
-0.3065156042575836,
-0.4296148419380188,
0.8492541313171387,
0.5765392184257507,
-0.21222765743732452,
0.767224907875061,
-0.7199758887290955,
0.6412718892097473,
-0.5604768395423889,
-0.03626709431409836,
0.4028545618057251,
0.04564206674695015,
0.050436217337846756,
-0.4248662292957306,
-0.8529786467552185,
-0.1740298718214035,
0.2379053831100464,
-0.015511170960962772,
-0.30371057987213135,
-0.460239052772522,
0.24481938779354095,
-0.1544077843427658,
0.7290684580802917,
0.025547558441758156,
-0.2528091073036194,
0.27398452162742615,
0.5518071055412292,
-0.6133939623832703,
-0.07842780649662018,
-0.16865383088588715,
-0.52274090051651,
-0.14926834404468536,
0.2814181447029114,
-0.4833511412143707,
0.14416418969631195,
0.290817528963089,
0.6276044249534607,
-0.2106454074382782,
-0.6670873165130615,
0.08212756365537643,
-0.5911502838134766,
-0.051676779985427856,
0.010736437514424324,
-0.2617802321910858,
-0.8106275796890259,
-0.20784418284893036,
0.0278758741915226,
0.2525801658630371,
0.4861946105957031,
0.017554624006152153,
1.1662812232971191,
0.705661416053772,
-0.12082754075527191,
-0.3016337752342224,
-0.31331413984298706,
0.2511054277420044,
-0.13733366131782532,
0.2475428730249405,
-0.28424471616744995,
-0.4091510474681854,
-0.6499239206314087,
0.08170860260725021,
-0.4804393947124481,
-0.5946002006530762,
-0.7454102635383606,
-0.3363117277622223,
-0.1921786218881607,
0.09566637128591537,
-0.049048081040382385,
-0.03500056639313698,
0.5212010145187378,
-0.03310221806168556,
0.7192131876945496,
-0.47533005475997925,
-0.4658154547214508,
0.07637273520231247,
0.35193002223968506,
-0.22597360610961914,
0.8131004571914673,
0.10137467831373215,
-0.24590449035167694,
0.10785744339227676,
-0.25781625509262085,
0.025222543627023697,
0.16746102273464203,
0.2395934760570526,
0.327915757894516,
-0.42011770606040955,
-0.4943971633911133,
0.15873871743679047,
0.6329986453056335,
0.18631762266159058,
0.6368881464004517,
0.2582447826862335,
0.07864188402891159,
-0.05478235334157944,
0.3664000332355499,
-0.05670516937971115,
0.17914123833179474,
-0.5731217265129089,
-0.8712846040725708,
-0.5915147662162781,
0.5501105785369873,
0.206348717212677,
0.43533793091773987,
0.2691754996776581,
0.7698123455047607,
-0.29889917373657227,
0.5290248990058899,
-0.0970354676246643,
-0.46749478578567505,
-0.8848878741264343,
-0.6126019358634949,
-0.47549769282341003,
0.8785919547080994,
-0.0530347041785717,
-0.6805223822593689,
0.3903005123138428,
0.27486515045166016,
0.13660849630832672,
-0.13046391308307648,
-0.5468982458114624,
0.3207443952560425,
0.05419572442770004,
-0.3601495921611786,
0.32412418723106384,
0.17428076267242432,
0.4719787836074829,
0.30366069078445435,
0.7744996547698975,
0.260017991065979,
-0.598532497882843,
-0.17098809778690338,
0.08806241303682327,
-0.3020504415035248,
-0.8907331824302673,
-0.1690509170293808,
-0.3562374711036682,
0.3546910583972931,
-0.04264482483267784,
0.2109261453151703,
-0.11377611756324768,
0.030057864263653755,
0.5980944037437439,
0.27160948514938354,
0.7885451316833496,
-0.3344862759113312,
0.18822702765464783,
-0.19894269108772278,
-0.5406671762466431,
-0.0822090283036232,
-0.29294732213020325,
0.24046166241168976,
-0.6853755116462708,
0.07984250783920288,
0.0005904454155825078,
-0.032446637749671936,
-0.3113962411880493,
-0.05718127638101578,
-0.20106522738933563,
-0.25114893913269043,
0.4219021201133728,
-0.4050008952617645,
-0.40439435839653015,
0.36372920870780945,
-0.3371117115020752,
-0.26897773146629333,
0.012114455923438072,
0.052070502191782,
-0.34356242418289185,
-0.15767201781272888,
1.0653977394104004,
0.5690707564353943,
-0.19406059384346008,
0.7759132385253906,
0.37565919756889343,
0.1510537564754486,
0.14798513054847717,
0.3644687235355377,
0.15338607132434845,
0.40536975860595703,
0.46205934882164,
0.19389480352401733,
-0.08601867407560349,
0.05584767460823059,
0.32900816202163696,
-0.4345621168613434,
-0.23735815286636353,
-0.15544910728931427,
0.07816630601882935,
0.6787949800491333,
0.0968928188085556,
-0.027396798133850098,
0.34756022691726685,
-0.2908468544483185,
0.3537883758544922,
0.4958770275115967,
-0.47069063782691956,
-1.09618079662323,
-1.2015775442123413,
0.5552309155464172,
0.7120540142059326,
-0.10660838335752487,
-0.5029599666595459,
0.09714444726705551,
-0.17977949976921082,
-0.17073515057563782,
0.13355611264705658,
0.21851593255996704,
-0.5118542909622192,
-0.1623874455690384,
0.5951454043388367,
-0.4263187646865845,
0.7318017482757568,
-0.5448406338691711,
-0.10665583610534668,
-0.04219147935509682,
0.12770234048366547,
0.5252924561500549,
0.06716860830783844,
-1.3191521167755127,
-0.20973803102970123,
0.1267237812280655,
-0.41976720094680786,
0.42536312341690063,
-0.002379669575020671,
0.0838588997721672,
0.30118328332901,
-5.250372409820557,
0.21246953308582306,
-0.027122793719172478,
-0.41820842027664185,
0.8796409964561462,
0.30262142419815063,
0.08938466757535934,
-0.07195201516151428,
-0.12920895218849182,
0.8930392265319824,
0.2942865788936615,
-0.06222234666347504,
0.34584543108940125,
-0.4447692632675171,
0.36352431774139404,
-0.033151425421237946,
0.49258285760879517,
-0.3715094327926636,
-0.07131772488355637,
-0.14281153678894043,
-0.4900296628475189,
0.25823211669921875,
-0.3842957317829132,
0.3958777189254761,
0.026343967765569687,
0.4130837917327881,
-0.4440866708755493,
-0.0698680579662323,
-0.4582130014896393,
-0.37649235129356384,
0.02105274796485901,
0.09228312969207764,
-0.26918211579322815,
0.18994340300559998,
-0.3154393136501312,
-0.6015303730964661,
0.46448245644569397,
0.16560661792755127,
-0.18435925245285034,
-0.2784462869167328,
-0.24780376255512238,
0.00644823769107461,
-1.108219027519226,
-0.3318166136741638,
0.35095298290252686,
-0.2844151258468628,
-0.2944549024105072,
-0.2711332142353058,
-0.3817271590232849,
0.35406848788261414,
0.604011058807373,
0.14694663882255554,
0.24872778356075287,
0.04779961705207825,
0.4295061230659485,
-0.3768560290336609,
-0.4189979135990143,
-0.2876392900943756,
-0.8595871925354004,
0.11623667180538177,
0.776995062828064,
-0.6011393666267395,
0.07805870473384857,
-0.10307726263999939,
-0.26846930384635925,
-0.5437296628952026,
0.6377999782562256,
0.28429490327835083,
0.26424235105514526,
0.1683841049671173,
0.46490785479545593,
0.6011955142021179,
0.619367778301239,
-1.0384345054626465,
0.607305645942688,
-0.2040691077709198,
0.029561087489128113,
-0.023564361035823822,
-0.8407734632492065,
-0.4626343548297882,
0.2581006586551666,
-0.6038215756416321,
0.28702130913734436,
1.0697212219238281,
0.554789125919342,
-0.22498317062854767,
-0.26228541135787964,
0.035524800419807434,
-0.42043066024780273,
0.3487347960472107,
-0.10485682636499405,
-0.35017430782318115,
0.5799166560173035,
0.1810247153043747,
-0.00011457598156994209,
0.4391182065010071,
-0.05668909102678299,
0.464880108833313,
-0.38616010546684265,
0.5551170110702515,
0.26942554116249084,
0.20479285717010498,
-0.3349898159503937,
-0.35478365421295166,
0.48584845662117004,
-0.03190472349524498,
0.0342293344438076,
0.25624918937683105,
1.1074388027191162,
0.34042030572891235,
0.26135894656181335,
0.21065571904182434,
-0.5728704929351807,
0.24460075795650482,
0.2861807942390442,
-0.4677405059337616,
0.010313920676708221,
0.11502235382795334,
0.40372759103775024,
-0.1469205766916275,
-0.3214185833930969,
0.136781707406044,
0.05137030407786369,
-0.497636079788208,
-0.29291802644729614,
-0.38783299922943115,
0.7486209273338318,
-0.15985727310180664,
-0.600901186466217,
0.14046050608158112,
-0.13358917832374573,
0.9459932446479797,
-0.20070579648017883,
0.39925315976142883,
-0.44370314478874207,
-0.2915230095386505,
-0.9187089204788208,
-0.45514941215515137,
-0.25264158844947815,
-0.1479077935218811,
-0.6590867042541504,
-0.4099998474121094,
-0.19525766372680664,
0.03499877080321312,
0.37467604875564575,
-0.14163710176944733,
0.025613386183977127,
0.22456327080726624,
-0.731213390827179,
0.6188150644302368,
-0.21076680719852448,
-0.28273704648017883,
0.5955982208251953,
-0.372850626707077,
-0.36495184898376465,
0.15506072342395782,
-0.6014590859413147,
-0.4016139507293701,
0.08994918316602707,
-0.11439187824726105,
-0.34881070256233215,
0.46060800552368164,
-1.5503069162368774,
0.17804843187332153,
0.04155205935239792,
-0.04060785472393036,
-0.7653864026069641,
0.12123759090900421,
-0.39172837138175964,
0.11983528733253479,
-0.15166379511356354,
-0.8620885610580444,
0.18046075105667114,
0.34114357829093933,
0.1522396057844162,
0.12443050742149353,
-0.4123404622077942,
-0.10243084281682968,
-0.11095574498176575,
-0.383739173412323,
0.2813582122325897,
0.24791087210178375,
-0.7820316553115845,
0.19370923936367035,
0.8932907581329346,
-0.4264942407608032,
-0.19141164422035217,
-0.26073935627937317,
-0.12992113828659058,
0.70154869556427,
0.22270549833774567,
-0.05950159579515457,
0.36318349838256836,
1.3516758680343628,
-0.44517260789871216,
0.31916508078575134,
0.22514937818050385,
-0.12744595110416412,
-0.1832730919122696,
-0.41832423210144043,
-0.0017294823192059994,
-0.5638287663459778,
0.11216629296541214,
-0.6173095703125,
0.07211700081825256,
-1.1507490873336792,
-0.35789281129837036,
-0.12217982113361359,
-0.49992334842681885,
0.6797757148742676,
-0.2411942034959793,
-0.5595647096633911,
0.22990624606609344,
0.11515463888645172,
0.0027234158478677273,
0.23817770183086395,
0.03935614973306656,
0.28140735626220703,
-0.05788015201687813,
-0.7658950090408325,
-0.5645329356193542,
0.001914503169246018,
-0.3110244870185852,
0.07357771694660187,
-0.2966541647911072,
-0.4778783619403839,
-0.22345870733261108,
-0.16584905982017517,
1.0770461559295654,
-0.2976295053958893,
-0.15575863420963287,
-0.3146494925022125,
-0.17955447733402252,
0.26714304089546204,
-0.09700801968574524,
-0.07293344289064407,
0.48565518856048584,
-0.04746009036898613,
-0.04919419437646866,
-0.17882242798805237,
0.9637078642845154,
1.0457217693328857,
-0.011070630513131618,
-0.22965624928474426,
0.2322804480791092,
-0.3867141604423523,
0.5838032364845276,
-0.49794191122055054,
-0.1551797240972519,
0.305563360452652,
0.5443894863128662,
-0.19572746753692627,
-0.6799972653388977,
0.03693157061934471,
1.0619233846664429,
0.09472008049488068,
-0.013424028642475605,
-0.003527203341946006,
0.20337258279323578,
0.343082994222641,
-0.28071877360343933,
0.5121711492538452,
-0.6051082611083984,
0.3352295756340027,
0.26919397711753845,
-0.11696186661720276,
-0.107301726937294,
-0.0964103639125824,
0.6244614124298096,
-0.5192638039588928,
-0.6075090765953064,
-0.012438644655048847,
0.254233717918396,
0.8330753445625305,
-0.5145861506462097,
0.13636605441570282,
0.6473402380943298,
-0.6050284504890442,
0.3117547929286957,
-0.1294458955526352,
-1.0536863803863525,
-0.3066287934780121,
-0.06758913397789001,
-0.15512174367904663,
-0.7627134323120117,
-0.4151528477668762,
-0.12248196452856064,
-0.1799439936876297,
0.13376514613628387,
-0.04615045338869095,
-0.869789183139801,
1.0014841556549072,
-0.2798008322715759,
-0.018014781177043915,
-0.029031869024038315,
0.25525620579719543,
0.045178841799497604,
0.18831411004066467,
-0.09288721531629562,
-0.1254398226737976,
-0.675899863243103,
0.38513660430908203,
0.3192216157913208,
0.008136020973324776,
0.49167659878730774,
-0.1946546584367752,
0.18506896495819092,
0.24549373984336853,
-1.0382013320922852,
0.5781669020652771,
0.6722419261932373,
0.17529934644699097,
0.14645393192768097,
0.3830963373184204,
-0.09410981833934784,
-0.22544264793395996,
0.6355012059211731,
0.0519503690302372,
-0.5672827363014221,
0.05456981435418129,
-0.1495220810174942,
0.4721515476703644,
0.5208064317703247,
0.08550604432821274,
-0.2785428464412689,
0.781510055065155,
0.4187522232532501,
-0.15528422594070435,
-0.0671803280711174,
0.5173683762550354,
0.19417518377304077,
-0.6764240860939026,
0.11975664645433426,
0.5683043599128723,
0.22533047199249268,
0.1492084562778473,
-0.07452496886253357,
-0.2348809391260147,
0.2207065224647522,
0.641391932964325,
0.2017206996679306,
0.9617220759391785,
0.27833154797554016,
-0.1305856555700302,
0.44012776017189026,
-0.3689608573913574,
0.015415874309837818,
0.20840317010879517,
-0.013486695475876331,
-0.3050288259983063,
0.3504273295402527,
0.4406212270259857,
0.39973291754722595,
-0.7226901650428772,
0.2978864908218384,
0.5016281604766846,
0.3496531844139099,
-0.4855763018131256,
-0.39775019884109497,
0.30364343523979187,
0.16221271455287933,
0.053872719407081604,
1.306869387626648,
-0.7699724435806274,
-0.0035315132699906826,
-0.22098097205162048,
-0.2990489602088928,
-0.5099277496337891,
-0.3556889295578003,
0.690424382686615,
0.326861172914505,
0.12849737703800201,
-0.27847379446029663,
0.45832380652427673,
0.4313925802707672,
0.5941152572631836,
0.8891092538833618,
0.30668434500694275,
-0.19751758873462677,
0.1348826289176941,
-0.4523634910583496,
-0.13828659057617188,
-0.18993176519870758,
-0.45767754316329956,
-0.157761350274086,
0.06415142863988876,
-0.1344008594751358,
-0.17059218883514404,
0.03602387011051178,
-0.673004150390625,
-0.04465431720018387,
-0.7260051965713501,
-0.11847229301929474,
0.15979993343353271,
0.43042662739753723,
-0.1969892531633377,
-0.03674962371587753,
0.4994428753852844,
0.6342087984085083,
0.1556559056043625,
0.2771669626235962,
-0.1778944432735443,
0.1973722279071808,
-0.5197462439537048,
-0.4616052806377411,
0.6961948871612549,
-0.1833002269268036,
0.1377822309732437,
-0.444440633058548,
0.8332239985466003,
0.26355141401290894,
0.9053985476493835,
-0.7391236424446106,
-0.0025072889402508736,
-0.18277166783809662,
-0.40277987718582153,
0.4400431513786316,
-0.5617578029632568,
-0.42761582136154175,
-0.4899991750717163,
0.4836471676826477,
-0.06997048109769821,
0.3102235496044159,
0.058256275951862335,
-0.5232089757919312,
0.0006184431258589029,
0.005219402257353067,
-0.3220082223415375,
-0.2422274649143219,
0.8724884390830994,
-0.08039509505033493,
-0.12299291789531708,
-0.060475654900074005,
-0.5879858732223511,
-0.23568716645240784,
-0.46244680881500244,
-0.04310372471809387,
0.7357603311538696,
0.7791791558265686,
-0.8455091118812561,
1.0777491331100464,
0.24291236698627472,
0.14287324249744415,
-0.11880865693092346,
0.1215413436293602,
0.38940778374671936,
0.1087733581662178,
0.020223790779709816,
-0.014797626994550228,
0.7974088788032532,
-0.10855879634618759,
-0.5218673348426819,
0.6274173259735107,
-0.3109309673309326,
0.6065184473991394,
-0.2173605114221573,
-0.5657060146331787,
0.5359833836555481,
0.23647117614746094,
-0.25314003229141235
] |
247641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20bias | Systemic bias | Systemic bias, also called institutional bias, and related to structural bias, is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes. The term generally refers to human systems such as institutions. Structural bias, in turn, has been defined more specifically in reference to racial inequities as "the normalized and legitimized range of policies, practices, and attitudes that routinely produce cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for minority populations". The issues of systemic bias are dealt with extensively in the field of industrial organization economics. Systemic bias plays a part in systemic racism, a form of racism embedded as a normal practice within society or an organization.
It is not to be confused with the equivalent bias in non-human systems, such as measurement instruments or mathematical models used to estimate physical quantities, often called systematic bias.
In human institutions
Cognitive bias is inherent in the experiences, loyalties, and relationships of people in their daily lives, and new biases are constantly being discovered and addressed on both an ethical and political level. For example, the goal of affirmative action in the United States is to counter biases concerning gender, race, and ethnicity, by opening up institutional participation to people with a wider range of backgrounds, and hence a wider range of points of view. In India, the system of scheduled castes and tribes intends to address systemic bias caused by the controversial caste system, a system centered on organized discrimination based upon one's ancestry, not unlike the system that affirmative action aims to counter. Both the scheduling system and affirmative action mandate the hiring of citizens from within designated groups. However, without sufficient restrictions based upon the actual socio-economic standing of the recipients of the aid provided, these types of systems can allegedly result in the unintentional institutionalization of a reversed form of the same systemic bias, which works against the goal of rendering institutional participation open to people with a wider range of backgrounds.
Unconscious bias training has become common in many organizations, which may address both systemic and structural bias. Structural bias may be inherent in the practices and policies of the organization, such as hiring practices that favor social networking, or a grooming policy that disadvantages people with Afro-textured hair.
Major causes
The study of systemic bias as part of the field titled organizational behavior in industrial organization economics is studied in several principle modalities in both non-profit and for-profit institutions. The issue of concern is that patterns of behavior may develop within large institutions which become harmful to the productivity and viability of the larger institutions from which they develop, as well as the community they occupy. The three major categories of study for maladaptive organizational behavior and systemic bias are counterproductive work behavior, human resource mistreatment, and the amelioration of stress-inducing behavior.
Counterproductive work behavior
Counterproductive work behavior, or CWB, consists of behavior by employees that harms or intends to harm organizations and people in organizations.
Mistreatment of human resources
There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations.
Abusive supervision
Abusive supervision is the extent to which a supervisor engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates.
Bullying
Although definitions of bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual.
Incivility
Incivility consists of low-intensity discourteous and rude behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates norms for appropriate behavior in the workplace.
Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender, creates an offensive workplace, and interferes with an individual being able to do their job.
Stress
Occupational stress concerns the imbalance between the demands (aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort) and resources that help cope with these demands.
Examples
Financial Week reported 5 May 2008 (emphasis added):
Versus systematic bias
In engineering and computational mechanics, the word bias is sometimes used as a synonym of systematic error. In this case, the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation, rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method.
Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned and planned, or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, systemic biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system, whereas systematic biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes. Consider the difference between affirmative action (systematic) compared to racism and caste (systemic).
See also
Bandwagon effect
Bigotry
Cognitive bias
Discrimination
Disinformation
Echo chamber (media)
Ethnocentrism
Flag-waving
Framing (social sciences)
Funding bias
Gatekeeping (communication)
Gender bias on Wikipedia
Inherent bias
Institutional racism
Managing the news
Media bias
Media manipulation
Observational error
Paradigm shift
Prejudice
Propaganda
Racial bias on Wikipedia
Spin (public relations)
Underrepresented groups
References
Further reading
"Commerce Dept. Accused Of Systemic Bias". By John Files. 6 October 2005. New York Times.
"Clinton Postpones Inmate's Execution. Systemic Bias To Be Studied". By Deb Riechmann, Associated Press. 8 December 2000. Miami Herald.
Bias
Polling terms | [
0.0677073672413826,
0.14981648325920105,
-0.8223268389701843,
0.424382746219635,
-0.2851424515247345,
0.37139981985092163,
0.3272983133792877,
0.48679840564727783,
-0.11040593683719635,
-0.4528573751449585,
-0.11770564317703247,
0.4470535218715668,
-0.44843944907188416,
0.5340511202812195,
-0.26542559266090393,
0.3461814522743225,
0.35470449924468994,
0.1580103486776352,
0.042959485203027725,
0.2301602065563202,
-0.40733522176742554,
0.25832587480545044,
-0.12983781099319458,
0.25285542011260986,
-0.16988208889961243,
0.0263912882655859,
0.48505592346191406,
-0.5225371718406677,
-0.07781986147165298,
0.40378931164741516,
0.29673704504966736,
0.4947168827056885,
-0.042413629591464996,
0.128448024392128,
-0.40320324897766113,
0.16926096379756927,
0.030779294669628143,
0.14500096440315247,
0.008311036974191666,
-0.3505668044090271,
0.09438204765319824,
-0.19495967030525208,
0.025136863812804222,
0.1916571855545044,
-0.5624311566352844,
-0.42448562383651733,
-1.7562779188156128,
0.5486875772476196,
-0.5891891717910767,
0.1284111589193344,
-0.31380853056907654,
0.3586827516555786,
0.11108490824699402,
0.3812720775604248,
-0.44528254866600037,
0.47751373052597046,
-0.11870147287845612,
-0.3019496202468872,
0.25516876578330994,
-0.601474940776825,
-0.01612008921802044,
-0.01384216919541359,
0.19888043403625488,
0.19181102514266968,
0.08939968794584274,
0.02849673293530941,
0.07920565456151962,
0.23449787497520447,
-0.6703974008560181,
-0.9890066981315613,
-0.6024726033210754,
-0.1442640721797943,
0.13289733231067657,
-0.024839747697114944,
-1.0690704584121704,
-0.00680552888661623,
-0.13472481071949005,
0.16629275679588318,
-0.36343467235565186,
-0.4259912371635437,
-0.06713969260454178,
0.3488767147064209,
0.10034458339214325,
-0.4454757571220398,
0.4929371178150177,
-0.2086271494626999,
0.3150493800640106,
0.7918562293052673,
0.15455999970436096,
0.5621569752693176,
0.011046075262129307,
-0.059497080743312836,
0.5895918607711792,
0.24133217334747314,
0.035515498369932175,
-0.20397689938545227,
0.699549674987793,
-0.16949227452278137,
0.29026395082473755,
0.3184331953525543,
-0.2108321636915207,
-0.41599470376968384,
0.2974731922149658,
0.1749364733695984,
0.03731478378176689,
-0.25055330991744995,
0.025789806619286537,
-0.7927500009536743,
-0.5996226072311401,
0.11545862257480621,
-0.582422137260437,
0.6324600577354431,
-0.604329526424408,
0.057761866599321365,
-0.9589779376983643,
0.1565937101840973,
-0.020214153453707695,
0.1364150196313858,
-0.17720697820186615,
-0.24066029489040375,
0.3531198799610138,
0.7520647048950195,
-0.31951504945755005,
-0.12799258530139923,
-0.2049010545015335,
0.11906281113624573,
0.4448893070220947,
0.47519761323928833,
-0.4996873140335083,
-0.026055384427309036,
-0.007834226824343204,
0.6465210914611816,
-0.24493099749088287,
0.32980266213417053,
-0.1489497423171997,
-0.5857140421867371,
0.4972640872001648,
-0.05588577315211296,
0.12890273332595825,
-0.28922614455223083,
-0.3783227503299713,
-0.6260347366333008,
-0.14194747805595398,
-0.243904247879982,
0.39892423152923584,
-0.09386148303747177,
0.37597131729125977,
-0.23630671203136444,
-0.10860271006822586,
-0.4544121026992798,
0.22892189025878906,
0.16598112881183624,
-0.35309261083602905,
-0.2225361168384552,
0.16195924580097198,
-0.06801643967628479,
0.5058450102806091,
-0.8210793733596802,
-0.47293180227279663,
0.5750672817230225,
0.4127707779407501,
0.10953593999147415,
-0.364925742149353,
-0.40092411637306213,
0.03998234495520592,
-0.37029993534088135,
0.3638441264629364,
0.44358858466148376,
0.1459951102733612,
0.1363806277513504,
-0.3143423795700073,
0.15654416382312775,
0.29219040274620056,
-0.3358081877231598,
0.4274956285953522,
0.29060158133506775,
-0.40416085720062256,
0.0508425235748291,
0.8276166915893555,
0.42674607038497925,
-0.48709043860435486,
0.3770348131656647,
0.21768319606781006,
-0.29806628823280334,
0.3382434546947479,
-0.11648031324148178,
0.6155095100402832,
-0.1555602252483368,
-0.17578944563865662,
-0.1574622243642807,
-0.7349779009819031,
-0.47467225790023804,
-0.18212980031967163,
-0.6444339752197266,
1.014014720916748,
-0.41794946789741516,
-0.3192347288131714,
1.21303129196167,
0.24087901413440704,
-0.03662482276558876,
0.048679668456315994,
-0.28957653045654297,
0.1789979189634323,
-0.34973013401031494,
-0.5191822052001953,
0.24514354765415192,
0.6006481647491455,
-0.07222552597522736,
-0.5324000120162964,
0.287251353263855,
0.23732523620128632,
-0.15681160986423492,
-0.4601300358772278,
0.0637935996055603,
0.23768353462219238,
0.3091276288032532,
-0.48969516158103943,
0.2163696438074112,
-0.07091739028692245,
-0.03066624328494072,
0.6251404881477356,
-0.37332531809806824,
0.25992465019226074,
0.9194996953010559,
0.19083134829998016,
0.451369971036911,
0.4407661557197571,
-0.08273983746767044,
0.910412609577179,
-0.545431911945343,
0.4550536870956421,
0.43799889087677,
0.5751695036888123,
-0.3870071470737457,
-0.3024393320083618,
0.2829655706882477,
-0.010534790344536304,
-0.13826116919517517,
0.1442943662405014,
-0.3568617105484009,
0.0886787474155426,
0.5758363604545593,
-0.30466270446777344,
0.5000419020652771,
-0.025212405249476433,
-0.548119306564331,
-0.2645900845527649,
0.7925367951393127,
-0.585834264755249,
0.3283027410507202,
0.1888277232646942,
0.5851528644561768,
0.2581515908241272,
-0.3452085256576538,
-0.15908420085906982,
-0.006810605060309172,
0.14140616357326508,
0.03620785474777222,
-0.09437119215726852,
-0.23154804110527039,
-0.15994295477867126,
0.5123975276947021,
-0.24681776762008667,
-0.38699784874916077,
0.26222583651542664,
-0.2906673848628998,
-0.23922182619571686,
0.20511884987354279,
0.262626975774765,
0.14652079343795776,
0.7238208055496216,
-0.2521245777606964,
-0.5470532774925232,
0.30664804577827454,
-0.517788827419281,
-0.5370094180107117,
-0.06268295645713806,
0.7188616394996643,
-0.5176355242729187,
-0.26242291927337646,
-0.16689462959766388,
0.06107087805867195,
0.08286596089601517,
-0.7183398604393005,
-0.29613107442855835,
-0.5107467174530029,
-0.1977754831314087,
-0.3367171883583069,
0.0031415007542818785,
-0.13896581530570984,
-0.4557018578052521,
0.4824522137641907,
-0.01596505008637905,
-0.30252736806869507,
0.23926906287670135,
0.32607948780059814,
-0.07763269543647766,
0.07611125707626343,
0.24614131450653076,
-0.26432737708091736,
-0.008154294453561306,
0.09506375342607498,
0.11799230426549911,
-0.2156985104084015,
0.00188791926484555,
-0.0923214852809906,
-0.0339113250374794,
0.07954176515340805,
-5.924776077270508,
0.04195673391222954,
0.27327829599380493,
0.10708101838827133,
-0.2595352530479431,
-0.11746691167354584,
1.1183487176895142,
-0.1706506460905075,
-0.13104134798049927,
-0.32144343852996826,
-0.16950443387031555,
0.1517997533082962,
-0.17844659090042114,
0.6839791536331177,
0.24538582563400269,
0.47469350695610046,
0.6268863081932068,
-0.17736375331878662,
0.16289493441581726,
0.8090276122093201,
-0.047073692083358765,
0.0696917176246643,
-0.03572375327348709,
0.22773697972297668,
-0.017343753948807716,
0.02563527598977089,
-0.482311874628067,
0.4833371639251709,
-0.14017923176288605,
-0.13234105706214905,
0.5599828958511353,
-0.6173121929168701,
-0.52129065990448,
-0.10219141840934753,
-0.17336447536945343,
0.119126096367836,
0.04511222615838051,
0.01907063089311123,
-0.2668735980987549,
-0.32344529032707214,
-0.28136152029037476,
0.17108574509620667,
0.20354463160037994,
0.2044176161289215,
0.10457687824964523,
0.5096768736839294,
0.0521378256380558,
-0.3232063055038452,
-0.3024829030036926,
0.32059308886528015,
-0.08992315083742142,
0.23420476913452148,
0.5381333231925964,
-0.0054850466549396515,
-0.1309531331062317,
-0.2591458857059479,
0.5031405091285706,
-0.15860281884670258,
-0.6184096932411194,
0.32159122824668884,
0.03790108487010002,
-0.22740595042705536,
-0.11543794721364975,
-0.05444730818271637,
-0.18472249805927277,
-0.17529797554016113,
-0.5433841347694397,
-0.7239018678665161,
0.35641714930534363,
-0.024152232334017754,
-0.10270227491855621,
0.4208243191242218,
0.22366328537464142,
-0.6029825210571289,
0.014949043281376362,
-0.61360764503479,
0.21706168353557587,
-0.19840331375598907,
0.32257989048957825,
-0.10907915979623795,
-0.334486722946167,
0.057194679975509644,
-0.17083518207073212,
-0.07530128955841064,
0.4355344772338867,
0.2755918502807617,
0.46238669753074646,
0.8128743171691895,
-0.4479515254497528,
0.23842468857765198,
0.3092159926891327,
-0.1204441711306572,
0.5263200998306274,
0.3800562024116516,
0.2414328157901764,
0.6046603918075562,
0.4706692099571228,
0.24824343621730804,
0.4456656277179718,
0.0002712011046241969,
0.06816299259662628,
-0.5721369981765747,
-0.25549161434173584,
-0.7289838194847107,
-0.32758161425590515,
0.07246274501085281,
-0.510352611541748,
0.6047307848930359,
0.6115508675575256,
-0.49325212836265564,
0.7324093580245972,
0.3357917368412018,
-0.09348092973232269,
-0.19934192299842834,
0.26722151041030884,
0.38651713728904724,
-0.370981901884079,
0.20143184065818787,
0.380485475063324,
0.050823453813791275,
0.19220110774040222,
0.31858545541763306,
-0.9283345341682434,
0.15943452715873718,
-0.0892024040222168,
-0.4654262065887451,
-0.2701033055782318,
0.04768555238842964,
-0.3014586567878723,
0.17485126852989197,
0.4026210904121399,
0.342268705368042,
-0.44230636954307556,
-0.07305518537759781,
0.07632049918174744,
-0.42375364899635315,
0.34360983967781067,
0.53564453125,
-0.22042401134967804,
-0.5388298034667969,
0.6956016421318054,
-0.055510424077510834,
0.0910414457321167,
0.007028804160654545,
0.5931680798530579,
-0.03482633829116821,
-0.6136714220046997,
-0.22796857357025146,
-0.03936014696955681,
-0.06800026446580887,
0.010988577269017696,
-0.23026524484157562,
-0.20376262068748474,
-0.29791152477264404,
0.2489500790834427,
0.370829701423645,
0.3240121006965637,
-0.028762761503458023,
0.0281297005712986,
-0.4581672251224518,
0.1286098062992096,
-0.15299086272716522,
-1.1722811460494995,
-0.4183456003665924,
-0.10212785005569458,
0.12664352357387543,
-0.5740537047386169,
-0.33089354634284973,
-0.13129186630249023,
0.46869587898254395,
-0.042212825268507004,
-0.5468124151229858,
0.025260651484131813,
-0.6124487519264221,
0.27223432064056396,
0.26652204990386963,
0.001974978018552065,
0.09913314878940582,
-0.2661823332309723,
0.0776573047041893,
-0.06244102120399475,
0.10837254673242569,
-0.45658445358276367,
0.5600696206092834,
0.25589051842689514,
0.15337267518043518,
-0.09204653650522232,
0.5911945700645447,
-0.5351715087890625,
-0.29888662695884705,
0.01776030845940113,
-0.09032200276851654,
0.37444165349006653,
-0.06942237913608551,
-0.049378857016563416,
-0.4152970016002655,
0.04051482677459717,
-0.15100109577178955,
0.07782480865716934,
-0.25159382820129395,
-0.02837674878537655,
0.7452195882797241,
-0.21266533434391022,
0.07570381462574005,
0.22892643511295319,
-0.12107814103364944,
-0.07842898368835449,
0.11103153973817825,
-0.4454531669616699,
0.3181423842906952,
-0.42508286237716675,
-0.3013877868652344,
-0.8268244862556458,
0.25621098279953003,
-0.19013872742652893,
-0.20403048396110535,
0.054398778825998306,
-0.6369908452033997,
-0.06511007249355316,
0.485734224319458,
0.521783709526062,
-0.14282047748565674,
-0.01759578473865986,
-0.04020823538303375,
-0.19487525522708893,
0.025083418935537338,
0.162635937333107,
-0.7437370419502258,
0.5816154479980469,
0.023069052025675774,
-0.5367761254310608,
-0.20533479750156403,
0.1838449090719223,
0.04870680347084999,
-0.32487815618515015,
-0.23572340607643127,
-0.3795050382614136,
0.8204542398452759,
-0.14241398870944977,
-0.5234770774841309,
-0.4277637004852295,
0.4846820533275604,
0.21691039204597473,
-0.2389337718486786,
-0.08931408822536469,
0.45212748646736145,
0.0639285296201706,
-0.11421969532966614,
-0.3635963499546051,
0.26978474855422974,
0.21464891731739044,
0.06014540046453476,
-0.3784901201725006,
-0.008662406355142593,
0.2856897711753845,
-0.013126089237630367,
0.16378779709339142,
-0.7283843755722046,
0.06762876361608505,
0.2999800741672516,
-0.09986093640327454,
-0.8661829233169556,
0.36379459500312805,
-0.4225197732448578,
0.10191313177347183,
0.12061120569705963,
0.10719919204711914,
0.10745684802532196,
0.14948707818984985,
-0.5223740339279175,
0.3868078887462616,
-0.35354381799697876,
0.2449420839548111,
0.5901426076889038,
0.26442867517471313,
-0.07291202992200851,
-0.40695905685424805,
0.1345343440771103,
-0.07074587047100067,
-0.045973747968673706,
-0.029183777049183846,
-0.8647297024726868,
0.24355024099349976,
-0.9660047292709351,
0.26867833733558655,
-0.560279369354248,
0.5694116950035095,
-0.15802684426307678,
-0.307147353887558,
-0.7211002707481384,
-0.8270432949066162,
-0.3414161801338196,
0.17050155997276306,
0.15398597717285156,
-0.5478823781013489,
0.0496821403503418,
-0.10915403813123703,
0.39620500802993774,
-0.33857300877571106,
0.20689620077610016,
-0.44887199997901917,
0.1426006555557251,
0.03853211924433708,
-0.2920742630958557,
0.30032065510749817,
0.3621894419193268,
-0.34087201952934265,
-0.8088439702987671,
0.2698534429073334,
-0.41808298230171204,
0.04906277358531952,
-0.0820452868938446,
0.45877188444137573,
0.11461962014436722,
-0.27320462465286255,
0.3621346056461334,
-0.10036247968673706,
-0.3177995979785919,
0.8676491975784302,
0.4047033190727234,
-0.18152189254760742,
0.05284380540251732,
0.996915876865387,
-0.440708726644516,
0.2843969166278839,
0.43175363540649414,
0.035658787935972214,
0.3464580774307251,
-0.07131627202033997,
0.2970803678035736,
0.3604065179824829,
0.39446669816970825,
-0.09086441993713379,
0.10298296809196472,
-0.3467107117176056,
-0.2948855757713318,
0.3078491985797882,
-1.0497424602508545,
-0.13354873657226562,
-0.016299841925501823,
0.5640984773635864,
0.33945056796073914,
0.5212090015411377,
0.12961813807487488,
-0.26776576042175293,
-0.026814613491296768,
0.3125953674316406,
0.45259833335876465,
-0.7528906464576721,
0.33453404903411865,
-0.19431449472904205,
-0.6596750020980835,
0.24168473482131958,
-0.11913077533245087,
0.40315544605255127,
-0.843233585357666,
0.8183698654174805,
0.311593621969223,
-0.18461421132087708,
-0.2762032151222229,
-0.03332524001598358,
0.12269265204668045,
-0.1257430613040924,
-0.10121987015008926,
0.23483456671237946,
-0.07061614096164703,
0.605113685131073,
0.07537707686424255,
0.17589794099330902,
0.11388146132230759,
-0.14654970169067383,
-0.2045835256576538,
0.3800535798072815,
0.760719358921051,
1.0618542432785034,
-0.4525626301765442,
0.5433788895606995,
0.3151099681854248,
-0.10639441758394241,
-0.01512636337429285,
0.1593882143497467,
-0.008493103086948395,
0.07009103894233704,
-0.48850518465042114,
-0.13141603767871857,
-0.06006394326686859,
-0.3680759370326996,
0.12694281339645386,
-0.30430835485458374,
0.173511803150177,
0.08051303029060364,
-0.3844378590583801,
0.09470616281032562,
0.45747828483581543,
-0.16712941229343414,
-0.04252979904413223,
-0.08261614292860031,
0.39028897881507874,
0.1701079159975052,
0.21985141932964325,
-0.08693217486143112,
0.26729851961135864,
-0.006198394577950239,
0.6221270561218262,
-0.3629707992076874,
-0.0895005539059639,
-0.27741873264312744,
0.42326298356056213,
-0.9782788157463074,
0.13484470546245575,
0.3497385084629059,
-0.780863881111145,
-0.47778475284576416,
0.5368111729621887,
0.044265445321798325,
-0.09174863994121552,
0.7430992126464844,
-0.034462060779333115,
-0.1799975484609604,
0.003014613641425967,
0.21417520940303802,
-0.24300704896450043,
0.48461809754371643,
0.1685831993818283,
-0.4860299229621887,
0.03463108837604523,
0.6000377535820007,
0.2730172574520111,
-0.09891530126333237,
0.34041517972946167,
-0.8391822576522827,
0.11735156923532486,
-0.21862749755382538,
0.5739511847496033,
-0.17995235323905945,
-0.2373398095369339,
0.2711156904697418,
0.31295859813690186,
0.3232138752937317,
-0.6244601607322693,
0.06862632930278778,
-0.5242347717285156,
-0.06055216118693352,
-0.13897547125816345,
-0.47467169165611267,
0.5503349900245667,
-0.08870618045330048,
-0.06752339750528336,
0.06277166306972504,
0.5991843938827515,
0.3542259931564331,
-0.255319207906723,
-0.2386268973350525,
0.2444327026605606,
-0.48422205448150635,
0.0312365610152483,
0.05310054495930672,
-0.5290257930755615,
-0.23672913014888763,
0.20244760811328888
] |
247643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20arrest | House arrest | In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence. Travel is usually restricted, if allowed at all. House arrest is an alternative to being in a prison while awaiting trial or after sentencing.
While house arrest can be applied to criminal cases when prison does not seem an appropriate measure, the term is often applied to the use of house confinement as a measure of repression by authoritarian governments against political dissidents. In these cases, the person under house arrest often does not have access to any means of communication with people outside of the home; if electronic communication is allowed, conversations may be monitored.
History
Judges have imposed sentences of home confinement, as an alternative to prison, as far back as the 17th century. Galileo was confined to his home following his infamous trial in 1633. Authorities often used house arrest to confine political leaders who were deposed in a coup d'état, but this method was not widely used to confine numerous common criminals.
This method did not become a widespread alternative to imprisonment in the United States and other western countries until the late 20th century, when newly designed electronic monitoring devices made it inexpensive and easy to manage by corrections authorities. Although Boston was using house arrest for a variety of arrangements, the first-ever court sentence of house arrest with an electronic bracelet was in 1983.
Details
Home detention is an alternative to imprisonment; its goals are both to reduce recidivism and to decrease the number of prisoners, thereby saving money for states and other jurisdictions. It is a corrective to mandatory sentencing laws that greatly increased the incarceration rates in the United States. It allows eligible offenders to retain or seek employment, maintain family relationships and responsibilities and attend rehabilitative programs that contribute towards addressing the causes of their offending.
The terms of house arrest can differ, but most programs allow employed offenders to continue to work, and confine them to their residence only during non-working hours. Offenders are commonly allowed to leave their home for specific purposes; examples can include visits to the probation officer or police station, religious services, education, attorney visits, court appearances, and medical appointments. Many programs also allow the convict to leave their residence during regular, pre-approved times in order to carry out general household errands, such as food shopping and laundry. Offenders may have to respond to communications from a higher authority to verify that they are at home when required to be. Exceptions are often made to allow visitors to visit the offender.
The types of house arrest vary in severity according to the requirements of the court order. A curfew may restrict an offender to their house at certain times, usually during hours of darkness. "Home confinement" or detention requires an offender to remain at home at all times, apart from the above-mentioned exceptions. The most serious level of house arrest is "home incarceration", under which an offender is restricted to their residence 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, except for court-approved treatment programs, court appearances, and medical appointments.
In some exceptional cases, it is possible for a person to be placed under house arrest without trial or legal representation, and subject to restrictions on their associates. In some countries this type of detention without trial has been criticized for breaching the offender's human right to a fair trial. In countries with authoritarian systems of government, the government may use such measures to stifle dissent.
Using technology for enforcement
In some countries, house arrest is enforced through the use of technology products or services. One method is an electronic sensor locked around the offender's ankle (technically called an ankle monitor, also referred to as a tether). The electronic sensor transmits an RF signal to a base handset. The base handset is connected to a police station or for-profit monitoring service.
If the offender goes too far from their home, the violation is recorded, and the police will be notified. To discourage tampering, many ankle monitors detect attempted removal. The monitoring service is often contracted out to private companies, which assign employees to electronically monitor many convicts simultaneously. If a violation occurs the unit signals the office or officer in charge immediately, depending on the severity of the violation. The officer will either call or verify the participant's whereabouts. The monitoring service notifies a convict's probation officer. The electronic surveillance together with frequent contact with their probation officer and checks by the security guards provides for a secure environment.
Another method of ensuring house arrest compliance is achieved through the use of automated calling services that require no human contact to check on the offender. Random calls are made to the residence. The respondent's answer is recorded and compared automatically to the offender's voice pattern. Authorities are notified only if the call is not answered or if the recorded answer does not match the offender's voice pattern.
Electronic monitoring is considered a highly economical alternative to the cost of imprisoning offenders. In many states or jurisdictions, the convict is often required to pay for the monitoring as part of his or her sentence.
Notable instances
Algeria
Ahmed Ben Bella, former President of Algeria, deposed by Houari Boumédiènne in 1965. He was held under house arrest before being exiled in 1980.
Argentina
Jorge Videla, former dictator of Argentina (was held by house arrest only for a period)
Australia
Derryn Hinch, New Zealand media personality based in Melbourne, Australia; he was placed under house arrest for five months for breaching gag orders by naming two sex offenders.
Myanmar (Burma)
Aung San Suu Kyi, winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize and leader of her country's pro-democracy movement, was punished with house arrest for most of the period from July 1989 to November 2010. After being released from her initial confinement after six years in 1995, she was convicted again and imprisoned in 2000. Two years later, she was again released. She was convicted and jailed for the third time under house arrest for her criticism of the government following the infamous Depayin Massacre in 2003. After her 14th year of prison, she was released to her dilapidated home in Rangoonhe. She had to serve another 18 months in prison, convicted by a Burmese regional court in August 2009 after an American swam across Inya Lake to her house. The United Nations has declared all of her periods under house arrest as arbitrary and unjust. She was released on 13 November 2010.
Ne Win, former military commander of Burma from 1962. He was believed to be behind the coup d'état of 1988 which officially deposed him. Following his son-in-law's effort to regain power, Ne Win was sentenced to house arrest in 2001, serving until he died in December 2002.
Cambodia
Pol Pot, former Premier of Cambodia. He was deposed when Vietnam attacked Cambodia in order to overthrow his genocidal regime in 1978.
Chile
On January 5, 2005, former dictator Augusto Pinochet was placed under house arrest by orders of the Supreme Court of Chile.
People's Republic of China (PRC)
The People's Republic of China continues to use soft detention, a traditional form of house arrest used by the Chinese Empire.
Zhao Ziyang, purged General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, was put under house arrest for the last 16 years of his life after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The Communist Party of China's Central Office approved all of his movements outside his home; he was restricted to quiet travel to different places inside China and to play golf.
Jiang Yanyong, physician who revealed SARS incident in China. He was put under house arrest after requesting the government to investigate the June 4 Tiananmen incident.
Gendhun Choekyi Nyima, an alleged reincarnation or Tulku of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism was recognized by the present Dalai Lama. The Chinese took him into custody and sentenced him to house arrest.
Republic of China (ROC)
Zhang Xueliang, ordered by Chiang Kai-shek to be kept under house arrest after the Xi'an Incident in 1936. Even after the Nationalists' retreat to Taiwan, he remained in house arrest until Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988.
Egypt
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), Iraqi scientist working in Egypt. In 1011, he feigned madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. He was kept under house arrest until the caliph's death in 1021.
Muhammad Naguib, former President of Egypt. He led a military coup in 1953 and deposed the former King Farouk. He was deposed by Gamal Nasser in 1954 and placed under house arrest.
Hawaii
The last Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani persuaded leaders of the Republic of Hawaii to commute her prison sentence to house arrest. She was confined to an upstairs bedroom of Iolani Palace until she was released in 1896.
Hong Kong
The pro-democracy media tycoon Jimmy Lai was granted bail by High Court of Hong Kong pending trial for charges under the Hong Kong national security law. The conditions for his bail included a term prohibiting Lai from leaving his residence except going to police station and court. It implied that Lai was put under a de facto house arrest.
Indonesia
Sukarno, first President of Indonesia. He was deposed in 1967 by General Suharto (see: Transition to the New Order).
Suharto, second President of Indonesia. In May 2000, he was placed under house arrest for his corruption acts. However, he was freed due to health problems in September 2000.
Iran
Mohammad Mosaddegh, former Premier of Iran was deposed by coup in 1953 with support of the United States. Following three years of imprisonment, he was placed under house arrest until his death.
Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri was sentenced to house arrest from 1997 to 2003.
Mehdi Karroubi, an influential Iranian reformist politician, democracy activist, mojtahed, and chairman of the National Trust Party, Chairman of the parliament from 1989 to 1992 and 2000 to 2004, and a presidential candidate in the 2005 and 2009 presidential elections. He has been under house arrest since February 2011.
Mir-Hossein Mousavi is an Iranian reformist politician, painter and architect who served as the 79th and last Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989. He was a candidate for the 2009 presidential election. He has been under house arrest since February 2011.
Googoosh is a famous Iranian singer and actress. After the Iranian Revolution she was under a 21-year ban from performing and was assumed to be under house arrest for much of the time.
Italy
In Italy, house arrest (in Italian arresti domiciliari) is a common practice of detaining suspects, as an alternative to detention in a correctional facility, and is also commonly practiced on those felons who are close to the end of their prison terms, or for those whose health condition does not allow residence in a correctional facility, except some particular cases of extremely dangerous persons. As per article 284 of the Italian Penal Procedure Code, house arrest is imposed by a judge, who orders the suspect to stay confined in their house, home, residence, private property, or any other place of cure or assistance where they may be housed at the moment. When necessary, the judge may also forbid any contact between the subject and any person other than those who cohabit with them or those who assist them. If the subject is unable to take care of their life necessities or if they are in conditions of absolute poverty, the judge may authorize them to leave their home for the strict necessary time to take care of said needs or to exercise a job. The prosecuting authorities and law enforcement can check at any moment whether the subject, who is de facto considered in state of detention, is complying with the order; violation of house arrest terms is immediately followed by transfer to a correctional facility. House arrests cannot be applied to a subject that has been found guilty of escape within the previous five years.
Notable cases:
Erich Priebke, former SS captain, condemned for war crimes (Ardeatine massacre in Rome on 24 March 1944, when 335 Italian civilians were killed by Nazi force of occupation) to life imprisonment in 1996, spent under house arrest for the last part of his life, from 1998 to 2013 (when he died age of 100).
Adriano Sofri, journalist and former far left political leader, convicted in 1997 for the murder of Police Officer Luigi Calabresi (1972), spent under house arrest, for health reasons, the period between 2005 and 2012.
Silvia Baraldini, activist of Black Liberation Army in the US (sentenced to 43 years by Federal Court under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) for conspiring to commit two armed robberies, driving a secondary getaway car during the prison break of murder convict and fellow political activist Assata Shakur, and contempt of court), transferred to Italy in 1999, spent the sentence on house arrest from 2001 to 2006, for health reasons.
Giovanni Scattone and Salvatore Ferraro, convicted for manslaughter of Marta Russo, spent a period of their sentence under house arrest and community service.
New Zealand
At sentencing, the judge may sentence an offender to home detention where they would otherwise receive a short-term prison sentence (i.e. two years or less). Home detention sentences range from 14 days and 12 months; offenders are confined to their approved residence 24 hours a day and may only leave with the permission of their probation officer.
Electronic monitoring equipment is extensively used by the New Zealand Department of Corrections to ensure that convicted offenders subject to home detention remain within approved areas. This takes the form of a Global Positioning System tracker fitted to the offender's ankle and monitoring units located at their residence and place of employment. over three thousand persons were serving home detention sentences under GPS surveillance.
Phil Rudd, two-time drummer with Australian rock legends AC/DC, was sentenced to eight months' home detention at his waterfront mansion in Tauranga for charges relating to methamphetamine possession and making death threats.
Nigeria
Shehu Shagari, President of Nigeria was placed under house arrest on December 31, 1983, following a military coup which ousted his government (see: Nigerian Second Republic).
General Muhammadu Buhari, Military Head of State was confined to his residence following the palace coup which ejected him from office.
MKO Abiola, was placed under house arrest after he declared himself the rightful winner of the 1993 presidential elections, against the wishes of the Ibrahim Babangida military junta. He was detained for five years until his death in 1998.
Pakistan
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 9th Prime minister and 4th President of Pakistan. He was deposed in 1977 in a military coup – Operation Fair Play – led by Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Bhutto was put to trial and hanged later in 1979.
Navaz Sharif, 12th Prime minister. Sharif was deposed in 1999 in a similar military coup led by Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf. Sharif was put in a forced trial, but due to foreign pressure exerted by Saudi Arabia and the United States, Sharif was exiled to Saudi Arabia which narrowly spared his life to face the same fate as of Bhutto. In 2010, Sharif was again put in house arrest by President Asif Ali Zardari when he announced a long march to support the Lawyers' Movement. However, Sharif broke the house arrest in his vehicle and drove to Islamabad to join the Movement.
Imran Khan, former captain of Pakistan cricket team and chairman of Pakistan Movement of Justice (PTI), was placed under house arrest at the declaration of a state of emergency by Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf on November 3, 2007.
Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, Chief Justice of Pakistan, was put under house arrest on November 3, 2007 by General Pervez Musharraf. His arrest led to mass protest and Lawyers' Movement.
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistan's top scientist and founder of Pakistan's Gas-centrifuge program of the Pakistan's nuclear device was also put under house arrest for a long time by General Pervez Musharraf. Khan was forced to attend continuous military debriefings by Musharraf and was put in house arrest for a long time. Later, he was released from imprisonment in 2008 by the order of Islamabad High Court and the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Although the order has not been fully acted upon, he is legally out of house arrest.
Roman Catholic Church
Galileo Galilei was put under house arrest for his advocacy for Copernicus's theory of the Sun in the middle of the universe and the Earth in motion about the Sun. He stayed under house arrest from 1634 until his death in 1642.
Singapore
Chia Thye Poh, former leftist Member of Parliament, was arrested without charges and held under detention without trial in 1966. 22 years later, he was released and placed under house arrest in a guardhouse on the resort island of Sentosa and made to pay the rent, on the pretext that he was now a "free" man.
South Africa
House arrest was a common tool of the South African apartheid government, used to silence their opponents, along with banning orders.
Helen Joseph was the first person put under house arrest, on 13 October 1962, and was not released until a cancer diagnosis in 1971.
Bram Fischer, after being diagnosed with cancer while in Pretoria Local Prison after being sentenced to life for furthering Communism in apartheid-era South Africa, was released to be placed under house arrest due to pressure from the anti-apartheid groups.
Ahmed Kathrada ("Kathy")
Walter Sisulu
Winnie Mandela
Frances Baard
Robert Sobukwe
Soviet Union
Nicholas II, his wife, four daughters, one son and four retainers were placed under house arrest for over a year before communist revolutionaries murdered them on 17 July 1918.
Former Premier Nikita Khrushchev was placed under house arrest for the seven years before his death after being deposed in 1964.
Academician Andrey Sakharov was placed under house arrest in 1980 and released in 1987. In 1991 The President of the Soviet union, Mikhail Gorbachev was placed under house arrest during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt on August, 19 1991.
Tunisia
Habib Bourguiba, former President of Tunisia. He was deposed in a military coup in 1987 and held in house arrest.
Muhammad VIII al-Amin, former king of Tunisia, was deposed in 1957 by Habib Bourguiba and restrained to house arrest.
United Kingdom
The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (repealed 2011) provided that suspected terrorists could be detained under house arrest without trial. This was repealed on the grounds that it was a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998.
United States
6ix9ine, a rapper known for "Gummo", and Day69. He was released from his 2-year prison sentence for racketeering and drug trafficking, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was placed in house arrest until November 2020.
Sami Al-Arian, a Professor and prominent advocate for human rights, named by Newsweek as a "premier civil rights activist" for his efforts to repeal the use of secret evidence in trials, was held under house arrest in Northern Virginia from 2008 until 2014 when federal prosecutors filed a motion to dismiss charges against him. Dr. Al-Arian had visited the White House several times, had met Bill and Hillary Clinton, and had met and campaigned for George W. Bush.
William Calley, U.S. Army officer responsible for the My Lai massacre, served years under house arrest when the president commuted his original sentence of life imprisonment.
Dr. Dre (born Andre Romelle Young), one of the founding fathers of gangsta rap and former member of the influential hip-hop group N.W.A, was sentenced to house arrest after being convicted of assaulting a record producer.
Rodney King, motorist who served a short sentence under house arrest for reckless driving.
Debra Lafave, a former middle-school teacher, was sentenced to house arrest on November 22, 2005 for raping a 14-year-old student.
Adrian Lamo, served six months under house arrest following his convictions for hacking into The New York Times and Microsoft.
Lil Boosie (born Torrence Hatch); the rapper was held under house arrest while awaiting trial.
Lindsay Lohan in 2011, served house arrest for violating her probation.
Bernard Madoff, after his Ponzi scheme was discovered, and $50 billion went missing.
Paul Manafort, under house arrest awaiting trial for various charges related to the Special Counsel investigation into Donald Trump's presidential campaign. He was returned to jail on June 15, 2018 on suspicion of obstruction of justice and witness tampering.
John G. Rowland, former governor of Connecticut, spent four months under house arrest after serving 10 months in federal prison for corruption while in office.
Jerry Sandusky, former college football coach, spent 10 months under house arrest during his sex abuse trial. He was placed on house arrest in December of 2011 after he posted $250,000 bail on the sex abuse charges, because a judge ruled that he was too dangerous to be outside his home. Sandusky caused public concern, as his backyard bordered a school playground, and he was often seen on his back porch watching school kids play during break times, which many found inappropriate for a man who was awaiting trial on charges of abusing children.Sandusky was convicted of the charges in June of 2012, but remained on house arrest until his sentencing on October 9, 2012, when he was sentenced to a prison term of 30 to 60 years, a practical life sentence. Sandusky was not given credit for the time he served under house arrest, meaning his earliest possible release date is exactly 30 years from the day of his sentencing.
Donté Stallworth, an NFL wide receiver, was sentenced on June 16, 2009, to two years under house arrest for killing a pedestrian with his vehicle due to driving while intoxicated in Miami, Florida.
Martha Stewart was sentenced to five months under house arrest following her release from prison on March 4, 2005.
Dominique Strauss-Kahn was held under house arrest on bail as an alternative to detention at Riker's Island before his trial for sexual assault. Strauss-Kahn was released from house arrest on 1 July 2011.
Lionel Tate was sentenced to one year under house arrest under the terms of the plea bargain offered in January 2004.
T.I. (born Clifford Joseph Harris), an American rapper and co-CEO of Grand Hustle Records, was sentenced to house arrest after gun charges.
Michael Vick, former Atlanta Falcons quarterback, was approved for transition to home confinement from his federal incarceration on February 26, 2009.
Norman Whitfield, former Motown producer and songwriter, was convicted in 2005 of tax evasion for failing to report more than $4 million worth of royalties to the Internal Revenue Service, fined $25,000 and sentenced to six months under house arrest in lieu of jail time because of health issues, including diabetes. Whitfield died of diabetes three years later.
Tay-K (born Tamar McIntyre), an American rapper, was sentenced to house arrest while awaiting trial for capital murder and aggravated burglary charges. He somehow cut off his ankle monitor and fled from his hometown of Arlington, Texas to Elizabeth, New Jersey to spend some time in a recording studio, recording his biggest hit single to date (while remaining a fugitive), "The Race", prior to his recent capture in June 2017 for violating his house arrest terms.
Austin Jones, American former YouTuber and singer placed on home confinement three days after he was arrested on June 12, 2017, for producing child pornography. As a part of his release, he was barred from using the Internet and social media while he awaits trial.
Yugoslavia
Aloysius Stepinac, Cardinal Archbishop of Zagreb sentenced to 16 years imprisonment for collaboration with the NDH regime, was released to house arrest after five years.
In popular culture
Literature
A Gentleman in Moscow
Film
Cherish (film)
Disturbia (film)
House Arrest (1996 film)
The Nines
100 Feet
Ant-Man and the Wasp
Tower Heist
Television
Goode Behavior (TV series)
The Sopranos – "House Arrest" episode
Family Guy – "Mind Over Murder" episode
Shameless (American TV series) – multiple episodes (season 4)
American Vandal
24 (season 6) – former US President Charles Logan
White Collar (TV series)
See also
Internment
Curfew
Exile
Open prison
References
Imprisonment and detention
Punishments
Home | [
0.22072751820087433,
-0.10691841691732407,
-0.08685409277677536,
0.10919761657714844,
0.40756118297576904,
-0.13820864260196686,
0.5795507431030273,
-0.5707194209098816,
-0.8724938035011292,
0.07580123096704483,
-0.8154336810112,
-0.08099567890167236,
-0.721931517124176,
0.2167242467403412,
-0.4426354169845581,
0.5984408855438232,
0.6865492463111877,
0.2212083786725998,
-0.022742802277207375,
-0.45247912406921387,
0.08774198591709137,
-0.2855468690395355,
-0.3041009306907654,
-0.4054768979549408,
0.3734278082847595,
-0.1243569627404213,
-0.132331982254982,
0.08644746243953705,
-0.5136118531227112,
0.1472187489271164,
0.2914979159832001,
-0.1916050761938095,
0.030571194365620613,
0.1940283328294754,
0.3101018965244293,
0.021644875407218933,
-0.4299342632293701,
-0.19874024391174316,
-0.1345115453004837,
-0.783527135848999,
-0.027254346758127213,
0.2143862098455429,
-0.2478199005126953,
0.06008629500865936,
-0.49252811074256897,
-0.18671685457229614,
-0.8962332010269165,
0.07360156625509262,
-0.44481050968170166,
-0.18189683556556702,
-0.40630146861076355,
0.3330609202384949,
0.16631744801998138,
0.08899630606174469,
0.07984165102243423,
-0.2526332437992096,
-0.5781823992729187,
-0.47379669547080994,
0.31760814785957336,
-0.3945751190185547,
0.4407874345779419,
0.08658374845981598,
0.30450648069381714,
0.2262207418680191,
0.37578868865966797,
-0.02131960168480873,
0.14875923097133636,
0.06634023040533066,
0.1922478824853897,
-0.15263856947422028,
-0.3734220564365387,
0.034371476620435715,
0.10325714945793152,
0.13711178302764893,
-0.580732524394989,
0.0363183319568634,
0.2758721113204956,
-0.7235298156738281,
-0.059402018785476685,
0.257039874792099,
-0.016765601933002472,
0.33325785398483276,
-0.046464089304208755,
-0.16826532781124115,
0.549066960811615,
0.06743678450584412,
-0.7246417999267578,
0.2494812309741974,
0.18281206488609314,
0.58136385679245,
0.5587180852890015,
0.9962156414985657,
0.21247877180576324,
0.2801936864852905,
-0.32809552550315857,
0.27037492394447327,
0.3006936311721802,
0.12573228776454926,
0.02358384244143963,
0.3846215009689331,
0.21016842126846313,
-0.28554561734199524,
0.8727806210517883,
-0.03927190229296684,
0.10998861491680145,
-0.26426705718040466,
0.18243777751922607,
0.010582015849649906,
0.05529677867889404,
-0.48735302686691284,
-0.3734320402145386,
0.673660933971405,
-0.28531160950660706,
0.22934596240520477,
-0.479544460773468,
0.11065467447042465,
0.21445661783218384,
0.3044603765010834,
-0.20074664056301117,
0.1986352950334549,
-0.2508912682533264,
-0.000011618551980063785,
-0.10285747796297073,
0.06243080273270607,
-0.2367655336856842,
-0.08143392950296402,
0.3872275650501251,
0.6759136319160461,
-0.7406814098358154,
-0.02440379001200199,
-0.14795738458633423,
0.48654448986053467,
0.3864804804325104,
0.12294771522283554,
-0.3436761200428009,
0.3087010383605957,
0.4391149580478668,
-0.05421079695224762,
0.5793920755386353,
0.11940088868141174,
-0.5369250774383545,
-0.3853103816509247,
-0.14529424905776978,
0.09317807853221893,
-0.10816644877195358,
-0.7689658999443054,
0.07163944840431213,
-0.06485822051763535,
-0.4197944402694702,
-0.04382087290287018,
-0.01565452292561531,
0.37809014320373535,
-0.3718074560165405,
-0.34427008032798767,
-0.2823413014411926,
-0.5390653610229492,
0.09442269802093506,
-0.02293108031153679,
-0.19462822377681732,
-0.372913658618927,
-0.4912252128124237,
0.31705766916275024,
-0.4600266218185425,
0.15907186269760132,
0.37289613485336304,
-0.1897762417793274,
-0.23853006958961487,
0.1841004192829132,
-0.2578252851963043,
0.11829336732625961,
-0.3136349320411682,
0.5194226503372192,
0.18863555788993835,
-0.30874812602996826,
-0.4070269763469696,
0.22954201698303223,
-0.01975858025252819,
0.22882042825222015,
0.439726322889328,
0.09317130595445633,
-0.26529696583747864,
0.20511294901371002,
0.34797579050064087,
-0.16662363708019257,
-0.13708195090293884,
-0.22289639711380005,
0.6459628343582153,
-0.21879282593727112,
-0.5181888937950134,
-0.5857256054878235,
-0.31909841299057007,
0.32180702686309814,
0.05324437469244003,
-0.3586650788784027,
0.8714948892593384,
-0.39133694767951965,
-0.09884347766637802,
0.9496608972549438,
-0.15067167580127716,
0.6016409993171692,
-0.08621548116207123,
0.2680070400238037,
0.9252264499664307,
-0.16697068512439728,
-0.620919406414032,
0.30632904171943665,
-0.03556687384843826,
0.37425267696380615,
-0.012899684719741344,
0.3720163404941559,
0.4207165539264679,
-0.4208299517631531,
0.33670157194137573,
-0.0053275576792657375,
0.22293275594711304,
0.29735735058784485,
-0.5815725922584534,
0.10993479937314987,
0.0956357941031456,
-0.358991414308548,
0.29723304510116577,
-0.43721792101860046,
-0.002228476107120514,
0.6988416910171509,
-0.4959319233894348,
0.014695554971694946,
0.15296617150306702,
0.2084207981824875,
0.3930290639400482,
-0.6601026058197021,
0.2761844992637634,
0.17846998572349548,
-0.10008496791124344,
-0.10256043821573257,
-0.5959600210189819,
0.7279667258262634,
0.02113489620387554,
-0.2069675326347351,
-0.22034640610218048,
-0.22561784088611603,
0.21714012324810028,
-0.28899890184402466,
0.46781784296035767,
0.48337459564208984,
0.11587005853652954,
-0.09548796713352203,
0.15609201788902283,
0.5123939514160156,
-0.13006196916103363,
0.33081644773483276,
0.3896085321903229,
0.10781367868185043,
0.6972126364707947,
-0.5876761078834534,
0.6002315282821655,
-0.3963455855846405,
0.03818574920296669,
0.07516840100288391,
-0.2539435029029846,
-0.2471400946378708,
-0.16765712201595306,
0.31115978956222534,
0.055757805705070496,
-0.4000862240791321,
-0.3311287462711334,
-0.561625063419342,
-0.14880909025669098,
-0.09676504135131836,
0.03642350807785988,
0.4564790427684784,
0.27444344758987427,
-0.15860816836357117,
-0.4675649106502533,
-0.37673240900039673,
-0.19260738790035248,
-0.39908796548843384,
0.4837111830711365,
-0.011666322126984596,
0.13868068158626556,
0.10996474325656891,
0.30361831188201904,
-0.29864099621772766,
0.3412753641605377,
-0.5852600932121277,
0.4131561815738678,
-0.6967827677726746,
0.0985853299498558,
-0.4338843524456024,
-0.12393224984407425,
0.2792589068412781,
-0.24526731669902802,
-0.026400918141007423,
0.34193581342697144,
-0.07816746830940247,
0.18574436008930206,
0.537797212600708,
0.06598494201898575,
0.5275118350982666,
0.22960147261619568,
-0.13235487043857574,
-0.3372827470302582,
-0.29863354563713074,
-0.6701699495315552,
0.11054713279008865,
-0.3117053806781769,
-0.23327814042568207,
-0.034717440605163574,
-0.22426243126392365,
-6.082246780395508,
0.17328453063964844,
-0.27773523330688477,
-0.46910059452056885,
-0.4285030663013458,
0.3661443293094635,
1.0240849256515503,
-0.22089587152004242,
-0.24097149074077606,
0.22478753328323364,
-0.17869889736175537,
-0.11059363186359406,
0.5444884300231934,
0.2758617103099823,
0.4071093797683716,
-0.15613242983818054,
0.14465294778347015,
-0.17277975380420685,
-0.35899731516838074,
0.22918398678302765,
-0.12574228644371033,
0.30464714765548706,
0.3834928870201111,
-0.20276926457881927,
0.21903376281261444,
0.2826981842517853,
0.2747526466846466,
0.08682296425104141,
-0.6963070034980774,
-0.27607864141464233,
-0.18464039266109467,
-0.42831775546073914,
-0.16562420129776,
-0.5495677590370178,
-0.054595477879047394,
0.7289827466011047,
0.4023629128932953,
0.36455389857292175,
-0.48594486713409424,
-0.2610413134098053,
0.2029208093881607,
0.012238784693181515,
0.22732387483119965,
0.3480711579322815,
0.1752692013978958,
0.07177165150642395,
-0.17906709015369415,
-0.48568376898765564,
-0.6349971294403076,
0.35223010182380676,
-0.4911825358867645,
0.44098973274230957,
0.5319969058036804,
0.09422792494297028,
-0.36886414885520935,
0.022129597142338753,
0.036191489547491074,
-0.3030204176902771,
-0.3376583456993103,
0.025501864030957222,
0.010394930839538574,
-0.6974408030509949,
-0.06748595088720322,
-0.4825488030910492,
0.17330187559127808,
-0.3299199342727661,
-0.3946463167667389,
-0.3554614186286926,
0.5097251534461975,
0.5067111253738403,
-0.0848643109202385,
-0.061172470450401306,
0.45812517404556274,
-0.9686922430992126,
-0.08054423332214355,
-0.15393613278865814,
-0.16499066352844238,
-0.18994104862213135,
0.3077487349510193,
0.31597572565078735,
-0.5914818644523621,
0.4802844822406769,
0.01994813233613968,
0.04483398050069809,
0.06830216199159622,
-0.6872329711914062,
-0.372191458940506,
0.6623018383979797,
-0.16269823908805847,
0.08085509389638901,
0.16756056249141693,
-0.22494587302207947,
-0.024104028940200806,
-0.05475439131259918,
-0.09142877161502838,
0.35083332657814026,
0.013381067663431168,
-0.25821223855018616,
0.5324328541755676,
-0.03317156061530113,
0.3842431902885437,
0.13476599752902985,
0.4377589821815491,
-0.6897990107536316,
0.3775463402271271,
-0.22295939922332764,
-0.6548616886138916,
0.8111011385917664,
0.2231900691986084,
0.17798659205436707,
-0.1271025836467743,
0.12414130568504333,
0.06767666339874268,
-0.7584936618804932,
0.32698363065719604,
-0.058291103690862656,
-0.27638325095176697,
0.28250786662101746,
-0.14556491374969482,
-0.19532977044582367,
-0.43852347135543823,
-0.12971293926239014,
-0.10842283815145493,
0.23462195694446564,
-0.3971668481826782,
-0.4906754195690155,
0.37474381923675537,
0.05608892813324928,
0.20205575227737427,
-0.08747899532318115,
0.14177027344703674,
0.8465181589126587,
0.3299037516117096,
0.09523061662912369,
0.02531110681593418,
-0.36974337697029114,
0.22421686351299286,
-0.13390593230724335,
0.14623583853244781,
-0.36497560143470764,
-0.17658500373363495,
-0.4237540066242218,
-0.04961659386754036,
0.15837444365024567,
0.3818056583404541,
-0.015853960067033768,
-0.137131467461586,
0.11939754337072372,
0.016519339755177498,
0.17297111451625824,
-0.03527745231986046,
-0.6068906188011169,
0.27921196818351746,
-0.09050637483596802,
-0.02302660048007965,
-0.5262349247932434,
0.2023671418428421,
0.39366650581359863,
0.329251766204834,
-0.5771238803863525,
-0.1629747897386551,
-0.179902583360672,
-0.931757390499115,
-0.5596622824668884,
-0.17605137825012207,
0.026247737929224968,
-0.3926723301410675,
0.3096465468406677,
-0.22406388819217682,
0.37554931640625,
-0.272016316652298,
-0.5955619215965271,
-0.20378713309764862,
-0.03164372593164444,
0.5240744948387146,
0.20993556082248688,
0.04563743993639946,
0.4746100604534149,
-0.19903813302516937,
-0.045198481529951096,
0.20683793723583221,
-0.29165589809417725,
-0.3255406320095062,
0.6417600512504578,
0.35357993841171265,
0.05773017555475235,
0.3227815330028534,
-0.18090642988681793,
0.07525723427534103,
-0.6935586333274841,
0.3138662576675415,
0.11461783200502396,
0.3912399113178253,
0.18197432160377502,
-0.004887599963694811,
-0.3697507977485657,
-0.1522926539182663,
0.23449119925498962,
-0.4152681827545166,
0.3340691328048706,
0.061082180589437485,
0.3410654366016388,
-0.2642495334148407,
0.276193231344223,
0.33299508690834045,
-0.2318747639656067,
0.1542840152978897,
0.022120527923107147,
-0.16512733697891235,
0.42441150546073914,
-0.5484068393707275,
-0.16336899995803833,
-0.2612890899181366,
0.7908217310905457,
-0.2970028519630432,
-0.3672405779361725,
0.21105360984802246,
-0.34192636609077454,
-0.03365210443735123,
-0.4609171748161316,
0.22917741537094116,
-0.03578490763902664,
-0.34536880254745483,
0.042750533670186996,
-0.25138792395591736,
0.23151205480098724,
0.1519821137189865,
-0.4818117320537567,
0.6986939907073975,
0.30883100628852844,
-0.1407591700553894,
0.08003693073987961,
0.24980740249156952,
-0.07870832085609436,
-0.5432058572769165,
-0.3989037871360779,
0.20760242640972137,
-0.08081473410129547,
-0.14574159681797028,
0.7351536750793457,
0.39812350273132324,
0.907825231552124,
0.2310207635164261,
-0.5545633435249329,
-0.03828760236501694,
0.28613823652267456,
0.29875680804252625,
-0.6360994577407837,
-0.15617051720619202,
0.3415345251560211,
0.008905145339667797,
-0.03159504383802414,
-0.08967456221580505,
0.10253099352121353,
0.5292064547538757,
-0.0643564760684967,
0.41313883662223816,
-0.07724761962890625,
0.869478702545166,
0.6320282220840454,
0.029706692323088646,
-0.5802860260009766,
-0.19701865315437317,
-0.07604774087667465,
-0.0039052742067724466,
-0.05987933650612831,
-0.19101276993751526,
-0.009905247017741203,
0.16955895721912384,
-0.5812761187553406,
-0.14902940392494202,
-0.054096415638923645,
0.5395025014877319,
0.41067591309547424,
0.7823647856712341,
0.1190716102719307,
0.09613791853189468,
-0.09104577451944351,
-0.03690629452466965,
-0.035725511610507965,
-0.0691598504781723,
-0.21686673164367676,
-0.17250031232833862,
-0.9550222158432007,
0.5045029520988464,
-0.2942688465118408,
0.3516828119754791,
0.1928490698337555,
-0.432537704706192,
-0.5941307544708252,
-0.22565439343452454,
-0.025554325431585312,
0.12696261703968048,
0.43376320600509644,
-0.35535943508148193,
0.266155868768692,
-0.021650243550539017,
0.357885479927063,
0.532642126083374,
-0.3164375424385071,
-0.8743139505386353,
0.05383095145225525,
-0.35850879549980164,
-1.019139289855957,
0.40080320835113525,
-0.5224055051803589,
0.6103924512863159,
-0.33703112602233887,
-0.017594462260603905,
0.0427006296813488,
0.0777183398604393,
-0.036769427359104156,
0.5066917538642883,
0.4358397126197815,
-0.4405006468296051,
0.03685133159160614,
0.6530690789222717,
-0.44301480054855347,
0.06891914457082748,
-0.0980866551399231,
0.1747305542230606,
-0.3447761833667755,
0.05077901855111122,
-0.031204521656036377,
0.3919280469417572,
0.3943544626235962,
-0.13570699095726013,
0.16782116889953613,
0.41230711340904236,
-0.1366920918226242,
0.894943118095398,
0.16387858986854553,
-0.002021044958382845,
0.39762938022613525,
-0.3432386517524719,
0.021475275978446007,
0.000325857603456825,
-0.42744454741477966,
-0.6908223032951355,
0.38191279768943787,
0.7737370133399963,
0.3134564459323883,
-0.1002478152513504,
0.23804037272930145,
-0.15567760169506073,
0.8514487743377686,
0.47297242283821106,
0.2983711361885071,
-0.05080168694257736,
0.33363762497901917,
0.37557435035705566,
-0.052802667021751404,
0.6396129131317139,
0.3248068392276764,
-0.014792714267969131,
-0.37925928831100464,
0.6413242220878601,
-0.30704307556152344,
-0.4890214204788208,
-0.7039370536804199,
-0.043651778250932693,
0.4201917052268982,
0.07237621396780014,
0.3465230166912079,
0.27358585596084595,
-0.24119938910007477,
0.7319880127906799,
-0.34731024503707886,
-0.20920585095882416,
-0.19375823438167572,
0.29639512300491333,
-0.0689154714345932,
-0.26604893803596497,
-0.36797791719436646,
0.26810476183891296,
-0.5538521409034729,
0.42175009846687317,
0.4829387962818146,
-0.0629350021481514,
-0.519446074962616,
0.42769771814346313,
-0.4841533303260803,
0.18978659808635712,
-0.9667163491249084,
0.022195400670170784,
-0.04177726060152054,
-0.3183341324329376,
0.2559431493282318,
-0.06837525963783264,
0.3972925841808319,
0.20417967438697815,
0.20759443938732147,
-0.10530754178762436,
-0.004525910597294569,
0.13082469999790192,
0.1817110776901245,
0.17275841534137726,
0.8354517817497253,
0.09392480552196503,
-0.2759803235530853,
-0.05189261585474014,
0.19715945422649384,
-0.4503251314163208,
-0.521664559841156,
-0.6367741823196411,
0.6290652751922607,
-0.3323288857936859,
-0.22096656262874603,
-0.7043893933296204,
0.5579431056976318,
0.3571639060974121,
-0.24722568690776825,
-0.32761022448539734,
0.5353958010673523,
0.11134714633226395,
0.6664546728134155,
0.4789758324623108,
-0.536283016204834,
0.09753736108541489,
-0.6224928498268127,
0.47001129388809204,
0.15288959443569183,
0.13325810432434082,
0.4427504241466522,
-0.48291081190109253,
-0.10174288600683212,
0.5471692085266113,
-0.40907350182533264,
-0.18775632977485657,
0.5528456568717957,
-0.01670575886964798,
0.009320511482656002,
-0.546215295791626,
0.05125631392002106,
-0.2567504942417145,
-0.25979214906692505,
0.26554566621780396,
0.23426921665668488,
0.3628062903881073,
-0.2962441146373749,
0.26967063546180725,
0.11344955116510391,
-0.21819347143173218,
-0.03632420673966408,
0.11133615672588348,
0.16905128955841064,
-0.6541302800178528,
-0.23450282216072083,
-0.13246579468250275,
-0.2864398658275604,
-0.29146096110343933,
-0.3931359648704529,
0.26589909195899963,
0.26217368245124817,
-0.3288447856903076,
-0.01496146060526371,
-0.0512772798538208,
-0.303603857755661,
-0.5681513547897339,
0.21122120320796967
] |
247644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | Amherst, Nova Scotia | Amherst ( ) is a town in northwestern Nova Scotia, Canada, located at the northeast end of the Cumberland Basin, an arm of the Bay of Fundy, and south of the Northumberland Strait. The town sits on a height of land at the eastern boundary of the Isthmus of Chignecto and Tantramar Marshes, east of the interprovincial border with New Brunswick and southeast of the city of Moncton. It is southwest of the New Brunswick abutment of the Confederation Bridge to Prince Edward Island at Cape Jourimain.
History
According to Dr. Graham P. Hennessey, "The Micmac name was Nemcheboogwek meaning 'going up rising ground', in reference to the higher land to the east of the Tantramar Marshes. The Acadians who settled here as early as 1672 called the village Les Planches. The village was later renamed Amherst by Colonel Joseph Morse in honour of Lord Amherst, the commander-in-chief of the British Army in North America during the Seven Years' War."
The town was first settled in 1764 by immigrants from Yorkshire following the expulsion of the Acadians, with the original settlement being located southwest of the present town on the shore of the Bay of Fundy. These settlers were joined by United Empire Loyalists (Loyalists who fled the American colonies during the American Revolution). A mill was built on the current townsite, and the residents moved there to be closer to work.
During the 19th century, Amherst became an important regional centre for shipbuilding and other services to outlying communities. An indication of the town's importance in Canadian history is seen with its four Fathers of Confederation: Edward B. Chandler, Robert B. Dickey, Jonathan McCully, and Sir Charles Tupper.
During the late 19th century, local industrialists and entrepreneurs constructed many fine Victorian and Edwardian homes along Victoria Street East, leading toward the farming hamlet of East Amherst. Many notable residents have lived in this district, including Tupper, Senator Thomas R. Black, the Barker Family, the Lamy Family, the Pugsley Family and Mary (Molly) Simmons Critchley.
Amherst gained brief notoriety in the late 19th century as the location of alleged poltergeist phenomena afflicting Amherst resident Esther Cox in 1878 and 1879, which became known as the Great Amherst Mystery after the publication of a popular book on the affair.
Amherst experienced unprecedented industrialization in the late 1870s after the Intercolonial Railway of Canada constructed its main line from Halifax to Quebec through the town in 1872. The location of the railway line away from the Bay of Fundy coast further consolidated the town at its present location as industry and commercial activity centred around this important transportation link. The economic boom created by the arrival of the Intercolonial Railway lasted through World War I and numerous foundries, factories and mills opened, giving rise to the nickname "Busy Amherst".
In 1908, the manufacturing output of Amherst's industries was not exceeded by any centre in the Maritime Provinces. Many of the fine old buildings along Victoria Street are considered industrial artifacts because they were constructed during a period of tremendous industry growth. Local contractors employed local craftsmen, who used local materials. Notice the emphasis on sandstone and brick, both locally produced and delightful detail which reflects the skilled craftsmanship prevalent in the 19th century.
Amherst's prosperity would not last as the failed economic policies of the federal and provincial governments, coupled with World War I, saw the town's industrial economy begin a slow decline during the 1910s. The Amherst Internment Camp for prisoners of war and enemy aliens was set up at Malleable Iron Foundry in Amherst from April 1915 to September 1919, and Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky was incarcerated there for one month after he was arrested in Halifax, Nova Scotia in April 1917.
During the Amherst general strike in 1919, worker unrest over social and economic conditions led to mass protests in sympathy with the Winnipeg general strike.
The eventual closure of companies such as Robb Engineering & Manufacturing (purchased by Canada Car and Foundry and then closed) and Amherst Pianos, among others led to a resignation of lost dreams as the town was overtaken by other newer manufacturing centres in central Canada during the 20th century. Amherst had a modest-sized industrial park constructed during the 1960s when the Trans-Canada Highway was being developed. Today the majority of the town's major employers are located there, including Emmerson Packaging and IMP Aerospace.
During the Second World War, the Royal Canadian Navy named a .
The town is currently served by Via Rail's Halifax-to-Montreal train Ocean.
Businesses
Amherst is the retail centre for the Cumberland region and the southeastern part of Westmorland County (New Brunswick). The town has several national retailers including Walmart, Sobeys, Atlantic Superstore, Canadian Tire, Kent Building Supplies, Giant Tiger and Dollarama in addition to fast food restaurants and auto dealerships. The Amherst Centre Mall is home to retailers Coles, Northern Reflections, Marks Work Wearhouse, Eclipse, and Charm Diamond Centres, as well as the Amherst Artisan Gallery.
The heritage downtown draws visitors to speciality retailers Deanne Fitzpatrick Studio, Mrs. Pugsley's Emporium, and Birkinshaw's Tea Room. Dayle's Grand Market houses several businesses in a historic department store with a grand staircase and tin ceilings. Shops include an antique coin dealer, a vintage clothing shop, a ladies clothing and shoe store, and a collaboration of more than 100 local artisans.
Sports
Amherst is home of the Amherst Ramblers, a Junior A Hockey League team from the Maritime Hockey League. All home games are played out of the 2,500 seat Amherst Stadium. The season usually runs from mid-September to early March every year. The Ramblers draw some of the largest crowds in the Maritime Hockey League, and have placed third in average attendance over the past few years. They won the Centennial Cup in 1993.
Every August, Amherst hosts an eight-team little league baseball tournament, featuring four teams from New England.
Climate
Amherst experiences a humid continental climate (Dfb). The highest temperature ever recorded was on 18 August 1935. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 18 February 1922. In 2020, Amherst only recorded of precipitation.
Demographics
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Amherst recorded a population of 9,413 living in 4,372 of its 4,745 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 9,717. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
In the period between 1996 and 2006, Amherst lost over half of its Black population. The African Nova Scotian community has lived in the area since 1783, largely settled around the south end of the town in an area called Sand Hill.
Notable citizens
George Cove, inventor
John Greer, sculptor
Willard Boyle, co-inventor of the charge-coupled device (CCD), for which he shared a 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics
Alfred Paul Rogers, American Orthodontist
Roger Stuart Bacon, former Premier of Nova Scotia
Bill Casey, politician
Edward Barron Chandler, politician
Robert C. Coates, politician
Alex Colville, Painter
George Barton Cutten, university president
Robert Barry Dickey, politician
Leslie Feist, musician
Carly Jackson, professional ice hockey player
Rocky Johnson, professional wrestler, WWE Hall of Fame inductee, father of Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
Jonathan McCully, politician
Willard M. Mitchell, artist and architect
William Thomas Pipes, former Premier of Nova Scotia
Edgar Nelson Rhodes, former Premier of Nova Scotia
Bill Riley, third Black player to play in the NHL
Norman McLeod Rogers, politician
Sir Charles Tupper, 6th Prime Minister of Canada
Media
Television
Amherst is served locally by EastLink TV. The station also serves the communities of Springhill, Oxford, and others in the county, as well as Sackville, New Brunswick.
Radio
90.1 FM CFNS
99.1 FM CITA
101.7 FM CKDH
107.9 FM CFTA (Tantramar FM)
Newspapers
Amherst News (weekly)
Citizen - Record (weekly)
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
References
Notes
External links
Town of Amherst
Populated coastal places in Canada
Towns in Nova Scotia | [
-0.3442668616771698,
0.2918093502521515,
-0.29177576303482056,
-0.021811995655298233,
0.56927090883255,
0.7379773259162903,
0.29139986634254456,
0.8756496906280518,
-0.13664422929286957,
-0.6866298317909241,
-0.2808281481266022,
0.11485237628221512,
0.5437738299369812,
0.27852341532707214,
-0.12709051370620728,
0.677493155002594,
-0.49379393458366394,
0.44900596141815186,
-0.5757080912590027,
-0.2064681053161621,
-0.08435572683811188,
-0.4993411600589752,
0.25799858570098877,
0.5640971064567566,
-0.04443429782986641,
0.46325498819351196,
1.2216318845748901,
0.20710287988185883,
-0.13877417147159576,
0.2973443865776062,
-0.4430433213710785,
0.5349165201187134,
-0.6316003799438477,
-0.5893324017524719,
0.5435559153556824,
-0.11288676410913467,
-0.30308663845062256,
0.3310531973838806,
-0.43603429198265076,
-0.7356308698654175,
-0.012534042820334435,
-0.30625107884407043,
-0.1673988699913025,
0.16350969672203064,
0.10747080296278,
-0.40850088000297546,
-1.1896508932113647,
0.09091054648160934,
-1.1992193460464478,
-0.8549838066101074,
-0.2587973475456238,
0.5883708000183105,
-0.15676754713058472,
0.2752528786659241,
0.7077919840812683,
0.37986478209495544,
-1.2381961345672607,
-0.1757628321647644,
0.8633792400360107,
0.22358335554599762,
-0.025037169456481934,
0.9459884166717529,
-0.33824074268341064,
0.4331809878349304,
-0.031276434659957886,
0.13901972770690918,
0.3074122667312622,
0.3167407214641571,
-0.16709893941879272,
-0.44548916816711426,
0.055109549313783646,
0.06917717307806015,
-0.08358226716518402,
0.41659581661224365,
-0.1940036416053772,
0.408220112323761,
0.18720778822898865,
0.01724967733025551,
0.49084118008613586,
0.49363943934440613,
-0.14404679834842682,
-0.3863789439201355,
0.6336129903793335,
0.28065359592437744,
0.5720799565315247,
0.3705715537071228,
-0.538034975528717,
0.22462160885334015,
-0.2522144019603729,
0.7091773152351379,
-0.6115912795066833,
0.09445162862539291,
0.2936934232711792,
0.15671254694461823,
-0.13194860517978668,
-0.0094715915620327,
-0.009134766645729542,
0.4450719952583313,
0.039592694491147995,
-0.016854409128427505,
-0.8129894137382507,
0.0500069223344326,
0.805189311504364,
-0.000008068686838669237,
-0.5033928751945496,
-0.03030451387166977,
-0.26177406311035156,
-0.011439342983067036,
0.35927754640579224,
-0.27450981736183167,
-0.035970062017440796,
-0.18863095343112946,
0.27740028500556946,
-0.09893105924129486,
-0.16993744671344757,
0.07346223294734955,
0.38571593165397644,
-0.389902263879776,
-0.1344958245754242,
-0.16432103514671326,
0.6338059902191162,
0.6627312302589417,
-0.1602504849433899,
-0.3253225088119507,
0.12046565860509872,
-0.01136306207627058,
0.5357674956321716,
-0.2500864863395691,
-0.34955960512161255,
-0.20286715030670166,
-0.34277716279029846,
0.8068282008171082,
-0.41751596331596375,
0.03315192833542824,
0.17329399287700653,
-0.018536724150180817,
-0.7588445544242859,
-0.11239826679229736,
0.44164949655532837,
0.12921565771102905,
-1.035735011100769,
-0.12142626196146011,
-0.2941514551639557,
-0.42654862999916077,
0.025330981239676476,
-0.6021177768707275,
-0.11771926283836365,
-0.6824074387550354,
0.29161012172698975,
0.25584250688552856,
0.37378445267677307,
0.051937639713287354,
-0.5485396385192871,
-0.5761005282402039,
-0.3669247329235077,
-0.5922678709030151,
1.0149613618850708,
0.5737053155899048,
0.2191387563943863,
0.3096873462200165,
0.1354132741689682,
0.2800363600254059,
0.9583889245986938,
-0.4360169768333435,
0.2329365760087967,
0.1857350468635559,
0.18284331262111664,
-0.502701461315155,
0.07097950577735901,
0.21808990836143494,
-0.29428771138191223,
-0.014612807892262936,
1.2397685050964355,
-0.27294352650642395,
0.16004520654678345,
-0.533266544342041,
0.7648500204086304,
0.35313156247138977,
0.5501729249954224,
-0.34060394763946533,
-0.521999180316925,
-0.10253644734621048,
0.42398881912231445,
0.1328394114971161,
0.010978324338793755,
0.13791710138320923,
0.23268376290798187,
0.2682313919067383,
0.07880602777004242,
0.6524208784103394,
0.18448175489902496,
-0.6924153566360474,
0.035012971609830856,
-0.6934999227523804,
0.5195597410202026,
0.19675295054912567,
-0.6411747932434082,
1.0310194492340088,
-0.14605215191841125,
0.613454282283783,
-0.6062365770339966,
0.0193018838763237,
0.5776994824409485,
-0.2346874177455902,
-0.8332117199897766,
0.28152260184288025,
0.1717279553413391,
0.0010691673960536718,
-0.06475292891263962,
0.3149595558643341,
-0.4461062252521515,
-1.1829707622528076,
0.09865260124206543,
0.5986316800117493,
-0.5234355926513672,
-0.8507062196731567,
-0.3231121301651001,
-0.399241179227829,
0.1619509756565094,
-0.48260676860809326,
0.4840790331363678,
-0.056159649044275284,
0.11325991898775101,
-0.40633317828178406,
-0.1475328654050827,
0.4475627839565277,
-0.20444561541080475,
0.08538294583559036,
-0.13584080338478088,
-0.3349032700061798,
0.3443623483181,
-0.06461092829704285,
0.18203231692314148,
-0.3548121452331543,
-0.3027838170528412,
-0.23776744306087494,
0.03872149437665939,
-0.267042875289917,
0.39151033759117126,
0.08043741434812546,
-0.14133262634277344,
0.6638191938400269,
-0.9037716388702393,
-0.14164039492607117,
0.16902922093868256,
0.5080507397651672,
-0.12031552940607071,
0.0018860651180148125,
0.2614136338233948,
-0.5764346122741699,
0.31744134426116943,
0.009862293489277363,
0.09418699145317078,
0.3219621479511261,
0.4410781264305115,
-0.3316597640514374,
0.0698726698756218,
0.01771116442978382,
0.2696731388568878,
0.09905540198087692,
-0.5590939521789551,
-0.07566041499376297,
-0.49077171087265015,
0.505742609500885,
0.16465984284877777,
-0.4787563681602478,
-0.0738835409283638,
-0.45753908157348633,
-0.18102975189685822,
0.524501383304596,
1.0736604928970337,
-0.11067330837249756,
-0.028462355956435204,
0.29452183842658997,
0.7415848970413208,
-0.10446702688932419,
0.032388538122177124,
0.2952546775341034,
-0.936977744102478,
-0.2810709774494171,
0.4253901541233063,
1.142668604850769,
-0.5805413126945496,
-0.5770584940910339,
0.22247149050235748,
-0.3156503140926361,
0.5992460250854492,
0.03285900875926018,
-0.6205068230628967,
0.2143125832080841,
-0.27102577686309814,
-0.49090540409088135,
-0.1547316014766693,
0.8255722522735596,
-0.12674684822559357,
0.36438265442848206,
0.2726192772388458,
-0.3287467062473297,
0.3438923954963684,
-0.3931279182434082,
-0.4571956694126129,
0.19886167347431183,
-0.3133544325828552,
0.3119027316570282,
-0.10702281445264816,
-0.5074829459190369,
-0.028570106253027916,
-0.41297292709350586,
-5.137927055358887,
0.5866705775260925,
-0.3202987611293793,
-0.11239831894636154,
0.42952290177345276,
-0.06958825886249542,
0.28588393330574036,
0.015936898067593575,
-0.06795728206634521,
0.5432783365249634,
0.3316122591495514,
-0.15021608769893646,
-0.06278414279222488,
0.40919628739356995,
0.7275701761245728,
0.43346357345581055,
0.42392098903656006,
-0.24358849227428436,
0.2868122458457947,
-0.1874827742576599,
0.13051946461200714,
-0.009921032935380936,
-0.6279006600379944,
0.42635077238082886,
0.7595741152763367,
0.2537434697151184,
0.04822301119565964,
0.129377081990242,
-0.6514178514480591,
-0.22514215111732483,
0.011744518764317036,
-0.29686614871025085,
0.0623040609061718,
0.03394947946071625,
-0.03354189917445183,
-0.7627527117729187,
0.1695430725812912,
0.08662211149930954,
0.7627952694892883,
-1.0443909168243408,
0.19809119403362274,
0.13942597806453705,
-0.05909823253750801,
-0.6092409491539001,
0.4928530752658844,
-0.9870694875717163,
-0.7025046348571777,
0.6469272971153259,
0.2763846218585968,
0.46297216415405273,
0.3766792416572571,
0.0633351281285286,
-0.07310370355844498,
0.34315600991249084,
-0.028816521167755127,
-0.38646358251571655,
0.27060744166374207,
-0.14637424051761627,
-0.5811922550201416,
0.632350504398346,
0.4492758512496948,
-0.305527001619339,
0.08094605803489685,
0.4160694181919098,
-0.10938519984483719,
-0.35663989186286926,
-0.25442662835121155,
0.21507152915000916,
0.43883195519447327,
0.4074231684207916,
0.19927789270877838,
-0.10600677132606506,
-0.13731101155281067,
-0.6350285410881042,
0.01691903918981552,
-0.8816720247268677,
-0.7687544226646423,
0.36887678503990173,
-0.3188711404800415,
-0.47742295265197754,
-0.0274827741086483,
0.18388491868972778,
0.8326155543327332,
1.1067273616790771,
0.2783748507499695,
-0.16820812225341797,
-0.5269657969474792,
0.5606199502944946,
-0.3077436685562134,
-0.3649129569530487,
0.7821967601776123,
-0.02883375622332096,
0.5823521018028259,
-0.18231691420078278,
-0.2824881672859192,
-0.5359683632850647,
0.06603194028139114,
-0.22245892882347107,
0.28013065457344055,
-0.5970300436019897,
0.9066953063011169,
-0.18558663129806519,
0.2671346664428711,
-0.9982882738113403,
-0.742979884147644,
-0.31230124831199646,
0.18405060470104218,
0.003485518740490079,
0.830483078956604,
-0.16350795328617096,
-0.044527895748615265,
0.2546324133872986,
-0.32065442204475403,
-0.18939870595932007,
0.222336083650589,
-0.028297927230596542,
-0.5361430048942566,
0.31383004784584045,
0.913470983505249,
0.35030147433280945,
0.0012831402709707618,
-0.10020169615745544,
-0.45713379979133606,
0.24067091941833496,
0.23965920507907867,
-0.7839530110359192,
0.868496835231781,
0.10445448011159897,
-0.5819757580757141,
0.10807712376117706,
0.043448176234960556,
-0.30131086707115173,
-0.5268920063972473,
-0.2600333094596863,
-0.1122744232416153,
-0.21221718192100525,
-0.44793158769607544,
-0.8728325963020325,
-0.061085108667612076,
0.8241666555404663,
0.36334428191185,
0.35440465807914734,
-0.21286886930465698,
0.32733720541000366,
-0.26692360639572144,
0.3711543679237366,
0.5246866345405579,
0.14053888618946075,
-0.7911674976348877,
0.5395151972770691,
-0.3282645642757416,
0.0336383618414402,
-0.12965726852416992,
-0.6769555807113647,
0.4420816898345947,
0.15259307622909546,
0.26458024978637695,
-0.10364624857902527,
0.4779273569583893,
0.07749857008457184,
0.3067846894264221,
0.29299649596214294,
-0.6252599954605103,
0.09703391045331955,
0.11694329231977463,
-0.329812228679657,
-0.8903957605361938,
-0.25420457124710083,
-0.3849610686302185,
0.4759054183959961,
0.4187740087509155,
-0.2695397734642029,
-0.40428626537323,
-0.03547126427292824,
0.4340779185295105,
-0.5079612135887146,
-0.29093503952026367,
0.6105484366416931,
0.025000322610139847,
-0.30191653966903687,
-0.08282727003097534,
0.026829291135072708,
-0.5039963722229004,
-0.14756371080875397,
0.5262108445167542,
-0.24622640013694763,
-0.22218292951583862,
0.3973926901817322,
0.0669713020324707,
-0.2378937005996704,
-0.5264386534690857,
-0.30280789732933044,
0.36770686507225037,
0.2568359673023224,
0.025973202660679817,
0.19342611730098724,
0.7489359378814697,
0.5910505056381226,
-0.49485623836517334,
-0.36899256706237793,
-0.17070753872394562,
0.7488164901733398,
-0.8102583885192871,
0.5128782987594604,
0.08066428452730179,
-0.6592758297920227,
0.12213363498449326,
0.16463622450828552,
-0.4659796357154846,
0.7995898723602295,
-0.646811842918396,
0.08103047311306,
0.972541093826294,
0.6100198030471802,
-0.5376901030540466,
0.1041664332151413,
0.048590287566185,
-0.2140045166015625,
-0.02976251393556595,
-0.121328204870224,
-0.7852485179901123,
0.5380391478538513,
0.021832752972841263,
-0.1623717099428177,
-0.5233238339424133,
0.549910843372345,
0.9054180383682251,
0.03205307200551033,
0.4534304141998291,
-0.6036258935928345,
0.0646301656961441,
-0.07410348206758499,
-0.006614631973206997,
0.32359662652015686,
0.7766374945640564,
-0.26059871912002563,
0.1336233764886856,
-0.38146185874938965,
0.07196414470672607,
0.24896690249443054,
0.5424426198005676,
0.5647403597831726,
0.7285895943641663,
-0.6616162061691284,
-0.0768611803650856,
0.008845044299960136,
0.8310678601264954,
-0.25992491841316223,
-1.304763674736023,
0.17930246889591217,
0.3181007206439972,
-1.0441983938217163,
-1.0593900680541992,
-0.14701849222183228,
1.0333995819091797,
-0.5928491950035095,
0.06856393814086914,
0.694727897644043,
-0.02433270961046219,
0.1336519569158554,
0.8761402368545532,
-0.07300478219985962,
-0.1557670682668686,
0.22546817362308502,
0.4368574321269989,
-0.6808731555938721,
-0.32841265201568604,
0.2371145635843277,
0.4697996973991394,
-0.2940881848335266,
-0.03831307962536812,
-0.2025882750749588,
-0.1152551993727684,
0.5176618099212646,
-0.24351996183395386,
-0.2815561294555664,
0.33362147212028503,
-0.7179391980171204,
0.4016812741756439,
-0.2863685190677643,
-0.8228088021278381,
0.3397524058818817,
0.011008108966052532,
-0.36056748032569885,
-0.04631219804286957,
-0.6886175870895386,
0.12352750450372696,
0.1772952675819397,
0.1633244752883911,
0.8473767638206482,
-0.4271470904350281,
-0.2633025050163269,
-0.27342817187309265,
-0.8636735677719116,
-0.05666002631187439,
0.21319390833377838,
0.17534488439559937,
0.3991899788379669,
0.4024910032749176,
-0.13281755149364471,
-1.2336279153823853,
0.6984363198280334,
-0.41505491733551025,
-0.8919713497161865,
-0.1093045324087143,
-0.43190351128578186,
-0.40745440125465393,
-0.23730593919754028,
-0.33254265785217285,
0.0379815511405468,
0.5695813894271851,
-0.4440852403640747,
0.3794889748096466,
0.8418837189674377,
-0.2255186289548874,
-0.12773145735263824,
0.41348132491111755,
-0.9950110912322998,
-0.29061952233314514,
0.5340746641159058,
-0.3920578062534332,
0.09136126935482025,
0.6048650741577148,
0.6081281304359436,
0.1769198626279831,
1.1943265199661255,
-0.6111931204795837,
-0.4250108003616333,
-0.4235982894897461,
0.1972561627626419,
-0.5303150415420532,
-0.2842101454734802,
-1.1267036199569702,
0.3563133180141449,
-0.6487327814102173,
-0.6608405113220215,
0.2707023620605469,
-0.5587195158004761,
-0.45927155017852783,
0.24191783368587494,
0.76951003074646,
0.4358995854854584,
-0.07303355634212494,
-0.1968347132205963,
-0.06202375888824463,
0.06291691213846207,
0.4793478846549988,
0.053604643791913986,
0.12443309277296066,
-0.6298942565917969,
0.3289777934551239,
-0.45464184880256653,
-0.020970700308680534,
-0.9116318821907043,
0.18449796736240387,
0.3693464398384094,
0.0995960608124733,
-0.39164629578590393,
-0.45055150985717773,
0.19003914296627045,
-0.04527421295642853,
-0.79555344581604,
0.8890495896339417,
-0.26213768124580383,
-0.29360687732696533,
-0.5929256677627563,
0.7878803610801697,
-0.10281544923782349,
-0.16042934358119965,
0.06590846925973892,
0.04422726854681969,
0.1169927790760994,
0.35936787724494934,
-0.37811142206192017,
0.26116570830345154,
0.5845789909362793,
-0.24343474209308624,
0.7393471598625183,
-0.4185437858104706,
-0.007611467968672514,
-0.36342787742614746,
-0.1874915212392807,
-0.14310526847839355,
-0.38684481382369995,
0.42882901430130005,
-0.7021685242652893,
0.4722597599029541,
0.06281781941652298,
-0.3023129403591156,
0.09032521396875381,
0.13219191133975983,
-0.20502403378486633,
-0.350683331489563,
0.2004106640815735,
-0.4530036747455597,
-0.4585963785648346,
-0.4418962299823761,
0.6544830203056335,
0.2579245865345001,
0.9577162861824036,
0.32965490221977234,
0.5090016722679138,
0.19193531572818756,
0.33394959568977356,
0.1829209178686142,
0.10968687385320663,
-0.10193685442209244,
0.2162405550479889,
-0.9699817299842834,
0.47634151577949524,
0.5624061822891235,
0.6205146312713623,
-0.4862244427204132,
0.2381087690591812,
-0.1212250292301178,
-0.6154826879501343,
0.4960115849971771,
-0.24031990766525269,
-0.4260847270488739,
-0.38295602798461914,
0.06989620625972748,
-0.537426233291626,
0.19925396144390106,
0.3966583013534546,
-0.5191680788993835,
-0.317076176404953,
-0.2469102293252945,
-0.2987528443336487,
-0.6416906118392944,
0.6161863803863525,
-0.06633133441209793,
0.0012793241767212749,
-0.42836758494377136,
0.9997989535331726,
-0.2430488020181656,
-0.13200664520263672,
-0.06080489978194237,
0.894565999507904,
0.03214298561215401,
-0.39318981766700745,
-0.28238269686698914,
-0.21356838941574097,
0.014749428257346153,
0.12120552361011505,
0.26604101061820984,
0.16861984133720398,
-0.5023344159126282,
-0.3074171543121338,
-0.6307257413864136,
0.510858952999115,
-0.042544055730104446,
-0.4404087960720062,
0.2518620789051056,
0.09467311948537827,
-0.0884992852807045,
-0.5523418188095093,
0.29247698187828064,
-0.9640794992446899,
-0.11977726966142654,
0.5399284362792969
] |
247645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Martyrs | Canadian Martyrs | The Canadian Martyrs, also known as the North American Martyrs (French: Saints martyrs canadiens, Holy Canadian Martyrs), were eight Jesuit missionaries from Sainte-Marie among the Hurons. They were ritually tortured and killed on various dates in the mid-17th century in Canada, in what is now southern Ontario, and in upstate New York, during the warfare between the Iroquois (particularly the Mohawk people) and the Huron. They have subsequently been canonized and venerated as martyrs by the Catholic Church.
The martyrs are St. René Goupil (1642), St. Isaac Jogues (1646), St. Jean de Lalande (1646), St. Antoine Daniel (1648), St. Jean de Brébeuf (1649), St. Noël Chabanel (1649), St. Charles Garnier (1649), and St. Gabriel Lalemant (1649).
Background
Jesuit missionaries worked among the Huron (Wendat), an Iroquoian-speaking people who occupied territory in the Georgian Bay area of Central Ontario. (They were not part of the Iroquois Confederacy, initially made up of five tribes south and east of the Great Lakes.) The area of their traditional territory is called Huronia. The Huron in this area were farmers, fishermen and traders who lived in villages surrounded by defensive wooden palisades for protection. Sainte-Marie among the Hurons was the headquarters for the French Jesuit Mission to the Huron Wendat people.
By the late 1640s, the Jesuits believed they were making progress in their mission to the Huron, and claimed to have made many converts. But, the priests were not universally trusted. Many Huron considered them to be malevolent shamans who brought death and disease wherever they travelled; after European contact, the Huron had suffered high fatalities in epidemics after 1634 of smallpox and other Eurasian infectious diseases.
The nations of the Iroquois Confederacy considered the Jesuits legitimate targets of their raids and warfare, as the missionaries were nominally allies of the Huron and French fur traders. Retaliating for French colonial attacks against the Iroquois was also a reason for their raids against the Huron and Jesuits.
In 1642, the Mohawk captured René Goupil, and Father Isaac Jogues, bringing them back to their village of Ossernenon south of the Mohawk River. They ritually tortured both men and killed Goupil. After several months of captivity, Jogues was ransomed by Dutch traders and the minister Johannes Megapolensis from New Netherland (later Albany). He returned for a time to France, but then sailed back to Quebec. In 1646 he and Jean de Lalande were killed during a visit to Ossernenon intended to achieve peace between the French and the Mohawk.
Other Jesuit missionaries were killed by the Mohawk and martyred in the following years: Antoine Daniel (1648), Jean de Brébeuf (1649), Noël Chabanel (1649), Charles Garnier (1649), and Gabriel Lalemant (1649). All were canonized in 1930 as the Canadian Martyrs, also known as the North American Martyrs.
Legacy and honours
The martyrs were canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930. They are collectively the secondary patron saints of Canada. St. René Goupil, St. Isaac Jogues, and St. Jean de Lalande are the first three U.S. saints, martyred at Ossernenon, 9 miles west of the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk rivers. Their feast day is celebrated in the General Roman Calendar and in the United States on October 19 under the title of "John de Brébeuf and Isaac Jogues, Priests, and Companions, Martyrs," and in Canada on September 26.
The Martyrs' Shrine in Midland, Ontario, the site of the Jesuits' missionary work among the Huron, is the National Shrine to the Canadian Martyrs.
A National Shrine of the North American Martyrs has been constructed and dedicated in Auriesville, New York. It is located south of the Mohawk River, near a Jesuit cemetery containing remains of missionaries who died in the area from 1669 to 1684, when the Jesuits had a local mission to the Mohawk.
Churches dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs
Churches dedicated to the martyrs include the following:
National Shrine of the North American Martyrs in Auriesville, New York.
Nostra Signora del Santissimo Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi, the Canadian national church in Rome
Martyrs' Shrine in Midland, Ontario
Canadian Martyrs Church in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Canadian Martyrs Parish in Richmond, British Columbia
Canadian Martyrs Parish in Invermere, BC
The parish of Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens founded in 1961 in St. Boniface (now part of Winnipeg), Manitoba
North American Martyrs Parish and School in Monroeville, Pennsylvania
North American Martyrs Catholic Church in Lincoln, Nebraska
North American Martyrs Catholic Church in Auburn, Massachusetts
North American Martyrs Catholic Church, a parish of the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter in Seattle, Washington
American Martyrs Parish in Manhattan Beach, California
American Martyrs Roman Catholic Church in Bayside, New York.
American Martyrs Catholic Church in Kingsford, Michigan.
The Chapel of the North American Martyrs at the University of Detroit Jesuit High School Detroit, Michigan
The Chapel of the North American Martyrs at Jesuit High School New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana
The Chapel of the North American Martyrs at Walsh Jesuit High School in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
The Kaboni Catholic Church (St. Anthony Daniel Parish), located in Wiikwemkoong First Nation, Ontario.
Canadian Martyrs' Church in Hamilton, Ontario
St-Charles Garnier Church in Hamilton Ontario
The parishes of Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens in Montréal, in the City of Québec, in Victoriaville, in Trois-Rivières, and in Beauharnois (province of Québec, Canada).
Holy Martyrs of North America Catholic Church in Falmouth, Maine.
Schools dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs
Many schools also honour the martyrs, including the following:
The sports teams of the Pontifical North American College in Rome
Elementary schools named after them in Newmarket, Ontario, East York, Ontario, Hamilton, Ontario, Burlington, Ontario, Penetanguishene, Ontario, and Victoria Harbour, Ontario
Jesuit High School in Sacramento, California, where each building on the campus has been named after one of the saints
Jesuit High School in New Orleans, Louisiana
Walsh Jesuit High School in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, which holds the martyrs as their patron saints. Walsh Jesuit's chapel is named in their honour.
Brebeuf College School, Jesuit (formerly) Catholic Secondary School in Willowdale (north Toronto) established in 1963, named after St. Jean de Brebeuf
Municipality named after the Canadian Martyrs
The parish municipality of Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens, in Quebec, Canada
The torture of the martyrs by the Iroquois is the subject depicted in the twelve-light World War I memorial window (1933) by Charles William Kelsey at the Loyola College (Montreal) chapel, at the Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes on the campus of Georgetown Preparatory School in North Bethesda, Maryland, and a side shine at Madonna Della Strada Chapel on the campus of Loyola University Chicago. Fordham University additionally has named the Martyrs' Court residential complex in their collective honour, as well as individual halls in the complex being named for Jogues, Goupil and Lalande. The North American College in Rome has a crypt chapel dedicated to the North American Martyrs.
The martyrs are also honoured at Camp Ondessonk, a Catholic summer camp in Ozark, Illinois, where each unit of cabins is named after one of the martyrs, and also at the American Martyrs Retreat House in Cedar Falls, Iowa.
See also
Jesuit missions in North America
Christian martyrs
Martyrs' Shrine
National Shrine of the North American Martyrs
References
Further reading
Jesuit martyrs
Canadian Roman Catholic saints
Canadian
Canadian
History of Catholicism in Canada
History of Catholicism in the United States
People of New France
Groups of Roman Catholic saints
Martyred groups
1642 deaths
Canadian martyrs
Canadian torture victims
1642 in the Thirteen Colonies
2017 in Canada
17th century in New York
17th century in Ontario | [
-0.03205272555351257,
0.5062952041625977,
-0.6714579463005066,
0.38050299882888794,
-0.47591432929039,
0.833848774433136,
1.0931329727172852,
0.657231330871582,
-0.6001263856887817,
-0.3132721483707428,
-0.2447674721479416,
0.14523530006408691,
0.06308606266975403,
0.3616056740283966,
-0.23702791333198547,
0.287220299243927,
0.22215957939624786,
0.21361099183559418,
-0.11433092504739761,
-0.631015956401825,
-0.4315221607685089,
-0.2091238647699356,
0.8413461446762085,
0.23155316710472107,
0.33443161845207214,
0.2476147711277008,
0.6342673897743225,
-0.18292076885700226,
-0.5896389484405518,
-0.17832820117473602,
-0.0004521947412285954,
0.7308429479598999,
0.4387691617012024,
-0.3304522931575775,
-0.20188792049884796,
0.3656948506832123,
-0.10699529945850372,
0.0013677688548341393,
-0.40564754605293274,
-0.12679843604564667,
0.23977245390415192,
-0.9806029796600342,
0.08621247112751007,
0.4467802047729492,
0.13716742396354675,
0.49465107917785645,
-1.0864475965499878,
0.41731131076812744,
-0.4570223391056061,
-0.030457323417067528,
-0.3196704089641571,
-0.05666116625070572,
0.4132273197174072,
0.14917844533920288,
-0.029326057061553,
0.5313745737075806,
-0.8605753779411316,
0.050986647605895996,
0.4008137583732605,
-0.9005303978919983,
-0.13538877665996552,
0.5023148655891418,
0.9712384343147278,
0.06656409054994583,
-0.47418591380119324,
-0.2487567812204361,
-0.13144102692604065,
0.40059778094291687,
0.018789278343319893,
-0.5829598307609558,
0.08727540820837021,
-0.2330516129732132,
-0.27652326226234436,
0.20035752654075623,
0.4545806646347046,
-0.9004020094871521,
0.2139383852481842,
-0.2841525673866272,
0.3866978585720062,
0.05931032821536064,
-0.09354035556316376,
-0.08364840596914291,
0.3370792269706726,
0.08642920106649399,
0.026846058666706085,
0.5224851369857788,
0.06405343115329742,
-0.6192809343338013,
-0.24812206625938416,
0.20574675500392914,
-0.8860026597976685,
-0.041477613151073456,
0.3885241448879242,
0.2871566712856293,
-0.09468177706003189,
0.35224321484565735,
0.5278823375701904,
-0.18924476206302643,
0.13596326112747192,
0.12597563862800598,
0.25902488827705383,
0.1255611926317215,
0.5988103747367859,
0.5877861380577087,
-0.9601209163665771,
-0.2859709858894348,
-0.04402586445212364,
0.21742716431617737,
-0.3190348148345947,
-0.5435930490493774,
0.023902099579572678,
-0.06884103268384933,
-0.4657391309738159,
0.10962868481874466,
0.05758916959166527,
-0.08927774429321289,
0.2926618456840515,
-0.5826594233512878,
-0.3318972587585449,
-0.26981857419013977,
-0.4730125963687897,
0.10735846310853958,
-0.1990976333618164,
-0.6083723902702332,
-0.46679696440696716,
-0.029309077188372612,
0.2621006965637207,
-0.382737398147583,
-0.10379870980978012,
-0.08554985374212265,
-0.02286119945347309,
1.0449455976486206,
-0.319573312997818,
-0.12090428918600082,
0.03651180490851402,
-0.3766130805015564,
-0.021948453038930893,
-0.19505704939365387,
-0.3038046956062317,
0.009159112349152565,
-1.3455668687820435,
-0.7692474126815796,
-0.06244497373700142,
-0.3442876636981964,
0.9060277938842773,
-0.438045471906662,
-0.45448437333106995,
0.36366891860961914,
0.10958082228899002,
-0.061637382954359055,
0.011216708458960056,
-0.47468456625938416,
0.3796703815460205,
-0.49353697896003723,
0.01467593852430582,
0.31490185856819153,
0.3939567506313324,
0.24570998549461365,
-0.13596279919147491,
0.2713150978088379,
0.0033576551359146833,
0.5715563893318176,
0.17226800322532654,
-0.4958640933036804,
0.16751492023468018,
0.64815753698349,
0.09548953920602798,
-0.32027414441108704,
-0.08350494503974915,
0.0701565071940422,
-0.10356767475605011,
0.07270514219999313,
0.13143955171108246,
-0.5698097348213196,
-0.6408991813659668,
0.06372960656881332,
0.734107255935669,
0.3131309747695923,
-0.1719820499420166,
-0.35988497734069824,
-0.5800869464874268,
0.4853008985519409,
0.4880659580230713,
-0.10351966321468353,
-0.5118351578712463,
0.3815702199935913,
-0.08036615699529648,
0.07621822506189346,
0.07882197201251984,
0.7261319160461426,
-0.3623834550380707,
-0.5478537678718567,
0.584575355052948,
-0.7427852749824524,
1.402931571006775,
-0.14172862470149994,
-0.43752321600914,
0.40678542852401733,
-0.0563778318464756,
0.5330322980880737,
-0.44750499725341797,
-0.09012365341186523,
0.3650274872779846,
0.12218966335058212,
-0.9025270342826843,
0.7198532223701477,
-0.17905734479427338,
0.506189227104187,
0.5897080302238464,
0.41666433215141296,
0.045494936406612396,
-0.06786343455314636,
0.10747739672660828,
0.7854520678520203,
-0.306121289730072,
-0.5920615792274475,
-0.6444668769836426,
0.172127366065979,
0.3895825743675232,
-0.6284340023994446,
-0.02817300334572792,
-0.3057413101196289,
0.3493388891220093,
0.036329180002212524,
-0.09408463537693024,
0.5559659004211426,
-0.3724730312824249,
-0.05136507749557495,
0.4193150997161865,
-0.4653847813606262,
0.6203194856643677,
0.5875900387763977,
0.218163400888443,
-0.23748309910297394,
-0.35412535071372986,
-0.4048333764076233,
0.429105281829834,
-0.19961178302764893,
0.582025408744812,
0.08946661651134491,
-0.10158634930849075,
0.08202109485864639,
-0.40648871660232544,
-0.4319165050983429,
-0.21167705953121185,
-0.00844919215887785,
0.059410423040390015,
0.17843817174434662,
0.7550327181816101,
-0.32968929409980774,
0.4035026729106903,
0.2856796085834503,
-0.0408465676009655,
0.07261178642511368,
0.8932808637619019,
0.2490016520023346,
0.7167544960975647,
-0.7156583070755005,
-0.19688254594802856,
0.17440944910049438,
-0.29163461923599243,
-0.28024399280548096,
-0.45045751333236694,
0.37207233905792236,
0.4696405231952667,
-1.0648709535598755,
0.0019819005392491817,
0.23073698580265045,
-0.17423127591609955,
0.4432216286659241,
-0.1574779748916626,
0.13074950873851776,
-0.13994185626506805,
0.11647137999534607,
0.554646372795105,
-0.11037641018629074,
-0.32179421186447144,
0.901027262210846,
-0.4863786995410919,
-0.3692440986633301,
-0.47018560767173767,
0.20430272817611694,
-0.40860292315483093,
-0.383952260017395,
-0.04196947067975998,
0.20717638731002808,
-0.25130927562713623,
-0.5537033677101135,
0.1386227160692215,
-0.015768636018037796,
-0.2558930218219757,
-0.2736160457134247,
0.10471390932798386,
-0.1771467924118042,
0.17138390243053436,
-0.10854410380125046,
0.3280782997608185,
0.11609472334384918,
0.3746834695339203,
0.13504502177238464,
-0.5100315809249878,
0.13498221337795258,
-0.3560390770435333,
-0.1355094015598297,
0.11106272041797638,
0.1669388860464096,
-0.12991173565387726,
0.2143235057592392,
-5.603272914886475,
0.12920263409614563,
-0.32485678791999817,
-0.13536083698272705,
0.200267493724823,
-0.23656782507896423,
0.7151905298233032,
0.02485565096139908,
0.10056722164154053,
-0.14634647965431213,
0.2624262869358063,
-0.15224552154541016,
-0.37762683629989624,
0.07093273103237152,
0.20031212270259857,
0.2246508151292801,
0.44078776240348816,
-0.5073162913322449,
0.31093665957450867,
0.25527602434158325,
0.7791956067085266,
-0.1912592351436615,
0.1408294141292572,
0.27736896276474,
-0.01293620653450489,
0.40544256567955017,
0.07018201798200607,
0.6029999852180481,
-0.4898408055305481,
0.20949263870716095,
0.16288548707962036,
-0.28842899203300476,
0.6264767050743103,
-1.080946922302246,
-0.44760847091674805,
-0.42261993885040283,
0.40650784969329834,
0.519451916217804,
0.3671902120113373,
-0.4338359236717224,
-0.7709481716156006,
-0.49851763248443604,
-0.050095248967409134,
-0.25760167837142944,
0.2936599850654602,
0.09490655362606049,
-0.7978336811065674,
0.3480280637741089,
0.16595765948295593,
0.5986337661743164,
0.4295234680175781,
0.12255388498306274,
0.38961657881736755,
0.13820432126522064,
0.19089539349079132,
-0.8023212552070618,
0.575477659702301,
-0.1699768751859665,
-0.5441941022872925,
0.0999666079878807,
0.7450164556503296,
0.26069891452789307,
0.08409000933170319,
-0.11830629408359528,
0.11122329533100128,
-0.6628614664077759,
-0.2181280255317688,
0.5964041948318481,
0.18698148429393768,
-0.20163501799106598,
0.15613916516304016,
0.7471103072166443,
-0.6354894042015076,
-1.1298905611038208,
-0.5337077975273132,
-0.02465962804853916,
0.08798236399888992,
0.4135076105594635,
0.005577489733695984,
0.2591453492641449,
0.018982665613293648,
0.050121910870075226,
0.06353144347667694,
0.22183506190776825,
0.5131551623344421,
0.129922553896904,
-0.6667768955230713,
0.49483758211135864,
-0.5916085839271545,
-0.12391722202301025,
0.06516148149967194,
-0.2017633318901062,
0.5709862112998962,
0.26381558179855347,
0.48430612683296204,
-0.2765117585659027,
0.3780815899372101,
0.4804759919643402,
0.29815682768821716,
-0.4114243686199188,
0.17333659529685974,
0.005916554015129805,
0.5980311036109924,
-0.5353459715843201,
-0.7854787707328796,
-0.1852066069841385,
-0.5642773509025574,
0.27539098262786865,
0.45505598187446594,
0.18916071951389313,
-0.24069468677043915,
-0.180222749710083,
-0.006048497743904591,
-0.05521658435463905,
0.4422549307346344,
0.19188742339611053,
0.1659075915813446,
0.3724561631679535,
1.7369686365127563,
0.09769653528928757,
0.11626038700342178,
0.08444870263338089,
-0.48121270537376404,
0.8084560632705688,
0.34470099210739136,
0.08713840693235397,
-0.06085752695798874,
0.21138621866703033,
-0.24394486844539642,
0.07262332737445831,
-0.2528367042541504,
-0.32228538393974304,
0.05792015418410301,
0.39807260036468506,
0.08914375305175781,
-0.0009639881900511682,
0.0670500099658966,
-0.5332149863243103,
-0.3439202606678009,
-0.19186004996299744,
-0.29883047938346863,
0.027382342144846916,
-0.1400970220565796,
0.7873839735984802,
0.3738875985145569,
0.7659043669700623,
-0.05905710905790329,
0.08671370148658752,
-0.057663753628730774,
0.9136485457420349,
0.03137125074863434,
0.028257377445697784,
0.8330676555633545,
-0.39674389362335205,
0.1735956370830536,
0.08169219642877579,
0.3633731007575989,
0.29034486413002014,
-0.11919593065977097,
-0.13725808262825012,
0.40892690420150757,
0.054874926805496216,
-0.3913787305355072,
-0.4479703903198242,
0.005747438874095678,
-0.02675587497651577,
-0.10022412985563278,
-0.9791469573974609,
-0.5166294574737549,
0.515998125076294,
0.45227840542793274,
-0.2910541892051697,
-0.6445288062095642,
0.48781025409698486,
0.7166625261306763,
-0.259876012802124,
-0.519150972366333,
-0.3644101619720459,
0.3466358482837677,
0.014605144970119,
-0.31902480125427246,
0.04884093627333641,
-0.036786291748285294,
0.19788706302642822,
0.6326075196266174,
0.04191366955637932,
-0.5649773478507996,
-0.3359762728214264,
-0.14481621980667114,
0.15255504846572876,
0.49745801091194153,
0.004159276373684406,
-0.3387833833694458,
0.3735843896865845,
-0.5374692678451538,
-0.1028023511171341,
-0.3205772340297699,
0.13782040774822235,
0.2273027002811432,
0.11757848411798477,
0.03818313032388687,
0.20888285338878632,
-0.2634570300579071,
0.15985621511936188,
0.2937059998512268,
-0.44423776865005493,
0.3247976005077362,
-0.24019929766654968,
-0.775785505771637,
0.4380740821361542,
0.05861814692616463,
-0.1976921409368515,
0.4392678141593933,
0.7942103743553162,
-0.11217150092124939,
-0.22907187044620514,
-0.16499431431293488,
-0.057584647089242935,
-0.1848936378955841,
-0.40806829929351807,
-0.7465948462486267,
0.2242414653301239,
-0.4524880349636078,
-0.5499509572982788,
-0.21590155363082886,
0.4799596965312958,
0.22589097917079926,
-0.19905290007591248,
-0.2062356323003769,
0.32947686314582825,
0.036921851336956024,
-0.2305852621793747,
-0.3008131980895996,
-0.38158664107322693,
0.5287071466445923,
0.33305588364601135,
0.5567396283149719,
-0.2579433023929596,
-0.13804776966571808,
0.2155233472585678,
0.34776386618614197,
0.7088178396224976,
0.19142207503318787,
-0.7201650142669678,
0.26557251811027527,
0.022243557497859,
0.20889167487621307,
-0.22927908599376678,
0.12231451272964478,
0.26285451650619507,
-0.7111941576004028,
-0.541175365447998,
-0.4054907262325287,
-0.28671756386756897,
0.6939986944198608,
-0.2022712677717209,
-0.5256801247596741,
-0.04001360386610031,
-0.06392384320497513,
-0.06033514812588692,
0.617445170879364,
-0.20270945131778717,
-0.3347342014312744,
0.2124626338481903,
-0.37383320927619934,
-0.16371653974056244,
-0.31653764843940735,
0.007602091412991285,
-0.110581174492836,
-0.23889611661434174,
-0.10686123371124268,
-0.2343284785747528,
0.1567796766757965,
0.3865152597427368,
-0.2843790352344513,
-0.1981738656759262,
-0.11672800779342651,
-0.1073569729924202,
0.3334474563598633,
-0.7703515887260437,
-0.7896156907081604,
0.009159206412732601,
-0.3742392659187317,
0.5100505948066711,
0.4505506753921509,
-0.8002029657363892,
0.036504268646240234,
0.2947222590446472,
0.00039038053364492953,
0.1722683161497116,
-0.6423242092132568,
0.43196141719818115,
0.5763963460922241,
0.3713539242744446,
-0.1756017655134201,
-0.3230297565460205,
-0.05101057142019272,
-0.027540145441889763,
-0.25402092933654785,
0.4052228033542633,
-0.9031273126602173,
0.7632414102554321,
-0.005999608431011438,
-1.0137829780578613,
0.019403954967856407,
-0.3533032536506653,
0.2687591314315796,
0.1989459991455078,
-0.8009397983551025,
0.45622026920318604,
0.4311308264732361,
-0.3758833110332489,
-0.08918774873018265,
-0.18086715042591095,
-0.2025618702173233,
-0.2218402922153473,
0.41737422347068787,
-0.9950047135353088,
-0.5648754835128784,
-0.051513731479644775,
-0.28967344760894775,
1.1824955940246582,
0.17859262228012085,
0.15134316682815552,
0.3862684965133667,
0.715395450592041,
-0.2814750671386719,
-0.4174076318740845,
-0.5362012386322021,
0.7010841369628906,
-0.010716751217842102,
-0.013246980495750904,
-0.9057941436767578,
0.6776336431503296,
-0.8615514636039734,
-0.19793756306171417,
0.07723411917686462,
-0.1570805013179779,
-0.277831107378006,
0.5761940479278564,
0.14089804887771606,
-0.05037922412157059,
-0.18326926231384277,
-0.30688637495040894,
-0.06094922497868538,
0.6635552644729614,
0.29202792048454285,
-0.14226338267326355,
0.9930520057678223,
-0.16444042325019836,
0.24874098598957062,
-0.35487228631973267,
0.3523746728897095,
-0.21282441914081573,
-0.12755653262138367,
0.37511366605758667,
0.2563435733318329,
-0.049951981753110886,
-0.5143527984619141,
-0.30894243717193604,
-0.7744049429893494,
-0.6932361125946045,
0.8597549200057983,
-0.22248096764087677,
0.4072931408882141,
-0.17864806950092316,
-0.040075816214084625,
-0.333332359790802,
-0.25966256856918335,
-0.11623506993055344,
0.09117873013019562,
-0.041346628218889236,
-0.243271604180336,
-0.27873846888542175,
0.10652027279138565,
0.14253702759742737,
0.4279733896255493,
0.21095813810825348,
0.41177132725715637,
0.03867962583899498,
-0.15033623576164246,
-0.005022577475756407,
-0.1434968262910843,
-0.38619402050971985,
0.22025226056575775,
-0.29135236144065857,
0.012228037230670452,
0.46090400218963623,
-0.2059248834848404,
-0.3209967315196991,
0.18305793404579163,
-0.7917032241821289,
-0.161133274435997,
0.21341103315353394,
-0.11022844910621643,
0.17307884991168976,
0.13078685104846954,
0.35544806718826294,
0.06198451295495033,
0.5773597955703735,
-0.1786992996931076,
0.2914861738681793,
0.4375404119491577,
-0.08262895047664642,
-0.3600824773311615,
0.17350254952907562,
-0.10572256147861481,
-0.06466261297464371,
-0.7607513070106506,
0.12525589764118195,
-0.1122056096792221,
-0.1218351200222969,
-0.46867504715919495,
-0.06708600372076035,
-0.5315768122673035,
-0.6210605502128601,
0.7204799652099609,
-0.5557637810707092,
-0.042529746890068054,
-0.49903571605682373,
-0.03080657497048378,
-0.24510294198989868,
0.24599967896938324,
0.13263249397277832,
-0.3978351056575775,
-0.3723895251750946,
0.026326507329940796,
0.14382831752300262,
-0.4190000891685486,
0.44118860363960266,
0.35423070192337036,
-0.2884286344051361,
-0.2699945569038391,
0.4154905080795288,
0.18238022923469543,
-0.6095302104949951,
0.8163837790489197,
0.11172697693109512,
-0.19523386657238007,
-0.7115786075592041,
0.5409892201423645,
-0.3502843677997589,
0.33699342608451843,
-0.007399391382932663,
0.19183143973350525,
0.40740349888801575,
0.5261536240577698,
-0.0739508718252182,
-0.26207929849624634,
0.3696238100528717,
-0.009976129978895187,
-0.2138553410768509,
0.20260344445705414,
-0.592567503452301,
-0.002998936455696821,
-0.5967864394187927,
0.08328792452812195,
-0.12526673078536987,
0.24950248003005981,
0.5600836277008057
] |
247646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Mendoza | Mario Mendoza | Mario Mendoza Aizpuru (born December 26, 1950) is a Mexican former professional baseball infielder. Mendoza, a lifetime .215 hitter, is best known for being the source of the name for the threshold for batting ineptitude, the "Mendoza Line", meaning a batting average of .200. Mendoza managed in the minor leagues and in Mexico after his nine-year Major League Baseball (MLB) playing career. He is a member of the Mexican League Hall of Fame.
Playing career
Pittsburgh Pirates
Mendoza first caught the eye of the Pittsburgh Pirates while playing for the Mexico City Red Devils (Diablos Rojos) of the Mexican League in 1970. His ability for picking grounders prompted the Pirates to purchase Mendoza's contract from Mexico City.
Mendoza played four seasons in the Pirates' farm system before debuting with the Pirates on April 26, 1974 as a pinch runner for Willie Stargell. With the Pirates down 3–2 in the ninth inning to the Houston Astros, Mendoza scored the tying run in the Pirates' 4–3 victory. For the season, Mendoza batted .221 in 91 games, but had only 177 plate appearances as he was primarily a defensive replacement when starting Pirates shortstop Frank Taveras (who himself only had a .246 batting average in 1974) had been pinch hit for late in a game. He reached the postseason for the only time in his career during his rookie season. He started game three of the 1974 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, and went one for three with a walk and an RBI infield single.
On June 28, 1977, Mendoza pitched two innings of mop up duty in the second game of a doubleheader against the St. Louis Cardinals. The Pirates, having used seven pitchers in a doubleheader with the Montreal Expos two days earlier, had already used three pitchers in the first-game 6–1 loss. Completely depleted of pitchers, Pirates manager Chuck Tanner started relief pitcher Grant Jackson in the second game, pitching six innings despite giving up ten runs (only six of which were earned), and the Pirates were already down 10–3 by the time Mendoza was handed the ball. After getting Keith Hernandez to line into a double play to end his first inning of work, Mendoza gave up a three-run home run to Ken Reitz the following inning, giving Mendoza a career 13.50 earned run average.
Mendoza remained with the Pirates as a defensive replacement through 1978, playing some second and third base as well. In five seasons with the Pirates, Mendoza batted .221, .180, .185, .198, and .218, respectively. Following the 1978 season, Mendoza's request for a trade was granted as he, Odell Jones, and Rafael Vasquez were sent to the Seattle Mariners for Rick Jones, Tom McMillan, and Enrique Romo on December 5, 1978.
Seattle Mariners
In his first season in Seattle in 1979, Mendoza made a career-high 401 plate appearances in a career high 148 games and 132 starts at shortstop. While providing the Mariners with a steady glove, he ended the season with a .198 batting average—making him only the fourth major leaguer ever to play as many as 148 games in a season and fail to break .200. The following year, Mendoza fared better at the plate, batting .245 in 277 at-bats.
Texas Rangers
Following the season in December, Mendoza was sent to the Texas Rangers in a blockbuster deal along with Larry Cox, Rick Honeycutt, Willie Horton, and Leon Roberts for Brian Allard, Rick Auerbach, Ken Clay, Jerry Don Gleaton, Richie Zisk, and Steve Finch.
In 1981, Mendoza split time at short with Mark Wagner with Mendoza receiving the bulk of the playing time, and finishing with a .231 batting average. During the following season, he was released in June 1982 with a .118 batting average.
Return to Mexico
Mendoza received an invitation to spring training with the Pirates in 1983. After failing to make the team, he accepted a player-coach position with their triple A Pacific Coast League affiliate, the Hawaii Islanders. After one season in Hawaii, Mendoza returned to Mexico as a player/manager of the Monclova Acereros.
Mendoza only managed Monclova for part of his first season back in the Mexican League, but his playing career in Mexico lasted seven seasons after his major league career ended. His career batting average in Mexico was a substantially better .291; he earned the nickname Manos de Seda, or Silk Hands, for his fielding prowess.
Managerial career
Bill Bavasi, an executive with the Anaheim Angels, believed Mendoza was someone who had potential as a manager and offered him the reins to the Angels' Class A advanced California League affiliate, Lake Elsinore Storm, for the 1998 season. He remained with the Storm until they became a San Diego Padres affiliate in 2001, managing his son, Mario Jr., in 2000.
Mendoza was inducted into the Mexican League Hall of Fame in 2000. After managing the San Francisco Giants' double A Texas League affiliate Shreveport SwampDragons in 2002, Mendoza returned to Mexico to manage Dos Laredos in 2003, the Angelopolis Tigres in 2004, the Olmecas de Tabasco in 2005 and 2006, and the Piratas de Campeche in 2007. He was named manager of the Broncos de Reynosa during the 2012 season. He was dismissed as Reynosa's manager in May 2013 after the team started in first place with a 30-23 win-loss record; team leadership cited differences of opinion with Mendoza.
"The Mendoza Line"
Mendoza claims that the term was invented in 1979 by his Mariner teammates Bruce Bochte and Tom Paciorek. Bochte and Paciorek would tease Mendoza about his low batting average, as he struggled to hit .200 for the season - and throughout his career, finishing below .200 five times in his nine seasons in the big leagues.
Although Mendoza finished his career with a batting average of .215, the Mendoza Line is almost universally accepted as being at .200, an average Mendoza flirted with all that year. From May 10 to the end of the season it fluctuated between .175 and .210, usually staying within just a few points of .200 before finishing at .198.
The 'Mendoza Line' phrase was overheard by Kansas City Royals batting champion George Brett, who used it in an interview in 1980 during his pursuit of a .400 batting average. He reportedly stated, "The first thing I look for in the Sunday papers is who is below the Mendoza line." The reference caught the attention of ESPN announcer Chris Berman, and the "Mendoza Line" became part of popular culture. However, Brett also praised Mendoza's defensive abilities, claiming Mendoza robbed him of sure base hits on several occasions with exceptional defensive plays.
References
Mendoza's Heroes: Fifty Batters Below .200, Al Pepper, 2002, Poco Press
External links
1950 births
Acereros de Monclova players
Águilas de Mexicali players
Anaheim Angels scouts
Baseball players from Chihuahua
Charleston Charlies players
Charros de Jalisco players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Gulf Coast Tourists players
Hawaii Islanders players
Living people
Major League Baseball players from Mexico
Major League Baseball shortstops
Mayos de Navojoa players
Mexican Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States
Mexican League baseball managers
Minor league baseball managers
Monroe Pirates players
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
People from Chihuahua City
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Rieleros de Aguascalientes players
Salem Pirates players
Seattle Mariners players
Sherbrooke Pirates players
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Texas Rangers players | [
-0.4139816164970398,
-0.2485620081424713,
-0.5613206028938293,
0.337921679019928,
-0.10468089580535889,
0.5406772494316101,
-0.03224703297019005,
0.5094674229621887,
-0.2537841498851776,
0.12583474814891815,
0.6213303208351135,
0.6532914638519287,
-0.2198319435119629,
-0.08779186010360718,
-0.17971891164779663,
0.6758432388305664,
0.35651808977127075,
0.3661266267299652,
-0.5473530292510986,
-0.09846896678209305,
-0.26925790309906006,
-0.9664662480354309,
0.48921069502830505,
0.9190374612808228,
-0.8443658351898193,
-0.03502294048666954,
-0.6133537292480469,
0.5655274391174316,
0.21964037418365479,
-0.24877068400382996,
0.021842384710907936,
-0.18544970452785492,
0.8349320888519287,
-0.23644834756851196,
-0.41418418288230896,
0.2702460289001465,
0.13000446557998657,
-0.7593293190002441,
-0.2673722505569458,
-0.2365339994430542,
0.06631612032651901,
0.3056179881095886,
-0.28062278032302856,
0.18303363025188446,
-0.07755395025014877,
-0.32831212878227234,
-1.1316114664077759,
-0.10774727165699005,
-0.5931317806243896,
-0.4508934020996094,
-0.02979188784956932,
0.15254950523376465,
0.24630030989646912,
0.008342448621988297,
0.2653242349624634,
0.37923991680145264,
-0.3036932051181793,
-0.15586499869823456,
-0.4152977764606476,
-0.008692835457623005,
-0.10214634984731674,
0.13941717147827148,
1.2774834632873535,
-0.7670233249664307,
0.400092214345932,
-0.6013328433036804,
0.2046784609556198,
-0.3313116431236267,
-0.08957231044769287,
-0.3845866918563843,
-0.4932207465171814,
0.25959768891334534,
-0.07545801252126694,
-0.5341675281524658,
0.1531016081571579,
-1.0636793375015259,
-0.5270520448684692,
0.29464516043663025,
-0.6276019811630249,
1.227721095085144,
-0.6299383640289307,
-0.5685072541236877,
0.22777587175369263,
0.1560363918542862,
0.6383245587348938,
0.4920825660228729,
-0.534514844417572,
0.31867510080337524,
-0.7562508583068848,
0.014127210713922977,
-0.5569047927856445,
-0.9043876528739929,
0.18194393813610077,
0.3310014009475708,
-0.3481205403804779,
-0.5572487115859985,
0.11172445118427277,
0.418925940990448,
-0.18197420239448547,
0.40179526805877686,
0.2748538851737976,
0.1312129944562912,
0.46494460105895996,
-0.15341658890247345,
-0.4119190573692322,
-0.2459586262702942,
-0.30571630597114563,
0.06056976318359375,
-0.7580264806747437,
-0.5474700331687927,
-0.33324360847473145,
0.10840579122304916,
0.27131372690200806,
0.10103455185890198,
-0.062021445482969284,
0.06750678271055222,
0.5348155498504639,
-0.6645092964172363,
-0.007647378370165825,
0.2901777923107147,
-0.3954926133155823,
0.6101002097129822,
-0.24787813425064087,
-0.027286190539598465,
-0.5654458999633789,
-0.2263922095298767,
0.08057915419340134,
-0.2122102677822113,
0.03728916496038437,
0.34668710827827454,
0.3657565414905548,
0.36307722330093384,
-0.44802355766296387,
0.4927462041378021,
-0.03767137601971626,
-0.5432894229888916,
-0.21841961145401,
0.19652687013149261,
-0.43880876898765564,
-0.6298122406005859,
-0.9661756753921509,
-0.31788891553878784,
0.12870429456233978,
-0.5802900791168213,
0.5165753960609436,
0.3114975094795227,
-0.1693122684955597,
-0.03896056115627289,
-0.1866736114025116,
-0.359382301568985,
0.3586287796497345,
0.3581358790397644,
0.3121603727340698,
-0.9090994596481323,
0.05166357010602951,
0.7063074707984924,
0.6513632535934448,
-0.9887545704841614,
0.4701652526855469,
0.1546429544687271,
0.29183176159858704,
-0.20566946268081665,
-0.3749382197856903,
0.47052082419395447,
0.14335305988788605,
0.07630900293588638,
0.14830860495567322,
0.2549460232257843,
0.18786709010601044,
0.26276108622550964,
0.24035459756851196,
0.42976173758506775,
0.1564386636018753,
-0.9700800180435181,
-0.4967537820339203,
-0.5080906748771667,
0.21275974810123444,
-0.05248362571001053,
0.14078263938426971,
-0.35246315598487854,
-0.6897985339164734,
0.00938401184976101,
0.21757736802101135,
0.3615153729915619,
0.2957298457622528,
0.28651541471481323,
0.5767667293548584,
0.15397435426712036,
0.6931791305541992,
0.0006046151393093169,
-0.3231733739376068,
-0.4610641598701477,
-0.7812107801437378,
-0.47833022475242615,
0.07313275337219238,
-0.3162599205970764,
-0.4805501401424408,
0.45958319306373596,
0.0097466129809618,
0.1953456699848175,
-0.8290064930915833,
0.10160677880048752,
-0.018547073006629944,
0.22861772775650024,
0.22893069684505463,
0.057782046496868134,
0.7542666792869568,
0.4574587047100067,
0.345495343208313,
1.7940144538879395,
-0.5219157934188843,
-0.18794958293437958,
0.21722690761089325,
0.5347360372543335,
-0.8973017334938049,
-0.35426488518714905,
-0.4578557312488556,
-0.4670243561267853,
0.413439005613327,
-0.32311898469924927,
0.422262966632843,
0.4869568645954132,
-0.7014991641044617,
1.0873223543167114,
-0.1459132879972458,
1.2882243394851685,
0.15696924924850464,
0.2662723958492279,
0.4666942059993744,
-0.8831518888473511,
0.5474011898040771,
0.5662456750869751,
0.5877732634544373,
-0.4966096580028534,
0.017183231189846992,
0.3724845349788666,
0.6640572547912598,
-0.4296562075614929,
-0.5130355358123779,
-0.4425559341907501,
0.05592449754476547,
0.18489688634872437,
0.1437564641237259,
-0.2771645188331604,
0.2763700783252716,
0.024235056713223457,
-0.12273117154836655,
-0.046018242835998535,
0.1312977522611618,
0.38980522751808167,
-0.09631021320819855,
0.28523826599121094,
0.4811638593673706,
-0.6031602621078491,
-0.22319889068603516,
0.22081732749938965,
-0.13682173192501068,
-0.6605237722396851,
-0.003173992969095707,
0.052853524684906006,
0.20484808087348938,
0.4347873330116272,
-0.06209520623087883,
0.2370472103357315,
0.09911800175905228,
-0.7502064108848572,
0.23848965764045715,
-0.7373707294464111,
-0.2097279578447342,
-0.4514780640602112,
-0.14202162623405457,
-0.1763220876455307,
-0.024187302216887474,
0.31597065925598145,
0.1365797072649002,
-0.008725534193217754,
-0.38265424966812134,
0.36846333742141724,
-0.6976921558380127,
-0.7047454714775085,
0.3362119495868683,
0.6201741695404053,
-0.2215571403503418,
-0.2874470353126526,
-0.7430508732795715,
-0.18697966635227203,
-0.0887640193104744,
-0.7085238695144653,
0.1562068611383438,
-0.3302604854106903,
-0.3443000316619873,
0.36370277404785156,
-0.19603127241134644,
0.9550020098686218,
-0.31357476115226746,
-0.2990834712982178,
0.3052369952201843,
-0.5385798215866089,
0.9102596044540405,
-0.6910198330879211,
-0.7593787312507629,
-0.6005470752716064,
0.09882479906082153,
-0.3459989130496979,
-0.00021597360318992287,
0.15521861612796783,
0.1213591918349266,
-0.09084925055503845,
-4.8389763832092285,
0.1095409020781517,
-0.3063108026981354,
-0.24887296557426453,
0.5726412534713745,
-0.10411997884511948,
0.25263869762420654,
-0.3194919228553772,
0.1443166881799698,
-0.02626620978116989,
0.016611097380518913,
0.02370976284146309,
0.29074913263320923,
0.7916953563690186,
0.8388397097587585,
0.6308651566505432,
0.5103973746299744,
-0.9818764925003052,
0.44431453943252563,
-0.01746201328933239,
-0.0637834444642067,
-0.1567297875881195,
-0.5007819533348083,
0.43677645921707153,
-0.08280141651630402,
0.8391236662864685,
-0.3124343156814575,
0.03236839920282364,
-1.096540093421936,
-0.0618898831307888,
-0.33239081501960754,
0.08610820025205612,
-0.6288529634475708,
0.6152179837226868,
-0.11638112366199493,
0.6034923791885376,
0.5094922184944153,
-0.10231376439332962,
-0.1415160596370697,
-0.1548088639974594,
-0.08641420304775238,
0.11979951709508896,
-0.7435034513473511,
-0.030236760154366493,
0.17259852588176727,
-0.2263755202293396,
-0.5624603629112244,
-0.4775879979133606,
0.07597795128822327,
0.646689772605896,
0.8674086332321167,
-0.23682092130184174,
0.4644870460033417,
0.553378164768219,
0.0261812936514616,
0.12056700140237808,
0.8303574919700623,
-0.8440425395965576,
-0.5374447703361511,
0.872688353061676,
-0.06410703808069229,
-0.40474802255630493,
0.5949841141700745,
-0.6587603092193604,
-0.07557761669158936,
0.3928129971027374,
1.407860279083252,
0.18850262463092804,
0.9181582927703857,
-0.6478763818740845,
-0.11500830948352814,
0.5983728766441345,
-0.09224416315555573,
-1.1636149883270264,
0.23668929934501648,
0.0735417827963829,
-0.24665305018424988,
0.22307221591472626,
-0.9546250700950623,
-0.6952002644538879,
-0.03235672041773796,
-0.12556244432926178,
0.1447027027606964,
-0.7590981125831604,
-0.048403993248939514,
-0.014867143705487251,
0.2757253646850586,
0.45133569836616516,
-0.29417937994003296,
0.4429614543914795,
0.26480624079704285,
-0.45086103677749634,
0.3154533803462982,
0.08677387237548828,
-0.13060146570205688,
0.6894494891166687,
-0.30623501539230347,
0.3498677611351013,
0.2400805652141571,
0.11058211326599121,
0.16145379841327667,
-0.7629321813583374,
0.5500760078430176,
-0.6495062708854675,
-0.0006765465368516743,
-0.09707407653331757,
0.3135053813457489,
0.37657415866851807,
0.21002985537052155,
0.09125310182571411,
0.26834383606910706,
0.3804915249347687,
-0.30608364939689636,
0.12321683764457703,
0.37438899278640747,
-0.16580365598201752,
-0.20580923557281494,
0.1471707820892334,
1.1161779165267944,
0.6030362844467163,
0.1127406656742096,
0.023107532411813736,
-0.19941675662994385,
-0.15727131068706512,
-0.27106115221977234,
-0.4146612286567688,
0.3622516095638275,
0.3594605028629303,
-0.018490472808480263,
-0.3210006356239319,
-0.09350942075252533,
0.9317211508750916,
0.30890700221061707,
-0.2862641513347626,
-0.5829437971115112,
0.15576894581317902,
-0.2461024671792984,
-0.5524017214775085,
0.6171573400497437,
-0.3493470549583435,
-0.4024663269519806,
0.092620849609375,
-0.24518752098083496,
-0.1829701066017151,
0.12856712937355042,
-0.21650320291519165,
0.1033722460269928,
-0.5310680866241455,
-0.8823087215423584,
0.9435503482818604,
0.04121243208646774,
0.060184843838214874,
0.08913780003786087,
-0.5913110375404358,
-0.4929455518722534,
-0.2765985131263733,
-0.6788740158081055,
-0.41773295402526855,
-0.14972786605358124,
0.14253674447536469,
0.35028448700904846,
-0.331498920917511,
-1.275272250175476,
0.7807357907295227,
0.125254824757576,
0.2740970253944397,
-0.7163405418395996,
-0.8374613523483276,
-0.6452646851539612,
1.0265792608261108,
0.084223672747612,
-1.181709885597229,
0.07892809808254242,
-0.10039687901735306,
0.17342019081115723,
-0.4836248755455017,
0.5894063711166382,
-0.1173797994852066,
0.42274385690689087,
0.1577896773815155,
0.1898508220911026,
0.054861050099134445,
-0.48791882395744324,
0.12403620779514313,
0.22475393116474152,
0.2807602286338806,
-0.9653063416481018,
-0.832482635974884,
-0.7361119389533997,
0.2595197856426239,
-0.08157482743263245,
0.5430476665496826,
0.48222678899765015,
0.21008038520812988,
-0.34650248289108276,
-0.5995092391967773,
0.06139741092920303,
-0.37459662556648254,
-0.6387558579444885,
-0.09382463246583939,
0.06075926497578621,
0.09977731853723526,
-0.6550021171569824,
0.4285149574279785,
0.04764745756983757,
-1.0809283256530762,
-0.22002843022346497,
0.6369575262069702,
-0.4003428816795349,
0.37854817509651184,
-0.21521875262260437,
0.053693365305662155,
-0.4962697923183441,
0.471737802028656,
0.3423267602920532,
0.2075982242822647,
0.2071084976196289,
0.6596937775611877,
-0.6174942851066589,
-0.19902263581752777,
-0.25621551275253296,
0.012183556333184242,
-0.33402177691459656,
-0.272757351398468,
-0.6882794499397278,
0.02676471136510372,
0.502259373664856,
-0.3088993728160858,
0.7380580902099609,
-0.20216211676597595,
0.5296491980552673,
-0.48396456241607666,
0.14058879017829895,
-0.09892138838768005,
0.01998356357216835,
0.036180105060338974,
0.5019649863243103,
0.2741662561893463,
0.06622680276632309,
-0.3206542432308197,
0.7044374942779541,
0.795682966709137,
0.24335242807865143,
0.36276376247406006,
0.19160325825214386,
0.1691484898328781,
0.3837839961051941,
-0.6426008939743042,
-0.1306387186050415,
0.24600504338741302,
0.23112761974334717,
-0.5664207935333252,
-0.5061159729957581,
0.3691714406013489,
0.5135216116905212,
-0.23138289153575897,
-0.5269007086753845,
0.04842141270637512,
0.3958406150341034,
0.4422184228897095,
-0.26318609714508057,
-0.2396712303161621,
-0.18515633046627045,
-0.5312097072601318,
-0.2514716684818268,
0.18825560808181763,
0.35987573862075806,
0.04348509758710861,
0.2472287267446518,
-0.004171146545559168,
-0.1930811107158661,
0.2024582326412201,
0.4308432340621948,
1.1066949367523193,
-0.32826295495033264,
-0.033080969005823135,
0.13985900580883026,
0.05304474011063576,
0.33427897095680237,
-0.43031424283981323,
-1.3295190334320068,
-0.3155227601528168,
-0.15995405614376068,
-0.21388664841651917,
-0.38060814142227173,
-0.022683685645461082,
-0.377494215965271,
0.2554948329925537,
0.15589559078216553,
0.22092270851135254,
-0.7715293765068054,
0.28896862268447876,
0.12577471137046814,
-0.30222809314727783,
0.06939789652824402,
-0.1827307492494583,
-0.4591054916381836,
0.5761718153953552,
-0.5046952366828918,
-0.22533711791038513,
0.3083941340446472,
0.5651293396949768,
0.14112795889377594,
0.7001318335533142,
-0.011445743031799793,
-0.5029659867286682,
-0.09999281913042068,
-0.1107662245631218,
-0.8633278608322144,
0.43310049176216125,
-0.21415257453918457,
0.06469675898551941,
0.5787364840507507,
-0.06906933337450027,
-0.8709924817085266,
0.45081907510757446,
0.7948235869407654,
-0.3959712088108063,
-0.6759216785430908,
0.021205546334385872,
0.22616709768772125,
0.38244885206222534,
0.5065199136734009,
0.0019700645934790373,
1.0641905069351196,
1.1867077350616455,
-0.5788375735282898,
-1.0866481065750122,
0.010190106928348541,
-0.02609574981033802,
-0.3141779899597168,
0.1075899600982666,
-0.4792511463165283,
0.1952386498451233,
-0.12374863773584366,
0.0760890394449234,
-0.07766163349151611,
-0.4280857741832733,
0.1249781996011734,
0.5853678584098816,
0.6301986575126648,
1.2490876913070679,
-0.5978326797485352,
0.27274996042251587,
-0.00300443172454834,
0.0422046072781086,
0.2336921989917755,
0.3071689009666443,
-0.1798774152994156,
0.010237607173621655,
0.10432340204715729,
0.14426760375499725,
0.28089413046836853,
-0.21122364699840546,
-0.3169355094432831,
-0.0999099612236023,
0.3733396828174591,
0.00023750659602228552,
-0.9114658236503601,
-0.1312202513217926,
0.06952841579914093,
0.004278006497770548,
0.8131361603736877,
-0.14570105075836182,
-0.2855035364627838,
-0.5982878804206848,
-0.4066336154937744,
-0.26513922214508057,
-0.06673575192689896,
0.5364558696746826,
-0.31002193689346313,
0.37716299295425415,
-0.28999432921409607,
0.9475188255310059,
0.1262020468711853,
0.5466484427452087,
0.8929906487464905,
0.06736555695533752,
-0.49225756525993347,
0.5256071090698242,
-0.41373544931411743,
0.5969591736793518,
-0.5425660610198975,
0.36444422602653503,
-0.19105608761310577,
-0.43475213646888733,
-0.3137124180793762,
0.7285638451576233,
0.3831483721733093,
-0.38215601444244385,
0.1583082526922226,
-0.5922881364822388,
-0.3644299805164337,
0.8881458044052124,
0.3028842806816101,
-0.017876433208584785,
-0.6307410597801208,
0.5131648182868958,
0.7562548518180847,
-0.2588682174682617,
0.3677052855491638,
0.053678855299949646,
0.03338035196065903,
0.40400540828704834,
-0.6269343495368958,
-0.4193374216556549,
-0.42907047271728516,
0.36727437376976013,
-0.9782828688621521,
0.32317546010017395,
0.4779392182826996,
0.17947721481323242,
-1.2729151248931885,
-0.2912829518318176,
-0.3781132400035858,
0.45480895042419434,
-0.09178829193115234,
-0.40835145115852356,
-0.17952720820903778,
0.026228712871670723,
0.7352066040039062,
-0.5089092254638672,
0.4510054886341095,
0.8821349740028381,
0.5406065583229065,
-0.0037629452999681234,
0.898179292678833,
-0.2720832824707031,
-0.4694378077983856,
0.810278594493866,
0.5932955741882324,
-0.2780155837535858,
-0.6025262475013733,
0.23190706968307495,
0.485883504152298,
-1.101628065109253,
0.8415194749832153,
0.9963152408599854,
1.5804507732391357,
-0.4103643298149109,
0.9675145745277405,
0.06976619362831116,
0.33524441719055176,
-0.6776078939437866,
0.2578517496585846,
-0.6154196858406067,
-0.10296212881803513,
-0.2344009429216385,
-0.20048457384109497,
0.7534199357032776,
-0.25346601009368896,
0.18156588077545166,
0.8835970163345337,
-0.48440688848495483,
-0.025259191170334816,
0.49952587485313416,
-0.08991805464029312,
-0.1940118819475174,
-0.035070355981588364,
-0.1211494728922844
] |
247647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentville | Kentville | Kentville is an incorporated town in Nova Scotia. It is the most populous town in the Annapolis Valley. As of 2021, the town's population was 6,630. Its census agglomeration is 26,929. Although within the historical Kings County, it is not part of the Municipality of the County of Kings.
History
Kentville owes its location to the Cornwallis River which, downstream from Kentville, becomes a large tidal river at the Minas Basin. The riverbank at the current location of Kentville provided an easy fording point. The Mi'kmaq name for the location was "Penooek". The ford and later the bridge in Kentville made the area an important crossroads for other settlements in the Annapolis Valley. Kentville also marked the limit of navigation of sailing ships.
Acadian settlement
The area was first settled by Acadians, who built many dykes along the river to keep the high Bay of Fundy tides out of their farmland. These dykes created the ideal fertile soil that the Annapolis Valley is known for. The Acadians were expelled from the area in the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755) by the British authorities because they would not swear allegiance to the British king. The area was then settled by New England Planters. Settlement was expedited by the United Empire Loyalists during the American Revolution.
English settlement
The town was originally known as Horton's Corner, but was named Kentville in 1826 after Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent (son of King George III and father of Queen Victoria), who resided in Nova Scotia from 1794 to 1800. The village was at first relatively small and dwarfed by larger valley towns with better harbours such as Canning and Wolfville. The crossroads location did attract early shopkeepers and several stagecoach inns. Small schooners were able to land cargos in the "Klondyke" neighhourhood by the Cornwallis River which marked the height of navigation. Kentville developed a reputation for rowdy drinking and horse races in the early 19th century, earning the nickname "The Devil's Half Acre." Celebrated local musician, Chase Ross, later released an album entitled "Devil's Half Acre" to critical acclaim in the early years of the new millennium.
Growth
When the Windsor and Annapolis Railway (later named Dominion Atlantic Railway) established its headquarters in Kentville in 1868 and began shipping Annapolis Valley apples to British markets, the community began to thrive. The railway not only employed a large number of people (up to a third of the town's population), but also attracted other industries such as mills, dairies, a large foundry, and a carriage works which even entered automobile production. A branch line of the Dominion Atlantic, the Cornwallis Valley Railway, was built north to Canning and Kingsport in 1889, further developing the apple industry and creating a suburban line for workers, shoppers and schoolchildren to commute to and from Kentville. The railway also attracted large institutional developments such as a regional TB hospital, the Kentville Sanitorium, a federal agricultural research station, and an army training base at Camp Aldershot.
The town became a major travel centre highlighted by the large Cornwallis Inn built at the town's centre by the railway. The town boomed during World War I and World War II with heavy wartime railway traffic on the Dominion Atlantic and the training of thousands of troops at Camp Aldershot. Many residents fought overseas in the local West Nova Scotia Regiment as well as other branches of service. A Royal Canadian Navy minesweeper was named after the town, and her crew often took leave in Kentville.
Post war challenges
Kentville faced serious challenges after World War II. The dominant apple industry suffered severe declines due to the loss of its British export market. The nearby military training base at Camp Aldershot was significantly downsized and the town's major employer, the Dominion Atlantic Railway suffered serious declines with the collapse of the apple industry and the growth of highway travel. Further decline followed in the 1970s as the town lost its retail core to the growth of shopping malls and later "big box" stores in nearby New Minas. The town was also eclipsed in restaurant, upscale retail and cultural institutions by the nearby university town of Wolfville. Railway passenger service ended in 1990. Freight service ended in October 1993 and the Kentville rail shops were closed and moved to Windsor, Nova Scotia. Kentville lost many heritage buildings in the postwar period and is one of the only towns in Nova Scotia without a single designated heritage building. Major losses included the large railway station, one of the most historic in Canada which was demolished in 1990. In July 2007 the town demolished the last railway structure in town, the DAR Roundhouse, despite a province-wide protest, a move which earned the Town of Kentville a place on the "2008 Worst" List of the Heritage Canada Foundation.
Demographics
In the Canada 2021 Census conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Kentville recorded a population of 6,630 living in 2,956 of its 3,090 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 6,271. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Industries
During the early part of the 20th century Kentville emerged as the business centre of Kings County and despite the post-war loss of commerce to other valley communities, it remains the professional centre of the Annapolis Valley. Kentville is home to numerous professional services such as lawyers offices, doctors, and investment firms. On the outskirts of the town is the Valley Regional Hospital, built in 1991. The town is also home to the Annapolis Valley Regional Industrial Park which employs numerous people in the area through a variety of different businesses.
Agriculture, especially fruit crops such as apples, remain a prominent industry in the Kentville area, and throughout the eastern part of the valley. Kentville is home to one of the largest agricultural research facilities in Nova Scotia founded in 1911, known to the locals as The Research Station. The site now employs over 200 people and sits on of the land at the east end of the town.
Kentville shares its northern boundary along the Cornwallis River with Camp Aldershot, a military training base founded in 1904. At its peak during World War II, the camp housed approximately 7000 soldiers. Kentville native Donald Ripley wrote a book chronicling Camp Aldershot and its effect on the town entitled On The Home Front. Today the camp functions as an army reserve training centre and is the headquarters of The West Nova Scotia Regiment.
Electric utility (sold 1997)
Kentville until 1997-8 was one of seven Nova Scotia towns (along with Riverport, Berwick, Canso, Antigonish, Lunenburg and Mahone Bay) to own its own electricity distribution utility within town limits – the Kentville Electric Commission. When the other six joined into the Municipal Electric Utilities of Nova Scotia in January 1998, Kentville instead sold its utility to Nova Scotia Power, a privately owned generator and distributor whose service area covered the rest of the province.
Community events
The Apple Blossom Festival, founded in 1933 is held each May to celebrate the blossoming of local apple industry, one of the region's richest forms of agriculture.
Kentville is also well known for its Pumpkin People Festival.
Other Annual Festivals and Events hosted in Kentville:
Devil's Half Acre Motorcycle Rally
Valley Electronic Music and Art Expo (new in 2018)
Open Street Chalk Art Festival
Kentville Multicultural Festival (currently the largest Multicultural Festival in NS)
Kentville Harvest Festival
KBC's Great Big Country Fair
Climate
Kentville experiences a humid continental climate (Dfb). The highest temperature ever recorded in Kentville was on 12 August 1944. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 1 February 1920. Kentville's USDA Hardiness zone is 6a.
Famous residents
(From in or near Kentville, including the former Township of Cornwallis)
Composer Robert Aitken
Former NHLer Jerry Byers
Actor Peter Donat
Inventor of kerosene Abraham Gesner
Comedian Jay Malone
Linguist Silas Tertius Rand
Zoologist Austin L. Rand
Boxer Bryan Gibson
CFL All Canadian Bruce Beaton
Blue Man Group member Scott Bishop
Blues Guitarist Dutch Mason
Filmmaker Dylan Mohan Gray
Author Maria Mutch
Federal Cabinet Minister Anita Anand (professor)
MLS Forward Jacob Shaffelburg
Education
Education in the area is serviced by Kings County Academy in Kentville, serving grades primary through eight, the local high school is Northeast Kings Education Centre, located 15–20 minutes away in Canning. There are also several post secondary institutions, the Kingstec campus of the Nova Scotia Community College is located on the northern fringe of the town and Acadia University, is located in nearby Wolfville. The town operates a library and C@P site. Kentville is also home to the Kings County Museum, located in Kentville's old courthouse.
Other nearby elementary schools include the Aldershot Elementary School, and the Glooscap Elementary School.
Recreation
Kentville also boasts a number of high quality recreational facilities. The Kentville Arena (now the Kentville Centennial Arena) is thought to have hosted the first ever summer ice hockey school. The town also houses a large indoor soccer arena and numerous other outdoor baseball and soccer fields, and playgrounds for local children. Kentville Memorial Park (considered to be one of the best baseball parks in Canada east of Montreal) is home to the Kentville Wildcats, a senior baseball team, who have won several NSSBL championships and one Canadian championship.
Kentville swimming pool is home to the Kentville Marlins Swim Team.
Sister city
Camrose, Alberta, Canada
Castel di Sangro, Abruzzo, Italy
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
Notes
References
The Devil's Half Acre: A Look at Kentville's Past Mable Nichols, Kentville Centennial Committee, 1968.
Historic Kentville Louis V. Comeau, Nimbus, 2003.
External links
Town of Kentville Official Site
Communities in Kings County, Nova Scotia
Towns in Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia | [
-0.6703991889953613,
0.7209196090698242,
-0.29889270663261414,
-0.30443593859672546,
0.3246411979198456,
0.5994155406951904,
0.425380676984787,
0.5506494045257568,
-0.45717403292655945,
-0.31517675518989563,
-0.2686704695224762,
-0.32414448261260986,
0.2348129004240036,
0.3533836603164673,
-0.754730761051178,
0.5492541790008545,
-0.11336837708950043,
0.5224580764770508,
0.2321161925792694,
-0.44234368205070496,
-0.053714506328105927,
-0.19459174573421478,
-0.41254690289497375,
0.4479804039001465,
-0.04226777330040932,
0.12542575597763062,
0.7554641962051392,
0.11957446485757828,
0.19159580767154694,
0.17040662467479706,
0.19667351245880127,
0.5053791999816895,
-0.5132796764373779,
-0.4330383241176605,
0.3715192377567291,
-0.560444712638855,
-0.3922002911567688,
-0.0614575631916523,
-0.004896271508187056,
-0.7912311553955078,
-0.5571833252906799,
-0.14407597482204437,
0.3655082583427429,
-0.14682535827159882,
0.26527780294418335,
-0.6821313500404358,
-1.5796281099319458,
-0.18989135324954987,
-0.6321109533309937,
-0.31299152970314026,
-0.1175929605960846,
0.11908213794231415,
0.3029918670654297,
0.14018742740154266,
0.4786909818649292,
0.4178043305873871,
-0.9821330904960632,
0.5328478217124939,
0.831905722618103,
0.3991609513759613,
0.12191489338874817,
0.45261719822883606,
-0.09502778202295303,
0.00808678474277258,
-0.08612963557243347,
0.4263532757759094,
0.007615942507982254,
0.6237982511520386,
-0.04260921850800514,
-0.02565119042992592,
-0.17523859441280365,
-0.36316603422164917,
0.058654770255088806,
0.17985521256923676,
-0.13675037026405334,
0.47472840547561646,
0.010138503275811672,
-0.11599515378475189,
0.2484128773212433,
0.3406772315502167,
0.12530961632728577,
-0.11689454317092896,
0.6592339873313904,
-0.10370995104312897,
0.4692803919315338,
0.6681532263755798,
-0.7874537706375122,
0.364311158657074,
-0.03230616822838783,
0.6423518657684326,
-1.1078275442123413,
0.016316641122102737,
0.13916826248168945,
0.002250232035294175,
-0.23596185445785522,
-0.16414061188697815,
-0.2461119145154953,
0.650952160358429,
0.6977792978286743,
0.5762872695922852,
-0.6313254833221436,
-0.21332313120365143,
0.7983742952346802,
-0.18462741374969482,
-0.17312318086624146,
0.15782921016216278,
-0.7170563340187073,
-0.015635007992386818,
-0.07596654444932938,
-1.8684806823730469,
-0.16640454530715942,
-0.22803564369678497,
-0.6068893074989319,
-0.18716958165168762,
-0.4481774568557739,
0.04095179960131645,
0.03860396146774292,
-0.318404883146286,
-0.0916384682059288,
-0.16312476992607117,
0.2528412640094757,
0.7729900479316711,
0.18726636469364166,
-0.3987976610660553,
0.04343009740114212,
-0.10353752225637436,
0.12906013429164886,
-0.29111248254776,
0.21260826289653778,
0.7291116714477539,
-0.5696316361427307,
0.8083131313323975,
-0.36948883533477783,
0.2678001821041107,
0.05763668194413185,
0.17161983251571655,
-0.4484595060348511,
0.4742375612258911,
0.30705684423446655,
0.28329139947891235,
-0.649326741695404,
0.47671961784362793,
-2.0588958263397217,
0.3908524215221405,
-0.26344773173332214,
-0.14315950870513916,
-0.33991682529449463,
-0.2018502801656723,
0.5522217154502869,
-0.061288703233003616,
0.08922728896141052,
0.02591397427022457,
-0.09867431968450546,
0.3102400600910187,
-0.21211105585098267,
-0.14946046471595764,
0.5941163301467896,
0.16129685938358307,
0.5276556015014648,
0.3892529010772705,
-0.04301436245441437,
-0.0397660955786705,
1.1143571138381958,
-0.31396374106407166,
0.8021755218505859,
-0.024375123903155327,
0.046285152435302734,
-0.7019267678260803,
0.9142733812332153,
0.3844245672225952,
-0.41532647609710693,
-0.18207016587257385,
1.0286816358566284,
-0.17822648584842682,
0.3870528042316437,
-0.4229911267757416,
0.5340656638145447,
0.15124277770519257,
0.14357270300388336,
-0.38215160369873047,
-0.4791032373905182,
0.21294185519218445,
0.49037155508995056,
-0.4935173988342285,
-0.06502892076969147,
0.32403457164764404,
-0.08109283447265625,
-0.03802884370088577,
-0.07616966962814331,
0.5958912968635559,
0.4006061851978302,
-0.3384433090686798,
0.2576844394207001,
-0.4949285387992859,
0.5012730956077576,
0.07742488384246826,
-0.5441799759864807,
0.7597253918647766,
-0.18928779661655426,
0.06132618710398674,
-0.45401620864868164,
-0.17190927267074585,
0.32438549399375916,
0.23034565150737762,
-0.5182716250419617,
2.1033451557159424,
0.43531203269958496,
0.36553189158439636,
0.006305956747382879,
0.4264073967933655,
-0.2957465648651123,
-0.7580432891845703,
0.2201148420572281,
0.7747328281402588,
-0.20337457954883575,
-1.0567632913589478,
-0.5213136672973633,
-0.24364875257015228,
0.27270352840423584,
-0.448265939950943,
0.38112086057662964,
0.24807703495025635,
0.019183572381734848,
-0.02918434888124466,
0.08434035629034042,
0.7853707075119019,
0.08759542554616928,
0.45452266931533813,
0.26229798793792725,
-0.33252832293510437,
0.15812644362449646,
0.21366751194000244,
0.2657111585140228,
-0.4409085810184479,
-0.17098577320575714,
-0.5787758827209473,
-0.08109268546104431,
-0.16187170147895813,
0.5388846397399902,
0.2573727071285248,
0.16778747737407684,
0.34220024943351746,
-0.6346627473831177,
-0.12338867038488388,
0.441371887922287,
0.5998449325561523,
0.18010199069976807,
-0.13917598128318787,
0.17989161610603333,
-0.8671570420265198,
0.5934253931045532,
0.3116917014122009,
0.32860323786735535,
0.16094626486301422,
0.7174478769302368,
-0.27257922291755676,
-0.0334576778113842,
0.0483585000038147,
0.10822254419326782,
0.36537662148475647,
-0.37809884548187256,
0.31500935554504395,
-0.3871803879737854,
0.630403995513916,
0.268339604139328,
-0.6936287879943848,
-0.03221423178911209,
-0.38102880120277405,
0.1329253613948822,
0.30758339166641235,
0.5152034163475037,
-0.23934929072856903,
-0.35702645778656006,
-2.5566887855529785,
0.8214922547340393,
0.3923247158527374,
-0.4803552031517029,
0.07897669076919556,
-0.316179484128952,
-0.0903056263923645,
0.18265162408351898,
1.0307762622833252,
-0.6104177832603455,
-0.6048024296760559,
0.4399595856666565,
-0.49742552638053894,
0.8060497641563416,
-0.026045430451631546,
-0.2810152471065521,
-0.11665907502174377,
-0.3731032907962799,
-0.7771240472793579,
-0.03275764733552933,
0.7924615144729614,
-0.02314898371696472,
-0.19026198983192444,
0.06075390428304672,
-0.1960764080286026,
0.1449788361787796,
-0.37395936250686646,
-0.09710673987865448,
0.03566794469952583,
0.14502617716789246,
0.10319716483354568,
-0.4049292504787445,
0.003708792384713888,
0.5121601819992065,
-0.3620120882987976,
-4.143605709075928,
0.3794437646865845,
0.08827318251132965,
0.12877650558948517,
0.1702425181865692,
-0.3678659498691559,
0.40703925490379333,
-0.532697319984436,
0.028793102130293846,
0.30706197023391724,
-0.115621417760849,
-0.21583245694637299,
0.2131234109401703,
0.4198606312274933,
0.35636332631111145,
0.5756954550743103,
0.16015858948230743,
-0.31858086585998535,
0.3110273778438568,
0.11915263533592224,
-0.17893600463867188,
0.6032148003578186,
-0.4670535624027252,
-0.28138628602027893,
0.19671423733234406,
0.28592073917388916,
-0.2540552020072937,
-0.006342687178403139,
-0.37274879217147827,
-0.018505563959479332,
0.13558118045330048,
0.40190228819847107,
-0.09823139011859894,
-0.26001542806625366,
-0.09132207185029984,
-0.5601789951324463,
0.2143566757440567,
0.05704133212566376,
0.5993793606758118,
-0.751223623752594,
0.07089749723672867,
0.752968430519104,
-0.7375587821006775,
-0.4006398320198059,
0.7740612030029297,
-0.5104101300239563,
-0.4073721468448639,
0.2163773477077484,
0.16178493201732635,
0.708052396774292,
0.3689223825931549,
-0.32279545068740845,
1.0274046659469604,
0.5930253267288208,
0.44584017992019653,
-0.28882816433906555,
0.3089333772659302,
-0.4426094889640808,
-0.08126313984394073,
0.9395418167114258,
0.30554017424583435,
-0.267732709646225,
0.15970784425735474,
-0.19693854451179504,
0.2420755922794342,
-0.38457807898521423,
0.24143753945827484,
0.03990311548113823,
0.2971591651439667,
-0.21103055775165558,
-0.024646276608109474,
0.08812755346298218,
0.2432827651500702,
-0.5954777002334595,
-0.1042146384716034,
-0.7858667373657227,
-0.7114940881729126,
0.27002623677253723,
-0.3632600009441376,
-0.49401479959487915,
0.30137962102890015,
0.2844984829425812,
0.5424078702926636,
0.7285220623016357,
0.07724461704492569,
-0.5499146580696106,
-0.583968460559845,
0.5570000410079956,
-0.32877734303474426,
-0.780265748500824,
0.8229923248291016,
0.4375321567058563,
0.39568254351615906,
-0.17486922442913055,
-0.11602792888879776,
-0.061599232256412506,
0.7135254144668579,
-0.583111584186554,
-0.24165403842926025,
-0.7720721960067749,
0.48017609119415283,
-0.4158605635166168,
-0.08932075649499893,
-0.5733407139778137,
-0.6033002138137817,
-0.4110415577888489,
-0.3269248306751251,
0.0627860501408577,
0.42588546872138977,
-0.34392598271369934,
-0.30113187432289124,
0.16703911125659943,
-0.8416873812675476,
0.18903124332427979,
0.9668792486190796,
-0.1914130449295044,
-0.40265199542045593,
0.3765413761138916,
0.6459766626358032,
0.1958201676607132,
0.40256267786026,
0.46004053950309753,
0.10763655602931976,
0.2916926145553589,
-0.028289297595620155,
-0.3384048342704773,
0.4144456386566162,
0.21678797900676727,
-0.6262000799179077,
0.3887190818786621,
-0.31814801692962646,
0.09817161411046982,
-0.6190195679664612,
-0.5367833971977234,
-0.3060992658138275,
-0.38974428176879883,
-0.5822920203208923,
-0.7432503700256348,
-0.21451891958713531,
0.5059471726417542,
0.5909536480903625,
0.14989915490150452,
0.002223912626504898,
0.4070546329021454,
-0.2328857034444809,
0.37134912610054016,
0.7576826214790344,
0.019390247762203217,
-0.6579264998435974,
0.9190834760665894,
-0.2737002670764923,
-0.5304174423217773,
0.05935652181506157,
-0.24657367169857025,
0.3842224180698395,
-0.06075337156653404,
0.33113378286361694,
0.21114885807037354,
0.24425072968006134,
0.19512151181697845,
0.36323681473731995,
0.30171462893486023,
-0.66016685962677,
0.2556387186050415,
-0.21533222496509552,
-0.6995462775230408,
-0.7597531676292419,
-0.03648630157113075,
-0.47881871461868286,
0.1878676563501358,
0.16795124113559723,
-0.43560999631881714,
-0.6335286498069763,
-0.0897318497300148,
0.2056603580713272,
-0.5640929341316223,
-0.46490129828453064,
0.7576149106025696,
0.07021079957485199,
-0.1983291059732437,
-0.04638298228383064,
0.003989038057625294,
-0.46816912293434143,
0.013723216950893402,
0.6787463426589966,
-0.5689984560012817,
-0.3647724986076355,
-0.40222886204719543,
0.05664155259728432,
-0.4825170338153839,
0.26560065150260925,
0.08578142523765564,
0.16704325377941132,
0.11078640818595886,
-0.2175695151090622,
-0.5407397747039795,
0.5638201236724854,
-0.5726845860481262,
-0.21263524889945984,
-0.3633069694042206,
0.08011185377836227,
0.45176488161087036,
-0.5057756304740906,
0.5771296620368958,
0.025896528735756874,
-0.8588622808456421,
0.8285131454467773,
0.08907468616962433,
-0.5912082195281982,
0.9596890807151794,
0.30036672949790955,
-0.2509829103946686,
1.1845537424087524,
0.373186856508255,
-0.29834145307540894,
-0.3291325569152832,
0.02096516638994217,
-0.17294371128082275,
-0.06436492502689362,
-0.06168922409415245,
-0.4410691261291504,
0.3683988153934479,
0.4550932049751282,
-0.23090560734272003,
-0.5282850861549377,
0.5104703307151794,
0.4938433766365051,
-0.10396190732717514,
1.0945221185684204,
-0.4999851882457733,
0.3915548026561737,
-0.20602597296237946,
0.1746867597103119,
-0.025310732424259186,
-0.009090842679142952,
-0.040286432951688766,
-0.15390582382678986,
-0.30666181445121765,
0.24443507194519043,
-0.059555813670158386,
0.4920967221260071,
1.0595619678497314,
0.346162348985672,
-0.5860543251037598,
-0.38429564237594604,
-0.09858715534210205,
1.0174241065979004,
0.3331223428249359,
-0.8619687557220459,
0.6069613695144653,
0.5654547214508057,
-0.6355808973312378,
-0.9206348061561584,
-0.027181971818208694,
0.987119734287262,
-0.2004866898059845,
0.10928666591644287,
0.4730456471443176,
-0.08707805722951889,
0.2992006242275238,
0.6481850147247314,
0.26718613505363464,
0.1608520746231079,
0.41355228424072266,
0.13059701025485992,
-0.6908485293388367,
-0.26903262734413147,
0.17898105084896088,
0.26333382725715637,
-0.19911803305149078,
-0.6850870251655579,
-0.38735729455947876,
-0.06614506989717484,
0.5257701277732849,
0.015041347593069077,
-0.0950249657034874,
0.15440796315670013,
-0.7777102589607239,
0.359103262424469,
0.3111940026283264,
0.8278316855430603,
-0.2570652961730957,
0.008020875044167042,
0.018339402973651886,
0.3654468357563019,
-0.2558934986591339,
-0.15256063640117645,
-0.0031794013921171427,
-0.5070942044258118,
0.32827508449554443,
0.08620981872081757,
-0.23510032892227173,
0.09563328325748444,
-0.36661556363105774,
0.04433309659361839,
0.2759653925895691,
-0.48559847474098206,
0.5126599669456482,
0.23931442201137543,
0.14614878594875336,
-1.2433983087539673,
0.9519826173782349,
-0.15578654408454895,
-0.37903958559036255,
0.5151242017745972,
-0.11269449442625046,
-0.7981776595115662,
-0.6299095153808594,
0.29341962933540344,
0.4081268012523651,
0.3322066068649292,
-0.2520744800567627,
0.0034138038754463196,
0.7346678376197815,
-0.015261159278452396,
0.000532870355527848,
0.5576704144477844,
-0.8157263398170471,
-0.6031389832496643,
0.3017851710319519,
-0.27438876032829285,
0.3533295691013336,
0.6571691632270813,
0.8919008374214172,
0.016264919191598892,
1.3075512647628784,
0.0755339115858078,
-0.5435110926628113,
-0.28331056237220764,
-0.0410534031689167,
0.23151175677776337,
-0.06310858577489853,
-0.8202484846115112,
-0.13612905144691467,
-0.8706448674201965,
-0.4751531481742859,
0.1270221769809723,
0.07262728363275528,
-0.7322362065315247,
0.1037217527627945,
0.4265862703323364,
0.09906670451164246,
-0.44170382618904114,
0.0895046666264534,
0.33842185139656067,
0.10799729824066162,
0.014710240066051483,
0.22531691193580627,
0.11925243586301804,
-0.7791522145271301,
0.07836821675300598,
-0.11153555661439896,
0.06293666362762451,
-0.6399829387664795,
-0.38964349031448364,
0.16100382804870605,
-0.1823766976594925,
-0.22116640210151672,
0.04810585826635361,
-1.8065823316574097,
0.06482019275426865,
-0.6933163404464722,
1.0063194036483765,
0.5016069412231445,
-0.06237967684864998,
-0.7397294640541077,
0.6834558844566345,
0.427175909280777,
-0.2600328326225281,
0.5353334546089172,
-0.0714249536395073,
0.17737700045108795,
0.505806565284729,
-0.46293506026268005,
-0.055664800107479095,
0.6238607168197632,
-0.651324450969696,
0.6160216331481934,
-0.3809145390987396,
-0.20741114020347595,
-0.4984011948108673,
0.012714658863842487,
-0.42254939675331116,
-0.20193086564540863,
0.11214439570903778,
-0.575114369392395,
-0.5246970653533936,
0.356432169675827,
-0.7503502368927002,
0.009866727516055107,
-0.1345517933368683,
-0.5195682644844055,
-0.0024766898714005947,
0.5602827668190002,
-0.4904514253139496,
-0.17089781165122986,
-0.04857420176267624,
0.5720962285995483,
0.39751583337783813,
0.40505778789520264,
0.12641309201717377,
0.44880127906799316,
-0.38576486706733704,
0.14654241502285004,
0.12492367625236511,
0.49096599221229553,
-0.4998180866241455,
0.6439792513847351,
-0.968429446220398,
0.4046638607978821,
0.12266317009925842,
0.8407416939735413,
-0.19199247658252716,
0.6754413843154907,
-0.6158348917961121,
0.15947875380516052,
0.24484875798225403,
-0.2776274085044861,
-0.7929387092590332,
0.4109412729740143,
0.018990065902471542,
-0.4019193649291992,
0.5236086845397949,
-0.18010461330413818,
-0.5730865001678467,
-0.21333028376102448,
-0.35744115710258484,
-0.1572818011045456,
-0.4687696397304535,
0.10257583111524582,
0.14721080660820007,
-0.4677252173423767,
-0.040122538805007935,
0.6655489802360535,
-0.338708758354187,
0.001430136733688414,
-0.196089506149292,
0.5163970589637756,
0.23504863679409027,
0.06427361071109772,
-0.2208053469657898,
-0.2671349048614502,
-0.08412174135446548,
0.13074302673339844,
-4.471548557281494,
-0.32186633348464966,
-0.5420094132423401,
-0.3114532232284546,
-0.26397624611854553,
-0.011596344411373138,
0.3282988667488098,
-0.6645538210868835,
0.06488730013370514,
-0.13772785663604736,
0.22998389601707458,
-0.17395737767219543,
0.275709867477417,
-0.9255560636520386,
0.023259982466697693,
0.17587320506572723
] |
247652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldog%20bat | Bulldog bat | The bat family Noctilionidae, commonly known as bulldog bats or fishing bats, is represented by two extant species, the greater and the lesser bulldog bats, as well as at least one fossil species, Noctilio lacrimaelunaris, from the Miocene of Argentina. The naked bulldog bat (Cheiromeles torquatus) does not belong to this family, but to the family Molossidae, the free-tailed bats. They are found near water in the Neotropics, from Mexico to Argentina and also in the Caribbean islands. In these areas they can be found roosting in groups within hollow trees, caves, man made homes, or other openings with enough space. While the two species exhibit different social and foraging behaviors both tend to return to a main roosting spot while also visiting other alternative roosting spots.
Description
The bulldog bats have orange to brown fur, and range in head-body length from 7 to 14 cm and weight of 20-75 g, which makes them quite large. They have relatively long legs, large feet (exceptionally so in the case of the greater bulldog bat), and strong claws. Their wings are long (up to 60 cm in spread) and narrow, and their ears are large, funnel shaped and pointed. Unusual among bats, they have cheek-pouches for storing food. They also have full lips divided by a fold of skin giving a 'hare lip' look which together with the cheek pouches gives them their bulldog-like appearance.
Their maxillae and premaxillae are fused for the strong support of the large upper medial incisors. Dental formula: 2/1, 1/1, 1/2, 3/3 = 28. The molars are tuberculosectorial. Unlike in other bats, the last cervical vertebra is not fused with the first thoracic. The wing second finger has a long metacarpal and a vestigial phalanx. The ischia are fused to each other and to the sacrum. The latter is keel-like.
Ecology and behaviour
The species of lesser bulldog bats are insectivorous, and while the greater bulldog bats also eat insects, their chief food is fish. They use their echolocation to pinpoint the ripples they make on the surfaces of water.
The greater bulldog bat trawls the water with its long, curved talons approximately 2–3 cm below the surface. It makes sweeps of between 30 cm and 3 m before ascending and turning to make a return sweep. In a single night, the bat may catch 20-30 small fish in this way.
References
External links
Noctilionidae
Extant Pleistocene first appearances
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | [
0.43368855118751526,
-0.1425679624080658,
-0.6520095467567444,
-0.1303444802761078,
-0.1507205367088318,
0.598988950252533,
1.0284168720245361,
0.16464638710021973,
-0.7315974235534668,
0.13500751554965973,
0.08175616711378098,
0.207135871052742,
-1.111791968345642,
0.15799205005168915,
0.15741191804409027,
0.6693077087402344,
-0.291227787733078,
0.342505544424057,
0.17698578536510468,
-0.11894556879997253,
-0.13340042531490326,
-1.0732645988464355,
0.542655348777771,
-0.35026246309280396,
0.19696097075939178,
-0.2711106836795807,
0.6411459445953369,
0.7072107791900635,
-0.08845941722393036,
-0.056244220584630966,
0.12250523269176483,
0.06722799688577652,
-0.04025324434041977,
-0.1822788566350937,
0.008516814559698105,
0.23057131469249725,
-0.28303012251853943,
-0.3580545485019684,
-0.30780863761901855,
-0.7077145576477051,
0.3214617371559143,
-0.05638079717755318,
-0.21857106685638428,
0.25747716426849365,
-0.809141993522644,
-0.037390485405921936,
-0.7328137755393982,
0.37400513887405396,
-0.13668669760227203,
0.18673963844776154,
0.052878763526678085,
0.5144104957580566,
-0.2902025580406189,
0.5439568161964417,
0.032415345311164856,
0.1470477432012558,
-0.7671692967414856,
-0.2435898333787918,
0.07398241013288498,
-0.2728891968727112,
-0.43909114599227905,
0.35445165634155273,
-0.04519430920481682,
0.18644437193870544,
0.020569676533341408,
0.5126119256019592,
0.32209834456443787,
0.008661981672048569,
-0.7441484332084656,
0.19558720290660858,
0.028502564877271652,
-0.4977816045284271,
-0.1750023066997528,
0.2614123225212097,
-0.5487800240516663,
-0.3610471487045288,
-0.13408417999744415,
-0.2873815894126892,
0.9026650786399841,
0.21582448482513428,
0.5193025469779968,
0.005933367647230625,
0.7516659498214722,
-0.007806400768458843,
0.19327804446220398,
0.4467267394065857,
-0.213738352060318,
-0.33583614230155945,
-0.16704633831977844,
-0.16682830452919006,
-0.341236412525177,
-0.04882892593741417,
0.2692206799983978,
0.4177756905555725,
0.1912032514810562,
0.029489850625395775,
0.14295250177383423,
0.2711763083934784,
0.3452407121658325,
0.01027113851159811,
-0.19251753389835358,
-0.19145427644252777,
0.018746335059404373,
-0.012872069142758846,
-0.4243854880332947,
-0.10211538523435593,
-0.5879780054092407,
-0.26971912384033203,
-0.32563456892967224,
0.30970755219459534,
-0.5694111585617065,
-0.1729181855916977,
0.22200748324394226,
-0.3176790773868561,
-0.13710370659828186,
0.25887128710746765,
0.13149048388004303,
-0.4749789237976074,
0.004979596473276615,
0.13359153270721436,
-0.1981285959482193,
0.5696024298667908,
-0.3703496754169464,
0.28528493642807007,
0.19118142127990723,
0.2044614851474762,
0.050627727061510086,
0.39589112997055054,
-0.3014603555202484,
-0.10718187689781189,
0.8186670541763306,
1.4496057033538818,
-0.07150427997112274,
0.16946029663085938,
-0.16565033793449402,
-0.4142574965953827,
-0.5184423327445984,
0.16359153389930725,
0.11232231557369232,
-0.12888891994953156,
-0.8602490425109863,
-0.32148733735084534,
-0.8159950971603394,
0.08279841393232346,
0.250954270362854,
-0.041680242866277695,
-0.15400990843772888,
-0.05316563695669174,
0.09514802694320679,
-0.41447585821151733,
-0.7973149418830872,
-0.24848458170890808,
-0.10231223702430725,
-0.04534358158707619,
-0.33414992690086365,
-0.41464802622795105,
0.5881092548370361,
-0.5651659965515137,
0.2374536395072937,
-0.05297235772013664,
-0.12422937899827957,
0.20808951556682587,
-0.5413914322853088,
0.350483775138855,
0.521356999874115,
-0.3199878931045532,
0.08073575794696808,
0.5813480615615845,
-0.14594490826129913,
0.3459976613521576,
-0.2015843540430069,
-0.09011677652597427,
0.4822273254394531,
-0.368859201669693,
-0.7006435990333557,
-0.7604050040245056,
0.1572464406490326,
0.356812983751297,
0.7377640008926392,
-0.4424491822719574,
-0.4227100908756256,
0.44042274355888367,
0.2672986686229706,
0.13779473304748535,
0.36575791239738464,
0.007892739959061146,
0.40986812114715576,
0.2219349890947342,
0.01950368657708168,
-0.4771760404109955,
0.0218944251537323,
0.04878419637680054,
0.14932626485824585,
-0.020803451538085938,
0.67781001329422,
-0.3939562439918518,
-1.1769644021987915,
1.056551456451416,
0.13437466323375702,
0.5949531197547913,
-0.2784290015697479,
0.34637650847435,
0.2938876152038574,
-0.1753169447183609,
-0.620148241519928,
0.617781400680542,
0.44465458393096924,
0.47264978289604187,
0.6304040551185608,
0.6262416839599609,
0.4580445885658264,
-0.38077518343925476,
-0.6095380187034607,
-0.3162803053855896,
-0.14333808422088623,
-0.23617812991142273,
-0.22700092196464539,
0.2178959995508194,
-0.13178260624408722,
-0.43047454953193665,
1.0332119464874268,
-0.19957073032855988,
-0.2866167426109314,
0.25411805510520935,
-0.5485600233078003,
0.6914615631103516,
0.3673442304134369,
-0.3468589782714844,
0.8814294934272766,
-1.2339160442352295,
0.23294392228126526,
0.3939671516418457,
0.27069950103759766,
0.012186605483293533,
-0.5532553195953369,
-0.29033714532852173,
-0.0018876887625083327,
-0.7749846577644348,
0.08013781905174255,
0.1551417112350464,
0.4396088123321533,
0.5889636874198914,
0.012969620525836945,
0.2710531949996948,
0.10607600957155228,
-0.5508754253387451,
0.3256530165672302,
1.056199550628662,
-0.0819297805428505,
0.34934231638908386,
0.32274454832077026,
0.7342548370361328,
0.3704316318035126,
-0.15961669385433197,
0.2862493693828583,
0.29324984550476074,
-0.24127714335918427,
-0.051465488970279694,
0.534472644329071,
0.052121974527835846,
-0.37883734703063965,
0.23078906536102295,
0.21299710869789124,
-0.03531862795352936,
-0.07454786449670792,
-0.23486214876174927,
-0.5018652081489563,
-0.06028074026107788,
0.42513445019721985,
0.25740545988082886,
0.9223921895027161,
0.19719615578651428,
-0.5490982532501221,
-0.03549754619598389,
0.4966728985309601,
0.2103457897901535,
0.025940196588635445,
-0.05882912129163742,
-0.5291908383369446,
-0.567704975605011,
-0.4969308078289032,
0.5194868445396423,
0.766353189945221,
-0.44842004776000977,
-0.528998851776123,
-0.7484769225120544,
0.4189007878303528,
-0.9787025451660156,
0.025181742385029793,
-0.32675015926361084,
-0.3367427587509155,
-0.04235215485095978,
0.005101003684103489,
-0.14121298491954803,
-1.209670066833496,
-0.040950119495391846,
-0.31637492775917053,
0.19426916539669037,
0.10315804928541183,
-0.7939198017120361,
-0.6844685077667236,
0.3973257541656494,
-0.40531739592552185,
0.048613447695970535,
0.49193087220191956,
0.040904801338911057,
0.005758221726864576,
0.4943145513534546,
-5.630896091461182,
0.23527587950229645,
-0.0668114721775055,
-0.03964986279606819,
-0.04514365270733833,
0.324295312166214,
0.6099035739898682,
-0.4067782163619995,
-0.5773564577102661,
-0.38963425159454346,
0.4246513247489929,
0.4621231257915497,
0.03586321324110031,
0.13778895139694214,
0.22271034121513367,
0.1358751654624939,
0.0742097795009613,
-0.4121982753276825,
0.2808798849582672,
0.10957405716180801,
-0.0556158572435379,
0.36224886775016785,
-0.04783263057470322,
-0.12383332848548889,
0.2329670935869217,
0.21206945180892944,
-0.2875632643699646,
-0.06664945930242538,
-0.2685292363166809,
-0.18769946694374084,
-0.46769142150878906,
-0.4766277074813843,
-0.5610965490341187,
-0.24528221786022186,
0.1629619002342224,
0.25730663537979126,
0.5868154168128967,
-0.1111910492181778,
0.47513461112976074,
-0.38649722933769226,
-0.10969863086938858,
0.20094209909439087,
-0.13870500028133392,
0.07933129370212555,
0.03420741483569145,
-0.4364089369773865,
-0.45450401306152344,
-0.26441752910614014,
-0.3859464228153229,
0.5175761580467224,
0.2431160807609558,
-0.02433863654732704,
0.25674867630004883,
0.7467036247253418,
0.7956339120864868,
-0.4393458366394043,
0.5215124487876892,
-0.41471579670906067,
-0.4634988009929657,
0.4619603455066681,
0.23226913809776306,
-0.10536888241767883,
-0.31914377212524414,
-0.4108455181121826,
0.05828367546200752,
0.23533304035663605,
-0.41066446900367737,
-0.14250953495502472,
0.7321053147315979,
0.04625874012708664,
-0.277446448802948,
0.127285897731781,
-0.6347207427024841,
-0.7574098706245422,
0.720430314540863,
0.13555820286273956,
-0.2051316797733307,
-0.219915971159935,
-0.2958747148513794,
-0.07435593754053116,
0.02991519868373871,
-0.4036908745765686,
-0.029461592435836792,
0.11774385720491409,
-0.4530835747718811,
-0.8503856062889099,
0.17658354341983795,
0.17842204868793488,
-0.40708601474761963,
-0.6381672024726868,
0.23625881969928741,
-0.31354889273643494,
-0.19121167063713074,
0.07482301443815231,
-0.013653463684022427,
0.5640028715133667,
0.09531436860561371,
-0.18136171996593475,
0.40495193004608154,
0.0989924892783165,
0.6547303199768066,
-0.11799287796020508,
-0.15892896056175232,
-0.664680540561676,
0.21787628531455994,
-0.698569118976593,
0.22185610234737396,
0.726286768913269,
0.6659645438194275,
-0.4531174898147583,
0.08066374063491821,
-0.25834307074546814,
-0.2625002861022949,
0.06901847571134567,
0.5229738354682922,
-0.2556631565093994,
0.10300017893314362,
-0.2052314728498459,
0.5107585191726685,
-0.14781029522418976,
-0.1807050257921219,
0.26176774501800537,
-0.6089966893196106,
-0.15216727554798126,
0.11660070717334747,
-0.42598170042037964,
-0.20188629627227783,
0.3300398588180542,
-0.8930012583732605,
-0.724118173122406,
-0.4844709634780884,
0.1791038066148758,
-0.03256664797663689,
0.5250341296195984,
0.02099083922803402,
-0.1399189829826355,
-0.29876551032066345,
-0.5893188118934631,
0.5993384122848511,
-0.3079357147216797,
-0.5988476276397705,
-0.17055663466453552,
-0.32152071595191956,
-0.034772615879774094,
0.23389752209186554,
0.16489335894584656,
-0.13231898844242096,
0.1397019475698471,
-0.37575411796569824,
0.8817761540412903,
0.1502235382795334,
-0.4981261193752289,
0.7389558553695679,
-0.4871275722980499,
0.278329074382782,
0.10046534985303879,
0.485076367855072,
0.6383687257766724,
0.007440624292939901,
-0.5454374551773071,
-0.13876183331012726,
0.1677936613559723,
-0.6111587285995483,
0.40243861079216003,
0.36648809909820557,
0.025743575766682625,
-0.26914823055267334,
-0.6263865232467651,
0.11006230115890503,
0.27905431389808655,
0.15071916580200195,
-0.06381431967020035,
-0.25378644466400146,
-0.011889702640473843,
0.1688508242368698,
-0.09075061231851578,
-0.5067386627197266,
0.048494357615709305,
-0.5356769561767578,
0.2566167414188385,
0.5802329778671265,
0.4658992290496826,
-0.2684069573879242,
-0.063705213367939,
0.41062504053115845,
0.43579649925231934,
0.39760854840278625,
-0.15655621886253357,
-0.13393248617649078,
0.04013988748192787,
0.3421870768070221,
0.8778858184814453,
0.5351867079734802,
0.22042855620384216,
-0.41701093316078186,
0.01510936114937067,
0.393400639295578,
0.5931476354598999,
-0.21494515240192413,
-0.37686818838119507,
0.15477551519870758,
0.39470556378364563,
-0.5148996114730835,
0.009575608186423779,
-0.12589241564273834,
-0.1272796243429184,
0.4555274248123169,
-0.3691613972187042,
-0.22047802805900574,
0.1011226549744606,
0.1775934398174286,
-0.29572707414627075,
0.12531927227973938,
0.6711827516555786,
-0.13227112591266632,
0.4568493962287903,
0.10150959342718124,
0.2089703381061554,
-0.3106859028339386,
0.28629982471466064,
-0.15501490235328674,
-0.33381858468055725,
-0.057398490607738495,
0.006962550804018974,
-0.24627985060214996,
0.9339658617973328,
0.3238079249858856,
-0.08706226944923401,
0.46926039457321167,
0.08916344493627548,
0.13985522091388702,
-0.4590452313423157,
-0.19035843014717102,
-0.11747585982084274,
-0.5232397317886353,
0.4812809228897095,
0.02280893176794052,
0.24647009372711182,
-0.6902921199798584,
-0.20669203996658325,
0.8810409903526306,
1.4459571838378906,
0.38684847950935364,
-0.12723854184150696,
0.3939165771007538,
0.03769754618406296,
0.15301163494586945,
-0.23884426057338715,
-0.7028090357780457,
-0.392017662525177,
0.17141474783420563,
0.19486595690250397,
-0.37079018354415894,
0.6752426028251648,
0.31985968351364136,
-0.2841860353946686,
-0.013161161914467812,
0.4896472692489624,
-0.08448274433612823,
0.5907891392707825,
0.4563043415546417,
0.36824601888656616,
-0.603966236114502,
0.15208081901073456,
-0.3993241488933563,
-0.46949303150177,
-0.8516265153884888,
-0.42823299765586853,
-0.03755015879869461,
-0.12862493097782135,
-0.28524649143218994,
0.3192726671695709,
0.8630066514015198,
0.5899017453193665,
-0.20918947458267212,
0.25725463032722473,
0.2043110877275467,
-0.4112158715724945,
0.09433818608522415,
0.2135312259197235,
-0.4360955059528351,
-0.01245820987969637,
0.16060777008533478,
-0.7387538552284241,
-0.48097750544548035,
-0.26900166273117065,
-0.15123774111270905,
0.11503035575151443,
0.23150616884231567,
-0.2991016209125519,
-0.39421138167381287,
-0.11897362768650055,
-0.1896623820066452,
-0.09610214084386826,
0.06423532962799072,
0.17323628067970276,
-0.6022876501083374,
0.42098256945610046,
0.0899701938033104,
0.5497304201126099,
-0.7699078917503357,
0.47503554821014404,
0.5403265357017517,
-0.14755792915821075,
0.00520611647516489,
-0.4245278835296631,
0.032192256301641464,
0.22414666414260864,
0.06493183970451355,
0.13236448168754578,
0.20313018560409546,
-0.25904619693756104,
0.09385477006435394,
0.48291128873825073,
0.186116024851799,
0.21578314900398254,
0.38801681995391846,
-0.4471055865287781,
0.1524481326341629,
0.4749050438404083,
-0.02054588869214058,
0.4841497838497162,
0.04060589149594307,
-0.23784129321575165,
-0.49261417984962463,
0.033405084162950516,
-0.7323148250579834,
0.3948095440864563,
0.443459153175354,
-0.300067275762558,
0.5076484084129333,
-0.16070698201656342,
-0.15483517944812775,
0.5416515469551086,
-0.19840864837169647,
0.10951844602823257,
0.3180021345615387,
-0.38167136907577515,
0.038151808083057404,
1.0241851806640625,
1.1107059717178345,
0.5265390276908875,
-0.30825549364089966,
-0.11589127033948898,
0.01594104990363121,
0.2586703598499298,
-0.45969951152801514,
-0.4224182665348053,
0.46157220005989075,
0.25762706995010376,
0.5955273509025574,
-0.3046534061431885,
0.5478217601776123,
-0.22290529310703278,
0.2097102850675583,
-0.19770114123821259,
0.19761960208415985,
-0.4863312542438507,
-0.7328143119812012,
-0.08355146646499634,
-0.14446838200092316,
0.3396380543708801,
0.2691633999347687,
0.08096876740455627,
-0.8445744514465332,
0.5248246788978577,
-0.015347260050475597,
-0.34752482175827026,
-0.07988863438367844,
0.16579550504684448,
0.27719393372535706,
-0.02310274727642536,
-0.18837371468544006,
0.14363420009613037,
0.27571216225624084,
0.5893226861953735,
0.31609952449798584,
0.34637174010276794,
-0.3240281641483307,
-0.21875396370887756,
-0.5016918778419495,
0.1255481243133545,
-0.13889430463314056,
-0.028424426913261414,
0.13234910368919373,
-0.7705776691436768,
-0.36520934104919434,
-0.43784406781196594,
0.22499819099903107,
-0.27223336696624756,
-0.2835698425769806,
0.003892317647114396,
0.15901856124401093,
-0.06391844898462296,
-0.12405696511268616,
-0.41215309500694275,
-0.12232192605733871,
0.6934244632720947,
-0.001651547383517027,
-0.3869839608669281,
0.2241697907447815,
0.26021841168403625,
-0.11621803045272827,
-0.03279156982898712,
0.02650638483464718,
0.21763983368873596,
-0.45558086037635803,
-0.09928787499666214,
-0.6381739974021912,
-0.14206290245056152,
0.9109439253807068,
0.15741166472434998,
-0.4821196496486664,
-0.23861950635910034,
0.14886091649532318,
0.12102123349905014,
0.35130825638771057,
-0.6680309176445007,
-0.7891921401023865,
-0.034405529499053955,
0.3820638358592987,
-0.6142633557319641,
-0.331398606300354,
0.32478946447372437,
-0.39002928137779236,
-0.4298694133758545,
0.3137928247451782,
-0.527838408946991,
-0.8692054152488708,
0.3222503662109375,
0.05164568871259689,
0.38844192028045654,
-0.3694184124469757,
-0.15096475183963776,
-0.6217107176780701,
-0.8067386150360107,
0.8317874670028687,
1.370962142944336,
-0.13634027540683746,
-0.09861290454864502,
0.2402774691581726,
0.23175150156021118,
0.2533532679080963,
-0.04759610816836357,
0.10874218493700027,
0.13149502873420715,
0.02765246294438839,
-0.9299218654632568,
-0.5604886412620544,
0.4067918658256531,
-0.21648822724819183,
0.3152819573879242,
0.0808393806219101,
-0.21060337126255035,
-0.4963752329349518,
0.020999599248170853,
0.09298624843358994,
-0.6743943095207214,
0.23063890635967255,
-0.01273511815816164
] |
247653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springhill%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | Springhill, Nova Scotia | Springhill is a community located in central Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada.
The community was founded as "Springhill Mines." Coal mining lead to economic growth, with its incorporation as a town in 1889. The mines in the Springhill coalfield were established in the 19th century, and by the early 1880s were being worked by the Cumberland Coal & Railway Company Ltd. and the Springhill & Parrsboro Coal & Railway Company Ltd. These entities merged in 1884 to form the Cumberland Railway & Coal Company Ltd., which its investors sold in 1910 to the industrial conglomerate Dominion Coal Company Ltd. (DOMCO). All coal mining had ceased in the area by the early 1970s. The community is famous for both the Springhill Mining Disaster and being the childhood home of international recording star Anne Murray, who is honoured by the Anne Murray Centre, a popular tourist attraction.
As of 2015 the mine properties, among the deepest in the world were filled with water and provide Springhill's industrial park with geothermal heating. Geothermal energy from the waters of the abandoned mines are capable of providing heating and cooling for large buildings through the use of heat pumps. Because the water in a mine circulates by convection, shallow wells produce water of a temperature significantly higher than groundwater of the same depth.
In 2015 the Town of Springhill amalgamated into the Municipality of the County of Cumberland.
Anne Murray Centre
The Anne Murray Centre showcases the incredible life and times of Springhill's internationally acclaimed songstress Anne Murray. Here visitors can step into the remarkable story of this Canadian icon and take an intimate look at her humble beginnings, flight to fame, and enduring contributions to the world of music.
Canadian music icon Anne Murray was born and raised in Springhill, Nova Scotia. Her father, James Carson Murray, was the Springhill town doctor for many years. Her mother, Marion Margaret Murray, was a registered nurse who focused her life on raising her family and community charity work. The Dr. Carson & Marion Murray Community Centre is named after her parents and is a short distance from the Anne Murray Centre which hosts an annual summer event and fundraiser that attracts tourists from around the globe.
Her musical accomplishments in pop, country, and adult contemporary music include albums selling over 55 million copies worldwide. Murray has received four Grammys, a record 24 Junos, three American Music Awards, and three Canadian Country Music Association Awards. The Anne Murray Centre in Springhill offers a mini-recording studio to record your own duet, a gift shop, memorabilia and other artifacts spanning the 40 year music career of Anne Murray.
Landscape and geology
Springhill is located in the Cobequid Mountains sometimes referred to as the Cobequid Hills, which is a mountain range located in Nova Scotia in the mainland portion of the province. Geologically, the Cobequid Mountains are considered part of the Appalachians. The range stretches from Cape Chignecto in Cumberland County in the west through to Pictou County in the east. As a hamlet protruding from the hillsides of Cumberland County, Springhill lies tucked away in the Nova Scotia interior uplands resting between the smooth summit of the Cobequid Mountains and the Bay of Fundy. This craggy and rugged range is a long, narrow remnant of the Atlantic upland, stretching 75 miles across Cumberland County, from the head of the Bay of Fundy to the Northumberland Strait. When seen from a distance, particularly from a high altitude, the flatness of this mountainous range is notably distinct. Broad, rounded summits, ranging in altitude from 850 to 1,000 feet, merge to form a somewhat rolling surface with an average altitude closer to 900 feet. The undulating terrain of Springhill itself is located at approximately 650 feet above sea level and occupies a total land area of only 4 square miles. The hillside terrain has divergent elevations from 400 to 650 feet with discrete panoramic views of the historic lowlands sheltered by towering pines and stands of birch.
The night skies in rural upland Nova Scotia are pure, clear of smog, and brimming with stars. Some of the clearest views of Venus, Jupiter and Saturn can be viewed from high in the Cobequid Hills.
Springhill is located on the northwestern edge of the Cobequid Hills midway between the Minas Basin and the Northumberland Strait. Located in the carboniferous area on the southern side of the Cumberland Coal Basin, Springhill's six main coal seams overlap. The seams, separated by strata of sandstone and shale from 11–110 metres in thickness, were once horizontal, but, because they were raised by internal earth movement, now slope sharply down into the earth. The seams dip to the northwest at an angle of thirty-five degrees.
Coal mining history and legacy
The first industrial coal mining in the area took place in the 1870s after a rail connection was built by the Springhill and Parrsboro Coal and Railway Company to the newly completed Intercolonial Railway at neighbouring Springhill Junction. Early growth of the coal industry in Nova Scotia was built on exports to the east coast of the United States.
Coal was so prevalent in Springhill that "there was a time when men got coal out of their backyards; shallow pits were found everywhere. In recent years, there have been instances when a homeowner would step out of his door only to find a big gaping hole where his driveway had been. Another part of an old mine had caved in."
Springhill mining disaster may refer to any of three Canadian mining disasters that occurred in 1891, 1956, and 1958 in different mines within the Springhill coalfield, near the town of Springhill in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. The third and final disaster in 1958 accelerated the closure of the largest mines when what was known as a "bump" occurred. The underground upheaval can be described as a bump due to a seismic jolt stemming from the collapse of one or more support pillars within a mine.
A commemorative monument is prominently displayed on the main street of Springhill to honour the heroic lives of miners and their families. The statue is near to Miner's Hall, on the corner of Main and Pioneer Street. A short drive from downtown is the Springhill Coal Mining National Historic Site of Canada. This site is located at the corner of Industrial Park Drive and Memorial Crescent, Springhill, Nova Scotia, Canada. Visitor's have an opportunity to tour the depths of a Springhill coal mine, hear stories of the disaster of 1891, the 1916 subterranean fire which raged through the galleries, the loss of 39 men in the 1956 explosion and the major “bump” in 1958 which killed 75 men. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation who owned CBHT pioneered outside broadcasting in Canada with its coverage of the Springhill Mine Disaster in 1958. The Miners’ Museum displays unique artifacts of the history of the town and its remarkable industrial heritage. There is a gift Shop and picnic area for tourists on the site.
Springhill Mining Disasters are articulated in a number of songs, poems, books and published articles, including an Alistair MacLeod short story entitled, "The Vastness of the Dark". Blue Grass musician Bill Clifton recorded a song in 1958 called the “Springhill Disaster”. The American folksinger Peggy Seeger and English folksinger Ewan MacColl composed the song "The Ballad of Springhill" about the 1958 Springhill Mining Disaster, subsequently sung by popular folk revival group Peter, Paul and Mary.
In 1987, Irish rock band U2 drew attention to the disaster when they included "The Ballad of Springhill" in the playlist for their Joshua Tree Tour. U2 performed the song at fifteen concerts, and were televised live in 1988. On July 30, 2011, U2 performed the first verse of the song during the final show on their 360° Tour in Moncton, New Brunswick.
Post-industrial adjustment
The abrupt end of large-scale industrial coal mining presented incredible economic challenges for the region as residents struggled with massive unemployment in the 1960s. An unexpected legacy and benefit from the abandoned coal mines is being realized in the form of geothermal energy. Since their closure, the mines have filled with ground water which is heated to an average temperature of 18° C (65 °F) by the surrounding earth. Beginning in the late 1980s, this heat source has been exploited by companies located in Springhill's industrial park, situated on the land where the surface facilities of the coal mines were located, reducing winter heating bills substantially.
The provincial and federal government offered economic development assistance and a federal medium-security penitentiary, the Springhill Institution, was built during the late 1960s in an effort to diversify the Springhill economy. Nova Scotia Community College, operates their Cumberland Campus in the community of Springhill and offers academic upgrading, post-secondary education courses and trades training in a number of disciplines. Other companies, such as lead–acid battery manufacturer Surrette Battery and Benjamin Heating Products continue to operate in the community. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) have a detachment in Springhill and offer services to the surrounding communities. The All Saints Springhill Hospital operated under the Nova Scotia Health Authority provides health services to Springhill and surrounding areas including Oxford, Collingwood, Southampton and Springhill Junction.
Municipal governance
On March 4, 2014, the town's elected council, under the leadership of Mayor Max Snow, announced the decision to give up the municipal incorporation charter for the Town of Springhill effective April 1, 2015. The council stated that the decision was arrived at because the municipality, incorporated in 1889, was facing unprecedented future financial pressures in the form of rising costs for services, salaries and pension obligations, most notably for its municipal police department. At the same time, the municipality was facing a future of decreased revenue due to declining property tax assessments while at the same time having the highest municipal property tax rate in Nova Scotia. Upon dissolution, Springhill became part of the Municipality of the County of Cumberland, comprising approximately 1/5 of the population of that municipality. The decision was criticized by some residents who alleged a lack of consultation by the town council. However, the decision was also supported by other residents as a good choice.
Springhill Fencebusters baseball
Baseball and coal mining can be linked together in Nova Scotia history since the early 1900s. The development of both professional players and colliery leagues in many Nova Scotia communities came from a need for both recreation and a distraction from the hardships of life in a mining town. Baseball reinforced a cohesiveness between young and old and often brought management and laborers together. During the heyday of Nova Scotia baseball, the Famed Springhill “Fencebusters” included many great sporting moments by pioneer players like "Buddy" Condy, Al Linkletter, Edgar “The Great” Cormier, Leo MacDonald and notable pitchers like Phillip Lloyd “Lefty” Legere. This baseball tradition has been carried forward through a living history project and the coaching of Jim “Pokey” Melanson. Following his death, a ball field was named in his honour.
Cumberland Trail
“The Great Trail” or Trans-Canada Trail System includes an arm of the Cumberland Trail stretching from “The Junction” at Fisher Road passing northwest of Springhill near Lisgar and Queen Street near Springhill Lion's Park and traveling southwest toward Lagoon Road. This leg of multi-use trail travels southwest toward Parrsboro passing Newville and Gilbert Lakes. Local trails are groomed and maintained for approximately 200 kilometres between the Trans-Canada Highway and Southampton in Winter months and actively used by the Cumberland County Snowmobile Club. The Cobequid Off-Highway Vehicle Club also uses and maintains trails near Springhill, Nova Scotia.
The Springhill Centennial Golf Club is located at 2770 Pleasant Valley Road. Facilities are in operation from May to October. The course offers 9-hole, par 36, 3000 yd., a large driving range, a putting green, as well as a large clubhouse that was originally a farm house.
The Dr. Carson and Marion Murray Community Centre in Springhill has an arena with an NHL sized ice surface and seating capacity of 800. There are five dressing rooms, a room for officials, lobby, storage facilities, canteen with kitchen, coatroom, meeting/boardroom, walking track, 3,100 square foot common room, and a teen centre. The Naz MacDonald Walking Trail is a 1.8 km outdoor walking trail in that circles the park adjacent to the community centre. This fitness trail provides an opportunity to experience the beauty of various species of shrubs and flowers of the park.
Transportation
Springhill is south of the Via Rail station in Springhill Junction. It is a stop on request station along the route of the Ocean which runs between Montreal and Halifax. Springhill is 1 hour and 52 minutes driving distance from the Provincial Capital of Halifax, NS, and approximately 45 minutes from Moncton, New Brunswick. Nearby Amherst is a 20-minute drive and Parrsboro is approximately 35–40 minutes from Springhill along Route 2.
See also
Cumberland County
List of historic places in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia (Springhill Coal Mining National Historic Site of Canada)
References
External links
Springhill Heritage Group
Official Town of Springhill, Nova Scotia Website
Central Nova Tourist Association – official website
Photographs of the War Memorial monument, Springhill
Communities in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
Former towns in Nova Scotia
Mining communities in Nova Scotia
Populated places disestablished in 2015 | [
-0.6236826777458191,
0.42385292053222656,
-0.3726517856121063,
-0.11829427629709244,
0.5090659856796265,
0.7032662630081177,
0.4980757236480713,
0.8879078030586243,
-0.07244668900966644,
-0.28674817085266113,
-0.12399207800626755,
-0.014917823486030102,
0.4713596701622009,
0.44007912278175354,
-0.8180655837059021,
0.24797463417053223,
-0.26200732588768005,
0.6067617535591125,
0.5051366686820984,
-0.2739770710468292,
0.18108104169368744,
-0.7155433297157288,
0.3502790927886963,
0.6645993590354919,
-0.14714433252811432,
0.6024063229560852,
1.0559208393096924,
0.40223029255867004,
0.045724205672740936,
0.24417364597320557,
-0.7509582042694092,
0.7482673525810242,
-0.42952653765678406,
-0.376677930355072,
0.704765260219574,
-0.014726460911333561,
-0.18946588039398193,
0.377813458442688,
-0.011274869553744793,
-0.9157118797302246,
-0.4560924768447876,
-0.07178452610969543,
0.15702398121356964,
0.09875940531492233,
0.2951010763645172,
-0.6190977692604065,
-1.8314532041549683,
0.17598775029182434,
-1.101096510887146,
-0.6858930587768555,
-0.33068135380744934,
0.4320735037326813,
0.5948496460914612,
-0.10575947165489197,
0.45025280117988586,
0.22033895552158356,
-1.333428978919983,
-0.0007938988856039941,
1.1589109897613525,
0.130263090133667,
-0.2910284996032715,
0.4116506576538086,
0.11755239218473434,
-0.08184335380792618,
0.005450486205518246,
0.27053868770599365,
-0.02557257190346718,
0.5100915431976318,
0.25027328729629517,
-0.1311265081167221,
0.03818783536553383,
0.2916962802410126,
-0.11429228633642197,
0.2077828049659729,
-0.16580137610435486,
0.6977148056030273,
0.04683493450284004,
0.22882209718227386,
0.3496553599834442,
0.07405883818864822,
0.2542650103569031,
-0.4212128520011902,
0.6725688576698303,
0.7408722043037415,
0.440268874168396,
0.6827717423439026,
-0.7613305449485779,
0.37281250953674316,
-0.28769341111183167,
0.5498426556587219,
-1.4011564254760742,
0.10212913155555725,
0.11072863638401031,
0.21027536690235138,
-0.5389854311943054,
-0.032440435141325,
-0.05748635530471802,
0.712115466594696,
0.09643843024969101,
0.2523495554924011,
-0.6218476891517639,
-0.47129562497138977,
0.5332686305046082,
-0.06195914372801781,
-0.2927267849445343,
-0.024060487747192383,
-0.9461818337440491,
-0.2373589426279068,
0.08387325704097748,
-0.746275007724762,
-0.18420732021331787,
-0.1971467286348343,
-0.20041246712207794,
-0.21211197972297668,
-0.035407211631536484,
0.43892914056777954,
0.06889721006155014,
-0.4507957994937897,
-0.2018330842256546,
0.41303786635398865,
0.2340899109840393,
0.20518870651721954,
-0.26115232706069946,
-0.6878370046615601,
0.015204203315079212,
0.17627744376659393,
0.31946873664855957,
0.02466435730457306,
0.07913649827241898,
0.13202707469463348,
-0.39684978127479553,
1.0001482963562012,
-0.5255088210105896,
-0.14821067452430725,
-0.04431825876235962,
-0.10579030960798264,
-0.35069382190704346,
-0.028488997370004654,
0.5192384719848633,
0.4938420057296753,
-0.39782676100730896,
0.3257651925086975,
-0.5128973722457886,
-0.7809563279151917,
-0.0029140980914235115,
-0.2823369801044464,
-0.355009526014328,
-0.7842978835105896,
0.1679457426071167,
-0.2386268526315689,
0.5844544172286987,
0.25871598720550537,
-0.432856023311615,
0.1398552656173706,
-0.4794537127017975,
-0.029615893959999084,
0.5406465530395508,
0.35384804010391235,
-0.11979416012763977,
0.4064154326915741,
0.07712770253419876,
-0.02723863162100315,
0.8650626540184021,
-0.0006055413978174329,
0.6042857766151428,
0.02719525806605816,
0.3489078879356384,
-0.9609742760658264,
0.09760312736034393,
0.9059160947799683,
-0.35544469952583313,
0.21708494424819946,
1.220964789390564,
-0.13113649189472198,
0.4472292363643646,
-0.6609475016593933,
0.3829692602157593,
0.13957050442695618,
0.3181353509426117,
-0.2388972043991089,
-0.749773383140564,
0.11000902205705643,
0.5267160534858704,
-0.08707080781459808,
0.013872336596250534,
-0.0037362580187618732,
0.18989688158035278,
-0.20201389491558075,
-0.06577026844024658,
0.484835684299469,
-0.056428082287311554,
-1.1010699272155762,
0.7502054572105408,
-0.13082465529441833,
0.570085883140564,
-0.30464765429496765,
-0.29282277822494507,
0.6413007378578186,
-0.3945998251438141,
0.6056314706802368,
-0.28731098771095276,
-0.1991579234600067,
0.7479410767555237,
-0.2869696319103241,
-1.0488009452819824,
0.4689883589744568,
-0.03574935346841812,
0.046432215720415115,
0.03434457257390022,
0.10633554309606552,
-0.41228607296943665,
-0.8057792782783508,
0.1590963751077652,
0.6642967462539673,
-0.35281267762184143,
-0.9722097516059875,
-0.537324070930481,
0.024490099400281906,
0.25405582785606384,
-0.435554563999176,
0.6549676060676575,
-0.06423774361610413,
-0.28388044238090515,
-0.13272282481193542,
-0.34838101267814636,
0.6227476000785828,
0.3348314166069031,
-0.010358124040067196,
0.02678917907178402,
-0.1267884373664856,
0.35996001958847046,
0.05582285672426224,
0.3018704354763031,
-0.7247599363327026,
-0.37417924404144287,
0.19752101600170135,
-0.2597793638706207,
-0.4376443326473236,
0.48288998007774353,
-0.36893540620803833,
-0.010467758402228355,
0.7618905901908875,
-1.0097434520721436,
-0.1437334269285202,
0.2844204604625702,
0.6054939031600952,
-0.4158821702003479,
0.482934832572937,
-0.09147288650274277,
-1.1387476921081543,
0.7045262455940247,
0.4250427186489105,
0.6121323704719543,
0.40024951100349426,
0.6718212962150574,
-0.45668089389801025,
0.06927656382322311,
0.3229609727859497,
-0.09864560514688492,
0.17082174122333527,
-0.027564868330955505,
0.029202567413449287,
-0.2731698751449585,
0.6660916209220886,
0.15945011377334595,
-0.3834766149520874,
-0.2641090154647827,
-0.32571887969970703,
-0.06272201985120773,
0.29049044847488403,
0.7971182465553284,
-0.2799742817878723,
-0.3380029797554016,
0.1942293792963028,
0.4042613208293915,
0.02118189074099064,
-0.5575304627418518,
-0.07938999682664871,
-0.6319907903671265,
-0.3414384424686432,
0.003432606812566519,
1.2800244092941284,
-0.49682122468948364,
-0.1021844893693924,
0.3508770763874054,
0.07267183810472488,
0.6863924860954285,
0.7706946134567261,
-0.32209542393684387,
-0.17126405239105225,
-0.5240430235862732,
-0.3850939869880676,
0.0984155461192131,
0.9326283931732178,
-0.2632330060005188,
-0.02332584746181965,
0.006667335983365774,
-0.2716045379638672,
0.577146053314209,
0.1961919665336609,
0.1564103662967682,
0.19427193701267242,
-0.5225406289100647,
0.11576546728610992,
-0.8717336058616638,
-0.1746872514486313,
-0.12671351432800293,
-0.46185415983200073,
-4.412533283233643,
0.6464784145355225,
-0.07823530584573746,
-0.38299888372421265,
0.6700767874717712,
-0.4168529808521271,
0.6666229367256165,
-0.514394223690033,
-0.032669294625520706,
0.9157142639160156,
0.050015583634376526,
-0.64635169506073,
0.24038279056549072,
0.20691144466400146,
0.7120336294174194,
0.521277904510498,
0.19349615275859833,
-0.38234439492225647,
0.3633763790130615,
0.24385905265808105,
0.3807537257671356,
0.37058714032173157,
-0.4614919126033783,
0.40012770891189575,
0.5723215937614441,
0.25020653009414673,
0.1594424992799759,
-0.3499471843242645,
-0.7316608428955078,
-0.11146073043346405,
0.15895602107048035,
-0.12127310037612915,
-0.1418813169002533,
-0.21463258564472198,
-0.26009610295295715,
-0.7031691074371338,
0.18918220698833466,
-0.1792658269405365,
1.0881123542785645,
-1.0075217485427856,
-0.05695734918117523,
0.15093521773815155,
-0.4846554398536682,
-0.39325812458992004,
0.8667612075805664,
-0.7745192050933838,
-0.5170460343360901,
0.5687169432640076,
-0.0019402146572247148,
1.1260675191879272,
0.2052706778049469,
-0.08854079991579056,
0.7180049419403076,
0.21502533555030823,
0.3564685881137848,
-0.43406441807746887,
-0.11120176315307617,
-0.3220139741897583,
-0.060481470078229904,
1.1686792373657227,
0.28036198019981384,
-0.8009254932403564,
0.30133455991744995,
0.2064991146326065,
-0.4008964002132416,
-0.9532662630081177,
-0.02780274860560894,
0.43260154128074646,
0.35830309987068176,
0.29199889302253723,
0.045554254204034805,
0.01251182984560728,
-0.4688352346420288,
-0.7178648710250854,
0.04817894846200943,
-1.0234006643295288,
-0.8747707009315491,
0.3835793137550354,
-0.46553751826286316,
-0.372224360704422,
0.7483688592910767,
0.01098931860178709,
0.2532661557197571,
1.3430655002593994,
0.6031666994094849,
-0.0672190859913826,
-0.23429028689861298,
0.0668216422200203,
-1.0864953994750977,
-0.7047781348228455,
0.7363197803497314,
0.23675236105918884,
0.5196185111999512,
-0.2625201642513275,
-0.4161103367805481,
-0.3171475827693939,
0.4440968930721283,
-0.6058517694473267,
-0.5756504535675049,
-1.121583104133606,
0.343230277299881,
-0.0047911424189805984,
0.5637683868408203,
-0.4298957884311676,
-0.7297853231430054,
-0.5060120820999146,
-0.002553110010921955,
0.047101859003305435,
0.7886257767677307,
-0.11857941001653671,
-0.3605126440525055,
0.27373629808425903,
-0.6044789552688599,
-0.3728972375392914,
0.30587247014045715,
-0.1260174810886383,
-0.9055476188659668,
0.06667884439229965,
0.6524841785430908,
0.6188362240791321,
0.04329422488808632,
0.0026121095288544893,
0.01843523420393467,
0.2031124234199524,
0.22046536207199097,
-0.507318913936615,
1.2210426330566406,
-0.26446056365966797,
-0.9439616203308105,
0.4061645269393921,
-0.1536632627248764,
-0.22313952445983887,
-1.1092250347137451,
-0.507454514503479,
-0.32528793811798096,
-0.3012612760066986,
-0.5066869854927063,
-1.2985209226608276,
0.12604372203350067,
0.8856250047683716,
0.23577970266342163,
0.2649824619293213,
-0.3629574477672577,
0.2947303056716919,
-0.1305016428232193,
0.8055131435394287,
0.6298084855079651,
-0.07304001599550247,
-0.7240244150161743,
0.7148498296737671,
-0.40551719069480896,
-0.07515089958906174,
0.08660911023616791,
-1.1298353672027588,
0.9169270992279053,
-0.014365811832249165,
0.07152345776557922,
-0.06449037045240402,
0.5553948879241943,
-0.11221372336149216,
0.5310704112052917,
0.3474918007850647,
-1.061556100845337,
0.5001583695411682,
-0.599223792552948,
0.08992606401443481,
-0.970453679561615,
-0.1471870094537735,
-0.5498442053794861,
0.35824379324913025,
0.33110466599464417,
-0.6279547810554504,
-0.5128100514411926,
-0.3134593367576599,
0.3005303144454956,
-0.28385940194129944,
-0.33719855546951294,
0.6297690272331238,
0.07441817224025726,
-0.2626781165599823,
-0.26595109701156616,
0.23089778423309326,
-0.556059718132019,
0.19233165681362152,
0.9193336367607117,
-0.771273672580719,
-0.14861153066158295,
0.04561017081141472,
0.01681310124695301,
0.19799427688121796,
0.35896387696266174,
-0.012450315058231354,
0.17735473811626434,
0.3115033209323883,
-0.011019373312592506,
-0.5526586174964905,
0.6381077170372009,
0.1153317391872406,
-0.36656051874160767,
-0.7587522268295288,
-0.28560736775398254,
0.4137619733810425,
-0.2868121564388275,
0.7963172793388367,
0.02047843113541603,
-0.7038764357566833,
0.37161359190940857,
0.3840309977531433,
-0.29748213291168213,
1.1569019556045532,
0.1083759069442749,
-0.41003650426864624,
1.289665937423706,
0.15618565678596497,
-0.3956386148929596,
0.14427778124809265,
-0.17123739421367645,
-0.07005036622285843,
-0.6685163378715515,
0.19981178641319275,
-0.6920527219772339,
0.68272465467453,
-0.25658339262008667,
-0.5779815316200256,
-0.893434464931488,
0.08756973594427109,
0.2863461971282959,
0.10112602263689041,
0.8271326422691345,
-0.28289926052093506,
-0.1737416386604309,
-0.10620070993900299,
0.5965414047241211,
-0.15583883225917816,
0.04311029613018036,
-0.07303459197282791,
-0.32239845395088196,
-0.15953269600868225,
0.3856929540634155,
0.2650836408138275,
0.25843507051467896,
0.9308465123176575,
0.5854747891426086,
-0.9579868316650391,
-0.21703921258449554,
0.11109690368175507,
1.0347343683242798,
0.515137255191803,
-0.9312220215797424,
0.6135218143463135,
0.9361150860786438,
-0.46190181374549866,
-0.6917760372161865,
-0.38346439599990845,
1.206483244895935,
-0.6526265144348145,
0.28090187907218933,
0.6616073250770569,
-0.17419593036174774,
0.17906928062438965,
0.6752777099609375,
-0.09535986185073853,
-0.3371681272983551,
0.3444689214229584,
0.6177629828453064,
-0.30038899183273315,
0.20607224106788635,
-0.006408786401152611,
0.5692486763000488,
-0.5352750420570374,
-0.3510800898075104,
-0.37699952721595764,
-0.10825413465499878,
0.650180995464325,
-0.3699823021888733,
-0.11359057575464249,
-0.05970951169729233,
-1.4311578273773193,
0.189332515001297,
0.03679679334163666,
-0.3330417573451996,
-0.18901751935482025,
-0.05850254371762276,
-0.21582826972007751,
0.17753972113132477,
-0.8478006720542908,
-0.07176044583320618,
0.11111262440681458,
-0.4106660485267639,
0.7984119653701782,
-0.7081512808799744,
-0.22489920258522034,
0.05533111095428467,
-0.27792665362358093,
0.23439182341098785,
0.43512552976608276,
0.1461084485054016,
0.3383965790271759,
-0.24676865339279175,
-0.12049701064825058,
-1.3121225833892822,
0.759793221950531,
-0.09500057250261307,
-0.4526684582233429,
0.3261961340904236,
0.2346428632736206,
-0.8253405094146729,
-0.8021541833877563,
0.1427379995584488,
0.5347955822944641,
-0.06719581037759781,
-0.14626044034957886,
0.27526649832725525,
0.8039572238922119,
-0.459245502948761,
-0.04224338009953499,
0.03850014507770538,
-0.7186827063560486,
-0.5058627128601074,
0.6663013100624084,
-0.3177123963832855,
0.5946192741394043,
1.254118800163269,
0.6817800998687744,
0.2536102533340454,
1.5650969743728638,
-0.4682084023952484,
-0.14105741679668427,
-0.15580704808235168,
-0.025719691067934036,
-0.5137649178504944,
-0.23486275970935822,
-0.7163217067718506,
0.3018525540828705,
-0.9558928608894348,
-0.6514432430267334,
-0.13719916343688965,
-0.11804782599210739,
-0.576596200466156,
-0.1280331164598465,
0.33622702956199646,
0.24998874962329865,
0.2884458303451538,
-0.45821666717529297,
0.42258894443511963,
0.13148026168346405,
0.3457994759082794,
0.3900277316570282,
0.07164023071527481,
-0.7226682305335999,
0.36855557560920715,
-0.4797654449939728,
-0.049357976764440536,
-1.1054013967514038,
-0.4688743054866791,
0.5463141202926636,
0.38523373007774353,
-0.3337332308292389,
-0.5441660284996033,
-0.01621220074594021,
0.1299561709165573,
-0.6796190738677979,
1.1545401811599731,
-0.023991890251636505,
-0.28015267848968506,
-0.6756743788719177,
0.7389171123504639,
-0.07061359286308289,
-0.3959241211414337,
0.4169018268585205,
-0.10821554809808731,
0.16878825426101685,
0.23229509592056274,
-0.40410730242729187,
0.5613672137260437,
0.42688611149787903,
0.03068382292985916,
1.0381464958190918,
-0.46829739212989807,
0.2999715805053711,
-0.2333226501941681,
0.44235286116600037,
-0.6220043897628784,
-0.501136302947998,
0.1057199016213417,
-0.7716729640960693,
-0.10297749191522598,
0.14268648624420166,
-0.42789697647094727,
-0.12323163449764252,
0.11077616363763809,
-0.06260047107934952,
0.06961441040039062,
0.17899726331233978,
-0.2536148428916931,
-0.5653880834579468,
-0.028338722884655,
0.8338584303855896,
0.3129558563232422,
0.8158268928527832,
-0.056121841073036194,
0.4353366196155548,
0.0031925495713949203,
0.3046689033508301,
-0.005789952352643013,
0.1441049724817276,
-0.603635311126709,
0.4796020984649658,
-0.4118030369281769,
0.8584940433502197,
0.4298802316188812,
0.8580299615859985,
-0.22698292136192322,
0.6093840003013611,
-0.4883165955543518,
-0.2666466236114502,
0.5593093037605286,
-0.2825770378112793,
-0.7593608498573303,
-0.47792500257492065,
-0.46601101756095886,
-0.577021062374115,
0.7602050304412842,
0.3390350937843323,
-0.5147205591201782,
-0.3487332761287689,
-0.3309939205646515,
0.06106657162308693,
-0.6861265897750854,
-0.18168377876281738,
0.09950798749923706,
-0.7396719455718994,
-0.09904435276985168,
0.9922704696655273,
-0.12144327908754349,
-0.31728193163871765,
-0.1499437689781189,
0.6276627779006958,
0.32396429777145386,
-0.10543964058160782,
0.007929078303277493,
-0.4430960416793823,
0.37444162368774414,
0.24621188640594482,
-0.0643358901143074,
0.5241527557373047,
-0.5733271837234497,
-0.6439918279647827,
-0.34452494978904724,
-0.522455096244812,
-0.21078026294708252,
-1.1129283905029297,
0.1516333669424057,
0.01823916658759117,
0.09673202782869339,
-0.38011252880096436,
0.025813249871134758,
-1.1580651998519897,
-0.18890462815761566,
0.023876169696450233
] |
247654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Clifton%20Sprague | USS Clifton Sprague | USS Clifton Sprague (FFG-16) was an guided missile frigate of the United States Navy, the tenth ship of that class. She was named for Vice Admiral Clifton A. F. Sprague (1896–1955), hero of the Battle off Samar action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, where he received the Navy Cross. Clifton Sprague (FFG-16) was the first ship of that name in the US Navy. She was transferred to the Turkish Naval Forces in 1997 as TCG Gaziantep (F 490) and remains in active service.
History
Ordered from Bath Iron Works on 27 February 1976 as part of the FY76 program, Clifton Sprague was laid down 30 July 1979, launched 16 February 1980, and commissioned 21 March 1981.
Clifton Sprague was part of the forces during Operation Urgent Fury, the US led 1983 Invasion of Grenada. The frigate served as the clandestine mother ship for a pre-invasion reconnaissance team of Navy SEALs and Air Force combat controllers. Prior to D-Day on 25 Oct., the 20-man commando force twice attempted to use small boats launched from the frigate to reach a new airport under construction on Grenada's southwest coast. Their nighttime attempts to make an assessment of its military defenses and the condition of its uncompleted runway were frustrated both times by rough seas, equipment failures and bad luck.
In July 1993, the guided-missile cruiser and Clifton Sprague participated in a passing exercise (PASSEX) with three Russian ships, cruiser , destroyer Admiral Kharlamov and the replenishment ship Dnester. This was noteworthy because the two navies had an adversarial relationship for decades prior to the Dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Clifton Sprague was part of the flotilla for Operation Uphold Democracy, the September 1995 US intervention in Haiti.
She was decommissioned on 2 June 1995 at Naval Station Mayport, Florida, and was stricken from the US Navy register on 4 September 1997 after being transferred to Turkey.
TCG Gaziantep (F 490)
She was transferred to Turkey on 27 August 1997 as that nation's TCG Gaziantep (F 490), and then immediately modified into a G-class frigate by the Turkish Naval Yard. As of 2011, she was still in active service.
Awards
Clifton Sprague and her crew received the following unit awards, according to the US Navy unit awards website:
Navy E Ribbon, 1 October 1980 to 30 September 1981
Navy E Ribbon, 1 October 1981 to 30 September 1982
Navy Expeditionary Medal, 18 April 1983 to 22 April 1983, 1983 United States embassy bombing, Lebanon
Meritorious Unit Commendation, 23 October 1983 to 2 November 1983, Invasion of Grenada / Operation Urgent Fury
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, 23 October 1983 to 18 November 1983, Invasion of Grenada / Operation Urgent Fury
Navy E Ribbon 1 October 1983 to 31 March 1985
Navy E Ribbon 1 April 1985 to 30 September 1986
Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon for 1 April 1989
Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon, 1 July 1989 to 30 September 1989
Secretary of the Navy Letter of Commendation, 1 December 1989 to 1 April 1990
Joint Meritorious Unit Award, 28 January 1991 to 25 February 1991, this was in the Desert Storm time period, but FFG-16 was not listed as participating in the Gulf War.
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, 16 September 1994 to 24 September 1994, Operation Uphold Democracy Haiti
Meritorious Unit Commendation, 11 September 1994 to 31 March 1995, Operation Uphold Democracy Haiti
National Defense Service Medal for service during the Gulf War era
Clifton Sprague was also nominated for the United States Public Health Service Outstanding Unit Citation for operations from 24 June 1994 to 12 July 1994, but did not receive the award. This was around the time that many refugees were fleeing Haiti in small boats.
References
External links
MaritimeQuest USS Clifton Sprague FFG-16 pages
Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the United States Navy
1980 ships
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Turkish Navy
Ships built in Bath, Maine | [
-0.7468761801719666,
-0.09422546625137329,
-0.11530716717243195,
0.34816551208496094,
-0.13695891201496124,
0.3542076349258423,
0.9665472507476807,
-0.2552241086959839,
-0.13859489560127258,
0.5331804156303406,
0.29880350828170776,
0.4704244136810303,
-0.46061578392982483,
0.1859302967786789,
0.09009069949388504,
0.10222616046667099,
0.5307126641273499,
0.41465580463409424,
0.05458898842334747,
-0.7232199311256409,
-0.08539976924657822,
-0.2974489629268646,
0.7548368573188782,
-0.10739997029304504,
0.36843618750572205,
0.7808193564414978,
0.4302214980125427,
0.3833644390106201,
0.31338250637054443,
0.10259716957807541,
0.032141152769327164,
0.764894962310791,
0.3489382266998291,
0.02270037680864334,
-0.20010145008563995,
0.5326265692710876,
-0.3262391686439514,
-0.44061514735221863,
-0.2727492153644562,
-0.15326061844825745,
-0.3843247890472412,
-0.4321679174900055,
-0.08047998696565628,
0.18321825563907623,
-0.1523696780204773,
0.10813837498426437,
-1.5033682584762573,
0.21234017610549927,
0.12416918575763702,
-0.3954354524612427,
-0.7896209359169006,
0.5263866782188416,
0.38558462262153625,
-0.12998026609420776,
0.5779109001159668,
0.45074859261512756,
-1.0880987644195557,
0.12916266918182373,
-0.41539257764816284,
-0.6874440312385559,
-0.2864709496498108,
0.6830200552940369,
0.8135905861854553,
0.228669673204422,
-0.027021661400794983,
0.034543249756097794,
-0.6944239139556885,
-0.09489506483078003,
-0.04427974671125412,
0.11602013558149338,
0.6732161641120911,
0.06972775608301163,
0.1116175577044487,
0.5837454795837402,
-0.31827643513679504,
0.2831808626651764,
-0.4751403033733368,
-0.3394508957862854,
-0.1832067370414734,
0.8116188645362854,
0.2917303740978241,
0.05099574849009514,
0.8741123080253601,
0.2568203806877136,
-0.11644286662340164,
-0.09031376242637634,
-0.6241159439086914,
0.48963654041290283,
-0.3977287709712982,
0.5095567107200623,
-1.0176373720169067,
-0.11243166774511337,
-0.19509845972061157,
0.7267301082611084,
0.295403391122818,
-0.16718916594982147,
-0.437370628118515,
0.10164716094732285,
0.0377541147172451,
0.48261189460754395,
0.30279862880706787,
0.25667765736579895,
0.5918381810188293,
0.46722421050071716,
-0.5270295739173889,
0.014613339677453041,
-0.2654271423816681,
-0.37396305799484253,
-0.6101416945457458,
0.025578422471880913,
-0.5050287842750549,
0.24597541987895966,
-0.08034010231494904,
-0.5364207625389099,
0.05229293555021286,
0.13103540241718292,
0.4305005967617035,
-0.5624583959579468,
-0.22939708828926086,
-0.21674521267414093,
0.13080914318561554,
0.8395653367042542,
-0.6032242178916931,
-0.4996732473373413,
0.25895217061042786,
0.14069205522537231,
0.3262089192867279,
0.3891969919204712,
-1.241200566291809,
0.4275411367416382,
0.30940327048301697,
0.6351600289344788,
-0.2174178808927536,
0.2695571184158325,
-0.7311325073242188,
-0.5393502712249756,
-0.29915499687194824,
0.17310842871665955,
0.21421687304973602,
0.8384965062141418,
-0.7553028464317322,
0.2516164481639862,
-0.5128459930419922,
-0.6637459993362427,
0.3047316372394562,
-0.45465803146362305,
0.21843232214450836,
-0.020925303921103477,
-0.3885633647441864,
-0.2350456565618515,
0.47912055253982544,
-0.5995810031890869,
0.04401012882590294,
0.2694988548755646,
-0.5332995653152466,
-0.22092454135417938,
0.33938363194465637,
-0.0629366934299469,
0.28392162919044495,
0.6072313189506531,
-0.6375221014022827,
-0.06747268885374069,
-0.18367989361286163,
0.5180602669715881,
0.2888805568218231,
0.2802892327308655,
0.5676940083503723,
-0.4241929352283478,
-0.011709277518093586,
-0.010292395018041134,
-0.37277811765670776,
-0.1571115255355835,
0.5559536218643188,
-0.0067673418670892715,
-0.015407256782054901,
-0.19080303609371185,
0.3975563645362854,
-0.4203673005104065,
0.06704302132129669,
-0.5748538374900818,
-0.45258182287216187,
0.1066262274980545,
0.6355360150337219,
0.21647842228412628,
0.2306530475616455,
0.2316146194934845,
0.24135887622833252,
0.3134342133998871,
0.12950551509857178,
-0.31261998414993286,
-0.4271850287914276,
-0.6498343348503113,
0.02795303426682949,
0.18574152886867523,
1.2207098007202148,
0.00998169556260109,
-0.3996468186378479,
-0.2948734164237976,
0.16279630362987518,
0.37844598293304443,
0.6744347810745239,
-0.6374977231025696,
0.6174492239952087,
-0.13484959304332733,
-0.46960538625717163,
-0.10058269649744034,
0.25125420093536377,
0.7621380090713501,
0.024583952501416206,
0.760986864566803,
-0.22109198570251465,
-0.8608964681625366,
-0.06967125087976456,
0.5760533809661865,
-0.29136890172958374,
-0.3277088403701782,
-0.07319001853466034,
-0.49313393235206604,
0.2257215678691864,
-0.3853491246700287,
0.5727738738059998,
0.005366887431591749,
-0.13330955803394318,
-0.09632089734077454,
-0.2958047688007355,
0.04171318560838699,
-0.5136578679084778,
0.6155372858047485,
-0.13151639699935913,
-0.1895923763513565,
0.13933850824832916,
0.3590662181377411,
-0.006964597851037979,
-0.6161224246025085,
0.78578782081604,
0.44852685928344727,
0.02648417092859745,
-0.16867882013320923,
0.8376673460006714,
-0.5827344059944153,
-0.4968132972717285,
0.6480723023414612,
-1.0672563314437866,
0.11741052567958832,
-0.04417358338832855,
-0.5236557126045227,
0.052902545779943466,
0.45952364802360535,
0.23400971293449402,
-0.8609821200370789,
0.9184200763702393,
0.27784305810928345,
0.27527934312820435,
-0.21491830050945282,
0.042805399745702744,
0.3711763322353363,
-0.45608556270599365,
-0.05581223592162132,
0.5245088934898376,
-0.07353980839252472,
-0.03686051443219185,
0.6371347904205322,
0.049635838717222214,
0.16628706455230713,
0.46388933062553406,
-0.2907613515853882,
-0.19521461427211761,
-0.296528160572052,
0.25136834383010864,
-0.11288397014141083,
0.2425820380449295,
-0.012191817164421082,
0.5138980150222778,
-0.09716041386127472,
0.18734462559223175,
0.6142746806144714,
-0.015469550155103207,
0.29995718598365784,
-0.9163329005241394,
-0.9471907615661621,
0.6643205285072327,
1.0420026779174805,
-0.41064566373825073,
-0.4384348690509796,
-0.2808997929096222,
-0.8103318810462952,
-0.38571685552597046,
-0.2283513993024826,
-0.31454429030418396,
-0.7118434906005859,
-0.24371489882469177,
-0.06306694447994232,
-0.23401248455047607,
0.6908364295959473,
-0.3669206202030182,
0.8986381888389587,
-0.07291002571582794,
-0.02165045589208603,
0.5252031683921814,
0.09741004556417465,
-0.543592631816864,
0.2340824156999588,
-0.7116997241973877,
0.1599636822938919,
-0.06107032299041748,
-0.17737506330013275,
-0.4740562438964844,
0.42292967438697815,
-5.301961898803711,
0.32678133249282837,
-0.17617884278297424,
-0.20707125961780548,
0.11747457832098007,
0.23815974593162537,
-0.15318459272384644,
-0.48726749420166016,
-0.22315940260887146,
-0.36624443531036377,
-0.010755529627203941,
0.3181680738925934,
0.05678143352270126,
-0.10385504364967346,
0.3824441432952881,
0.18558982014656067,
0.7629086971282959,
-0.6317794919013977,
0.685628354549408,
0.03905024752020836,
0.5674706101417542,
-0.11335467547178268,
-0.19315679371356964,
-0.029248131439089775,
0.13246867060661316,
0.082270547747612,
-0.4183650314807892,
0.34839168190956116,
-0.4967731237411499,
0.039104707539081573,
-0.0705716460943222,
-0.2954106032848358,
-0.22065329551696777,
0.25570666790008545,
0.06179756298661232,
-0.39752379059791565,
0.6174137592315674,
0.1231163740158081,
0.1561395823955536,
-0.8899533748626709,
-0.6382737755775452,
-0.6210834980010986,
-0.2260781079530716,
0.36646249890327454,
0.5139334797859192,
-0.2568674385547638,
0.09872578829526901,
-0.13564598560333252,
0.5695682764053345,
1.3086313009262085,
0.5173096656799316,
0.1928080916404724,
0.7168753147125244,
0.08111730962991714,
0.27759310603141785,
-0.388431578874588,
-0.030315792188048363,
-0.3158023953437805,
-0.9509114623069763,
0.11072897911071777,
-0.11233129352331161,
-0.5887979865074158,
-0.23527351021766663,
-0.4798430800437927,
-0.32468247413635254,
-0.11000866442918777,
-0.2221502661705017,
0.19730430841445923,
0.14887607097625732,
-0.3034132421016693,
-0.05701300874352455,
1.4538917541503906,
-0.39472442865371704,
-0.7694494724273682,
0.5026772618293762,
-0.0875198096036911,
0.0040499623864889145,
-0.15741990506649017,
-0.5304482579231262,
-0.2283117175102234,
-0.03969297930598259,
0.1706029176712036,
0.2908569276332855,
0.6211786866188049,
0.17515093088150024,
-0.5582638382911682,
-0.5057763457298279,
0.06664135307073593,
-0.26309680938720703,
-0.06212285906076431,
0.2560814619064331,
-0.8693161606788635,
0.579397976398468,
0.12606027722358704,
0.37474244832992554,
-0.3127959370613098,
-0.29772332310676575,
0.9475989937782288,
0.7429988384246826,
-0.172377347946167,
0.24893033504486084,
-0.47913891077041626,
0.5187413096427917,
0.036543410271406174,
-0.2537509500980377,
-0.30272939801216125,
-0.11329925060272217,
0.23332306742668152,
0.5343887209892273,
-0.02639785036444664,
-0.2416134774684906,
-0.057121433317661285,
0.13031138479709625,
-0.3191505968570709,
0.7088136672973633,
0.19219538569450378,
0.1084294319152832,
0.2401205450296402,
0.7663871049880981,
0.553270161151886,
-0.04484202712774277,
0.4650132656097412,
0.1460655778646469,
-0.04683251306414604,
-0.37041375041007996,
-0.8656715750694275,
0.4922564923763275,
-0.44109266996383667,
-0.506280243396759,
0.02753920666873455,
-0.06643066555261612,
0.2844141721725464,
0.01325048878788948,
0.07580273598432541,
-0.07127022743225098,
-0.5573755502700806,
-0.27007967233657837,
-0.4153185486793518,
0.16091564297676086,
-0.24044552445411682,
-0.24484731256961823,
-0.01732916571199894,
-0.6913796663284302,
-0.3074195981025696,
0.9243335127830505,
-0.003499278100207448,
0.3243089020252228,
0.3589315414428711,
-0.6318592429161072,
-0.015273135155439377,
-0.5511063933372498,
-0.7349686622619629,
-0.06077748164534569,
-0.9200494885444641,
-0.016486551612615585,
0.4741877317428589,
0.22758111357688904,
0.033705249428749084,
0.2214403748512268,
-0.08841655403375626,
-0.035644568502902985,
0.01930946670472622,
-0.5548920035362244,
-0.2965180575847626,
-0.09947723150253296,
0.8263095021247864,
-0.12698446214199066,
-0.292667418718338,
-0.3118893504142761,
0.30491745471954346,
0.40474212169647217,
-0.29390475153923035,
-0.8215689063072205,
-0.2213849276304245,
0.14169281721115112,
0.18580448627471924,
-0.8101695775985718,
-0.4783787429332733,
-0.11598988622426987,
0.455583393573761,
-0.19756951928138733,
-0.0771651640534401,
-0.26794326305389404,
0.4725800156593323,
0.28927138447761536,
0.2763960659503937,
-0.8441965579986572,
0.07372152805328369,
-0.4089253842830658,
0.29729795455932617,
0.08898525685071945,
-0.49756619334220886,
0.31413668394088745,
0.2984754145145416,
-0.9034348130226135,
0.24404676258563995,
0.2564816474914551,
0.11631961911916733,
0.3741207420825958,
-0.4976968467235565,
-0.10508374124765396,
0.23440605401992798,
-0.39477500319480896,
0.383374959230423,
-0.08931183815002441,
-0.49311816692352295,
-0.12002898752689362,
-0.4554239511489868,
0.12496175616979599,
0.836402952671051,
0.005853842478245497,
-0.671299159526825,
0.47140994668006897,
0.7827944755554199,
-0.019700005650520325,
-0.21777722239494324,
-0.2987912595272064,
0.4539967179298401,
-0.45742619037628174,
-0.7760218977928162,
-0.809532880783081,
-0.2980498969554901,
0.27125707268714905,
-0.594404935836792,
-0.9066764712333679,
0.20146623253822327,
-0.4053528308868408,
-0.47587671875953674,
0.1908629983663559,
0.012908308766782284,
-0.507319450378418,
-0.14486852288246155,
0.050181884318590164,
0.5434472560882568,
0.4876554012298584,
-0.5195251107215881,
-0.04668113961815834,
0.3722689151763916,
-0.29328224062919617,
0.26971235871315,
0.6091315746307373,
0.6893940567970276,
0.3779842257499695,
-0.5957325100898743,
0.020091457292437553,
0.01902015693485737,
0.11722056567668915,
-0.04273909702897072,
-0.3223583400249481,
0.3564422130584717,
0.6280924081802368,
-0.11640011519193649,
-0.3178776502609253,
-0.0713106021285057,
1.3613194227218628,
-0.4736132025718689,
0.1807747334241867,
-0.7547208070755005,
-0.030709460377693176,
0.21493564546108246,
0.010875712148845196,
0.7136167883872986,
-0.8926852345466614,
0.186229407787323,
0.31122878193855286,
0.21535496413707733,
0.06981151551008224,
-0.5415593981742859,
0.4450843334197998,
-0.4970719516277313,
0.03146595507860184,
0.7218922972679138,
0.15309926867485046,
0.6615873575210571,
-0.8553503155708313,
0.39429306983947754,
-0.08693994581699371,
-0.509524941444397,
0.9336791634559631,
0.44304999709129333,
-0.6784611940383911,
0.2822801470756531,
-0.785893976688385,
-0.48667824268341064,
-0.5311618447303772,
-0.3197813630104065,
0.07371138781309128,
-0.15223875641822815,
-0.2218286693096161,
0.45732516050338745,
0.36643585562705994,
-0.02201562561094761,
-0.9179354310035706,
-0.09788741916418076,
-0.1390145719051361,
0.3616028428077698,
-0.25202426314353943,
-0.057671885937452316,
-0.38064876198768616,
0.86311936378479,
-0.7804978489875793,
0.5237817168235779,
-0.14619924128055573,
-0.2061992883682251,
0.025409841910004616,
-0.5020526647567749,
0.39045149087905884,
-0.12077173590660095,
-0.15414461493492126,
-0.24975568056106567,
-0.3217800557613373,
-0.48710015416145325,
0.3079376220703125,
0.7001774907112122,
-0.5171577334403992,
0.0046734255738556385,
0.8013997673988342,
0.2635129690170288,
-0.565697968006134,
0.05813583359122276,
-0.1447172462940216,
-0.10375449806451797,
0.16833244264125824,
0.5121963620185852,
-0.12580323219299316,
1.0046837329864502,
-0.6576080918312073,
-0.3940556049346924,
-0.3267297148704529,
0.714600145816803,
-0.32882311940193176,
-1.131083607673645,
0.06958815455436707,
0.7429804801940918,
0.12601611018180847,
0.21254031360149384,
0.0027217986062169075,
-0.36360445618629456,
-0.3326781094074249,
0.6237061619758606,
-0.5358086824417114,
0.4032389223575592,
0.2125748246908188,
-0.03855355456471443,
-0.07773634791374207,
0.44367358088493347,
-0.32432761788368225,
0.3066553473472595,
0.26453301310539246,
-0.34369462728500366,
0.09725993871688843,
0.5403032898902893,
0.3786412179470062,
-0.2899123728275299,
-0.12227287888526917,
0.2957794964313507,
0.7993724942207336,
-0.42686742544174194,
-0.6755542755126953,
-0.265473335981369,
-0.07631848752498627,
0.16542664170265198,
0.33571839332580566,
-0.21573439240455627,
-0.004935117904096842,
-0.21588654816150665,
0.05683232098817825,
0.05826125293970108,
-0.04944508522748947,
0.7882855534553528,
0.28939980268478394,
0.6619495749473572,
-0.5163446664810181,
0.28688153624534607,
0.3741742968559265,
0.5071495175361633,
0.7219438552856445,
-0.2984924614429474,
0.38774892687797546,
0.3697502017021179,
-0.18714557588100433,
0.7323706150054932,
-0.31271326541900635,
-0.8448352217674255,
-0.33434489369392395,
-0.06994269788265228,
-0.02084432728588581,
0.2359013706445694,
0.636765718460083,
-0.23728199303150177,
0.7007910013198853,
-0.5613039135932922,
-0.7430280447006226,
0.008865458890795708,
0.2988468110561371,
0.18609297275543213,
-0.06107383593916893,
0.42081132531166077,
0.6457647681236267,
0.6910655498504639,
-0.18655195832252502,
-0.16423392295837402,
0.2099769413471222,
0.00965637806802988,
-0.47250962257385254,
-0.22344574332237244,
-0.11075038462877274,
0.3381594717502594,
-0.35907793045043945,
-0.026038257405161858,
0.027025265619158745,
0.0860137939453125,
-0.2978055775165558,
-0.10131531953811646,
-0.4282754063606262,
-0.25409066677093506,
0.5288281440734863,
-0.7124856114387512,
-0.21523983776569366,
-0.4189833700656891,
0.2730195224285126,
0.1048687994480133,
-0.3987915813922882,
0.6731335520744324,
-0.17418380081653595,
-0.3257739245891571,
-0.35585683584213257,
-0.5945699214935303,
-0.4926586449146271,
-0.054972000420093536,
0.6853724718093872,
-0.49116501212120056,
0.13286353647708893,
0.40752366185188293,
-0.08552202582359314,
-0.051812779158353806,
-0.27407321333885193,
0.6315664649009705,
0.5824297070503235,
0.2690533399581909,
0.26640376448631287,
-0.5214042663574219,
0.37016361951828003,
-0.35009345412254333,
0.3843410015106201,
0.4756118655204773,
-0.40057337284088135,
-0.40542733669281006,
0.17262312769889832,
0.40203502774238586,
-0.03237204626202583,
-0.43400004506111145,
0.1261516809463501,
-0.42107003927230835,
0.014471818692982197,
-0.5162414908409119,
0.13687404990196228,
0.022378720343112946,
-0.14498582482337952,
-0.35766300559043884
] |
247655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | Bridgewater, Nova Scotia | Bridgewater is a town in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada, at the navigable limit of the LaHave River. With a 2021 population of 8,790, Bridgewater is the largest town in the South Shore region.
Priding itself as "The Main Street of the South Shore," Bridgewater has long been established as the primary commercial and professional service centre in the southern half of the province. The community boasts a diverse local economy, as well as larger national and international employers.
History
In 1604 French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons visited the area, and in the mid-1600s there was a small French settlement downriver of the current site at LaHave. The first bridge was built around 1825, and by 1850 the village had a population of 300. Lots were first surveyed in 1874.
Around this time industries were developed using water power from the river, including lumber manufacture, a carding mill, a foundry, a gristmill and a tannery.
From 1889 the town was connected by rail to Middleton, and eventually to the rest of the province and Canada via mergers with the Halifax and Southwestern Railway. Passenger service ended in 1976. The railway station, a local landmark, was burned in 1986 and is now the site of fast food outlets. Freight service ended in the early 1990s.
In January 1899 a fire devastated the downtown core. One month later, the town was incorporated.
A lumber mill started by Edward Doran Davison on the site of the present-day South Shore Shopping Centre was in operation during the first two decades of the 1900s.
A major employer in the 1900s was the Acadia Gas Engines company, the largest marine inboard motor manufacturer in Canada. Their two-stroke engines, manufactured entirely in Bridgewater and nicknamed make and break engines, were exported worldwide. Employing over 100 at the King Street plant, the company declined and closed in the 1970s.
In 1971 Michelin opened a tire factory, eventually employing more than 1,000.
The western bank of the LaHave River was the area first settled, and continued to be the commercial and civic heart of the town well into the 20th century. However, since the 1970s, population and economic growth has been stronger on the eastern bank, with the development of shopping malls, new housing, and a regional hospital.
Geography
Bridgewater spans the width of the LaHave River Valley and is dominated by hills that lead down to the river. Elevations range from 5 metres above sea level at the river, to nearly 110 m at the southwestern border. Like much of Southern Nova Scotia, the surrounding area is characterized by rolling drumlins formed during the last glacial period, some of which reach 150 metres above sea level. The LaHave River is traversed by two bridges in the centre of the town, as well as a 103 highway overpass and foot bridge towards the northern limits.
Climate
Like most of eastern Canada, Bridgewater experiences a humid continental climate (Dfb). The South Shore's proximity to the Atlantic Ocean does serve to moderate the climate, and the region is usually milder than most of Canada during the winter months. Nevertheless, winters are generally cold, damp, and snowy, along with frequent rain. Summers, while less extreme than inland central Canada, are warm to hot and sometimes humid, accented by occasional storms and showers. Autumn and spring are often wildly unpredictable, and snowfall in October and May is not unheard of.
Because it lies inland from the ocean, Bridgewater is usually warmer than coastal Nova Scotia during the summer, reporting far fewer foggy days.
Demographics
Bridgewater is one of the few Nova Scotia municipalities outside greater Halifax to have grown since the 1950s, in part linked to the 1971 opening of the Michelin plant.
The Canada 2021 Census reported a population of 8,790 in 4,493 private dwellings on , for a density of . Average age was 46.8 years, over three years above the provincial average. 54% of the population was female, nearly 3% above the provincial average. 5.2% of residents declared themselves as immigrants, with most having arrived in Canada before 1981. Mother tongue was primarily English, with 1.4% reporting French, and 2.7% other. 7.8% were bilingual in French and English.
Statistics Canada estimated the 2021 population of the town as 9,042. The number takes into account probable undercounts in census canvassing.
Economy
Michelin is by far the town's largest employer. Other major sectors are a call centre, retail, and healthcare.
In 2015, the average household income was $46,835, almost $14,000 below the provincial average.
Arts and culture
While Bridgewater is known more as a centre of commerce and industry, it does offer a number of cultural events. These include the annual Bridgewater Garden Party, Christmas on the LaHave, the Growing Green Sustainability Festival, and the Afterglow Art Festival. Founded in 1891, The South Shore Exhibition is the town's largest event, attracting some 50,000 people each July. Known locally as "The Big Ex," the week-long agricultural fair hosts the International Ox Pull, bringing together teams from the Maritimes and the Northeastern United States. The Exhibition also features a midway, carnival games, food, alcohol, animal exhibits, and musical acts.
Community music has been a fixture in the town for many years, including the Bridgewater Fire Department Band, active since 1868. The South Shore Chorale, a seventy-voice mixed chorus, was founded in the 1960s, and for many years, the now-defunct Hospital Chorus and Drama Society helped to raise funds for the Dawson Memorial Hospital (later South Shore Regional Hospital) through its production of Broadway-style musicals.
Art Happening was established in 2014 to create a thriving community art space in Bridgewater. Inspired by the 'Art Hive' movement in Montreal, a group of community members developed a free/low cost art building focused on creativity for people of all ages and backgrounds. Today, Art Happening is a not-for-profit organization that strives on fun classes, stress relief, and creativity in all shapes and forms.
Like much of Lunenburg County, many of Bridgewater's residents trace their lineage to the Foreign Protestants who arrived in Nova Scotia in the 18th century. While much of that original culture has been lost, a few remnants remain. Lunenburg pudding, a type of pork sausage, is widely available, and some residents still speak in Lunenburg English, an accent featuring one of the few non-rhotic speech patterns remaining in Canada.
Sports, parks, and recreation
Residents of Bridgewater enjoy a relatively extensive parks system, which the town estimates at . This, however, does not include open green space within the town, the inclusion of which would give a much higher total.
The crown jewel of the parks system continues to be the Woodland Gardens, locally known at the "Duck Pond." This park includes the DesBrisay Museum, one of the town's public swimming pools, a large pond and various trails. Shipyards Landing is a large public park located at the reclaimed site of the former Acadia Gas Engine Company. Situated on south King Street along the LaHave River, the area features berthing for boaters and kayakers, picnic and open space, and is often used as a gathering point for festivals, such as Canada Day on the LaHave.
Other parks include Pinecrest and Glen Allen playgrounds, Riverview Park, King Street Court and Pijinuiskaq Park, located in the heart of the downtown. 8 kilometers of the Centennial Trail run through the town, constructed on abandoned rail lines.
Older recreational facilities include the Bridgewater Memorial Arena (opened in 1949 and closed in 2015), the Bridgewater Curling Club, the Kinsmen Field and the Bridgewater Tennis Club, and multiple softball, baseball, and soccer fields.
After a long period of stagnation, the 21st century has seen recreation facilities undergo a prolonged expansion.
In 2008, construction began on the HB Studios Sports Centre, a $1.7 million indoor turf, track, and amenities facility located on Glen Allan Drive.
In 2013, Bridgewater and Municipality of Lunenburg teamed up to construct the multi-purpose Lunenburg County Lifestyle Centre (LCLC) on North Park Street. This facility includes the Clearwater Seafoods Arena with a 1,200-person seating capacity, the Bank of Montreal Aquatic Centre, and the Margaret Hennigar Public Library. Around the same time, the Bridgewater Marina opened near the former Port of Bridgewater location on the east side of the LaHave River.
In July 2017, the town opened the South Shore Vet Dog Zone (an off-leash dog park) at Generations Active Park near HB Studios Sports Centre.
In the summer of 2018, after years of planning and design work, the Bridgewater Skate Park opened on York Street in Bridgewater, backed by funding contributions from the Town of Bridgewater, Municipality of the District of Lunenburg, and the Province of Nova Scotia.
Government
Policing
The Bridgewater Police Service has moved towards a community based policing model, working closely with Neighbourhood Watch programmes and local schools, as well as adding foot and bicycle patrols in areas that squad cars are unable to reach.
The Bridgewater Police Service is governed by the Bridgewater Police Commission. This is made up of both political and citizen appointees. The current chair of the Board of Police Commissioners is Citizen Representative and former mayor, H. David Walker.
Planning
In 2013, Bridgewater Town Council released the Downtown and Waterfront Master Plan (DWMP) to guide the development of Downtown Bridgewater over the next few decades. In 2019, the Town of Bridgewater's Planning Department absorbed the Parks, Recreation, and Culture arm of the town's operations and was rebranded as the Department of Community Development.
Education and health
The town is primarily served by Bridgewater Elementary and Junior High School, both located on York Street. Located at the northern edge of town, Park View Education Centre serves grades 10-12 and takes part in the International Baccalaureate program. Along with serving Bridgewater, it also acts as a collector school for students from the rural areas of the county. Centre Scolaire de la Rive-Sud in Cookville offers a primarily French-language education to Francophone families in the area as part of Nova Scotia's Acadian school system. The Lunenburg campus of the Nova Scotia Community College is located on High Street, sharing space with the YMCA.
The town has two provincial museums, The DesBrisay and the Wile Carding Mill, as well as a central library.
According to the 2016 census, of the town's population ages 25–64, 15.0% had not received a high school diploma while 61.7% had received at least some sort of post secondary degree or certificate. Both figures were slightly worse than the average for Nova Scotia (12.2% and 64.2%, respectively), but significantly better than Lunenburg County (16% and 60.3%) and neighbouring Queens County (20.2% and 51.8%).
Bridgewater is served by the South Shore Regional Hospital, located on Glen Allen Drive. Inaugurated in 1988, the facility replaced the 1960s-era Dawson Memorial Hospital located on the south western side of the town. The SSRH serves as the major hospital in the county and offers most standard services.
Media
Bridgewater is served by CKBW-FM radio, CJHK-FM, the South Shore Breaker, and LighthouseNOW. Established in 1947, CKBW-FM has shifted its music focus several times over the past two decades, and now airs mostly contemporary pop music. CJHK-FM began operating in 2010 as a sister-station to CKBW, and airs country music. The South Shore Breaker is owned by SaltWire Network and produces a weekly newspaper. The weekly LighthouseNow Progress Bulletin (formerly Bridgewater Bulletin) has been in publication since 1888 and has won numerous awards for its content and lay-out. LighthouseNOW also distributes the Lighthouse Log, a free weekend paper.
Transportation
Since 2008, Bridgewater has supported Active Transportation, which guides policy and infrastructure. The goal is to promote human-powered means of transport as a safe part of everyday life.
Provincial Highway 103 links Bridgewater with Halifax and Yarmouth via two exits, with another under construction. Trunk highways 10 and 3 meet at Bridgewater, and other provincial routes include 325 and 331.
As the town continues to grow, traffic flow and congestion is of great concern. As Lunenburg County's biggest center of employment and commerce, Bridgewater also sees a large influx of daytime traffic. The town's geography and two bridge crossings within town limits can amplify traffic disruption when construction work forces the closure of one of the main routes.
A public transit pilot operation began in 2017, and was made permanent in 2019 due to use exceeding expectations. The town's bus route runs through residential areas and popular destinations once per hour, six days per week. Feasibility studies into public transit between Bridgewater, Lunenburg and Mahone Bay have occurred but have not yet resulted in service.
There is no freight or passenger rail service.
Historically, the LaHave River was a primary transportation route, although today it is mainly used for recreational boating. The LaHave cable ferry is the only crossing downriver from Bridgewater.
Notable residents
Allan Blakeney, 10th Premier of Saskatchewan, born in Bridgewater
Stella Bowles , environmental scientist and youngest recipient of the Order of Nova Scotia, appointed 2020
Robert MacGregor Dawson - political scientist
John Dunsworth - actor
Sheila A. Hellstrom - first woman to graduate from Canadian Forces College, and the first woman Regular Force member to achieve the rank of Brigadier-General
Jenna Martin - Canadian Olympian
Glen Murray - former NHL hockey player
Donald Sutherland - actor
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
References
External links
Town of Bridgewater
1812 establishments in the British Empire
Towns in Nova Scotia | [
-0.5634083151817322,
0.594636857509613,
0.05186760425567627,
-0.07813990861177444,
0.8712963461875916,
0.5449131727218628,
0.7998762726783752,
0.5051828026771545,
0.011506511829793453,
-0.8165602684020996,
0.09788120537996292,
-0.03228031098842621,
0.2585894465446472,
0.5017162561416626,
-0.5988996624946594,
0.4285333454608917,
-0.308359831571579,
0.03216668218374252,
0.1237105056643486,
-0.8256072402000427,
-0.04969814047217369,
-0.21069678664207458,
0.42469027638435364,
0.5593000054359436,
-0.19361133873462677,
0.8641270995140076,
0.5603083968162537,
0.5979843735694885,
-0.2271278202533722,
0.26149237155914307,
0.12689387798309326,
0.8609794974327087,
-0.4210759699344635,
-0.46723508834838867,
0.36513614654541016,
-0.24936562776565552,
0.3242550194263458,
0.06596691161394119,
-0.16046135127544403,
-0.6040748953819275,
-0.23782001435756683,
0.024021418765187263,
-0.3137228190898895,
0.1338985711336136,
0.2176779806613922,
-0.16298054158687592,
-1.524814248085022,
-0.09161723405122757,
-0.7783835530281067,
-0.6689088344573975,
-0.3652185797691345,
0.3091450333595276,
0.42311716079711914,
0.22574536502361298,
0.83438640832901,
0.11035864800214767,
-0.9319105744361877,
-0.10488291829824448,
0.9758472442626953,
0.4124566912651062,
0.09896021336317062,
0.5789035558700562,
0.16860578954219818,
0.19872799515724182,
-0.08023151755332947,
0.16156980395317078,
0.6032947301864624,
0.3718564212322235,
-0.26441946625709534,
-0.3642880916595459,
0.20428696274757385,
-0.03685717284679413,
-0.4596761465072632,
0.06297768652439117,
-0.14169856905937195,
0.5344586968421936,
-0.24639783799648285,
0.23906901478767395,
0.47250404953956604,
0.03540637344121933,
0.1309615820646286,
0.0651293620467186,
0.6872145533561707,
0.3798447847366333,
0.2644575536251068,
0.3664748966693878,
-0.4324420690536499,
0.7338359355926514,
-0.502331554889679,
0.5528199076652527,
-1.1544060707092285,
-0.10065633058547974,
0.15712042152881622,
-0.05954347550868988,
-0.03684215247631073,
0.019179679453372955,
0.21598535776138306,
0.6424558162689209,
0.5120840072631836,
0.46090084314346313,
-0.624442994594574,
-0.28935614228248596,
0.8166813254356384,
0.23260687291622162,
-0.4656166434288025,
0.04711710661649704,
-0.7954871654510498,
-0.31042933464050293,
-0.21215659379959106,
-0.27396947145462036,
-0.1981288492679596,
-0.054249100387096405,
-0.43598562479019165,
-0.07440517842769623,
-0.2131197601556778,
0.21630625426769257,
0.1333707571029663,
-0.44666436314582825,
-0.10195600241422653,
0.09220939129590988,
0.5362107157707214,
0.4207160174846649,
0.3512883186340332,
-0.4763786196708679,
0.22237198054790497,
-0.21015599370002747,
0.37496912479400635,
-0.024493733420968056,
-0.1708102971315384,
0.16014719009399414,
0.1470937281847,
0.8808897733688354,
-0.328631728887558,
-0.21531718969345093,
-0.3029364347457886,
0.012909069657325745,
-0.3590047359466553,
0.26210224628448486,
-0.014179274439811707,
-0.21185560524463654,
-1.0629074573516846,
-0.10029981285333633,
-0.2685064375400543,
-0.517481803894043,
0.1611386388540268,
0.420119971036911,
-0.10006247460842133,
-0.4937357008457184,
0.41830798983573914,
0.2193530946969986,
0.3820589482784271,
0.3363174498081207,
-0.38934874534606934,
0.09409181028604507,
-0.25442764163017273,
-0.40334734320640564,
0.8834792375564575,
0.4455309212207794,
-0.19542892277240753,
0.42092370986938477,
0.3300826847553253,
0.022361181676387787,
0.9593685269355774,
-0.028493434190750122,
0.88934725522995,
-0.03380845487117767,
-0.06834554672241211,
-0.5972053408622742,
0.4822293817996979,
0.36839303374290466,
-0.1025632992386818,
-0.08105955272912979,
0.9494966864585876,
-0.7433924674987793,
0.10747367143630981,
-0.32855215668678284,
1.0309334993362427,
0.4745674133300781,
0.6293874979019165,
-0.3654833436012268,
-0.703978955745697,
-0.02799167111515999,
0.28213149309158325,
-0.08187747001647949,
-0.2805730700492859,
0.33833226561546326,
0.033349115401506424,
0.15834535658359528,
-0.13322147727012634,
0.42394769191741943,
0.1809917390346527,
-0.8535543084144592,
0.3500620722770691,
-0.29780447483062744,
0.19408760964870453,
0.23232749104499817,
-0.629292368888855,
1.3195946216583252,
-0.49202221632003784,
0.08835677802562714,
-0.7084103226661682,
0.11174562573432922,
0.7836010456085205,
-0.6045960187911987,
-1.1617300510406494,
0.4911283850669861,
0.36971229314804077,
0.12482606619596481,
-0.3971167206764221,
0.5704213380813599,
-0.695597767829895,
-0.8303215503692627,
-0.0819724053144455,
0.6676585078239441,
-0.06725041568279266,
-0.6897364854812622,
-0.27976757287979126,
-0.597893238067627,
0.19990034401416779,
-0.01277486328035593,
0.6033793687820435,
-0.022197334095835686,
0.25307008624076843,
-0.15938030183315277,
-0.22408023476600647,
0.7512409090995789,
0.27041903138160706,
0.5346502661705017,
-0.15541048347949982,
0.01916685700416565,
-0.1280706524848938,
0.36201879382133484,
0.5981093049049377,
-0.5401380658149719,
-0.14266419410705566,
-0.2312333583831787,
-0.15670537948608398,
-0.22967135906219482,
0.6611403226852417,
0.010630470700562,
-0.00290052336640656,
0.3980615437030792,
-1.0825341939926147,
-0.17086859047412872,
0.3856452703475952,
0.9697209596633911,
0.317236989736557,
-0.06388925760984421,
-0.13387498259544373,
-0.8735594153404236,
0.4019239842891693,
0.3270573616027832,
0.415989488363266,
0.48022162914276123,
0.5370928645133972,
-0.2858251929283142,
-0.3511122763156891,
-0.20113131403923035,
0.19720688462257385,
0.5898431539535522,
-0.3579314351081848,
-0.036415647715330124,
-0.48088109493255615,
0.6902047991752625,
0.02332155779004097,
-0.32528796792030334,
-0.2631411850452423,
-0.6140700578689575,
0.40697723627090454,
0.34049299359321594,
0.6389890313148499,
-0.17077526450157166,
0.1752801090478897,
-0.069343701004982,
0.7224858403205872,
0.4700441360473633,
-0.27322831749916077,
-0.08818071335554123,
-0.7492390275001526,
-0.3876800835132599,
0.6134565472602844,
1.1676090955734253,
-0.321987509727478,
-0.8337962627410889,
0.6367513537406921,
-0.16700920462608337,
0.8310868740081787,
0.08916489779949188,
-0.5748452544212341,
-0.24184562265872955,
-0.19685256481170654,
-0.6764451265335083,
-0.18755075335502625,
0.6565948724746704,
-0.11744192987680435,
-0.06663966178894043,
-0.14687512814998627,
-0.05071765184402466,
0.5368692278862,
-0.31184250116348267,
-0.09680361300706863,
0.4724968373775482,
-0.086776003241539,
0.17246131598949432,
-0.33205869793891907,
-0.70048588514328,
0.34747830033302307,
-0.48925378918647766,
-5.070732593536377,
0.8128295540809631,
0.03136542811989784,
-0.03085676021873951,
0.22418330609798431,
-0.4503840506076813,
0.3425559401512146,
-0.45747488737106323,
0.2615988850593567,
0.09581829607486725,
0.2933918535709381,
-0.05381912738084793,
0.21049046516418457,
0.21206632256507874,
0.6641197800636292,
0.3951471447944641,
0.46925410628318787,
-0.2628830075263977,
0.17935851216316223,
0.12847237288951874,
-0.0818384438753128,
0.2958481013774872,
-0.7746180295944214,
0.004943450912833214,
0.4465128183364868,
0.24293911457061768,
0.08819297701120377,
-0.03154778480529785,
-0.8996749520301819,
-0.03769289329648018,
-0.16726920008659363,
0.2731369733810425,
-0.2897900342941284,
-0.2957363724708557,
-0.017916711047291756,
-0.42981648445129395,
0.0568111389875412,
0.23504234850406647,
1.025185465812683,
-0.9926172494888306,
-0.07014261931180954,
0.6571226716041565,
0.023947207257151604,
-0.5529926419258118,
0.5812807679176331,
-0.6402422189712524,
-0.6745705008506775,
0.475624680519104,
0.19717292487621307,
1.0371712446212769,
0.25780436396598816,
-0.2586825489997864,
0.7460564970970154,
0.09376392513513565,
0.6004520654678345,
-0.689260721206665,
-0.3868459165096283,
-0.48120665550231934,
-0.11937353760004044,
0.8481600284576416,
0.1228034496307373,
-0.8977863192558289,
0.18289262056350708,
0.07430890947580338,
-0.22192305326461792,
-0.6454445719718933,
-0.19101275503635406,
0.30237019062042236,
0.566778302192688,
0.24543944001197815,
0.0010325050679966807,
-0.017992520704865456,
-0.33645060658454895,
-0.43193402886390686,
0.04809117689728737,
-0.5996389389038086,
-0.5616310834884644,
0.5435420274734497,
-0.16846098005771637,
-0.1912156194448471,
0.3310595750808716,
-0.11072510480880737,
0.29303914308547974,
1.1264599561691284,
0.3331168591976166,
-0.5227840542793274,
-0.2521081566810608,
0.15880753099918365,
-1.0210434198379517,
-0.7297049760818481,
0.6702179312705994,
0.08959707617759705,
0.15041667222976685,
-0.24035021662712097,
-0.4472784399986267,
-0.08194922655820847,
0.14866788685321808,
-0.05088241025805473,
-0.14693689346313477,
-0.766006350517273,
0.8655835390090942,
0.07829820364713669,
0.034730564802885056,
-0.7339308857917786,
-0.3103814125061035,
-0.15131619572639465,
-0.11339832097291946,
0.15494219958782196,
0.5727718472480774,
-0.44367697834968567,
-0.47595882415771484,
-0.3322990834712982,
-0.3918094038963318,
-0.000891154573764652,
0.11416742950677872,
-0.1278371661901474,
-0.7096656560897827,
0.5476809740066528,
0.3529559075832367,
0.18662483990192413,
-0.0030903222505003214,
0.60187166929245,
-0.2710694670677185,
-0.004975804127752781,
-0.08746439218521118,
-0.5762061476707458,
0.593862771987915,
0.6528332233428955,
-0.9275529384613037,
0.45899736881256104,
-0.04641757532954216,
0.057574640959501266,
-0.7381496429443359,
-0.8024557828903198,
-0.06941058486700058,
-0.6582129597663879,
-0.7950708866119385,
-0.7062533497810364,
0.1784050464630127,
0.5777789354324341,
0.34968137741088867,
-0.05152413621544838,
-0.37799185514450073,
-0.4319252669811249,
-0.12387239933013916,
0.54475337266922,
0.6961420774459839,
0.22693750262260437,
-0.43750491738319397,
0.7193060517311096,
-0.4032447040081024,
-0.40384531021118164,
-0.26680788397789,
-0.6248234510421753,
0.6340497732162476,
-0.47067609429359436,
0.09263844788074493,
-0.17103919386863708,
0.6065098643302917,
-0.003445211099460721,
0.4684127867221832,
0.36733338236808777,
-0.5130183696746826,
0.374536395072937,
-0.2970235049724579,
0.1268031895160675,
-0.588783323764801,
0.12336043268442154,
-0.5461480021476746,
-0.0088017787784338,
0.496738076210022,
-0.15375705063343048,
-0.5160017013549805,
0.1022835373878479,
0.11506392061710358,
-0.5444462299346924,
-0.6681875586509705,
0.27221882343292236,
-0.0728755071759224,
-0.2571258544921875,
-0.39854592084884644,
-0.019631458446383476,
-0.40541043877601624,
0.01590631529688835,
0.2810382544994354,
-0.7471835017204285,
-0.03658175468444824,
0.0060472069308161736,
0.32522839307785034,
-0.32539501786231995,
0.3750385046005249,
-0.26166000962257385,
0.2965673804283142,
0.20483887195587158,
0.23056578636169434,
-0.2683102488517761,
0.8916443586349487,
0.3511126637458801,
-0.647860586643219,
-0.5605177283287048,
0.1279541701078415,
0.6285622715950012,
-0.349100798368454,
0.6883644461631775,
-0.1913030743598938,
-0.8685418963432312,
0.4286118745803833,
-0.06673339754343033,
-0.7807300686836243,
0.9310803413391113,
-0.5421211123466492,
-0.28499534726142883,
1.1258866786956787,
0.3989992141723633,
-0.61092609167099,
-0.17935523390769958,
0.10033127665519714,
0.18957778811454773,
-0.10894345492124557,
-0.041063711047172546,
-0.39984801411628723,
-0.1599772423505783,
-0.4702197313308716,
-0.4879540801048279,
-0.7097025513648987,
0.6125913262367249,
0.7667644619941711,
-0.09609956294298172,
0.9997522830963135,
-0.4508878290653229,
-0.0022042961791157722,
-0.4050805866718292,
0.43352779746055603,
0.09419536590576172,
0.4498642086982727,
-0.20268113911151886,
-0.20262998342514038,
-0.29891419410705566,
-0.023013930767774582,
0.14564065635204315,
0.4573621451854706,
1.1091749668121338,
0.5415141582489014,
-0.9098159670829773,
-0.011921354569494724,
-0.07236336171627045,
0.32550475001335144,
0.02079218626022339,
-1.141235589981079,
0.25340020656585693,
0.44710400700569153,
-0.20604553818702698,
-0.7155094146728516,
0.12145165354013443,
1.3691074848175049,
-0.38766926527023315,
0.09421338140964508,
0.3749120831489563,
0.1261633038520813,
0.556301474571228,
0.6159335970878601,
-0.01791635900735855,
-0.5957013368606567,
0.3548223078250885,
0.5728170275688171,
-0.6775384545326233,
-0.4800313115119934,
0.13636437058448792,
0.4123988449573517,
-0.1593679040670395,
-0.27317458391189575,
-0.4155758321285248,
-0.4550391137599945,
-0.12739260494709015,
-0.7239477038383484,
-0.3394295275211334,
0.1664951592683792,
-0.7876297235488892,
0.4341452717781067,
0.09866717457771301,
-0.3713734447956085,
0.08528254181146622,
-0.04339062049984932,
-0.16447798907756805,
0.08085081726312637,
-0.717928409576416,
0.09650525450706482,
0.701748788356781,
0.16256466507911682,
0.5783534049987793,
-0.3262137472629547,
0.022870376706123352,
-0.4984820485115051,
-0.2697414457798004,
0.11501708626747131,
0.3784199059009552,
0.19207018613815308,
0.34240996837615967,
0.20557910203933716,
-0.4382077753543854,
-0.8472534418106079,
0.21482139825820923,
-0.3918914198875427,
-0.729372501373291,
0.28554221987724304,
-0.33341875672340393,
-0.7071921825408936,
-0.17775799334049225,
-0.011114172637462616,
0.4813518524169922,
0.555260419845581,
-0.33530592918395996,
0.3764929175376892,
0.8127010464668274,
-0.390511155128479,
-0.04145225137472153,
0.5711657404899597,
-0.5382830500602722,
-0.19213145971298218,
0.24384786188602448,
-0.6207196116447449,
-0.022391049191355705,
0.7944642901420593,
0.7551425099372864,
0.048853255808353424,
0.9951421618461609,
-0.1350620537996292,
-0.5291061401367188,
-0.4045635163784027,
0.4985126852989197,
-0.1149606704711914,
-0.2780422270298004,
-0.7327109575271606,
-0.07412751019001007,
-0.7252855896949768,
-0.6312925815582275,
-0.33920884132385254,
-0.09183319658041,
-0.6673698425292969,
-0.09645073860883713,
0.19000530242919922,
0.19310297071933746,
-0.25564470887184143,
0.024796433746814728,
0.24849028885364532,
0.12747715413570404,
0.10860336571931839,
0.3620047867298126,
-0.1330990195274353,
-0.5786551237106323,
0.3780059814453125,
-0.31638115644454956,
-0.12343843281269073,
-0.8083152174949646,
-0.2558801770210266,
0.45839276909828186,
0.2921220660209656,
-0.46379896998405457,
-0.7510005831718445,
-0.2074052393436432,
0.09053362160921097,
-0.5540368556976318,
0.6623017191886902,
-0.21332405507564545,
-0.260354220867157,
-0.7539481520652771,
0.70526522397995,
-0.507835865020752,
-0.09100160747766495,
0.19012074172496796,
-0.46147722005844116,
-0.1147918626666069,
0.24974165856838226,
-0.09581620246171951,
-0.06540163606405258,
0.13285942375659943,
-0.8349926471710205,
0.6473318338394165,
-0.34945616126060486,
0.1193511113524437,
-0.36910077929496765,
0.35970866680145264,
-0.1348646730184555,
-0.30005231499671936,
-0.1289406716823578,
-0.8163447380065918,
0.22701691091060638,
0.3031015694141388,
-0.7653259634971619,
-0.37431982159614563,
0.03368140757083893,
-0.0023711484391242266,
-0.5968292951583862,
0.5718634724617004,
-0.6093702912330627,
-0.6149784922599792,
-0.1443832367658615,
0.9928491711616516,
0.4252598285675049,
0.9945172071456909,
0.1143130362033844,
0.2137327790260315,
-0.023255402222275734,
0.5505132675170898,
0.25581464171409607,
0.17112237215042114,
-0.5364795923233032,
0.6335965991020203,
-0.4252256155014038,
0.7435423135757446,
0.6817784905433655,
0.6059004068374634,
-0.6436788439750671,
0.6197452545166016,
-0.17552651464939117,
0.1762276291847229,
0.42790064215660095,
-0.20810697972774506,
-0.18058650195598602,
-0.13075606524944305,
-0.02502197027206421,
-0.42077258229255676,
0.208009272813797,
0.09175668656826019,
-0.3944818079471588,
-0.13118740916252136,
-0.6848844885826111,
-0.10595884174108505,
-0.46999672055244446,
0.20418958365917206,
0.03642338141798973,
-0.47642388939857483,
-0.04828358441591263,
0.9568553566932678,
-0.13089697062969208,
-0.19494155049324036,
-0.20700712502002716,
0.49901941418647766,
0.5814685821533203,
-0.2276095300912857,
-0.30688685178756714,
-0.4775031507015228,
0.2322438657283783,
0.020658524706959724,
0.12518621981143951,
-0.4075087308883667,
-0.23355723917484283,
-0.3364696502685547,
-0.3181071877479553,
0.3468273878097534,
0.4010363817214966,
-0.2994166910648346,
0.18225756287574768,
-0.0450674407184124,
0.34413155913352966,
-0.48977959156036377,
0.2630764842033386,
-0.8809998631477356,
-0.410975843667984,
0.055785682052373886
] |
247656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahone%20Bay%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia | Mahone Bay is a town on the northwest shore of Mahone Bay along the South Shore of Nova Scotia in Lunenburg County. A long-standing picturesque tourism destination, the town has recently enjoyed a growing reputation as a haven for entrepreneurs and business startups. The town has the fastest growing population of any municipality in Nova Scotia according to the 2016 census, experiencing 9.9% population growth.
History
The end of glaciation began 13,500 years ago and ended with the region becoming largely ice free 11,000 years ago. The earliest evidence of Palaeo-Indian settlement in the region follows rapidly after deglaciation.
The Town of Mahone Bay is part of the Mi’kma’ki territory of the Mi’kmaq who have inhabited their traditional lands for over 13,500 years. Prior to arrival of the Europeans, Mi’kmaw lived in and around what is now Mahone Bay. Indian Point, just outside the town, was an important summertime settlement where the Mi’kmaq could enjoy the sheltered waters and plentiful food sources. In the winter, they would move inland from the coast using the rivers that flow into Mahone Bay harbour. There are many Mi’kmaq who live in the area today.
British officials placed public notices in Germany, southern France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands stating that those willing to move to their planned settlement in Nova Scotia would receive grants of land, food for a year, and a few farm animals. Between 1750 and 1752 more than 2,200 such “Foreign Protestants” made the long journey from Europe to Halifax.
In 1753, most of the new immigrants were brought from Halifax to
Lunenburg, which was to be the centre of the planned settlement. The first to arrive were those who lived in town of Lunenberg and had farm lots throughout the peninsula, including Mahone Bay. They arrived under the leadership of mariner Ephraim Cook. The people who settled on the Lunenburg Peninsula, including the present-day village of Mahone Bay, were foreign protestants who were German, Swiss, and Montbéliardais settlers.
During the French and Indian War, there were nine Native and Acadian (Catholic) raids against the protestant settlers on the Lunenburg Peninsula. One such raid – the Raid on Lunenburg (1756) – happened just off the shores of Mahone Bay on present-day Covey Island and [John] Rous Island.
Another raid happened on 24 August 1758 in the village of Mahone Bay, when eight Mi'kmaq attacked the family homes of Lay and Brant. While they killed three people in the raid, the Mi'kmaq were unsuccessful in taking their scalps, which was the common practice for payment from the French.
Mills were established at the mouth of each of Mahone Bay's two rivers and over the decades a separate community evolved at Mahone Bay with blacksmiths, merchants, a large school, churches, and shipyards.
Shipbuilding
Mahone Bay's boat building history begins with the Mi’kmaq. The Mi’kmaq were built birch bark canoes. The British began the first industrial production of ships. They established sawmills to produce lumber for shipbuilding. The earliest official registration form found for a vessel built in Mahone Bay dates from 1817. By 1850, at least 43 vessels had already been built by small shipyards in the Mahone Bay area and larger shipyards began being established to build mainly schooners and other smaller vessels, primarily for fishing and moving goods. As years passed, the trend was to build larger vessels for longer distance trading with the United States, West Indies, and elsewhere.
By the end of WWI, there was no longer much demand for sailing vessels so the local shipyards began designing and building power vessels that used engines instead of sails for fishing and moving goods (including rum-running). Shipyards continued producing vessels during WWII. During this period, as many as 500 people were employed in Mahone Bay shipyards.
Although fishing vessels were still being built until 1967, after WWII the industry transitioned to mainly constructing pleasure boats. Fibreglass sailboats were built on the site of the present RPS Composites factory located at 740 Main Street, under several different company names, including Paceship Yachts. The final days of commercial boat building concentrated on the building of pleasure crafts. Mahone Bay Plycraft Co. built thousands of laminated plywood “runabout” boats from 1949 to 1962. Commercial shipbuilding in the Town of Mahone Bay wrapped up around 1975, when the last fibreglass yachts were built at Paceship.
World Wars I and II brought brief revivals of shipbuilding with construction of schooners, tugboats and barges. After the war, the shipyard became known for innovative production of moulded plywood boats. Later on, Paceship Yachts and McVay Fiberglass Yachts built fibreglass sailboats, such as the Paceship 20, designed in 1970.
There were six major shipyards that produced between 1850 – 1942: Obed H. Ham Yacht Works, Abraham Ernst/ Erst & Sons/ Ernst Shipbuilding, John Zwicker, John Mclean and Sons Shipyard, Elkanah Zwicker/ Titus Langilee, Henry Schnare."
Today
The town is also known for a history of wooden boat building, it was the main industry of Mahone Bay in its earlier years. The Mahone Bay Museum explains and shows this history in detail. Until recent years the town's shipbuilding and boat-building heritage was celebrated by the "Mahone Bay Wooden Boat Festival".
The view across the harbour is of three prominent churches: St James' Anglican; St John's Evangelical Lutheran; and Trinity United. It has become an iconic image of Nova Scotia, frequently photographed and featured on postcards and calendars. The town has a number of upscale shops and restaurants which almost universally are designed to appeal to the tourist trade, and sometimes shut down during the winter months. The town also has a plastics factory.
Demographics
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Mahone Bay recorded a population of 1,036 living in 501 of its 571 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 943. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Government
The Town of Mahone Bay is governed by a Council composed of a Mayor and six Councillors elected at-large. The mayor is David DeVenne. Day-to-day activities are managed by a Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) who is accountable to Council. Municipal governments in Nova Scotia are elected every four years and the most recent round of elections took place on October 15, 2016. The provincial legislation that creates and empowers the municipality is the Nova Scotia Municipal Government Act.
Municipal Council is responsible for all facets of the municipal government, including directly delivered and shared or regional services. Directly delivered services include services such fire, public works, roads, as well as the municipally owned and operated electrical and water utilities. The municipality participates in shared services, such as library services and policing. The town's municipal operating budget was $2.7 million, and the town owned electric light utility of $1.9 million and water utility of $575 thousand resulted in a total proposed budget of $5.2 million in the 2017/18 fiscal year.
Mahone Bay is represented by one riding in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly and shares representation with one riding in Canada's House of Commons.
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
References
External links
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia
Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
Towns in Nova Scotia | [
-0.6797890663146973,
0.8227875232696533,
-0.1693536937236786,
-0.16088615357875824,
0.7179549336433411,
0.4062829911708832,
0.9223724007606506,
0.6245323419570923,
-0.21359117329120636,
-0.27182263135910034,
-0.06590928882360458,
0.14144128561019897,
0.12010395526885986,
0.4509529173374176,
-0.4098531901836395,
0.4410097002983093,
-0.03227430209517479,
0.4022640287876129,
0.3690534830093384,
-0.8169404864311218,
0.011658229865133762,
-0.6163399815559387,
0.731770396232605,
0.5002902746200562,
-0.2145855575799942,
0.7219346165657043,
0.8035286664962769,
0.6801922917366028,
-0.24271100759506226,
0.04436368867754936,
-0.5644267201423645,
0.8765498995780945,
-0.4540993273258209,
-0.5634065270423889,
0.8687919974327087,
-0.052472855895757675,
0.2426685243844986,
0.11560668796300888,
-0.5828714370727539,
-0.5589559078216553,
-0.5055978894233704,
0.059169694781303406,
0.06257671117782593,
0.13673602044582367,
0.32057932019233704,
-0.35793259739875793,
-1.4989845752716064,
-0.06880016624927521,
-0.690350353717804,
-1.0153213739395142,
-0.08462677150964737,
0.001635358203202486,
0.41779443621635437,
0.3343203067779541,
0.562065839767456,
0.38415539264678955,
-1.1303166151046753,
-0.06805205345153809,
0.8414939045906067,
0.1759152114391327,
-0.24680738151073456,
0.4450356066226959,
-0.001680900575593114,
-0.12945041060447693,
-0.2541143298149109,
0.27480700612068176,
0.21973976492881775,
0.6354227066040039,
-0.2791943848133087,
-0.4223480820655823,
0.09636840969324112,
0.009187507443130016,
-0.2954598069190979,
0.0583326555788517,
0.07842814177274704,
0.6057019829750061,
0.30332446098327637,
0.14837989211082458,
0.4658527672290802,
0.14803414046764374,
0.10400132834911346,
-0.1321548968553543,
0.7752252221107483,
0.5896241068840027,
0.43281838297843933,
0.29668909311294556,
-0.33609238266944885,
0.5500006675720215,
-0.5834923982620239,
0.7100217938423157,
-0.9852802157402039,
-0.15817925333976746,
0.29933276772499084,
0.18708664178848267,
-0.2045079469680786,
0.20405735075473785,
0.4147214889526367,
0.9292721748352051,
0.5956395268440247,
0.48804789781570435,
-0.6323887705802917,
0.11501933634281158,
1.258982539176941,
0.06472966074943542,
-0.7422756552696228,
-0.11375752091407776,
-0.8330599069595337,
-0.41097360849380493,
-0.05060109868645668,
-0.6125931739807129,
0.07907144725322723,
-0.1899167001247406,
-0.4507710635662079,
0.013106530532240868,
-0.010426085442304611,
0.48970913887023926,
0.2216341495513916,
-0.5966118574142456,
-0.09011771529912949,
0.20624887943267822,
0.7815823554992676,
0.6533386707305908,
0.04014777019619942,
-0.6463567018508911,
-0.04291431978344917,
0.3153574764728546,
0.11565077304840088,
-0.2304006665945053,
0.44586798548698425,
0.3234293758869171,
-0.49660754203796387,
1.0305784940719604,
-0.6834697723388672,
-0.11071092635393143,
-0.24348697066307068,
-0.2206943780183792,
-0.18158119916915894,
0.1459423005580902,
0.20877018570899963,
0.18830738961696625,
-0.8205512762069702,
0.052680935710668564,
-1.0337839126586914,
-0.10980284214019775,
0.2996652126312256,
-0.08723769336938858,
-0.47245553135871887,
-0.26950615644454956,
0.4966362714767456,
0.24552880227565765,
0.10841391235589981,
0.29951128363609314,
-0.21066416800022125,
0.3220852315425873,
-0.2602558135986328,
-0.41926050186157227,
0.5293387770652771,
0.3460339903831482,
-0.1182594895362854,
0.47320643067359924,
0.10554724931716919,
0.13958175480365753,
0.9471806287765503,
0.20451503992080688,
0.5094127655029297,
0.11451389640569687,
0.37613150477409363,
-0.45527318120002747,
0.35462236404418945,
0.39655396342277527,
-0.3566719889640808,
0.03127974271774292,
1.2756024599075317,
-0.8269451856613159,
-0.19513191282749176,
-0.4756583273410797,
0.6399462223052979,
0.13752931356430054,
0.14442451298236847,
-0.4318711459636688,
-0.8668088912963867,
0.4053516387939453,
0.4155424237251282,
-0.551778256893158,
0.10550891607999802,
0.1758802980184555,
0.18006806075572968,
0.07130580395460129,
-0.4782974123954773,
0.48698583245277405,
0.3782022297382355,
-0.7963495254516602,
0.4735027551651001,
-0.7338575124740601,
0.30856427550315857,
0.5097946524620056,
-0.6134982705116272,
0.9860009551048279,
0.012516191229224205,
0.09603947401046753,
-0.8036894798278809,
0.007885322906076908,
0.5646598935127258,
-0.28117793798446655,
-0.9057099223136902,
0.8159392476081848,
0.5996931195259094,
0.061153437942266464,
0.3043007254600525,
0.4644329845905304,
-0.8115066289901733,
-0.6877760887145996,
0.2185816764831543,
0.45142993330955505,
-0.6286025643348694,
-0.5975580811500549,
-0.12815137207508087,
-0.0188017375767231,
0.024048015475273132,
-0.14377842843532562,
0.7959681749343872,
-0.14169447124004364,
0.02623438462615013,
-0.049151211977005005,
0.1482195407152176,
1.2360730171203613,
0.32770782709121704,
0.2915865480899811,
-0.1340543031692505,
-0.19715933501720428,
0.39004212617874146,
0.06638197600841522,
0.3135260343551636,
-0.585131824016571,
-0.5213466882705688,
0.24930019676685333,
-0.3213980495929718,
-0.38948947191238403,
0.2527191936969757,
0.06285204738378525,
0.13626836240291595,
0.6217671036720276,
-0.7723735570907593,
-0.13618719577789307,
0.5092195272445679,
0.8022109866142273,
-0.2630898356437683,
-0.014417107217013836,
-0.04045761749148369,
-0.8321819305419922,
0.24238033592700958,
0.22213080525398254,
0.3666171133518219,
0.4087059497833252,
0.8479169607162476,
-0.003947329241782427,
-0.3321753442287445,
-0.07240859419107437,
0.27263373136520386,
0.32282915711402893,
-0.35751375555992126,
0.3744528591632843,
-0.11816120147705078,
0.9693400263786316,
0.007639099843800068,
-0.3923172652721405,
0.22322514653205872,
-0.3041907548904419,
0.12940828502178192,
0.5163419246673584,
0.8825969099998474,
-0.4736921191215515,
-0.18762783706188202,
-0.5600470304489136,
0.8444486856460571,
0.3814373016357422,
-0.6229649186134338,
-0.10577352344989777,
-1.0220482349395752,
-0.11123640835285187,
0.1719723492860794,
1.1019943952560425,
-0.7013675570487976,
-0.3874731957912445,
0.3146301507949829,
-0.1879119873046875,
0.9350178241729736,
0.31502991914749146,
-0.48360109329223633,
0.27278801798820496,
-0.4780350625514984,
-0.8996666073799133,
-0.30753961205482483,
0.5144057273864746,
-0.34286436438560486,
-0.07491618394851685,
0.07704252749681473,
-0.3091897964477539,
0.8105566501617432,
-0.44615134596824646,
0.1369662582874298,
0.3468852937221527,
-0.4850385785102844,
0.3242988884449005,
-0.5258449912071228,
-0.39646482467651367,
0.06750793009996414,
-0.2884118854999542,
-4.393353462219238,
0.6390811800956726,
-0.3190833032131195,
-0.17167142033576965,
0.4376024007797241,
-0.6750662326812744,
0.2765360474586487,
-0.7107276320457458,
0.07658152282238007,
0.48259881138801575,
0.1453322470188141,
-0.2785123884677887,
0.23011019825935364,
0.560723066329956,
0.8821684122085571,
0.25146713852882385,
0.4801687002182007,
-0.5527970790863037,
0.435853511095047,
-0.16797412931919098,
0.17102181911468506,
0.5099023580551147,
-0.7127322554588318,
-0.2530583143234253,
0.588217556476593,
0.33580031991004944,
-0.06189942732453346,
-0.25974008440971375,
-0.47159114480018616,
-0.11240682750940323,
-0.4544123411178589,
0.1833265721797943,
0.0832490622997284,
-0.2668638229370117,
0.3356586694717407,
-0.5666795372962952,
0.19813482463359833,
0.32027310132980347,
1.1340796947479248,
-1.4990774393081665,
0.008774584159255028,
0.6363402605056763,
-0.1162237599492073,
-0.3160921037197113,
0.9398034811019897,
-0.484180212020874,
-0.6631947755813599,
0.4781563878059387,
0.26965999603271484,
0.7733778357505798,
0.46468105912208557,
-0.2412198930978775,
0.5984956622123718,
0.10798929631710052,
0.39511704444885254,
-0.4810779392719269,
0.13539035618305206,
-0.6577311754226685,
-0.36921948194503784,
0.8092989921569824,
0.45514845848083496,
-0.8442903757095337,
0.20362445712089539,
0.2840878367424011,
-0.3428555727005005,
-0.5670595765113831,
-0.03999819606542587,
0.17679964005947113,
0.5380831956863403,
-0.054038695991039276,
-0.22065064311027527,
0.006045623682439327,
-0.42749539017677307,
-0.5469297170639038,
0.18414688110351562,
-0.5048434138298035,
-1.0085699558258057,
0.44623464345932007,
-0.2224479764699936,
-0.3126233220100403,
0.4387010931968689,
-0.041638899594545364,
0.464518666267395,
1.4032888412475586,
0.16238123178482056,
-0.7869768142700195,
-0.4376899302005768,
0.21520820260047913,
-1.0660018920898438,
-0.622715175151825,
0.5580339431762695,
0.5664549469947815,
0.3880184590816498,
-0.17434720695018768,
-0.2289692610502243,
-0.012469633482396603,
0.37256738543510437,
-0.34657758474349976,
-0.17160190641880035,
-0.7489228248596191,
0.8816919326782227,
-0.19448159635066986,
0.31103354692459106,
-0.8234495520591736,
-0.42241623997688293,
-0.41992178559303284,
0.036533329635858536,
0.060730427503585815,
0.41679221391677856,
0.010524631477892399,
-0.34236934781074524,
-0.010199828073382378,
-0.4316060543060303,
0.024470502510666847,
0.5689305067062378,
-0.5293477177619934,
-0.6671048998832703,
0.5027202367782593,
0.6800628900527954,
0.25609031319618225,
0.020416906103491783,
0.4036094546318054,
0.011678175069391727,
-0.056673821061849594,
-0.18711340427398682,
-0.9573261737823486,
0.8948285579681396,
0.47812384366989136,
-1.0407655239105225,
0.505613386631012,
0.08717729151248932,
-0.14354239404201508,
-0.770893931388855,
-0.6799286603927612,
0.1691209077835083,
-0.6172382235527039,
-0.9169483184814453,
-1.2961535453796387,
-0.11009594053030014,
0.5764069557189941,
0.39701947569847107,
0.10329535603523254,
-0.2389598935842514,
0.162713885307312,
-0.8774012923240662,
0.6870273351669312,
0.35383737087249756,
-0.3037225902080536,
-0.9311994910240173,
0.29426607489585876,
-0.6034052968025208,
-0.24253329634666443,
-0.31101569533348083,
-0.9099853038787842,
0.9855217933654785,
-0.15863148868083954,
0.13193197548389435,
0.12823881208896637,
0.28249233961105347,
0.23314815759658813,
0.543973982334137,
0.5458768010139465,
-0.9438657164573669,
0.4097956418991089,
-0.47137394547462463,
-0.09572169929742813,
-0.6094760894775391,
-0.05359553173184395,
-0.2886982858181,
0.5372920036315918,
0.4195745289325714,
-0.6755266189575195,
-0.6847852468490601,
-0.2962285578250885,
0.26363444328308105,
-0.55576491355896,
-0.41904744505882263,
0.5007896423339844,
-0.35336312651634216,
-0.6909045577049255,
-0.31631937623023987,
-0.07285547256469727,
-0.3276367485523224,
-0.11266642808914185,
0.5341180562973022,
-0.6667798161506653,
-0.18766888976097107,
-0.27341416478157043,
0.026507416740059853,
-0.17509500682353973,
-0.1301274299621582,
0.138393372297287,
0.43517956137657166,
-0.004362067207694054,
0.17894817888736725,
-0.6689368486404419,
0.8301844596862793,
0.8550506234169006,
-0.2924913167953491,
-0.6294296383857727,
0.28294113278388977,
0.48848286271095276,
-0.5445075035095215,
1.0419657230377197,
0.17182539403438568,
-0.7235071659088135,
0.31477054953575134,
0.21480944752693176,
-0.502651572227478,
1.2023292779922485,
-0.45869532227516174,
-0.07996010035276413,
1.2404694557189941,
0.5349144339561462,
-0.5172088146209717,
-0.014600536786019802,
0.05918104201555252,
-0.1302979290485382,
-0.23234087228775024,
-0.023279840126633644,
-0.669657826423645,
0.22514748573303223,
-0.8148027658462524,
-0.47418832778930664,
-0.8532299399375916,
0.7387175559997559,
0.6371278166770935,
0.016431473195552826,
0.6820876598358154,
-0.6120355129241943,
-0.08199962973594666,
-0.26117417216300964,
0.4126647114753723,
-0.04811028391122818,
0.1448398232460022,
-0.18634483218193054,
-0.08546587824821472,
0.17468228936195374,
0.14615365862846375,
0.38459450006484985,
0.5603203773498535,
0.9986191391944885,
0.44248372316360474,
-0.7622789144515991,
-0.506220817565918,
-0.3176482617855072,
0.5368667244911194,
0.14115343987941742,
-1.2542129755020142,
0.3521459698677063,
0.2921070456504822,
-0.07974889874458313,
-0.7112157344818115,
-0.12862242758274078,
1.6318246126174927,
-0.26678264141082764,
0.04951294884085655,
0.8078418970108032,
-0.00905731599777937,
-0.2545732259750366,
0.6576089262962341,
0.0026948084123432636,
-0.09116873890161514,
0.2750374376773834,
0.6449618935585022,
-0.485643595457077,
-0.2673598527908325,
-0.20213013887405396,
0.4665085971355438,
-0.26640570163726807,
0.0021779872477054596,
-0.3866097927093506,
-0.07034587115049362,
0.5520473122596741,
-0.5825983285903931,
0.08098974823951721,
0.418710857629776,
-0.8992366790771484,
0.46463778614997864,
0.024089721962809563,
-0.11376643180847168,
0.18728677928447723,
-0.263016015291214,
-0.03312883898615837,
0.2633194327354431,
-0.898930549621582,
0.1688242107629776,
0.4472585618495941,
-0.15571637451648712,
0.5558909177780151,
0.059265367686748505,
-0.18216614425182343,
-0.19865290820598602,
-0.5878576040267944,
0.13906191289424896,
0.8279849886894226,
0.07852111756801605,
0.33966031670570374,
0.07963243126869202,
-0.27714264392852783,
-0.7798700332641602,
0.19710367918014526,
-0.5136868953704834,
-1.1063501834869385,
0.3043685257434845,
-0.22097672522068024,
-0.7815160751342773,
-0.3943466544151306,
-0.2935318052768707,
0.2885791063308716,
0.23291054368019104,
-0.23862068355083466,
0.4154215157032013,
0.7557553052902222,
-0.12303153425455093,
-0.04682029038667679,
0.40625134110450745,
-1.1308584213256836,
-0.16384074091911316,
0.6442948579788208,
-0.6180256605148315,
-0.014698464423418045,
0.8090263605117798,
0.6948729753494263,
0.303292453289032,
1.4743163585662842,
-0.5519386529922485,
-0.36375710368156433,
-0.033126212656497955,
-0.2822532653808594,
-0.4289477467536926,
-0.5145424604415894,
-0.8243947625160217,
0.02818770706653595,
-1.027482271194458,
-0.3939485251903534,
-0.3177073299884796,
-0.40376007556915283,
-0.9180098176002502,
0.06149726361036301,
0.4127197265625,
0.5406283140182495,
-0.14786334335803986,
-0.435793936252594,
0.4515259265899658,
0.17321373522281647,
0.2575593590736389,
0.046825770288705826,
-0.08695023506879807,
-0.7120083570480347,
0.4413788616657257,
-0.016526974737644196,
0.03423266485333443,
-0.6640150547027588,
-0.26118004322052,
0.2251688688993454,
-0.12849734723567963,
-0.7407956719398499,
-0.5616790652275085,
-0.48597460985183716,
0.09302914142608643,
-0.7320190072059631,
0.7123056650161743,
-0.2496192455291748,
0.06627663224935532,
-0.8873291611671448,
0.6085261106491089,
-0.062013156712055206,
0.0418114997446537,
0.4150538742542267,
-0.3613264262676239,
-0.10901134461164474,
0.37412193417549133,
-0.36403152346611023,
-0.24694792926311493,
0.6836583018302917,
-0.6980777382850647,
0.741522490978241,
-0.7274953126907349,
0.06587716937065125,
-0.5751780271530151,
0.6424846649169922,
-0.1246173307299614,
-0.6767427921295166,
-0.06712725758552551,
-0.8633145689964294,
0.18607600033283234,
0.313659131526947,
-0.3335932493209839,
-0.17067915201187134,
0.3379592299461365,
0.11020838469266891,
-0.15512746572494507,
0.2882428765296936,
-0.23927079141139984,
-0.44836971163749695,
-0.23998817801475525,
0.846185564994812,
0.57709801197052,
0.8622087240219116,
0.15651331841945648,
0.6855964064598083,
-0.1064801886677742,
0.6208829879760742,
0.04857140779495239,
0.4161202013492584,
-0.5840460062026978,
0.4557919502258301,
-0.6940714716911316,
0.44714024662971497,
0.5484248995780945,
0.810010552406311,
-0.5023759007453918,
0.4742501676082611,
0.0004871414275839925,
0.2633019685745239,
0.4827333986759186,
-0.5244542360305786,
-0.30992579460144043,
-0.2580516040325165,
-0.30462774634361267,
-0.4737113416194916,
0.5388132929801941,
0.41518574953079224,
-0.4624568521976471,
-0.23650994896888733,
-0.38685452938079834,
-0.45993557572364807,
-0.6861221194267273,
-0.25146254897117615,
0.08222513645887375,
-0.3769615888595581,
-0.3974590599536896,
0.8005549311637878,
-0.5556804537773132,
-0.7063815593719482,
0.017155401408672333,
0.8275954723358154,
0.641958475112915,
-0.5818467736244202,
-0.5619813203811646,
-0.45785924792289734,
0.2486630380153656,
0.3625700771808624,
-1.069305658340454,
-0.011737384833395481,
-0.18895643949508667,
-0.6968927979469299,
0.1400706171989441,
0.07995825260877609,
0.12406962364912033,
-0.912000834941864,
0.11031094938516617,
0.0743403285741806,
0.04808773845434189,
-0.4106101095676422,
0.42053359746932983,
-1.2349339723587036,
-0.13726651668548584,
0.3035057783126831
] |
247659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaefer%20Beer | Schaefer Beer | Schaefer Beer is a brand of American beer first produced in New York City during 1842 by the F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company. The company relocated to Brooklyn in the early 20th century. It went public in 1968 with a $106 million stock offering.
In order to expand capacity for regional sales and fend off competition from national brands, Schaefer began construction of a large modern brewery in Fogelsville, Pennsylvania (near Allentown) that same year. Known as the Lehigh Valley Plant, it opened in 1972. In 1974, it was expanded from its original 1,100,000 barrels-per-year capacity to 2,500,000 and then, in 1975, it expanded again to over 5,000,000 barrels.
In the mid-1970s, Schaefer Beer was one of the top selling beers in the U.S., ranking as high as fifth in both the 1950 and 1970 rankings. Though it was producing more than twice as much beer in 1980, the gap between it and the top national brands was dramatically widening. In 1981, the Schaefer family sold the company to the Stroh Brewery Company.
Stroh's then took over the Allentown plant in its own bid for national market share. It operated the plant until it was absorbed by Pabst Brewing Company in 1999. When Pabst opted to become a "virtual brewer", it sold the plant to Diageo just two years later. In 2008, Diageo sold it to the Boston Brewing Company, the brewer of Samuel Adams beer.
Pabst retained the license to Schaefer and today outsources a reformulated brew it labels "Schaefer" and sells in niche markets in the United States.
Advertising campaigns
The advertising slogan for Schaefer beer is the jingle "Schaefer is the one beer to have when you're having more than one." An earlier advertising campaign from the 1950s asserted, "What do you hear in the best of circles? Schaefer, all around!" In Spanish, Schaefer's slogan was "Es la mejor, cuando se toma mas de una!" ("It is the best, when you are having more than one!")
Schaefer had major exhibitions at both of New York City's World's Fairs, held in Flushing Meadows Park. During both the 1939 New York World's Fair and the 1964 New York World's Fair, Schaefer sponsored "Schaefer Center", a restaurant that used beer as an ingredient in many dishes.
Schaefer was the official beer sponsor of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1951 until the franchise's departure for Los Angeles following the 1957 season. During that span, one of its advertisement was featured at the top of Ebbets Field's scoreboard on the right-field wall. The letters h or the first e on the wordmark lit up depending on whether the official scorer ruled that a batter reached base on a hit or an error, respectively.
Foxboro Stadium, the home stadium of the New England Patriots from 1971-2001, was originally named Schaefer Stadium after the beer company paid naming rights for the privilege, one of the earliest known examples of a stadium selling naming rights. After 12 years, the contract expired and the name was changed to Sullivan Stadium in 1983 (after the family that owned the team).
During the 1970s and 1980s, Schaefer was one of the top selling beers in Puerto Rico and Guam. A large and quite famous Schaefer beer billboard was once displayed at the main entrance to the city of Bayamón. Schaefer still upholds the record for being the beer with the most unit sales in Puerto Rico, 13 million cases in a year, in the year 1979-80. It became quite famous among Puerto Rican salsa fans and superstars like Frankie Ruiz, Tito Rojas, and Lalo Rodríguez.
References
External links
Listing on RateBeer.com
American beer brands
Pabst Brewing Company | [
-0.1524668037891388,
0.6547077298164368,
0.13819074630737305,
-0.042376816272735596,
0.0036012788768857718,
0.46484458446502686,
0.6553555727005005,
0.4330228865146637,
0.03764871135354042,
-0.14470134675502777,
-0.2762167751789093,
-0.3760409355163574,
0.09041677415370941,
0.720252275466919,
-0.2887153625488281,
-0.29723215103149414,
0.5968368649482727,
0.6268311738967896,
-0.19481119513511658,
-0.4595283269882202,
-0.14104518294334412,
-0.5585528612136841,
0.46833762526512146,
-0.011606194078922272,
-0.1825774610042572,
-0.5242735147476196,
-0.03605857491493225,
-0.4429260790348053,
-0.1749386489391327,
0.3717944920063019,
0.01277079526335001,
0.48355454206466675,
0.05830034986138344,
-0.5459750890731812,
-0.41601425409317017,
0.23086246848106384,
0.3002203404903412,
-0.0805644690990448,
0.1488076150417328,
-0.25017422437667847,
-0.11557639390230179,
0.26544949412345886,
1.057820439338684,
0.3524201214313507,
-0.1312110275030136,
-0.24757395684719086,
-1.7740216255187988,
0.13275288045406342,
-1.1257401704788208,
-0.13033148646354675,
-0.18349939584732056,
-0.10830790549516678,
0.3213129937648773,
0.3758254647254944,
0.023367008194327354,
0.47334104776382446,
-0.7211416959762573,
0.3075706958770752,
0.3134373128414154,
-0.19581854343414307,
0.10781024396419525,
0.2294054478406906,
0.482925146818161,
-0.2532908618450165,
0.08986667543649673,
-0.06417872756719589,
-0.31133440136909485,
0.5398760437965393,
-0.1408853530883789,
-0.16409416496753693,
0.1281459778547287,
-0.6401694416999817,
-0.09187117964029312,
-0.34631213545799255,
0.7856332063674927,
-0.16131848096847534,
-0.271332323551178,
0.13364778459072113,
-0.35221827030181885,
0.13004392385482788,
-0.4831944704055786,
-0.2934337556362152,
1.0711106061935425,
0.14658714830875397,
0.4509406089782715,
0.4656509757041931,
-0.23403796553611755,
-0.5326357483863831,
-0.06756815314292908,
0.2990550100803375,
-0.6956388354301453,
0.4826284945011139,
0.8352910876274109,
0.0969465896487236,
-0.6702384948730469,
-0.5313507914543152,
0.12191716581583023,
0.43368029594421387,
0.3337900936603546,
0.29090961813926697,
0.18383252620697021,
0.3110179603099823,
0.7075327038764954,
-0.07061681896448135,
-0.6494815349578857,
0.2837182879447937,
-0.4521417021751404,
-0.22843830287456512,
0.1928691267967224,
-0.18709544837474823,
0.07669687271118164,
0.09481336921453476,
0.44194361567497253,
0.4857199192047119,
-0.3522157073020935,
0.4009847939014435,
0.13937045633792877,
-0.7576916813850403,
-0.13703815639019012,
-0.003150737611576915,
-0.047601405531167984,
1.019582748413086,
-0.08370835334062576,
0.23879481852054596,
-0.37790241837501526,
0.219468355178833,
0.08426396548748016,
0.8787683844566345,
0.08958107978105545,
-0.055278100073337555,
0.261603981256485,
0.368513286113739,
0.6198063492774963,
-0.20023100078105927,
-0.3285198509693146,
-0.023238670080900192,
0.7125946283340454,
-0.21129396557807922,
0.07815679907798767,
0.2768278419971466,
-0.5361884236335754,
-0.3208380341529846,
-0.9918574690818787,
-0.4343293607234955,
0.46532613039016724,
-0.28770285844802856,
-0.020616553723812103,
-0.8598573207855225,
-0.1467590034008026,
-0.23558124899864197,
0.16850672662258148,
-0.021605845540761948,
0.3500123918056488,
0.5102775692939758,
-0.3335679769515991,
0.4779902696609497,
-0.3232874274253845,
-0.07229568064212799,
0.5380507707595825,
-0.19635935127735138,
-0.4983639121055603,
0.0502798929810524,
-0.09895413368940353,
0.21239203214645386,
0.3906770348548889,
-0.34998542070388794,
0.0058124978095293045,
0.2589649558067322,
-0.599687397480011,
0.2880517244338989,
0.06378256529569626,
0.2209496945142746,
0.5652812123298645,
-0.37316739559173584,
0.16548848152160645,
0.4104297459125519,
0.16086630523204803,
0.24184711277484894,
0.11904975771903992,
0.03476361930370331,
-0.33203667402267456,
0.7946981191635132,
0.38637813925743103,
-0.22955599427223206,
0.12831498682498932,
-0.1091848611831665,
-0.0025650078896433115,
-0.5404933094978333,
0.5340710878372192,
-0.522707998752594,
-0.27558085322380066,
-0.408532053232193,
0.03492686152458191,
-0.014156979508697987,
0.7346119284629822,
0.07876722514629364,
-0.9489886164665222,
0.4543837308883667,
-0.30712926387786865,
0.05623607710003853,
0.2292070984840393,
-0.22124692797660828,
0.4506368637084961,
-0.10809326171875,
-0.6734641790390015,
0.7350360155105591,
0.2349686622619629,
0.09785816818475723,
0.36145779490470886,
0.43872013688087463,
0.2930568754673004,
-0.5737787485122681,
0.4528399109840393,
-0.3348156809806824,
-0.3336762487888336,
-0.005221754312515259,
-0.03497210890054703,
0.523568868637085,
0.015964984893798828,
-0.35082492232322693,
0.7445562481880188,
0.47182005643844604,
-0.2593517601490021,
0.5228275656700134,
-0.27636417746543884,
0.5310819149017334,
0.15351881086826324,
-0.2099926471710205,
0.17547158896923065,
-0.24935869872570038,
1.0239803791046143,
-0.15958279371261597,
0.3265024423599243,
-0.417698472738266,
0.22514502704143524,
-0.12097655981779099,
0.043341778218746185,
0.01531864795833826,
0.27636638283729553,
-0.8808354139328003,
0.9632374048233032,
0.2642728090286255,
-0.17234787344932556,
0.09185414016246796,
-0.0749594196677208,
0.1500137895345688,
0.07252843677997589,
0.580743670463562,
-0.2499588429927826,
-0.49806174635887146,
0.5565908551216125,
0.5067252516746521,
0.167669877409935,
-0.3273056149482727,
0.128375843167305,
-0.3310590088367462,
-0.29636281728744507,
0.08360721915960312,
0.30227386951446533,
0.5010703802108765,
0.2560192048549652,
0.06266824156045914,
0.14046622812747955,
-0.0598546601831913,
-0.04584763944149017,
-0.43245846033096313,
-0.39530783891677856,
-0.4719489514827728,
-0.419369637966156,
0.1813109964132309,
0.6246964931488037,
0.007098444737493992,
-0.6191731691360474,
-0.6147143244743347,
0.06613242626190186,
-0.17497435212135315,
-0.6183118224143982,
-0.19761109352111816,
-0.9218922853469849,
-0.27960488200187683,
0.29435181617736816,
0.7489458918571472,
0.44357895851135254,
-0.2418690025806427,
-0.5825770497322083,
-0.7764999270439148,
0.3173774182796478,
-0.0031857038848102093,
0.04686875641345978,
0.02434101514518261,
0.2986571192741394,
0.22389571368694305,
-0.39130255579948425,
0.09954385459423065,
-0.15404701232910156,
0.5392921566963196,
-0.009241881780326366,
0.7797677516937256,
0.18792590498924255,
-0.20687377452850342,
0.014172745868563652,
-0.33867955207824707,
-0.21704836189746857,
-0.019398214295506477,
-0.10204687714576721,
-0.3410471975803375,
-0.47186967730522156,
-0.545270562171936,
-5.5203986167907715,
0.12999075651168823,
-0.40528810024261475,
-0.00508134113624692,
0.2522924542427063,
-0.022299936041235924,
0.2574959695339203,
-0.46386775374412537,
-0.12813366949558258,
0.09880322217941284,
-0.34250450134277344,
-0.15947256982326508,
-0.0894203931093216,
0.10145668685436249,
0.2725536525249481,
0.0958544909954071,
-0.09624582529067993,
-0.7198334336280823,
-0.1665998250246048,
-0.31838423013687134,
-0.3062896728515625,
-0.2325531393289566,
-0.3002764582633972,
0.4942321181297302,
0.07482797652482986,
0.09075140953063965,
-0.20305073261260986,
0.08265195786952972,
-0.4738501012325287,
0.23770387470722198,
-0.2784353196620941,
0.015074080787599087,
0.023850776255130768,
-0.3901711106300354,
0.19305112957954407,
0.06559845060110092,
0.5912120938301086,
-0.05935989320278168,
0.5875078439712524,
-0.21941497921943665,
-0.052100978791713715,
0.7826924920082092,
-0.20486445724964142,
-0.31011542677879333,
0.8544095754623413,
0.03318589925765991,
-0.6195539236068726,
0.10758930444717407,
-0.9819247126579285,
0.3464120626449585,
0.8592662215232849,
0.2302207350730896,
0.21759100258350372,
0.3806528151035309,
0.24308480322360992,
0.1612691879272461,
0.4312918186187744,
-0.18164978921413422,
-0.03575286269187927,
-0.42866405844688416,
0.6207795143127441,
-0.26983699202537537,
0.35223066806793213,
0.6447310447692871,
-0.4573296904563904,
-0.7827548384666443,
-0.2560427784919739,
0.24297405779361725,
0.11073962599039078,
-0.054595187306404114,
0.08062473684549332,
0.5535548329353333,
0.44182899594306946,
-0.7774142026901245,
0.3062106966972351,
-0.8625020384788513,
-0.28772345185279846,
-0.6155229210853577,
-0.30546140670776367,
0.9208963513374329,
0.3860849142074585,
-0.6215713620185852,
-0.42225921154022217,
0.6061273813247681,
0.7566429376602173,
-0.0859173834323883,
-0.5697215795516968,
0.31284835934638977,
-0.8710601329803467,
-0.6433189511299133,
0.3403823673725128,
-0.25813984870910645,
0.3912770450115204,
0.05040232092142105,
-0.8702234029769897,
0.9154046177864075,
-0.04189302772283554,
0.044263891875743866,
0.22793957591056824,
0.5743241906166077,
0.611567497253418,
-0.16167907416820526,
-0.29498594999313354,
-0.28508082032203674,
0.0711069405078888,
-0.007942736148834229,
-0.18877120316028595,
0.5959389805793762,
0.918710470199585,
-0.1528676301240921,
-0.279666543006897,
0.33610332012176514,
-0.4589119851589203,
-0.7537555694580078,
0.4904542863368988,
-0.044837143272161484,
-0.7341943979263306,
0.4010425806045532,
0.20349079370498657,
0.03590032458305359,
0.4505783021450043,
0.6678253412246704,
0.27320945262908936,
-0.41782620549201965,
-0.22107291221618652,
-0.44477880001068115,
0.04546143859624863,
-0.1776060163974762,
0.090797059237957,
0.7308667898178101,
-0.5285754203796387,
-0.20280387997627258,
0.054109424352645874,
0.11772289127111435,
-0.20697903633117676,
-0.03783044591546059,
-0.6606048941612244,
-0.5787633061408997,
-0.46615010499954224,
-0.4982185959815979,
0.22996163368225098,
-0.14441505074501038,
-0.0406423956155777,
0.055573925375938416,
0.024689609184861183,
0.9592753648757935,
0.17859147489070892,
-0.17170722782611847,
-0.896234929561615,
0.8666029572486877,
-0.3213047385215759,
-0.017038900405168533,
-0.03782553970813751,
-0.18131494522094727,
-0.3120424747467041,
-0.1983754187822342,
0.16741472482681274,
0.5863907933235168,
0.30945685505867004,
0.03659665584564209,
-0.00572487898170948,
-0.4901992380619049,
-1.0987505912780762,
-0.4330626130104065,
-0.40666258335113525,
0.1375078409910202,
0.09713722765445709,
-0.055328331887722015,
-0.7836470007896423,
0.5672423243522644,
-0.20766781270503998,
0.22635819017887115,
-0.3741535544395447,
0.01956242136657238,
0.5257057547569275,
0.46094948053359985,
0.22955690324306488,
0.04925817996263504,
-0.14477187395095825,
-0.37490594387054443,
0.04629024863243103,
-0.015750626102089882,
-0.6268467903137207,
0.06688673794269562,
0.19098079204559326,
-0.7172390818595886,
-0.3339442014694214,
-0.19225455820560455,
-0.41003140807151794,
-0.04833623021841049,
-0.24936960637569427,
0.11408066749572754,
0.4629213809967041,
0.6419731974601746,
-0.4634958505630493,
-0.638207733631134,
-0.22262786328792572,
0.6238330006599426,
-0.379509299993515,
-0.7526339292526245,
0.720861554145813,
0.5617040991783142,
-0.49544093012809753,
0.21257416903972626,
0.7276492118835449,
-0.7233688235282898,
0.3087483048439026,
0.16095741093158722,
-0.5851293802261353,
0.7535971999168396,
0.08161687850952148,
-0.5710247755050659,
0.22657454013824463,
0.3298361301422119,
-0.39396482706069946,
0.06664639711380005,
0.38228875398635864,
-0.07534859329462051,
-0.28596776723861694,
0.33943068981170654,
0.2822250723838806,
-0.26486116647720337,
-0.7792342901229858,
-0.4715343415737152,
-0.06889095902442932,
0.7168652415275574,
0.024554679170250893,
0.3770548105239868,
0.501893937587738,
-0.3604908287525177,
0.36408326029777527,
-0.3622746765613556,
-0.1190425306558609,
0.15604974329471588,
0.5385059714317322,
0.5000396966934204,
-0.06782141327857971,
0.60149747133255,
-0.4596274495124817,
0.46777188777923584,
0.14165851473808289,
1.1508163213729858,
0.039279382675886154,
-0.23202571272850037,
-0.5668222308158875,
0.1724923998117447,
0.12025028467178345,
-0.1381710022687912,
-0.5978489518165588,
0.15393351018428802,
0.12756650149822235,
-0.4570009410381317,
-0.706509530544281,
-0.19609937071800232,
1.0009536743164062,
-0.13231773674488068,
0.5273333787918091,
0.7308378219604492,
0.031071428209543228,
0.3468630909919739,
-0.4620791971683502,
0.8327690362930298,
-0.2326759546995163,
0.13022902607917786,
0.03317505121231079,
-0.10757371038198471,
-0.3063083589076996,
-0.6128234267234802,
0.08716760575771332,
-0.13516460359096527,
-0.28035035729408264,
-0.17743565142154694,
0.1533125936985016,
0.18537680804729462,
0.0377892442047596,
0.721345067024231,
-0.48109251260757446,
-0.8878715634346008,
-0.012956606224179268,
-0.22514356672763824,
-0.3586184084415436,
-0.059596817940473557,
-0.36324170231819153,
0.11991574615240097,
-0.12257198244333267,
-0.710635781288147,
-0.7222872972488403,
-0.13312208652496338,
-0.7545978426933289,
-0.06381745636463165,
-0.4160889685153961,
0.1588914692401886,
-0.34076279401779175,
0.29604437947273254,
-0.23524241149425507,
0.30389097332954407,
0.25600627064704895,
0.1315462738275528,
-0.4709087014198303,
0.6107821464538574,
-0.14516155421733856,
0.3648596704006195,
0.2925708591938019,
-0.18831458687782288,
0.20640097558498383,
0.20901784300804138,
-0.23364132642745972,
-0.248870849609375,
-0.05925312265753746,
-0.5765929818153381,
0.3511386513710022,
-0.7260904908180237,
-0.1831112951040268,
0.5016891360282898,
0.10666749626398087,
0.019939584657549858,
0.7302711606025696,
-0.061418093740940094,
0.030782872810959816,
0.5577297210693359,
0.18854285776615143,
-0.35046228766441345,
0.7183786630630493,
-0.05626261979341507,
0.021828453987836838,
0.6146270036697388,
-0.4497178792953491,
0.38006114959716797,
0.2221338152885437,
-0.2880050837993622,
0.40808141231536865,
-0.022945309057831764,
-0.6643791198730469,
0.5304234027862549,
0.16355057060718536,
0.1818648874759674,
-0.5034188032150269,
-0.1638919860124588,
-1.0844767093658447,
0.2916245460510254,
0.1564471572637558,
0.5604581832885742,
0.06601227819919586,
-0.47730565071105957,
0.21155670285224915,
0.2781793177127838,
-0.23087367415428162,
-0.2520589828491211,
0.6287058591842651,
0.027063418179750443,
0.642493724822998,
0.21410688757896423,
0.1376006305217743,
-0.17889167368412018,
0.7802974581718445,
-0.09790287911891937,
0.1740555614233017,
-0.10661705583333969,
-0.8564086556434631,
-0.0719437226653099,
-0.2557230591773987,
-0.4907711148262024,
0.6447863578796387,
-0.905246913433075,
-0.601044774055481,
-0.3423343896865845,
-0.5651760697364807,
-0.8389654159545898,
-0.5322369337081909,
0.05029129609465599,
0.0076599339954555035,
-0.3423463702201843,
0.13197386264801025,
0.43839603662490845,
0.3124949634075165,
0.6372144222259521,
0.12275642901659012,
0.4123822748661041,
0.3835177719593048,
0.6766464114189148,
-0.6234626173973083,
0.0019556651823222637,
-0.5301615595817566,
0.06309047341346741,
-0.14796850085258484,
-0.28583669662475586,
-0.31981179118156433,
-0.13453972339630127,
-0.27421292662620544,
-0.4666449725627899,
-0.4757022261619568,
-0.30686378479003906,
-0.02606062963604927,
0.03732231259346008,
0.31358960270881653,
0.27032652497291565,
-0.1692151129245758,
0.7333935499191284,
-0.6716063022613525,
-0.6012848019599915,
-0.2691513001918793,
-0.16619329154491425,
0.46352091431617737,
0.13713636994361877,
0.041824113577604294,
0.6099084615707397,
-0.6710514426231384,
0.23188090324401855,
0.21662059426307678,
1.2855874300003052,
-0.5359053015708923,
-0.475290983915329,
-0.45239144563674927,
0.405071884393692,
-0.5547164082527161,
0.2390609085559845,
0.8753801584243774,
-0.09791296720504761,
-0.06848052144050598,
-0.7416290640830994,
0.2634575068950653,
0.1950705647468567,
-0.16992487013339996,
0.10481912642717361,
-0.11936048418283463,
0.2593294084072113,
0.15925829112529755,
-0.4042261242866516,
-0.1445024609565735,
0.3132411539554596,
0.037889134138822556,
0.20858213305473328,
-0.08738095313310623,
0.2323940396308899,
-0.6500099301338196,
0.4406110942363739,
-0.044239696115255356,
0.662151038646698,
-0.1704796850681305,
-0.13836877048015594,
0.2950282394886017,
-0.13631995022296906,
0.23735970258712769,
-0.3741753399372101,
-0.15753984451293945,
0.48825863003730774,
-0.02758040837943554,
-0.18209132552146912,
-0.6263553500175476,
0.6144869923591614,
-0.33723047375679016,
-0.24430833756923676,
0.41496920585632324,
-0.3383274972438812,
0.2549164891242981,
0.20718424022197723,
-0.281881719827652,
-0.5918263792991638,
0.4652499258518219,
-0.07230956852436066
] |
247662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaeffer | Schaeffer | Schaeffer is a German surname. It is a variant of Schaefer, from schäfer ("shepherd") and of Schaffer, from a noun (meaning steward or bailiff) derived from Middle High German schaffen.
People with the surname
A
Albert Charles Schaeffer, American mathematician
B
Billy Schaeffer, retired American professional basketball player
Boguslaw Schaeffer, Polish composer and theoretician
Brent Schaeffer, American arena football quarterback
C
Charles Frederick Schaeffer (1807–1879), Lutheran clergyman of the United States
Charles William Schaeffer (1813–1896), Lutheran clergyman and theologian of the United States
Chester Schaeffer, American film editor
Claude Schaeffer, French archaeologist who helped uncover the Ugaritic religious texts
D
David Frederick Schaeffer (1787–1837), Lutheran clergyman of the United States
E
Edith Schaeffer, Chinese-American Christian author and widow of Francis Schaeffer
Eric Schaeffer, American actor
Eric D. Schaeffer, American theatre director
F
Francis Schaeffer, American-French theologian, philosopher, and founder of L'Abri
Frank Schaeffer, French son of Francis Schaeffer
Frederick Christian Schaeffer (1792–1832), Lutheran clergyman of the United States
Frederick David Schaeffer (1760–1836), German-born Lutheran clergyman of the United States
G
Georg Anton Schäffer, (1779–1836), German physician and adventurer
George Schaeffer, former American head coach of the Arizona State college football program
H
Harry Schaeffer, former American major league baseball pitcher
J
Jacob Christian Schaeffer, 17th century German scientist
Jack Schaeffer (born John Case Schaeffer II), American musician, record producer and clarinetist
James Schaeffer (1885–1972), American college sports coach
James Soloman Schaeffer, American drum major and former leader of the Highty-Tighties
Jim Schaeffer, American drum major and former leader of the Highty-Tighties (relative of James Soloman Schaeffer)
Jody Schaeffer, American cartoonist and co-creator of Megas XLR
John Schaeffer (art collector) (1941–2020), Australian art collector and businessman
John Schaeffer (environmentalist) (born 1949), American solar power advocate
John Schaeffer (trainer) (born 1951), American fitness trainer and author
John Nevin Schaeffer (1882–1942), American classicist
Jonathan Schaeffer, Canadian computer scientist
L
Lucien Schaeffer, French former footballer who played at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Lawrence Schaeffer (born 1947), American geneticist
M
Matthew Schaeffer, American guitarist in the rock band Monovox
Mead Schaeffer, American artist and illustrator
P
Pierre Schaeffer, French musician and pioneer of musique concrète
R
Rebecca Schaeffer (1967–1989), American actress who was murdered by a fan
Roberto Schaefer, American photographer known for his work in the film Quantum of Solace
S
Sandra Schaeffer (born 1946), American singer, author and game inventor
Stefanie Schaeffer, The Apprentice 6 winner
Steve Schaeffer, American studio musician
T
Tarah Lynne Schaeffer, American actress known for her role on Sesame Street
Tom Schaeffer (born 1940), Swedish curler, 1973 world champion
W
Wendy Schaeffer, Australian equestrian and Olympic champion
See also
Schaefer
References
External links
WhitePages.com: People with the surname Schaeffer located in the United States
French-language surnames
German-language surnames
Jewish surnames
Lists of people by surname | [
-0.3698568046092987,
0.9601846933364868,
-0.059553321450948715,
-0.4612639248371124,
-0.5507863163948059,
0.7114395499229431,
0.8695530891418457,
0.17542776465415955,
-0.3258804976940155,
-0.41504549980163574,
-0.46383801102638245,
-0.5230191946029663,
0.11625378578901291,
0.9746062159538269,
0.05986596271395683,
0.09277360141277313,
-0.1733386516571045,
0.9039337038993835,
-0.058833420276641846,
-0.6003198623657227,
-0.013090023770928383,
-0.2939504086971283,
0.20709440112113953,
-0.10028398782014847,
-0.10004391521215439,
-0.02854110673069954,
0.16886916756629944,
-0.06697013974189758,
0.3902880549430847,
0.33194470405578613,
-0.003508549416437745,
0.8031665086746216,
0.023181786760687828,
0.041696030646562576,
0.10229571163654327,
-0.13844722509384155,
0.08510982990264893,
-0.11141153424978256,
0.6354108452796936,
-0.2851851284503937,
0.5123396515846252,
0.2256225347518921,
0.3924238383769989,
0.010573845356702805,
-0.014902002178132534,
-1.0020593404769897,
-2.433948278427124,
0.16575272381305695,
-0.5266417264938354,
-0.501971960067749,
0.29839298129081726,
-0.1370461881160736,
0.3502419590950012,
0.9528924226760864,
-0.08464434742927551,
0.3086313307285309,
-0.9605552554130554,
0.018840499222278595,
0.7464131116867065,
-0.023148957639932632,
0.3273647427558899,
-0.14226765930652618,
0.08085444569587708,
0.0832061842083931,
0.26566216349601746,
0.2483639270067215,
-0.23249658942222595,
0.7420437932014465,
-0.26929956674575806,
-0.04134923219680786,
-0.4313993453979492,
-0.3450874388217926,
0.5415822863578796,
-0.15680097043514252,
0.07518593221902847,
0.18706943094730377,
-0.5948655009269714,
0.3139801025390625,
-0.03296671807765961,
0.012285903096199036,
-0.2740600109100342,
-0.04871980845928192,
0.37026894092559814,
0.1303413063287735,
0.6089754104614258,
0.016343114897608757,
-0.4475492238998413,
0.05061212182044983,
0.20056986808776855,
0.42303746938705444,
0.16236670315265656,
-0.08777227997779846,
0.1452580839395523,
0.056329190731048584,
0.37681329250335693,
-0.09430785477161407,
-0.387285977602005,
-0.2625157833099365,
0.01400117576122284,
0.5400280356407166,
0.07281061261892319,
0.5362108945846558,
0.3719761371612549,
0.11871100217103958,
-0.09577292948961258,
-0.147667795419693,
-0.4064871370792389,
-0.16560201346874237,
0.10797454416751862,
-1.9000252485275269,
-0.1887531876564026,
0.007559885270893574,
-0.2857573330402374,
-0.11413221806287766,
-0.03966792672872543,
0.20790480077266693,
0.33519282937049866,
-0.6668263077735901,
0.4983826279640198,
0.3862992525100708,
-0.0018514363327994943,
0.9558644890785217,
-0.45553380250930786,
0.136097714304924,
0.0625549703836441,
0.20023494958877563,
0.19340403378009796,
0.5679482817649841,
-0.4386223554611206,
0.5319280028343201,
-0.04119279235601425,
0.7150434851646423,
0.18943966925144196,
-0.10741353780031204,
-0.26062068343162537,
-0.4079188406467438,
0.7643263936042786,
0.22347180545330048,
0.000839525309856981,
0.11138579994440079,
-0.728489875793457,
-0.21845409274101257,
-2.1635212898254395,
0.22148415446281433,
0.5617591142654419,
0.2036508172750473,
-0.1912025362253189,
-0.6322475075721741,
0.3703174591064453,
0.013429732993245125,
-0.09770648926496506,
-0.3149781823158264,
0.07488078624010086,
0.19357182085514069,
-0.2177584320306778,
0.21693509817123413,
0.017465129494667053,
0.018812309950590134,
0.7500025033950806,
0.1162104606628418,
0.23128612339496613,
-0.29954007267951965,
-0.14610879123210907,
0.26261278986930847,
0.35266539454460144,
0.2779122292995453,
0.12072529643774033,
0.0003182842046953738,
-0.299916535615921,
0.07891546189785004,
-0.8845605254173279,
-0.1566595882177353,
-0.07947353273630142,
-0.1540335863828659,
0.3156319856643677,
0.13736149668693542,
-0.0355442613363266,
0.1090686023235321,
0.1743016093969345,
-0.8741796612739563,
-0.247463658452034,
0.0950152799487114,
0.09349998086690903,
0.15109261870384216,
0.3102757930755615,
0.32954853773117065,
0.1825587898492813,
-0.3832904100418091,
0.3498136103153229,
0.11277685314416885,
-0.33163487911224365,
-0.5485166907310486,
0.35836416482925415,
-0.15700921416282654,
0.7230018973350525,
0.11405576020479202,
-0.01804659143090248,
0.12386858463287354,
0.038812436163425446,
0.7907261252403259,
-0.3347319960594177,
-0.9005556702613831,
0.13832558691501617,
0.01279465015977621,
-0.7614542245864868,
2.635082483291626,
-0.06733230501413345,
0.015672363340854645,
0.3767777979373932,
0.2971830368041992,
0.7700427174568176,
0.02486434578895569,
0.32551607489585876,
-0.25167611241340637,
0.11018495261669159,
-0.2114475965499878,
0.2723717987537384,
0.30767759680747986,
-0.4921315908432007,
-0.305372416973114,
0.29476022720336914,
-0.1729126274585724,
0.11033114045858383,
0.829256534576416,
0.046435657888650894,
0.6126784086227417,
0.37375473976135254,
-0.058370206505060196,
-0.15570171177387238,
-0.9714480638504028,
0.5850093960762024,
-0.013964819721877575,
0.18091876804828644,
-0.13316906988620758,
-0.19099941849708557,
-0.44238725304603577,
-0.140248104929924,
-0.21159549057483673,
0.19280123710632324,
-0.37270644307136536,
0.2688876986503601,
0.581601083278656,
-0.31939321756362915,
-0.05930383503437042,
-0.10774777084589005,
0.32009994983673096,
-0.13973590731620789,
-0.0020320252515375614,
-0.023714011535048485,
0.23657211661338806,
0.553587019443512,
-0.010337387211620808,
0.0074414415284991264,
-0.6623022556304932,
-0.26042360067367554,
-0.19603343307971954,
0.17467553913593292,
0.3039204776287079,
-0.1755591630935669,
0.08065514266490936,
-0.2313193827867508,
0.20098832249641418,
0.1639491468667984,
-0.0082428939640522,
-0.30627140402793884,
-0.08267483115196228,
0.252451092004776,
-0.4211558997631073,
0.18890218436717987,
0.03807668015360832,
0.09903418272733688,
-0.14396627247333527,
-0.584349513053894,
-2.83168888092041,
0.17402246594429016,
0.17440229654312134,
-0.5350097417831421,
0.2319495677947998,
-0.3738209903240204,
0.26509127020835876,
-0.10004759579896927,
0.7140786051750183,
-0.07591750472784042,
0.3136494755744934,
-0.2546546459197998,
-0.14084696769714355,
0.3655342161655426,
-0.03769126906991005,
0.04952147230505943,
0.20863717794418335,
0.33918583393096924,
-0.05601738765835762,
-0.1563480943441391,
0.5033434629440308,
-0.2557971477508545,
0.3343876898288727,
-0.21491123735904694,
-0.272278755903244,
0.3555607199668884,
-0.07516460865736008,
-0.6171627044677734,
0.08684440702199936,
-0.5332088470458984,
-0.13578841090202332,
-0.05293992906808853,
0.007620370015501976,
-0.28409263491630554,
-0.07355207949876785,
-4.5605878829956055,
-0.07537858188152313,
-0.010449331253767014,
-0.35366496443748474,
0.31893211603164673,
0.16770564019680023,
0.6001355051994324,
-0.49758079648017883,
0.006020968779921532,
0.27680209279060364,
0.0903802290558815,
-0.24970370531082153,
-0.008503704331815243,
0.2058800756931305,
0.48805731534957886,
0.36011019349098206,
0.47907182574272156,
0.3764040172100067,
0.14796406030654907,
-0.47262832522392273,
0.3115147352218628,
0.2077198028564453,
-0.046754419803619385,
0.20290857553482056,
0.43792960047721863,
0.5439011454582214,
-0.03834813833236694,
-0.06665077060461044,
-0.6485725045204163,
-0.3593297600746155,
0.07892690598964691,
-0.30021244287490845,
0.10908728092908859,
0.04657900333404541,
-0.6124925017356873,
-0.12137080729007721,
0.40778642892837524,
0.2912179231643677,
0.5679181814193726,
0.14864404499530792,
-0.23218867182731628,
1.091232180595398,
-0.2731668949127197,
0.2818096876144409,
0.13645678758621216,
-0.11882586777210236,
-1.1103482246398926,
0.04548618942499161,
-0.2179136574268341,
0.375852108001709,
0.13231384754180908,
-0.37076058983802795,
1.012174129486084,
0.25683146715164185,
0.5888394117355347,
-0.13834652304649353,
0.5992260575294495,
0.16341769695281982,
-0.13285374641418457,
0.37485218048095703,
0.4177339971065521,
-0.12715239822864532,
0.4996583163738251,
-0.06828419119119644,
0.06871134787797928,
-0.8879882097244263,
-0.1836947500705719,
-0.31521618366241455,
-0.26679617166519165,
-0.2359892576932907,
-0.1131502166390419,
0.612208902835846,
0.430729478597641,
-0.769334077835083,
0.045510947704315186,
-0.30046728253364563,
-0.40460795164108276,
-0.13072703778743744,
0.05969749018549919,
0.20403219759464264,
0.09487568587064743,
-0.28336101770401,
-0.5259951949119568,
0.418756902217865,
0.1762339174747467,
0.34414219856262207,
-0.7072545886039734,
0.07808249443769455,
-0.2602713704109192,
-0.23120340704917908,
-0.07966995984315872,
-0.29902878403663635,
0.21627292037010193,
0.3754604756832123,
-0.4865758419036865,
0.9087427258491516,
0.10676035284996033,
-0.6927361488342285,
-0.024769697338342667,
0.022499002516269684,
0.362042635679245,
-0.16146302223205566,
-0.3123863935470581,
-0.19217416644096375,
0.43025195598602295,
-0.18156027793884277,
0.07091213762760162,
0.3846847116947174,
0.45597970485687256,
0.3002623915672302,
-0.00951315462589264,
0.037265852093696594,
-0.26649025082588196,
-0.4651942551136017,
0.4362654983997345,
-0.4898748993873596,
-0.8474035263061523,
0.2314099818468094,
0.145290806889534,
0.20665322244167328,
0.5918124914169312,
-0.08011097460985184,
0.26439714431762695,
-0.2637719213962555,
-0.37526148557662964,
-0.04018821939826012,
0.11581971496343613,
-0.6627347469329834,
-0.6081132888793945,
0.2350417673587799,
-0.454894095659256,
0.20468635857105255,
-0.29146966338157654,
-0.31440433859825134,
-0.07447873800992966,
-0.03346795216202736,
-0.12889611721038818,
-0.19096702337265015,
0.23670892417430878,
-0.7932385802268982,
0.5087689161300659,
-0.04224715009331703,
-0.18823951482772827,
0.19145351648330688,
0.043345265090465546,
0.5450347065925598,
0.3184916079044342,
-0.11124520748853683,
-0.7710567116737366,
0.6803537011146545,
0.1312955766916275,
-0.3449566066265106,
0.18698422610759735,
-0.2377251237630844,
-0.21916671097278595,
0.14184091985225677,
-0.07908747345209122,
0.5257742404937744,
-0.2859164774417877,
0.6622283458709717,
-0.05736386403441429,
-0.05643700063228607,
-1.3803026676177979,
0.3739599883556366,
0.12394391000270844,
-0.5719966292381287,
-0.0803067535161972,
-0.17885269224643707,
-0.8092902302742004,
0.6388188004493713,
-0.23861296474933624,
-0.06643285602331161,
-0.8858999609947205,
-0.12943917512893677,
0.41045814752578735,
-0.00523393927142024,
0.06073196977376938,
0.31576263904571533,
0.06742706149816513,
-0.14562363922595978,
0.03615502640604973,
0.1411074846982956,
-0.19032391905784607,
0.9642795324325562,
0.12990489602088928,
-0.1695818454027176,
-0.1947324424982071,
-0.0038973998744040728,
-0.6178215146064758,
0.009793488308787346,
-0.05623466894030571,
-0.18635539710521698,
0.1181611567735672,
0.3751986622810364,
-0.5289695858955383,
-0.6561423540115356,
0.11955274641513824,
0.03652409836649895,
-0.011399470269680023,
-0.2864783704280853,
0.2786238491535187,
0.8982245326042175,
-0.08847109228372574,
0.19600865244865417,
0.1633353978395462,
-0.6556689143180847,
0.35993048548698425,
0.2785181403160095,
-0.21840837597846985,
0.649878978729248,
-0.15998508036136627,
-0.8935722708702087,
0.0725783035159111,
0.3385828137397766,
-0.11785729974508286,
-0.08158869296312332,
0.6532333493232727,
-0.19298017024993896,
-0.4182693064212799,
-0.04814361780881882,
0.12359929084777832,
-0.2684956192970276,
-0.2957542836666107,
-0.32602089643478394,
-0.25586557388305664,
0.4731757342815399,
-0.2309194654226303,
-0.1529107689857483,
0.9127156138420105,
-0.25954413414001465,
-0.3575127422809601,
-0.3333708345890045,
0.467318594455719,
-0.32037296891212463,
-0.2012423723936081,
-0.1300538182258606,
-0.3555026948451996,
0.38904663920402527,
-0.32405099272727966,
0.5083931088447571,
0.14570678770542145,
0.5333080887794495,
0.32122257351875305,
-0.37366318702697754,
-0.03132914379239082,
0.11326572299003601,
0.06922062486410141,
-0.6868979930877686,
-0.4472771883010864,
0.5046519637107849,
-0.09178735315799713,
-0.447008341550827,
-0.5313734412193298,
-0.4440520405769348,
0.6589393019676208,
-0.3052017092704773,
0.2781340479850769,
0.5197493433952332,
0.2736174464225769,
-0.06199318915605545,
-0.41702407598495483,
0.5992599129676819,
-0.052367743104696274,
0.48026227951049805,
-0.3259616494178772,
0.45236966013908386,
-0.2863874137401581,
-0.0901075080037117,
0.4819529056549072,
0.18571138381958008,
-0.5474714040756226,
-0.443604439496994,
-0.08323391526937485,
0.2623673677444458,
-0.11672750115394592,
0.4721389412879944,
-0.26469001173973083,
-0.18584302067756653,
-0.31340932846069336,
-0.46164417266845703,
0.9179829359054565,
0.04803290590643883,
0.22465987503528595,
-0.4439569115638733,
0.037123627960681915,
-0.23314085602760315,
-0.5889312624931335,
-0.3459339141845703,
-0.5247817039489746,
0.2618883550167084,
-0.44616350531578064,
-0.25179237127304077,
-0.5193102955818176,
0.6118271946907043,
-0.13736242055892944,
0.4112565815448761,
-0.5223371982574463,
0.03287360072135925,
-0.2918073534965515,
0.10118325799703598,
-0.3278065025806427,
0.5470000505447388,
0.15852630138397217,
0.17675818502902985,
0.14193876087665558,
0.6662997007369995,
0.0973462462425232,
-0.3565799593925476,
0.10208321362733841,
-0.22295142710208893,
-0.20788642764091492,
-0.03208223730325699,
0.22022420167922974,
0.5266299247741699,
-0.05120613053441048,
0.1618567854166031,
0.2333999127149582,
-0.3120969533920288,
-0.12526822090148926,
-0.006496280897408724,
0.34800124168395996,
-0.7487815618515015,
0.69510418176651,
0.11237684637308121,
-0.552291750907898,
0.7341849207878113,
0.48189371824264526,
-0.4715021848678589,
-0.18959300220012665,
-0.06931396573781967,
0.06972501426935196,
-0.013975662179291248,
-0.6723031997680664,
0.17426106333732605,
-0.22971676290035248,
-0.06482122838497162,
0.09951642155647278,
-0.20589423179626465,
-0.40799733996391296,
0.5069183111190796,
-0.24748806655406952,
0.8171830773353577,
0.05899271368980408,
-0.0023248435463756323,
0.05895311385393143,
-0.046340446919202805,
-0.32696714997291565,
0.3653576970100403,
0.27492570877075195,
-0.10862866044044495,
0.37634149193763733,
0.16186562180519104,
-0.10352090746164322,
-0.05542581155896187,
-0.13577823340892792,
0.09201660007238388,
0.05547815561294556,
-0.2943989932537079,
-0.19637693464756012,
-2.09468674659729,
0.5150150060653687,
-0.606800377368927,
-0.08613668382167816,
-0.2366063892841339,
-0.1496942788362503,
-0.19637292623519897,
-0.3187248408794403,
-0.3468611240386963,
-0.11143829673528671,
0.07941640168428421,
0.2777693271636963,
-0.136651873588562,
0.16428714990615845,
-0.006204690784215927,
0.7118837833404541,
0.2788722813129425,
0.21304479241371155,
-0.30259284377098083,
0.11611734330654144,
0.03344287350773811,
-0.06948661804199219,
-0.1737128496170044,
-0.03980778530240059,
0.16894301772117615,
0.38870003819465637,
-0.2518152892589569,
-0.3692205250263214,
0.09550463408231735,
0.2971363365650177,
-0.148909330368042,
0.8092262744903564,
-0.08095411211252213,
0.2795497179031372,
-0.0874302089214325,
-0.22818957269191742,
0.09177356213331223,
-0.3262951076030731,
0.18855975568294525,
-0.16962850093841553,
-0.16041718423366547,
0.001272687572054565,
0.26869162917137146,
0.0441238209605217,
-0.03337337449193001,
-0.11163344979286194,
-0.1269875466823578,
-0.03714785724878311,
0.32129716873168945,
0.08757151663303375,
0.5088185667991638,
0.07668142020702362,
-0.4833546578884125,
-0.10156819224357605,
-0.05249469354748726,
-0.1703331619501114,
-0.17252065241336823,
0.31563013792037964,
-0.3475392162799835,
0.04201703146100044,
-0.20342259109020233,
0.38355717062950134,
0.10270250588655472,
0.017002491280436516,
0.23611509799957275,
0.02439512312412262,
-0.09015234559774399,
0.40573054552078247,
-0.19988121092319489,
0.07349887490272522,
-0.03915011137723923,
0.052442826330661774,
0.7747312188148499,
-0.18302388489246368,
0.05632796511054039,
-0.08766699582338333,
0.5589555501937866,
0.6624090671539307,
0.45568737387657166,
0.17124737799167633,
0.007825822569429874,
0.07656610012054443,
-0.5376335382461548,
0.5333043336868286,
-0.02717859484255314,
-5.212573528289795,
0.5396811962127686,
-0.4268295466899872,
-0.6830503344535828,
0.5426309108734131,
0.05885280296206474,
-0.12584589421749115,
0.001668397686444223,
0.4150504469871521,
0.1782391220331192,
0.2633819282054901,
0.27368441224098206,
-0.16898013651371002,
-0.8194522261619568,
0.5723145008087158,
0.17557132244110107
] |
247668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung%20Incident | Kaohsiung Incident | The Kaohsiung Incident, also known as the Formosa Incident, the Meilidao Incident, or the Formosa Magazine incident, was a crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrations that occurred in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, on 10 December 1979 during Taiwan's martial law period.
The incident occurred when Formosa Magazine, headed by released political prisoner Shih Ming-teh and veteran opposition legislator Huang Hsin-chieh, and other opposition politicians held a demonstration commemorating Human Rights Day to promote and demand democracy in Taiwan. At that time, the Republic of China was a one-party state and the government used this protest as an excuse to arrest the main leaders of the political opposition.
The Kaohsiung Incident is widely regarded as a seminal event in the post-war history of Taiwan and the watershed of the Taiwan democratization movements. The event had the effect of galvanizing the Taiwanese community into political actions and is regarded as one of the events that eventually led to democracy in Taiwan.
Background
From 1949 until the 1990s, Taiwan was effectively a one-party state under the rule of the Kuomintang (KMT). During the late 1970s many opponents of the KMT seeking democracy gradually organized themselves as an opposition camp, following the establishment of the magazine Taiwan Political Review by Kang Ning-hsiang in 1975. These opponents called themselves "Tangwai", literally meaning "outside the party". In its fifth edition on 27 December 1976 it published an article entitled "Two States of Mind — An Evening Discussion with Fou Cong and Professor Liou" which resulted in the revocation of the publisher's license. In the 1977 election, Tangwai expanded support significantly and won more seats than ever before. The outcome of the election demonstrated the potential of Tangwai as a quasi-opposition party to the ruling KMT and laid the ground for the ensuing mass movement.
On 16 December 1978, U.S. President Jimmy Carter announced that the U.S. would sever its official relationship with the Republic of China as of 1 January 1979. It was the most serious challenge to the Taiwan government since it lost its seat at the United Nations to the People's Republic of China in 1971. President Chiang Ching-kuo immediately postponed all elections without a definite deadline for its restoration. Tangwai, which had won steadily expanding support, was strongly frustrated and disappointed about Chiang's decision since it suspended the only legitimate method they could use to express their opinions.
Tangwai leader Huang Hsin-chieh and his comrades soon petitioned the KMT government for the restoration of elections, but were rebuffed. On 21 January 1979, the KMT arrested Yu Teng-fa, another Tangwai leader, and his son with the intentional false accusation of propagandising for the Chinese Communist Party. Tangwai regarded the arrest of Yu as a signal of complete suppression and decided to make a last-ditch effort by holding radical demonstrations on the street, resulting in the escalating conflict between the conservative KMT and Tangwai. On 20 April, the government impeached Magistrate Hsu Hsin-liang for participating the historical first democratic rally in the Martial law period.
In May 1979, Formosa Magazine was established by Huang Hsin-chieh with Hsu as the director aiming at consolidating tangwai membership. On 16 August 1979, the first edition was published under the title "Joint Promotion of the New Generation's Political Movements". The initial issue sold out all of its 25,000 copies, the second and third issues sold almost 100,000 copies, and the fourth issue sold more than 110,000. Nonetheless, Hsu's magistracy position was revoked by the government in 29 June, and he went exile to U.S. on 30 September. On 17 October 1979, a meeting of 22 Kuomintang security agencies adopted a proposal to ban the magazine after a protest from the South Korean Embassy over an article in the second issue titled "Unveil the Myth of the Korean Economic Miracle" (揭發韓國經濟奇蹟的神話). In November and early December, the southern command of Taiwan Garrison Command abetted 6 cases of local mafia members smashing the offices of the Formosa Magazine and Huang's residence in Taipei, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung with one employee injured by axe, allegedly by Lieutenant general Chang chi-hsiu (). Tangwai held many public gatherings and protests, without official permission. The KMT response was limited, such as sending police in riot gear but not suppressing the gatherings. This low-level reaction gave Tangwai confidence in its own power and it stuck to the radical approach.
Gushan Incident
The magazine's Kaohsiung service center applied for a permit to hold a human rights forum on 10 December 1979 at an indoor stadium, and after that was denied it applied for a permit to hold the event at the Rotary Park (扶輪公園), which was also denied. In response, it was decided to hold the demonstration at the Kaohsiung headquarters.
On 9 December 1979, the Kaohsiung branch of Formosa Magazine dispatched two campaign wagons to broadcast the "Human Rights Forum". The wagons were held up by police and two volunteers were arrested and beaten, which roused Tangwai and its supporters to protest at the Gushan branch of Public Security Bureau. This incident caused many outraged Tangwai members and supporters who had not planned to attend the forum the next day to do so.
The event on 10 December 1979 started out as the first major Human Rights Day celebration on the island. Until that time the authorities had never allowed any public expression of discontent.
Between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. that afternoon (four hours before the demonstration commemorating Human Rights Day started, and before any irregularities had taken place), the military police, the army, and the police had already taken up positions when the demonstrators arrived.
When the event took place during the evening, the military police marched forward and closed in on the demonstrators, then they retreated again to their original position. This was repeated two or more times. The battalion commander explained that the purpose of this exercise was to cause panic and fear in the crowd and also to provoke anger and confusion. Political demonstrators clashed with troops sent by the KMT.
Arrests and imprisonment
The KMT authorities used the incident as an excuse to arrest virtually all well-known opposition leaders. They were held incommunicado for some two months, during which reports of severe ill-treatment filtered out of the prisons. The arrested groups were subsequently tried in three separate groups.
Lin family massacre
In February 1980 Lin Yi-hsiung, a leader of the democratic movement, was in detention and beaten severely by KMT police. His wife saw him in prison and contacted the Amnesty International Osaka office. The next day Lin's mother and twin 7-year-old daughters were stabbed to death. Lin's oldest daughter was badly wounded in his home. The authorities claimed to know nothing about it, even though his house was under 24-hour police surveillance.
Major groups
In March–April 1980, the eight most prominent leaders "The Kaohsiung Eight" were tried in military court and were sentenced to terms ranging from 12 years to life imprisonment. The trial was also publicized.
In April–May 1980, another group of 33 people, "The Kaohsiung 33", who had taken part in the Human Rights Day gathering were tried in civil court and sentenced to terms ranging from two to six years.
Others
A third group of 10 people were associated with the Presbyterian Church for hiding Shih Ming-teh, who feared torture and immediate execution. Most prominent among this group was Kao Chun-ming, the general-secretary of the Presbyterian Church. Kao was sentenced to seven years imprisonment. The others received lesser sentences. Shih was given a life sentence, and his wife, Linda Gail Arrigo, a United States citizen, was deported.
Fifteen of Taiwan's most important political leaders, writers and intellectuals, all associated with the Formosa Magazine, were arrested. Fifteen publications were closed down, including Meilidao (Formosa Magazine). After the event, newspapers reported that the ensuing confrontations led to civilian and police injuries.
After the incident, four Tangwai participants were arrested and imprisoned on trumped-up charges of sedition, including Huang Hsin-chieh, Yao Chia-wen, Chang Chun-hung and Lin Hung-hsuan.
News reports
Mainstream media had long been controlled by the authoritarian KMT government. The contemporary domestic newspapers were biased about the Kaohsiung Incident and framed it as a violent mass event. China Times, United Daily News, and KMT-owned Central District News also incorrectly stated that the Tangwai protesters were motivated by a pro-independence mindset. It also stated that they were working to subvert the Republic of China in cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party. Such news reports caused negative public opinion. This negative public opinion was used by the media as further proof to attack and condemn the Tangwai.
The incident caused international attention around the world, which pressed the KMT government to hold an open trial on the accused. Even though there were pressures from the U.S. and reports from the international media such as New York Times, the mainstream Taiwanese media refuted what the larger international media reported as biased rumors regarding the incident.
Legacy
The time period experienced a rising middle class, and a more open-minded Kuomintang (KMT) ruling regime that allowed some fostering of political opposition. Taiwanese citizens were becoming weary of mainlander authority, and were eager for a more democratic society. The event turned into a series of political protests that led to public trials and arrests. It is considered a turning point for pro-democracy groups/KMT political oppositions.
After the Kaohsiung incident, a decade of political struggle continued between the mainlander-controlled KMT and the other political parties. The importance of the incident is that both Taiwanese people in Taiwan as well as the overseas Taiwanese community were galvanized into political actions. The movement which grew out of the incident formed the basis for the present-day governing Democratic Progressive Party. While political opposition at the time was not yet calling for Taiwanese independence, the event called for self-determination. An overseas support network of Taiwanese organizations was also formed in North America and Europe. Virtually all leading members of the present-day democratic government had a role in the event, either as defendants or as defense lawyers. By 2000, DPP successfully ended KMT rule. After losing the 2008 and 2012 presidential and legislative elections to the KMT, the DPP successfully contested and won both elections in 2016.
Chen Shui-bian, who was later elected to two terms as ROC president, was one of the defence lawyers, while his running mate, Annette Lu, was one of the "Kaohsiung Eight". She was sentenced to 12 years, of which she served five and a half.
See also
White Terror (Taiwan)
Martial law in Taiwan
February 28 Incident
Jing-Mei White Terror Memorial Park
2021 arrests of Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries participants
References
Taiwan under Republic of China rule
Protests in Taiwan
Political history of Taiwan
Far-right politics in Taiwan
Taiwanese democracy movements
1979 in Taiwan | [
-0.02502024918794632,
-0.2862645983695984,
-0.0946529433131218,
-0.08141134679317474,
-0.22920425236225128,
-0.2760181725025177,
-0.32662931084632874,
0.20297378301620483,
0.1147945299744606,
0.22469991445541382,
-0.3531864881515503,
-0.08255144953727722,
-0.48703664541244507,
0.1385350525379181,
-0.6822358965873718,
-0.11193545907735825,
0.4205053448677063,
-0.1891680657863617,
0.005372615996748209,
0.05456116423010826,
-0.04718002304434776,
-0.15728285908699036,
0.03470011427998543,
0.3720082938671112,
0.30284959077835083,
-0.1609921008348465,
0.5257570147514343,
0.24094340205192566,
0.6176659464836121,
-0.04981711134314537,
0.22426292300224304,
0.6467649936676025,
0.3398820161819458,
-0.07151136547327042,
-0.5655447840690613,
0.49553513526916504,
-0.22580981254577637,
0.3378857374191284,
0.07291907072067261,
-0.0707293301820755,
-0.29145556688308716,
-0.074313223361969,
-0.18814323842525482,
0.08103837817907333,
0.6174966096878052,
-0.1767774075269699,
-1.3426638841629028,
-0.2801662087440491,
-0.6136408448219299,
0.1490568220615387,
-0.7478669881820679,
0.8944224119186401,
0.5006901621818542,
0.29209738969802856,
0.18192358314990997,
-0.09522426873445511,
-0.83376145362854,
-0.7458299994468689,
-0.026603935286402702,
-1.1585181951522827,
0.5336283445358276,
0.20029130578041077,
0.5862018465995789,
-0.5311908721923828,
-0.06077486649155617,
0.08672687411308289,
0.14805568754673004,
0.4866497814655304,
0.3432631194591522,
-0.6814873218536377,
0.319532185792923,
0.7367820739746094,
-0.07199874520301819,
0.3528461456298828,
-0.18513350188732147,
0.03115210123360157,
-0.3887972831726074,
-0.1748228371143341,
-0.7374098896980286,
0.10600808262825012,
-0.10620163381099701,
-0.25949352979660034,
0.42987990379333496,
-0.290558397769928,
0.46754080057144165,
-0.5954406261444092,
-0.4120582044124603,
0.3534463047981262,
-0.1965528428554535,
0.792171061038971,
-0.39950990676879883,
0.13360758125782013,
0.29745036363601685,
0.01279605831950903,
-0.8338639736175537,
0.10848332196474075,
0.3089638352394104,
0.6274357438087463,
-0.08304278552532196,
0.14980214834213257,
0.24240325391292572,
0.19321176409721375,
0.6141623854637146,
0.3429196774959564,
-0.44031330943107605,
-0.6683662533760071,
0.0649593397974968,
-0.33893439173698425,
0.052561648190021515,
-0.3093111217021942,
-0.6150446534156799,
-0.1577826887369156,
-0.12560485303401947,
-0.19768768548965454,
0.05766184628009796,
0.5196086168289185,
-0.0910923033952713,
-0.5012643337249756,
0.10717061161994934,
-0.1515043079853058,
-0.04428347572684288,
0.19188478589057922,
-0.4393784999847412,
0.47853779792785645,
0.3674110770225525,
0.21799778938293457,
0.24995261430740356,
0.03478218615055084,
-0.7933847308158875,
0.8453540802001953,
-0.3252515494823456,
0.5531935095787048,
-0.13549686968326569,
-0.3358723521232605,
0.22581632435321808,
-0.35037487745285034,
0.7088915705680847,
0.1832454800605774,
0.21848800778388977,
-0.014758645556867123,
-0.22401419281959534,
0.21283337473869324,
-0.46447545289993286,
-0.04175027459859848,
-0.41764718294143677,
-0.10123264789581299,
-0.33814045786857605,
-0.9467023611068726,
-0.269745409488678,
-0.5626112818717957,
0.33363062143325806,
-0.7253209352493286,
-0.26794305443763733,
0.3595025837421417,
0.09956008940935135,
0.6417896151542664,
0.8029584884643555,
-0.20442433655261993,
-0.07169628143310547,
0.5810716152191162,
0.44333744049072266,
0.07819989323616028,
-0.5794697999954224,
-0.09643593430519104,
0.30686548352241516,
0.06958403438329697,
-0.2792288661003113,
0.5533521771430969,
0.39166709780693054,
-0.11385469138622284,
-0.4272750914096832,
-0.12076278030872345,
-0.29384976625442505,
0.2820424735546112,
0.025790277868509293,
-0.07186239212751389,
-0.40773138403892517,
-0.215942844748497,
-0.35582810640335083,
0.15781307220458984,
-0.5026124119758606,
0.26450228691101074,
0.3395695686340332,
0.45027443766593933,
0.5079288482666016,
0.1832616925239563,
0.6085556745529175,
-0.17416897416114807,
-0.1170242503285408,
0.3595171272754669,
0.12908658385276794,
-0.6746821403503418,
0.4719237685203552,
0.02253815159201622,
0.9390875697135925,
0.4751054048538208,
0.12312032282352448,
0.9534883499145508,
0.5065025091171265,
0.7340821027755737,
-0.20601704716682434,
0.21089054644107819,
0.6197852492332458,
-0.14271044731140137,
-0.004366122651845217,
-0.09596610814332962,
0.12821058928966522,
0.7351168394088745,
0.05499902740120888,
0.44017109274864197,
-0.1661173403263092,
-0.47341087460517883,
0.02088097110390663,
0.3350274860858917,
0.10691910982131958,
-0.2622281312942505,
-0.6997784972190857,
-0.6258033514022827,
0.4053933918476105,
-0.34983715415000916,
0.18871812522411346,
0.03816203027963638,
-0.16588912904262543,
0.3049422800540924,
0.1612662971019745,
0.8442917466163635,
0.4062758982181549,
0.7887954711914062,
0.15982358157634735,
-0.5215409398078918,
-0.19377100467681885,
-0.045863159000873566,
0.43956315517425537,
-0.15650786459445953,
0.6514556407928467,
-0.10506484657526016,
-0.08873526751995087,
-0.31379786133766174,
0.20611339807510376,
-0.6315199136734009,
0.6485931873321533,
0.053891219198703766,
-0.3302481770515442,
0.21684232354164124,
0.08175236731767654,
0.0585273914039135,
-0.4704706072807312,
0.2599233090877533,
0.2864479422569275,
0.2648775279521942,
0.030458470806479454,
-0.09174993634223938,
0.0004397965094540268,
-0.5210638046264648,
0.19965939223766327,
-0.17649249732494354,
0.3582267463207245,
-0.030359990894794464,
-0.16929718852043152,
-0.27175331115722656,
0.17675964534282684,
-0.4357503652572632,
0.38022536039352417,
0.6827337741851807,
-0.1187363713979721,
0.006900707725435495,
0.16855964064598083,
-0.10670855641365051,
0.2146083116531372,
0.16831465065479279,
0.2363320142030716,
-0.15250566601753235,
-0.20510201156139374,
-0.06897955387830734,
-0.5429847240447998,
-0.18253500759601593,
-0.74397873878479,
0.47774091362953186,
-0.7684119939804077,
-0.4861885607242584,
0.1623513251543045,
0.35135215520858765,
0.3699647784233093,
-0.9701806306838989,
0.07760508358478546,
0.6905561089515686,
-0.36099550127983093,
-0.18517230451107025,
-0.5302302241325378,
-0.040720704942941666,
-0.3730393946170807,
-0.3467092514038086,
0.1055314689874649,
-0.2685880661010742,
0.11156422644853592,
0.42467185854911804,
0.2541280686855316,
0.15728957951068878,
0.5101370811462402,
0.15333257615566254,
-0.32065626978874207,
0.5792703032493591,
-0.6704590320587158,
0.09723126888275146,
0.306365042924881,
-0.22181758284568787,
-0.09245485812425613,
0.19679975509643555,
-5.742282867431641,
0.4943685829639435,
0.18703773617744446,
0.2801699638366699,
-0.35889455676078796,
0.49475300312042236,
0.6054434180259705,
-0.8567401170730591,
-0.10700476914644241,
-0.18520042300224304,
-0.1567157357931137,
-0.4774824380874634,
-0.0871935561299324,
-0.1668122559785843,
0.13133205473423004,
-0.006417105905711651,
0.5914543271064758,
-0.5745983123779297,
0.6188770532608032,
0.32450222969055176,
-0.2903660535812378,
-0.5381156206130981,
0.03691699728369713,
0.5565441250801086,
0.20300795137882233,
0.13276658952236176,
0.0584602877497673,
-0.3216872215270996,
-0.39641255140304565,
-0.216518834233284,
0.009266078472137451,
-0.09839975088834763,
-0.33054420351982117,
0.3525352478027344,
-0.15036135911941528,
-0.3021506071090698,
1.096800684928894,
-0.2310131937265396,
-0.33713391423225403,
-0.5946820378303528,
-0.46144217252731323,
-0.22785364091396332,
-0.3807283341884613,
0.1567857712507248,
0.7869019508361816,
0.036754440516233444,
0.024179929867386818,
0.16875377297401428,
-0.8669883608818054,
0.6968972086906433,
0.06722352653741837,
-0.29697802662849426,
0.5130522847175598,
-0.0116887167096138,
-0.14423727989196777,
0.6221320033073425,
-0.33116957545280457,
-0.48141899704933167,
-0.32146012783050537,
-0.11923175305128098,
0.428754061460495,
-0.11821653693914413,
0.12506148219108582,
-0.40239474177360535,
-0.5474706292152405,
-0.11190434545278549,
-0.06249493733048439,
-0.29949769377708435,
0.20780891180038452,
0.13242758810520172,
-0.06860794126987457,
0.576831042766571,
-0.5212445259094238,
-1.2056699991226196,
0.07637816667556763,
-0.24084119498729706,
-0.36020639538764954,
0.06400898098945618,
0.4729069173336029,
0.3815382122993469,
-0.21827751398086548,
0.3689386546611786,
0.6605148911476135,
0.45822763442993164,
0.5196648836135864,
0.028343068435788155,
-0.2430867850780487,
0.3107537627220154,
0.22477605938911438,
0.15597045421600342,
0.7378112077713013,
-0.3019404113292694,
0.04810560867190361,
0.15068069100379944,
0.23918910324573517,
0.26955774426460266,
0.3590896427631378,
0.14482852816581726,
0.29780814051628113,
-0.08077152818441391,
0.04118984192609787,
-0.4210611879825592,
-0.12239222973585129,
-0.09874724596738815,
-0.18631374835968018,
-0.042158741503953934,
-0.19258396327495575,
0.4507249593734741,
0.3787938952445984,
-0.4243456721305847,
0.079072006046772,
0.06747563183307648,
0.5841615796089172,
-0.3456818163394928,
0.3084004819393158,
-0.3437657654285431,
0.44860392808914185,
-0.2522222697734833,
0.03623313084244728,
0.07580838352441788,
-0.1816299855709076,
0.19839662313461304,
-0.4100322127342224,
0.07930193841457367,
0.3830721378326416,
-0.261536568403244,
-0.4096563458442688,
0.5931559801101685,
-0.11813478171825409,
-0.13860654830932617,
0.4317125380039215,
0.1332363486289978,
0.3918163478374481,
0.40758001804351807,
-0.07788927108049393,
-0.744136393070221,
-0.5046451687812805,
-1.0081194639205933,
0.12832558155059814,
0.5525109171867371,
0.27952826023101807,
0.24277818202972412,
-0.5950245261192322,
-0.40154972672462463,
0.4208025634288788,
0.03843492642045021,
-0.34293052554130554,
-0.19579561054706573,
-0.6099735498428345,
0.618441104888916,
-0.06049668788909912,
-1.0543726682662964,
0.38544198870658875,
-0.02772805280983448,
-0.5158267021179199,
0.5272701382637024,
-0.057717613875865936,
0.15834836661815643,
-0.06775451451539993,
0.2754296064376831,
0.2249990701675415,
-0.19106175005435944,
-0.5558949708938599,
-0.07658856362104416,
-0.38681185245513916,
-0.5499292016029358,
0.09677127748727798,
0.1382276862859726,
-0.3781241774559021,
0.15598136186599731,
0.27241000533103943,
-0.3846052587032318,
-0.31081900000572205,
0.4517279267311096,
0.48029980063438416,
-0.27466264367103577,
-0.34454968571662903,
0.00010654229117790237,
0.3048442602157593,
-0.284712016582489,
-0.4346062242984772,
0.20259349048137665,
-0.5490780472755432,
0.3120027780532837,
0.43696898221969604,
-0.23715589940547943,
-0.19799545407295227,
-0.4422155022621155,
-0.2824860215187073,
0.1459268480539322,
0.6466293931007385,
-0.10483675450086594,
-0.2347830981016159,
0.209052175283432,
-0.06696338206529617,
-0.45658835768699646,
-0.21257393062114716,
0.29755449295043945,
-0.0721893385052681,
0.11205305904150009,
0.07637230306863785,
0.3439188599586487,
-0.30154573917388916,
-0.0797419622540474,
-0.01722937822341919,
-0.3203669786453247,
0.38727760314941406,
0.00955227017402649,
-0.18420520424842834,
-0.23068997263908386,
-0.5014420747756958,
-0.7991914749145508,
-0.5689160227775574,
0.5314412713050842,
-0.4490477442741394,
-0.32008591294288635,
0.11626560240983963,
-0.6809477210044861,
0.0361696258187294,
-0.4427335858345032,
-0.5309203863143921,
0.5504255294799805,
-0.747191846370697,
-0.5605741143226624,
-0.2275380939245224,
0.40855085849761963,
-0.21252255141735077,
-0.5675878524780273,
0.42476192116737366,
-0.16943129897117615,
-0.5908443927764893,
0.43273550271987915,
0.6795428395271301,
0.23662786185741425,
-0.32634902000427246,
-0.12295117229223251,
0.11135437339544296,
-0.3102022707462311,
-0.3743370771408081,
0.7800576090812683,
0.07950275391340256,
0.9551496505737305,
0.2882084548473358,
-0.3195485472679138,
-0.15054947137832642,
0.12886132299900055,
0.502440333366394,
0.10338502377271652,
-0.4002610445022583,
-0.11370164155960083,
0.3864173889160156,
0.27487748861312866,
-0.4890017807483673,
-0.5689379572868347,
-0.04492778331041336,
-1.3146997690200806,
-0.13529090583324432,
0.1691024750471115,
0.3177514672279358,
-0.2615620493888855,
-0.7422193288803101,
-0.4317275285720825,
0.04288450628519058,
-0.4495495855808258,
0.05598850175738335,
0.4382733404636383,
-0.2794044613838196,
-0.4282633662223816,
-0.10599799454212189,
-0.37139564752578735,
0.15888604521751404,
-0.4633978307247162,
-0.04825134575366974,
-0.2904732823371887,
0.1433326005935669,
-0.33135536313056946,
-0.24225451052188873,
-0.06921564042568207,
-0.2150951772928238,
-0.3686973750591278,
-0.42328155040740967,
-0.5347821712493896,
-0.005932270083576441,
-0.45691952109336853,
0.48697301745414734,
-0.7112095355987549,
0.15140537917613983,
-0.038130853325128555,
-0.5779911279678345,
0.13905811309814453,
-0.42154762148857117,
0.306399405002594,
0.019555460661649704,
-0.30813005566596985,
0.021758923307061195,
0.5379764437675476,
0.8636475801467896,
0.7554373145103455,
-0.888512134552002,
0.04368295148015022,
-0.4749041199684143,
0.1844172328710556,
0.48663872480392456,
-0.1866607517004013,
0.3422911763191223,
-0.6402876377105713,
-0.153126522898674,
-0.8394362330436707,
0.21289770305156708,
0.579628586769104,
0.3508028984069824,
0.15890736877918243,
-0.20114080607891083,
0.06810878217220306,
-1.1283550262451172,
0.09547895193099976,
0.242060586810112,
-0.4877585768699646,
-0.32354333996772766,
-0.1340641975402832,
-0.11834895610809326,
-0.1489827185869217,
0.26497820019721985,
0.5980489253997803,
0.5540308952331543,
0.31161630153656006,
0.22960220277309418,
0.30292463302612305,
0.4107828438282013,
0.2598283290863037,
0.11300314962863922,
-0.060079947113990784,
0.03649899363517761,
-0.3497057855129242,
-0.13244938850402832,
-0.1714392453432083,
0.5220568776130676,
-1.0014549493789673,
-0.28715336322784424,
0.3561190366744995,
0.424765408039093,
0.9848393797874451,
0.04638966917991638,
-0.21100246906280518,
0.10471927374601364,
-0.10989904403686523,
0.00921900849789381,
0.3759932816028595,
0.1918841451406479,
-0.015530440025031567,
0.09074528515338898,
0.04441108554601669,
-0.0910075306892395,
-0.8536601066589355,
0.5694324374198914,
-0.0897110179066658,
-0.4545406699180603,
-0.32152679562568665,
0.032022763043642044,
0.426807701587677,
-0.23610618710517883,
0.6707782745361328,
0.1388760209083557,
0.11638479679822922,
0.4028876721858978,
0.34207165241241455,
-0.21824119985103607,
0.06443382054567337,
-0.12529629468917847,
0.15191391110420227,
0.48016995191574097,
-0.1914709061384201,
-0.25282174348831177,
-0.012846749275922775,
0.1040882095694542,
0.03426801413297653,
0.40435555577278137,
0.24026769399642944,
0.036280177533626556,
0.4174770414829254,
-0.08778653293848038,
0.20918895304203033,
0.10722076147794724,
-0.546251654624939,
0.529117226600647,
0.4190714359283447,
0.3992721736431122,
0.4119691848754883,
-0.1510210931301117,
0.3123894929885864,
0.12692564725875854,
-0.10837821662425995,
0.5458908081054688,
-0.12144407629966736,
0.18751253187656403,
0.6176710724830627,
-0.5242918729782104,
0.5275115370750427,
0.5554715394973755,
0.5211146473884583,
0.013150515034794807,
-0.11589426547288895,
-0.20694920420646667,
-0.02401043474674225,
-0.2970004379749298,
0.5987709760665894,
-0.45476415753364563,
0.09298393875360489,
-0.8472000956535339,
0.5730855464935303,
0.18173332512378693,
0.8885583281517029,
0.32312992215156555,
0.5310046672821045,
-0.7043403387069702,
0.3384604752063751,
0.6791467666625977,
-0.21371373534202576,
-0.42298948764801025,
-0.12128826230764389,
-1.0592691898345947,
-0.816909909248352,
0.061026617884635925,
0.44840583205223083,
-0.3078036308288574,
-0.2813401520252228,
0.23793795704841614,
0.2332475781440735,
0.09572993963956833,
0.5665908455848694,
0.2823319137096405,
-0.10300377011299133,
0.03418511524796486,
0.05304897576570511,
-0.16398045420646667,
0.05945637822151184,
0.10837394744157791,
0.5278292894363403,
-0.1152394562959671,
-0.11453025788068771,
0.7961248159408569,
-0.3256758451461792,
-0.22303609549999237,
0.21668721735477448,
0.8286820650100708,
0.02904011867940426,
-0.3538249135017395,
0.40504851937294006,
0.017519764602184296,
0.12999077141284943,
0.4961283206939697,
-0.49508243799209595,
0.3205869495868683,
-0.5420569181442261,
-0.43976667523384094,
-0.3710450232028961,
-0.21177920699119568,
-0.24797391891479492,
-0.002612271113321185,
-0.034775856882333755
] |
247676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20Turban%20Rebellion | Yellow Turban Rebellion | The Yellow Turban Rebellion, also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt in China against the Eastern Han dynasty. The uprising broke out in 184 AD during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 AD, pockets of resistance continued and smaller rebellions emerged in later years. It took 21 years until the uprising was fully suppressed in 205 AD. The rebellion, which got its name from the colour of the cloths that the rebels wore on their heads, marked an important point in the history of Taoism due to the rebels' association with secret Taoist societies. The revolt was also used as the opening event in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Causes
A major cause of the rebellion was an agrarian crisis in the north of China. Famine, along with smaller floods along the lower course of the Yellow River, forced many farmers and former military settlers to seek employment in the south, where large landowners took advantage of the labour surplus and amassed large fortunes. The peasants also suffered from high taxation, imposed to fund the construction of fortifications along the Silk Road and garrisons against foreign infiltration and invasion. The strain led to landowners, landless peasants and unemployed veterans forming armed bands (around 170) and eventually private armies.
At the same time, the Han central government was weakening internally. The power of the landowners had become a long-standing problem, but in the run-up to the rebellion, the court eunuchs in particular gained considerably in influence over the emperor, which they abused to enrich themselves. Ten of the most powerful eunuchs formed a group known as the Ten Attendants, and Emperor Ling referred to one of them (Zhang Rang) as his "foster father". The government was widely regarded as corrupt and incapable and the famines and floods were seen as an indication that a decadent emperor had lost his Mandate of Heaven.
Political discontent, as well as droughts and plagues, fuelled public resentment against the Han government. The Taoist sect of Zhang Jue took advantage of public sentiment to further their plans for a new beginning. Zhang Jue sent disciples out to gain support and organize followers throughout north China in preparation for a revolt. The rebels even had allies in the imperial court, and most government officials were either ignorant of their intentions or intimidated by their power. Zhang Jue intended to launch an uprising throughout the Han Empire, but the plan was betrayed before he was ready. Rebel sympathizers in Luoyang were arrested and executed, and the revolt in the provinces had to begin ahead of time, in the second month of 184. Despite the inevitable lack of co-ordination and overall preparation, tens of thousands of men rose in rebellion. Government offices were plundered and destroyed and the imperial armies were immediately forced on the defensive.
The rebels
Founders
The rebellion was led by Zhang Jue (also referred to as Zhang Jiao, known to his followers as the "General of Heaven") and his two younger brothers Zhang Bao () and Zhang Liang (), who were born in Julu Commandery. The brothers had founded a Taoist religious sect in present-day Shandong. They were healers, usually accepting patients pro bono who could not afford to pay them. The brothers saw how the local government abused the peasants through harsh labour and heavy taxes, leaving them overburdened and hungry.
Taoist sect
The rebels were the first followers of the Way of Supreme Peace () and venerated the deity Huang–Lao, who according to Zhang Jue, had given him a sacred book called the Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace () based on the Taipingjing. Zhang Jue, who was said to be a sorcerer, called himself the "Great Teacher" (). When the rebellion was proclaimed, Zhang Jue created a 16-word slogan: Since all the three brothers were healers, they easily spread the slogan among the peasants through their patients.
Religious practices
Zhang Jue used a form of Taoism to cure the sick by confession of sins and by faith healing. The religion and the politics of the Zhang brothers were based on belief in an apocalyptic change in the order of the world. They told their followers that in the jiazi year, the beginning of the new sexagenary cycle, the sky would become yellow, and that under this new heaven the rule of the Han dynasty would end and a new era of government begin. The characters jiazi became a symbol of the coming change and, later, when the followers of Zhang Jue went to battle they wore a yellow cloth bound about their heads as a badge. From this came the term Yellow Turbans.
Nearly all of the religious practices of the sect were communal activities (e.g. collective trances, fasts). A typical worship service consisted largely of music and chanting, the burning of incense, and sermons or anecdotes that could be given by any member of the congregation including women and those perceived as barbarians. Several Xiongnu leaders such as Yufuluo are known to have at least lent their support to the sect and a number of scholars have theorised that Zhang Jue may have derived some of his teachings from shamanism as he appeared as a mystical healer with a direct link to the heavens.
While many of the beliefs of the early Path of Supreme Peace have been lost, it is very likely that they had some relation to the Way of the Celestial Masters, considering Zhang Jue claimed to be a descendant of Zhang Daoling. Many of the writings found in the 52 surviving chapters of the Taiping Jing that are found in the Daozang have a direct relationship to the Way of the Celestial Masters. Regardless, it is quite likely that any discrepancies found within the Way were suppressed by later Taoist sects.
Zhang Jue's plans for rebellion
Before the rebellion started, Zhang Jue had sent Ma Yuanyi () to recruit followers from Jing and Yang provinces and gather them in Ye. As Ma Yuanyi frequently travelled to Luoyang, the Han imperial capital, he managed to build connections with Feng Xu () and Xu Feng (), two members of the influential eunuch faction in the imperial court, and convince them to secretly collaborate with Zhang Jue. They set 3 April 184 as the date for the rebellion, but before the plans was set in motion, the Yellow Turbans were betrayed. One of the founders of "The Way of Peace" movement, Tang Zhou () had been left out of the Zhang brothers' further plans, so he reported Ma Yuanyi to the authorities. Ma Yuanyi was arrested and executed by dismemberment in Luoyang.
After Emperor Ling learned that Zhang Jue was plotting a revolt, he ordered Zhou Bin (), Prefect of the Palace Parks (), to conduct an investigation and capture all the conspirators. Hundreds of people were arrested and executed during this time.
The yellow rebellion
When Zhang Jue heard that the Han government had caught wind about his plans to rebel, he quickly sent messengers to contact his allies throughout China and take action immediately. Sometime between 29 February and 29 March 184, Zhang Jue started the Yellow Turban Rebellion with some 360,000 followers under his command, all of whom wore yellow headscarves or turbans. He called himself "Lord General of Heaven" (), while his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang were respectively called "Lord General of Earth" () and "Lord General of People" (). The rebels attacked government offices, pillaged counties and villages, and seized control of commanderies. Within 10 days, the rebellion had spread throughout China and caused much alarm to the Han imperial court in Luoyang.
The rebels were mostly concentrated in Ji, Jing, You and Yu provinces. The group led by Zhang Jue and his brothers gained their support in Ji Province, located just north of the Yellow River, near Zhang Jue's home territory of Julu Commandery (around present-day Pingxiang County, Hebei) and Wei Commandery (around present-day Handan, Hebei). A second major uprising took place in Guangyang Commandery (around present-day Beijing) and Zhuo Commandery (around present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei) in You Province. The third centre of the rebellion was in Yingchuan Commandery (around present-day Xuchang, Henan) and Runan Commandery (around present-day Xinyang, Henan) in Yu Province, and Nanyang Commandery (around present-day Nanyang, Henan) in northern JingProvince.
On 1 April 184, Emperor Ling appointed his brother-in-law He Jin, the Intendant of Henan (), as General-in-Chief () and ordered him to supervise the imperial armies to suppress the rebellion. At the same time, Emperor Ling also appointed three generals – Lu Zhi, Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun – to lead three separate armies to deal with the rebels. Lu Zhi went for Zhang Jue's base in Ji Province, while Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun headed to Yingchuan Commandery. They had a total of about 40,000 troops.
You Province: Guangyang and Zhuo commanderies
In You Province, the rebels killed Guo Xun (), the provincial Inspector, and Liu Wei (), the Administrator of Guangyang Commandery.
Zou Jing, a colonel, led imperial forces to eliminate the rebels in You Province. Liu Bei led a group of volunteers to assist him.
Yu Province: Runan and Yingchuan commanderies
When the rebellion first broke out in Yu Province, the Han imperial court specially selected Wang Yun to be the inspector of the province to oversee the military operations.
Zhao Qian (), the administrator of Runan Commandery, led his troops to attack the rebels before Zhu Jun arrived, but was defeated at Shaoling (; in present-day southeastern Henan). When Chen County (; present-day Huaiyang County, Henan) was under attack by the rebels, seven of Zhao Qian's subordinates, who were non-military personnel, armed themselves with swords and attempted to fight the rebels but were all killed. Later, after the rebellion was suppressed, Emperor Ling issued an edict to honour the seven as the "Seven Virtuous" ().
Chen State (; around present-day Zhoukou, Henan), one of the commanderies in Yu Province and the princedom of Liu Chong, was rather peaceful during the rebellion. This was because the rebels feared Liu Chong, who was famous for his prowess in archery, and an elite archer unit under his command.
The rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Bo Cai (), initially defeated Zhu Jun in battle and drove him back. The imperial court then sent Cao Cao, a cavalry commandant, to lead reinforcements to assist Zhu Jun. Sometime between 28 May and 25 June, Zhu Jun, Huangfu Song and Cao Cao joined forces and defeated Bo Cai at Changshe (; east of present-day Changge, Henan). While Bo Cai attempted to flee, Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun pursued him to Yangzhai County (陽翟縣; present-day Yuzhou, Henan) and defeated him again there, causing the rebels to scatter.
Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun then defeated the rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Peng Tuo (), at Xihua County (; south of present-day Xihua County, Henan). The imperial court then ordered them to split up: Huangfu Song would attack the rebels at Dong Commandery (東郡; around present-day Puyang County, Henan), while Zhu Jun would attack the rebels at Nanyang Commandery. During this time, Wang Yun, the Inspector of Yu Province, found evidence that the rebels had been secretly maintaining contact with Zhang Rang (), the leader of the eunuch faction in Luoyang, so he reported it to Emperor Ling, who scolded Zhang Rang but did not punish him.
Between 7 November and 6 December, Bao Hong (), a colonel, led imperial forces to attack the rebels in Gebei (; northwest of present-day Xincai County, Henan) and defeated them.
Ji Province: Wei and Julu commanderies
In the meantime, Lu Zhi defeated Zhang Jue's rebel forces in Julu Commandery and besieged the rebel leader in Guangzong County (; southeast of present-day Guangzong County, Hebei). However, after a eunuch falsely accused him of treason, Emperor Ling ordered Lu Zhi to be removed from his command and escorted back to Luoyang as a prisoner. The imperial court then ordered the general Dong Zhuo to take over Lu Zhi's position and attack Zhang Jue. However, Dong Zhuo failed and retreated.
On 23 or 24 September, Huangfu Song and Fu Xie (), a Major under him, defeated the rebels at Cangting (; north of present-day Yanggu County, Shandong), captured their leader Bu Ji (卜己), and killed over 7,000 rebels, including other minor leaders Zhang Bo () and Liang Zhongning (). On 25 September, the imperial court ordered him to replace Dong Zhuo and lead his troops north to Guangzong County and attack Zhang Jue.
Zhang Jue died of illness while under attack by Huangfu Song in Guangzong County. Between 21 November and 20 December, Huangfu Song kept attacking Zhang Liang, who had taken over command of his brother's followers at Guangzong County, but could not overcome the rebels because Zhang Liang probably had the best fighters among the Yellow Turbans with him. Huangfu Song then switched to a defensive approach to trick the rebels into lowering their guard, which they did. He seized the opportunity to strike back at night and inflicted a devastating defeat on the rebels. Zhang Liang was killed in action along with some 30,000 rebels, while another 50,000 rebels who attempted to flee across the river ended up drowning. Huangfu Song also burnt over 30,000 carts containing supplies for the rebels and captured most of their family members. Huangfu Song then had Zhang Jue's body excavated and decapitated, and sent his head to the imperial court in Luoyang.
In recognition of Huangfu Song's achievements, Emperor Ling promoted him to Left General of Chariots and Cavalry (). Between 21 December 184 and 18 January 185, Huangfu Song joined forces with Guo Dian (), the Administrator of Julu Commandery, to attack the remaining rebels led by Zhang Jue's other brother, Zhang Bao. They defeated the rebels at Xiaquyang County (; west of present-day Jinzhou, Hebei), killed Zhang Bao and received the surrender of over 100,000 rebels.
Jing Province: Nanyang Commandery
On 24 March 184, the rebels led by Zhang Mancheng () killed Chu Gong (), the Administrator of Nanyang Commandery, and occupied the commandery's capital, Wancheng (; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan). Chu Gong's successor, Qin Jie (), rallied local forces in Nanyang Commandery to attack Zhang Mancheng and defeated and killed him between 26 June and 25 July, before reinforcements led by Zhu Jun showed up.
After Zhang Mancheng's death, Zhao Hong () became the new rebel leader in Wancheng. Around October 184 or after, Qin Jie and Zhu Jun combined forces with Xu Qiu (), the Inspector of Jing Province, to attack Wancheng with an army of about 18,000. They defeated and killed Zhao Hong.
Following Zhao Hong's death, Han Zhong () and the remaining rebels seized control of Wancheng and continued to resist imperial forces. Zhu Jun ordered his troops to pretend to attack from the southwest, while he secretly led 5,000 elite soldiers to infiltrate Wancheng from the northeast. Han Zhong retreated into the citadel and wanted to surrender. Qin Jie, Xu Qiu and Zhang Chao (), a Major under Zhu Jun, all urged Zhu Jun to accept Han Zhong's surrender but he refused. Later, Zhu Jun pretended to lift the siege to lure Han Zhong to come out and attack. Han Zhong fell for the ruse, lost the battle and tried to flee north while some 10,000 of his men were slaughtered by imperial forces. In desperation, Han Zhong surrendered to Zhu Jun, but Qin Jie, who hated him, had him executed.
On 11 January 185, Zhu Jun defeated another rebel force led by Sun Xia (), who then fled towards Xi'e County (; north of present-day Nanyang, Henan). Zhu Jun pursued him there, defeated him and caused the remaining rebels to disperse.
Xu and Yang provinces
In Xu Province, the provincial Inspector Tao Qian, with the aid of Zang Ba and others, managed to defeat the rebels and restore peace in the region.
Sun Jian, then a minor official serving in Xiapi County (; south of present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu) in Xu Province, came to join Zhu Jun's army as a Major. He brought along with him several young men from Xiapi County and other soldiers he recruited from the Huai River region.
In Yang Province, the rebels attacked Shu County (; in present-day central Anhui), a county in Lujiang Commandery (; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui), and set fire to buildings. Yang Xu (), the Administrator of Lujiang Commandery, managed to rally thousands of able-bodied men aged 19 or above to help him in fighting the rebels and putting out the fires. He succeeded, restoring peace and stability in the region.
End of the rebellion
By the beginning of 185, the rebellion had mostly been suppressed following Zhu Jun's recapture of Wancheng in Nanyang Commandery and Huangfu Song's victories over the Zhang brothers in Ji Province. The remaining, scattered rebels were pursued by government forces in various mopping-up operations, and in mid-February 185, Emperor Ling issued a proclamation of celebration by changing his era name from Guanghe () to Zhongping (; "pacification achieved").
Resurgent Yellow Turban activities after early 185
Although the Yellow Turban Rebellion ended by February 185, smaller rebellions by Yellow Turban remnants continued to break out throughout China over the following decades, even in provinces which were previously largely unaffected.
White Wave Bandits
Between 16 March and 13 April 188, Guo Tai () led some 100,000 Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Xihe Commandery (around present-day Fenyang, Shanxi). As they originated from Baibo Valley (白波谷; "White Wave Valley") in Xihe Commandery, they later became known as the "White Wave Bandits" (白波賊). They allied with the Xiongnu leader Yufuluo and attacked Taiyuan Commandery (around present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi) and Hedong Commandery (around present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi). Between 27 October and 25 November 189, when the bandits attacked Hedong Commandery, the warlord Dong Zhuo sent his son-in-law Niu Fu to lead troops to attack them, but Niu Fu failed to defeat them.
Around mid-195, Emperor Xian fled from the imperial capital Chang'an, where he had been held hostage by Dong Zhuo's followers, led by Li Jue and Guo Si, since Dong Zhuo's death in 192. He returned to the ruins of the old imperial capital Luoyang, which Dong Zhuo burnt down in 191 while forcefully relocating its residents to Chang'an. Dong Cheng (a former subordinate of Niu Fu) and Yang Feng (a former White Wave bandit) protected Emperor Xian in Luoyang when Li Jue and Guo Si tried to pursue and bring the emperor back to Chang'an. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng summoned the White Wave Bandits, led by Li Le (), Han Xian, Hu Cai () and others, to come to Emperor Xian's aid. Xiongnu forces led by Qubei (去卑) also responded to the call and came to help Emperor Xian resist Li Jue and Guo Si's forces. Between 195 and 196, the warlord Cao Cao led his forces into Luoyang and escorted Emperor Xian to his own base in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) and established the new imperial capital there.
Yi Province: Ma Xiang and Zhao Zhi
In 188, Ma Xiang () and Zhao Zhi () led Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). They killed Li Sheng (; Prefect of Mianzhu County ), Zhao Bu (; Administrator of Ba Commandery ) and Xi Jian (; Inspector of Yi Province). Ma Xiang even declared himself emperor. The rebellion was suppressed by local forces led by Jia Long (), a former subordinate of Xi Jian.
Qing Province: Zhang Rao, Guan Hai, Xu He and Sima Ju
Around 189, Zhang Rao () led some 200,000 Yellow Turban remnants to ravage Qing Province. He defeated imperial forces under Kong Rong, the Han-appointed Chancellor of Beihai State (around present-day Weifang, Shandong) in Qing Province. Later, Kong Rong was besieged in Duchang County (; present-day Changyi, Shandong) by thousands of Yellow Turban rebels led by Guan Hai (). Taishi Ci, then a military officer under Kong Rong, managed to break out of the siege and seek help from Liu Bei, who was then the Chancellor of the nearby Pingyuan State. Liu Bei brought along 3,000 troops to attack Guan Hai and succeeded in saving Kong Rong.
In the 200s, Xu He () and Sima Ju () led Yellow Turban remnants from Jinan Commandery (around present-day Zhangqiu, Shandong) and Le'an Commandery (around present-day Zibo, Shandong) respectively to ravage Qing Province. They were defeated and killed by Xiahou Yuan, Zang Ba and Lü Qian some time between 206 and 209.
Yan Province: Cao Cao's Qingzhou Army
Around May 192, some hundreds of thousands of Yellow Turban remnants from Qing Province swarmed into Yan Province and killed Zheng Sui (), the Chancellor of Rencheng State (; around present-day Zoucheng, Shandong), before moving into Dongping Commandery (; around present-day Dongping County, Shandong). Liu Dai, the Inspector of Yan Province, wanted to lead his troops to attack the rebels but the general Bao Xin advised him against it. Liu Dai ignored Bao Xin's advice, attacked the rebels, and met his end. Bao Xin and another official, Wan Qian (), went to Dong Commandery (; around present-day Puyang, Henan) to invite Cao Cao to be the new Governor of Yan Province. Bao Xin then led government forces to attack the rebels at the east of Shouzhang County (; south of present-day Dongping County, Shandong) but was killed in action. Later, despite having fewer troops, Cao Cao managed to defeat the rebels in Jibei State. The rebels, numbering over 300,000, surrendered to Cao Cao along with their families. Cao Cao then recruited their best warriors and organised them to form an elite military unit, the Qingzhou Army (; also translated as "Qingzhou Corps").
Runan and Yingchuan commanderies: He Yi, Liu Pi, Gong Du and others
In Runan Commandery and Yingchuan Commandery, thousands of Yellow Turban remnants remained active under the leadership of He Yi (), Liu Pi (), Huang Shao (), He Man () and others. They were initially allied with the warlords Yuan Shu and Sun Jian, but became an independent force in the 190s. Between 17 March and 15 April 196, the warlord Cao Cao led his forces to attack them and killed Liu Pi, Huang Shao and He Man. He Yi and the others surrendered to Cao Cao.
There were other Yellow Turban remnant forces led by Gong Du () and Wu Ba () in Runan Commandery. Wu Ba was defeated and captured by the general Li Tong. Gong Du posed a threat to Cao Cao when he allied with Cao Cao's rival, Liu Bei, and seized control of Runan Commandery in 201. Cao Cao first sent Cai Yang () to eliminate them, but after Cai Yang was killed, he personally led his troops to attack them and defeated them. Liu Bei fled south to join Liu Biao, while Gong Du and the remaining rebels dispersed.
Yang and Jiao provinces
Another Yellow Turban remnant force led by Wu Huan () was active in Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) until Liu Zan defeated and killed Wu Huan.
In the 200s, Chen Bai () and Wan Cheng () started a rebellion in Jiuzhen Commandery (; present-day Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam) in Jiao Province. In 202, they were defeated and captured by Zhu Zhi, the commandery's Administrator.
Aftermath and impact
The Han armies gained victory at high cost. Over wide areas, government offices had been destroyed, officials had been killed, and whole districts were cut off from the writ of the central government. Rebel deaths numbered in the hundreds of thousands, while many non-combatants had been left homeless or destitute by the wars, and the economy and society over great parts of this most populous region of the empire were left in ruins and without resources. Unrest remained and bandits appeared in every district; the Han government, in no position to put down all the lesser disturbances, was forced to patch up the situation as best it could. A long period of consolidation was needed to restore some measure of peace and prosperity, but that breathing space was not given.
While the rebellion was eventually defeated, the military leaders and local administrators gained self-governing powers in the process. This hastened the collapse of the Han dynasty in 220. After Emperor Ling died in 189, a power struggle between He Jin and the eunuchs culminated in He Jin's assassination on 22 September 189. He Jin's chief ally, Yuan Shao, retaliated by setting the palace on fire and slaughtering the eunuchs. Finally, the warlord Dong Zhuo was able to gain control over the underage heir to the throne which he used as a legitimization for occupying the capital, which was ransacked on the occasion. Because of his cruelty, Dong Zhuo was murdered in 192, setting the stage for Cao Cao's rise to power.
Despite the negative manner in which the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the Yellow Turban Rebellion, many subsequent peasant uprisings in China drew inspiration from the Yellow Turban Rebellion and even claimed to be its spiritual successors.
Involved parties
Yellow Turban rebels
Zhang Jue, overall leader of the rebellion, stationed in Wei and Julu commanderies.
Zhang Bao (張寶), Zhang Jue's younger brother.
Zhang Liang (張梁), Zhang Jue's younger brother.
Bu Ji (卜己), leader of the rebels at Cangting.
Zhang Bo (張伯)
Liang Zhongning (梁仲寧)
Zhang Mancheng (張曼成), leader of the rebels in Nanyang Commandery.
Zhao Hong (趙弘)
Han Zhong (韓忠)
Sun Xia (孫夏)
Bo Cai (波才), leader of the rebels in Runan and Yingchuan commanderies.
Peng Tuo (彭脫)
Ma Yuanyi (馬元義)
Tang Zhou (唐周)
Han imperial forces
Emperor Ling
He Jin, General-in-Chief (大將軍)
Lu Zhi, North General of the Household (北中郎將).
Huangfu Song, Left General of the Household (左中郎將).
Fu Xie (傅燮), Major (司馬)
Zhu Jun, Right General of the Household (右中郎將).
Zhang Chao (張超), Major (司馬).
Sun Jian, Major (司馬).
Dong Zhuo, General of the Household (中郎將)
Cao Cao, Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉)
Bao Hong (鮑鴻), Colonel (校尉).
Guo Dian (郭典), Administrator of Julu Commandery
Xu Qiu (徐璆), Inspector of Jing Province.
Chu Gong (褚貢), Administrator of Nanyang Commandery.
Qin Jie (秦頡), Administrator of Nanyang Commandery.
Tao Qian, Inspector of Xu Province.
Zang Ba, Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉).
Yang Xu (羊續), Administrator of Lujiang Commandery.
Guo Xun (郭勳), Inspector of You Province
Liu Wei (劉衛), Administrator of Guangyang Commandery.
Zou Jing, Colonel (校尉).
Liu Bei
Wang Yun, Inspector of Yu Province.
Zhao Qian (趙謙), Administrator of Runan Commandery (汝南郡).
Yuan Mi (袁祕), yisheng (議生; scholar).
Feng Guan (封觀), Officer of Merit (功曹).
Chen Duan (陳端), Registrar (主簿).
Fan Zhongli (范仲禮), a menxiadu (門下督; patrol officer).
Liu Weide (劉偉德), zeicao (賊曹; law enforcement officer).
Ding Zisi (丁子嗣), zhujishi (主記史; historian).
Zhang Zhongran (張仲然), a jishishi (記室史; scribe/note-taker).
Liu Chong (劉寵), Prince of Chen.
Resurgent Yellow Turban rebels
Ma Xiang (馬相), started a rebellion in Yi Province in 188.
Zhao Zhi (趙祗)
Zhang Rao (張饒), attacked and defeated Kong Rong in Qing Province around 189.
Guan Hai (管亥), attacked and besieged Kong Rong in Duchang County around 189 or 190, but was defeated by Liu Bei.
Wu Huan (吳桓), active in Kuaiji Commandery.
He Yi (何儀), led rebels in the 190s in Runan Commandery
Liu Pi (劉辟)
Huang Shao (黃邵)
He Man (何曼)
Gong Du (共都/龔都), active in Runan Commandery, allied with Liu Bei in 201.
Wu Ba (吳霸), active in Runan Commandery.
Xu He (徐和), led rebels in the 200s in Jinan Commandery.
Sima Ju (司馬俱), led rebels in the 200s in Le'an Commandery.
Chen Bai (陳敗), led rebels in the 200s in Jiuzhen Commandery.
Wan Cheng (萬秉)
White Wave Bandits
Guo Tai (郭太), started a rebellion in 188 in Xihe Commandery. This group of rebels became the White Wave Bandits.
Yang Feng, became a subordinate of Li Jue. He protected Emperor Xian from Li Jue and Guo Si in 195.
Li Le (李樂), along with Han Xian, Hu Cai and others, came to Emperor Xian's defence in Luoyang in 195.
Han Xian
Hu Cai (胡才)
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The rebellion is portrayed in the opening chapters of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which portrays the Zhang brothers as sorcerers, having been provided the Taiping Jing from the "old immortal spirit from the southern lands" (sometimes identified as Zhuangzi).
Many fictional Yellow Turban figures were created for the novel, including:
Du Yuan, killed by Liao Hua for kidnapping Liu Bei's wives.
Zhou Cang, Guan Yu's rebel-turned-weapon bearer.
Gao Sheng, a subordinate of Zhang Bao.
Cheng Yuanzhi, defeated by Liu Bei's forces in their first engagement.
Deng Mao, Cheng Yuanzhi's champion.
Bian Xi, an eventual servant of Cao Cao who tried and failed to kill Guan Yu.
Though not a fictional character, Liao Hua was presented in the novel as having been a Yellow Turban rebel in his earlier days; this is historically unlikely, given his date of death and predicted lifespan.
In popular culture
The rebellion also appears as an early stage in each iteration of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game franchise, remaining largely unchanged throughout the series. It is also featured in Total War: Three Kingdoms as playable factions in the Yellow Turban DLC led by He Yi, Gong Du, and Huang Shao, and in the Mandate of Heaven DLC led by Zhang Jue,
Zhang Bao, and Zhang Liang.
Notes
References
Chen, Shou (third century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
Fan, Ye (fifth century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
.
180s conflicts
190s conflicts
200s conflicts
Rebellions during the end of the Han dynasty
Peasant revolts
History of Taoism
Apocalypticism
Romance of the Three Kingdoms | [
0.031110137701034546,
-0.07644023001194,
-0.8650314211845398,
-0.35390833020210266,
-0.6795169711112976,
0.8802328705787659,
0.0810619369149208,
0.4183740019798279,
-0.21401895582675934,
-0.1363944262266159,
-0.45842939615249634,
0.2708023190498352,
-0.36080461740493774,
0.8801990151405334,
-0.7986857295036316,
0.436933696269989,
0.8990387916564941,
0.34035852551460266,
0.00012106094072805718,
0.2431062012910843,
-0.3782447576522827,
0.10850393772125244,
-0.002827645046636462,
0.2051244080066681,
0.2134667932987213,
-0.534591555595398,
0.7554814219474792,
0.07063993811607361,
-0.06341256201267242,
-0.32005807757377625,
-0.23400595784187317,
0.6517478823661804,
0.41353967785835266,
-0.2430896759033203,
-0.4756069481372833,
-0.2588440477848053,
-0.5066428780555725,
-0.2631942629814148,
-0.21321502327919006,
-0.31326666474342346,
-0.7961879968643188,
-0.17064334452152252,
0.1477596014738083,
0.699760913848877,
0.5577729344367981,
-0.6679369211196899,
-1.235317587852478,
0.42137959599494934,
-0.6892750859260559,
-0.13612352311611176,
-0.3302159607410431,
0.7848712205886841,
-0.02600654773414135,
-0.32710883021354675,
0.23395822942256927,
0.4055926203727722,
-1.0042922496795654,
-0.2911173701286316,
-0.12468446791172028,
-0.8240457773208618,
0.9267868995666504,
0.468863308429718,
0.18273897469043732,
-0.06396566331386566,
-0.45163214206695557,
0.25649765133857727,
0.05472321808338165,
1.1253563165664673,
0.05989520996809006,
-0.5590856075286865,
0.03694552928209305,
0.6696839332580566,
0.1256551891565323,
-0.024976810440421104,
-0.0027696462348103523,
-0.7609989643096924,
-0.045221179723739624,
0.06298302114009857,
-0.168000265955925,
-0.26280978322029114,
-0.038549650460481644,
-0.16613517701625824,
0.34678149223327637,
-0.051740944385528564,
0.40089622139930725,
-0.26516810059547424,
0.0226268507540226,
0.3142744302749634,
-0.19730181992053986,
0.031190302222967148,
-0.19364120066165924,
0.3589341342449188,
0.6562209129333496,
0.2078685313463211,
-0.7057733535766602,
-0.15918369591236115,
-0.19637203216552734,
0.2843710482120514,
-0.5957956314086914,
0.03620776906609535,
-0.011336752213537693,
0.39972513914108276,
0.5552517175674438,
0.045155275613069534,
-0.4859127700328827,
-0.10664106160402298,
0.22777557373046875,
-0.023570092394948006,
0.03390663489699364,
-0.4868380129337311,
-0.41571491956710815,
0.1421544849872589,
-0.39016324281692505,
-0.04526439681649208,
0.025431767106056213,
0.22340740263462067,
-0.21524392068386078,
-0.4522455930709839,
-0.02028709463775158,
0.03839867562055588,
-0.3123604953289032,
0.12403581291437149,
-0.4859084188938141,
0.3076973557472229,
0.10258380323648453,
0.05603943392634392,
-0.046536341309547424,
-0.0034279695246368647,
-0.7180278897285461,
0.7144119143486023,
0.6191458106040955,
0.9669010639190674,
-0.6868524551391602,
-0.35933399200439453,
-0.08629986643791199,
0.029431629925966263,
0.8957493305206299,
0.4226265549659729,
0.15215875208377838,
-0.3024451434612274,
-1.315718173980713,
0.18124105036258698,
-0.2936868667602539,
0.5316264033317566,
-0.14431430399417877,
-0.1365312784910202,
-0.5957210063934326,
-0.3500673174858093,
-0.4837787449359894,
-0.8488422632217407,
0.14583131670951843,
-0.4381386637687683,
-0.27805274724960327,
0.5040619373321533,
-0.2037125676870346,
0.8445129990577698,
0.479760080575943,
-0.7773117423057556,
0.20766787230968475,
0.008379767648875713,
0.44998663663864136,
0.5605065822601318,
-0.31572169065475464,
-0.04005404934287071,
-0.09648077189922333,
-0.05473192781209946,
0.44554123282432556,
0.9241211414337158,
-0.08927977085113525,
0.12603536248207092,
-0.4413868188858032,
0.4196668267250061,
0.040282927453517914,
-0.14210312068462372,
0.3860151767730713,
0.496643602848053,
0.22750324010849,
0.5431541204452515,
0.04794375225901604,
0.5927976369857788,
-0.5745739340782166,
0.5867055654525757,
0.37553030252456665,
0.4454295337200165,
0.37014952301979065,
0.2850402295589447,
0.3454635441303253,
-0.2637091279029846,
-0.18083646893501282,
-0.3585459589958191,
-0.7010429501533508,
-0.28425678610801697,
0.3074682354927063,
0.1583649069070816,
1.0322548151016235,
0.3181688189506531,
0.04454132914543152,
0.4617057740688324,
-0.16515812277793884,
0.5821101665496826,
0.0007738654385320842,
-0.08100047707557678,
0.49014994502067566,
-0.015020917169749737,
-0.41587936878204346,
-0.22326786816120148,
-0.323827862739563,
0.5628479719161987,
0.24764293432235718,
0.48412439227104187,
0.46548426151275635,
0.15561756491661072,
0.024802228435873985,
-0.2840411067008972,
0.03747304528951645,
0.0470111258327961,
-0.5703666806221008,
-0.32984042167663574,
0.3298299312591553,
-0.8113616704940796,
-0.08538992702960968,
-0.5077468752861023,
-0.2991355061531067,
0.7634756565093994,
0.12064061313867569,
0.7308697700500488,
0.016820179298520088,
0.32921457290649414,
0.285281240940094,
-0.6905413269996643,
-0.41077348589897156,
-0.13646875321865082,
0.49758997559547424,
-0.2837406396865845,
-0.24439217150211334,
-0.2355983704328537,
-0.12781420350074768,
-0.07779894769191742,
0.04446391388773918,
-0.6594966053962708,
0.4493825137615204,
0.26851123571395874,
0.25476792454719543,
-0.0617208257317543,
-0.47737789154052734,
-0.23716402053833008,
-0.5735011696815491,
0.36354586482048035,
0.3420144021511078,
-0.0733974277973175,
0.19057011604309082,
0.30881407856941223,
0.0702260434627533,
-0.4431977868080139,
-0.06604018807411194,
-0.13722959160804749,
0.3432008624076843,
-0.267648845911026,
0.40173694491386414,
0.2364819198846817,
0.370729923248291,
0.27258631587028503,
-0.021711356937885284,
0.5068822503089905,
0.338742196559906,
-0.15963111817836761,
-0.42892205715179443,
-0.018283966928720474,
0.1648303121328354,
0.34446850419044495,
0.02630237489938736,
0.031980544328689575,
-0.49161073565483093,
-0.04792896658182144,
-0.17303422093391418,
-0.5708925127983093,
0.025071151554584503,
0.34973493218421936,
-0.8453459739685059,
-0.7920507192611694,
-0.16885872185230255,
0.2546219229698181,
0.4422697126865387,
-0.995988667011261,
-0.13338598608970642,
-0.1839812695980072,
-0.6059592962265015,
0.23827609419822693,
-0.06913287192583084,
-0.005670108366757631,
-0.5018452405929565,
0.7169076204299927,
0.26959243416786194,
0.36578619480133057,
-0.6228704452514648,
0.06264550983905792,
-0.2446744441986084,
0.43821272253990173,
1.0062445402145386,
-0.3973977863788605,
-0.49648812413215637,
0.15490251779556274,
-0.15865035355091095,
-0.0007237257668748498,
0.21570248901844025,
0.2943173050880432,
-0.26291289925575256,
0.2830624580383301,
-5.55078125,
-0.1517229825258255,
0.039851509034633636,
-0.06279830634593964,
-0.2803089916706085,
0.11432576924562454,
0.38146334886550903,
-0.5610460638999939,
-0.025727108120918274,
-0.36516910791397095,
0.06641601026058197,
-0.05359869450330734,
-0.5070188045501709,
-0.2782568633556366,
-0.3408288061618805,
0.5147880911827087,
0.30684641003608704,
-0.24903292953968048,
0.5194829702377319,
0.395536333322525,
-0.07865243405103683,
0.12732014060020447,
-0.29563435912132263,
0.7917725443840027,
-0.039270710200071335,
0.22470320761203766,
-0.33941906690597534,
-0.3386339247226715,
-0.9092422127723694,
0.2799363136291504,
0.19292092323303223,
-0.4964084029197693,
0.13528689742088318,
0.06532147526741028,
-0.09578941017389297,
-0.5497692823410034,
0.22225885093212128,
0.4466816782951355,
-0.04220203682780266,
0.14240483939647675,
-0.7730033993721008,
-0.40582066774368286,
-0.09835032373666763,
0.692744791507721,
0.6338510513305664,
-0.15788595378398895,
-0.029650498181581497,
-0.2924717962741852,
-0.25722572207450867,
0.629668116569519,
0.14322210848331451,
-0.08933371305465698,
0.5501742362976074,
-0.06139449030160904,
0.30063456296920776,
0.7420337200164795,
-0.27666792273521423,
-0.3184897005558014,
-0.36893218755722046,
0.034939493983983994,
0.026604624465107918,
-0.32513460516929626,
-0.4237774908542633,
-0.2003435343503952,
0.08133044093847275,
-0.2876277565956116,
-0.034937985241413116,
-0.10992731153964996,
0.13604946434497833,
0.4376966059207916,
0.1608605831861496,
0.331770658493042,
-0.38127589225769043,
-0.8661417961120605,
0.34012097120285034,
-0.2255273163318634,
-0.6851032972335815,
-0.21527233719825745,
0.26172831654548645,
0.2053026407957077,
-0.4069453775882721,
-0.15187130868434906,
0.34741106629371643,
-0.07621289789676666,
-0.0026637320406734943,
-0.1113579124212265,
0.19232864677906036,
0.2858363687992096,
-0.2597314417362213,
0.41714295744895935,
1.1861506700515747,
-0.6640650033950806,
0.09060842543840408,
0.1303776651620865,
0.7950381636619568,
0.7297747731208801,
0.44464075565338135,
0.008645834401249886,
0.08804158866405487,
-0.33048108220100403,
-0.16554157435894012,
-0.7338213324546814,
-0.2441413402557373,
-0.3537629246711731,
-0.4452398717403412,
-0.15580378472805023,
-0.13451170921325684,
0.8243390321731567,
1.1677824258804321,
-0.12071441113948822,
0.6197692155838013,
0.04296340048313141,
0.07761161029338837,
-0.09641606360673904,
0.46404895186424255,
0.08797146379947662,
0.7711402773857117,
0.18021099269390106,
0.4152078926563263,
0.0681140273809433,
0.3142755627632141,
0.32816582918167114,
-0.8726763129234314,
0.05677793174982071,
0.7755756974220276,
0.4667227268218994,
0.24177031219005585,
0.16731247305870056,
-0.11418270319700241,
-0.34282925724983215,
0.1571253538131714,
-0.8134819865226746,
-0.5471277236938477,
0.08283033967018127,
-0.31686803698539734,
-0.6315922141075134,
-0.4103160500526428,
-0.5349525213241577,
-0.30720341205596924,
0.02506120875477791,
-0.27901333570480347,
-0.30582374334335327,
-0.01541502308100462,
0.03705686703324318,
0.2616252899169922,
0.17324522137641907,
-0.29199445247650146,
0.05120246112346649,
-0.0863729938864708,
0.61619633436203,
-0.021359320729970932,
-0.19943152368068695,
0.2083067148923874,
-0.4957599639892578,
-0.2058352828025818,
-0.06873684376478195,
0.008302879519760609,
0.36702004075050354,
0.05564691498875618,
-0.08659132570028305,
-0.15382811427116394,
-0.41001129150390625,
-0.5623866319656372,
0.1461445391178131,
-0.6604055762290955,
-0.3970293402671814,
0.29161831736564636,
-0.44511568546295166,
-0.06008165329694748,
0.7775614857673645,
0.14874227344989777,
-0.15237735211849213,
0.07631947100162506,
0.16000816226005554,
0.6403799653053284,
0.16814163327217102,
-0.23632092773914337,
-0.12119224667549133,
-0.18398146331310272,
-0.14143525063991547,
-1.0442988872528076,
0.5359326004981995,
-0.5703981518745422,
0.4318302869796753,
0.6233739852905273,
-0.08116522431373596,
-0.6554377675056458,
-0.17658881843090057,
-0.4017338454723358,
0.3617052733898163,
0.32714301347732544,
0.3522573411464691,
-0.10140327364206314,
-0.049372635781764984,
-1.2832176685333252,
-0.37313443422317505,
-0.7471404671669006,
0.36531978845596313,
0.2587122917175293,
-0.04242745041847229,
0.00010836935689439997,
0.30056384205818176,
0.10182826220989227,
-0.015708163380622864,
0.25495561957359314,
-0.6325481534004211,
1.0555816888809204,
-0.45236343145370483,
-0.849891185760498,
0.37724876403808594,
0.005254814866930246,
-1.2775359153747559,
-0.5352984666824341,
0.7210578918457031,
-0.3191794157028198,
-0.29404330253601074,
-0.5895153880119324,
0.04210486263036728,
-0.0036719082854688168,
-0.4338405728340149,
-0.5808637142181396,
-0.03242659568786621,
-0.6114770174026489,
-0.2009129822254181,
-0.5172523260116577,
0.05360647290945053,
-0.6127956509590149,
-0.8153481483459473,
0.47926488518714905,
-0.3468928635120392,
0.2808637022972107,
0.20381996035575867,
0.5174901485443115,
0.0387776717543602,
-0.3511824309825897,
0.1403091847896576,
0.6218846440315247,
-0.39115390181541443,
-0.3174419105052948,
0.5283311605453491,
0.18880173563957214,
0.6907221674919128,
-0.1483485996723175,
-0.3123479187488556,
0.09368732571601868,
0.33290356397628784,
-0.07762600481510162,
-0.020754218101501465,
0.10778957605361938,
0.23053406178951263,
-0.052788399159908295,
0.33357104659080505,
-0.8761869072914124,
0.030143823474645615,
0.33760765194892883,
-0.8527124524116516,
0.059277985244989395,
0.24154818058013916,
-0.009421778842806816,
0.13012190163135529,
0.22459404170513153,
0.13232821226119995,
0.36775320768356323,
-0.4058557450771332,
-0.2390136420726776,
-0.026385139673948288,
-0.09435879439115524,
-0.39199453592300415,
-0.15963822603225708,
0.045352764427661896,
0.22690968215465546,
-0.16670174896717072,
0.29139307141304016,
0.7640711069107056,
0.05120168626308441,
0.13425783812999725,
-0.5216450691223145,
-0.39584633708000183,
-0.30011945962905884,
0.37085074186325073,
-0.47987255454063416,
-1.023555874824524,
-0.11496854573488235,
0.055656276643276215,
0.5123391151428223,
-0.5206962823867798,
0.6762681007385254,
0.026212070137262344,
-0.16635477542877197,
-0.160930335521698,
-0.5217710137367249,
0.05303308367729187,
0.23353445529937744,
0.2579534649848938,
0.2842797338962555,
0.1640276312828064,
0.16478511691093445,
0.23070906102657318,
-0.6970437169075012,
0.20207221806049347,
-0.44277223944664,
0.29968389868736267,
0.27203744649887085,
0.15862886607646942,
0.4564802944660187,
-0.44418585300445557,
0.20542749762535095,
-0.0736304298043251,
-0.5135945677757263,
0.16867627203464508,
0.3250451982021332,
-0.3034326732158661,
0.22251492738723755,
-0.21275955438613892,
-0.3138349652290344,
0.34994572401046753,
-0.06871573626995087,
-0.4357515871524811,
0.06944173574447632,
-0.3748907148838043,
0.22311310470104218,
0.29099851846694946,
0.042262282222509384,
0.10495568811893463,
0.5302534699440002,
0.6006991267204285,
-0.7897481322288513,
0.05284303054213524,
0.3346494138240814,
0.07169239223003387,
-0.2431480437517166,
-0.08291098475456238,
-0.2099110335111618,
0.042072195559740067,
-0.11103398352861404,
-0.8272933959960938,
0.645508885383606,
-0.7970847487449646,
0.3443396985530853,
0.4502921998500824,
-0.018619058653712273,
0.13012035191059113,
0.08723478764295578,
-0.23900540173053741,
0.17192234098911285,
0.2207215428352356,
-0.24684062600135803,
0.03196512162685394,
0.4848653972148895,
0.0919104814529419,
0.3404710590839386,
-0.2436593472957611,
0.11585138738155365,
-0.5737727880477905,
0.8180604577064514,
-0.16617722809314728,
-0.11243642866611481,
0.14163529872894287,
0.0538097620010376,
0.18094167113304138,
0.16427145898342133,
0.41417405009269714,
0.09499649703502655,
0.3408191502094269,
0.20033378899097443,
0.8172789216041565,
-0.03281726688146591,
0.10547464340925217,
-0.8893499970436096,
0.43762755393981934,
0.7839108109474182,
-0.2773190438747406,
0.29532763361930847,
0.357382595539093,
0.7785729169845581,
0.05872955173254013,
0.09672591090202332,
0.2926049530506134,
0.10103022307157516,
0.40056493878364563,
-0.20188425481319427,
0.11006604880094528,
0.6071726083755493,
-0.7388926148414612,
0.2615126967430115,
0.10612139850854874,
-0.19699206948280334,
0.1726205050945282,
-0.42202478647232056,
-0.3203897774219513,
-0.4768179655075073,
-0.45822736620903015,
0.05260264873504639,
0.1200331375002861,
0.12283775210380554,
0.07263883203268051,
-0.1657945066690445,
0.9409182667732239,
0.26736024022102356,
0.23419487476348877,
0.5209740996360779,
0.20528413355350494,
-0.028337297961115837,
0.26570114493370056,
-0.736612856388092,
0.9095719456672668,
-0.27669858932495117,
0.37274545431137085,
-0.5528310537338257,
0.6034398078918457,
-0.36684077978134155,
0.19166067242622375,
0.23735426366329193,
0.5496699213981628,
-0.8180400133132935,
0.19619613885879517,
0.4839238226413727,
-0.37150704860687256,
0.11767132580280304,
-0.5761045813560486,
-0.15959309041500092,
-0.5659067630767822,
-0.029631342738866806,
0.06340479105710983,
-0.05801352858543396,
-0.0464881956577301,
0.2268919050693512,
0.8083574175834656,
0.030002808198332787,
0.833474338054657,
-0.30572208762168884,
-0.4049963355064392,
-0.34485387802124023,
-0.1441521942615509,
-0.172871932387352,
-0.3274041414260864,
1.0701543092727661,
0.30314382910728455,
-0.1631840318441391,
-0.13172829151153564,
0.8658425807952881,
-0.7579296827316284,
0.23055361211299896,
0.16303186118602753,
0.008682655170559883,
0.3392395079135895,
0.2777877151966095,
0.47987186908721924,
-0.15753142535686493,
0.005980043206363916,
0.4685271978378296,
-0.27010372281074524,
0.27972620725631714,
-0.6724455952644348,
-0.20344965159893036,
-0.2816563844680786,
-0.42153486609458923,
-0.1721939742565155,
-0.3388676941394806,
-0.38666170835494995
] |
247678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Nasmyth | Alexander Nasmyth | Alexander Nasmyth (9 September 175810 April 1840) was a Scottish portrait and landscape painter, a pupil of Allan Ramsay.
Biography
Nasmyth was born in Edinburgh on 9 September 1758. He studied at the Royal High School and the Trustees’ Academy and was apprenticed to a coachbuilder. Aged sixteen, he was taken to London by portrait painter Allan Ramsay where he worked on subordinate parts of Ramsay's works. Nasmyth returned to Edinburgh in 1778, where he worked as a portrait painter. Offered a loan by Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, Nasmyth left in 1782 for Italy, where he remained two years furthering his studies. In Italy he devoted most of his attention to landscape painting, and is recorded as having copied a work by Claude Lorrain.
Nasmyth returned to Scotland where for the next few years he continued his career as a portraitist. He painted some works in the style of Ramsay, but most were conversation pieces with outdoor settings. His portrait of Robert Burns, who became a close friend, is now in the Scottish National Gallery. Eventually, Nasmyth's strong Liberal opinions offended many of his aristocratic patrons in a politically charged Edinburgh, leading to a falling off in commissions for portraits, and in 1792 he completely abandoned the genre, turning instead to landscape painting. He also began painting scenery for theatres, an activity he continued for the next thirty years, and in 1796 painted a panorama.
His landscapes are all of actual places, and architecture is usually an important element. Some works were painted to illustrate the effects that new buildings would have on an area, such as Inverary from the Sea, painted for the Duke of Argyll to show the setting a proposed lighthouse.
Nasmyth had a great interest in engineering, and proposed several ideas that were later widely used, although he never patented any of them. In October 1788, when Patrick Miller sailed the world's first successful steamship, designed by William Symington, on Dalswinton Loch, Nasmyth was one of the crew.
He was employed by members of the Scottish nobility in the improvement and beautification of their estates. He designed the circular temple covering St Bernard's Well by the Water of Leith (1789), and bridges at Almondell, West Lothian, and Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire. In 1815 he was one of those invited to submit proposals for the expansion of Edinburgh New Town.
Nasmyth set up a drawing school and "instilled a whole generation with the importance of drawing as a tool of empirical investigation"; his pupils included David Wilkie, David Roberts, Clarkson Stanfield and John Thomson of Duddingston; and it was probably from him that John James Ruskin (father of John Ruskin) learned to paint as a schoolboy in Edinburgh in the later 1790s. Another successful pupil was the painter, teacher, art dealer and connoisseur Andrew Wilson, who had his first art training under Nasmyth. Nasmyth was not only the tutor to the polymath Mary Somerville but he also introduced her to the leading intellectuals in Edinburgh.
Nasmyth died at home, 47 York Place (roughly opposite the house of Sir Henry Raeburn), in Edinburgh. He was buried in St Cuthbert's Churchyard at the west end of Princes Street. The grave lies in the southern section towards the south-west.
Family
He married Barbara Foulis, the daughter of Sir James Foulis, 5th Baronet of Colinton, on 3 January 1786.
Nasmyth's eldest six daughters all became notable artists. His daughters were Jane, Barbara, Margaret, Elizabeth, Anne and Charlotte. His eldest son, Patrick Nasmyth, studied under his father, then went to London and attracted attention as a landscapist. Another son, James Nasmyth, invented the steam hammer. He had three other children, Alexander, George and Mary.
Gallery
Notes
Sources
For an account of Andrew Wilson see "The Scottish Claude" by John Ramm, Antique Dealer & Collectors Guide, July 1997, Vol 50, No. 12
Further reading
Macmillan, Duncan (1984), Scottish Painting: The Later Enlightenment, in Parker, Geoff (ed.), Cencrastus No. 19, Winter 1984, pp. 25 - 27,
External links
Works in the National Galleries of Scotland
1758 births
1840 deaths
18th-century Scottish painters
19th-century male artists
19th-century Scottish painters
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
Artists from Edinburgh
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Scottish landscape painters
Scottish male painters
Scottish portrait painters | [
0.03677923604846001,
0.4420135021209717,
-0.12997087836265564,
-0.18691688776016235,
0.333627849817276,
0.6304512619972229,
0.8293686509132385,
-0.10682184249162674,
-0.34720033407211304,
-0.6109938621520996,
-0.27953410148620605,
-0.27581483125686646,
-0.3538397252559662,
0.6327772736549377,
0.25899603962898254,
0.13455216586589813,
-0.3504643738269806,
0.1916729211807251,
-0.4013248383998871,
0.2853013575077057,
-0.2604917287826538,
-0.5918465852737427,
0.36902108788490295,
-0.21612872183322906,
-0.5516448616981506,
-0.27979639172554016,
0.6368449330329895,
-0.13902048766613007,
0.05122951418161392,
0.13814108073711395,
0.02406211756169796,
0.7324432134628296,
0.419309139251709,
-0.1675841063261032,
-0.6746860146522522,
-0.2733045518398285,
-0.6650444865226746,
-0.02027806080877781,
0.0070625292137265205,
-0.2733125686645508,
-0.5096378922462463,
-0.1457253247499466,
0.29747891426086426,
-0.2263658344745636,
-0.2511627972126007,
-1.1067771911621094,
-1.5758720636367798,
0.4058385193347931,
-0.5012396574020386,
0.038577593863010406,
0.21092180907726288,
-0.09637734293937683,
0.7362514734268188,
-0.06543423980474472,
-0.8728015422821045,
0.7308072447776794,
-0.45664867758750916,
-0.049324050545692444,
0.3035770356655121,
-0.4226464629173279,
0.9281066656112671,
0.35472872853279114,
0.4157586395740509,
0.3597412407398224,
0.8625411987304688,
0.3629232943058014,
-0.4774397611618042,
0.603346586227417,
-0.18694812059402466,
0.14679494500160217,
0.3979858458042145,
0.5959047079086304,
0.4413754940032959,
0.2561143934726715,
0.13566428422927856,
0.09248015284538269,
0.16366152465343475,
0.1978956162929535,
0.5304599404335022,
0.37655505537986755,
-0.12134266644716263,
-0.04142187535762787,
0.7526440024375916,
0.7715451121330261,
-0.260351300239563,
-0.07960435748100281,
-0.5873578190803528,
0.4589976370334625,
-0.018608275800943375,
-0.2241162657737732,
0.1223759651184082,
-0.5061443448066711,
0.7545982599258423,
-0.00024311599554494023,
0.2987208366394043,
0.6252869963645935,
-1.0057932138442993,
0.4148261249065399,
-0.32348597049713135,
-0.47162264585494995,
-0.19441410899162292,
0.421817421913147,
-0.6420807242393494,
-0.33943971991539,
-0.09283922612667084,
-0.14703750610351562,
-0.8653815984725952,
0.039463549852371216,
0.32972341775894165,
0.26350340247154236,
-0.9307528138160706,
-0.2884836494922638,
-0.583983838558197,
0.022352397441864014,
-0.06216391548514366,
0.5118595957756042,
0.26343411207199097,
-1.1374043226242065,
-0.6245564818382263,
-0.7591902613639832,
0.014658941887319088,
0.44231244921684265,
-0.34778690338134766,
0.17566531896591187,
-0.7867240905761719,
0.044106870889663696,
-0.0451512485742569,
0.1352367252111435,
-0.41972485184669495,
0.6221650242805481,
-0.011778395622968674,
1.4430943727493286,
-0.15186014771461487,
-0.07400926947593689,
-0.5506107807159424,
0.2187758982181549,
0.18139247596263885,
0.005025552585721016,
-0.3118734061717987,
0.2565663456916809,
-0.392302542924881,
-0.24526064097881317,
-0.5298690795898438,
0.310752809047699,
0.027257483452558517,
-0.029974719509482384,
0.625124454498291,
-0.16972187161445618,
-0.4648275673389435,
-0.39022019505500793,
-0.23493431508541107,
-0.42164352536201477,
0.08306923508644104,
-0.10123787820339203,
-0.025378258898854256,
0.548194408416748,
0.6386098861694336,
0.08633460849523544,
0.8936951756477356,
-0.24734875559806824,
0.11685311794281006,
0.09849513322114944,
-0.055822331458330154,
0.11869192123413086,
0.7585918307304382,
-0.33936652541160583,
-0.2433321624994278,
-0.455384224653244,
-0.3888428211212158,
-0.22763065993785858,
0.27640458941459656,
0.26108434796333313,
0.42476439476013184,
0.04365648701786995,
0.6376228928565979,
0.3462221324443817,
-0.2832408845424652,
0.2476731687784195,
0.20636962354183197,
-0.8307117223739624,
-1.0229772329330444,
-0.2725004255771637,
0.02154640294611454,
-0.40046605467796326,
0.7339999675750732,
0.11956647783517838,
0.3647989332675934,
0.293036550283432,
0.3727986216545105,
0.056046076118946075,
-0.7415105104446411,
-1.1164833307266235,
-0.07885269075632095,
-0.37149444222450256,
1.099098563194275,
0.5948684215545654,
-0.10032638162374496,
0.2481081187725067,
0.34756338596343994,
0.6607398390769958,
-0.29174724221229553,
0.1282694935798645,
-0.3654916286468506,
-0.0791047066450119,
0.1158066987991333,
0.7295300364494324,
-0.238470196723938,
-0.21888132393360138,
0.31993961334228516,
0.5630692839622498,
0.6051786541938782,
-1.1151927709579468,
0.5395519733428955,
0.3251301646232605,
-0.10988011956214905,
-0.22503504157066345,
-0.20821048319339752,
-0.8034111261367798,
-0.23726791143417358,
0.033648911863565445,
0.12380431592464447,
-0.1650550812482834,
-0.06759180128574371,
0.4848995506763458,
0.24057124555110931,
0.6382229924201965,
0.1472541093826294,
-0.41785815358161926,
-0.35962024331092834,
-0.9414719939231873,
-0.7728725075721741,
-0.053965069353580475,
0.8139879703521729,
-0.22890928387641907,
-0.2549033761024475,
-0.12364564836025238,
0.23647011816501617,
-0.37759292125701904,
0.48397180438041687,
-0.41663092374801636,
0.2722627520561218,
0.4900370240211487,
-0.40502023696899414,
0.35400277376174927,
0.501641571521759,
0.7638795971870422,
-0.12572813034057617,
-0.5837175250053406,
-0.04068003222346306,
-0.2984377443790436,
0.1402822881937027,
0.6724963784217834,
-0.20638507604599,
0.03456946462392807,
-0.13856181502342224,
-0.29284122586250305,
0.5961552858352661,
-0.7406277060508728,
-0.5604874491691589,
-0.07514441013336182,
-0.5185393691062927,
0.4638460874557495,
-0.07325217127799988,
0.548475980758667,
0.059241849929094315,
-0.1257380098104477,
0.03932831063866615,
-0.3626183569431305,
0.6704258322715759,
-0.16310687363147736,
0.908369243144989,
-0.6454949975013733,
-0.2494000494480133,
0.31484413146972656,
0.15885016322135925,
-0.6780452728271484,
0.04003486782312393,
-0.2502303719520569,
-0.05495379492640495,
-0.79765784740448,
0.16196279227733612,
1.354321837425232,
-0.1917068511247635,
0.13536766171455383,
-0.35113364458084106,
-0.03748839721083641,
-0.5224370956420898,
0.4870716333389282,
0.45401084423065186,
-0.8708004355430603,
0.646623432636261,
0.5142102837562561,
-0.23512154817581177,
0.400829553604126,
-0.6050933003425598,
0.38029399514198303,
-0.526811957359314,
-0.630204975605011,
0.464862585067749,
-0.1573324203491211,
-1.2135696411132812,
-0.19427229464054108,
0.24612224102020264,
0.3405170738697052,
0.46670591831207275,
0.14859731495380402,
-0.07048920542001724,
0.05327747017145157,
-5.0424957275390625,
-0.14597088098526,
-0.3357071280479431,
-0.017884276807308197,
-0.16205483675003052,
-0.028296301141381264,
1.0525132417678833,
-0.42573675513267517,
0.329689085483551,
-0.34417665004730225,
0.5305371880531311,
-0.418969064950943,
0.15839162468910217,
0.5659790635108948,
0.571581244468689,
0.6684365272521973,
0.606328547000885,
0.264494925737381,
0.39137792587280273,
0.34401193261146545,
-0.0884999930858612,
0.3153511583805084,
-0.48534098267555237,
0.11586884409189224,
0.3410643935203552,
0.8006184697151184,
0.10199417918920517,
-0.02893948368728161,
-0.7123549580574036,
-0.21503688395023346,
-0.09898846596479416,
-0.07811370491981506,
-0.2496061772108078,
0.14061592519283295,
0.08082135766744614,
-0.6179630160331726,
0.25459837913513184,
0.4792393147945404,
0.06001397594809532,
0.1371447741985321,
-0.2482004314661026,
-0.1598598062992096,
-0.5688688158988953,
0.7901483774185181,
-0.1154998391866684,
-0.7035130858421326,
-0.7019991278648376,
0.08752316236495972,
-0.045964401215314865,
0.43070080876350403,
0.4325380027294159,
0.23434258997440338,
-0.10820476710796356,
0.0759381502866745,
-0.19919554889202118,
0.45489034056663513,
-0.2634880542755127,
0.39101314544677734,
-0.4770054221153259,
0.4636642336845398,
0.37211132049560547,
-0.38417497277259827,
0.40137341618537903,
-0.3616710603237152,
0.4758070111274719,
-0.2716237008571625,
0.18280895054340363,
-0.44177019596099854,
-0.3004195988178253,
-0.44669634103775024,
-0.020561078563332558,
1.1139612197875977,
-0.034783732146024704,
-0.9233155250549316,
-0.3383459150791168,
-0.011952201835811138,
-0.00832551158964634,
0.32018327713012695,
-0.31205418705940247,
-0.6266419887542725,
-0.24728374183177948,
-0.5216395258903503,
-0.20731721818447113,
1.7470343112945557,
0.17531193792819977,
0.23471105098724365,
-0.4043981730937958,
0.3223128020763397,
-0.2027972936630249,
-0.15204322338104248,
0.749142587184906,
-0.2023366540670395,
-0.15009728074073792,
0.549622118473053,
0.20658086240291595,
-0.03679011017084122,
0.3160693645477295,
-0.06693475693464279,
0.709837019443512,
0.1395357847213745,
-0.4160272479057312,
0.1587069034576416,
-0.3629675805568695,
-0.10312806814908981,
-0.09853386878967285,
-0.41586339473724365,
-0.1560613214969635,
0.5084985494613647,
0.9415262341499329,
0.49955683946609497,
0.18682006001472473,
0.05184238404035568,
-0.15396995842456818,
0.16645658016204834,
0.2908589839935303,
-0.12418199330568314,
0.4126508831977844,
0.5999861359596252,
0.6721789836883545,
0.5824617743492126,
-0.11879783123731613,
0.32258427143096924,
-0.3834463953971863,
-0.11930985003709793,
0.16728328168392181,
-0.0738627091050148,
0.5575361847877502,
-0.5990778207778931,
-0.6727259159088135,
-0.09333322942256927,
0.5117712616920471,
0.8321337103843689,
-0.312778502702713,
-0.3786018192768097,
-0.005193707067519426,
-0.3368299901485443,
-0.2621763348579407,
-0.6664886474609375,
0.04436521604657173,
-0.8169370293617249,
-0.43461132049560547,
-0.10601243376731873,
-0.0505058653652668,
0.7500680088996887,
-0.15174108743667603,
0.6294708251953125,
0.6113471388816833,
-0.10879356414079666,
-0.03121034987270832,
0.5003517866134644,
-0.6679961085319519,
-0.11795421689748764,
0.3490227162837982,
-0.6204255819320679,
-0.26849672198295593,
0.048914678394794464,
-0.6660834550857544,
-0.37070831656455994,
-0.3065762221813202,
0.24860846996307373,
-0.2660847008228302,
0.5813298225402832,
-1.0694974660873413,
-0.2389327585697174,
-0.09076327830553055,
-0.3078945279121399,
-1.0354621410369873,
-0.39378973841667175,
-0.35180458426475525,
0.6768609285354614,
-0.019207270815968513,
-0.6681867241859436,
-0.5305895209312439,
-0.7279082536697388,
0.37902626395225525,
0.12782898545265198,
-0.1892910599708557,
0.5789949297904968,
-0.37554922699928284,
-0.40183842182159424,
0.11718042194843292,
0.4132579267024994,
-0.7487658262252808,
0.5433700084686279,
0.8292675614356995,
0.39778977632522583,
-0.8710405230522156,
-0.3355250656604767,
-0.12089083343744278,
0.09775617718696594,
-0.3918416500091553,
-0.11648484319448471,
-0.25269460678100586,
0.4666982889175415,
-0.3645448386669159,
-0.253799706697464,
0.014180241152644157,
0.21697208285331726,
0.26208338141441345,
-0.6288288831710815,
0.3805502653121948,
0.5654610991477966,
-0.5247607827186584,
-0.23073036968708038,
-0.2877988815307617,
-1.073413372039795,
0.33163443207740784,
0.22388851642608643,
-0.5675435662269592,
0.6835933327674866,
-0.32826492190361023,
-0.449970006942749,
-0.5042768716812134,
0.3933536410331726,
-0.20151342451572418,
0.26157623529434204,
0.40891122817993164,
0.08901339024305344,
-0.3800618648529053,
-0.3709648847579956,
-0.6897168159484863,
0.23074571788311005,
-0.47739487886428833,
-0.3263459801673889,
-0.6134673357009888,
-0.2563479244709015,
0.5065847635269165,
0.31373319029808044,
0.4267047345638275,
-0.5878800749778748,
-0.10593235492706299,
-0.07327895611524582,
0.10534306615591049,
0.07032009214162827,
-0.005127694457769394,
0.02813143841922283,
0.4379290044307709,
0.19561517238616943,
0.2133789360523224,
0.35522711277008057,
0.29341888427734375,
0.8654792904853821,
0.4092724621295929,
-0.19621886312961578,
0.22497791051864624,
-0.4633861482143402,
0.3930157423019409,
-0.3588551878929138,
-0.11049149185419083,
0.22808043658733368,
0.5442805886268616,
-0.8135454058647156,
-0.8131676316261292,
-0.706805944442749,
1.1716688871383667,
-0.21564960479736328,
0.23099781572818756,
0.46836912631988525,
0.17742864787578583,
-0.15125267207622528,
0.014651424251496792,
0.4646172821521759,
-0.37504464387893677,
0.03649307042360306,
0.1401192545890808,
0.05842636525630951,
-0.0534948892891407,
0.41267573833465576,
0.46708330512046814,
-0.03964001685380936,
-0.7027539610862732,
-0.6545174717903137,
-0.054956164211034775,
0.6663171648979187,
-0.3609027564525604,
-0.09736671298742294,
0.36441314220428467,
-0.4603990316390991,
0.24853521585464478,
-0.6945644617080688,
-1.118333339691162,
0.10025674104690552,
0.2733067274093628,
-0.45826947689056396,
-0.7592315077781677,
-1.0170577764511108,
-0.043676503002643585,
-0.3640346825122833,
-0.16731363534927368,
-0.13746191561222076,
-0.8201565742492676,
-0.584230899810791,
-0.32825347781181335,
-0.12884919345378876,
-0.337560772895813,
0.017072735354304314,
-0.537187397480011,
0.5193774700164795,
-0.4936765432357788,
0.028679339215159416,
-0.6659358739852905,
1.0850695371627808,
0.4597644805908203,
-0.11291047185659409,
0.6597455143928528,
0.477857381105423,
0.03867258504033089,
-0.3416038751602173,
0.1806621253490448,
0.17187084257602692,
0.42966145277023315,
-0.26592451333999634,
0.01571948081254959,
-0.10337118804454803,
-0.747101366519928,
-0.46402665972709656,
0.38975587487220764,
0.013985550962388515,
0.23448912799358368,
-0.1382213979959488,
0.17879687249660492,
-0.15001390874385834,
0.487977534532547,
0.11574501544237137,
-0.3806208670139313,
0.30173835158348083,
-0.06321066617965698,
0.2678992748260498,
0.17530608177185059,
0.9175061583518982,
-0.146221324801445,
0.181128591299057,
-0.8465853929519653,
0.7100884318351746,
-0.5009032487869263,
0.2955077886581421,
0.19239862263202667,
-0.47501298785209656,
-0.1372579038143158,
0.8030859231948853,
0.5938625335693359,
0.943042516708374,
-0.12229755520820618,
-0.2346935272216797,
-0.39231523871421814,
0.206117644906044,
0.44785475730895996,
0.14959751069545746,
0.23119165003299713,
0.015685327351093292,
0.3736869692802429,
0.027275148779153824,
0.11221923679113388,
-0.4727267920970917,
0.0002471235056873411,
0.3695126175880432,
0.4397188127040863,
-0.6149256825447083,
0.13182204961776733,
0.2945338785648346,
-0.22972126305103302,
0.0524921640753746,
0.2630561590194702,
-0.12597736716270447,
-0.6897071003913879,
-0.006519189104437828,
0.05051804333925247,
-0.7200077772140503,
0.5239662528038025,
0.23148764669895172,
0.5453492403030396,
-0.3864358365535736,
-0.012255880981683731,
0.43463385105133057,
0.8077946305274963,
0.585605800151825,
0.5130093693733215,
0.5695356726646423,
-0.4328862130641937,
-0.3098578155040741,
-0.7888430953025818,
0.5010936856269836,
0.1431332230567932,
-0.41925889253616333,
0.48169174790382385,
-0.09858790785074234,
-0.47067761421203613,
0.3622959554195404,
-0.20250774919986725,
-0.3874225914478302,
0.20846308767795563,
-0.18031887710094452,
-0.2324419468641281,
0.36225396394729614,
-0.8490838408470154,
-0.09424873441457748,
-0.3310753107070923,
0.7172136902809143,
-0.2659454643726349,
-0.07195232808589935,
-0.23199646174907684,
-0.11654640734195709,
-0.005433579906821251,
0.11990560591220856,
-0.20344750583171844,
0.6603105664253235,
-0.23370827734470367,
0.6487725377082825,
-0.784870445728302,
0.6033473014831543,
-0.20998108386993408,
0.007527501322329044,
-0.10199504345655441,
0.18402351438999176,
-0.3832816779613495,
-0.2165140062570572,
0.33103147149086,
-0.666411280632019,
-0.23638439178466797,
-0.7838780283927917,
0.4924671947956085,
-0.8186488151550293,
0.23954205214977264,
0.08863561600446701,
-0.9431942105293274,
-0.13202239573001862,
0.022168783470988274,
0.5488617420196533,
0.3245159685611725,
0.7385548949241638,
-0.10513518750667572,
0.1967553198337555,
-0.6124114990234375,
-0.32119220495224,
-0.24495147168636322,
0.013298450969159603,
0.3628837764263153,
0.7662028074264526,
0.8805170059204102,
-0.6769552826881409,
1.0077165365219116,
-0.21105755865573883,
0.30095982551574707,
0.5765929222106934,
0.15871065855026245,
-0.18213054537773132,
-0.7170103192329407,
-0.2795783579349518,
-0.11586926877498627,
0.1483563631772995,
0.5115370154380798,
-0.1446472555398941,
0.1807645559310913,
-0.308976411819458,
0.04161212220788002,
0.01045303512364626,
-0.12374464422464371,
-0.7154579758644104,
0.8392529487609863,
0.1566932648420334
] |
247690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%20Jablonski | Benedict Jablonski | Benedict Paul Jablonski (March 18, 1917 – May 15, 2003), also known as Ben Jason, was an American science fiction fan and booster who co-designed the Hugo Award based on a rocket-shaped hood ornament from an Oldsmobile 88. He was also chairman of the 1966 World Science Fiction Convention in his hometown of Cleveland, Ohio at which Gene Roddenberry previewed the two-hour pilot of his new series, Star Trek, for science fiction fans.
Jablonski was the son of Polish immigrants Stanislaw Jablonski and Helen Szymanski. He died in Brunswick, Ohio at the age of 86.
References
1917 births
2003 deaths
People from Cleveland
Science fiction fans
American people of Polish descent | [
-0.01790931634604931,
0.5824611186981201,
-0.357883483171463,
0.43935421109199524,
0.012807306833565235,
-0.021992476657032967,
0.2212401032447815,
0.07860209792852402,
-0.1378249078989029,
0.19537167251110077,
-0.5954927802085876,
0.43195992708206177,
-0.13272830843925476,
0.4497075080871582,
-0.24924659729003906,
-0.041185274720191956,
0.13503307104110718,
-0.07123150676488876,
-1.1425434350967407,
0.056371740996837616,
-0.0028238296508789062,
-0.6484867930412292,
0.3402077853679657,
-0.11119911074638367,
-0.07483594864606857,
0.5105674862861633,
-0.009534259326756,
-0.49964067339897156,
0.04413406550884247,
0.8026736974716187,
0.0775354653596878,
0.4338758587837219,
0.46477407217025757,
-0.6775269508361816,
-0.7082782983779907,
-0.2610367238521576,
-0.29261165857315063,
-0.23379069566726685,
-0.06351473182439804,
-0.2037438601255417,
0.14773951470851898,
0.08552467823028564,
0.2692505717277527,
-0.3334064185619354,
-0.3026621341705322,
-0.4854937791824341,
-1.2714219093322754,
0.6247227787971497,
-0.7563233971595764,
-0.24452140927314758,
0.013717562891542912,
-0.0460522398352623,
-0.5415104031562805,
0.39208653569221497,
0.18424314260482788,
0.28757208585739136,
-0.16091282665729523,
-0.3023422956466675,
-0.25659459829330444,
-0.23317091166973114,
0.2853502333164215,
-0.16363298892974854,
0.3998108208179474,
0.20162424445152283,
0.168413445353508,
0.5389865636825562,
-0.012100684456527233,
0.4750767946243286,
-0.6761844754219055,
-0.03863156959414482,
-0.3219655156135559,
-0.0939842164516449,
0.6189049482345581,
-0.6064700484275818,
0.2890280485153198,
0.10606660693883896,
-0.14616325497627258,
-0.06639009714126587,
0.11682488024234772,
0.11921442300081253,
0.23721550405025482,
-0.16603390872478485,
0.4718873202800751,
0.4918125569820404,
-0.03331483528017998,
0.0639897957444191,
-0.8623648285865784,
-0.07187335938215256,
-0.1869666874408722,
0.05189533904194832,
-0.600572407245636,
-0.3867928385734558,
0.5906705856323242,
0.3348892629146576,
0.09843729436397552,
-0.4670231342315674,
-0.19275204837322235,
0.25720107555389404,
-0.08469158411026001,
-0.05927665904164314,
0.8015180230140686,
0.08177681267261505,
-0.08978570997714996,
-0.21193906664848328,
-0.5992273688316345,
0.2580380141735077,
0.4452705383300781,
-0.45850661396980286,
0.10092725604772568,
0.3670876622200012,
-0.4699016809463501,
-0.6141996383666992,
-0.3240189254283905,
0.03271188586950302,
-0.03516050800681114,
0.6519477963447571,
0.4474084675312042,
-0.6750863194465637,
-0.33099862933158875,
-0.32250693440437317,
0.0020261574536561966,
0.5725150108337402,
-0.4101814031600952,
-0.338216096162796,
-0.057466838508844376,
0.193523108959198,
-0.06274601817131042,
0.6764480471611023,
-0.25592276453971863,
0.13709008693695068,
-0.1801859438419342,
0.690548300743103,
-0.11056419461965561,
-0.7563744187355042,
-0.4570486545562744,
-0.19020482897758484,
-0.08475693315267563,
0.040976524353027344,
-0.6556664109230042,
0.6222931146621704,
-0.4965856969356537,
-0.49007800221443176,
-0.518663763999939,
-0.1411629170179367,
0.1964484453201294,
0.1606837511062622,
0.20601682364940643,
-0.06733229011297226,
-0.09250623732805252,
-0.32006508111953735,
0.11957911401987076,
-0.6587439179420471,
0.09871859848499298,
-0.27113819122314453,
0.5962052345275879,
0.4781654179096222,
0.17083467543125153,
0.4175868034362793,
0.48433446884155273,
-0.29255691170692444,
0.3345043957233429,
0.005214512813836336,
-0.5173068046569824,
0.7026304602622986,
0.46713870763778687,
0.13123983144760132,
0.313369482755661,
0.16703227162361145,
-0.03540860489010811,
-0.4483703374862671,
-0.051695290952920914,
-0.01944287307560444,
0.2301008254289627,
0.2473025918006897,
0.02741362899541855,
0.6307551860809326,
1.5114893913269043,
-0.10076636075973511,
-0.17607168853282928,
-0.31740108132362366,
-0.5678543448448181,
-0.27564334869384766,
-0.38167503476142883,
-0.3286500573158264,
0.6580957174301147,
0.14630120992660522,
-0.18016305565834045,
-0.09296555817127228,
-0.039482053369283676,
-0.26064372062683105,
-0.657849907875061,
-0.3369885981082916,
0.5749737620353699,
-0.6064703464508057,
0.9945884346961975,
0.24327875673770905,
-0.14304392039775848,
0.6481360793113708,
0.23333382606506348,
0.5305760502815247,
0.03371960669755936,
-0.38057681918144226,
0.3693544566631317,
-0.3737820088863373,
-0.13503368198871613,
0.22376146912574768,
0.844643235206604,
0.22321315109729767,
0.049129046499729156,
0.16889841854572296,
0.5537354350090027,
-0.22125928103923798,
0.49952957034111023,
0.08211502432823181,
-0.29586729407310486,
-0.28281304240226746,
-0.35816115140914917,
-0.027793919667601585,
-0.2508857846260071,
-0.3230811059474945,
0.44967472553253174,
0.40345054864883423,
-0.4590631127357483,
0.2391880452632904,
0.42217400670051575,
1.3648579120635986,
-0.16854779422283173,
-0.6167089939117432,
-0.3081326186656952,
0.031136341392993927,
-0.3256967067718506,
-0.004040558356791735,
0.39100381731987,
0.10468018054962158,
-0.08288848400115967,
0.2867976725101471,
0.19685423374176025,
-0.42615678906440735,
0.35383570194244385,
-0.2528139352798462,
-0.01259357389062643,
0.030889248475432396,
-0.7766794562339783,
0.3534078299999237,
0.27738407254219055,
0.3056633770465851,
-0.3557431399822235,
0.05067962408065796,
0.023650743067264557,
0.11379361897706985,
-0.08414705842733383,
0.5097699165344238,
0.4404793977737427,
0.12616725265979767,
0.6000803709030151,
0.3132382929325104,
-0.14302125573158264,
0.06586631387472153,
0.20171914994716644,
0.49257880449295044,
-0.2388439178466797,
0.005709199700504541,
-0.09763840585947037,
0.41507038474082947,
-0.12158675491809845,
-0.5179372429847717,
0.5094555616378784,
-0.13944301009178162,
0.03824391961097717,
0.4655757546424866,
0.13319987058639526,
-0.2887290120124817,
-0.3329845368862152,
0.4080328941345215,
0.14154277741909027,
-0.14970113337039948,
-0.3473946154117584,
0.25989148020744324,
-0.43463340401649475,
-0.8348082304000854,
-0.04095299541950226,
1.0150353908538818,
-0.2584902346134186,
-0.40989911556243896,
0.647341787815094,
0.1570483148097992,
-0.0576091967523098,
-0.4216476380825043,
0.10685721784830093,
-0.3533130884170532,
-0.41007763147354126,
0.45748230814933777,
-0.3074505627155304,
0.544540524482727,
-0.3399401009082794,
0.7775952219963074,
0.16716967523097992,
-0.20114164054393768,
0.009731743484735489,
-0.19439995288848877,
-0.23169071972370148,
0.31541314721107483,
-0.40995094180107117,
0.13188378512859344,
0.8073419332504272,
0.5338457226753235,
0.23965215682983398,
0.20351476967334747,
-5.688104629516602,
0.6800397038459778,
0.05569595843553543,
-0.5173490643501282,
-0.17088869214057922,
0.7784634828567505,
0.3048185110092163,
-0.060567550361156464,
0.2876532971858978,
-0.7850565314292908,
0.10643480718135834,
-0.21655790507793427,
-0.036802418529987335,
0.6184139251708984,
0.28633442521095276,
0.4510279595851898,
-0.008442697115242481,
-0.2788774371147156,
0.318556010723114,
-0.31842854619026184,
0.19816900789737701,
-0.5231350660324097,
-0.16331855952739716,
0.045831404626369476,
0.2340630292892456,
-0.0009817337850108743,
-0.23917163908481598,
0.355336993932724,
-0.254494845867157,
0.18906114995479584,
0.2758379280567169,
-0.33650436997413635,
-0.5229007601737976,
-0.17231377959251404,
-0.109690822660923,
-0.31418585777282715,
0.9067086577415466,
-0.1571798324584961,
0.7040112018585205,
0.14950181543827057,
-0.1271546632051468,
0.3310020864009857,
-0.13890492916107178,
-0.053421229124069214,
0.6327112913131714,
-0.25904223322868347,
-0.4276621639728546,
0.03238478675484657,
-0.32456889748573303,
0.17090582847595215,
0.8673888444900513,
0.11512149125337601,
-0.10535653680562973,
0.16149388253688812,
0.18639101088047028,
0.16353344917297363,
0.07958804816007614,
0.06441624462604523,
-1.4271223545074463,
0.038404859602451324,
0.04289264604449272,
0.29577672481536865,
0.22385618090629578,
-0.1099402979016304,
0.10190300643444061,
-0.16707873344421387,
-0.04847223684191704,
-0.3134014904499054,
-0.18601182103157043,
-0.1076582819223404,
-0.09796728938817978,
1.0835769176483154,
-0.5214895009994507,
-1.2221688032150269,
0.11479262262582779,
0.10341821610927582,
0.0497569739818573,
0.29989975690841675,
-0.5226566791534424,
-0.1827937811613083,
-0.34095391631126404,
-0.6531632542610168,
-0.8869175910949707,
0.14654085040092468,
0.18894840776920319,
0.27025124430656433,
-0.3201647996902466,
0.4103017747402191,
-0.4080152213573456,
0.09857872873544693,
0.38914361596107483,
-0.0357002355158329,
-0.2288603037595749,
0.4197021722793579,
0.19040071964263916,
0.008609420619904995,
0.004902306944131851,
0.612319827079773,
0.6431716680526733,
0.6856092214584351,
-0.708369255065918,
-0.10715717077255249,
0.49286770820617676,
-0.6881665587425232,
-0.11891578137874603,
-0.2279525101184845,
-0.16798622906208038,
-0.22722722589969635,
0.5964282155036926,
-0.13737188279628754,
-0.10426819324493408,
0.37337446212768555,
-0.567895233631134,
-0.15577657520771027,
0.7404547333717346,
-0.49461081624031067,
0.2291906327009201,
0.7801782488822937,
0.5307708978652954,
-0.17368599772453308,
0.11271363496780396,
0.6557914614677429,
-0.1610763967037201,
-0.5795946717262268,
-0.15644513070583344,
-0.17878536880016327,
-0.31408217549324036,
-0.31943103671073914,
0.3777563273906708,
0.05016544088721275,
-0.4653020203113556,
0.5073836445808411,
0.05335288494825363,
0.451957643032074,
0.017880089581012726,
0.07487384974956512,
-0.7454618811607361,
-0.7685926556587219,
-0.4393138587474823,
0.16903918981552124,
0.3942294716835022,
-0.12311852723360062,
0.3376976251602173,
0.22377093136310577,
0.14397406578063965,
0.07061430811882019,
-0.0644846260547638,
0.26195093989372253,
0.02919303998351097,
0.3172394335269928,
-0.3047031760215759,
0.15309865772724152,
0.2544635832309723,
-0.5863450169563293,
-0.5773605704307556,
1.0484906435012817,
-0.2546386420726776,
0.0193062461912632,
-0.31714192032814026,
-0.026916135102510452,
0.31928813457489014,
-0.22847406566143036,
-0.935112714767456,
0.08261910825967789,
-0.007945162244141102,
0.1610201746225357,
-0.4062568247318268,
-0.2584342062473297,
-0.3914783298969269,
0.16622991859912872,
0.31370827555656433,
-0.0064543383195996284,
-0.8078160285949707,
-0.37991058826446533,
0.011827670969069004,
0.2931159436702728,
0.14648953080177307,
-0.6672321557998657,
0.07198391109704971,
-0.19937606155872345,
-0.08673018217086792,
0.047014590352773666,
-0.47651469707489014,
-0.00965688843280077,
0.6013416051864624,
-0.5406229496002197,
-0.387778103351593,
0.2583819031715393,
-0.6809054613113403,
-0.07553742080926895,
-0.26591137051582336,
-0.37334001064300537,
0.3413727879524231,
0.2860047519207001,
-0.3043065667152405,
-0.17808863520622253,
-0.1998329907655716,
-0.04652971401810646,
-0.1389794498682022,
-0.14886602759361267,
-0.5886456966400146,
-0.4721533954143524,
-0.11395738273859024,
-0.16499947011470795,
-0.3128077983856201,
-0.7835984826087952,
0.245479553937912,
-0.21642254292964935,
0.23730255663394928,
0.7059770226478577,
-0.05868421122431755,
-0.27927687764167786,
-0.0476800911128521,
0.5272179841995239,
0.21012750267982483,
0.32222193479537964,
-0.03463301435112953,
0.008781962096691132,
-0.7125786542892456,
-0.3062179982662201,
-0.24029755592346191,
0.3153303265571594,
-0.18620845675468445,
-0.34610480070114136,
-0.36955705285072327,
0.05827646702528,
0.014937587082386017,
-0.33595702052116394,
0.6755391955375671,
-0.5092097520828247,
-0.040280234068632126,
0.03319269418716431,
-0.556304395198822,
0.33094489574432373,
-0.21390272676944733,
-0.23797333240509033,
0.43811821937561035,
0.3528132736682892,
-0.5085251331329346,
0.44374361634254456,
0.7460784912109375,
0.38338300585746765,
0.027122918516397476,
-0.10282987356185913,
-0.13229167461395264,
0.21894651651382446,
0.18164926767349243,
0.3293383717536926,
-0.544070839881897,
-0.10856268554925919,
0.34948956966400146,
-0.27100759744644165,
-0.6924630403518677,
-0.007003440987318754,
0.9118837714195251,
-0.3376132547855377,
-0.3416222333908081,
-0.405131459236145,
0.11368399113416672,
-0.255605012178421,
-0.11623002588748932,
0.7458478808403015,
-0.48846763372421265,
0.09241534024477005,
-0.5225242376327515,
0.7137119770050049,
-0.667862057685852,
-0.20509597659111023,
-0.15213286876678467,
-0.8226279020309448,
0.33549755811691284,
0.2726142108440399,
0.15290594100952148,
0.5176340341567993,
-0.676757276058197,
0.3561379909515381,
0.37725988030433655,
-0.33153674006462097,
-0.2103120982646942,
-0.13446514308452606,
-0.44353634119033813,
0.4807639420032501,
-0.1794929802417755,
-0.034663934260606766,
-0.15242202579975128,
-0.5253868103027344,
-0.042408328503370285,
0.0166544821113348,
0.42876026034355164,
0.3536011278629303,
-0.6184308528900146,
0.3917621076107025,
-0.5934369564056396,
-0.1468365490436554,
0.05791163071990013,
-0.47481438517570496,
0.2713310420513153,
0.655251145362854,
-0.5564389228820801,
0.5379701852798462,
-0.5131303071975708,
0.06877356022596359,
0.7053341269493103,
-0.4287544786930084,
0.26554372906684875,
0.7150636911392212,
-0.11628703773021698,
-0.2001543492078781,
-0.5134305953979492,
-0.12561286985874176,
0.0406879298388958,
-0.10556533187627792,
-0.6339711546897888,
0.21863925457000732,
-1.2653673887252808,
-0.0973055362701416,
0.8088181614875793,
-0.21321293711662292,
-0.08094549179077148,
0.24824057519435883,
-0.0655304342508316,
0.27220749855041504,
0.4820792078971863,
-0.5581778883934021,
-0.2422320693731308,
0.3376520574092865,
0.058613333851099014,
-0.4355766773223877,
-0.1901344507932663,
0.3363220989704132,
0.5277774333953857,
-0.08763640373945236,
-0.2036571353673935,
0.5567334890365601,
-0.24123889207839966,
-0.180625319480896,
-0.18100112676620483,
-0.673926055431366,
-0.41003817319869995,
0.3812079429626465,
-0.23144926130771637,
0.856878936290741,
0.14113697409629822,
0.200375497341156,
0.07998811453580856,
0.13226385414600372,
-0.0509154386818409,
0.9142751097679138,
0.026357384398579597,
-0.016198132187128067,
-0.11683040112257004,
-0.03329136595129967,
-0.7034834027290344,
-0.49419480562210083,
0.6844547986984253,
-0.48858940601348877,
0.2556561827659607,
-0.046821318566799164,
-0.215809166431427,
0.12353717535734177,
-0.19335344433784485,
0.3384634256362915,
0.909225344657898,
0.17815810441970825,
-0.038906246423721313,
0.20473890006542206,
-0.39936015009880066,
-0.09915124624967575,
0.13130666315555573,
0.33265140652656555,
0.2178228795528412,
-0.33259132504463196,
-0.35789766907691956,
0.6580190062522888,
-0.5246689319610596,
0.4159359931945801,
0.7113825678825378,
-0.09969254583120346,
-0.023061037063598633,
0.3395872116088867,
-0.34715816378593445,
-0.28929370641708374,
-0.17778974771499634,
0.368217408657074,
0.1830691397190094,
-0.0004174153145868331,
0.019987717270851135,
0.20495940744876862,
0.4573746919631958,
-0.24651861190795898,
0.44180914759635925,
-0.2831200063228607,
-0.09767884761095047,
0.3263074457645416,
0.21273350715637207,
-0.03542368486523628,
-0.0884103998541832,
0.39205503463745117,
-0.17988570034503937,
0.5669520497322083,
-0.23902058601379395,
-0.29778632521629333,
0.06370369344949722,
-0.15799732506275177,
-0.0717744454741478,
0.1527397483587265,
0.24533507227897644,
-0.40937310457229614,
-0.8277015686035156,
0.22674442827701569,
-0.3538690507411957,
-0.10829583555459976,
-0.5135959386825562,
0.31538137793540955,
-0.4014560282230377,
-0.6854181885719299,
0.4689403772354126,
0.31769421696662903,
-0.11004573106765747,
-0.6812735199928284,
-0.08203622698783875,
-0.08003593236207962,
0.38634857535362244,
0.5657011866569519,
-0.22788254916667938,
0.3196963369846344,
0.432603657245636,
-0.32998985052108765,
-0.36238136887550354,
-0.15550683438777924,
0.07711968570947647,
-0.8879976868629456,
-0.33874237537384033,
-0.08264491707086563,
-0.6637490391731262,
-0.0590173713862896,
1.0364998579025269,
0.6275896430015564,
0.0200493261218071,
-0.42131492495536804,
0.5964120030403137,
0.025000596418976784,
0.0345759280025959,
-0.1701597273349762,
0.0354003831744194,
0.7788726687431335,
-0.2923186421394348,
0.49378010630607605,
0.18564200401306152,
0.5931398868560791,
-0.21139667928218842,
0.1286081075668335,
0.5001339316368103,
-0.732113778591156,
0.405413419008255,
-0.1038392037153244,
-0.23519833385944366,
0.010623601265251637,
0.7885603308677673,
0.1653578281402588
] |
247696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20Snyder | Principal Snyder | Principal R. Snyder is a fictional character in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, played by Armin Shimerman. Shimerman originally auditioned for the role of Principal Flutie, but lost that role to Ken Lerner. Although his full name is never revealed in the series, his desk name-display revealed that the first letter of his first name is R.
Summary
After Robert Flutie is eaten alive by "the Pack" (with the exception of Xander), Snyder replaces him as the principal of Sunnydale High. A strict disciplinarian with a dictator-like personality, he has few friends among the students, except the swim team. Despite or because of his view of adolescents as hormone-ridden pests, he follows his profession out of a sense of civic duty ("When She Was Bad"). Snyder takes an immediate and profound dislike to Buffy, and seeks out any excuse to expel her. He coerces students into serving as chaperones for young children on Halloween, bullies Willow into tutoring Percy and makes her give a passing grade to a swim team member who is failing computer class, and forces everyone to sell candy for the marching band.
Snyder (along with Police Chief Bob Munroe) turns out to be one of the many people Mayor Richard Wilkins had put in place to cover up supernatural activities in Sunnydale ("School Hard", "I Only Have Eyes For You"), and he was hostile towards Buffy because Wilkins had so ordered him. According to the later episode, Snyder was specifically chosen as principal because the authorities believed he was uniquely suited for the job's equally unique pressures, but precisely what in Snyder's past might have so qualified him was never discussed. The only insight into Snyder's past was his Band Candy-induced regression to adolescence, where he is a socially inept geek without an obvious understanding of the supernatural.
Snyder finally expels Buffy when she is found beside Kendra's body in the season two finale. He refuses to allow her to return even after Buffy is cleared of all charges, citing Buffy's poor grades, spotty attendance record, and "tingling pleasure" that he is finally rid of her. However, the school board, as well as physical and professional threats from Rupert Giles, force him to allow Buffy to return.
Snyder's stern belief in imposing order and discipline proves to be his undoing in the season three finale, "Graduation Day". He loudly scolds Mayor Wilkins for turning into the gigantic, snakelike demon Olvikan following his keynote speech at the 1999 high school graduation. Olvikan swallows Snyder whole.
Snyder makes one more appearance in the role of Colonel Kurtz in Xander's Apocalypse Now-themed dream in the season four finale "Restless".
Four years later, after Sunnydale High School is rebuilt, Robin Wood succeeded Snyder as the school's principal. Even three and a half years after Snyder's death, Willow says Wood is so much cooler than Snyder, indicating she still dislikes him.
Appearances
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Snyder has appeared in 19 episodes
Season 1 (1997) – "The Puppet Show", "Out of Mind, Out of Sight".
Season 2 (1997, 1998) – "When She Was Bad"; "School Hard"; "Halloween"; "What's My Line, Part One"; "I Only Have Eyes For You"; "Go Fish"; "Becoming, Part One"; "Becoming, Part Two".
Season 3 (1998, 1999) – "Dead Man's Party"; "Faith, Hope & Trick"; "Band Candy"; "Gingerbread"; "Doppelgangland"; "Choices"; "Graduation Day, Part One"; "Graduation Day, Part Two"
Season 4 (1999, 2000) – "Restless"
Notes and references
Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters
Fictional characters from California
Television characters introduced in 1997
Fictional principals and headteachers
Male characters in television
American male characters in television | [
-0.5220665335655212,
0.1213797852396965,
-0.4910522699356079,
0.6187368631362915,
-0.16123048961162567,
-0.13984300196170807,
0.5850152969360352,
0.3183864653110504,
-0.3249906301498413,
-0.22882451117038727,
-0.06100334972143173,
0.22026436030864716,
0.03249138221144676,
0.1636543571949005,
0.24259375035762787,
0.44744572043418884,
-0.31813275814056396,
0.666529655456543,
0.2230539470911026,
-0.14418791234493256,
-0.24368035793304443,
-0.30682429671287537,
0.032119493931531906,
-0.16623111069202423,
0.27690398693084717,
0.39665287733078003,
-0.04311661794781685,
0.1822972297668457,
0.06431420892477036,
-0.03645626828074455,
-0.14698296785354614,
0.029211794957518578,
-0.11583185195922852,
0.10910429060459137,
0.18576422333717346,
-0.25317811965942383,
0.01283695362508297,
-0.32281556725502014,
0.2783278226852417,
-0.2567618787288666,
-0.2774832248687744,
0.2877557575702667,
0.34298160672187805,
-0.41661781072616577,
-0.0930275246500969,
-0.5351342558860779,
-1.9408293962478638,
-0.40237855911254883,
-0.47387054562568665,
-0.4091320037841797,
-0.2815624475479126,
0.3110044002532959,
-0.05466190353035927,
-0.45676442980766296,
-0.3563142716884613,
0.21770979464054108,
-0.4640503227710724,
-0.02617817372083664,
0.03314866125583649,
0.1170252338051796,
0.08106959611177444,
0.3970610797405243,
-0.8668776154518127,
0.2818753719329834,
0.2845625877380371,
0.10007518529891968,
-0.24143002927303314,
0.9172431230545044,
-0.17126290500164032,
-0.2522248327732086,
-0.012827129103243351,
-0.13979287445545197,
0.03273031488060951,
0.3683587312698364,
0.26375287771224976,
-0.17754419147968292,
0.09279152005910873,
-0.3853456377983093,
-0.21721631288528442,
-0.41603419184684753,
-0.09932731091976166,
-0.4618602693080902,
0.693261981010437,
0.2068285495042801,
0.2760598659515381,
0.49480319023132324,
-0.42550793290138245,
-0.13702481985092163,
0.28194135427474976,
1.0266191959381104,
-0.6363201141357422,
0.49202436208724976,
0.46961280703544617,
-0.07193972170352936,
0.0020609379280358553,
-0.23362571001052856,
0.07790330052375793,
-0.3600146174430847,
0.03364076837897301,
-0.001353567000478506,
-0.3865608274936676,
0.27849507331848145,
-0.054439883679151535,
-0.5352880358695984,
-0.4748132824897766,
0.023074308410286903,
-0.0868445634841919,
-0.42981579899787903,
-0.07957401871681213,
-1.7131468057632446,
-0.05336553603410721,
0.10794475674629211,
-0.6381940841674805,
-0.2527095675468445,
-0.014383189380168915,
0.162713423371315,
0.6431981921195984,
-0.21569626033306122,
-0.18156300485134125,
-0.024524392560124397,
0.23855894804000854,
1.1176869869232178,
-0.32947853207588196,
0.0530436672270298,
-0.12668494880199432,
0.4600200653076172,
0.04449376091361046,
-0.3803211450576782,
0.6224713325500488,
0.273175448179245,
-0.039659079164266586,
0.7438610792160034,
-0.5881108045578003,
0.10160841792821884,
-0.44743165373802185,
-0.4115637540817261,
0.0421723946928978,
0.39159026741981506,
-0.4550745189189911,
-0.2887900471687317,
-0.9259028434753418,
-0.3898816406726837,
-3.037590980529785,
0.36032068729400635,
0.3799457550048828,
0.31309807300567627,
-0.42406371235847473,
0.7756249308586121,
0.6004868149757385,
0.45985347032546997,
0.15496505796909332,
-0.040258556604385376,
-1.0846004486083984,
0.5189316272735596,
-0.49031829833984375,
0.3205908238887787,
0.14163056015968323,
-0.474188894033432,
-0.286752849817276,
1.0925019979476929,
0.26124539971351624,
-0.2647247910499573,
0.23327334225177765,
-0.0009537425357848406,
0.16350923478603363,
0.42086100578308105,
0.47224336862564087,
-0.3217329680919647,
0.3200715184211731,
-0.26319196820259094,
-0.3999500572681427,
-0.5006730556488037,
-0.5671208500862122,
-0.9682455658912659,
0.38803836703300476,
0.41881006956100464,
0.4051453471183777,
0.34883368015289307,
0.6378294229507446,
-0.31425705552101135,
-0.193980872631073,
0.1476803570985794,
-0.07864724844694138,
0.4323875904083252,
0.3074253499507904,
-0.004232033621519804,
0.3153182566165924,
0.2568482756614685,
-0.11797257512807846,
-0.22001580893993378,
0.028776725754141808,
-0.14240604639053345,
0.5106543302536011,
-0.012842949479818344,
0.4477607309818268,
0.7319008111953735,
0.019495027139782906,
-0.1428903341293335,
0.32306867837905884,
0.14500541985034943,
-0.10928823053836823,
-0.29520702362060547,
-0.08865809440612793,
-0.36360740661621094,
0.023543640971183777,
3.3530030250549316,
0.4285337030887604,
-0.1211242824792862,
0.2866053879261017,
0.4421895444393158,
-0.2340678721666336,
0.18308064341545105,
-0.6068490147590637,
0.043814510107040405,
0.009907764382660389,
0.0010539211798459291,
0.16328690946102142,
-0.3082493841648102,
0.0313449427485466,
-0.26613664627075195,
0.0010537306079640985,
-0.2510982155799866,
-0.46242859959602356,
0.28297871351242065,
-0.6585342884063721,
0.564572811126709,
0.1615888625383377,
0.313432514667511,
-0.4752950668334961,
-0.6044636368751526,
0.4362979531288147,
0.31157198548316956,
-0.8413019776344299,
-0.11167943477630615,
-0.15780852735042572,
0.07634643465280533,
-0.27627694606781006,
-0.043380044400691986,
0.6894007325172424,
-0.13921384513378143,
0.41490861773490906,
-0.15094491839408875,
-0.10689515620470047,
0.24465878307819366,
-0.37219905853271484,
0.22064661979675293,
-0.2760443687438965,
0.6142673492431641,
0.0901135802268982,
-0.3658612370491028,
0.3630140721797943,
-0.08601035177707672,
0.5276473164558411,
-0.8819656372070312,
0.05962495505809784,
0.26866334676742554,
0.16761501133441925,
-0.25965338945388794,
0.007111671380698681,
0.17816667258739471,
0.02966250106692314,
0.31888410449028015,
0.03290659561753273,
0.35700660943984985,
-0.18028169870376587,
-0.45928168296813965,
-0.2700049579143524,
-0.1622706949710846,
-0.003528404515236616,
-0.3756859302520752,
-0.13487137854099274,
-0.43882885575294495,
0.22298279404640198,
-3.93560791015625,
0.23527058959007263,
0.6542319059371948,
-0.06021296605467796,
0.37045928835868835,
-0.5679739117622375,
-0.4866607189178467,
0.8210071921348572,
0.015440993942320347,
-0.41653093695640564,
0.27123919129371643,
-0.4709920287132263,
0.0329282321035862,
0.4518074691295624,
0.19839954376220703,
-0.34981203079223633,
-0.2689262628555298,
-0.057765062898397446,
-0.2362198531627655,
-0.03920125588774681,
0.7684019207954407,
0.4361426830291748,
0.3692198097705841,
0.0022275468800216913,
-0.3499045968055725,
0.626571536064148,
-0.21534660458564758,
-0.17167994379997253,
0.8492444157600403,
-0.42844024300575256,
-0.1698412001132965,
-0.38084033131599426,
-0.5108385682106018,
-0.04168481007218361,
-0.31910955905914307,
-3.084589719772339,
-0.13712632656097412,
-0.7096241116523743,
0.2107885479927063,
-0.0019460681360214949,
-0.7867056727409363,
0.2875533401966095,
0.024329310283064842,
-0.0012843196745961905,
0.41019099950790405,
0.01991761475801468,
0.22813311219215393,
0.07520685344934464,
0.584424614906311,
0.8544489145278931,
-0.16858907043933868,
0.8970581293106079,
-0.4733291566371918,
1.0232186317443848,
0.2207803577184677,
0.17787663638591766,
0.04273365065455437,
-0.5789476037025452,
-0.3189115822315216,
0.6264482140541077,
0.6386997699737549,
-0.18044042587280273,
0.38544219732284546,
-0.4951779544353485,
0.10855942219495773,
0.2801506519317627,
-0.3568636178970337,
-0.21001948416233063,
-0.35318705439567566,
-0.41729602217674255,
-0.8104240894317627,
0.10839308053255081,
0.023997293785214424,
0.4468977451324463,
-0.21824206411838531,
0.3857894837856293,
0.3278420567512512,
-0.5556280612945557,
0.24638482928276062,
0.08788813650608063,
0.4622197151184082,
-0.5223850607872009,
-0.17080247402191162,
-0.5641275644302368,
0.4869486391544342,
0.13305658102035522,
-0.428756982088089,
1.3554922342300415,
-0.20997171103954315,
0.25879940390586853,
-0.3173946738243103,
0.4676302373409271,
-0.20905938744544983,
-0.3500683009624481,
-0.049498528242111206,
0.9701179265975952,
-0.5161720514297485,
0.4023439586162567,
-0.06715497374534607,
-0.11078692972660065,
-0.3402315676212311,
0.8723698854446411,
-0.13979320228099823,
-0.39166101813316345,
-0.03837791457772255,
-0.22893212735652924,
0.15416373312473297,
0.18854720890522003,
-0.4566850960254669,
-0.19515199959278107,
0.032175663858652115,
-0.5170819163322449,
0.38496291637420654,
0.29720255732536316,
-0.5414316058158875,
-0.22461402416229248,
-0.1574944406747818,
0.2915622591972351,
0.675807774066925,
-0.09461180865764618,
0.6890432238578796,
-0.08861734718084335,
0.20957829058170319,
0.09009180963039398,
0.1584484577178955,
0.24102330207824707,
0.052843011915683746,
0.14669233560562134,
0.6891967058181763,
-0.29449328780174255,
0.016642604023218155,
1.0823719501495361,
-0.5959879159927368,
-0.28832778334617615,
-0.5151273012161255,
0.07536318898200989,
-0.00712314248085022,
-0.47711479663848877,
-0.15729664266109467,
-0.08264119178056717,
-0.2607002556324005,
-0.02275029756128788,
-0.410277783870697,
-0.4626176655292511,
-0.32199549674987793,
0.054705217480659485,
0.09663569182157516,
-0.5611270666122437,
0.3012983798980713,
0.8657039403915405,
-0.03099045343697071,
-0.0630982369184494,
0.8897114396095276,
0.5418797731399536,
0.7885929346084595,
0.39645516872406006,
0.17199143767356873,
0.11283248662948608,
0.4105263948440552,
0.0511624850332737,
-0.32996028661727905,
0.06438476592302322,
-0.008153407834470272,
-0.06522730737924576,
-0.013940120115876198,
0.5586478114128113,
0.08595406264066696,
-0.642000138759613,
-0.7798957228660583,
-0.128297820687294,
-0.6850870847702026,
0.21792836487293243,
-0.2340613305568695,
-0.26787111163139343,
-0.10309690982103348,
0.08060280233621597,
0.20429570972919464,
-0.4479335844516754,
0.32057446241378784,
0.31778934597969055,
0.38741472363471985,
0.27836909890174866,
-0.22286425530910492,
0.3019550144672394,
0.26859569549560547,
-0.5583613514900208,
-0.7746598124504089,
0.4523298442363739,
0.05722654610872269,
0.41642850637435913,
0.0619095116853714,
-0.05392882227897644,
-0.0047326781786978245,
-0.018531912937760353,
-0.04176260903477669,
0.41117799282073975,
0.5533316731452942,
-1.0317085981369019,
-0.09286046773195267,
0.09114980697631836,
-0.7474094033241272,
0.15261152386665344,
-0.3074295222759247,
-0.3813304603099823,
0.7797024250030518,
0.13192452490329742,
-0.3977018892765045,
0.2515883147716522,
-0.10855188220739365,
0.3807120621204376,
-0.5257885456085205,
0.2791460454463959,
-0.2205965518951416,
0.11833301931619644,
-0.35874709486961365,
-0.31244349479675293,
-0.31798362731933594,
-0.21536420285701752,
0.5398626923561096,
0.2685736119747162,
-0.4223395586013794,
-0.07064267247915268,
-0.3063965439796448,
-0.2369019240140915,
0.47098249197006226,
-0.45193612575531006,
0.11790375411510468,
0.8297457098960876,
0.538446843624115,
-0.2016715407371521,
-0.35477888584136963,
0.4865224361419678,
0.006228680722415447,
0.09200192242860794,
-0.28893449902534485,
-0.22180846333503723,
0.8223389983177185,
-0.10069623589515686,
0.5061138272285461,
-0.09906433522701263,
0.03444544970989227,
0.20452319085597992,
0.32337069511413574,
-0.2405085265636444,
0.4610224664211273,
0.5388284921646118,
-0.3189230263233185,
0.42094361782073975,
0.0638178214430809,
-0.3200508654117584,
-0.6195142865180969,
0.31748560070991516,
-0.10385238379240036,
-0.036561641842126846,
-0.4100102484226227,
-0.11297228932380676,
-0.6646040081977844,
-0.44247907400131226,
-0.6387075781822205,
0.03589770197868347,
-0.13969825208187103,
0.11428884416818619,
-0.8616123795509338,
0.6316742897033691,
-0.8047330379486084,
-0.4870782494544983,
-0.3366144895553589,
0.502076268196106,
0.41805121302604675,
-0.17840790748596191,
0.6030712127685547,
-0.39554348587989807,
0.4713060259819031,
0.25344395637512207,
-0.1419806182384491,
-0.2016891986131668,
0.20698770880699158,
0.28183379769325256,
-0.5876613855361938,
-0.38552722334861755,
0.254449725151062,
-0.00021822391136083752,
-0.1762266755104065,
-0.2762420177459717,
0.5667187571525574,
0.1537020206451416,
0.09938183426856995,
-0.014002984389662743,
-0.30134910345077515,
1.0790936946868896,
-0.30251479148864746,
-0.29668623208999634,
0.07433921843767166,
0.3538247346878052,
-0.4512443542480469,
-0.36793088912963867,
0.08008267730474472,
0.5931875705718994,
0.4433360695838928,
0.11310360580682755,
0.6351599097251892,
-0.044106755405664444,
0.10892992466688156,
0.4853615462779999,
-0.48305726051330566,
-0.5418323278427124,
-0.5650053024291992,
-0.3351956903934479,
0.5246286392211914,
0.0791633203625679,
-0.17875465750694275,
-0.20570659637451172,
-0.6717053651809692,
-0.12031418830156326,
-0.3487853705883026,
1.230007290840149,
0.11566951870918274,
-0.01974128745496273,
0.32284507155418396,
0.46478334069252014,
-0.3189142346382141,
-0.18441525101661682,
-0.01166640967130661,
-0.2540881633758545,
0.595360517501831,
0.05579100921750069,
0.2776181995868683,
-0.28489914536476135,
-0.5355175137519836,
-0.0733441486954689,
0.7350620031356812,
-0.10410314053297043,
-0.025694888085126877,
-0.7408473491668701,
-0.05082772672176361,
-0.7275939583778381,
0.9566431641578674,
-0.010619495064020157,
0.16972345113754272,
0.18665505945682526,
0.322581022977829,
0.16558612883090973,
-0.06856651604175568,
0.23677997291088104,
-0.49309051036834717,
0.029865587130188942,
0.45907339453697205,
0.24732418358325958,
0.18052101135253906,
-0.27339446544647217,
-0.3341163098812103,
0.6815344095230103,
-0.44750621914863586,
0.33486682176589966,
0.14146941900253296,
-0.0829659253358841,
-0.13912805914878845,
0.8325334787368774,
0.15262669324874878,
-0.29598087072372437,
0.6124209761619568,
-0.1430007964372635,
0.2854526937007904,
0.4764418601989746,
-0.14436224102973938,
-0.11651230603456497,
-0.1788007766008377,
-0.5627486109733582,
0.3560226261615753,
-0.24805733561515808,
-0.0290803462266922,
0.46417465806007385,
-0.5803979635238647,
0.3152103126049042,
0.28144603967666626,
0.06480468064546585,
0.9337327480316162,
0.291225790977478,
-0.10137845575809479,
0.1546076089143753,
-0.2554180920124054,
-0.1824066936969757,
0.21328204870224,
-0.12385720014572144,
-0.48201435804367065,
-0.41314107179641724,
0.05096407234668732,
-0.03704465180635452,
-0.0916334018111229,
0.1837751865386963,
-0.2971799671649933,
0.3103984296321869,
0.4292795956134796,
0.43630728125572205,
-2.8427999019622803,
-0.19485270977020264,
-0.3869672417640686,
0.7272936105728149,
-0.15079650282859802,
0.19997461140155792,
-0.41705602407455444,
0.29381123185157776,
0.31931424140930176,
-0.7489764094352722,
0.7385044097900391,
-0.12033288180828094,
-0.12062060832977295,
0.1886572688817978,
-0.018994176760315895,
0.5560526251792908,
0.08698739856481552,
-0.04919442534446716,
-0.6522449851036072,
0.3193640112876892,
0.5091939568519592,
0.35464951395988464,
0.22538836300373077,
-0.2109055072069168,
-0.34488847851753235,
0.5497311353683472,
-0.04128943011164665,
-0.24245253205299377,
0.09349943697452545,
-0.05358313396573067,
-0.16984041035175323,
0.2345331907272339,
0.281415730714798,
0.08301808685064316,
0.302916556596756,
-0.23027360439300537,
0.44518181681632996,
-0.5324946045875549,
0.771576464176178,
0.3154563903808594,
-0.03795111924409866,
0.2242283821105957,
0.7140687108039856,
-0.3234613537788391,
0.3570496439933777,
-0.24771904945373535,
-0.06670060753822327,
-0.28115835785865784,
0.39203202724456787,
0.0007659101975150406,
0.43899092078208923,
-0.2054859846830368,
0.5842053294181824,
0.1281815767288208,
0.5238535404205322,
0.38534122705459595,
0.16548529267311096,
-0.1127786859869957,
-0.5723528265953064,
-0.5481180548667908,
-0.009383434429764748,
-0.1553160697221756,
-0.03666570037603378,
0.6273554563522339,
0.855046272277832,
-0.31998497247695923,
-0.22234097123146057,
-0.23441942036151886,
-0.043944101780653,
0.04270808398723602,
0.21406474709510803,
-0.029803242534399033,
-0.34924963116645813,
0.04238327220082283,
-0.1386013776063919,
0.27925196290016174,
0.3396381139755249,
0.013712450861930847,
0.1121017262339592,
0.23213574290275574,
-0.3146510124206543,
-0.7152624726295471,
-0.5453357696533203,
0.3405819833278656,
0.050738852471113205,
-6.406163215637207,
0.4093698561191559,
-0.3937698304653168,
-0.683020293712616,
0.28795433044433594,
-0.17719711363315582,
-0.22511081397533417,
0.12675711512565613,
-0.003982896916568279,
0.11433015763759613,
0.10263939201831818,
0.013428835198283195,
0.1882704198360443,
-0.5127955675125122,
0.18955747783184052,
0.289321631193161
] |
247697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana%20people | Tswana people | The Tswana (, singular Motswana) are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group who are native to Southern Africa. The Tswana language is a principal member of the Sotho-Tswana language group. Ethnic Tswana made up approximately 85% of the population of Botswana in 2011.
Batswana are the native people of south and eastern Botswana, and the Gauteng, North West, Northern Cape and Free State provinces of South Africa, where the majority of Batswana are located.
History
Early history of Batswana
The Batswana are descended mainly from Bantu-speaking tribes who migrated southward of Africa around 600 AD, living in tribal enclaves as farmers and herders. Several Iron Age cultures flourished from around 900 AD, including the Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age settlement. The Toutswe were based in the eastern region of what is now Botswana, relying on Tswana cattle breed held in kraals as their source of wealth. The arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana-speakers who came to control the region (from the Vaal River to Botswana) has yet to be dated precisely although AD 600 seems to be a consensus estimate. This massive cattle-raising complex prospered until 1300 AD or so. All these various peoples were connected to trade routes that ran via the Limpopo River to the Indian Ocean, and trade goods from Asia such as beads made their way to Botswana most likely in exchange for ivory, gold and rhinoceros horn. Members of the Bakwena, a chieftaincy under a legendary leader named Kgabo II, made their way into the southern Kalahari by AD 1500, at the latest, and his people drove the Bakgalagadi inhabitants west into the desert. Over the years, several offshoots of the Bakwena moved into adjoining territories. The Bangwaketse occupied areas to the west, while the Bangwato moved northeast into formerly Bakalanga areas. Not long afterwards, a Bangwato offshoot known as the Batawana migrated into the Okavango Delta, probably in the 1790s. The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana appear in 1824. What these records show is that the Bangwaketse had become the predominant power in the region. Under the rule of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in well-protected desert areas, and used their military prowess to raid their neighbours. Other chiefdoms in the area, by this time, had capitals of 10,000 or so and were fairly prosperous. One of these famous capitals was Kaditshwene which was the cultural capital of the Bahurutshe people, one of the principal Tswana tribes and a centre of manufacturing and trading, it had been founded in the late 1400s on the site of iron and copper ore deposits. The remains of another major Tswana capital, Kweneng’ ruins, are found in Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve in South Africa. It was occupied from the 15th to the 19th century AD and was the largest of several sizeable settlements inhabited by Tswana speakers prior to European arrival. Several circular stone walled family compounds are spread out over an area 10 km long and 2 km wide.
Batswana–Boer Wars
During the 1840s and 1850s trade with Cape Colony-based merchants opened up and enabled the Batswana chiefdoms to rebuild. The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade, and then used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely complete by 1880, and thus the Bushmen, the Bakalanga, the Bakgalagadi, the Batswapong and other current minorities were subjugated by the Batswana. Following the Great Trek, Afrikaners from the Cape Colony established themselves on the borders of Botswana in the Transvaal. In 1852 a coalition of Tswana chiefdoms led by Sechele I resisted Afrikaner incursions which culminated with the pivotal showdown of the Battle of Dimawe fought with artillery and long range rifles as well as musket fire. Although it was the Boer Commando led by the Boer Commandant-General Pieter Scholtz and Paul Kruger, as an officer leading the Boer advance who started the offensive, it was they who ended up on the retreat followed by Batswana's retaliatory attacks into the then Transvaal's Marique district in which Boer settlements, villages and farms were scotched. After about eight years of intermittent tensions and hostilities, eventually came to a peace agreement in Potchefstroom in 1860. From that point on, the modern-day border between South Africa and Botswana was agreed on, and the Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together peacefully.
Battle of Khutiyabasadi
The Batawana's (Tswana tribe/clan) fight against invading Ndebele of 1884. When the amaNdebele arrived at Toteng, they thus found the village abandoned. But, as they settled down to enjoy their bloodless conquest, about seventy mounted Batawana under Kgosi Moremi's personal command appeared, all armed with breech-loading rifles. In classic commando style the cavalry began to harass the much larger enemy force with lethal hit and run volleys. Meanwhile, another group of traditionally armed subjects of the Kgosi also made their presence known.
At this point the amaNdebele commander, Lotshe, took the bait dividing his army into two groups. One party pursued Moremi's small force, while the other fruitlessly tried to catch up to what they believed was the main body of Batawana.
As the invaders generally lacked guns, as well as horses, Moremi continued to harass his pursuers, inflicting significant casualties while remaining unscathed.
The primary mission of Moremi's men was not, however, to inflict losses on the enemy so much as to ensnare them into a well designed trap. His force thus gradually retreated northward towards Khutiyabasadi, drawing the amaNdebele to where the main body of defenders were already well entrenched.
As they approached the swamp area south Khutiyabasadi, Lotshe struggled to reunite his men, perhaps sensing that they were approaching a showdown. But, instead, Moremi's Batawana, now joined by Qhunkunyane's Wayeyi drew the amaNdebele still deeper into the swamps.
In this area of poor visibility, due to the thick tall reeds, the Batawana and Wayeyi were able to employ additional tricks to lure the invaders towards their ultimate doom. At one point a calf and its mother were tied to separate trees to make Lotshe's men think that they were finally catching up to their main prize, the elusive Batawana cattle. As they pressed forward the amaNdebele were further unnerved by additional hit and run attacks and sniping by small bands of Batawana marksmen. Certainly they could not have been comfortable in the unfamiliar Okavango environment.
It was at Kuthiyabasadi that the defenders' trap was finally sprung. At the time, the place was an island dominated by high reeds and surrounded to the west by deep water. In the reeds, three well armed Batawana regiments, joined by local Wayeyi, waited patiently. There they had built a small wooden platform, upon which several men could be seen from across the channel, as well tunnels and entrenchments for concealment. The amaNdebele were drawn to the spot by the appearance of Batawana cavalry who crossed the channel to the island in their sight. In addition, cattle were placed on a small islet adjacent to Kuthiyabasadi, while a group of soldiers now made themselves visible by standing up on the wooden platform. Also at the location was a papyrus bridge that had been purposely weakened at crucial spots. Surveying the scene, Lotshe ordered his men to charge across the bridge over what he presumably thought was no more than a small stream. As planned, the bridge collapsed when full of amaNdebele, who were thus unexpectedly thrown into a deep water channel. Few if any would have known how to swim.
Additional waves of amaNdebele found themselves pinned down by their charging compatriots along the river bank, which was too deep for them to easily ford. With the enemy thus in disarray, the signal was given for the main body of defenders to emerge from their tunnels and trenches. A barrage of bullets cut through Lotshe's lines from three sides, quickly turning the battle into a one-sided massacre. It is said that after the main firing had ceased, the Wayeyi used their mekoro to further attack the survivors trapped in the river, hitting them on the head with their oars. In this way, many more were drowned. By the time the fighting was over, the blood is reported to have turned the water along the course of the river black. While the total number of casualties at Khutiyabasadi cannot be precisely known, observers in Bulawayo at the time confirm that over 2,500 men had left on Lotshe's expedition and less than 500 returned. While the bulk of the amaNdebele losses are believed to have occurred in and around Khutiyabasadi itself, survivors of the battle were also killed while being mercilessly pursued by the Batawana cavalry. Moremi was clearly determined to send a strong message to Lobengula that his regiments were no match. Still others died of exhaustion and hunger while trying to make their way home across the dry plains south of Chobe; the somewhat more hospitable route through Gammangwato having been blocked by Khama. While the battle at Khutiyabasadi was a great victory for the Batawana and defeat for the amaNdebele, for the Wayeyi of the region the outcome is said to have been a mixed blessing. While they had shared in the victory over the hated Amandebele, one of its consequences was a tightening of Batawana authority in the area over them, as Moremi settled for a period at nearby Nokaneng.
First Matabele War
The First Matabele War was fought between 1893 and 1894 in modern-day Zimbabwe. The British South Africa Company had no more than 750 troops in the British South Africa Company's Police, with an undetermined number of possible colonial volunteers and an additional 700 Tswana (Bechuana) allies who marched on Bulawayo from the south commandeered by Khama III, the most influential of the Batswana chiefs, and a staunch ally of the British. The Salisbury and Fort Victoria columns marched into Bulawayo on 4 November 1893. The Imperial column from Bechuanaland was nowhere to be seen. They had set march on 18 October heading north for Bulawayo and had a minor skirmish with the Matabele near Mphoengs on 2 November. They finally reached Bulawayo on 15 November, a delay which probably saved the Chartered Company's then newly occupied territory being annexed to the imperial Bechuanaland Protectorate.
Bophuthatswana
The Bophuthatswana Territorial Authority was created in 1961, and in June 1972 Bophuthatswana was declared a self-governing state. On 6 December 1977 this 'homeland' was granted independence by the South African government. Bophuthatswana's capital city was Mmabatho and 99% of its population was Tswana speaking. In March 1994, Bophuthatswana was placed under the control of two administrators, Tjaart van der Walt and Job Mokgoro. The small, widespread pieces of land were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994. Bophuthatswana now forms part of the North West, Free State, Northern Cape, and Gauteng provinces.
Dynasties and tribe
Botswana
The republic of Botswana (formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland) is named for the Tswana people. The country's eight major tribes/clans speak Tswana, which is also called Setswana. All have a traditional Paramount Chief, styled Kgosikgolo, who is entitled to a seat in the Ntlo ya Dikgosi (an advisory body to the country's Parliament). The Tswana dynasties are all related. A person who lives in Botswana is a Motswana and the plural is Batswana. The three main branches of the Tswana tribe formed during the 17th century. Three brothers, Kwena, Ngwaketse and Ngwato, broke away from their father, Chief Malope, to establish their own tribes in Molepolole, Kanye and Serowe, probably in response to drought and expanding populations in search of pasture and arable land.
The principal Tswana tribes/clans are the:
Bafokeng
Bakwena
Balete
Bangwato
BaNgwaketse
Barolong
Bataung
Batlhaping
Batlôkwa
Bakgatla
Batshweneng
South Africa
The largest number of ethnic Tswana people is located in modern-day South Africa. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country, and the Tswana language is one of eleven official languages in South Africa. There were over 4 million Tswana speakers in the country in 2012, with North West Province having a majority of 2,200,000 Tswana speakers. From 1948 to 1994, South African Tswana people were defined by the Apartheid regime to be citizens of Bophuthatswana, one of ten bantustans set up for the purpose of defending the policy of denying black Africans citizenship in South Africa.
Setswana food and cuisine
Pap is a staple food made from cornmeal which is often eaten alongside meat or vegetables, as is done in much of Africa. Borotlho is a bread made from various types of flour. The most popular sorghum porridge is Ting. Bogobe jwa Logala/Sengana is a traditional Setswana dish prepared from sorghum porridge mixed/cooked with milk. Seswaa is Botswana's national dish and is often served at weddings, funerals, and other celebrations. Seswaa is a pounded or shredded meat and often served with Bogobe (Porridge). Madila is a sour cultured milk prepared from cow and goat milk over a period of time until fully matured for consumption. Traditionally madila were prepared using Lekuka a leather sack or bag used in processing and storing madila. Madila is also traditionally used as relish, eaten with pap. It can also be used in popular Tswana breakfast meal, motogo, to give the soft porridge that sour and milky taste.
Culture and attire
Batswana wear a cotton fabric known in Setswana as Leteisi and Sotho as Shweshwe. This fabric is often used for wedding celebrations and other traditional celebrations. In Setswana tradition mothers wear mogagolwane, a checkered small blanket during traditional baby-showers, and married women during traditional weddings are identified by it, as well as during various initiation ceremonies. Even during funerals Batswana women don mogagolwane.
Music
Tswana music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Tswana folk music has instruments such as Setinkane (a Botswana version of miniature piano), Segankure/Segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument Erhu), Moropa (Meropa -plural) (a Botswana version of the many varieties of drums), and phala (a Botswana version of a whistle used mostly during celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms). Botswana cultural musical instruments are not confined only to the strings or drums. the hands are used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area; it is only used by men) to create music and rhythm. For the last few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the Segaba instrument does not have. Other notable modern Tswana music is Tswana Rap known as Motswako.
Visual arts
Batswana are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. Potters made clay pots for storing water, traditional beer and also for cooking and hardly for commercial use. Craft makers made wooden crafts and they made traditional cooking utensils such as leso and lehetlho, traditional wooden chairs and drums among others.
Tswana astronomy
Astronomy is an old age tradition in Africa. As with all other cultures, various ethnic groups developed their own interpretations of the solar system. Using their natural instrument the eye, Batswana have observed, commented on and named celestial objects of interest to them. There are more telling and specific names that relate to unique stellar patterns and their seasonal appearance e.g. Selemela, Naka, Thutlwa, and Dikolojwane. According to Tswana culture, the stars of Orion's sword were "dintsa le Dikolobe", three dogs chasing three pigs of Orion's belt. The Milky Way was viewed by the Tswana as Molalatladi, the place where lightning rests. It was further believed that this place of rest also kept the sky from collapsing and showed the movement of time. Some even claimed that it turned the sun to the east, in a way to explaining the rising of the sun. It was also believed that it was a supernatural footpath across the sky along which ancestors' spirits walked. The moon (Ngwedi) is said to represent a woman; it brings forth light but not as scorching as the Sun (Letsatsi) and its light is associated with happiness. Venus is called Mphatlalatsana (the brilliant and blinding one) by Batswana & Kopadilalelo (seeker of evening meals). The southern African calendar was made up of 354 days, (12 x 29.5 day lunar month). This was 11 days shorter than the solar year, an issue which could not be ignored. The solution was to add an additional month, when necessary, to "catch up". Some years were 12 months long, others 13. After the arrival of Europeans and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, it was noted that the Batswana people had started forgetting the name of the 13th month. In contrast to Europe, where the new year is in the middle of winter, in southern Africa it logically started in September or October at the start of the new growing season.
Raditladi Basin, a large peak ring impact crater on Mercury with a diameter of 263 km is named after Leetile Disang Raditladi. a Motswana playwright and poet.
List of Notable Batswana and people of Tswana descent
Activism, authorship, academics and science
Keorapetse Kgositsile – Late South African ANC activist, writer, author.
Prof Dan Kgwadi – Vice-chancellor, North-West University
Z. K. Matthews – Academic in South Africa, lecturing at the University of Fort Hare in 1955
Thebe Medupe – A physics professor at North West University
Dr. Matshidiso Moeti – Regional Director of the WHO Regional Office for Africa
Mamokgethi Phakeng – Vice-Chancellor of University of Cape Town
Sol Plaatje – South African ANC activist, writer, author.
Politics, royalty, activism, business and economics
Duma Boko – He is a lawyer, jurist and politician. He is the president of the main opposition party in Botswana - Umbrella for Democratic Change.
Frances Baard – Organiser of the African National Congress (ANC) Women's League and Trade Unionist
Bathoen I – Former Kgosi (paramount chief) of the Ngwaketse
Manne Dipico – first premier of Northern Cape province, South Africa
Winkie Direko – former premier of Free State and former chancellor of University of Free State
Unity Dow – Botswana former High Court judge, author, activist, Minister
John Taolo Gaetsewe – Trade unionist, member of the ANC and General Secretary of SACTU, Robben Island prisoner, banned person
Khama III – King of Botswana
Ian Khama – Fourth President of Botswana
Seretse Khama – First President of Botswana
Moses Kotane – South African politician and activist
David Magang – Botswana lawyer, businessman and politician
Supra Mahumapelo – South African politician
Mmusi Maimane – South African politician
Toto Makgolokwe – Paramount chief (kgosi) of the Batlharo tribe of South Africa
Lucas Mangope – Former President of Bophutatswana
Quett Masire – Second President of Botswana
Mokgweetsi Masisi – President of Botswana
Joe Matthews – South African politician
Naledi Pandor (née Matthews) – South African politician and minister
Festus Mogae – Third President of Botswana
Mogoeng Mogoeng – Chief Justice, South Africa
Job Mokgoro – South African politician and academic
Yvonne Mokgoro – Former South African Constitutional Court Justice
Brian Molefe – South African businessman, appointed CEO of Transnet in February 2011, and CEO of Eskom in April 2015
Popo Molefe – first premier of North West province, South Africa
Dipuo Peters – South Africa politician, former Minister of Transport and Minister of Energy from 2009 to 2013
Edna Molewa – South African politician
Leruo Molotlegi – King of the Royal Bafokeng Nation
Ruth Mompati – South African political activist
James Moroka – one of the ANC Presidents (1949 to 1952)
Dikgang Moseneke – South African judge and former Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa
Nthato Motlana – Prominent South African businessman, physician and anti-apartheid activist
Bridgette Motsepe – South African businesswoman
Patrice Motsepe – South African billionaire mining businessman
Tshepo Motsepe – First Lady of South Africa as the wife of Cyril Ramaphosa, the President of South Africa
Sebele I – Former Chief (Kgosi) of the Kwena — a major Tswana tribe (morafe) in modern-day Botswana
Molefi Sefularo – South African politician
Abram Onkgopotse Tiro – South African student activist and black consciousness militant
Arts and media
Presley Chweneyagae – South African actor. He starred in the film Tsotsi, which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film
Khuli Chana – South African hip hop artist
Katlego Danke – South African actress
Connie Ferguson – Botswana born South African actress
Shona Ferguson – Botswana born South African businessman, actor, film producer and co-founder of Ferguson Films
DJ Fresh – Botswana born South African radio personality
Goapele – American singer with Setswana ancestry
Thebe Kgositsile – American rapper, father is Keorapetse Kgositsile
Mpule Kwelagobe – Former Miss Universe
Kagiso Lediga – South African stand-up comedian, actor and director
A-Reece - South African musician
Gail Nkoane Mabalane – South African actress, model, media socialite, businesswoman and singer
Kabelo Mabalane – South African kwaito musician, songwriter and actor. He was a member of the kwaito trio TKZee
Maps Maponyane – South African television presenter, actor, fashion designer, speaker, model, voice over artist, philanthropist and entrepreneur
Bonang Matheba – South African media personality
Tim Modise – South African journalist, TV and radio presenter
Tumi Morake – South African comedian, actress, TV personality, and writer. Current presenter of "Dirage" on Motsweding Fm
Cassper Nyovest – aka Refiloe Maele Phoolo, South African hip hop artist
Hip Hop Pantsula – South African artist
Manaka Ranaka – South African actress
Dolly Rathebe – musician and actress
Rapulana Seiphemo – South African actor
Tuks Senganga – aka Tumelo Kepadisa, Setswana rapper
Boity Thulo – South African actress, hip hop artist
Redi Tlhabi – Journalist, producer, author and radio presenter
Emma Wareus – Former Miss World First Princess
Zeus – aka Game Goabaone Bantsi, Botswana born Setswana rapper
Dj Speedsta - Dj and TV personality.
Sports
Itumeleng Khune – South African footballer
Lucky Lekgwathi – Former South African footballer
Reneilwe Letsholonyane – South African footballer
Dikgang Mabalane – South African football player
Marks Maponyane – retired South African football player
Teko Modise – South African footballer
Amantle Montsho – Former world 800 metres champion
Pitso Mosimane – South African football former player and coach – current manager of Al Ahly in the Egyptian Premier League
Kaizer Motaung – Former South African footballer and chairman of Kaizer Chiefs
Kaizer Motaung Junior – Former South African footballer
Katlego Mphela – South African footballer
Victor Mpitsang – South African cricketer, fast bowler who has played for South Africa, currently cricket National Convenor of Selectors
Kagiso Rabada – South African cricketer, debut for South Africa in November 2014 and by July 2018 he had topped both the ICC ODI bowler rankings and the ICC Test bowler rankings aged 22
Jimmy Tau – Former South African footballer
Percy Tau – South African footballer
Baboloki Thebe – Commonwealth 800 metres silver medalist. 4x4 Commonwealth gold medalist
Alister Walker – Botswana professional squash player
Innocent Maela
Gift Links
Religion
Frederick Samuel Modise – founder of the International Pentecostal Holiness Church
Glayton Modise – the International Pentecostal Holiness Church leader
See also
Sotho-Tswana peoples
Pedi people
Sotho people
Demographics of Botswana
Toto Makgolokwe
Langeberg Rebellion (1896–97)
References
External links
WorldStatesmen website on political and administrative entities, per present state
Archive.lib.msu.edu
Origins | Bakgatla Archive
The languages of South Africa – SouthAfrica.info | [
0.548481285572052,
0.049478329718112946,
-1.0201565027236938,
-0.6330597996711731,
0.010807721875607967,
0.24515576660633087,
0.6834499835968018,
0.47037625312805176,
-0.9725071787834167,
-0.20207440853118896,
0.08285600692033768,
0.1907467097043991,
-0.4832310676574707,
0.8350951075553894,
-0.22241783142089844,
0.2916262149810791,
0.11960110813379288,
0.3106374442577362,
0.08682134747505188,
-0.12136296927928925,
-0.4443378746509552,
0.11397469788789749,
0.3045214116573334,
0.33308809995651245,
-0.1342373639345169,
0.21255922317504883,
0.9105327725410461,
0.36618995666503906,
0.2807159721851349,
-0.2894248068332672,
0.4376632869243622,
0.7484387755393982,
-0.320785790681839,
0.3732872009277344,
0.3052469491958618,
-0.23422834277153015,
-0.12590278685092926,
-0.11443909257650375,
-0.06182236596941948,
-0.06457788497209549,
0.10504911839962006,
-0.3298230469226837,
0.19070500135421753,
0.9401564002037048,
-0.21229355037212372,
-0.6471895575523376,
-0.7361153364181519,
0.6551589369773865,
-0.4701770842075348,
-0.2127373069524765,
-0.444740355014801,
0.21803289651870728,
0.41089943051338196,
0.24351699650287628,
0.47759270668029785,
0.24713416397571564,
-1.0489940643310547,
0.41051220893859863,
0.5392772555351257,
-0.28822457790374756,
-0.0506351962685585,
0.4916294515132904,
-0.6993387341499329,
-0.29403603076934814,
-0.09169862419366837,
0.33327287435531616,
0.4459853172302246,
0.9212880730628967,
0.12447899580001831,
-0.2835962474346161,
-0.3714660108089447,
-0.25278440117836,
-0.23439474403858185,
0.2598707377910614,
0.19035443663597107,
-0.262085884809494,
0.44779205322265625,
-0.49754026532173157,
0.30266067385673523,
0.10758595913648605,
-0.1537645310163498,
0.4517194926738739,
1.0471792221069336,
0.13687928020954132,
0.6124699115753174,
0.4203767478466034,
-0.26158130168914795,
-0.08546025305986404,
-0.31938716769218445,
0.2808868885040283,
-0.15719735622406006,
-0.08594030886888504,
0.11921188235282898,
-0.6497636437416077,
0.04759800434112549,
-0.09142021834850311,
0.009223810397088528,
0.23165443539619446,
0.41941678524017334,
0.28514161705970764,
-0.26454460620880127,
-0.7763341665267944,
0.41821351647377014,
-0.2996605336666107,
-0.8429674506187439,
0.010820101015269756,
-0.17948602139949799,
0.07969174534082413,
-0.39560577273368835,
-0.7587229609489441,
-0.5178364515304565,
-0.12676483392715454,
-0.19372986257076263,
0.04115606099367142,
0.07004325836896896,
0.3644205331802368,
-0.008946441113948822,
-0.7857728004455566,
-0.4024873375892639,
-0.05247016251087189,
0.26878854632377625,
0.4463057219982147,
-0.3638840913772583,
0.7108907103538513,
-0.2583860456943512,
0.29233238101005554,
0.46435895562171936,
-0.16277654469013214,
0.08576202392578125,
0.30285003781318665,
0.8337531089782715,
1.1375086307525635,
-0.18403275310993195,
0.0710495263338089,
0.12744140625,
-0.1433759182691574,
0.44213157892227173,
0.2926956117153168,
0.3452836275100708,
-0.46243172883987427,
-1.273767113685608,
0.1682966649532318,
-0.7599295377731323,
0.49861010909080505,
0.3625310957431793,
0.08674491196870804,
-0.08658197522163391,
-0.13885505497455597,
-0.3155772387981415,
-0.6670382022857666,
-0.41762128472328186,
-0.3910425305366516,
0.16623368859291077,
0.19728218019008636,
-0.10782026499509811,
-0.0480743870139122,
0.6656305193901062,
-0.2575136721134186,
0.3157726228237152,
-0.24460190534591675,
0.18420718610286713,
-0.22221843898296356,
0.21021947264671326,
0.06887513399124146,
0.8433612585067749,
0.26259317994117737,
-0.13261491060256958,
0.1872251331806183,
-0.4182887673377991,
0.3573167026042938,
-0.40391334891319275,
-0.25668206810951233,
-0.1830986589193344,
-0.5454140901565552,
-0.7499113082885742,
0.12257743626832962,
-0.3252068758010864,
0.10944895446300507,
0.7141298651695251,
0.460583359003067,
-0.5360151529312134,
0.017623296007514,
-0.09333773702383041,
0.11562776565551758,
0.22386488318443298,
0.17067332565784454,
-0.393702894449234,
0.16945068538188934,
0.5387392640113831,
0.04920826479792595,
-0.4493119418621063,
-0.24930696189403534,
0.271259069442749,
-0.18328428268432617,
0.581238329410553,
0.15272091329097748,
-0.16678448021411896,
0.7117559909820557,
0.10267554968595505,
0.7030383944511414,
-0.057013172656297684,
-0.20105956494808197,
0.06181779503822327,
-0.11297683417797089,
-1.1231456995010376,
0.9909597039222717,
-0.2635958194732666,
0.19817477464675903,
0.8687612414360046,
0.43004605174064636,
0.11439737677574158,
-0.02608134225010872,
-0.3898288607597351,
-0.09070498496294022,
0.18947122991085052,
0.14377860724925995,
-0.23248401284217834,
0.12998436391353607,
-0.03624414652585983,
-0.5221832990646362,
0.5336464047431946,
-0.5507174730300903,
0.299655944108963,
-0.06214335560798645,
0.2732868194580078,
0.6471129655838013,
0.2045910358428955,
-0.09938066452741623,
0.4974216818809509,
-0.4202171862125397,
-0.01845546066761017,
0.048571955412626266,
0.45585569739341736,
-0.8048787713050842,
-0.1664431244134903,
0.05230182409286499,
0.11821677535772324,
-0.6204847693443298,
-0.11000774800777435,
0.12487026304006577,
0.37031272053718567,
0.409491628408432,
-0.8285804390907288,
-0.7330515384674072,
0.246614471077919,
0.37157559394836426,
0.06147129461169243,
0.12139252573251724,
-0.7562867403030396,
0.5397019386291504,
0.2641913890838623,
0.14220623672008514,
0.05619247630238533,
0.0599433071911335,
-0.3790743052959442,
-0.01600058004260063,
-0.05183015763759613,
-0.8302494287490845,
0.6518769264221191,
-0.23843678832054138,
0.1582046002149582,
-0.006277579814195633,
-0.33054912090301514,
0.34088459610939026,
-0.25688159465789795,
-0.8585019111633301,
-0.37568503618240356,
-0.39694535732269287,
0.14404641091823578,
0.5908015966415405,
0.6270566582679749,
-0.5035653710365295,
-0.13371264934539795,
-1.128952980041504,
0.18685021996498108,
-0.6141260266304016,
0.5119881629943848,
0.10931598395109177,
-0.27221018075942993,
-0.5550708770751953,
0.12672565877437592,
0.37102457880973816,
0.23279587924480438,
-0.45863282680511475,
-0.032383475452661514,
-0.5599953532218933,
0.2718409299850464,
-0.07410810887813568,
-0.20006605982780457,
0.14345882833003998,
-0.052043553441762924,
-0.0704963281750679,
-0.5754876732826233,
-0.20799212157726288,
-0.234166219830513,
-0.4297293424606323,
-0.145875945687294,
0.039040207862854004,
0.4278930425643921,
-1.284746527671814,
-0.769250750541687,
0.38161930441856384,
0.13310281932353973,
0.06152917817234993,
0.2625702917575836,
0.15224730968475342,
-0.2698032557964325,
-0.12746763229370117,
-5.24473762512207,
-0.05298630893230438,
-0.22582818567752838,
-0.3135606646537781,
-0.08098278194665909,
0.030047109350562096,
1.0370008945465088,
0.4032175838947296,
0.053647320717573166,
-0.29636767506599426,
0.18252721428871155,
0.37991124391555786,
-0.4506571888923645,
0.05175279080867767,
0.10416985303163528,
0.9461948275566101,
0.1425035148859024,
0.17325669527053833,
0.3650543689727783,
0.37596383690834045,
-0.2551771104335785,
0.42296433448791504,
-0.6510053277015686,
0.18692582845687866,
0.05417483299970627,
0.991348922252655,
-0.47865286469459534,
-0.7549176216125488,
-0.26193416118621826,
-0.5281571745872498,
-0.4166138172149658,
0.09175767749547958,
0.1862853467464447,
-0.7016019225120544,
-0.2512817084789276,
-0.22712436318397522,
0.37957829236984253,
0.5127675533294678,
0.3311423659324646,
-0.7736750841140747,
-0.04118676483631134,
0.18113651871681213,
-0.07391281425952911,
0.26116618514060974,
0.4661495089530945,
-0.03572101891040802,
-0.7395258545875549,
-0.2778583765029907,
-0.11746213585138321,
1.1385859251022339,
-1.0080450773239136,
0.013442002236843109,
0.2100842446088791,
-0.16811083257198334,
0.01699364185333252,
0.018610361963510513,
0.10049304366111755,
0.5097784399986267,
-0.35925719141960144,
0.44765713810920715,
0.29670679569244385,
-0.4898548424243927,
0.07233351469039917,
-0.5286561250686646,
0.002594842342659831,
0.042538996785879135,
-0.5098506212234497,
0.26870641112327576,
0.23370465636253357,
-0.14179140329360962,
-0.09658960998058319,
0.11356726288795471,
0.19344103336334229,
-0.6551880836486816,
-0.30215466022491455,
-0.7916620373725891,
-0.7322964072227478,
-0.26371511816978455,
-0.2274002879858017,
-0.10810981690883636,
-0.052770622074604034,
-0.14488470554351807,
-0.04819633066654205,
-0.09578164666891098,
0.1059226542711258,
-0.7053077220916748,
-0.8444970846176147,
0.02331053651869297,
-0.49097567796707153,
-0.43437036871910095,
0.5141443014144897,
0.033200204372406006,
0.5727055072784424,
0.7008922696113586,
0.8266773819923401,
0.4014560282230377,
0.4363813102245331,
-0.1738898754119873,
0.42917099595069885,
-0.6538382768630981,
0.5535844564437866,
-0.7194704413414001,
0.05548594146966934,
-0.46254634857177734,
0.039683323353528976,
0.10814856737852097,
-0.3090849816799164,
0.234803706407547,
0.7905296087265015,
-0.005197124555706978,
0.4418325126171112,
-0.3930228650569916,
0.05944404378533363,
0.4049554765224457,
0.7071183919906616,
-0.09133317321538925,
-0.33987313508987427,
0.004734748508781195,
0.5508368015289307,
0.07226391136646271,
0.18738126754760742,
0.4425540268421173,
-0.6068913340568542,
0.26973628997802734,
-0.07218613475561142,
-0.26618802547454834,
0.31640103459358215,
-0.12413620948791504,
-0.5705663561820984,
-0.03545117378234863,
-0.004751185420900583,
-0.21001645922660828,
0.020986543968319893,
-0.23128250241279602,
0.10066627711057663,
0.13670983910560608,
-0.12738271057605743,
-0.7021293640136719,
0.4663398861885071,
0.16335780918598175,
-0.46807241439819336,
-0.5339845418930054,
0.20098444819450378,
0.8362075090408325,
0.29204261302948,
0.40200504660606384,
-0.012522435747087002,
-0.3211531937122345,
-0.3218449652194977,
0.48779013752937317,
0.8301959037780762,
0.12191198766231537,
0.015073866583406925,
-0.5748252272605896,
-0.35902807116508484,
-0.1743432581424713,
0.32079610228538513,
0.1203262209892273,
0.5589216947555542,
-0.6018105149269104,
-0.1205587312579155,
-0.6157920360565186,
-1.088507890701294,
0.6433781385421753,
0.32326561212539673,
-0.8001400232315063,
-0.4698322117328644,
-0.23222702741622925,
0.10366171598434448,
0.4146049916744232,
0.2071685642004013,
-0.74275803565979,
-0.08989515155553818,
-0.15021443367004395,
-0.16321533918380737,
-0.5647925138473511,
-0.2964995503425598,
0.8326086401939392,
-0.882585883140564,
0.06194273754954338,
-0.23329178988933563,
0.5574783682823181,
-0.27312570810317993,
0.28086867928504944,
-0.16461318731307983,
-0.4428579807281494,
0.07472651451826096,
0.3003433644771576,
-0.32428374886512756,
0.4214645028114319,
0.7083863019943237,
0.4061291515827179,
-0.004496206063777208,
0.49572157859802246,
-0.6257374286651611,
-0.5711641907691956,
-0.1404324471950531,
-0.2355407476425171,
-0.4040251076221466,
-0.958798885345459,
0.18335792422294617,
0.8499490022659302,
0.1615113615989685,
0.4593549072742462,
0.2598479986190796,
-0.08642216771841049,
0.9570707082748413,
-0.22026732563972473,
-0.34935832023620605,
-0.12805351614952087,
-0.6062986254692078,
-0.3228202164173126,
-0.015305069275200367,
0.6645786166191101,
-0.6084404587745667,
0.24226701259613037,
0.48244717717170715,
-0.20295698940753937,
0.482445627450943,
-0.00855577364563942,
0.07093857228755951,
-0.22788786888122559,
-0.2468840330839157,
-0.1469850242137909,
-0.05615219846367836,
1.2214967012405396,
0.7847751379013062,
-0.1303320676088333,
0.09284352511167526,
-0.5527563691139221,
-0.43723270297050476,
-0.4882621467113495,
0.06027785688638687,
-0.39401543140411377,
-0.6035501956939697,
0.7208709120750427,
0.4537678360939026,
0.2719725966453552,
0.8801619410514832,
0.18189653754234314,
0.6528083086013794,
0.9510608911514282,
0.08694422245025635,
-0.5345491170883179,
0.07373394072055817,
0.30804240703582764,
0.09973546862602234,
-0.4749091863632202,
-0.7002592086791992,
-0.04192538931965828,
0.0917777568101883,
-0.417593389749527,
-0.781014084815979,
-0.10600609332323074,
0.6545184850692749,
0.19590933620929718,
0.02503044717013836,
0.22220180928707123,
0.0262302178889513,
-0.4429304003715515,
0.6430957317352295,
-0.2216530740261078,
0.0034129179548472166,
-0.13378384709358215,
-0.1647815704345703,
-0.44864484667778015,
-0.47507715225219727,
0.515132486820221,
1.1323366165161133,
-0.03625865280628204,
0.15625472366809845,
-0.31340932846069336,
-0.24204610288143158,
0.1975400596857071,
0.017676332965493202,
0.6488369107246399,
-0.5483062863349915,
-0.28727421164512634,
-0.09648407250642776,
-0.06725786626338959,
-0.5561141967773438,
0.010549553669989109,
0.32827630639076233,
0.14546158909797668,
0.31596192717552185,
-0.6152921915054321,
0.01438972819596529,
-0.07012989372015,
-0.4409472644329071,
-0.46794697642326355,
-0.506840169429779,
-0.6627628803253174,
0.542548418045044,
0.15231013298034668,
0.1959770917892456,
0.09111129492521286,
-0.3158620595932007,
0.12259478867053986,
0.06120651215314865,
0.44162717461586,
-0.32839950919151306,
0.7697280049324036,
0.5571210980415344,
-0.05078859254717827,
0.3068331182003021,
-0.04725201427936554,
-0.1314014494419098,
-0.17562057077884674,
0.3034248352050781,
-0.04096484184265137,
-0.06651502847671509,
-0.02964305505156517,
0.1981394737958908,
0.722947359085083,
-0.3265875577926636,
0.657054603099823,
0.2280777096748352,
-0.6438553333282471,
0.17193324863910675,
0.0873185247182846,
0.5734223127365112,
0.074306920170784,
0.662774920463562,
0.17068098485469818,
0.7551816701889038,
1.2635369300842285,
-0.9486437439918518,
-0.24741098284721375,
0.40913766622543335,
-0.09397982805967331,
0.27438417077064514,
-0.0007350362720899284,
-0.5910971164703369,
-0.03200599551200867,
-0.3828500509262085,
-0.1597720831632614,
0.4572020471096039,
0.2450089156627655,
-0.22688287496566772,
0.9811019897460938,
0.4251388907432556,
0.01808466762304306,
-0.12261157482862473,
-0.41885343194007874,
-0.241255983710289,
-0.3179277181625366,
-0.15026846528053284,
0.17997758090496063,
0.8739045262336731,
-0.3573189377784729,
0.8804318308830261,
-0.3130101263523102,
0.10722476243972778,
-0.023082656785845757,
-0.018301595002412796,
0.19113121926784515,
0.46738100051879883,
-0.19955813884735107,
-0.24570855498313904,
-0.5062141418457031,
0.24341164529323578,
-0.31006622314453125,
0.3745235800743103,
0.0660751461982727,
0.23093311488628387,
-0.08763448148965836,
0.08756895363330841,
-0.8604002594947815,
-0.026596399024128914,
0.22162725031375885,
0.30528852343559265,
0.43662992119789124,
0.07221148163080215,
0.2911175787448883,
0.3338966965675354,
0.1716127246618271,
-0.2867034375667572,
0.4874291718006134,
-0.019136033952236176,
-0.4552440643310547,
-0.2806033492088318,
-0.38901689648628235,
0.01091823261231184,
-0.3460763394832611,
0.5975617170333862,
-0.5997724533081055,
-0.38543981313705444,
0.29348188638687134,
-1.024520754814148,
0.09111148118972778,
0.39913493394851685,
-0.6959621906280518,
-0.13581767678260803,
-0.28089502453804016,
-0.263670951128006,
0.058682821691036224,
-0.44786298274993896,
1.1288539171218872,
-0.18554197251796722,
-0.1270156055688858,
0.5343945026397705,
0.2177501618862152,
0.5919567942619324,
0.03237832710146904,
0.028123939409852028,
0.37869182229042053,
-0.5807585120201111,
-0.006082659121602774,
-0.6447938680648804,
0.671125590801239,
0.8407429456710815,
-0.5137017369270325,
-0.04439582675695419,
0.5191270709037781,
0.1473189890384674,
0.9465271234512329,
0.25692084431648254,
-0.6913946866989136,
-0.6777809858322144,
-0.1518787145614624,
-0.09492627531290054,
-1.0367392301559448,
0.13189423084259033,
0.5653603076934814,
0.10632238537073135,
-0.6119475364685059,
-0.1981194168329239,
0.5540335178375244,
-0.9166669249534607,
0.6334233283996582,
-0.07867944985628128,
0.16153168678283691,
-0.23816144466400146,
0.06521796435117722,
-0.7074881792068481,
-0.4542224705219269,
0.8301734924316406,
0.9515653252601624,
0.07532212138175964,
-0.4541964828968048,
0.2297493815422058,
-0.4667237102985382,
0.42490631341934204,
-0.159052312374115,
-1.5390644073486328,
-0.34206005930900574,
-0.22757120430469513,
-0.45427435636520386,
-1.0561248064041138,
0.1755487322807312,
-0.07087422907352448,
-0.3730340600013733,
-0.07417089492082596,
-0.30641233921051025,
-0.11606243252754211,
0.3775641620159149,
0.2757924497127533,
-0.5880228281021118,
0.25975877046585083,
0.04934488236904144
] |
247700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu%20language | Xu language | Xu may refer to:
!Kung language
Kxoe language | [
0.505657970905304,
0.7115651965141296,
-0.41344961524009705,
-0.3938722014427185,
-0.5715335607528687,
0.7782436013221741,
0.3898890018463135,
0.8143333196640015,
-0.6109463572502136,
-0.6090222001075745,
-0.026753032580018044,
0.052628371864557266,
-0.4771386981010437,
0.2821941077709198,
0.030352048575878143,
0.4486936032772064,
-0.17624527215957642,
0.6372148990631104,
-0.5365766882896423,
-0.2517203688621521,
-0.11195630580186844,
-0.5968688130378723,
0.11066145449876785,
-0.2840457856655121,
-0.16006474196910858,
0.46957695484161377,
0.5382318496704102,
0.3139053285121918,
0.5554341673851013,
-0.21613630652427673,
-0.21439285576343536,
1.0204650163650513,
0.2993542551994324,
0.0006603996735066175,
0.05978187173604965,
-0.44930756092071533,
-0.3946136236190796,
0.2163921296596527,
0.22857482731342316,
-0.2165897935628891,
0.14496207237243652,
0.03548134118318558,
0.30133047699928284,
0.9091867804527283,
-0.25282353162765503,
-0.3740502893924713,
-1.6656677722930908,
-0.03684366121888161,
-0.8156447410583496,
-0.0716652199625969,
-0.0444495789706707,
0.16649991273880005,
0.42319583892822266,
0.13055044412612915,
0.0977855995297432,
0.6008738279342651,
-1.0957236289978027,
-0.3704874813556671,
0.5905554294586182,
0.2677612602710724,
-0.018397018313407898,
0.07495681196451187,
-0.22678187489509583,
0.20136617124080658,
-0.10018772631883621,
0.07768967747688293,
-0.11110882461071014,
0.9757609367370605,
-0.3533879816532135,
-0.7136232852935791,
0.0054322234354913235,
-0.005767681170254946,
-0.07418309152126312,
-0.08819378912448883,
-0.1481257826089859,
0.27433210611343384,
-0.41941186785697937,
0.06707504391670227,
0.24136802554130554,
0.20099526643753052,
-0.33019551634788513,
0.2551572620868683,
1.1158912181854248,
-0.09813409298658371,
0.21103821694850922,
0.13059420883655548,
-0.0581648014485836,
0.32080134749412537,
-0.2877792716026306,
0.693082869052887,
-0.1864294707775116,
-0.3497074842453003,
0.11884678155183792,
-0.15670053660869598,
-0.16820895671844482,
0.36176756024360657,
-0.0443158894777298,
0.2099018096923828,
0.30002444982528687,
0.3484863340854645,
-0.41147592663764954,
-0.007820422761142254,
0.4716790020465851,
0.10569934546947479,
-1.183587670326233,
-0.2109028398990631,
-0.649751603603363,
-0.06206943839788437,
-0.28519901633262634,
-1.362300992012024,
-0.31658753752708435,
0.40678858757019043,
0.042880311608314514,
-0.12554608285427094,
0.12499064207077026,
0.09315155446529388,
-0.43863704800605774,
-0.5316693186759949,
0.023354947566986084,
-0.26497817039489746,
0.004744598176330328,
0.9260642528533936,
0.13474524021148682,
0.23415134847164154,
0.16861632466316223,
1.0272021293640137,
0.01200686115771532,
0.02055610716342926,
-0.03818589448928833,
-0.030711142346262932,
0.2246663123369217,
0.9795656204223633,
0.6419311165809631,
-0.017660848796367645,
0.5067155957221985,
-0.6711844205856323,
0.18213225901126862,
0.31671762466430664,
0.22268882393836975,
-0.2457851618528366,
-1.106895089149475,
0.09114242345094681,
-1.4770469665527344,
0.6785755753517151,
0.6676070094108582,
0.5952579379081726,
-0.5756409168243408,
-0.1226116418838501,
-0.6719184517860413,
-0.0803881287574768,
-0.4728296995162964,
-0.04132281243801117,
0.40820252895355225,
0.14229534566402435,
-0.43333885073661804,
0.10953862965106964,
0.39947137236595154,
-0.06503506004810333,
0.622322142124176,
0.13634733855724335,
-0.28558149933815,
-0.12924444675445557,
-0.6697831153869629,
-0.3591001331806183,
0.40663549304008484,
0.22465018928050995,
-0.09381003677845001,
0.3107281029224396,
-0.47985050082206726,
0.40521103143692017,
-0.20178835093975067,
0.09344405680894852,
0.07287759333848953,
-0.23047064244747162,
-0.2248731106519699,
-0.2801457643508911,
-0.0426640510559082,
0.16495537757873535,
0.47414305806159973,
0.3217432498931885,
-0.6661028265953064,
1.0273200273513794,
0.24481897056102753,
0.054318930953741074,
-0.00237886025570333,
0.03248096629977226,
0.2378007024526596,
-0.036340415477752686,
0.4571280777454376,
-0.037777889519929886,
-0.13153217732906342,
0.22177939116954803,
0.1695912629365921,
-0.2877720892429352,
0.7091633677482605,
0.3283357620239258,
-0.0644744336605072,
0.8365799784660339,
0.5607537627220154,
0.6020025610923767,
-0.04125746339559555,
-0.6884117126464844,
0.23192088305950165,
-0.05471089482307434,
-0.23518924415111542,
1.3831151723861694,
-0.49438315629959106,
0.14154541492462158,
0.6105958223342896,
0.09061573445796967,
0.47121158242225647,
0.11398422718048096,
0.0006893199170008302,
0.09872783720493317,
0.027045555412769318,
-0.03385893628001213,
0.12761175632476807,
-0.12509502470493317,
-0.04099656268954277,
-0.5989782214164734,
1.0840790271759033,
-0.7375804781913757,
0.3189089596271515,
-0.13621088862419128,
0.17566636204719543,
0.8830928206443787,
0.6693333983421326,
-0.0313965380191803,
0.23420380055904388,
-0.36980772018432617,
0.1376851499080658,
0.2009463757276535,
0.13381904363632202,
-0.2578938603401184,
-0.23893123865127563,
-0.47392305731773376,
0.02777913399040699,
-0.5091958045959473,
0.008501265197992325,
-0.3250977694988251,
0.44686391949653625,
0.24427352845668793,
-0.13105438649654388,
-0.321901798248291,
0.295443058013916,
-0.4164153039455414,
-0.15281666815280914,
-0.14709828794002533,
-0.718955397605896,
0.3556310534477234,
0.275065541267395,
0.4321190118789673,
-0.18228888511657715,
0.01409603189677,
-0.2015550285577774,
-0.12724217772483826,
-0.519842267036438,
-0.5085515975952148,
0.49889710545539856,
0.23744036257266998,
0.16555967926979065,
0.5041998028755188,
0.08917707949876785,
0.39639514684677124,
-0.3050196170806885,
-0.7907531261444092,
0.1687030792236328,
-0.4455440938472748,
0.5432125926017761,
0.3639675974845886,
0.32345110177993774,
-0.3264417350292206,
-0.11915147304534912,
-2.039625883102417,
-0.24811823666095734,
-0.4774875342845917,
-0.06546568125486374,
0.06281512975692749,
-0.6488808989524841,
-0.2994205951690674,
-0.04315069317817688,
0.399960994720459,
-0.003932035528123379,
-0.34188219904899597,
-0.05851021781563759,
-0.7990482449531555,
0.2679857611656189,
-0.16370482742786407,
-0.21315185725688934,
-0.5313050746917725,
0.050270646810531616,
0.4631361961364746,
-0.24755461513996124,
-0.2947988212108612,
-0.15487495064735413,
-0.5723437666893005,
0.361370712518692,
0.22654134035110474,
0.5322049856185913,
-0.48020389676094055,
-0.49924761056900024,
0.2749548554420471,
0.051101204007864,
-0.3876352906227112,
-0.3269212245941162,
-0.15076987445354462,
-0.16127298772335052,
0.1986095905303955,
-4.948078155517578,
0.04580114036798477,
-0.5572651624679565,
-0.2080630511045456,
0.09898276627063751,
0.056533582508563995,
0.4742133915424347,
-0.2928835153579712,
-0.03483235463500023,
0.05934523791074753,
-0.04533233866095543,
0.2412339746952057,
-0.23262359201908112,
-0.08988063037395477,
0.4296797215938568,
0.10405434668064117,
-0.09143812209367752,
0.3777156174182892,
0.4140785038471222,
-0.20093923807144165,
-0.18798045814037323,
0.5981758832931519,
-0.3861304521560669,
0.3851577043533325,
0.33450543880462646,
0.7015993595123291,
0.08943099528551102,
-0.48882758617401123,
-0.4053810238838196,
-0.3447449207305908,
-0.652402937412262,
-0.31226614117622375,
0.07082293927669525,
-0.07027585804462433,
-0.8829323053359985,
0.014368440955877304,
0.6211946606636047,
0.3831240236759186,
0.40103772282600403,
-0.5676812529563904,
-0.40768155455589294,
0.22100509703159332,
0.15858076512813568,
-0.5514095425605774,
0.548551082611084,
-0.36779677867889404,
-0.8649424910545349,
-0.561898946762085,
-0.6213039755821228,
0.10741706937551498,
-0.9302488565444946,
-0.26608413457870483,
0.4119150936603546,
0.10541938245296478,
0.5948802828788757,
0.24483570456504822,
0.3941378891468048,
0.3649066984653473,
-0.10252385586500168,
0.4689953625202179,
0.6241223812103271,
-0.7369958162307739,
-0.6061663627624512,
-0.757853090763092,
0.12433565407991409,
-0.4632514417171478,
-0.5748135447502136,
-0.28338292241096497,
0.020922599360346794,
-0.05589763820171356,
-0.5860280990600586,
0.14118869602680206,
-0.0608007051050663,
-0.5746921300888062,
0.12205763906240463,
-0.6910277605056763,
-0.9479167461395264,
0.27181383967399597,
-0.5726634860038757,
0.5519789457321167,
-0.4837513566017151,
-0.020526403561234474,
-0.07373526692390442,
0.39962464570999146,
0.14196988940238953,
-0.12237992137670517,
-0.571422278881073,
0.1616693139076233,
-0.2202773094177246,
0.41664427518844604,
0.5210404396057129,
-0.14342039823532104,
0.5277205109596252,
0.26811304688453674,
0.4762660264968872,
0.289590060710907,
1.014305830001831,
-0.763638436794281,
0.4188186824321747,
-0.5891934633255005,
0.4717332422733307,
-0.45867422223091125,
0.014702626504004002,
-0.18046893179416656,
0.026764988899230957,
-0.32458996772766113,
-0.17164954543113708,
0.4268134534358978,
1.1626760959625244,
0.7593802213668823,
0.27547571063041687,
0.33820414543151855,
0.00964770745486021,
0.5180199146270752,
0.342399924993515,
0.13003937900066376,
-0.4219200313091278,
0.5443167686462402,
0.3644159436225891,
0.5721762180328369,
-0.2866339385509491,
0.43671026825904846,
-0.43211430311203003,
-0.23736777901649475,
0.40832751989364624,
-0.31579142808914185,
0.11616351455450058,
0.6654514670372009,
-0.7426127791404724,
-0.45014509558677673,
-0.06169109046459198,
-0.8578574061393738,
0.3939638137817383,
-0.17024089395999908,
-0.14054980874061584,
0.17784549295902252,
-0.4084416627883911,
-0.5187878608703613,
0.3434673249721527,
-0.44456198811531067,
-0.1844126284122467,
-0.08539201319217682,
-0.18704503774642944,
0.3315789997577667,
0.6310527324676514,
0.5469964742660522,
0.1267862319946289,
-0.23348942399024963,
-0.37266242504119873,
0.7251077890396118,
0.6466972827911377,
-0.6090939044952393,
0.22635547816753387,
-0.034830156713724136,
-0.2897920608520508,
0.24403725564479828,
-0.07267962396144867,
0.4491995573043823,
0.091401107609272,
-0.1702759861946106,
0.31721600890159607,
-0.6285753846168518,
-0.28539836406707764,
0.2837110459804535,
0.28463026881217957,
-1.4956872463226318,
-0.02057512477040291,
0.23522165417671204,
-0.6120496392250061,
0.7493994235992432,
0.3690153658390045,
-0.11394543945789337,
-0.6170717477798462,
-0.030632633715867996,
0.4420999586582184,
-0.2656068503856659,
0.34370940923690796,
0.588384211063385,
0.11035311222076416,
-0.05424557998776436,
-0.11060599237680435,
0.15057189762592316,
0.30545538663864136,
0.3322281539440155,
0.028959406539797783,
-0.10785964876413345,
0.2068086862564087,
0.19219781458377838,
-0.49276185035705566,
0.2940785586833954,
-0.13073603808879852,
-0.05494580417871475,
0.12423470616340637,
0.09448735415935516,
-0.2767055034637451,
-0.28096312284469604,
0.31891632080078125,
0.1089177280664444,
0.282516211271286,
-0.38393715023994446,
0.5699073672294617,
0.862501323223114,
-0.06995945423841476,
0.4121701419353485,
0.543768584728241,
-0.7445682287216187,
0.6274303793907166,
-0.48339778184890747,
-0.44946813583374023,
-0.4425545930862427,
-0.14298829436302185,
-0.9156844615936279,
-0.47328025102615356,
0.22195589542388916,
-0.3438433110713959,
-0.32580292224884033,
0.48669174313545227,
0.09917435050010681,
-0.29922908544540405,
-0.5993137955665588,
0.6231365203857422,
-0.3194039463996887,
-0.5116523504257202,
-0.14281798899173737,
-0.2183983474969864,
0.6807010173797607,
-0.8003377914428711,
-0.15489251911640167,
0.1891154795885086,
-0.7212376594543457,
0.4660370647907257,
-0.2092752754688263,
0.44783395528793335,
0.9247378706932068,
-0.059004563838243484,
-0.14333224296569824,
-0.2596474885940552,
-0.1463506668806076,
-0.021366415545344353,
-0.18201930820941925,
0.468709260225296,
0.6324775815010071,
-0.002239302499219775,
-0.7443403601646423,
-0.49630042910575867,
0.4370895028114319,
-0.2370806187391281,
-0.4283934235572815,
-0.7332288026809692,
-0.01732298918068409,
0.18176695704460144,
-1.1390327215194702,
-0.8262991905212402,
-0.7383306622505188,
0.7960424423217773,
0.14574028551578522,
0.025179624557495117,
0.44780948758125305,
0.15251220762729645,
-0.2660630941390991,
-0.0066816359758377075,
-0.18102125823497772,
-0.6460992097854614,
0.2542545199394226,
-0.2339528203010559,
0.5511392951011658,
-0.42361384630203247,
0.2010277509689331,
0.3321945369243622,
-0.16230545938014984,
-0.22201961278915405,
-0.43169137835502625,
-0.24028059840202332,
0.19408346712589264,
0.34240952134132385,
-0.2676181197166443,
-0.2796907424926758,
0.235966295003891,
-0.037423647940158844,
-0.3425692915916443,
0.3842945098876953,
0.1975756585597992,
-0.12341006100177765,
0.15635162591934204,
0.11865279823541641,
-0.08100435137748718,
0.16510017216205597,
0.06878998130559921,
-0.0361163429915905,
0.0649162232875824,
-0.6663345694541931,
0.26912519335746765,
0.1339341253042221,
0.22919538617134094,
0.00021820540132466704,
0.018745072185993195,
0.4836721122264862,
0.6989649534225464,
-0.05773109570145607,
0.4171067476272583,
-0.6997881531715393,
0.7961093187332153,
0.3898423910140991,
-0.4425690472126007,
0.5015187859535217,
-0.20772866904735565,
0.11066149175167084,
0.014648941345512867,
0.09418881684541702,
-0.13785423338413239,
0.2309568077325821,
0.9007903337478638,
0.5168295502662659,
0.4026954174041748,
0.16165314614772797,
0.5250212550163269,
0.26315417885780334,
-0.5733534097671509,
-0.38812270760536194,
0.2545695900917053,
0.5912732481956482,
-0.7639315128326416,
0.8779749870300293,
0.4526776373386383,
0.14815928041934967,
0.4276011288166046,
-0.5281716585159302,
-0.815574049949646,
0.49017655849456787,
0.24461381137371063,
0.37558525800704956,
-0.011601689271628857,
-0.8235384225845337,
-0.620161235332489,
-0.415701687335968,
-0.3801829516887665,
-0.16369888186454773,
-0.2333884984254837,
-0.46583178639411926,
0.4564787745475769,
0.5098523497581482,
1.192703366279602,
-0.6222835779190063,
-0.6519114375114441,
0.06720658391714096,
-0.34275710582733154,
-0.0633317306637764,
0.2567610740661621,
0.33715084195137024,
0.2363668531179428,
0.7383611798286438,
0.1415143609046936,
-0.30338120460510254,
-0.2324439436197281,
0.1711912453174591,
0.03427368775010109,
-0.24895672500133514,
-0.35726064443588257,
0.27001166343688965,
-0.7764973640441895,
-0.10764584690332413,
0.15669980645179749,
0.15910424292087555,
-0.05593576282262802,
0.04354690760374069,
-0.10791017860174179,
-0.1432848870754242,
-0.5501063466072083,
-0.3089267313480377,
0.3184954524040222,
0.13570119440555573,
0.4154551923274994,
0.2510092258453369,
0.35847166180610657,
0.16371774673461914,
0.2827063202857971,
-0.5198144912719727,
0.18536119163036346,
-0.4001837968826294,
-0.30554279685020447,
-0.20676502585411072,
-0.13905906677246094,
0.29876118898391724,
-0.41202449798583984,
1.0655410289764404,
0.44114363193511963,
-0.09945639222860336,
1.1024720668792725,
-0.36238905787467957,
0.7360589504241943,
0.1240382194519043,
-0.08212586492300034,
0.5979681611061096,
-0.31423744559288025,
0.09456905722618103,
-0.02909276634454727,
-0.7367487549781799,
0.13099853694438934,
-0.1110004186630249,
0.3129311800003052,
0.4381495714187622,
0.08371002227067947,
0.6787059903144836,
0.627146303653717,
0.03034435212612152,
-0.08154744654893875,
-0.873012900352478,
0.40363240242004395,
-0.5608490109443665,
-0.05968847498297691,
0.5436866879463196,
-0.04519382864236832,
-0.45734837651252747,
0.9713660478591919,
-0.5072022080421448,
0.7538667917251587,
0.3920244574546814,
-0.2983420491218567,
-0.3563157916069031,
-0.039082564413547516,
-0.6960692405700684,
-0.6246352195739746,
0.37666380405426025,
0.6643193960189819,
0.1654055267572403,
-0.4562661647796631,
-0.03814060613512993,
-0.15374541282653809,
-0.11547911912202835,
0.5076449513435364,
0.1515156328678131,
0.548363983631134,
-0.029752137139439583,
0.39545685052871704,
-0.6008756160736084,
-0.48041048645973206,
0.21481621265411377,
0.9858042001724243,
0.13953469693660736,
-0.10010543465614319,
-0.3904538154602051,
-0.8339947462081909,
0.4063403606414795,
0.10622885078191757,
-3.0082640647888184,
0.16468998789787292,
-0.09971820563077927,
-0.7094221115112305,
-1.16755211353302,
0.02254064753651619,
0.035839419811964035,
-0.2517443001270294,
0.15950269997119904,
-0.09777248650789261,
-0.1368313729763031,
1.1196266412734985,
0.46626585721969604,
-1.012018084526062,
-0.10308331996202469,
0.388891339302063
] |
247703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Astley%2C%201st%20Baron%20Astley%20of%20Reading | Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading | Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading (1579February 1652) was a Royalist commander in the English Civil War.
Life
He came from an established Norfolk family, and was born at Melton Constable Hall. His first experiences of war were at the age of 18 when he joined the Islands Voyage expedition in 1597 under the Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh to the Azores. In 1598 he joined Maurice of Nassau and Henry of Orange in the Netherlands, where he served with distinction, and afterwards fought under Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War. He was evidently thought highly of by the States-General, for when he was absent, serving under Christian IV of Denmark, his position in the Dutch army was kept open for him.
In 1622 Astley joined the household of Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England and her husband Frederick, King of Bohemia serving as tutor to Frederick's son Prince Rupert.
Returning to England with a well-deserved reputation, he was in the employment of Charles I in various military capacities. As "Sergeant-Major-General" of the infantry, he went north in 1639 to organize the defence against the expected Scottish invasion. Here his duties were as much diplomatic as military, as the discontent which ended in the Civil War was now coming to a head. In the ill-starred Bishops' Wars, Astley did good service to the cause of the king, and he was involved in the so-called "Army Plot".
At the outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642 he at once joined Charles, and was made Major-General of the Foot (infantry)—the cavalry was under the command of his former student Prince Rupert. His characteristic battle-prayer at the Battle of Edgehill has become famous:
"O Lord, Thou knowest how busy I must be this day. If I forget Thee, do not thou forget me" which he followed promptly with the order "March on, boys!"
Both sides' troops were poorly trained and both sides claimed the battle to be a victory, but the outcome was inconclusive and it would take a further three years of civil war before the Royalists lost to the Parliamentarians.
Astley was loyal supporter of the Crown throughout the First Civil War, while his own region of East Anglia was strongly Parliamentarian. His opposite number in the Parliamentarians was Philip Skippon, another Norfolkman. At Gloucester Astley commanded a division, and at the First Battle of Newbury he led the infantry of the royal army. With Ralph Hopton, in 1644, he served at Arundel and Cheriton. He was not present at Cheriton, although his son, Bernard, probably was, as his regiment of foot was certainly there. At the second Battle of Newbury he made a gallant and memorable defence of Shaw House. He was made a baron by King Charles, and at the Battle of Naseby he once more commanded the main body of the infantry.
He afterwards served in the west, and with 3,000 men fought stubbornly but vainly at the Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold (March 1646), the last pitched battle of the First Civil War. He surrendered to the Parliamentarians with the words "Well, boys, you have done your work, now you may go and play—if you don't fall out among yourselves".
His scrupulous sense of honour forbade him to take any part in the Second Civil War, as he had given his parole at Stow-on-the-Wold; but he had to undergo his share of the discomforts that were the lot of the vanquished royalists. He was imprisoned initially but able to retire to Maidstone. He died in February 1652. The barony became extinct in 1688.
Family
He married a Dutch woman, Agnes Impel, who bore him two sons and a daughter.
Notes
References
Anglian Annals 87:Jacob Astley, Peter Sargent Eastern Daily Press Saturday 31 December 2005.
Attribution
External links
Astley, Jacob
Astley, Jacob
16th-century English soldiers
English army officers
People from North Norfolk (district)
Cavaliers
English people of the Thirty Years' War
Barons in the Peerage of England
English military personnel of the Eighty Years' War
Military personnel of the English Civil War
17th-century English nobility | [
-0.5183461904525757,
0.11301451176404953,
-0.7244209051132202,
-0.4373641610145569,
-0.4328949451446533,
1.2258363962173462,
0.8160380125045776,
-0.09998232126235962,
-0.32413628697395325,
-0.40972980856895447,
-0.012552345171570778,
0.08535535633563995,
-0.6147019863128662,
-0.25537237524986267,
-0.26966121792793274,
0.5054211020469666,
0.04534316807985306,
0.11117446422576904,
0.09904821962118149,
-0.5333856344223022,
0.22638502717018127,
-0.30620405077934265,
0.23033080995082855,
0.054041702300310135,
-0.24214980006217957,
-0.22562457621097565,
0.28258374333381653,
-0.5058066248893738,
-0.20469313859939575,
-0.28701895475387573,
0.024813801050186157,
1.3725486993789673,
0.13718979060649872,
-0.9062549471855164,
-0.45536932349205017,
-0.12485401332378387,
-0.68022620677948,
-0.19295616447925568,
0.003438045037910342,
0.026137983426451683,
-0.057269781827926636,
-0.0145404739305377,
0.26104968786239624,
-0.007608170621097088,
-0.40470436215400696,
-0.7170897126197815,
-1.6007064580917358,
-0.642824649810791,
-0.6678332686424255,
-0.6372151970863342,
0.5917971134185791,
-0.09412403404712677,
0.3758837580680847,
0.10049357265233994,
0.005891177803277969,
0.5447620153427124,
-0.6659204959869385,
-0.5159452557563782,
0.7951933145523071,
0.4236782491207123,
0.8768913745880127,
0.12296722084283829,
0.21811693906784058,
-0.21467159688472748,
0.08936060965061188,
-0.5927449464797974,
-0.18415026366710663,
0.2993932068347931,
-0.08656614273786545,
0.047260601073503494,
0.1858249306678772,
0.31816843152046204,
0.09781673550605774,
0.6255289912223816,
-0.07158241420984268,
-0.09763309359550476,
0.2062474489212036,
0.46776995062828064,
-0.7365805506706238,
-0.13090433180332184,
0.32502126693725586,
-0.20808659493923187,
0.8450241684913635,
0.21775665879249573,
0.21492354571819305,
0.6042563915252686,
-0.5954061150550842,
0.07599575072526932,
-0.5324665904045105,
0.1277398318052292,
0.15303511917591095,
0.026843789964914322,
-0.1781093180179596,
0.29631316661834717,
-0.4559633731842041,
0.47055163979530334,
-0.5421422719955444,
-0.11679056286811829,
-0.16050754487514496,
-0.24482041597366333,
0.3484518527984619,
0.7754114270210266,
0.8987603187561035,
-0.4103538990020752,
-0.5488780736923218,
0.5498860478401184,
-0.24992358684539795,
-0.007560104131698608,
0.3669853210449219,
0.012276344932615757,
-0.3021877408027649,
0.61857008934021,
-0.441904753446579,
-0.11424411833286285,
0.045722417533397675,
0.13906553387641907,
0.11616933345794678,
-1.0103262662887573,
-0.3349750339984894,
-0.20543180406093597,
-0.4272089898586273,
0.9617478847503662,
-0.06726198643445969,
0.9414474964141846,
-0.5748986601829529,
0.009380512870848179,
0.7651346921920776,
-0.05143342912197113,
0.44300466775894165,
0.9741577506065369,
0.15946437418460846,
1.170557975769043,
-0.5109544396400452,
-0.08602967113256454,
-0.18855595588684082,
-0.3307282030582428,
-0.10087162256240845,
0.3305533528327942,
-0.05803155153989792,
0.3771137595176697,
-0.8251990079879761,
-0.2748560905456543,
-0.03829512000083923,
0.04623432084918022,
0.6166766881942749,
0.3670273423194885,
0.013400866650044918,
-0.2115906924009323,
-0.1535063534975052,
0.07602813839912415,
0.11224471032619476,
-0.5564383268356323,
0.11273609101772308,
-0.4476623237133026,
-0.2216591089963913,
0.15028899908065796,
0.560482382774353,
0.07238952070474625,
0.13869015872478485,
0.4331555664539337,
-0.24391154944896698,
-0.16072934865951538,
0.13559702038764954,
-0.12514153122901917,
0.28832539916038513,
0.1733178198337555,
0.0390021987259388,
-0.3641482889652252,
-0.22330845892429352,
-0.06074482202529907,
-0.5986296534538269,
-0.1385168433189392,
0.2708626091480255,
-0.39465802907943726,
-0.08446192741394043,
0.6131209135055542,
1.0086920261383057,
0.6691572070121765,
0.22239680588245392,
-0.5029062032699585,
-0.6191657185554504,
0.3144471049308777,
0.6547375917434692,
-0.17528103291988373,
0.30314964056015015,
0.2526332139968872,
0.2408824861049652,
-0.04677031934261322,
-0.07357868552207947,
-0.03606095537543297,
-0.1573617160320282,
-0.566167414188385,
0.24204091727733612,
-0.23240619897842407,
0.6777560114860535,
0.3922215402126312,
-0.36800113320350647,
0.06502975523471832,
0.463064581155777,
1.04183828830719,
0.5110739469528198,
-0.02784775197505951,
0.0657418742775917,
0.11274006217718124,
0.18919497728347778,
-0.09889295697212219,
-0.10755378007888794,
-0.08085860311985016,
0.45690786838531494,
0.8100215196609497,
0.6200895309448242,
-0.24831996858119965,
-0.49917998909950256,
0.527549684047699,
0.07352922856807709,
-0.460647314786911,
0.2145061492919922,
0.039569057524204254,
0.14960399270057678,
-0.8842287659645081,
0.5721623301506042,
-0.10386724770069122,
0.19927190244197845,
0.48282700777053833,
0.3993421494960785,
1.138848900794983,
-0.2002917379140854,
0.3159855306148529,
-0.6222795844078064,
-1.5657521486282349,
0.15247459709644318,
0.2309376746416092,
0.23405525088310242,
-0.5496727824211121,
0.28870639204978943,
-0.5687147974967957,
-0.532681405544281,
-0.2136535942554474,
0.19988134503364563,
0.0996849536895752,
0.030477669090032578,
0.5595862865447998,
-0.6396133303642273,
-0.023424940183758736,
0.3782808184623718,
0.5419257283210754,
-0.2527819275856018,
-0.13126644492149353,
-0.20126520097255707,
-0.506920576095581,
0.08406902849674225,
0.05357201769948006,
0.14334914088249207,
0.08900649100542068,
-0.015455489978194237,
-0.24412868916988373,
0.25244972109794617,
0.07339487224817276,
0.5746407508850098,
0.3188422620296478,
-0.05813496932387352,
0.3207804262638092,
0.20627804100513458,
0.6596365571022034,
0.0926751121878624,
-0.6650030016899109,
-0.4738684892654419,
-0.49564915895462036,
0.4109669327735901,
-0.272904634475708,
1.2414524555206299,
-0.7389531135559082,
-0.1295599490404129,
0.1330864429473877,
0.38429737091064453,
-0.5031052827835083,
0.04107417166233063,
0.3035900294780731,
-0.5205935835838318,
-0.3510124087333679,
0.6577491164207458,
0.6751748919487,
-0.19447089731693268,
0.2864699959754944,
0.2554398477077484,
-0.22685350477695465,
0.44777020812034607,
0.11316313594579697,
-0.08014114201068878,
-0.14446869492530823,
0.09378179162740707,
1.10673189163208,
-0.3929859697818756,
0.07117544859647751,
0.11235259473323822,
0.7963817715644836,
-0.5837793946266174,
-0.634760320186615,
-0.2367485761642456,
-0.4547485411167145,
-0.8276917934417725,
0.5377858281135559,
-0.11068785190582275,
0.44378364086151123,
0.4036894738674164,
-0.10629764199256897,
-0.3540697991847992,
-0.3475084900856018,
-4.7911176681518555,
0.4325309097766876,
-0.02883683703839779,
0.31997671723365784,
0.30317243933677673,
-0.31814226508140564,
0.7030655145645142,
-0.49367308616638184,
-0.2805548906326294,
0.07132817804813385,
0.814020037651062,
-0.32410457730293274,
0.2704101502895355,
0.5201037526130676,
1.1609880924224854,
0.6057475209236145,
1.0706473588943481,
-0.20825596153736115,
0.9269092082977295,
0.17924834787845612,
-0.20208479464054108,
-0.2155909538269043,
-0.16107924282550812,
0.031891096383333206,
0.3260936439037323,
0.29674625396728516,
0.23143142461776733,
-0.016124887391924858,
-1.000412106513977,
-0.44613829255104065,
0.1273549199104309,
0.37976986169815063,
-0.062209293246269226,
-0.2091323882341385,
-0.7457544803619385,
-0.2974185347557068,
0.33739930391311646,
0.9383154511451721,
0.15707340836524963,
-0.2976737916469574,
0.23591910302639008,
-0.30446529388427734,
-0.6980875134468079,
0.2428675889968872,
0.36582449078559875,
0.0500514879822731,
-0.9505648612976074,
0.3762833774089813,
0.19248825311660767,
0.32687366008758545,
0.23978057503700256,
0.3522239327430725,
0.21022391319274902,
0.24459657073020935,
-0.29534628987312317,
0.3438703119754791,
0.5292872786521912,
0.025656860321760178,
-0.3640080690383911,
0.25416284799575806,
0.07137124240398407,
-1.0299688577651978,
0.41554152965545654,
0.05131916329264641,
-0.020931605249643326,
-0.2598415017127991,
0.5618038773536682,
-0.34447282552719116,
0.4190640151500702,
0.20612415671348572,
0.1952085942029953,
0.412122517824173,
0.39425936341285706,
-0.7497158050537109,
-0.07149063050746918,
-0.12866710126399994,
-0.21310634911060333,
0.6233745217323303,
-0.42533814907073975,
-0.02478228136897087,
0.062462396919727325,
-0.9660657048225403,
0.14236252009868622,
0.6032974123954773,
0.7370091080665588,
0.21744078397750854,
-0.6757053136825562,
-0.1524382084608078,
-0.4721800684928894,
-0.2300272136926651,
0.2594563663005829,
-0.43923431634902954,
-0.05527394264936447,
0.9847429990768433,
0.14764635264873505,
-0.1902797371149063,
-0.21162661910057068,
0.33440980315208435,
0.1405097395181656,
0.08338187634944916,
-0.701447069644928,
-0.033169981092214584,
-0.00015607108070980757,
-0.7731803059577942,
-0.09960448741912842,
0.3149469196796417,
-0.47486743330955505,
0.40060630440711975,
0.5019821524620056,
0.0788518637418747,
0.6449753046035767,
-0.3204992413520813,
-0.21516914665699005,
-0.2981094717979431,
-0.15473827719688416,
-0.37655988335609436,
0.27689364552497864,
0.4335182011127472,
0.606137752532959,
0.3281431794166565,
-0.7289363145828247,
0.12988393008708954,
-0.7284827828407288,
-0.9217639565467834,
-0.7915420532226562,
-0.09630163013935089,
0.4588271975517273,
0.24488618969917297,
-0.7561370730400085,
-0.15861134231090546,
-0.0058904970064759254,
0.4270433187484741,
-0.6854025721549988,
0.5136519074440002,
-0.24853868782520294,
-0.6485341787338257,
-0.787401020526886,
-0.3452836871147156,
0.6127521991729736,
0.04025360196828842,
0.47783374786376953,
-0.419325053691864,
-0.06598740071058273,
-0.0785842016339302,
0.45052075386047363,
0.1614844650030136,
1.063831090927124,
-0.24248716235160828,
-0.726448118686676,
0.5265228748321533,
-0.5284407734870911,
-0.25993624329566956,
0.14693252742290497,
-0.3463036119937897,
-0.276780366897583,
-0.0022793104872107506,
-0.5940746665000916,
-0.10588491708040237,
-0.49779289960861206,
-0.5924051403999329,
-0.022880740463733673,
0.8683752417564392,
-0.6391444802284241,
0.15544168651103973,
0.45006442070007324,
-0.36612212657928467,
-0.23174388706684113,
-0.4243009388446808,
-1.0699187517166138,
0.7527754902839661,
0.04021168127655983,
-0.7386171817779541,
0.2506731152534485,
0.37892723083496094,
0.32488831877708435,
-0.18696534633636475,
0.4660049378871918,
0.2157902717590332,
-0.5090441107749939,
-0.26594436168670654,
-0.3093474209308624,
0.360673189163208,
-0.8700016140937805,
-0.1705446094274521,
0.688188374042511,
-0.237162783741951,
-0.5295028686523438,
-0.2968254089355469,
-0.34458938241004944,
-0.7278583645820618,
-0.4880077540874481,
-0.3315192759037018,
0.3153018057346344,
0.5583993792533875,
-0.0973752811551094,
0.29742422699928284,
0.5507951378822327,
-0.24760280549526215,
0.2525787651538849,
-0.6985450387001038,
0.2190687358379364,
0.36661791801452637,
-0.38734376430511475,
-0.007049553096294403,
-0.3036326467990875,
-0.9883780479431152,
-0.5819693803787231,
0.21094222366809845,
-0.36239373683929443,
0.6716704964637756,
-0.338262677192688,
-1.1377570629119873,
-0.0814928188920021,
0.2953866720199585,
-0.3362880051136017,
0.1116337850689888,
0.3285979628562927,
0.9033588767051697,
-0.01770177111029625,
-0.9215747714042664,
0.0064998106099665165,
-0.4288989305496216,
-0.5629609227180481,
-0.6354199051856995,
-1.018187165260315,
0.5864682197570801,
0.5989050269126892,
-0.018705550581216812,
1.1925526857376099,
0.1370408833026886,
-0.5638263821601868,
-0.32405826449394226,
-0.08044946938753128,
0.8588665127754211,
-0.08108826726675034,
0.21368786692619324,
0.010955254547297955,
-0.45482125878334045,
-0.24996188282966614,
0.3641829490661621,
0.36026841402053833,
1.409457802772522,
0.542901873588562,
-0.6381321549415588,
-0.3852495551109314,
0.459870308637619,
-0.13550922274589539,
0.054378755390644073,
-0.25378620624542236,
0.6309182643890381,
0.5406594276428223,
-0.25684675574302673,
-0.7538592219352722,
0.17109562456607819,
1.299373745918274,
0.21869337558746338,
-0.09113682061433792,
0.7493131756782532,
-0.27504265308380127,
0.011764036491513252,
-0.08234298229217529,
0.5758249163627625,
-0.3489615023136139,
0.37754514813423157,
0.12307321280241013,
0.20506136119365692,
-0.16472454369068146,
-0.15221744775772095,
0.5417928099632263,
-0.6529380083084106,
-1.2337162494659424,
-0.7058702707290649,
-0.7454007267951965,
0.4646542966365814,
0.23391665518283844,
-0.4596766233444214,
0.41071030497550964,
-0.9035259485244751,
1.0146396160125732,
-0.2948448956012726,
-1.036773681640625,
-0.5830801725387573,
0.9135453104972839,
-0.468448281288147,
-0.5437666773796082,
-0.7053432464599609,
0.14827071130275726,
0.1150609627366066,
0.17594023048877716,
0.3080865442752838,
-0.5162031054496765,
-0.32673773169517517,
-0.12438564747571945,
-0.031230468302965164,
-0.10434216260910034,
0.17194531857967377,
-0.2315153330564499,
-0.15511992573738098,
-0.31762710213661194,
-0.2846217751502991,
-0.8813986778259277,
0.7092183828353882,
0.6911813616752625,
0.052750278264284134,
0.12182490527629852,
0.7284430861473083,
-0.4933970272541046,
-0.46394309401512146,
-0.5034714937210083,
0.01959015429019928,
-0.35006392002105713,
-0.7776692509651184,
0.051139313727617264,
0.3901176452636719,
-0.7802664041519165,
-0.7568613886833191,
0.9393482208251953,
-0.6362249255180359,
-0.06616999953985214,
0.19634993374347687,
-0.12594559788703918,
-0.6170283555984497,
0.2869381010532379,
-0.021100129932165146,
0.1749635934829712,
1.2168951034545898,
0.042788803577423096,
-0.3885861337184906,
-0.1414257436990738,
0.2968541085720062,
0.07529889792203903,
-0.4507715702056885,
-1.5241811275482178,
0.7143695950508118,
0.18416936695575714,
0.49367642402648926,
-0.18948616087436676,
-1.142392873764038,
-0.09445658326148987,
0.18089906871318817,
0.3573303818702698,
0.9904578924179077,
-0.40061792731285095,
-0.12264638394117355,
-0.6635683178901672,
0.12717805802822113,
0.17623332142829895,
0.2942119240760803,
0.4925456643104553,
-0.09129314124584198,
0.3906136155128479,
0.23552510142326355,
0.07740136235952377,
-0.7469050884246826,
-0.06533973664045334,
0.7259738445281982,
0.5958008766174316,
-0.058757055550813675,
-0.7915402054786682,
0.0650501549243927,
0.348631888628006,
-0.037973083555698395,
0.8562742471694946,
-0.17740358412265778,
-0.3895520865917206,
-0.22227558493614197,
0.32103803753852844,
-0.291686475276947,
-0.034562647342681885,
0.6526190638542175,
0.45523354411125183,
-0.5206893682479858,
-0.029263539239764214,
-0.35788947343826294,
0.19065919518470764,
0.6837903261184692,
0.5722122192382812,
0.09296204894781113,
0.2859324514865875,
-0.0011743576033040881,
0.07719802111387253,
-0.27187320590019226,
-0.17851245403289795,
-0.7774351239204407,
0.6019780039787292,
-0.4302885830402374,
-0.7456662654876709,
-0.007505572400987148,
-0.471524715423584,
-0.8058266639709473,
-0.29340073466300964,
-0.2002190202474594,
-0.13215525448322296,
0.2658892571926117,
-0.9621205925941467,
0.3537934720516205,
-0.4426652193069458,
1.3558118343353271,
0.5720320343971252,
-0.7413977980613708,
-0.24980613589286804,
0.022638307884335518,
-0.6182892322540283,
0.3880874216556549,
-0.09301620721817017,
0.7522314786911011,
-0.3321446180343628,
-0.08734287321567535,
-1.219396710395813,
0.7420721650123596,
0.5860057473182678,
0.33448487520217896,
-0.3894469738006592,
0.32428210973739624,
-0.2515315115451813,
-0.46021080017089844,
0.47948747873306274,
-0.4735938608646393,
-0.47686445713043213,
-0.1640491485595703,
0.3992023766040802,
0.020964663475751877,
-0.13624407351016998,
-0.10272866487503052,
0.05022577941417694,
-0.0168922021985054,
0.5508607029914856,
-0.26987263560295105,
-0.6128794550895691,
0.5800564885139465,
0.22385954856872559,
0.010409152135252953,
-0.40409621596336365,
-0.6027840971946716,
-0.1399717479944229,
-0.03268849477171898,
0.4811890721321106,
0.876217782497406,
0.26744580268859863,
-0.06234000623226166,
0.12983791530132294,
-0.39183250069618225,
0.3314555585384369,
0.0741225853562355,
0.7621574401855469,
-0.8224852085113525,
-0.11217015236616135,
-0.6557971239089966,
0.19405649602413177,
0.95586097240448,
0.2019328773021698,
-0.006347937043756247,
0.45719394087791443,
-0.5910182595252991,
0.33004432916641235,
-0.2052437663078308,
-0.5229721069335938,
0.05900941789150238,
0.06309596449136734,
-0.4392961859703064
] |
247706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Invincible%20%28R05%29 | HMS Invincible (R05) | HMS Invincible was the Royal Navy's lead ship of her class of three light aircraft carriers. She was launched on 3 May 1977 as the seventh ship to carry the name. She was originally designated as an anti-submarine warfare carrier, but was used as an aircraft carrier during the Falklands War, when she was deployed with . She took over as flagship of the British fleet when Hermes was sold to India. Invincible was also deployed in the Yugoslav Wars and the Second Gulf War (Iraq War). In 2005, she was decommissioned, and was eventually sold for scrap in February 2011.
Design
As built, Invincible was long overall and between perpendiculars, with a beam of at the waterline and at flight deck level, and a draught of at full load. Displacement was standard and full load. The ship was powered by four Rolls-Royce Olympus TBM3 gas turbines, with a maximum total continuous power of . These drove two propeller shafts via reversible gearboxes, giving a maximum speed of . The ship had a range of at .
Invincibles flight deck was long and wide. It was connected to the ship's hangar by two lifts, with dimensions of × and rated to carry aircraft with a weight of . The hangar itself was long, with width varying between and a height of . An upward-curved ski-jump ramp at an angle of 6.5 degrees was fitted at the forward end of the ship's flight deck. This allowed the carrier's Sea Harriers to take off with a higher disposal payload, while shortening the take-off run, leaving more space for helicopter operations. The ship had a design air wing of ten Westland Sea King anti-submarine helicopters and eight British Aerospace Sea Harrier STOVL jet fighters.
As built, defensive armament consisted of a twin Sea Dart surface to air missile launcher in the ship's bows. 22 Sea Dart missiles were carried. A Type 1022 long-range air-search radar was mounted above the ship's bridge, with Type 909 fire control directors for the Sea Dart system mounted at the fore and aft end of the ship's superstructure. A Type 992 air-surface search radar was mounted on the ship's mainmast, while a Type 1006 navigation radar was also fitted. Type 184 medium range sonar was also fitted.
Modifications
In September 1982, after returning from the Falklands War, Invincible had her close-in armament supplemented by two Phalanx CIWS and two Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft autocannons.
During 1986–1989, she underwent a major refit, with several changes to increase the ship's aircraft operating efficiency. The angle of the ship's ski-jump was increased to 12 degrees. Her hangar was modified to allow more aircraft (nine Sea Harriers and twelve Sea Kings) to be accommodated below.
The ship's overall length increased to . Additional command facilities were fitted and accommodation for another 120 people (aircrew and command staff) was added. The ship's magazines were enlarged, allowing Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles for the carrier's Sea Harriers to be carried, while also increasing the number of torpedoes carried for the ship's helicopters. Three Thales 30 mm Goalkeeper CIWS replaced the Phalanxes. Type 996 air-sea search radar replaced the Type 992 radar, with Type 2016 sonar replaced the Type 184.
In 2000, Invincible was subject to further modifications to allow her to operate Harrier GR.7s in a ground-attack role. The Sea Dart launcher was removed and the ship's flight deck was enlarged.
History
Invincible was ordered from Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 April 1973, and was laid down at Vickers' Barrow-in-Furness on 17 April 1973. The ship's construction was delayed by design changes and industrial action, and Invincible was not launched until 3 May 1977. She was accepted into Royal Navy service on 19 March 1980 and after trials, formally commissioned on 11 July 1980. More trials and work-up followed for the ship and her air wing followed before she was declared operational on 19 June 1981, joining the fleet's other carrier Hermes in service.
Invincibles initial air wing consisted of 801 Naval Air Squadron, equipped with five Sea Harriers and 820 Naval Air Squadron, equipped with Sea King anti-submarine helicopters. In August–September 1981, Invicible took part in the NATO naval exercises "Ocean Venture" and "Ocean Safari".
Proposed sale and Falklands War
On 25 February 1982, after several months of negotiations, the Australian government announced that it had agreed to buy Invincible for £175 million (285 million A$) as a replacement, under the name , for the Royal Australian Navy's . Australia planned to make minimal changes to the carrier, adding more fuel and replacing some of the ship's computers. Initially at least, it was planned to operate helicopters only. The sale was confirmed by the Ministry of Defence.
On 2 April 1982, however, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Three days later, a naval task force headed by Invincible and Hermes left HMNB Portsmouth bound for the South Atlantic. On 20 April, the UK government formally ordered its defence forces to bring the islands back under British control. Along with eight Sea Harriers, Invincibles air group included twelve Sea King helicopters that were slightly larger than the ship had originally been designed to accommodate. Small machine guns were added around the flight deck and island for close-in defence.
On 23 April, while en route from Ascension Island to the Falklands, Invincible mistakenly locked her Sea Darts on a VARIG Brazilian Airlines DC-10 rather than on the Argentine Air Force Boeing 707 that had been monitoring the fleet's movements. The previous day, Task Group Commander Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward had sought permission from Commander-in-Chief Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse to shoot down the 707 as he believed its activity indicated a raid would be launched from the Argentine aircraft carrier . As the 707 would be no direct threat to the fleet, Woodward ordered Weapons Tight and the continued tracking of the aircraft's course while a Sea Harrier was dispatched to investigate. The Harrier pilot reported that "it was a Brazilian airliner, with all the normal navigation and running lights on."
On 30 May, two Super Étendards, one carrying Argentina's last remaining air-launched Exocet, accompanied by four A-4C Skyhawks each with two bombs, took off to attack Invincible. Argentine intelligence had sought to determine the position of the carriers from analysis of aircraft flight routes from the task force to the islands. However, the British had a standing order that all aircraft conduct a low level transit when leaving or returning to the carriers to disguise their position. This tactic compromised the Argentine attack, which focused on a group of escorts 40 miles south of the main body of ships. When one of the Super Étendards detected a large target on radar, the Exocet was launched, and the Super Étendards turned for Argentina, while the Skyhawks followed the Exocet, which soon passed out of sight. Two of the attacking Skyhawks were shot down by Sea Darts fired by , with HMS Avenger claiming to have shot down the missile with her 4.5" gun (although this claim is disputed). No damage was caused to any British vessels. During the war, Argentina claimed to have damaged the ship and continues to do so to this day, although no evidence of any such damage has been produced or uncovered.
On 1 June, the Australian Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser, advised the British government that the sale of Invincible to Australia could be cancelled if desired. In July 1983, a year after the end of the Falklands conflict, the Ministry of Defence announced that it had withdrawn its offer to sell Invincible so it could maintain a three-carrier force.
1983–2005
In December 1983, Invincible was refused the use of dry dock facilities in Sydney when the Royal Navy declined to divulge to the Australian authorities whether or not the ship was carrying nuclear weapons. Invincible was accompanied by other ships, including , during this deployment. She then visited Auckland and Wellington in New Zealand.
Between 1993 and 1995, Invincible was deployed in the Adriatic for Operation "Deny Flight" and then Operation "Deliberate Force" during the Yugoslav Wars. In 1997, flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Alan West, Commander United Kingdom Task Group, Invincible led a deployment that included 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines. During the following two years, Invincible contributed to Operation "Bolton" (part of Operation "Southern Watch") in southern Iraq before she was redeployed to the Balkans to support the NATO action against Yugoslavia over Kosovo. There, while her helicopters aided refugees, her Harriers were involved in military strikes.
In 2003, Invincible featured in a skit of the BBC show Top Gear involving The Stig racing a white Jaguar XJS on the deck in an attempt to reach 100 mph and stop before the end of the runway. The attempt failed, resulting in The Stig and the Jaguar ending up in the sea.
2005–2011
On 6 June 2005, the British Ministry of Defence announced that Invincible would be inactive until 2010 but available for reactivation at eighteen months' notice. She was decommissioned on 3 August 2005, twenty months after an extensive refit that had been intended to give her ten more years of service. succeeded her as the service's flagship. The Royal Navy maintained that Invincible could have been deployed had the need arisen and that Navy policy assumed she was still an active aircraft carrier. According to Jane's, however, Invincible had been stripped of some parts for her sister ships, so operational readiness would require not only eighteen months but also the replacement or removal of systems from those other ships.
In March 2010, Invincible was tied up and minimally maintained with other decommissioned ships up-river of HMNB Portsmouth. On 10 September 2010, she was struck off the Naval Reserve List and, in December, offered for sale by the Disposal Services Authority (DSA) with tenders due by 5 January 2011. The DSA tender documents confirmed that the ship's engines had been removed and that its generators and pumps were "generally unserviceable or not working". On 8 January 2011, the British press relayed an earlier report in the South China Morning Post that a £5-million bid had been made for the ship by the UK-based Chinese businessman Lam Kin-bong with plans to moor her at Zhuhai or Liverpool as a floating international school. In light, however, of China's re-arming of the Varyagbought under a similar pretextand the EU arms embargo on China, doubts were raised as to whether such a sale would go ahead.
A month later, in February 2011, BBC News reported that the Ministry of Defence had announced the sale of Invincible to Leyal Ship Recycling in Turkey. She was towed out of Portsmouth on 24 March and arrived at Leyal's Aliağa yard on 12 April 2011 for scrapping.
Weapons and aircraft
Invincible initially lacked any close-in weapon systems. As one of the lessons from the Falklands War Invincible had two 20 mm Raytheon Phalanx close-in weapon systems fitted but these were later replaced by three Thales 30 mm Goalkeeper CIWS; there are also two Oerlikon 20 mm cannons. Countermeasures were provided by a Thales jamming system and ECM system, Seagnat launchers provide for chaff or flare decoys. Initially the carriers were armed with a Sea Dart missile system, but this was removed to enlarge the flight deck and to allow magazine storage and deck space for Royal Air Force Harrier GR7s.
After the various refits, the carrier's air group grew from the original planned 5 Sea Harriers and 9 Sea Kings to nine Sea Harrier or Harrier GR7/9s and twelve helicopters (usually all Sea Kings, either anti-submarine warfare (ASW) or Airborne Early Warning (AEW) variants). Alternative airgroups were occasionally tested with 16 Harriers and 3 helicopters being embarked. The carrier was equipped with flagship facilities and could provide an operational headquarters for Royal Navy task forces. The runway was long and included the ship's characteristic ski jump (initially at an angle of 7°, but later increased to 12°).
Commanding officers
1979–1982: Captain Michael Livesay RN
1982–1983: Captain Jeremy Black RN
1983–1984: Captain the Hon. Nicholas Hill-Norton RN
1984–1986: Captain Christopher Layman RN
1988–1990: Captain Michael Gretton RN
1990–1992: Captain John Tolhurst RN
1992–1993: Captain Fabian Malbon RN
1993–1995: Captain Richard Hastilow RN
1995–1996: Captain Ian Forbes RN
1996–1997: Captain Roy Clare RN
1997–1999: Captain James Burnell-Nugent RN
1999–2001: Captain Rory McLean RN
2002–2004: Captain Trevor Soar RN
2004–2005: Captain Neil Morisetti RN
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
HMS Invincible: Aircraft Carrier
Invincible class Aircraft Carrier Information
Maritimequest HMS Invincible photo gallery
HMS Invincible Down Under
Argentina's claim to have damaged HMS Invincible.
Invincible-class aircraft carriers
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1977 ships
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom | [
-0.43106645345687866,
-0.4556777775287628,
0.2781645357608795,
-0.1353953778743744,
-0.32056230306625366,
0.7344329357147217,
0.549568772315979,
-0.6850796937942505,
-0.2977129817008972,
0.4426920413970947,
0.17380034923553467,
0.3020407557487488,
-0.06658472865819931,
0.1253899186849594,
0.7329245805740356,
0.37435105443000793,
-0.16080641746520996,
0.8487697243690491,
-0.03911718353629112,
-0.5898508429527283,
-0.0565229170024395,
-0.20245474576950073,
0.4600851535797119,
0.1438215672969818,
0.6334390640258789,
0.15614083409309387,
0.7735657691955566,
0.36640453338623047,
0.649535059928894,
0.06280253827571869,
0.7090181708335876,
0.7823284864425659,
-0.23831525444984436,
0.19355762004852295,
0.14633451402187347,
-0.1349988877773285,
-0.1643206924200058,
-0.03700239956378937,
-0.16943879425525665,
-0.44103458523750305,
-0.8654741644859314,
-0.22644367814064026,
0.3255906105041504,
0.20882326364517212,
-0.28992959856987,
-0.30108121037483215,
-1.5114834308624268,
-0.0695079118013382,
0.3918156921863556,
0.28618234395980835,
-0.47415605187416077,
0.32378897070884705,
0.2390809804201126,
-0.13576830923557281,
-0.011235781945288181,
0.7742674946784973,
-0.9431877732276917,
0.15947923064231873,
-0.10328390449285507,
-0.4694903492927551,
0.45843052864074707,
0.5548223257064819,
0.3475930392742157,
0.20364566147327423,
0.016979971900582314,
0.22728000581264496,
-0.3870140314102173,
0.5720992684364319,
-0.5604553818702698,
-0.023783879354596138,
0.6030086278915405,
-0.3414655029773712,
-0.266277015209198,
0.6944438815116882,
-0.381581574678421,
-0.2478523850440979,
0.20802709460258484,
-0.8313383460044861,
0.7599024772644043,
0.4287203252315521,
0.7691648006439209,
0.05085848644375801,
0.6630467772483826,
0.041026338934898376,
-0.419779896736145,
-0.0693768709897995,
-0.20421656966209412,
0.15711960196495056,
-0.7250036001205444,
1.1192516088485718,
-0.2778995931148529,
-0.528303861618042,
0.17269431054592133,
0.35746845602989197,
0.1408466100692749,
0.3495321273803711,
-0.4237073063850403,
0.2468111664056778,
0.30691418051719666,
0.30529284477233887,
0.10792504251003265,
0.4182618260383606,
0.2280232459306717,
-0.7053697109222412,
-0.7419218420982361,
0.020042257383465767,
-0.1893995851278305,
-0.41482013463974,
-0.4819346070289612,
-0.27832120656967163,
-0.5396000742912292,
-0.6939898729324341,
-0.69920814037323,
-0.184402734041214,
-0.5657411813735962,
-0.16179724037647247,
0.06571302562952042,
-0.3221891224384308,
0.00890705268830061,
-0.229353129863739,
0.514336884021759,
0.663238525390625,
-0.2081383913755417,
0.07547777891159058,
0.21594591438770294,
0.30273115634918213,
0.42115381360054016,
0.4617295265197754,
-1.003929615020752,
-0.0365644171833992,
0.9091793298721313,
0.9835585951805115,
-0.3846740126609802,
0.06291228532791138,
-0.7309250831604004,
0.014342940412461758,
-0.030014904215931892,
0.7358064651489258,
0.22724755108356476,
0.4695749580860138,
-0.5808179974555969,
-0.5387659668922424,
-0.0767606869339943,
-0.07542005181312561,
0.6318241357803345,
-0.15316730737686157,
-0.11535630375146866,
-0.1511266827583313,
-0.6874003410339355,
-0.5691773295402527,
-0.10419481992721558,
-0.39907360076904297,
-0.06350776553153992,
0.2171604037284851,
-0.24307209253311157,
-0.016815001145005226,
0.28326860070228577,
-0.38207653164863586,
0.6012836694717407,
0.22780965268611908,
-0.6601526737213135,
0.04267004877328873,
-0.23928532004356384,
-0.1420717090368271,
0.4681106507778168,
0.25499841570854187,
0.28922152519226074,
-0.41144055128097534,
-0.04999440163373947,
-0.7803006172180176,
-0.33743786811828613,
-0.03550789877772331,
0.7545554041862488,
0.011546364985406399,
-0.17887192964553833,
-0.3719405233860016,
0.35343676805496216,
-0.024065513163805008,
0.522881805896759,
-0.7841318249702454,
-0.45562636852264404,
-0.01682242751121521,
0.1793210208415985,
0.08661700785160065,
0.323612242937088,
0.6025058031082153,
0.39747464656829834,
0.2674033045768738,
-0.17373263835906982,
0.20339523255825043,
-0.1135113537311554,
0.12897644937038422,
0.3804837465286255,
-0.043121714144945145,
1.3651149272918701,
-0.19391947984695435,
-0.42689529061317444,
-0.08447685092687607,
0.3048565089702606,
0.30440255999565125,
0.5189889669418335,
-0.19242873787879944,
0.19193989038467407,
-0.2947451174259186,
-0.655288815498352,
-0.016783397644758224,
0.1340353935956955,
0.3724519908428192,
-0.004210342653095722,
0.6568644046783447,
-0.4551549255847931,
-0.8836207985877991,
0.33066821098327637,
0.223913311958313,
0.04982081428170204,
-0.023832689970731735,
-0.06816194206476212,
-0.4176348149776459,
-0.2914992868900299,
-0.19317646324634552,
0.5013096332550049,
0.17363829910755157,
-0.5452724099159241,
-0.2855551838874817,
-0.23177336156368256,
-0.036336760967969894,
0.11883457750082016,
0.42924168705940247,
-0.11483989655971527,
-0.3235028088092804,
0.07290273159742355,
0.15887388586997986,
-0.29485687613487244,
-0.0777178406715393,
0.14599795639514923,
-0.061187904328107834,
0.009195827879011631,
0.3822251558303833,
0.7148849964141846,
-0.2971978187561035,
-0.20122480392456055,
0.5718219876289368,
-0.5690116882324219,
0.17875023186206818,
0.4257040321826935,
-0.276190847158432,
0.1792563796043396,
-0.27195650339126587,
0.16739912331104279,
-0.49971210956573486,
0.12919220328330994,
0.28990885615348816,
0.5529994964599609,
-0.41528135538101196,
-0.0390174463391304,
-0.129840686917305,
-0.10528367757797241,
0.03127025440335274,
0.488995760679245,
0.14810709655284882,
-0.15153364837169647,
-0.19828222692012787,
0.20821666717529297,
0.38560307025909424,
0.3502235412597656,
-0.25760617852211,
-0.2900092899799347,
-0.09946547448635101,
0.7263600826263428,
-0.11770166456699371,
0.2587161660194397,
-0.11406034976243973,
0.22403579950332642,
-1.0699758529663086,
0.36540278792381287,
-0.08413833379745483,
0.17129436135292053,
0.5348721742630005,
-0.0645056739449501,
-0.45434239506721497,
0.22798049449920654,
0.7224576473236084,
-0.3693889081478119,
-0.8406393527984619,
-0.03663688525557518,
0.2983814775943756,
0.1305702179670334,
-0.5657811164855957,
-0.19264933466911316,
-0.3957569897174835,
-0.4595566689968109,
-0.5500791668891907,
-0.40015220642089844,
-0.10816791653633118,
0.05293314903974533,
0.053643789142370224,
-0.3294786810874939,
-0.20796671509742737,
0.41048625111579895,
-0.13678288459777832,
-0.46345973014831543,
0.5187844038009644,
-0.4296424090862274,
0.06337118148803711,
-0.37500905990600586,
0.05160795524716377,
-0.3082927465438843,
0.4609552323818207,
-5.412473201751709,
-0.3023557662963867,
-0.20082730054855347,
0.2791692912578583,
-0.09134925901889801,
0.3994969129562378,
-0.026151427999138832,
-0.22056232392787933,
-0.03003077581524849,
-0.767117440700531,
0.9722719788551331,
0.25408491492271423,
-0.0713876262307167,
-0.1366267055273056,
0.3187333941459656,
0.3854561150074005,
0.7189829349517822,
-0.13021104037761688,
0.7917086482048035,
-0.20983853936195374,
0.035475973039865494,
0.12011303752660751,
-0.15901091694831848,
0.012243909761309624,
-0.0022896844893693924,
0.1965903639793396,
-0.3955712616443634,
-0.2157941460609436,
-0.7961397767066956,
-0.2256416529417038,
0.0606747567653656,
-0.34214073419570923,
-0.5633185505867004,
-0.1574263870716095,
-0.1765669286251068,
-0.49601614475250244,
0.4368540942668915,
0.16251835227012634,
0.21137434244155884,
-0.5206778049468994,
-0.44115397334098816,
-0.35476207733154297,
0.42916518449783325,
0.03126595541834831,
0.4736265540122986,
-0.5153210163116455,
-0.005824029445648193,
0.05964721366763115,
0.3629276156425476,
0.867122232913971,
0.2258700728416443,
0.08786872774362564,
0.46024414896965027,
0.6086416840553284,
0.9089304208755493,
0.1542791873216629,
-0.7235879302024841,
0.3279411494731903,
-0.10792071372270584,
0.4538020193576813,
0.22255486249923706,
-0.015478241257369518,
-0.24482960999011993,
-0.11023586988449097,
0.015935437753796577,
0.3027932345867157,
-0.005230545066297054,
-0.5071494579315186,
0.3479478359222412,
-0.38567137718200684,
-0.0053347996436059475,
1.2356338500976562,
-0.023341882973909378,
-0.8954846858978271,
0.0429813452064991,
-0.24980513751506805,
0.0774264931678772,
0.18163684010505676,
-0.41541463136672974,
0.10050058364868164,
0.1118694320321083,
-0.45381540060043335,
-0.83431077003479,
0.389647513628006,
0.05813673883676529,
-0.8188838362693787,
-0.3862820267677307,
0.0009701461531221867,
0.2956535816192627,
-0.12340061366558075,
0.42765235900878906,
-0.6129408478736877,
0.3578684628009796,
0.25436604022979736,
1.0732736587524414,
-0.827881932258606,
-0.5796648263931274,
0.26384931802749634,
0.8074379563331604,
-0.4568771719932556,
0.1244959831237793,
-0.34244632720947266,
0.4553898572921753,
0.15984494984149933,
-0.24872592091560364,
-0.5273446440696716,
-0.3482660949230194,
-0.3626580536365509,
0.49979156255722046,
-0.42943453788757324,
-0.16694390773773193,
-0.887437641620636,
-0.5371498465538025,
0.015241432934999466,
0.6973488926887512,
-0.08244744688272476,
0.09824042022228241,
0.5694901347160339,
0.39585569500923157,
0.4535410404205322,
-0.6013261675834656,
0.8122026324272156,
-0.6752912998199463,
-0.12975949048995972,
-0.4997939467430115,
-0.4800085425376892,
0.487857848405838,
-0.73323655128479,
-0.6995958089828491,
-0.22801896929740906,
0.029104450717568398,
0.47351494431495667,
-0.0320579893887043,
-0.07962203025817871,
0.5242236256599426,
-0.4296630918979645,
-0.12120891362428665,
-0.009999038651585579,
0.323623389005661,
0.18220485746860504,
-0.36908242106437683,
-0.10384009778499603,
-0.1950949728488922,
0.4637630879878998,
1.2782623767852783,
0.39359715580940247,
0.7493278980255127,
-0.24314554035663605,
0.6463161110877991,
0.5603811740875244,
-0.6606131792068481,
-0.4921458065509796,
0.6193747520446777,
-0.6799507737159729,
-0.15064281225204468,
0.2579811215400696,
0.5038264393806458,
-0.4169760048389435,
-0.5794098377227783,
-0.039012063294649124,
0.19095496833324432,
0.036759670823812485,
-0.5078085660934448,
-0.4063728451728821,
0.8538671135902405,
0.2180287390947342,
-0.5955138802528381,
-0.4952971041202545,
0.3024837374687195,
0.3340742886066437,
-0.12878741323947906,
-0.5642756819725037,
-1.105060338973999,
0.05509685352444649,
0.15888723731040955,
0.13231588900089264,
-0.8087054491043091,
-0.4238259196281433,
0.05619950592517853,
0.027966460213065147,
-0.34397298097610474,
-0.03426878899335861,
-0.31604456901550293,
0.5913626551628113,
0.49045947194099426,
0.2582099437713623,
-0.9585137367248535,
0.06800850480794907,
-0.04955116659402847,
-0.2154068946838379,
-0.1629401594400406,
-0.6535652279853821,
0.16521193087100983,
0.06431379914283752,
-0.8476871252059937,
0.5037764310836792,
-0.23422367870807648,
0.21054509282112122,
0.6053343415260315,
-0.7966931462287903,
0.19263498485088348,
0.8296218514442444,
-0.4414520263671875,
-0.05097944661974907,
0.4578954875469208,
-0.714181661605835,
-0.04992961511015892,
-0.6419464945793152,
0.01695205084979534,
0.7794490456581116,
-0.15770061314105988,
-1.2430838346481323,
0.247344970703125,
0.866700291633606,
-0.2592482268810272,
0.31388232111930847,
-0.41546937823295593,
0.4021044969558716,
-0.2754411995410919,
-0.8060089945793152,
-0.5456522703170776,
-0.04035534709692001,
0.19107171893119812,
-0.4112507998943329,
-1.1222349405288696,
0.36000096797943115,
0.15583762526512146,
-0.31562191247940063,
-0.16345925629138947,
0.10616760700941086,
-0.5260331034660339,
0.1632271111011505,
0.007190515752881765,
-0.12226212024688721,
0.692453920841217,
-0.5665748119354248,
0.05951090529561043,
-0.11088158190250397,
0.414583295583725,
0.43090713024139404,
0.41906416416168213,
0.7772296667098999,
0.3798036277294159,
-0.47648942470550537,
0.36742594838142395,
0.15251144766807556,
0.8877614736557007,
-0.34992721676826477,
-0.06928665190935135,
-0.30966681241989136,
-0.3350474238395691,
-0.5275261998176575,
-0.6928508877754211,
-0.6790055632591248,
1.203225016593933,
-0.3229612410068512,
0.33762049674987793,
-0.6352186799049377,
0.0997140035033226,
0.15373477339744568,
-0.1249355673789978,
0.3892766833305359,
-1.0087801218032837,
-0.11477889120578766,
0.6943191885948181,
0.6263653635978699,
-0.35134050250053406,
-0.020939039066433907,
0.4417918026447296,
-0.021418828517198563,
-0.14662925899028778,
0.5836848616600037,
0.11123213171958923,
0.4779539704322815,
-0.1954839825630188,
0.4260893762111664,
-0.2945106327533722,
-0.4456269443035126,
0.5621287226676941,
0.3608570694923401,
-0.14680609107017517,
0.41336968541145325,
-0.26709482073783875,
-0.5779218077659607,
-0.3713390529155731,
-0.05269036814570427,
-0.1743042916059494,
-0.46716201305389404,
0.5214624404907227,
0.3233318030834198,
0.57902991771698,
-0.12355312705039978,
-0.0361362062394619,
0.012570024468004704,
0.06492592394351959,
0.22345997393131256,
-0.41495418548583984,
-0.07132294028997421,
-0.18557408452033997,
0.5445564389228821,
-0.20122691988945007,
0.7858128547668457,
-0.5712487697601318,
-0.09169911593198776,
0.12120194733142853,
0.09494271129369736,
0.20735660195350647,
-0.2019675225019455,
0.10722273588180542,
0.16921335458755493,
-0.0885063037276268,
-0.7068738341331482,
0.018349122256040573,
0.2955257296562195,
-0.8668137192726135,
0.2220669537782669,
0.46060794591903687,
-0.31093674898147583,
-0.27048441767692566,
-0.14134420454502106,
-0.0684833824634552,
0.4603081941604614,
0.2990124523639679,
0.33897775411605835,
-0.53953617811203,
0.629114031791687,
-0.7436789870262146,
-0.19100718200206757,
-0.13915488123893738,
1.1957296133041382,
0.07780744880437851,
-0.20467731356620789,
-0.642060399055481,
0.8567367196083069,
-0.13957631587982178,
-0.032182756811380386,
0.7868164777755737,
-0.047834720462560654,
0.10660480707883835,
0.5567548871040344,
0.22250205278396606,
0.058408938348293304,
-0.5804958343505859,
-0.4716285169124603,
-0.31124669313430786,
0.4921644926071167,
-0.2777784764766693,
-0.035147275775671005,
0.4297643005847931,
0.3722003698348999,
0.39625614881515503,
0.36551374197006226,
0.3964461088180542,
-0.3949466049671173,
-0.20844236016273499,
0.9454580545425415,
0.18498572707176208,
-0.5221914649009705,
0.2908399999141693,
-0.1561351716518402,
0.06255924701690674,
0.14145725965499878,
0.18656107783317566,
0.0013697126414626837,
-0.6336968541145325,
0.3460867702960968,
-0.07230699062347412,
0.4350292384624481,
0.12941662967205048,
-0.18561337888240814,
0.04191647469997406,
-0.04835042729973793,
-0.16821539402008057,
-0.23564986884593964,
0.15640880167484283,
0.17552191019058228,
0.0841221883893013,
-0.3830081820487976,
-0.025242064148187637,
-0.014468581415712833,
-0.7938188910484314,
0.16865329444408417,
-0.24994955956935883,
-0.7024196982383728,
0.19824905693531036,
0.27908948063850403,
-0.40785062313079834,
0.16070257127285004,
-0.03309193253517151,
0.5496059060096741,
0.6034594178199768,
-0.42814186215400696,
-0.4572477340698242,
-0.05164297670125961,
-0.55181485414505,
0.22416669130325317,
0.11405124515295029,
0.34552595019340515,
0.43612465262413025,
0.2803119122982025,
-0.30139273405075073,
0.2766067385673523,
-0.18316368758678436,
0.43018046021461487,
-0.2430454045534134,
0.04400484263896942,
-0.20155008137226105,
-0.03558562323451042,
-0.4795072078704834,
-0.13990649580955505,
-0.05433282628655434,
-0.38042622804641724,
-0.0953630730509758,
-0.3196999132633209,
-0.40397682785987854,
-0.2673830986022949,
0.06947765499353409,
-0.7150031328201294,
-0.5042893290519714,
0.13857588171958923,
0.5710445642471313,
-0.22176676988601685,
-0.10152849555015564,
-0.2271084040403366,
-0.6288561820983887,
-0.1391957551240921,
-0.07068254798650742,
-0.12165523320436478,
0.11766133457422256,
0.46193933486938477,
0.09302658587694168,
0.3755415081977844,
-0.38861727714538574,
0.5890390276908875,
-0.6521105766296387,
0.21829281747341156,
0.2870549261569977,
0.3305240273475647,
0.044293250888586044,
0.6392785310745239,
0.16101199388504028,
-0.12603440880775452,
0.7590621709823608,
0.21142059564590454,
-0.21000802516937256,
-0.18656466901302338,
-0.23892129957675934,
-0.5848356485366821,
0.07421861588954926,
0.12207654863595963,
0.4366075098514557,
-0.20174120366573334,
0.13664917647838593,
-0.4550859034061432,
0.4410867989063263,
0.023843711242079735,
0.5719919800758362,
-0.18717990815639496,
0.3111826777458191,
-0.03887530788779259
] |
247709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams%20%281990%20film%29 | Dreams (1990 film) | is a 1990 magical realist film of eight vignettes written and directed by Akira Kurosawa. It was inspired by actual dreams that Kurosawa claimed to have had repeatedly. It was his first film in 45 years in which he was the sole author of the screenplay. An international co-production of Japan and Worldwide, Dreams was made five years after Ran, with assistance from George Lucas and Steven Spielberg, and funded by Warner Bros. The film was screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival, and has consistently received positive reviews.
Dreams addresses themes such as childhood, spirituality, art, death, and mistakes and transgressions made by humans against nature.
Plot
The film does not have a single narrative, but is rather episodic in nature, following the adventures of a "surrogate Kurosawa" (often recognizable by his wearing Kurosawa's trademark hat) through eight different segments, or "dreams", each one titled.
"Sunshine Through the Rain"
A young boy's mother tells him to stay at home during a day when the sun is shining through the rain, warning him that kitsune (foxes) have their weddings during such weather, and do not like to be seen. He defies her wishes, wandering into a forest where he witnesses the slow wedding procession of the kitsune. He is spotted by them and runs home. His mother meets him at the front door, barring the way, and says that an angry fox had come by the house, leaving behind a tantō knife. The mother gives the knife to the boy and tells him that he must go and beg forgiveness from the foxes, refusing to let him return home unless he does so. She warns that if he does not secure their forgiveness, he must take his own life. Taking the knife, the boy sets off into the mountains, towards the place under the rainbow where the kitsunes home is said to be.
"The Peach Orchard"
On the spring day of Hinamatsuri (the Doll Festival), a boy spots a small girl dressed in pink in his house. He follows her outside to where his family's peach orchard once was. Living dolls appear before him on the orchard's slopes, and reveal themselves to be the spirits of the peach trees. Because the boy's family chopped down the trees of the orchard, the dolls berate him. However, after realizing that the boy loved the blossoms and did not want the trees to be felled, they agree to give him one last look at the orchard as it once was. They perform a dance to Etenraku that causes the blossoming trees to re-appear. The boy sees the mysterious girl walking among the blooming trees and runs after her, but she and the trees suddenly vanish. He walks sadly through the thicket of stumps where the trees had been, until he sees a single young peach tree, in full bloom, sprouting in her place...
"The Blizzard"
A group of four mountaineers struggle up a mountain path during a horrendous blizzard. It has been snowing for three days and the men are dispirited and ready to give up. One by one they stop walking, giving in to the snow and sure death. The leader endeavors to push on, but he too, stops in the snow. A strange woman (the Yuki-onna of Japanese folklore) appears out of nowhere and attempts to lure the last conscious man into giving in to his death. He resists, shaking off his stupor and her entreaties, to discover that the storm has abated, and that their camp is only a few feet away.
"The Tunnel"
A discharged Japanese company commander is walking down a deserted road at dusk, on his way back home from fighting in the Second World War. He comes to a large concrete pedestrian tunnel, from which a barking and snarling anti-tank dog emerges. The commander walks through the dark tunnel and comes out on the other side. He is followed by the yūrei (ghost) of one of his soldiers, Private Noguchi, who had died of severe wounds in the commander's arms. Noguchi's face appears blue with blackened eyes.
Noguchi seems not to believe that he is dead. Noguchi points to a light emanating from a house on a nearby mountainside, which he identifies as being his parents' home. He is heartbroken, knowing he cannot see them again, even while he remains respectful to the commander. Following the commander's wish that he accept his fate, Noguchi returns into the tunnel.
The commander's entire third platoon, led by a young lieutenant brandishing an officer's sword, then marches out of the tunnel. They come to a halt and present arms, saluting the commander. Their faces too are colored blue. The commander struggles to tell them that they are dead, having all been killed in combat, and says that he himself is to blame for sending them into a futile battle. They stand mute in reply. The commander orders them to turn about face, and salutes them in a farewell as they march back into the tunnel. Collapsing in grief, the commander is quickly brought back to his feet by the reappearance of the anti-tank dog.
"Crows"
An art student finds himself inside the world of Van Gogh's artwork, where he meets the artist in a field and converses with him. Van Gogh relates that his left ear gave him problems during a self portrait, so he cut it off. The student loses track of the artist, and travels through a number of Van Gogh's works trying to find him, concluding with Van Gogh's Wheat Field with Crows.
"Mount Fuji in Red"
A large nuclear power plant near Mount Fuji has begun to melt down. The sky is filled with red fumes and millions of Japanese citizens flee in terror towards the ocean. Eventually, two men, a woman, and her two small children are seen alone at the edge of the sea. The older man, who is dressed in a business suit, explains to the younger man that the rest of the population have drowned themselves in the ocean. He then says that the different colors of the clouds billowing across the rubbish-strewn landscape signify different radioactive isotopes. According to him, red indicates plutonium-239, which can cause cancer; yellow indicates strontium-90, which causes leukemia; and purple indicates cesium-137, which causes birth defects. He then remarks about the foolish futility of color-coding such dangerous gases.
The woman, hearing these descriptions, recoils in horror before angrily cursing those responsible and the pre-disaster assurances of safety they had given. The suited man displays contrition, suggesting that he is in part responsible for the disaster. The other man, dressed casually, watches the multicolored radioactive clouds advance upon them. When he turns back towards the others at the shore, he sees the woman weeping: the suit-clad man has leaped to his death. A cloud of red dust reaches them, causing the mother to shrink back in terror. The remaining man attempts to shield the mother and her children by using his jacket to feebly fan away the radioactive billows.
"The Weeping Demon"
A man finds himself wandering around a misty, bleak mountainous terrain. He meets an oni-like man, who is actually a mutated human with a single horn on his head. The "demon" explains that there had been a nuclear holocaust which resulted in the loss of nature and animals, towering dandelions taller than humans, and humans sprouting horns. He elaborates that, by dusk, the horns cause them to feel excruciating pain; however, they cannot die, so they simply howl in agony during the night. Many of the "demons" were former millionaires and government officials, who are now (in Buddhist style) suffering through a hell befitting for their sins.
The "demon" warns the man to flee, when the man asks where he should go to, the "demon" asks if he too wants to become a demon. The horrified man then runs away from the scene with the "demon" in pursuit.
"Village of the Watermills"
A man enters a peaceful, stream-laden village, where he sees children laying flowers on a large stone. He meets an elderly, wise man who is fixing a broken watermill wheel. The elder informs the younger man that residents of the village simply refer to it as "the village", and that outsiders call it "the village of the watermills". When the younger man inquires about the lack of electricity in the village, the elder explains that the people of his village decided long ago to forsake modern technology, and laments the notion of modern convenience and the pollution of nature.
The younger man asks the elder about the stone which children were placing flowers on. The elder tells him that, long ago, an ailing traveler died on that spot. The villagers buried him there and placed the rock there as a headstone. Ever since, it has become customary in the village to offer flowers there. The younger man and the elder hear the sounds of a funeral procession for an old woman nearby. Rather than mourning her death, the people in the procession celebrate joyfully the peaceful end of her long life. The elder goes to join the procession, and the younger man leaves flowers on the stone before departing the village.
Cast
Akira Terao as I (The Dreamer)
Mitsunori Isaki as I (The Young Dreamer)
Mitsuko Baisho as The Dreamer's Mother
Martin Scorsese as Vincent van Gogh
Chishū Ryū as Old Man
Mieko Harada as The Snow Spirit
Yoshitaka Zushi as Private Noguchi
Toshie Negishi as Woman with Child
Hisashi Igawa as Man at the Nuclear Power Plant
Chosuke Ikariya as The Demon
Sachio Sakai
Noriko Honma
Production
For the "Sunshine Through the Rain" segment, writer-director Akira Kurosawa built a near-exact replica of his childhood home; the nameplate on the gate even reads "Kurosawa". During production, Kurosawa showed the actress playing the mother a photo of his own mother, and gave her tips on how to act as her.
The setting of the segment "The Blizzard" may have been inspired by Kurosawa's personal life, since he confessed to being "a devotee of mountain climbing".
In "Crows", Vincent van Gogh is portrayed by American filmmaker Martin Scorsese. The segment features Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major ("Raindrop") by Chopin. The visual effects for this segment were provided by George Lucas and his special effects group Industrial Light & Magic. Additionally, it is the only segment in the film wherein the characters do not speak Japanese, but instead English and French.
The "Village of the Watermills" segment was filmed at the Daio Wasabi farm in the Nagano Prefecture. The segment, and the film as a whole, ends with an excerpt from "In the Village", part of the Caucasian Sketches, Suite No. 1 by the Russian composer Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov. The idea of the stone in this segment, on which passersby lay flowers, was possibly inspired by a similar stone from Kurosawa's father's home village:
Near the main thoroughfare of the village stood a huge rock, and there were always cut flowers on top of it. All the children who passed by it picked wild flowers and laid them atop the stone. When I wondered why they did this and asked, the children said they didn't know. I found out later by asking one of the old men in the village. In the Battle of Boshin, a hundred years ago, someone died at that spot. Feeling sorry for him, the villagers buried him, put the stone over the grave and laid flowers on it. The flowers became a custom of the village, which the children maintained without ever knowing why.
Critical reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film a mostly positive review, writing: "It's something altogether new for Kurosawa, a collection of short, sometimes fragmentary films that are less like dreams than fairy tales of past, present and future. The magical and mysterious are mixed with the practical, funny and polemical." The Encyclopedia of International Film praised Kurosawa in relation to Dreams as having "long been a master of complex narrative. Now he wants to tell what he does." It praised the editing and staging in the film as "hypnotically [serene]", and called Dreams "one of the most lucid dreamworks ever placed on film." Donald Richie and Joan Mellen wrote of the film and of Kurosawa: "Beyond himself, he is beautiful because the beauty is in the attitude of the director. This is evident not only in the didactic approach, but also in the whole slowness, in the quantity of respect and in the enormous, insolent security of the work. That a director in 1990 could be so strong, so serious, so moral and so hopeful, is already beautiful."
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6.30/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "This late-career anthology by Akira Kurosawa often confirms that Dreams are more interesting to the dreamer than their audience, but the directorial master still delivers opulent visions with a generous dose of heart."
Home media
Dreams was released on DVD by Warner Home Video on two occasions: one on March 18, 2003, and the other on August 30, 2011 as part of the Warner Archive Collection.
The Criterion Collection released special editions of the film on Blu-ray and DVD on November 15, 2016 in the US. Both editions feature a new 4K restoration, headed by Lee Kline, technical director of the Criterion Collection, and supervised by one of the film's cinematographers, Shoji Ueda. Also included in the release is an on-set making-of documentary directed by Nobuhiko Obayashi called Making of 'Dreams, which was filmed during the production of Dreams.
Notes
References
External links
Akira Kurosawa's Dreams: Quiet Devastation an essay by Bilge Ebiri at the Criterion Collection
1990 films
1990s fantasy drama films
Japanese fantasy drama films
Japanese anthology films
Films directed by Akira Kurosawa
Japanese films
Japanese-language films
Films about Vincent van Gogh
Films about dreams
Magic realism films
Films with screenplays by Akira Kurosawa
1990 drama films | [
0.08174412697553635,
0.2164507806301117,
-0.2585446536540985,
0.33705592155456543,
-0.0033518578857183456,
0.3815807104110718,
0.4584225118160248,
0.13742394745349884,
-0.17171993851661682,
-0.18031993508338928,
-0.26250001788139343,
0.23300932347774506,
-0.015802891924977303,
0.59474778175354,
0.12006888538599014,
-0.33955928683280945,
0.47041255235671997,
-0.05128706991672516,
-0.06947825103998184,
-0.8503713011741638,
-0.49818870425224304,
-0.11140715330839157,
0.6002799868583679,
-0.07916285842657089,
-0.44006383419036865,
0.20004144310951233,
0.1917654424905777,
0.4676952660083771,
0.2780511677265167,
-0.11453673988580704,
-0.2526859641075134,
0.22577796876430511,
0.1062709167599678,
0.38292577862739563,
0.5717840194702148,
0.29084205627441406,
-0.683459460735321,
-0.13580195605754852,
-0.6688811779022217,
-0.5985415577888489,
0.63443922996521,
0.20857787132263184,
0.34646764397621155,
-0.31363964080810547,
-0.3571542799472809,
-0.3025510311126709,
-1.0185565948486328,
-0.019918005913496017,
-0.6259099841117859,
-0.6605848670005798,
0.0931573286652565,
0.5351102352142334,
0.7530215978622437,
-0.3551100492477417,
0.3225833773612976,
0.6462897658348083,
-0.3413245677947998,
0.2282395213842392,
-0.304756760597229,
0.22184789180755615,
0.3645063638687134,
-0.0324147492647171,
0.12440888583660126,
0.27107465267181396,
-0.0980207696557045,
0.5547863841056824,
0.4243733286857605,
0.1584804803133011,
0.6543340086936951,
-0.5270677804946899,
0.1447889655828476,
0.23338378965854645,
0.4107796847820282,
-0.012003889307379723,
-0.35994723439216614,
-0.18593764305114746,
0.7629053592681885,
0.018905138596892357,
0.12646308541297913,
0.07469113916158676,
-0.237962543964386,
0.0009134114370681345,
1.1419260501861572,
0.3925541341304779,
-0.0006044728797860444,
-0.3094077706336975,
0.125694140791893,
0.35493502020835876,
-0.3046705424785614,
0.37557366490364075,
-0.7606741786003113,
-0.5958209037780762,
0.04798343777656555,
0.4394403100013733,
-0.24778153002262115,
0.17014649510383606,
-0.8553129434585571,
0.35731932520866394,
0.4991142451763153,
-0.20010143518447876,
0.033118657767772675,
-0.033226128667593,
-0.28334423899650574,
0.09162042289972305,
-0.4635504186153412,
-0.4843016564846039,
-0.28192490339279175,
-0.5975620150566101,
-0.6674972772598267,
0.15353567898273468,
-0.7134226560592651,
0.31512364745140076,
-0.11025793105363846,
0.060994669795036316,
-0.12010619789361954,
0.26251187920570374,
0.004839863628149033,
-0.15214158594608307,
-0.7304508686065674,
0.10637970268726349,
0.43184933066368103,
-0.1251051276922226,
0.037404999136924744,
0.1837662160396576,
0.29028236865997314,
0.5545274019241333,
0.0019294703379273415,
-0.038133054971694946,
-0.7010020613670349,
-0.2596425712108612,
0.126921609044075,
0.684064507484436,
-0.2601473927497864,
-0.09269900619983673,
0.32602447271347046,
-0.4240379333496094,
0.3326484262943268,
0.1605169028043747,
-0.2837500274181366,
-0.13348591327667236,
-0.7212944626808167,
0.4830889403820038,
-0.9619219303131104,
0.22152546048164368,
0.15772612392902374,
-0.023963987827301025,
0.11288074404001236,
-0.13221457600593567,
-0.3382488787174225,
-0.012400881387293339,
-0.42408525943756104,
0.14273959398269653,
0.06933404505252838,
-0.5512685179710388,
-0.12934866547584534,
0.46077996492385864,
0.10503698140382767,
-0.12455767393112183,
0.6763660311698914,
-0.36555036902427673,
-0.12103268504142761,
0.1781383752822876,
-0.1312892735004425,
0.3030698299407959,
-0.17812560498714447,
-0.3780628442764282,
0.3174712359905243,
-0.5217359662055969,
0.10603409260511398,
0.6423705816268921,
0.0157547015696764,
0.3215741515159607,
-0.5594878792762756,
-0.31358030438423157,
-0.2748449444770813,
-0.41641443967819214,
1.0845470428466797,
0.8127644062042236,
0.25801515579223633,
-0.3225676417350769,
-0.5883866548538208,
-0.1824612021446228,
-0.1865547150373459,
-0.4255298674106598,
-0.20844988524913788,
0.21128973364830017,
0.375759482383728,
0.36385631561279297,
0.24674512445926666,
-0.06527895480394363,
-0.38082706928253174,
-0.14596490561962128,
0.7875856161117554,
-0.3520858585834503,
0.4137973487377167,
0.23669381439685822,
-0.17862039804458618,
0.11365430057048798,
-0.023720426484942436,
0.016363488510251045,
0.7202281355857849,
-0.38866835832595825,
0.19059951603412628,
0.19104698300361633,
-0.05968731269240379,
-0.11703495681285858,
-0.10980768501758575,
0.05782230943441391,
-0.05951342359185219,
-0.05763645097613335,
-0.14064538478851318,
-0.03895838186144829,
0.22724157571792603,
0.32861804962158203,
0.5579454898834229,
0.06537164747714996,
-0.42578840255737305,
-0.23817816376686096,
0.45729953050613403,
-0.30804377794265747,
0.11695734411478043,
-0.3108021318912506,
-0.578252375125885,
-0.08808865398168564,
0.4358672499656677,
1.102722406387329,
0.08281096071004868,
-0.6265203356742859,
0.20876871049404144,
-0.8530885577201843,
-0.7248934507369995,
0.31680813431739807,
-0.4514550268650055,
0.31248554587364197,
0.2527821660041809,
0.005437525920569897,
0.3079376220703125,
-0.46199652552604675,
-0.17235437035560608,
-0.13807319104671478,
0.556830644607544,
-0.3571730852127075,
-0.3380082845687866,
0.1620962917804718,
0.9317896962165833,
0.07619667053222656,
0.3788091838359833,
0.024207238107919693,
-0.7925553321838379,
0.05118361487984657,
-0.07478181272745132,
0.3775600790977478,
-0.2747560143470764,
0.38879695534706116,
0.025453871116042137,
-0.14394812285900116,
-0.6007803678512573,
-1.201090931892395,
0.40635737776756287,
0.020252948626875877,
0.0434037484228611,
0.24752049148082733,
0.36069124937057495,
-0.09885671734809875,
-0.10249342024326324,
-0.346293568611145,
-0.25833821296691895,
-0.3733523190021515,
0.4671861231327057,
0.09323808550834656,
0.11037787795066833,
-0.17161409556865692,
-0.4075048863887787,
0.19411450624465942,
-0.005090013612061739,
-0.6274719834327698,
-0.007617829367518425,
0.377951055765152,
-0.43185490369796753,
-0.3958249092102051,
0.8502644300460815,
0.5029090642929077,
-0.06375820934772491,
-0.22952423989772797,
-0.305791974067688,
-0.48450708389282227,
-0.04221365228295326,
-0.1788979321718216,
-0.07964688539505005,
-0.36029642820358276,
-0.4212983548641205,
0.6163768172264099,
-0.569720983505249,
-0.43204882740974426,
-0.700926661491394,
0.5389601588249207,
-0.4644209146499634,
0.7417358160018921,
0.35044947266578674,
0.3735370934009552,
-0.059430330991744995,
0.1579941064119339,
-0.5211866497993469,
-0.21747344732284546,
0.20927707850933075,
0.2737480103969574,
-0.032597970217466354,
-0.40342578291893005,
-5.866368293762207,
-0.005557231139391661,
0.48342016339302063,
0.26543501019477844,
0.5248620510101318,
0.3028084635734558,
0.7707520723342896,
-0.030494384467601776,
0.14574629068374634,
-0.31415078043937683,
-0.45729953050613403,
-0.1337132453918457,
-0.27901944518089294,
0.5597017407417297,
-0.2384144514799118,
-0.054982081055641174,
-0.08168788999319077,
-0.4184642732143402,
0.2592718005180359,
0.17276491224765778,
0.12181403487920761,
0.18172168731689453,
-0.3780033588409424,
0.4629115164279938,
-0.18717175722122192,
0.6973282098770142,
-0.5702322125434875,
-0.1355806291103363,
-0.5323190689086914,
-0.13755013048648834,
-0.6062776446342468,
-0.6441009640693665,
-0.030253170058131218,
0.43982911109924316,
-0.10342858731746674,
0.017420893535017967,
0.2663056552410126,
-0.4386305809020996,
0.19186167418956757,
-0.4384734332561493,
-0.33227890729904175,
0.1485130935907364,
-0.6830125451087952,
0.12516170740127563,
0.8513035178184509,
-0.5069238543510437,
-0.13815006613731384,
-0.766488790512085,
0.256064236164093,
0.4010358452796936,
0.4828515648841858,
0.20550520718097687,
-0.013145511038601398,
0.17124566435813904,
0.4924752712249756,
0.4571745991706848,
-0.5188958048820496,
0.0229730773717165,
-0.4313957691192627,
0.4506922662258148,
-0.07026995718479156,
0.17542913556098938,
0.027722060680389404,
-0.8317208886146545,
0.16911858320236206,
0.12798260152339935,
-0.21720881760120392,
-0.027650749310851097,
0.13628752529621124,
0.22229060530662537,
-0.09202169626951218,
0.00011801462824223563,
0.03522222116589546,
-0.7327656149864197,
0.33517858386039734,
0.08201416581869125,
-0.1747112274169922,
-0.4086865782737732,
-0.12309805303812027,
0.26632171869277954,
-0.20683889091014862,
0.08404605835676193,
0.14003387093544006,
0.15962070226669312,
-0.00973503291606903,
-0.21565097570419312,
0.18790076673030853,
0.18495412170886993,
-0.3817709982395172,
0.09339265525341034,
0.491759330034256,
0.10122634470462799,
-0.1800597608089447,
0.4592723548412323,
0.8282919526100159,
0.4677495062351227,
0.38140058517456055,
0.16786019504070282,
0.7696175575256348,
-0.13445253670215607,
-0.49118489027023315,
-0.4469270706176758,
-0.2053326964378357,
-0.41627728939056396,
-0.2339903563261032,
-0.12811486423015594,
0.1926468312740326,
0.26319095492362976,
0.7716178894042969,
0.0019061401253566146,
0.07667151093482971,
0.16599400341510773,
-0.06189146265387535,
-0.08848579972982407,
0.6946289539337158,
-0.5235045552253723,
-0.16653479635715485,
0.8261694312095642,
0.6101632118225098,
0.3185933232307434,
0.05947249010205269,
0.503912627696991,
-0.5063567757606506,
-0.8311472535133362,
0.15284934639930725,
0.21241037547588348,
-0.04140922799706459,
-0.055707935243844986,
0.22796010971069336,
0.17559175193309784,
-0.16740082204341888,
-0.005113685969263315,
-0.07154595851898193,
-0.18903277814388275,
0.45421648025512695,
-0.6530579924583435,
-0.7424726486206055,
-0.6152666807174683,
-0.14263644814491272,
0.05743889510631561,
-0.13504424691200256,
0.03266080096364021,
0.565943717956543,
0.3620797097682953,
0.026762958616018295,
-0.579230546951294,
0.07622803747653961,
-0.1485774964094162,
0.12407141923904419,
0.3815748691558838,
0.4346272051334381,
-0.1905777007341385,
0.9668458700180054,
-0.3775066137313843,
-0.5982695817947388,
0.16215045750141144,
0.28622788190841675,
-0.45784321427345276,
-0.1551729142665863,
-0.15750454366207123,
0.7895659804344177,
-0.5822238922119141,
-0.9110275506973267,
0.727857768535614,
-0.19070371985435486,
0.13133490085601807,
-0.19296403229236603,
-0.6304349899291992,
0.17986156046390533,
-0.06902234256267548,
0.31482911109924316,
-0.2630893290042877,
0.041588544845581055,
0.672681450843811,
-0.00948302447795868,
0.4949515163898468,
-0.3604070842266083,
0.15216223895549774,
0.020845657214522362,
-0.3932274281978607,
0.13047778606414795,
-0.1664021611213684,
-0.10082392394542694,
-0.10996482521295547,
-0.015738824382424355,
0.32778167724609375,
-0.5295623540878296,
-0.3351382613182068,
-0.7192949056625366,
0.4641386866569519,
-0.37796148657798767,
0.8428930044174194,
0.7577716708183289,
0.2916690409183502,
-0.667788028717041,
-0.21777863800525665,
0.19931752979755402,
0.24169351160526276,
0.1188826858997345,
-0.02653096430003643,
-0.22883090376853943,
-0.3861965239048004,
-0.44637227058410645,
-0.2833012044429779,
0.5390005111694336,
-0.6165975332260132,
-0.10237111151218414,
0.11877750605344772,
0.27746036648750305,
-0.05264555662870407,
-0.42934441566467285,
-0.16256862878799438,
-0.28693491220474243,
-0.32854852080345154,
-0.2114870399236679,
0.16084478795528412,
-0.039088211953639984,
-0.34502077102661133,
-0.08669615536928177,
-0.152849480509758,
0.19438380002975464,
-0.020697424188256264,
-0.2916257381439209,
-0.2959015369415283,
-0.9036652445793152,
-0.3028792142868042,
0.35372453927993774,
-0.15694552659988403,
-0.20595231652259827,
-0.26754307746887207,
-0.40148547291755676,
0.07517214864492416,
-0.4588899612426758,
0.2845252454280853,
-0.4438265264034271,
0.1626819521188736,
0.5071718692779541,
-0.23640577495098114,
0.522456169128418,
0.22445300221443176,
0.30138763785362244,
0.7219041585922241,
0.006064486224204302,
0.01599164307117462,
0.24933935701847076,
0.8984420299530029,
-0.15003763139247894,
-0.5525510311126709,
-0.43472161889076233,
0.38949376344680786,
0.629454493522644,
-0.2090110033750534,
-0.22220683097839355,
-0.2773893475532532,
0.8877347707748413,
-0.7146894931793213,
0.08874063938856125,
-0.04968160018324852,
-0.0904621034860611,
-0.07751356065273285,
-0.009854167699813843,
-0.2993028461933136,
-0.6119281649589539,
-0.4839029610157013,
0.2620365619659424,
0.28395047783851624,
-0.31625989079475403,
0.47514820098876953,
-0.4702659845352173,
-0.4513761103153229,
0.12448544800281525,
0.43622684478759766,
-0.17697642743587494,
0.4285193681716919,
0.07181235402822495,
0.3905547261238098,
-0.4858454763889313,
-0.3716195821762085,
-0.05174357444047928,
-0.2050786018371582,
-0.36011645197868347,
0.6857630610466003,
-0.29410019516944885,
-0.6620075106620789,
-0.1985655575990677,
-0.45958763360977173,
0.20168058574199677,
-0.20909279584884644,
-0.33888018131256104,
0.05792895704507828,
0.011797906830906868,
0.30636534094810486,
-0.16291730105876923,
-0.0609678216278553,
0.0028156437911093235,
-0.17005454003810883,
0.04490295797586441,
0.22218498587608337,
-0.17515258491039276,
0.006276415195316076,
-0.126222625374794,
0.4202316701412201,
0.6665219664573669,
0.04199164733290672,
-0.1329374462366104,
-0.14064356684684753,
0.09858132898807526,
-0.8604440093040466,
-0.4380054175853729,
0.13384434580802917,
0.276138573884964,
-0.0020721389446407557,
-0.24238069355487823,
0.4026225209236145,
-0.5247954726219177,
0.10848421603441238,
0.3429860770702362,
-0.2054867446422577,
-0.0010956800542771816,
0.06976389139890671,
0.36075812578201294,
0.37959617376327515,
0.45464012026786804,
-0.5009945034980774,
-0.1332952380180359,
0.20682989060878754,
-0.1238107681274414,
0.2266659140586853,
0.5631183385848999,
-0.09537459909915924,
0.29077330231666565,
-0.35001835227012634,
0.6062303185462952,
0.6127901673316956,
0.18009795248508453,
-0.13163062930107117,
-0.026507800444960594,
-0.31635409593582153,
0.34025752544403076,
0.3521978557109833,
0.7144123911857605,
-0.029133282601833344,
-0.266056627035141,
-0.03361072018742561,
0.45326077938079834,
0.3023699223995209,
0.7280034422874451,
0.34504687786102295,
-0.22971130907535553,
0.15498560667037964,
0.29034504294395447,
0.18404166400432587,
-0.24239307641983032,
-0.3585969805717468,
0.5001755952835083,
0.1102709099650383,
0.26634931564331055,
0.1259661614894867,
0.2000628262758255,
0.3556380867958069,
-0.03629099577665329,
-0.3004603087902069,
0.25542476773262024,
0.5173874497413635,
0.025119315832853317,
0.30988579988479614,
-0.4820002615451813,
-0.35358723998069763,
-0.22083601355552673,
-0.11258110404014587,
0.4179886281490326,
0.3448893129825592,
-0.6072919964790344,
0.5919317603111267,
-0.0878242626786232,
0.3697758615016937,
-0.13036790490150452,
-0.03081386536359787,
-0.03592264652252197,
0.06815750896930695,
-0.34465938806533813,
0.2409241795539856,
-0.35645022988319397,
-0.0783848762512207,
0.09153162688016891,
0.147012397646904,
-0.06571585685014725,
0.03579025715589523,
0.4679158627986908,
-0.49604088068008423,
0.04175528883934021,
-0.12586675584316254,
-0.10358667373657227,
0.5558273196220398,
-0.07262706011533737,
0.2982237637042999,
-0.6158267855644226,
0.37769266963005066,
-0.29105255007743835,
0.7684647440910339,
0.6572088599205017,
0.2325512021780014,
0.1308676302433014,
0.4984956979751587,
-0.253667950630188,
0.15756718814373016,
-0.8785903453826904,
0.14311251044273376,
-1.007046103477478,
0.11199871450662613,
0.3318159580230713,
-0.08909838646650314,
-0.0699322521686554,
-0.04626300185918808,
0.31689009070396423,
-0.18011122941970825,
0.7598234415054321,
0.47294777631759644,
-0.1424526572227478,
-0.44798916578292847,
-0.4184914827346802,
-0.4887208640575409,
0.06502345949411392,
0.284705251455307,
-0.2908582389354706,
0.22925209999084473,
0.5690737962722778,
-0.18473395705223083,
-0.36176884174346924,
0.14741945266723633,
-0.054937757551670074,
-0.325191855430603,
-0.4783579409122467,
0.38836976885795593,
-0.42242568731307983,
-0.3809760808944702,
0.7211378812789917,
1.0039386749267578,
0.4935608208179474,
-0.7731045484542847,
0.0699463039636612,
-0.3201691210269928,
0.3207976222038269,
0.12226657569408417,
-0.17451991140842438,
-1.0662004947662354,
-0.03800408914685249,
-0.18608611822128296,
-0.5240603089332581,
0.029069144278764725,
0.02453223615884781,
-0.17301949858665466,
0.056002914905548096,
-0.3973647952079773,
-0.41349318623542786,
0.9495712518692017,
0.2496986985206604,
-0.43296870589256287,
0.08855926245450974,
-0.2758339047431946
] |
247710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamoral%2C%20Count%20of%20Egmont | Lamoral, Count of Egmont | Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere (18 November 1522 – 5 June 1568) was a general and statesman in the Spanish Netherlands just before the start of the Eighty Years' War, whose execution helped spark the national uprising that eventually led to the independence of the Netherlands.
Biography
The Count of Egmont was at the head of one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the Low Countries. Paternally, a branch of the Egmonts ruled the sovereign duchy of Guelders until 1538. Lamoral was born in La Hamaide near Ellezelles. His father was John IV of Egmont, knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. His mother belonged to a cadet branch of the House of Luxembourg, and through her he inherited the title prince de Gavere. During his youth, he received a military education in Spain. In 1542, he inherited the estates of his elder brother Charles in Holland. His family's stature increased further in 1544 when, at Spires, in the presence of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and of the Archduke Ferdinand I, he married the Countess Palatine Sabine of Simmern, whose brother became the Elector Palatine Frederick III.
By appointment, he was Captain General of the Lowlands under Charles V, knight of the Golden Fleece from 1546, and Imperial Chamberlain. In the service of the Spanish army, he defeated the French in the battles of Saint-Quentin (1557) and Gravelines (1558). Egmont was appointed stadtholder of Flanders and Artois in 1559, aged only 37.
As a leading Netherlandic nobleman, Egmont was a member of King Philip II of Spain's official Council of State for Flanders and Artois. Together with William, Prince of Orange and the Count of Horn, he protested against the introduction of the inquisition in Flanders by the cardinal Antoine Perrenot Granvelle, bishop of Arras. Egmont even threatened to resign, but after Granvelle left, there was a reconciliation with the king. In 1565, running short of funds as he had continued the representation of the Low Countries entirely from his own pocket, Egmont went to Madrid to beseech Philip II, the king of Spain, for a change of policy in the Netherlands, but met with little more than courtesy.
Soon thereafter, the 'Beeldenstorm' started, the massive iconoclasm of Catholic churches in the Netherlands, and resistance against the Spanish rule in the Netherlands increased. As a devout Catholic, Egmont deplored the iconoclasm, and remained faithful to the Spanish king.
After Philip II sent the Duke of Alba to the Netherlands, William of Orange decided to flee Brussels. Having always declined to do anything that smacked of lèse majesté, Egmont refused to heed Orange's warning; thus he and Horn decided to stay in the city. Upon arrival, Alba almost immediately had the counts of Egmont and Horn arrested on charges of heresy, and imprisoned them in a castle in Ghent, prompting Egmont's wife and their eleven surviving children (from the thirteen they had together) to seek refuge in a convent. Pleas for amnesty came to the Spanish king from throughout Europe, including from many reigning sovereigns, the Order of the Golden Fleece (both being knights of the Order, and thereby theoretically immune from trial by any but their peers of the Order), and the king's kinsman the Emperor Maximilian II, all to no avail.
Execution and destruction of Castle Egmond
On 4 June Egmont and Horn were condemned to death, and lodged that night in the maison du roi. On 5 June 1568 both men were beheaded in the Grand Place in Brussels, Egmont's uncomplaining dignity on the occasion being widely noted. Their deaths led to public protests throughout the Netherlands, and contributed to the resistance against the Spaniards.
The Count of Egmont lies buried in a crypt in Zottegem, a Belgian city in which Egmont is remembered by his two statues, his museum and his castle. His castle in Egmond aan den Hoef was destroyed in 1573 and a statue in his memory is erected on the site of the ruins.
A statue erected on the Petit Sablon / Kleine Zavel Square in Brussels commemorates the Counts of Egmont and Horn, in historical overview usually mentioned together as "Egmond en Hoorne" and hailed as the first leaders of the Dutch revolt, as the predecessors of William of Orange, who grew to importance and obtained the leadership after their execution, and who was assassinated in 1584 in Delft, having succeeded in liberating parts of The Netherlands in the early years of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648).
Egmont's offices and vast estates were forfeited upon his execution, escheating to the Prince-Bishop of Liège. By inheritance he had been count of Egmont (or Egmond), prince de Gavre and van Steenhuysen, baron de Fiennes, Gaesbeke and La Hamaide, seigneur de Purmerent, Hoogwoude, Aertswoude, Beyerland, Sottenghien, Dondes, Auxy and Baer. Some of these lands were eventually returned to his heirs by the Bishop, principally in 1600. Despite the taint of treason and the family's impoverishment, his niece Louise of Lorraine-Mercœur, was chosen to become the Queen consort of Henry III of France in 1575.
Literary treatments
The Count of Egmont is the main character in a play by Goethe, Egmont. In 1810 Ludwig van Beethoven composed the Egmont Overture an overture and incidental music for a revival of the play.
Images
Notes and references
External links
1522 births
1568 deaths
Lamoral
Princes of Gavre
Lamoral
Lords of Purmerend
Lords of Purmerland and Ilpendam
Lords of Hoog- en Aartswoude
Lords of Sotteghem
Lords of Armentières
Lords of Oud-Beijerland
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
Spanish generals
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
People executed by Spain by decapitation
Executed Dutch people
Dutch Roman Catholics | [
-0.6237865686416626,
0.45291897654533386,
-0.02135765366256237,
-0.1060636043548584,
-0.24925164878368378,
0.39042580127716064,
0.6363741755485535,
-0.01033168938010931,
-0.9663001894950867,
-0.25744616985321045,
0.33056119084358215,
0.4497452974319458,
-0.17132392525672913,
0.2582894563674927,
-0.020738203078508377,
0.08067216724157333,
0.6454439163208008,
-0.23202863335609436,
-0.27140653133392334,
-0.5450838804244995,
0.02155003696680069,
-0.7461369037628174,
0.6756146550178528,
0.26903077960014343,
0.47728264331817627,
-0.24420905113220215,
0.34574174880981445,
0.36044907569885254,
0.7269300222396851,
-0.10889533162117004,
0.07037576287984848,
0.5980228185653687,
0.5044418573379517,
-0.669592559337616,
-0.46342021226882935,
0.6116499900817871,
-0.28116124868392944,
0.06758105009794235,
-0.03845750167965889,
-0.1885298192501068,
-0.2597731351852417,
0.2857280373573303,
-0.5747823119163513,
-0.08702974766492844,
-0.2327168583869934,
-0.40647488832473755,
-1.1812726259231567,
-0.005130336619913578,
-0.6502766013145447,
-0.02179204486310482,
-0.02644997090101242,
-0.10346904397010803,
0.03516131639480591,
0.3511604070663452,
0.19242216646671295,
-0.15621934831142426,
-1.4315359592437744,
-0.6909642219543457,
0.024507323279976845,
0.05176103860139847,
0.1698497086763382,
0.13433873653411865,
-0.0010725389001891017,
0.1266881376504898,
-0.1383998543024063,
0.09581182897090912,
0.10351011157035828,
0.023440493270754814,
-0.2334567755460739,
-0.11395984143018723,
0.09441374987363815,
0.3787193298339844,
0.011697365902364254,
0.13371190428733826,
0.17945924401283264,
-0.12135020643472672,
-0.3111613988876343,
0.16246649622917175,
0.08613419532775879,
-0.019060449674725533,
-0.07928376644849777,
-0.45097586512565613,
1.256378412246704,
-0.29046866297721863,
0.3775859773159027,
0.2724336087703705,
-0.27799925208091736,
0.7619184851646423,
-0.33485856652259827,
-0.22583015263080597,
-0.24244743585586548,
-0.44952014088630676,
0.049928829073905945,
0.4342157542705536,
0.042472563683986664,
0.10580655932426453,
-0.2599223256111145,
0.39736542105674744,
-0.8857726454734802,
0.5136811137199402,
0.7497004866600037,
0.553649365901947,
-0.09753916412591934,
0.10552193969488144,
-0.2579543888568878,
0.01250406727194786,
0.06884445250034332,
-0.14957578480243683,
-0.6972998976707458,
-0.05361152067780495,
-0.3999561369419098,
0.4470885992050171,
-0.05059952661395073,
-0.7694035768508911,
-0.25675156712532043,
0.4413537085056305,
0.9938908815383911,
-0.0816618874669075,
-0.023606956005096436,
0.0877455398440361,
0.10208579152822495,
0.5895771384239197,
-0.057619694620370865,
0.3309938609600067,
-0.3160928189754486,
-0.42032521963119507,
0.16499210894107819,
0.19267329573631287,
0.17629073560237885,
0.7636122703552246,
0.2353854477405548,
1.0911126136779785,
-0.44063249230384827,
-0.30750641226768494,
-0.18789231777191162,
-0.47264915704727173,
0.15191136300563812,
0.5544612407684326,
0.2822209298610687,
-0.3705098032951355,
-1.2763490676879883,
-0.06836549192667007,
-0.038420435041189194,
0.21287299692630768,
0.0029529777821153402,
-0.1753052920103073,
-0.06480792164802551,
0.14921478927135468,
0.13399572670459747,
-0.04028526693582535,
-0.27343571186065674,
-0.447365939617157,
-0.3566637635231018,
-0.619075357913971,
0.012020043097436428,
0.562805712223053,
0.23267285525798798,
0.000045186272473074496,
0.04642920196056366,
0.6529247164726257,
0.20958073437213898,
0.17730137705802917,
-0.20309478044509888,
-0.10569603741168976,
0.41513171792030334,
-0.10827039182186127,
-0.2792208790779114,
0.023802345618605614,
0.060323622077703476,
-0.034316953271627426,
-0.5151534080505371,
0.06486020237207413,
-0.1496240347623825,
-0.1133614182472229,
-0.09643568843603134,
0.6052857041358948,
0.3126124143600464,
0.07274837046861649,
0.002070901682600379,
-0.1935732662677765,
-0.559968888759613,
0.2777501344680786,
0.13784289360046387,
-0.11810026317834854,
1.1460319757461548,
0.4599415361881256,
0.43860161304473877,
-0.1464560478925705,
0.3095754086971283,
-0.5485119819641113,
0.11168859899044037,
-0.34842929244041443,
0.6364671587944031,
-0.243951678276062,
1.0332127809524536,
0.020863087847828865,
-0.43926915526390076,
0.518159031867981,
0.43632492423057556,
0.7655007839202881,
-0.2014845311641693,
-0.13163116574287415,
0.36787933111190796,
0.4842187762260437,
-0.02563568577170372,
0.07928020507097244,
0.14065209031105042,
0.0772094577550888,
0.21979674696922302,
1.4740114212036133,
0.6708106994628906,
-0.5597172379493713,
-0.1664927452802658,
0.37892481684684753,
0.047301508486270905,
-0.5387360453605652,
-0.13242144882678986,
-0.18405164778232574,
0.13216830790042877,
-0.08345375210046768,
0.24699895083904266,
-0.16640502214431763,
-0.6846267580986023,
1.2336543798446655,
0.1472407579421997,
0.8062774538993835,
0.07761559635400772,
-0.25911644101142883,
0.14834502339363098,
-1.0853899717330933,
-0.02218577265739441,
0.36034318804740906,
0.3758493661880493,
-0.23469895124435425,
0.11233948171138763,
0.06094341352581978,
-0.10555822402238846,
-0.605424702167511,
0.082260362803936,
-0.36110231280326843,
0.36195048689842224,
0.5362004041671753,
-0.2894060015678406,
0.48178839683532715,
0.023942938074469566,
0.9702823162078857,
-0.4211762249469757,
0.08926832675933838,
-0.24396054446697235,
-0.27079901099205017,
0.04233761504292488,
0.47011303901672363,
-0.5325221419334412,
0.16525638103485107,
-0.09251274168491364,
-0.728082001209259,
0.18987619876861572,
0.13586972653865814,
0.23001283407211304,
0.41269099712371826,
-0.015301505103707314,
-0.3262212574481964,
0.3848455250263214,
0.772851824760437,
0.22346113622188568,
-0.5156872272491455,
0.3514888286590576,
-0.19356189668178558,
0.148770272731781,
0.045998379588127136,
0.24300721287727356,
-0.45626914501190186,
-0.4265500605106354,
-0.07069934159517288,
0.03338252007961273,
-0.5837944149971008,
-0.6110900640487671,
0.22674046456813812,
-0.20064793527126312,
-0.3475301265716553,
0.013502374291419983,
0.7687191963195801,
-0.4416123628616333,
-0.0254776980727911,
0.34346339106559753,
0.21439100801944733,
0.24166667461395264,
-0.04188631474971771,
0.3047249913215637,
-0.20217019319534302,
0.028492841869592667,
0.009640302509069443,
-0.25826501846313477,
-0.2131679356098175,
-0.08201070129871368,
-0.028401797637343407,
-0.6523253917694092,
-0.48137351870536804,
0.357045978307724,
-0.1849377602338791,
-0.6303611397743225,
0.03659890219569206,
-0.017261149361729622,
0.23032061755657196,
0.25568774342536926,
-0.1372401863336563,
0.3743956387042999,
0.289404034614563,
-5.48096227645874,
0.29749295115470886,
0.506203830242157,
-0.2037588655948639,
-0.7897644639015198,
-0.20637448132038116,
0.6206879019737244,
-0.3650384545326233,
0.0744304433465004,
-0.030603088438510895,
-0.08534097671508789,
-0.3270995020866394,
0.25660428404808044,
0.5933029651641846,
0.6757918000221252,
0.492256224155426,
0.5523994565010071,
-0.33254125714302063,
0.1392814666032791,
-0.06222963333129883,
0.180624857544899,
-0.0758897215127945,
0.043577540665864944,
0.20168426632881165,
0.2531066834926605,
0.18314751982688904,
0.1297331005334854,
-0.12449022382497787,
-0.9093258380889893,
-0.20854680240154266,
0.11371167749166489,
-0.08089959621429443,
0.02217778190970421,
0.25636425614356995,
-0.3489215075969696,
-0.18154458701610565,
0.6124299168586731,
0.26504209637641907,
-0.279400110244751,
-0.27962976694107056,
0.286345899105072,
-0.03927956148982048,
-0.2999646067619324,
1.0549579858779907,
-0.0895722284913063,
-0.4537310302257538,
-0.9714160561561584,
0.22378383576869965,
0.020073192194104195,
0.7113290429115295,
0.07194671034812927,
-0.6408247351646423,
0.19995036721229553,
0.08315985649824142,
0.11952193081378937,
0.4130196273326874,
0.18916717171669006,
0.12116669118404388,
-0.8135078549385071,
0.7726240754127502,
0.39058053493499756,
-0.16092579066753387,
0.26373207569122314,
-0.23648841679096222,
0.5403026938438416,
-0.29252830147743225,
0.21060582995414734,
-0.13714127242565155,
0.6482665538787842,
-0.495235413312912,
0.44484198093414307,
0.6962587833404541,
-0.372518926858902,
-1.111387014389038,
0.34372130036354065,
0.1156499832868576,
-0.6244832873344421,
0.04356791451573372,
0.28597941994667053,
-0.2978437542915344,
-0.08638323098421097,
0.008973757736384869,
0.48818695545196533,
0.8314353823661804,
0.29525992274284363,
-0.22982273995876312,
-0.1787453144788742,
0.2192128300666809,
-0.3952752351760864,
0.2592580318450928,
-0.010131267830729485,
-0.17725755274295807,
-0.2309907078742981,
0.30877265334129333,
-0.40384742617607117,
0.027211081236600876,
-0.06455813348293304,
0.1404787003993988,
0.6541199684143066,
0.2856478989124298,
-0.3872188627719879,
0.335111528635025,
-0.01328908558934927,
-0.44252341985702515,
-0.1599210649728775,
-0.02118595875799656,
-0.11364658921957016,
-0.024401016533374786,
0.5033414959907532,
0.33043572306632996,
0.2723328173160553,
0.6000655889511108,
-0.1969364732503891,
-0.8115530014038086,
0.30096694827079773,
-1.012466311454773,
-0.17199452221393585,
0.5415928363800049,
0.49727973341941833,
-0.5258821249008179,
-0.4315473139286041,
0.43941164016723633,
-0.3316262364387512,
-0.3228091299533844,
0.4338458776473999,
0.46487051248550415,
0.21625129878520966,
-0.10203574597835541,
-0.35943570733070374,
-0.2418741136789322,
-0.7147673964500427,
0.3335368037223816,
-0.23317712545394897,
-0.0355258509516716,
0.1051291972398758,
-1.1358678340911865,
-0.5130321383476257,
-0.8422114253044128,
0.3664872348308563,
0.10597050935029984,
0.17712439596652985,
-0.26861897110939026,
-0.4409519135951996,
0.15470747649669647,
0.07904720306396484,
-0.007563422434031963,
0.8204368352890015,
-0.38736289739608765,
-0.6771005988121033,
0.36758890748023987,
-0.02595856785774231,
-0.023093556985259056,
0.7844327688217163,
-0.20065869390964508,
-0.5692539811134338,
0.0006860390421934426,
-0.18178266286849976,
0.008600182831287384,
-0.21458248794078827,
-0.1195281445980072,
-0.2180800437927246,
0.2935226559638977,
-0.623653769493103,
0.13961148262023926,
0.33160945773124695,
-0.025488359853625298,
-0.2263512760400772,
-0.39256900548934937,
-0.5315991044044495,
0.4100376069545746,
-0.02965324930846691,
-0.9488981366157532,
-0.6196789741516113,
0.009244898334145546,
0.16566812992095947,
-0.6128799319267273,
0.22047413885593414,
0.3924950957298279,
-0.06723721325397491,
-0.4084346890449524,
-0.1519976407289505,
0.03451918065547943,
-0.12584954500198364,
0.3674445152282715,
0.9594017863273621,
-0.21443022787570953,
-0.5406922101974487,
-0.521484911441803,
-0.5494415760040283,
-0.8874092698097229,
-0.13800419867038727,
0.13639290630817413,
0.15527507662773132,
0.43111056089401245,
-0.8159058690071106,
-0.271181583404541,
-0.050561096519231796,
-0.2009904384613037,
0.543243408203125,
-0.5286964178085327,
-0.2923569083213806,
0.10075592994689941,
-0.07035007327795029,
0.018987268209457397,
-0.15547117590904236,
-1.176669955253601,
0.556573748588562,
0.2930333912372589,
-0.4226756989955902,
0.22755546867847443,
-0.3842391073703766,
-0.7000836133956909,
0.27731072902679443,
0.6938099265098572,
-0.3253183662891388,
-0.0027884705923497677,
0.21495670080184937,
-0.002798352623358369,
-0.48230236768722534,
-0.5725224018096924,
-0.36223843693733215,
-0.3480779826641083,
-0.59074467420578,
-0.031063590198755264,
-0.6814510822296143,
0.8719311356544495,
0.9207523465156555,
0.0742308646440506,
1.443369746208191,
0.36407795548439026,
-0.29882562160491943,
0.38163140416145325,
-0.39737293124198914,
0.1928868293762207,
-0.5097582936286926,
-0.03749968484044075,
0.48832330107688904,
0.31085720658302307,
-0.31747525930404663,
0.38324564695358276,
0.49874740839004517,
0.8189120888710022,
0.19694070518016815,
-0.3987461030483246,
-0.02473185956478119,
0.36024224758148193,
-0.2295721173286438,
-0.38430771231651306,
-0.16591596603393555,
-0.13294602930545807,
-0.05469217896461487,
-0.04602018743753433,
-0.5059313178062439,
0.16700291633605957,
1.3764961957931519,
0.1396504044532776,
-0.23697295784950256,
0.49763885140419006,
0.15604683756828308,
-0.01131957583129406,
-0.10184808075428009,
0.261515349149704,
-0.012740515172481537,
0.22845345735549927,
0.4499903917312622,
-0.005061021540313959,
-0.06234733760356903,
-0.09391052275896072,
0.36291587352752686,
-0.19761011004447937,
-0.7014186382293701,
-0.7960047125816345,
-0.22400720417499542,
0.38679590821266174,
-0.08172954618930817,
-0.27094101905822754,
-0.08328777551651001,
-0.7491914629936218,
0.7051023244857788,
-0.6806060671806335,
-1.10172700881958,
-0.18554511666297913,
0.015300024300813675,
-0.3514907956123352,
0.3371318280696869,
-0.4087826907634735,
-0.6356300115585327,
0.0875786617398262,
-0.5181031823158264,
0.4729430675506592,
-0.3234723210334778,
-0.07636401802301407,
-0.05186636000871658,
0.028875205665826797,
0.4800522029399872,
0.58003169298172,
-0.5748155117034912,
0.19671140611171722,
-0.1683131903409958,
-0.22203628718852997,
-0.478622168302536,
0.6019886136054993,
0.8263933062553406,
-0.3097311854362488,
-0.20091761648654938,
0.4040907025337219,
-0.05661120265722275,
-0.31330713629722595,
-0.5965083837509155,
0.10123253613710403,
0.14521172642707825,
-0.13362371921539307,
-0.34900644421577454,
-0.2097717523574829,
-0.730344295501709,
-0.0014744189102202654,
0.23707495629787445,
-0.32600510120391846,
-0.11596393585205078,
-0.2242583930492401,
0.31199517846107483,
-0.3843075633049011,
0.10962272435426712,
-0.11963629722595215,
0.2380736917257309,
0.991190493106842,
0.5656256675720215,
-0.22458960115909576,
0.30240556597709656,
-0.1725170612335205,
0.021823694929480553,
0.11747761815786362,
-1.0401018857955933,
1.036056637763977,
-0.6030231714248657,
0.30570125579833984,
-0.32336604595184326,
-0.767806887626648,
0.27191466093063354,
0.15350380539894104,
0.5280318260192871,
1.337795615196228,
-0.7704269289970398,
-0.21708333492279053,
0.06753341108560562,
-0.11877218633890152,
-0.08957767486572266,
0.5929079055786133,
0.5358004570007324,
-0.053664106875658035,
0.20007126033306122,
-0.2882481515407562,
0.6243821978569031,
-0.9888260364532471,
-0.15693020820617676,
0.5316659212112427,
0.47727206349372864,
-0.0735335424542427,
-0.3054448664188385,
0.21860365569591522,
-0.4090138077735901,
-0.489328533411026,
0.45617350935935974,
0.023768864572048187,
-0.1575600802898407,
0.018418559804558754,
-0.18751516938209534,
0.27061206102371216,
0.26684120297431946,
0.35821717977523804,
0.27844396233558655,
-0.7486989498138428,
0.06723027676343918,
0.21519212424755096,
0.04430441930890083,
0.377480685710907,
0.4084077775478363,
-0.03845113143324852,
0.1096871867775917,
-0.13225805759429932,
-0.395150363445282,
0.13565117120742798,
-0.05189710482954979,
-0.014793550595641136,
-0.3287128806114197,
-0.06941495090723038,
-0.014368201605975628,
0.3274959325790405,
0.036742404103279114,
-0.7332363128662109,
0.27827394008636475,
-0.4291868209838867,
-0.09359980374574661,
-0.06124882027506828,
-0.1403520554304123,
0.20994016528129578,
0.0678236111998558,
1.0955239534378052,
0.10643979907035828,
-0.8831437826156616,
-0.4391166567802429,
0.20204737782478333,
-0.2716161012649536,
-0.32159122824668884,
0.15736620128154755,
0.5038356781005859,
0.09675074368715286,
-0.06545200943946838,
-1.1233580112457275,
0.38217130303382874,
0.14778712391853333,
-0.12359821796417236,
-0.12461508810520172,
0.5811201930046082,
0.0891495794057846,
-0.47035351395606995,
0.17541997134685516,
-0.1901894360780716,
-0.6125620007514954,
-0.1922902911901474,
-0.06531479209661484,
-0.5011036396026611,
-0.09394657611846924,
-0.08049142360687256,
0.013925152830779552,
-0.5309392213821411,
0.3731275796890259,
-0.30437636375427246,
-0.05409035459160805,
0.20989501476287842,
0.29937005043029785,
-0.32108190655708313,
-0.24874262511730194,
-0.159610316157341,
-0.5770717859268188,
0.047330986708402634,
0.8555877208709717,
0.5845974683761597,
0.24779130518436432,
0.09046907722949982,
0.16049182415008545,
-0.35141637921333313,
0.6975948214530945,
0.025068193674087524,
0.19593104720115662,
0.2192826271057129,
-0.2920730412006378,
-0.08763055503368378,
0.021656187251210213,
0.24282462894916534,
0.26479771733283997,
-0.01868044212460518,
0.37586525082588196,
-0.8584855794906616,
-0.027956722304224968,
-0.13427607715129852,
-0.4178234338760376,
-0.18452398478984833,
0.23609240353107452,
-0.2850320041179657
] |
247712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20translator | Universal translator | A universal translator is a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television. First described in Murray Leinster's 1945 novella "First Contact", the translator's purpose is to offer an instant translation of any language.
As a convention, it is used to remove the problem of translating between alien languages when it is not vital to the plot. Especially in science fiction television, translating a new language in every episode when a new species is encountered would consume time normally allotted for plot development and would potentially become repetitive to the point of annoyance. Occasionally, intelligent alien races are portrayed as being able to extrapolate the rules of English from little speech and rapidly become fluent in it, making the translator unnecessary.
While a universal translator seems unlikely, scientists continue to work towards similar real-world technologies involving small numbers of known languages.
General
As a rule, a universal translator is instantaneous, but if that language has never been recorded, there is sometimes a time delay until the translator can properly work out a translation, as is true of Star Trek. The operation of these translators is often explained as using some form of telepathy by reading the brain patterns of the speaker(s) to determine what they are saying; some writers seek greater plausibility by instead having computer translation that requires collecting a database of the new language, often by listening to radio transmissions.
The existence of a universal translator tends to raise questions from a logical perspective, such as:
The continued functioning of the translator even when no device is evident;
Multiple speakers hear speech in one and only one language (so for example, for a Spanish speaker and a German speaker listening to an Italian speaker the Spanish speaker would only hear Spanish and neither the original Italian nor the translated German, while the German speaker would not hear any Spanish nor Italian but only German);
Characters' mouths move in sync with the translated words and not the original language;
The ability for the translator to function in real-time even for languages with different word order (such as a phrase the horse standing in front of the barn would end up in Japanese as 納屋の前に立っている馬, lit. barn-in-front-at-standing-horse, however there is no delay for the Japanese listener even when the English speaker has yet to mention the barn).
Nonetheless, it removes the need for cumbersome and potentially extensive subtitles, and it eliminates the rather unlikely supposition that every other race in the galaxy has gone to the trouble of learning English.
Fictional depictions
Doctor Who
Using a telepathic field, the TARDIS automatically translates most comprehensible languages (written and spoken) into a language understood by its pilot and each of the crew members. The field also translates what they say into a language appropriate for that time and location (e.g., speaking the appropriate dialect of Latin when in ancient Rome). This system has frequently been featured as a main part of the show. The TARDIS, and by extension a number of its major systems, including the translator, are telepathically linked to its pilot, the Doctor. None of these systems appear able to function reliably when the Doctor is incapacitated. In "The Fires of Pompeii", when companion Donna Noble attempts to speak the local language directly, her words are humorously rendered into what sounds to a local like Welsh. One flaw of this translation process is that if the language that a word is being translated into does not have a concept for it, e.g, the Romans don't have a word or a general understanding of "volcano" as Mt. Vesuvius has not erupted yet.
Farscape
On the TV show Farscape, John Crichton is injected with bacteria called translator microbes which function as a sort of universal translator. The microbes colonize the host's brainstem and translate anything spoken to the host, passing along the translated information to the host's brain. This does not enable the injected person to speak other languages; they continue to speak their own language and are only understood by others as long as the listeners possess the microbes. The microbes sometimes fail to properly translate slang, translating it literally. Also, the translator microbes cannot translate the natural language of the alien Pilots or Diagnosans because every word in their language can contain thousands of meanings, far too many for the microbes to translate; thus Pilots must learn to speak in "simple sentences", while Diagnosans require interpreters. The implanted can learn to speak new languages if they want or to make communicating with non-injected individuals possible. The crew of Moya learned English from Crichton, thereby being able to communicate with the non-implanted populace when the crew visited Earth. Some species, such as the Kalish, cannot use translator microbes because their body rejects them, so they must learn a new language through their own efforts.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
In the universe of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, universal translation is made possible by a small fish called a "babel fish". The fish is inserted into the auditory canal where it feeds off the mental frequencies of those speaking to its host. In turn it excretes a translation into the brain of its host.
The book remarks that, by allowing everyone to understand each other, the babel fish has caused more wars than anything else in the universe.
The book also explains that the babel fish could not possibly have developed naturally and therefore proves the existence of God as its creator, which in turn proves the non-existence of God. Since God needs faith to exist, and this proof dispels the need for faith, this therefore causes God to vanish "in a puff of logic".
Men in Black
The Men in Black franchise possess a universal translator, which, as Agent K explains in the first film, Men in Black, they are not allowed to have because "human thought is so primitive, it's looked upon as an infectious disease in some of the better galaxies." remarking “That kinda makes you proud, doesn’t it?”
Neuromancer
In William Gibson's novel Neuromancer, along with the other novels in his Sprawl trilogy, Count Zero and Mona Lisa Overdrive, devices known as "microsofts" are small chips plugged into "wetware" sockets installed behind the user's ear, giving them certain knowledge and/or skills as long as they are plugged in, such as the ability to speak another language. (The name is a combination of the words "micro" and "soft", and is not named after the software firm Microsoft.)
Star Control
In the Star Control computer game series, almost all races are implied to have universal translators; however, discrepancies between the ways aliens choose to translate themselves sometimes crop up and complicate communications. The VUX, for instance, are cited as having uniquely advanced skills in linguistics and can translate human language long before humans are capable of doing the same to the VUX. This created a problem during the first contact between Vux and humans, in a starship commanded by Captain Rand. According to Star Control: Great Battles of the Ur-Quan Conflict, Captain Rand is referred to as saying "That is one ugly sucker" when the image of a VUX first came onto his viewscreen. However, in Star Control II, Captain Rand is referred to as saying "That is the ugliest freak-face I've ever seen" to his first officer, along with joking that the VUX name stands for Very Ugly Xenoform. It is debatable which source is canon. Whichever the remark, it is implied that the VUX's advanced Universal Translator technologies conveyed the exact meaning of Captain Rand's words. The effete VUX used the insult as an excuse for hostility toward humans.
Also, a new race called the Orz was introduced in Star Control II. They presumably come from another dimension, and at first contact, the ship's computer says that there are many vocal anomalies in their language resulting from their referring to concepts or phenomena for which there are no equivalents in human language. The result is dialogue that is a patchwork of ordinary words and phrases marked with *asterisk pairs* indicating that they are loose translations of unique Orz concepts into human language, a full translation of which would probably require paragraph-long definitions. (For instance, the Orz refer to the human dimension as *heavy space* and their own as *Pretty Space*, to various categories of races as *happy campers* or *silly cows*, and so on.)
In the other direction, the Supox are a race portrayed as attempting to mimic as many aspects of other races' language and culture as possible when speaking to them, to the point of referring to their own planet as “Earth,” also leading to confusion.
In Star Control III, the K’tang are portrayed as an intellectually inferior species using advanced technology they do not fully understand to intimidate people, perhaps explaining why their translators’ output is littered with misspellings and nonstandard usages of words, like threatening to “crushify” the player. Along the same lines, the Daktaklakpak dialogue is highly stilted and contains many numbers and mathematical expressions, implying that, as a mechanical race, their thought processes are inherently too different from humans’ to be directly translated into human language.
Stargate
In the television shows Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis, there are no personal translation devices used, and most alien and Human cultures on other planets speak English. The makers of the show have themselves admitted this on the main SG-1 site, stating that this is to save spending ten minutes an episode on characters learning a new language (early episodes of SG-1 revealed the difficulties of attempting to write such processes into the plot). In the season 8 finale of SG-1, “Moebius (Part II),” the characters go back in time to 3000 B.C. and one of them teaches English to the people there.
A notable exception to this rule are the Goa’uld, who occasionally speak their own language amongst themselves or when giving orders to their Jaffa. This is never subtitled, but occasionally a translation is given by a third character (usually Teal’c or Daniel Jackson), ostensibly for the benefit of the human characters nearby who do not speak Goa’uld. The Asgard are also shown having their own language (apparently related to the Norse languages), although it is English played backwards. (See Hermiod).
In contrast a major plot element of the original Stargate film was that Daniel Jackson had to learn the language of the people of Abydos in the common way, which turned out to be derived from ancient Egyptian. The language had been extinct on Earth for many millennia, but Jackson eventually realized that it was merely errors in pronunciation that prevented effective communication.
Star Trek
In Star Trek, the universal translator was used by Ensign Hoshi Sato, the communications officer on the Enterprise in Star Trek: Enterprise, to invent the linguacode matrix. It was supposedly first used in the late 22nd century on Earth for the instant translation of well-known Earth languages. Gradually, with the removal of language barriers, Earth's disparate cultures came to terms of universal peace. Translations of previously unknown languages, such as those of aliens, required more difficulties to be overcome.
Like most other common forms of Star Trek technology (warp drive, transporters, etc.), the universal translator was probably developed independently on several worlds as an inevitable requirement of space travel; certainly the Vulcans had no difficulty communicating with humans upon making "first contact" (although the Vulcans could have learned Standard English from monitoring Earth radio transmissions). The Vulcan ship that landed during First Contact was a survey vessel. The Vulcans had been surveying the humans for over a hundred years, when first contact actually occurred to T'Pol's great-grandmother, T'mir, in the episode "Carbon Creek"; however, in Star Trek First Contact it is implied that they learned English by surveying the planets in the Solar System. Deanna Troi mentions the Vulcans have no interest in Earth as it is "too primitive", but the Prime Directive states not to interfere with pre-Warp species. The Vulcans only noticed the warp trail and came to investigate.
Improbably, the universal translator has been successfully used to interpret non-biological lifeform communication (in the Original Series episode "Metamorphosis"). In the Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) episode "The Ensigns of Command", the translator proved ineffective with the language of the Sheliaks, so the Federation had to depend on the aliens' interpretation of Earth languages. The TNG episode "Darmok" also illustrates another instance where the universal translator proves ineffective and unintelligible, because the Tamarian language is too deeply rooted in local metaphor.
Unlike virtually every other form of Federation technology, universal translators almost never break down. A notable exception is in the Star Trek: Discovery episode "An Obol for Charon", where alien interference causes the translator to malfunction and translate crew speech and computer text into multiple languages at random, requiring Commander Saru's fluency in nearly one hundred languages to repair the problem. Although universal translators were clearly in widespread use during this era and Captain Kirk's time (inasmuch as the crew regularly communicated with species who could not conceivably have knowledge of Standard English), it is unclear where they were carried on personnel of that era.
The episode "Metamorphosis" was the only time in which the device was actually seen. In the episode "Arena" the Metrons supply Captain Kirk and the Gorn commander with a Translator-Communicator, allowing conversation between them to be possible. During Kirk's era, they were also apparently less perfect in their translations into Klingon. In the sixth Star Trek film, the characters are seen relying on print books in order to communicate with a Klingon military ship, since Chekov said that the Klingons would recognize the use of a Translator. Actress Nichelle Nichols reportedly protested this scene, as she felt that Uhura, as communications officer during what was effectively a cold war, would be trained in fluent Klingon to aid in such situations. In that same movie during the trial scene of Kirk and McCoy before a Klingon judiciary, the Captain and the Doctor are holding communication devices while a Klingon (played by Todd Bryant) translates for them. The novelization of that movie provided a different reason for the use of books: sabotage by somebody working on the Starfleet side of the conspiracy uncovered by the crew in the story, but the novelization is not part of the Star Trek canon.
By the 24th century, universal translators are built into the communicator pins worn by Starfleet personnel, although there were instances when crew members (such as Riker in the Next Generation episode "First Contact") spoke to newly encountered aliens even when deprived of their communicators. In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "The 37's" the device apparently works among intra-species languages as well; after the Voyager crew discovers and revives eight humans abducted in 1937 (including Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan) and held in stasis since then, a Japanese Army officer expresses surprise that an Ohio farmer is apparently speaking Japanese, while the farmer is equally surprised to hear the soldier speaking English (the audience hears them all speaking English only, however). Certain Starfleet programs, such as the Emergency Medical Hologram, have universal translators encoded into the programming.
The Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual says that the universal translator is an "extremely sophisticated computer program" which functions by "analyzing the patterns" of an unknown foreign language, starting from a speech sample of two or more speakers in conversation. The more extensive the conversational sample, the more accurate and reliable is the "translation matrix", enabling instantaneous conversion of verbal utterances or written text between the alien language and American English / Federation Standard.
In some episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, we see a Cardassian universal translator at work. It takes some time to process an alien language, whose speakers are initially not understandable but as they continue speaking, the computer gradually learns their language and renders it into Standard English (also known as Federation Standard).
Ferengi customarily wear their universal translators as an implant in their ears. In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9) episode "Little Green Men", in which the show's regular Ferengi accidentally become the three aliens in Roswell, the humans without translators are unable to understand the Ferengi (who likewise can not understand the English spoken by the human observers) until the Ferengi get their own translators working. Similarly, throughout all Trek series, a universal translator possessed by only one party can audibly broadcast the results within a limited range, enabling communication between two or more parties, all speaking different languages. The devices appear to be standard equipment on starships and space stations, where a communicator pin would therefore presumably not be strictly necessary.
Since the Universal Translator presumably does not physically affect the process by which the user's vocal cords (or alien equivalent) forms audible speech (i.e. the user is nonetheless speaking in his/her/its own language regardless of the listener's language), the listener apparently hears only the speaker's translated words and not the alien language that the speaker is actually, physically articulating; the unfamiliar oratory is therefore not only translated but somehow replaced. The universal translator is often used in cases of contact with pre-warp societies such as in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Who Watches the Watchers", and its detection could conceivably lead to a violation of the Prime Directive. Therefore, logically there must be some mechanism by which the lips of the speaker are perceived to be in sync with the words spoken. No explanation of the mechanics of this function appears to have been provided; the viewer is required to suspend disbelief enough to overcome the apparent limitation.
Non-fictional translators
Microsoft is developing its own translation technology, for incorporation into many of their software products and services. Most notably this includes real-time translation of video calls with Skype Translator. As of July 2019, Microsoft Translator supports over 65 languages and can translate video calls between English, French, German, Chinese (Mandarin), Italian, and Spanish.
In 2010, Google announced that it was developing a translator. Using a voice recognition system and a database, a robotic voice will recite the translation in the desired language.
Google's stated aim is to translate the entire world's information. Roya Soleimani, a spokesperson for Google, said during a 2013 interview demonstrating the translation app on a smartphone, "You can have access to the world's languages right in your pocket... The goal is to become that ultimate Star Trek computer."
The United States Army has also developed a two-way translator for use in Iraq. TRANSTAC (Spoken Language Communication and Translation System for Tactical Use), though, only focuses on Arabic-English translation.
The United States Army has scrapped the TRANSTAC Program and is developing in conjunction with DARPA, the BOLT (Broad Operational Language Translation) in its place.
In February 2010, a communications software called VoxOx launched a two-way translator service for instant messaging, SMS, email and social media titled the VoxOx Universal Translator.
It enables two people to communicate instantly with each other while both typing in their native languages.
See also
Interlingual machine translation
List of language interpreters in fiction
Mobile translation
Pivot language
Phraselator
Speech translation
Universal language
See speech recognition, machine translation and speech synthesis for discussions of real-world natural language processing technologies.
References
External links
Reverse-engineering the universal translator
Emerging technologies
Fictional technology
Interpreting and translation in fiction
Science fiction themes
Star Trek devices
Machine translation
Fictional alien languages | [
0.4128800332546234,
0.09513525664806366,
0.13819172978401184,
0.45818325877189636,
0.12178223580121994,
-0.062475115060806274,
-0.026482712477445602,
0.21868973970413208,
0.008303794078528881,
-0.29145142436027527,
-0.8686591386795044,
0.7093090415000916,
-0.25638875365257263,
0.20746800303459167,
0.010122345760464668,
-0.27029094099998474,
-0.039118848741054535,
0.4596211910247803,
-0.29937678575515747,
-0.4524060785770416,
-0.22942747175693512,
0.1853475123643875,
-0.04734182357788086,
-0.44069811701774597,
-0.1910811811685562,
0.018545886501669884,
-0.206033393740654,
0.13243010640144348,
-0.6152412295341492,
0.27105042338371277,
0.29962989687919617,
-0.10322675108909607,
-0.2456306517124176,
-0.29841378331184387,
-0.6174406409263611,
-0.20075398683547974,
-0.221125066280365,
-0.12356549501419067,
-0.13139291107654572,
-0.45900365710258484,
0.39450785517692566,
-0.06820458918809891,
0.20259037613868713,
0.026958804577589035,
-0.4618002772331238,
-0.44894522428512573,
-2.0923221111297607,
-0.105044886469841,
-0.6929143071174622,
0.091642826795578,
-0.42290589213371277,
0.1297568380832672,
0.5699058175086975,
0.35277536511421204,
0.14899280667304993,
0.9909583330154419,
-0.3771970868110657,
-0.11067412793636322,
0.2383430004119873,
-0.1327895075082779,
-0.043704546988010406,
0.06634579598903656,
0.019294193014502525,
0.2803840935230255,
0.20528998970985413,
-0.12125054746866226,
-0.3332546055316925,
-0.1566532701253891,
-0.3801267445087433,
-0.537442147731781,
0.11256412416696548,
-0.36100947856903076,
-0.056909509003162384,
0.1366809755563736,
-0.1085648387670517,
-0.12720094621181488,
0.18669545650482178,
-0.03161490336060524,
0.022642482072114944,
-0.05893056094646454,
-0.3126022517681122,
0.88813316822052,
0.39399904012680054,
-0.1719382107257843,
0.5083693265914917,
-0.003211019793525338,
-0.16943281888961792,
0.4737599492073059,
-0.052320487797260284,
0.1518644094467163,
0.28145042061805725,
-0.4341490864753723,
0.04395568370819092,
-0.2766190469264984,
0.6444131135940552,
-0.00039604268386028707,
0.06748762726783752,
-0.10000065714120865,
-0.3598785698413849,
0.4167152941226959,
-0.17492976784706116,
0.04893205314874649,
0.6072954535484314,
-0.3677864074707031,
-0.14836175739765167,
-0.2999764382839203,
-0.31314998865127563,
-0.44119101762771606,
-0.06712719053030014,
0.13824032247066498,
-0.2966679036617279,
0.4132477045059204,
0.20954832434654236,
0.23440495133399963,
-0.6030629277229309,
-0.0245367381721735,
0.3722477853298187,
0.39084598422050476,
-0.17383848130702972,
0.28985440731048584,
0.6412019729614258,
0.6452606916427612,
0.2835654020309448,
-0.05932113155722618,
-0.04527638480067253,
-0.039902035146951675,
0.4269724190235138,
0.41981375217437744,
-0.516191303730011,
-0.21730756759643555,
0.36570093035697937,
0.8713644742965698,
0.06790906190872192,
0.0539780892431736,
-0.22963263094425201,
-0.10317762941122055,
0.33399781584739685,
-0.26578328013420105,
-0.10498752444982529,
0.07738038897514343,
-0.8648501634597778,
-0.029890883713960648,
-0.8908047080039978,
-0.35091549158096313,
0.2906482517719269,
0.06847108900547028,
-0.022334499284625053,
-0.3338630497455597,
-0.3118029236793518,
-0.014453803189098835,
-0.5323825478553772,
0.4251834750175476,
0.03771008923649788,
-0.01385999284684658,
0.10986020416021347,
0.3413750231266022,
0.7828869819641113,
-0.2852316200733185,
0.33163854479789734,
-0.16742897033691406,
0.05833423510193825,
0.33587828278541565,
-0.8097418546676636,
-0.38864243030548096,
-0.1159338429570198,
-0.2765111029148102,
0.06778325885534286,
0.8956717848777771,
-0.0021448726765811443,
0.011723066680133343,
0.26813194155693054,
0.5657761096954346,
0.0553329735994339,
-0.4057142734527588,
-0.2054883986711502,
-0.12913501262664795,
0.5132598876953125,
0.6929031014442444,
0.5502201914787292,
-0.12387397140264511,
-0.5495513081550598,
-0.162298321723938,
0.08082038164138794,
-0.08525712043046951,
0.3260961174964905,
-0.47720181941986084,
0.20953893661499023,
0.03518975153565407,
-0.1924704611301422,
0.05663257837295532,
-0.6126916408538818,
-0.3060466945171356,
-0.010460291057825089,
-0.4546419680118561,
0.6294726133346558,
-0.020481014624238014,
-0.3190985321998596,
1.5552648305892944,
-0.07353880256414413,
0.11559899151325226,
-0.07000304013490677,
0.12775011360645294,
0.15113767981529236,
0.02896428294479847,
-0.3018224239349365,
0.33159977197647095,
0.520104706287384,
0.0973128005862236,
-0.08632868528366089,
0.18269863724708557,
0.5926973223686218,
0.17127849161624908,
0.3774523437023163,
-0.15823769569396973,
-0.444206565618515,
0.0356767438352108,
-0.8194881677627563,
-0.06163340061903,
-0.2552966773509979,
0.23065447807312012,
0.9685525298118591,
-0.20747163891792297,
-0.061500679701566696,
0.3309394121170044,
-0.5884377360343933,
0.6323966383934021,
-0.17771309614181519,
0.030201543122529984,
0.5285835862159729,
-0.3103182017803192,
-0.46391817927360535,
-0.15139858424663544,
-0.03551794961094856,
-0.3526996970176697,
-0.2717146873474121,
-0.06668566912412643,
0.3923530578613281,
-0.5692285299301147,
-0.1007477194070816,
0.21094848215579987,
0.0791604295372963,
0.29582399129867554,
-0.25042232871055603,
0.29296770691871643,
0.03045506402850151,
0.14517968893051147,
-0.5590879321098328,
0.29950371384620667,
0.3580209016799927,
-0.17247425019741058,
0.08403632789850235,
0.14133426547050476,
-0.16289903223514557,
-0.11200865358114243,
0.16534186899662018,
0.1956409066915512,
-0.621350109577179,
0.03370434418320656,
0.2916072607040405,
0.2058039754629135,
0.22507715225219727,
0.35169142484664917,
-0.23099540174007416,
-0.1699838489294052,
-0.2331499457359314,
-0.7907276749610901,
-0.2341805249452591,
-0.5658330917358398,
-0.15667890012264252,
0.491344153881073,
0.014177345670759678,
0.409622460603714,
-0.6436337828636169,
-0.39240434765815735,
-0.6136239171028137,
-0.3606177568435669,
0.2754393219947815,
0.15401802957057953,
-0.40577417612075806,
-0.5134595632553101,
-0.05520634725689888,
-0.11162180453538895,
0.5156773328781128,
-0.0541064627468586,
-0.7567041516304016,
-0.4065192937850952,
-0.12266822159290314,
-0.6466551423072815,
-0.10007686913013458,
-0.17382104694843292,
-0.7656114101409912,
0.530519962310791,
0.2600167393684387,
0.10634153336286545,
0.12517167627811432,
0.3376399874687195,
0.19857506453990936,
0.09046333283185959,
0.06778012961149216,
-0.181683748960495,
-0.47839319705963135,
0.4370940923690796,
-0.26822829246520996,
-0.15706151723861694,
0.05251181125640869,
0.05838870257139206,
-0.020406290888786316,
-0.36827352643013,
-6.146143436431885,
0.024829035624861717,
-0.6752655506134033,
-0.23201335966587067,
0.2061137557029724,
0.15984106063842773,
0.7794930338859558,
-0.19828800857067108,
-0.18470706045627594,
0.33529794216156006,
0.04981831833720207,
0.3270948529243469,
-0.19575101137161255,
0.23425652086734772,
0.08784028142690659,
0.3410514295101166,
-0.4049093425273895,
0.32798370718955994,
-0.13466279208660126,
0.4673043489456177,
0.019121576100587845,
0.23181352019309998,
0.5374982357025146,
0.6742262840270996,
0.29380372166633606,
-0.18369857966899872,
-0.6813167929649353,
0.22268198430538177,
0.001942091272212565,
0.2514452636241913,
0.3592088222503662,
0.21894870698451996,
-0.2440345138311386,
-0.2714173197746277,
-0.059223756194114685,
0.1334078162908554,
0.8950903415679932,
-0.0014884566189721227,
0.43534430861473083,
-0.10600408911705017,
-0.1927417367696762,
0.44745928049087524,
0.11876871436834335,
-0.34477928280830383,
0.2213039994239807,
-0.4690576493740082,
-0.3552630841732025,
-0.08699117600917816,
0.08502709120512009,
0.5539705753326416,
-0.4493921995162964,
0.08035952597856522,
0.14730721712112427,
0.19672414660453796,
0.09704166650772095,
0.06418848782777786,
0.56144118309021,
0.008575656451284885,
-0.3804064095020294,
-0.28774765133857727,
0.3631567060947418,
-0.6826368570327759,
-0.17331963777542114,
-0.5743783712387085,
-0.3018189072608948,
-0.005653406027704477,
-0.6411417722702026,
-0.48459941148757935,
0.6056944131851196,
0.22850577533245087,
-0.530494749546051,
0.2987264394760132,
0.6535317301750183,
-0.8026418089866638,
0.17113304138183594,
-0.3779134750366211,
-0.30329492688179016,
0.0025696521624922752,
-0.26426729559898376,
0.17729179561138153,
-0.4886518120765686,
-0.15067221224308014,
-0.3228308856487274,
0.03702052682638168,
0.4118437170982361,
-0.501251757144928,
-0.18550793826580048,
-0.3727034330368042,
-0.18698637187480927,
0.0025259291287511587,
0.657719075679779,
-0.29580819606781006,
-0.1334334909915924,
0.05988425388932228,
0.32098349928855896,
0.25046634674072266,
0.08497246354818344,
0.7535430788993835,
0.5589911937713623,
0.0510682612657547,
-0.23488843441009521,
-0.46997907757759094,
0.2588752806186676,
-0.6618718504905701,
0.3745006322860718,
-0.11791092157363892,
-0.42604535818099976,
0.4053950905799866,
0.5622212886810303,
-0.17812809348106384,
-0.21961890161037445,
0.5940565466880798,
-0.2787882387638092,
0.0580403134226799,
-0.21006837487220764,
0.3746529817581177,
-0.06437570601701736,
0.5108569860458374,
0.15662945806980133,
-0.11171770840883255,
-0.007640794850885868,
0.3232923150062561,
-0.2596597373485565,
-0.18631325662136078,
0.29965415596961975,
-0.34184515476226807,
-0.037643175572156906,
0.14501340687274933,
0.253633975982666,
-0.05442303046584129,
0.11915727704763412,
0.10575766116380692,
0.37648439407348633,
-0.09625193476676941,
-0.1347455084323883,
-0.36260902881622314,
-0.540267825126648,
0.44511812925338745,
0.08483618497848511,
-0.6070163249969482,
-0.09807024896144867,
-0.6998469829559326,
-0.1223655417561531,
-0.03817921504378319,
0.7035889029502869,
-0.3384760320186615,
0.1696992814540863,
-0.06037633493542671,
-0.19606269896030426,
0.42157673835754395,
0.09624973684549332,
-0.09480573236942291,
0.4034070074558258,
-0.3267195224761963,
-0.014902946539223194,
0.0034116238821297884,
0.20219244062900543,
0.4452722668647766,
0.3397403657436371,
-0.2353678047657013,
0.2944667339324951,
-0.3115234673023224,
-0.4598951041698456,
0.30567240715026855,
0.431439608335495,
-0.29287031292915344,
-0.6508122086524963,
-0.15994428098201752,
-0.49068689346313477,
0.33233168721199036,
-0.056568730622529984,
0.080156609416008,
-0.6806592345237732,
0.07730408012866974,
0.13757161796092987,
0.43947020173072815,
0.0912676751613617,
0.3111124038696289,
0.0028728495817631483,
0.02445775642991066,
0.11041133105754852,
-0.37346550822257996,
-0.06461479514837265,
-0.07341739535331726,
0.19153562188148499,
-0.272612065076828,
0.06538032740354538,
0.05952035263180733,
-0.18283310532569885,
-0.5090364217758179,
0.12925978004932404,
0.6750800013542175,
0.19722071290016174,
-0.286617636680603,
-0.495259165763855,
-0.16507861018180847,
-0.31947728991508484,
0.49434250593185425,
0.11332964152097702,
-0.2947569787502289,
-0.15698526799678802,
0.5796693563461304,
-0.734011709690094,
-0.01721879653632641,
0.2048715054988861,
-0.40693697333335876,
0.13019734621047974,
-0.3041169047355652,
-0.021541360765695572,
0.321258008480072,
-0.13008905947208405,
-0.2812100648880005,
0.14840908348560333,
0.14292652904987335,
-0.4695638418197632,
-0.10195524245500565,
0.03871890902519226,
-0.10523917526006699,
-0.08464345335960388,
-0.32284995913505554,
0.11210329830646515,
-0.42015036940574646,
-0.1313696950674057,
0.1541338860988617,
-0.28721100091934204,
0.1607884019613266,
0.3761874735355377,
-0.5474184155464172,
0.29463183879852295,
0.05395687744021416,
0.28306081891059875,
0.1169731616973877,
0.1599920690059662,
0.3355097770690918,
0.22997570037841797,
-0.2721973955631256,
-0.09563500434160233,
0.06219536066055298,
-0.19100546836853027,
-0.30559679865837097,
0.8968769311904907,
0.525409460067749,
0.01998818665742874,
0.057216577231884,
-0.5719584226608276,
0.5882617831230164,
0.02654428407549858,
-0.5455573201179504,
-0.7238540053367615,
0.06679292023181915,
0.4541759192943573,
-0.41478562355041504,
-0.43438637256622314,
-0.2536637783050537,
0.4905545115470886,
-0.41673633456230164,
-0.15499410033226013,
0.5049007534980774,
0.07276254147291183,
0.3212085962295532,
0.2843143343925476,
-0.1981276124715805,
-0.5295922160148621,
0.2914458215236664,
0.19456349313259125,
0.18469086289405823,
-0.3146292269229889,
-0.12614060938358307,
-0.28491008281707764,
-0.17906078696250916,
0.1425558179616928,
0.06014176458120346,
0.6446107029914856,
0.9779909253120422,
0.5698488354682922,
-0.12213641405105591,
-0.004687936045229435,
-0.0744197815656662,
0.07693573087453842,
-0.23003797233104706,
0.12732091546058655,
0.32477402687072754,
0.13072684407234192,
-0.588474452495575,
0.2381596714258194,
-0.3083156645298004,
0.3101532459259033,
-0.036906979978084564,
-0.3660937547683716,
0.051237739622592926,
-0.46279317140579224,
0.30170729756355286,
-0.050081148743629456,
0.49225714802742004,
-0.2672659158706665,
-0.35538503527641296,
0.2623966932296753,
-0.11550989747047424,
-0.15766897797584534,
-0.4332003891468048,
-0.3080832064151764,
0.13423505425453186,
0.5872767567634583,
-1.1953811645507812,
0.6067445278167725,
-0.17909614741802216,
-0.03186063468456268,
-0.18928687274456024,
0.05145278945565224,
-0.18735752999782562,
0.08308366686105728,
0.016709601506590843,
0.3493660092353821,
0.9213261008262634,
0.15651817619800568,
0.040662698447704315,
0.43331092596054077,
-0.20341436564922333,
0.22931982576847076,
0.39379286766052246,
0.4755338728427887,
0.11397773027420044,
0.16048897802829742,
-0.554095447063446,
-0.3472723662853241,
0.45884934067726135,
-0.12789292633533478,
0.021707231178879738,
-0.011726650409400463,
-0.1787237524986267,
0.6105709671974182,
0.3892209529876709,
-0.14153149724006653,
0.11455725878477097,
-0.34306076169013977,
-0.7479447722434998,
0.04040802642703056,
0.06191368028521538,
-0.24129432439804077,
0.11059468984603882,
-0.22838157415390015,
0.37278831005096436,
-0.29527807235717773,
0.16825062036514282,
-0.1330564022064209,
0.007283615414053202,
-0.038029927760362625,
0.8456000685691833,
-0.014268402010202408,
0.14229093492031097,
0.24194294214248657,
0.033519573509693146,
0.10175520926713943,
0.007060436066240072,
-0.03599457070231438,
-0.4406406283378601,
0.3941617012023926,
-0.40007197856903076,
0.03900209814310074,
-0.4216386079788208,
0.06948747485876083,
0.7400799989700317,
0.30748501420021057,
-0.07893525063991547,
0.42893701791763306,
0.21809427440166473,
0.5202812552452087,
-0.5915939807891846,
0.16711874306201935,
-0.07566803693771362,
0.013876649551093578,
0.3999216854572296,
-0.21825645864009857,
0.6552548408508301,
0.059205714613199234,
0.06094719469547272,
0.5906869173049927,
0.24499714374542236,
0.10320347547531128,
-0.15466848015785217,
-0.1293240636587143,
-0.32000866532325745,
0.3492187559604645,
-0.03700018301606178,
-0.07092508673667908,
0.2708621621131897,
-0.2891451120376587,
0.14567990601062775,
-0.4227995276451111,
0.12070465832948685,
-0.3491195738315582,
-0.62197345495224,
-0.14343294501304626,
-0.17710374295711517,
-0.43156546354293823,
-0.0913219079375267,
0.1477585881948471,
0.5292702317237854,
-0.31067800521850586,
-0.2559642493724823,
-0.12774401903152466,
-0.11546304076910019,
0.6238583326339722,
0.0271002184599638,
-0.11141064018011093,
0.007682616822421551,
-0.0339788943529129,
0.41932129859924316,
-0.6439400315284729,
0.24882549047470093,
0.6907892227172852,
0.12905541062355042,
-0.10137791931629181,
0.025506066158413887,
0.16249720752239227,
0.15532754361629486,
0.42224767804145813,
0.25502249598503113,
0.7391048669815063,
-0.2492407113313675,
0.1250312328338623,
-0.12078601121902466,
0.03608657792210579,
0.4978870451450348,
-0.19605419039726257,
0.1196131706237793,
0.31502968072891235,
-0.014376870356500149,
-0.6614140868186951,
0.39841514825820923,
-0.36378657817840576,
0.21719098091125488,
-0.3040074110031128,
0.5036270022392273,
-0.1053723692893982,
-0.3847525119781494,
-0.2596900165081024,
0.4158315360546112,
0.23648986220359802,
-0.3557221591472626,
-0.09942696988582611,
0.2728322148323059,
-0.3004871606826782,
-0.1399354636669159,
-0.6226832270622253,
0.09254173934459686,
0.08027932792901993,
-0.26234081387519836,
-0.4549861550331116,
0.128292977809906,
0.049560531973838806,
-0.8573229908943176,
0.15981929004192352,
-0.14751897752285004,
0.06734079867601395,
0.7156038880348206,
0.4544892907142639,
-0.6004742980003357,
0.3494648337364197,
0.6868236660957336
] |
247720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde%20joke | Blonde joke | Blonde jokes are a joke cycle based on a stereotype of a dumb blonde woman.
These jokes about people, generally women, who have blonde hair serve as a form of blonde versus brunette rivalry. They are often considered to be derogatory as many are mere variants on traditional ethnic jokes or jests about other identifiable groups that would be considered more offensive (such as Italian jokes involving Carabinieri).
In some cases, jokes about stereotypically stupid people have circulated since the seventeenth century with only the wording and targeted groups changed.
Some blonde jokes rely on sexual humour to portray or stereotype their subjects as promiscuous. Many of these are rephrased sorority girl or Essex girl jokes, much as other jokes about dumb blondes are based on long-running ethnic jokes.
Common traits
Blonde jokes nearly always take the format of the blonde placing herself in a situation or making a comment that serves to highlight her supposed promiscuity and/or lack of intelligence, cluelessness and clumsiness. The blonde of the joke is often placed in an unusual situation with a brunette or redhead.
The emergence of a class of meta-jokes about blondes ("meta-blonde jokes", i.e., jokes about blonde jokes) is noted. In a typical plot of this type a blonde complains about the unfairness of the stereotype propagated by blonde jokes, with a punch line actually reinforcing the stereotype. An example is about a blonde objecting to a ventriloquist act packed with sexist jokes about blondes:
The British Essex girl joke, very similar in content, became popular in the late 1980s; it satirises working-class girls from the county of Essex.
Criticism
Like all humour based on stereotypes, blonde jokes are considered offensive to many people, particularly women.
Blonde jokes have been criticized as sexist by several authors, largely because the target is invariably dimwitted, female and sexually promiscuous.
See also
Blonde stereotype
Dumb blonde
Gender inequality and gender discrimination
Redneck joke
References
Further reading
Joke cycles
Gender jokes
Stereotypes of women
Stereotypes of white people
Blond hair | [
0.49451130628585815,
0.46592438220977783,
-0.5649596452713013,
-0.0077248248271644115,
-0.6914446353912354,
0.1631171554327011,
0.4851747751235962,
0.6797741055488586,
-0.32167381048202515,
0.004577603191137314,
-0.1122712641954422,
-0.04208173602819443,
0.02287653461098671,
0.20676127076148987,
-0.3860464096069336,
-0.018029652535915375,
0.08414098620414734,
0.6588875651359558,
0.030416904017329216,
-0.3986280560493469,
-0.07493840157985687,
-0.13983118534088135,
-0.13725101947784424,
-0.5755771994590759,
-0.3385327458381653,
0.00022516412718687207,
0.6179803013801575,
-0.052070070058107376,
0.25050175189971924,
-0.014734979718923569,
0.3087312579154968,
0.6224619150161743,
0.13852083683013916,
-0.14310236275196075,
-0.07994043827056885,
0.053626421838998795,
-0.09380264580249786,
-0.21541284024715424,
0.05415072664618492,
-0.5230932235717773,
0.036312997341156006,
-0.3058405816555023,
0.45204755663871765,
0.14523805677890778,
0.006511583924293518,
-0.32875266671180725,
-1.6354765892028809,
0.16406255960464478,
-0.6585720181465149,
-0.14991112053394318,
-0.5836032032966614,
0.14112228155136108,
0.28808706998825073,
0.6179571747779846,
0.0030361118260771036,
0.6512491703033447,
-0.4583320617675781,
0.02995864488184452,
0.16348376870155334,
-0.09134672582149506,
0.4345492124557495,
0.022322766482830048,
-0.05177450180053711,
-0.12577205896377563,
-0.0292070172727108,
0.4731150269508362,
-0.04339762032032013,
1.0403380393981934,
-0.29554831981658936,
-0.053932055830955505,
-0.10737069696187973,
-0.874317467212677,
0.47006332874298096,
-0.18884220719337463,
0.420625239610672,
0.09845201671123505,
0.43070369958877563,
-0.19821691513061523,
0.4830264151096344,
-0.07699315994977951,
-0.2651247978210449,
0.6934933662414551,
0.5431132912635803,
0.0328548438847065,
0.33034735918045044,
0.19659781455993652,
-0.16647779941558838,
0.4852837324142456,
-0.46706855297088623,
0.5451779365539551,
-0.39568206667900085,
0.0765923261642456,
0.6215689778327942,
0.14644412696361542,
-0.1816561222076416,
0.36125168204307556,
0.580278754234314,
0.37138962745666504,
0.6804929971694946,
0.5140441060066223,
0.5195918083190918,
0.26111236214637756,
0.5477754473686218,
-0.07208459824323654,
-0.6647756695747375,
-0.1536288857460022,
-0.012416924349963665,
-0.8197485208511353,
0.4233595132827759,
-0.8465011119842529,
0.09829419106245041,
0.20238757133483887,
0.10283613204956055,
0.07857929170131683,
-0.5048364996910095,
0.48921999335289,
0.10657054930925369,
-0.1757798045873642,
-0.25647881627082825,
0.32235977053642273,
-0.08966726064682007,
0.19252359867095947,
-0.010812572203576565,
-0.04304223507642746,
0.08798622339963913,
0.5263071656227112,
-0.16152948141098022,
0.4838203489780426,
-0.1021505743265152,
0.28921520709991455,
0.13361303508281708,
0.8632381558418274,
-0.3375827670097351,
-0.39997047185897827,
-0.06967286020517349,
-0.4279797673225403,
0.6559892296791077,
0.09448062628507614,
0.26025307178497314,
-0.24390003085136414,
-0.9322932362556458,
-0.30672863125801086,
-1.7188993692398071,
0.22210513055324554,
0.2878565788269043,
-0.08593884110450745,
-0.24814710021018982,
0.0007581950630992651,
0.3659007251262665,
-0.15986740589141846,
-0.24904806911945343,
-0.3719978630542755,
0.27640971541404724,
-0.3451826274394989,
-0.27658697962760925,
-0.04779694601893425,
-0.08710765838623047,
-0.40955352783203125,
0.7593954801559448,
0.43964633345603943,
0.19440880417823792,
0.13378320634365082,
-0.6569652557373047,
-0.0824190303683281,
0.06089776009321213,
-0.4847177267074585,
0.17040136456489563,
-0.1097826287150383,
-0.10582604259252548,
0.6300644278526306,
-0.49009978771209717,
0.11540915817022324,
0.54569411277771,
-0.6128702759742737,
0.21867448091506958,
0.4851764142513275,
0.12716199457645416,
0.33814138174057007,
0.10488146543502808,
0.03266981989145279,
-0.48636168241500854,
0.1375071108341217,
0.18015937507152557,
-0.15968762338161469,
0.30838915705680847,
-0.14375171065330505,
-0.06162912771105766,
0.057093217968940735,
-0.15786559879779816,
0.12394368648529053,
-0.7668250203132629,
0.05776146426796913,
0.5848156809806824,
-0.14795970916748047,
1.6212395429611206,
-0.10978196561336517,
-0.6952858567237854,
0.47239556908607483,
0.05828661099076271,
0.45030856132507324,
-0.4029765725135803,
0.2484833002090454,
0.335699200630188,
0.12717491388320923,
-0.7244213223457336,
1.6668988466262817,
-0.01905428059399128,
0.14436273276805878,
0.0459030419588089,
0.6120786070823669,
0.4288872480392456,
-0.2951919138431549,
0.43261948227882385,
-0.8274153470993042,
-0.5395419597625732,
0.5907089710235596,
-0.07383594661951065,
0.07600860297679901,
-0.2930871844291687,
0.15005533397197723,
0.431599497795105,
0.09726160019636154,
-0.3799847364425659,
0.2511539161205292,
0.2903052866458893,
0.44989481568336487,
0.4102758467197418,
0.4340799152851105,
0.4872371554374695,
-0.5415422320365906,
0.5272977948188782,
0.47106772661209106,
0.1641460657119751,
-0.23488681018352509,
-0.4441463351249695,
-0.21214626729488373,
0.5682680606842041,
-0.03706476092338562,
0.20383617281913757,
0.1624947488307953,
0.21477510035037994,
-0.04822302982211113,
-0.5657323002815247,
-0.09204956144094467,
-0.26538726687431335,
0.211774542927742,
-0.5317704081535339,
0.06287895143032074,
-0.6804460883140564,
-0.07256247103214264,
0.5414124131202698,
0.6668180227279663,
-0.07264504581689835,
-0.2542770504951477,
0.41249752044677734,
0.1491650938987732,
0.0517965592443943,
0.05031862109899521,
0.5273045301437378,
-0.2977803647518158,
-0.022122498601675034,
0.13649992644786835,
0.20870856940746307,
0.3375782370567322,
-0.49941521883010864,
0.022782133892178535,
-0.29225242137908936,
-0.2648933529853821,
-0.3394824266433716,
0.27824705839157104,
0.5393538475036621,
0.5380213260650635,
-0.6750651597976685,
-1.4006727933883667,
0.009165636263787746,
-0.12946809828281403,
0.0192018523812294,
0.12128191441297531,
-0.5985112190246582,
-0.19506296515464783,
-0.1697346568107605,
0.6527451872825623,
0.11770017445087433,
-0.4010152518749237,
-0.15969905257225037,
-0.018378369510173798,
0.2815830409526825,
0.2027607262134552,
-0.43878185749053955,
-0.2704094350337982,
-0.2942984700202942,
0.44460180401802063,
-0.07089028507471085,
0.0026511000469326973,
0.05751403048634529,
-0.23317791521549225,
-0.2133571356534958,
0.2395840585231781,
0.5809694528579712,
0.02247977815568447,
0.21715819835662842,
0.7580430507659912,
-0.49384385347366333,
-0.09140809625387192,
-0.2176990807056427,
-0.006051940377801657,
-0.11587218195199966,
0.1340523511171341,
-5.329063415527344,
0.00949688907712698,
-0.9033817648887634,
-0.2371073067188263,
0.026872729882597923,
-0.2829933166503906,
0.48893406987190247,
-0.44868725538253784,
-0.5060107111930847,
0.3450135886669159,
-0.19634924829006195,
0.34638312458992004,
-0.19740444421768188,
0.47872135043144226,
0.41453900933265686,
0.06938976794481277,
0.1637573093175888,
-0.5267112255096436,
0.3527123034000397,
0.2306140512228012,
-0.13078363239765167,
0.6495189070701599,
-0.48678290843963623,
0.3715444505214691,
-0.30757662653923035,
0.03728402033448219,
0.14310327172279358,
0.03837908059358597,
-0.5020769834518433,
-0.2768983840942383,
0.2990413010120392,
-0.03827302157878876,
-0.02436734177172184,
-0.408317893743515,
-0.23197413980960846,
0.0746973529458046,
0.6711294651031494,
0.1545609086751938,
0.35174480080604553,
0.18602563440799713,
-0.16438966989517212,
0.5792455077171326,
0.1681005209684372,
0.5801979303359985,
0.9478240013122559,
-0.07346183061599731,
-0.3541255593299866,
-0.43301257491111755,
-0.3568967580795288,
0.14187400043010712,
0.22690236568450928,
-0.36086705327033997,
0.6932651400566101,
1.0132261514663696,
0.1584187150001526,
-0.12813222408294678,
0.03650723770260811,
0.06318910419940948,
-0.0390172153711319,
-0.10259471833705902,
0.23653610050678253,
-0.31992772221565247,
0.25045761466026306,
-0.6550684571266174,
-0.1644623875617981,
-0.6031754612922668,
-0.11490482836961746,
-0.3253833055496216,
0.533026397228241,
0.19696885347366333,
-0.15802861750125885,
0.2793634235858917,
0.006124384235590696,
-0.9003916382789612,
0.5266468524932861,
-0.09285163134336472,
-0.5358585715293884,
0.6574954390525818,
-0.03918499872088432,
0.11586343497037888,
0.16815948486328125,
-0.16697780787944794,
-0.9212656617164612,
0.3939869701862335,
-0.11312354356050491,
-1.049607276916504,
-0.02193199284374714,
-0.025599943473935127,
-0.49100247025489807,
-0.04684703052043915,
0.8687630295753479,
0.2360430657863617,
-0.2554853558540344,
0.2897963523864746,
-0.35811159014701843,
0.6060680747032166,
0.010627171956002712,
0.2966079115867615,
0.057826846837997437,
-0.43561410903930664,
0.29145246744155884,
-0.6447485685348511,
0.17536300420761108,
-0.5845354199409485,
-0.16683198511600494,
-0.34575513005256653,
0.02650555595755577,
0.41452452540397644,
0.4128018021583557,
-0.39266154170036316,
-0.16963599622249603,
0.13008232414722443,
-0.4736967086791992,
0.040274377912282944,
0.8671203255653381,
0.0025973699521273375,
-0.18301765620708466,
0.638507068157196,
-0.03131940960884094,
0.6220411062240601,
0.11913254857063293,
0.5123262405395508,
-0.044235117733478546,
-0.6638818383216858,
-0.4350493252277374,
-0.41808709502220154,
-0.07523117959499359,
-0.17013169825077057,
-0.2843516170978546,
0.40471240878105164,
-0.05192413553595543,
0.33868715167045593,
-0.06773717701435089,
-0.2892790734767914,
-0.010768690146505833,
-0.2694140076637268,
-0.5233750343322754,
0.027531936764717102,
-0.13349516689777374,
-0.5167286396026611,
0.6443511247634888,
-0.32182618975639343,
-0.3961155414581299,
0.5285768508911133,
0.08321572840213776,
0.7542909383773804,
-0.2663819491863251,
-0.38951748609542847,
-0.7734689712524414,
0.3688901364803314,
-0.4659888446331024,
-0.697016716003418,
0.5278153419494629,
-0.6478403210639954,
0.27118006348609924,
0.34558454155921936,
-0.06727813184261322,
0.6674200296401978,
-0.14836184680461884,
0.021722877398133278,
0.069551981985569,
-0.6653285622596741,
-1.2201205492019653,
0.3824008107185364,
-0.24381333589553833,
-0.01700386218726635,
-0.3857057988643646,
-0.23026666045188904,
0.0230706874281168,
0.8573065400123596,
-0.2796480655670166,
0.47136396169662476,
-0.6956285238265991,
-0.018409444019198418,
0.4225495755672455,
0.34135952591896057,
-0.21672582626342773,
0.1099003478884697,
0.25595682859420776,
-0.3186526596546173,
-0.14141038060188293,
-0.3032727539539337,
0.05099307745695114,
0.4986393451690674,
0.5933462977409363,
-0.21687084436416626,
-0.22652371227741241,
0.4682651162147522,
-0.3630464971065521,
0.12378950417041779,
-0.06699679791927338,
0.42657285928726196,
0.8776635527610779,
0.12761640548706055,
-0.9863320589065552,
-0.5099617838859558,
-0.10578957200050354,
0.2584935128688812,
-0.217449352145195,
-0.8406474590301514,
0.1946452260017395,
0.6210064888000488,
-0.6156488060951233,
0.4083194434642792,
0.6735813021659851,
-0.8731927275657654,
0.17336253821849823,
0.2403251975774765,
-0.7188306450843811,
0.4624892771244049,
-0.09505733102560043,
-0.617479145526886,
-0.2944428324699402,
0.0038723580073565245,
-0.28922972083091736,
-0.10167154669761658,
-0.09175131469964981,
-0.4219222068786621,
-0.3336164653301239,
0.09157636016607285,
-0.17555741965770721,
-0.6891355514526367,
-0.9922440648078918,
0.043241407722234726,
-0.5107423067092896,
0.23847275972366333,
0.05063650757074356,
-0.5053791403770447,
0.6192659735679626,
0.03405813127756119,
0.046797338873147964,
0.22812271118164062,
0.5785970687866211,
0.11188940703868866,
-0.34131431579589844,
-0.08542342483997345,
-0.06843295693397522,
0.5991522073745728,
0.033397380262613297,
0.36438822746276855,
0.48850560188293457,
0.30679380893707275,
-0.10019742697477341,
-0.6679556369781494,
0.19529123604297638,
-0.1373489648103714,
0.6738446354866028,
-0.824167788028717,
-0.9670045375823975,
0.2828979194164276,
-0.2814778685569763,
-0.6241879463195801,
-0.5080507397651672,
-0.5018569231033325,
0.6568639278411865,
-0.36608389019966125,
-0.2614704966545105,
-0.1837519407272339,
-0.038372475653886795,
-0.15044823288917542,
0.16677305102348328,
0.6545475721359253,
-0.4939391016960144,
0.190557599067688,
0.2603929936885834,
0.13280275464057922,
0.31195372343063354,
0.017437981441617012,
0.24676461517810822,
0.39103323221206665,
0.25064006447792053,
-0.20983517169952393,
0.5121290683746338,
0.6549266576766968,
-0.50013667345047,
0.18076516687870026,
-0.601464569568634,
-0.59330153465271,
-0.12942776083946228,
-0.4859149754047394,
0.8632819652557373,
0.14851108193397522,
-0.26564306020736694,
0.05903005972504616,
0.4786224663257599,
-0.4474557936191559,
0.01688714697957039,
-0.14046745002269745,
-0.19253243505954742,
0.08105053752660751,
-0.03291603922843933,
0.45779934525489807,
0.25921571254730225,
0.43518364429473877,
0.5435256958007812,
0.43270599842071533,
0.00866976473480463,
-0.10301045328378677,
0.03411032631993294,
-0.7609411478042603,
-0.6307002902030945,
0.3601769804954529,
-0.3644859194755554,
-0.572758138179779,
0.5581418871879578,
0.3991716802120209,
0.05501022934913635,
0.130916565656662,
0.2115461528301239,
0.2235373556613922,
0.2897244989871979,
0.10566135495901108,
-0.31014958024024963,
0.44305700063705444,
0.08589538186788559,
-0.31417539715766907,
0.4401576519012451,
-0.2782069742679596,
-0.1584131121635437,
0.4383212625980377,
0.41855117678642273,
-0.27269837260246277,
0.7355594038963318,
-0.15861578285694122,
-0.5795698761940002,
0.48631563782691956,
0.07072407752275467,
-0.20238156616687775,
0.4681139588356018,
0.19167481362819672,
0.639261782169342,
-0.43892431259155273,
-0.37518540024757385,
-0.19341695308685303,
0.29467689990997314,
-0.5435349345207214,
0.5257620811462402,
-0.22409233450889587,
0.08511163294315338,
0.3151465058326721,
0.01993796043097973,
0.11466842889785767,
-0.32808002829551697,
0.2772684097290039,
0.07543588429689407,
0.4233003854751587,
-0.2966660261154175,
0.33844900131225586,
0.2322574108839035,
-0.22399890422821045,
0.4755856990814209,
0.03969310596585274,
0.256277471780777,
-0.8136218190193176,
0.6823751926422119,
0.06832319498062134,
-0.16471874713897705,
-0.5069073438644409,
-0.16299477219581604,
-1.0636391639709473,
-0.0036146349739283323,
-0.6151371002197266,
-0.3676149547100067,
-0.21742352843284607,
0.17278416454792023,
0.20897658169269562,
0.035903312265872955,
0.03716351464390755,
-0.016492217779159546,
-0.12583906948566437,
0.0664619654417038,
-0.16593879461288452,
0.19465793669223785,
0.29644912481307983,
-0.06825479865074158,
0.1400592029094696,
-0.05665457621216774,
0.3333761990070343,
-0.3519296944141388,
0.5874069333076477,
0.10745403915643692,
0.16020239889621735,
-0.39668354392051697,
0.41688963770866394,
-0.17891116440296173,
-0.257992148399353,
-0.09796145558357239,
0.5592341423034668,
-0.10344109684228897,
-0.7541264891624451,
0.04617852717638016,
-0.33281368017196655,
-0.23781557381153107,
-0.25374624133110046,
-0.5323361754417419,
-0.35522523522377014,
-0.32147201895713806,
0.9209244847297668,
-0.1812405288219452,
-0.11474567651748657,
-0.054372675716876984,
0.42311567068099976,
0.4175611734390259,
0.2018853724002838,
-0.6459117531776428,
0.38206514716148376,
-0.20698395371437073,
-0.23984071612358093,
-0.7409147620201111,
0.32946282625198364,
0.03930187225341797,
-0.3027808964252472,
0.036249566823244095,
-0.11768927425146103,
-0.46214085817337036,
0.08582072705030441,
0.6251375675201416,
-0.8031154274940491,
-0.2121262550354004,
-0.273488849401474,
0.15906018018722534,
-0.41488349437713623,
0.0343608558177948,
-0.04891694337129593,
-0.25671640038490295,
0.06438975781202316,
0.209821417927742,
-0.33887189626693726,
0.3849566876888275,
-0.13075421750545502,
-0.6553674340248108,
-0.025125252082943916,
-0.2195155769586563,
0.38125869631767273,
-0.19137519598007202,
-0.04072519391775131,
0.6902895569801331,
0.7495201230049133,
0.5374624133110046,
0.27635595202445984,
-0.08602608740329742,
-0.7405151724815369,
-0.28950822353363037,
0.22394230961799622,
-3.4001524448394775,
-0.04029810428619385,
-0.02333618700504303,
-0.14936679601669312,
0.1867952197790146,
-0.20387494564056396,
0.2358548939228058,
-0.27808424830436707,
0.006350924726575613,
-0.2644261121749878,
0.27985650300979614,
0.005826614331454039,
0.09066217392683029,
-0.8395564556121826,
0.24642740190029144,
0.482012003660202
] |
247724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20II%20the%20Strong | Augustus II the Strong | Augustus II (12 May 16701 February 1733), most commonly known as Augustus the Strong, was Elector of Saxony from 1694 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in the years 1697–1706 and from 1709 until his death in 1733. He belonged to the Albertine line of the House of Wettin.
Augustus' great physical strength earned him the nicknames "the Strong", "the Saxon Hercules" and "Iron-Hand". He liked to show that he lived up to his name by breaking horseshoes with his bare hands and engaging in fox tossing by holding the end of his sling with just one finger while two of the strongest men in his court held the other end. He is also notable for fathering a very large number of children.
In order to be elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Augustus converted to Roman Catholicism. As a Catholic, he received the Order of the Golden Fleece from the Holy Roman Emperor and established the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest distinction. As Elector of Saxony, he is perhaps best remembered as a patron of the arts and architecture. He transformed the Saxon capital of Dresden into a major cultural centre, attracting artists from across Europe to his court. Augustus also amassed an impressive art collection and built lavish baroque palaces in Dresden and Warsaw. In 1717 he served as the Imperial vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.
His reigns brought Poland some troubled times. He led the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Great Northern War, which allowed the Russian Empire to strengthen its influence in Europe, especially within Poland. His main pursuit was bolstering royal power in the Commonwealth, characterized by broad decentralization in comparison with other European monarchies. He tried to accomplish this goal using foreign powers and thus destabilized the state. Augustus ruled Poland with an interval; in 1704 the Swedes installed nobleman Stanisław Leszczyński as king, who officially reigned from 1706 to 1709 and after Augustus' death in 1733 which sparked the War of the Polish Succession.
Augustus' body was buried in Poland's royal Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, but his heart rests in the Dresden Cathedral. His only legitimate son, Augustus III of Poland, became king in 1733.
Early life
Augustus was born in Dresden on 12 May 1670, the younger son of the Elector Johann Georg III and Anne Sophie of Denmark. As the second son, Augustus had no expectation of inheriting the electorate, since his older brother, Johann Georg IV, assumed the post after the death of their father on 12 September 1691. Augustus was well educated, and spent some years in travel and in fighting against France.
Augustus married Kristiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth in Bayreuth on 20 January 1693. They had a son, Frederick Augustus II (1696–1763), who succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony and King of Poland as Augustus III.
While in Venice during the carnival season, his older brother, the Elector Johann Georg IV, contracted smallpox from his mistress Magdalena Sibylla of Neidschutz. On 27 April 1694, Johann Georg died without legitimate issue and Augustus became Elector of Saxony, as Friedrich Augustus I.
Conversion to Catholicism
To be eligible for election to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697, Augustus had to convert to Roman Catholicism. The Saxon dukes had traditionally been called "champions of the Reformation". Saxony had been a stronghold of German Protestantism and Augustus' conversion was therefore considered shocking in Protestant Europe. Although the prince-elector guaranteed Saxony's religious status quo, Augustus' conversion alienated many of his Protestant subjects. As a result of the enormous expenditure of money used to bribe the Polish nobility and clergy, Augustus' contemporaries derisively referred to the Saxon duke's royal ambitions as his "Polish adventure".
His church policy within the Holy Roman Empire followed orthodox Lutheranism and ran counter to his new-found religious and absolutist convictions. The Protestant princes of the empire and the two remaining Protestant electors (of Hanover and Prussia) were anxious to keep Saxony well-integrated in their camp. According to the Peace of Augsburg, Augustus theoretically had the right to re-introduce Roman Catholicism (see Cuius regio, eius religio), or at least grant full religious freedom to his fellow Catholics in Saxony, but this never happened. Saxony remained Lutheran and the few Roman Catholics residing in Saxony lacked any political or civil rights. In 1717, it became clear just how awkward the situation was: to realize his ambitious dynastic plans in Poland and Germany, it was necessary for Augustus' heirs to become Roman Catholic. After five years as a convert, his son—the future Augustus III—publicly avowed his Roman Catholicism. The Saxon Estates were outraged and revolted as it became clear that his conversion to Catholicism was not only a matter of form, but of substance as well.
Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Elector of Saxony had been the director of the Protestant body in the Reichstag. To placate the other Protestant states in the Empire, Augustus nominally delegated the directorship of the Protestant body to Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. However, when the Elector's son also converted to Catholicism, the Electorate faced a hereditary Catholic succession instead of a return to a Protestant Elector upon Augustus's death. When the conversion became public in 1717, Brandenburg-Prussia and Hanover attempted to oust Saxony from the directorship and appoint themselves as joint directors, but they gave up the attempt in 1720. Saxony would retain the directorship of the Protestant body in the Reichstag until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, despite the fact that all remaining Electors of Saxony were Catholic.
The wife of Augustus, the Electress Christiane Eberhardine, refused to follow her husband's example and remained a staunch Protestant. She did not attend her husband's coronation in Poland and led a rather quiet life outside Dresden, gaining some popularity for her stubbornness.
King of Poland for the first time
Following the death of Polish King John III Sobieski and having converted to Catholicism, Augustus won election as King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697 with the backing of Imperial Russia and Austria, which financed him through the banker Berend Lehmann. At the time, some questioned the legality of Augustus' elevation, since another candidate, François Louis, Prince of Conti, had received more votes. Each candidate, Conti and Augustus, was proclaimed as king by a different ecclesiastical authority: (the Primate Michaŀ Radziejowski proclaimed Conti and the bishop of Kujawy, Stanisław Dąmbski proclaimed Augustus, with Jacob Heinrich von Flemming swearing to the pacta conventa as Augustus's proxy). However, Augustus hurried to the Commonwealth with a Saxon army, while Conti stayed in France for two months.
Although he had led the imperial troops against Turkey in 1695 and 1696 without very much success, Augustus continued the war of the Holy League against Turkey, and after a campaign in Moldavia, his Polish army eventually defeated the Tatar expedition in the Battle of Podhajce in 1698. This victory compelled the Ottoman Empire to sign the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Podolia and Kamieniec Podolski returned to Poland. An ambitious ruler, Augustus hoped to make the Polish throne hereditary within his family, and to use his resources as Elector of Saxony to impose some order on the chaotic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was, however, soon distracted from his internal reform projects by the possibility of external conquest. He formed an alliance with Denmark's Frederick IV and Russia's Peter I to strip Sweden's young King Charles XII (Augustus' cousin) of his possessions. Poland's reward for participation in the Great Northern War was to have been the Swedish territory of Livonia. Charles proved an able military commander, however, quickly forcing the Danes out of the war and then driving back the Russians at Narva in 1700, thereby allowing him to focus on the struggle with Augustus. However, this war ultimately proved as disastrous for Sweden as for Poland.
Charles defeated Augustus' army at Riga in July 1701, forcing the Polish-Saxon army to withdraw from Livonia, and followed this up with an invasion of Poland. He captured Warsaw on 14 May 1702, defeated the Polish-Saxon army again at the Battle of Kliszów (July 1702), and took Kraków. He defeated another of Augustus' armies under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Adam Heinrich von Steinau at the Battle of Pułtusk in spring 1703, and besieged and captured Toruń.
By this time, Augustus was certainly ready for peace, but Charles felt that he would be more secure if he could establish someone with whom he had more influence on the Polish throne. In 1704 the Swedes installed Stanisław Leszczyński and tied the commonwealth to Sweden, which compelled Augustus to initiate military operations in Poland alongside Russia (an alliance was concluded in Narva in summer 1704). The resulting civil war in Poland (1704-1706) and the Grodno campaign (1705-1706) did not go well for Augustus. Following the Battle of Fraustadt, on 1 September 1706, Charles invaded Saxony, forcing Augustus to yield the Polish throne to Leszczyński by the Treaty of Altranstädt (October 1706).
Meanwhile, Russia's Tsar Peter had reformed his army, and he dealt a crippling defeat to the Swedes at the Battle of Poltava (1709). This spelled the end of the Swedish Empire and the rise of the Russian Empire.
King of Poland for the second time
The weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth soon came to be regarded as almost a protectorate of Russia. In 1709 Augustus II returned to the Polish throne under Russian auspices. Once again he attempted to establish an absolute monarchy in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but was faced with opposition from the nobility (szlachta, see Tarnogród Confederation). He was handicapped by the mutual jealousy of the Saxons and the Poles, and a struggle broke out in Poland which was only ended when the king promised to limit the number of his army in that country to 18,000 men. Peter the Great seized on the opportunity to pose as mediator, threatened the Commonwealth militarily, and in 1717 forced Augustus and the nobility to sign an accommodation favorable to Russian interests, at the Silent Sejm (Sejm Niemy).
For the remainder of his reign, in an uneasy relationship, Augustus was more or less dependent on Russia (and to a lesser extent, on Austria) to maintain his Polish throne. He gave up his dynastic ambitions and concentrated instead on attempts to strengthen the Commonwealth. Faced with both internal and foreign opposition, however, he achieved little. In 1729 he established the Grand Musketeers Company in Dresden, one of the oldest Polish officers' schools, which in 1730 was relocated to Warsaw.
Augustus died at Warsaw in 1733. Although he had failed to make the Polish throne hereditary in his house, his eldest son, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, did succeed him to the Polish throne as Augustus III of Poland—although he had to be installed by the Russian army in the War of the Polish Succession.
Legacy
Augustus II and the arts
Augustus is perhaps best remembered as a patron of the arts and architecture. He had beautiful palaces built in Dresden, a city that became renowned for extraordinary cultural brilliance. He introduced the first public museums, such as the Green Vault in 1723, and started systematic collection of paintings that are now on display in the Old Masters Gallery.
From 1687 to 1689, Augustus toured France and Italy. The extravagant court in Versailles—perfectly tailored to fit the needs of an absolute monarch—impressed him deeply. In accordance with the spirit of the baroque age, Augustus invested heavily in the representative splendor of Dresden Castle, his major residence, to advertise his wealth and power.
With strict building regulations, major urban development plans, and a certain feeling for art, the king began to transform Dresden into a renowned cultural center with one of Germany's finest art collections, though most of the city's famous sights and landmarks were completed during the reign of his son Augustus III. The most famous building started under Augustus the Strong was the Zwinger. Also known are Pillnitz Castle, his summer residence, Moritzburg Castle and Hubertusburg Castle, his hunting lodges. He greatly expanded the Saxon Palace in Warsaw with the adjacent Saxon Garden, which became the city's oldest public park and one of the first publicly accessible parks in the world. He also expanded the Wilanów Palace.
He granted composer Johann Adolph Hasse the title of the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Kapellmeister in 1731.
A man of pleasure, the king sponsored lavish court balls, Venetian-style balli in maschera, and luxurious court gatherings, games, and garden festivities. His court acquired a reputation for extravagance throughout Europe. He held a famous animal-tossing contest in Dresden at which 647 foxes, 533 hares, 34 badgers and 21 wildcats were tossed and killed. Augustus himself participated, reportedly demonstrating his strength by holding the end of his sling by just one finger, with two of the strongest men in his court on the other end.
Gallery
Meissen porcelain
Augustus II successfully sponsored efforts to discover the secret of manufacturing porcelain. In 1701 he rescued the young alchemist Johann Friedrich Böttger, who had fled from the court of the king of Prussia, Frederick I, who had expected that he produce gold for him as he had boasted he could.
Augustus imprisoned Böttger and tried to force him to reveal the secret of manufacturing gold. Böttger's transition from alchemist to potter was orchestrated as an attempt to avoid the impossible demands of the king. Being an alchemist by profession rather than a potter, gave Böttger an advantage. He realised that the current approaches, which involved mixing fine white substances like crushed egg shells into clay, would not work. Rather, his approach was to attempt to bake clay at higher temperatures than had ever before been attained in European kilns. That approach yielded the breakthrough that had eluded European potters for a century. By the king's decree, the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Porcelain Manufactory was established in Meissen in 1709. The manufacture of fine porcelain continues at the Meissen porcelain factory.
Order of the White Eagle
In November 1705 in Tykocin, Augustus founded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's first and preeminent order of chivalry. In 1723 he bought the Großsedlitz estate near Dresden, and after expanding the palace and garden complex, in 1727 he organized there the first ever festivities of the Order of the White Eagle. In Warsaw, the Saxon Garden (Polish: Ogród Saski) commemorates the role of Augustus II in expanding the city's public places.
Other
Augustus II was called "the Strong" for his bear-like physical strength and for his numerous offspring (only one of them his legitimate child and heir). The most famous of the king's children born out of wedlock was Maurice de Saxe, a brilliant strategist who attained the highest military ranks in the kingdom of France. In the War of the Polish Succession he remained loyal to his employer Louis XV of France, who was married to the daughter of Augustus's rival Stanisław I Leszczyński.
Augustus was 1.76 meters (5' 9½”) tall, above average height for that time, but despite his extraordinary physical strength, he did not look big. In his final years he suffered from diabetes mellitus and became obese, at his death weighing some 110 kg (242 lbs). Augustus II's body was interred in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków—all but his heart, which rests at the Dresden Cathedral.
Film
In 1936 Augustus was the subject of a Polish-German film Augustus the Strong directed by Paul Wegener. Augustus was portrayed by the actor Michael Bohnen.
Illegitimate issue
The Electress Christiane, who remained Protestant and refused to move to Poland with her husband, preferred to spend her time in the mansion in Pretzsch on the Elbe, where she died.
Augustus, a voracious womanizer, never missed his wife, spending his time with a series of mistresses:
1694–1696 with Countess Maria Aurora von Königsmarck
1696–1699 with Countess Anna Aloysia Maximiliane von Lamberg
1698–1704 with Ursula Katharina of Altenbockum, later Princess of Teschen
1701–1706 with Fatima, Turkish woman, renamed later as Maria Aurora von Spiegel
1704–1713 with Anna Constantia von Brockdorff, later Countess of Cosel
1706–1707 with Henriette Rénard
1708 with Angélique Duparc, French dancer and actress
1713–1719 with Maria Magdalena of Bielinski, by her first marriage Countess of Dönhoff and by the second Princess Lubomirska
1720–1721 with Erdmuthe Sophie of Dieskau, by marriage of Loß
1721–1722 with Baroness Kristiane of Osterhausen, by marriage of Stanisławski
Some contemporary sources, including Wilhelmine of Bayreuth, claimed that Augustus had as many as 365 or 382 children. The number is extremely difficult to verify. Perhaps the number refers not to the king's children but to the nights that he spent with his mistresses. Augustus officially recognised only a tiny fraction of that number as his bastards (the mothers of these "chosen ones," with the possible exception of Fatima, were all aristocratic ladies):
With Maria Aurora von Königsmarck
Hermann Maurice (Goslar, 28 October 1696Château de Chambord, 30 November 1750), Comte de Saxe.
With Ursula Katharina of Altenbockum
Johann Georg (21 August 170425 February 1774), Chevalier de Saxe, later Governor of Dresden.
With the Turk Fatima, later Maria Aurora von Spiegel
Frederick Augustus (Warsaw/Dresden [?], 19 June 1702Pillnitz, 16 March 1764), Count Rutowsky
Maria Anna Katharina (1706–1746), Countess Rutowska; married firstly in January 1728 to Michał, Count Bieliński, divorced in early 1732; secondly, in February 1732, to Claude Marie Noyel, Comte du Bellegarde et d'Entremont.
With Anna Constantia von Brockdorff
Augusta Anna Constantia (24 February 17083 February 1728), Countess of Cosel; married on 3 June 1725 to Heinrich Friedrich, Count of Friesen
Fredericka Alexandrine (27 October 17091784), Countess of Cosel; married on 18 February 1730 to Jan Kanty, Count Moszyński
Frederick Augustus (27 August 171215 October 1770), Count of Cosel; married on 1 June 1749 to Countess Friederike Christiane of Holtzendorff. They had four children. The two sons, Gustav Ernst and Segismund, died unmarried. One of the two daughters, Constantia Alexandrina, married Johann Heinrich, Lehnsgraf Knuth. The other, named Charlotte, first married Count Rudolf of Bünau and then married Charles de Riviere.
With Henriette Rénard
Anna Karolina (26 November 1707Avignon, 27 September 1769), Countess Orzelska; married on 10 August 1730 to Karl Ludwig Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. They divorced in 1733.
Royal titles
In
English translation: Augustus II, by the grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Smolensk, Severia and Chernihiv, and Hereditary Duke and Elector of Saxony, etc.
Ancestry
Portraits by
Rosalba Carriera
Louis de Silvestre
See also
History of Saxony
History of Poland (1569–1795)
Rulers of Saxony
List of Lithuanian rulers
Dresden Castle – Residence of Augustus II the Strong
Notes
References
External links
|-
|-
1670 births
1733 deaths
17th-century Polish monarchs
18th-century Polish monarchs
Burials at Dresden Cathedral
Burials at Wawel Cathedral
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism
Prince-electors of Saxony
German Lutherans
German monarchs
German Roman Catholics
Grand Dukes of Lithuania
House of Wettin
Imperial vicars
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Nobility from Dresden
People of the Great Turkish War
Polish people of the Great Northern War
Polish people of German descent
Polish Roman Catholics
Rosicrucians
Meissen porcelain
Albertine branch
German art collectors
18th-century art collectors
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) | [
-0.7040762901306152,
-0.1873825639486313,
0.2935790717601776,
0.610806405544281,
-0.5201338529586792,
0.311492919921875,
1.004034399986267,
-0.0863240659236908,
-0.300676167011261,
-0.33605799078941345,
-0.03306937217712402,
-0.362444132566452,
-0.27490222454071045,
0.5882787704467773,
-0.4330677390098572,
0.24196916818618774,
0.24682317674160004,
-0.053897425532341,
-0.23300783336162567,
-0.18126659095287323,
0.20408135652542114,
0.06997546553611755,
0.580865740776062,
-0.052284158766269684,
0.05275939404964447,
0.02980303205549717,
0.4427328109741211,
-0.5051959156990051,
-0.21689215302467346,
0.24156205356121063,
-0.01688413694500923,
0.4069623649120331,
-0.5453612804412842,
-0.21632325649261475,
-0.5573148131370544,
-0.19018571078777313,
-0.12765160202980042,
-0.06726593524217606,
0.21155497431755066,
-0.6165297031402588,
-0.22500021755695343,
0.1388118714094162,
0.47142353653907776,
0.03244645148515701,
-0.0462125688791275,
-0.7194889783859253,
-1.367777943611145,
-0.11388970911502838,
-0.37631508708000183,
-0.7905164361000061,
0.320899099111557,
0.5081713199615479,
-0.16383033990859985,
0.3854182958602905,
-0.16654150187969208,
-0.5876309871673584,
-1.2064449787139893,
-0.2997490167617798,
0.011104495264589787,
0.22321300208568573,
0.7480095624923706,
0.14652034640312195,
0.18245846033096313,
0.21282337605953217,
0.3251136541366577,
-0.4004150331020355,
0.17403633892536163,
0.4204455614089966,
-0.44720935821533203,
-0.7439855933189392,
-0.20347847044467926,
0.30235767364501953,
-0.10205040872097015,
-0.29402899742126465,
0.5508525967597961,
-1.0433990955352783,
-0.34424275159835815,
0.4824056029319763,
0.7872854471206665,
0.14573755860328674,
0.10325440764427185,
-0.4758552610874176,
0.7912040948867798,
0.400480717420578,
0.44616544246673584,
0.2693667411804199,
0.46201878786087036,
0.2996370494365692,
-0.431303471326828,
-0.33122846484184265,
-0.03328769654035568,
0.5401765704154968,
0.8971940875053406,
-0.25107383728027344,
-0.3747001588344574,
-0.09906274080276489,
0.01720031537115574,
0.14347544312477112,
-0.1761382669210434,
-0.2849186956882477,
0.2771771252155304,
0.0874381959438324,
0.13781878352165222,
-0.674877405166626,
-0.5346517562866211,
-0.4318327009677887,
-0.05088178440928459,
0.5591228604316711,
-0.14938168227672577,
0.5938096046447754,
-0.36281874775886536,
0.2223304659128189,
-0.16225893795490265,
0.2947831451892853,
-0.1562555581331253,
0.31586548686027527,
-0.035113003104925156,
-0.916383683681488,
0.05310221388936043,
0.4327601194381714,
-0.20129138231277466,
0.3706485629081726,
-0.39717236161231995,
0.6032664775848389,
0.08140014111995697,
-0.13172735273838043,
0.02371446043252945,
0.15515942871570587,
0.23439688980579376,
0.16791841387748718,
0.7699744701385498,
1.2621082067489624,
-0.04109879955649376,
-0.40383437275886536,
-0.1736718714237213,
0.19866617023944855,
0.25257304310798645,
-0.5077167749404907,
-0.6879552602767944,
0.018424563109874725,
-0.4489020109176636,
-0.6242383122444153,
-0.16696780920028687,
0.47401162981987,
-0.2450791448354721,
0.36243805289268494,
-0.03902564197778702,
-0.35811594128608704,
0.08559972047805786,
0.06882943958044052,
0.20101602375507355,
0.26538217067718506,
-0.22772414982318878,
-0.5708674192428589,
-0.0032828275579959154,
0.05887096747756004,
0.5335417985916138,
-0.2595023512840271,
0.3204176127910614,
0.389133483171463,
0.04261433333158493,
0.08956984430551529,
-0.01864006742835045,
-0.3617230951786041,
0.4807451367378235,
-0.11965100467205048,
0.09434082359075546,
0.20048485696315765,
-0.5537834167480469,
-0.2101718634366989,
-0.46326613426208496,
0.4052373170852661,
-0.45987391471862793,
0.5317897200584412,
0.2206169217824936,
0.42342090606689453,
0.6718564629554749,
-0.15514326095581055,
0.6592356562614441,
-0.7381305694580078,
-0.29750484228134155,
0.12073758989572525,
0.34088343381881714,
0.18837971985340118,
0.3738906681537628,
0.5319492816925049,
0.32648801803588867,
0.032578371465206146,
0.06878207623958588,
-0.3875371217727661,
0.06062733754515648,
-0.6514681577682495,
-0.18351627886295319,
-0.056691814213991165,
0.8025915026664734,
0.04704903066158295,
-0.7809749841690063,
0.38169533014297485,
0.2515474259853363,
0.7634963989257812,
-0.17567285895347595,
-0.783424973487854,
0.13031785190105438,
0.2876977026462555,
0.484548956155777,
0.3292587399482727,
-0.0044611981138587,
-0.16279245913028717,
0.9102247357368469,
0.57643061876297,
-0.274965763092041,
-0.8632022142410278,
0.15192994475364685,
-0.06579967588186264,
-0.4821314513683319,
-0.27070921659469604,
-0.27947255969047546,
0.1550474315881729,
-0.07212921231985092,
0.15176615118980408,
0.5620660781860352,
-0.32806405425071716,
-0.4166884422302246,
0.33529070019721985,
-0.2702684998512268,
0.4960406422615051,
-0.29275208711624146,
-0.13500256836414337,
-0.5706295371055603,
-0.5361109972000122,
-0.28136733174324036,
0.0724816545844078,
0.14097437262535095,
0.050806138664484024,
0.256971150636673,
0.014555102214217186,
-0.3827981650829315,
-0.33673855662345886,
-0.23606784641742706,
-0.3615889549255371,
0.5688747763633728,
0.4791390597820282,
0.05594947934150696,
0.5358709096908569,
-0.0163556020706892,
1.053228497505188,
-0.05950149521231651,
-0.09746763855218887,
-1.181118369102478,
-0.2875877916812897,
-0.46505290269851685,
0.3671070635318756,
-0.8068435788154602,
-0.13363738358020782,
0.5830770134925842,
-0.34339314699172974,
0.09147481620311737,
-0.1435806155204773,
-0.24751527607440948,
0.668839693069458,
0.020020470023155212,
-0.4453199505805969,
-0.06497100740671158,
-0.015869013965129852,
0.2586170434951782,
0.3339630365371704,
0.42202645540237427,
0.24092672765254974,
0.27507027983665466,
0.17583680152893066,
0.020745007321238518,
-0.4897018074989319,
-0.42300093173980713,
-0.1977403163909912,
0.2397250235080719,
-0.8903754949569702,
-0.17186486721038818,
0.520859956741333,
-0.4090035557746887,
-0.5218642950057983,
-0.17699846625328064,
0.6847397089004517,
-0.27075332403182983,
-0.2811356782913208,
-0.29616791009902954,
-0.31603798270225525,
0.20889414846897125,
-0.5010184049606323,
-0.05523175373673439,
-0.4004209041595459,
-0.04174019396305084,
0.3557865619659424,
-0.41449350118637085,
-0.051270727068185806,
-0.6488408446311951,
1.1300370693206787,
-0.39324405789375305,
-0.2332489788532257,
0.4948187470436096,
0.05125553905963898,
-0.8681241869926453,
-0.2747062146663666,
-0.11166325956583023,
0.19844622910022736,
0.7566813230514526,
-0.4916906952857971,
0.07563745975494385,
0.23004493117332458,
-5.5632004737854,
0.14938604831695557,
-0.13588203489780426,
-0.21088345348834991,
0.5927545428276062,
0.5624873638153076,
0.6304117441177368,
0.3082743287086487,
0.25220435857772827,
0.04655705392360687,
0.9566333293914795,
0.3793306052684784,
-0.05148286744952202,
0.5737230777740479,
0.47984975576400757,
0.1373564898967743,
0.7653679251670837,
-0.13162662088871002,
0.08452548086643219,
-0.0587087906897068,
-0.02243323065340519,
-0.30840322375297546,
0.004392898175865412,
0.399159699678421,
0.5984477400779724,
0.0814799815416336,
0.29380500316619873,
0.49200934171676636,
-0.19925931096076965,
-0.7250854969024658,
-0.37492698431015015,
-0.3748611509799957,
0.24788148701190948,
-0.18444909155368805,
0.11464767903089523,
-0.17502816021442413,
0.39095625281333923,
1.0361359119415283,
-0.34111303091049194,
0.029156221076846123,
0.2352103739976883,
-0.03584643825888634,
-0.5231496095657349,
0.2577701807022095,
0.11716942489147186,
-0.5361558794975281,
-0.11809276044368744,
0.915413498878479,
-0.81248539686203,
0.16919861733913422,
0.15859931707382202,
-0.06700921803712845,
-0.05887923762202263,
-0.2126098871231079,
0.21600249409675598,
0.364114373922348,
-0.6216300129890442,
0.7001667022705078,
-0.35181939601898193,
0.5585690140724182,
0.340619832277298,
-0.31012657284736633,
0.06430482119321823,
0.0579829066991806,
0.19927850365638733,
-0.09538482129573822,
-0.39358627796173096,
0.33522167801856995,
0.4280887842178345,
0.046469636261463165,
0.008225870318710804,
0.0012108831433579326,
0.22636257112026215,
-0.821931779384613,
0.36743202805519104,
-0.6966575980186462,
-0.028706559911370277,
-0.2717823386192322,
-0.4275548756122589,
0.15343709290027618,
-0.11045914143323898,
-0.33596765995025635,
-0.2332688271999359,
1.1565910577774048,
0.9724776744842529,
0.7521609663963318,
0.056732360273599625,
0.05538003891706467,
-0.19313207268714905,
-0.178140327334404,
0.019458135589957237,
-0.7358697652816772,
-0.39661794900894165,
-0.2224721908569336,
-0.22009733319282532,
-0.11430422216653824,
-0.6531298160552979,
-0.35016024112701416,
-0.3564479649066925,
0.3336346745491028,
-0.035012200474739075,
0.22351683676242828,
0.2629450261592865,
-0.5646340250968933,
1.0899919271469116,
0.030043330043554306,
0.23145203292369843,
0.42169544100761414,
0.3871552646160126,
0.17010141909122467,
-0.12327144294977188,
0.33902546763420105,
-0.47323429584503174,
-0.9763462543487549,
0.5256904363632202,
-0.47518548369407654,
-0.19407911598682404,
0.25869664549827576,
0.01996615342795849,
0.013655848801136017,
-0.644536554813385,
0.2604089677333832,
-0.3081451654434204,
-0.2234402447938919,
-0.5683162212371826,
-0.04607314243912697,
-0.1602090448141098,
0.13704735040664673,
-0.22874906659126282,
-0.14215652644634247,
0.282720685005188,
0.4910677671432495,
0.15407222509384155,
0.3507843017578125,
0.3261926770210266,
-0.0883093997836113,
0.4083022177219391,
-0.9259653091430664,
-0.12926651537418365,
-0.3642463982105255,
-0.8201713562011719,
-0.4070393443107605,
-0.25069907307624817,
0.12747491896152496,
-0.26365453004837036,
0.22005760669708252,
0.3758164048194885,
0.028350338339805603,
-0.2578130066394806,
0.9207802414894104,
-0.04688974469900131,
0.09054213762283325,
0.6121616363525391,
0.45096156001091003,
-0.18700245022773743,
0.3998968005180359,
0.4408114552497864,
-0.2603154480457306,
0.7595362663269043,
-0.16085709631443024,
-0.38999974727630615,
-0.2830914556980133,
-0.6333361864089966,
-0.343668133020401,
0.324657142162323,
-0.005037964787334204,
-0.9479026198387146,
-0.47416314482688904,
0.10470813512802124,
0.6284384727478027,
0.29476383328437805,
-0.38052883744239807,
-0.4104612171649933,
-0.16453304886817932,
-0.10988151282072067,
-0.08927706629037857,
-0.42658722400665283,
0.08792555332183838,
-0.2921050786972046,
-0.3443160951137543,
0.4942236542701721,
0.2387462556362152,
-0.5112156271934509,
-0.12360603362321854,
0.11335460096597672,
0.2177586704492569,
0.13461443781852722,
-0.1433197557926178,
0.26012733578681946,
0.03881530463695526,
0.05327071622014046,
-0.3918473720550537,
0.144692063331604,
0.15233547985553741,
-0.11250156164169312,
-0.44771337509155273,
0.43961742520332336,
0.6728538870811462,
0.22437460720539093,
-0.0059059555642306805,
-0.08655964583158493,
0.09644966572523117,
-0.32221463322639465,
-0.49875587224960327,
0.02677871845662594,
-0.5511706471443176,
0.3708587884902954,
0.13972586393356323,
0.25187593698501587,
0.1968362182378769,
-0.32163843512535095,
-0.24062414467334747,
-0.343171626329422,
0.7623867392539978,
-0.2860860824584961,
0.14211592078208923,
0.28628161549568176,
-0.5681103467941284,
0.06052791699767113,
-0.7987993359565735,
-0.3879966735839844,
0.5118796229362488,
-0.8769777417182922,
-0.248296856880188,
-0.43508219718933105,
-0.26582884788513184,
0.47163963317871094,
0.11764778196811676,
0.2799011468887329,
-0.1289142221212387,
0.5222604274749756,
-0.32454314827919006,
-0.06021284684538841,
0.40350696444511414,
-0.6715697646141052,
-0.07420164346694946,
0.5776459574699402,
-0.16413889825344086,
-0.2420768439769745,
0.35586681962013245,
0.717065155506134,
1.0026499032974243,
0.4114389419555664,
-0.02562573365867138,
0.9135415554046631,
-0.5243455767631531,
-0.04689188301563263,
0.3257182836532593,
0.025506464764475822,
-0.0054459418170154095,
-0.345542848110199,
-0.23620250821113586,
-0.6186996698379517,
-0.2303103804588318,
1.1014565229415894,
-0.5600153207778931,
0.3925356864929199,
0.03997465968132019,
0.03877611458301544,
0.05469943583011627,
-0.7363970875740051,
0.4152453541755676,
0.42897486686706543,
0.2392248511314392,
-0.20576702058315277,
0.35232818126678467,
-0.12117748707532883,
0.2621288597583771,
-0.24383461475372314,
-0.4662432074546814,
-0.15796659886837006,
-0.48633891344070435,
-0.31382256746292114,
-0.39979588985443115,
-0.45703473687171936,
0.03189634159207344,
0.04940291866660118,
-0.46512240171432495,
-0.18442808091640472,
0.03780621662735939,
-0.784788191318512,
-0.15654540061950684,
-0.2514251470565796,
-0.6622661352157593,
-0.4908590614795685,
-0.7887095212936401,
-0.3323144316673279,
-0.1272682547569275,
0.02294108085334301,
0.4517364799976349,
-0.7689421772956848,
0.010220103897154331,
-0.10821089148521423,
0.024752527475357056,
0.07830090820789337,
0.4101041853427887,
-0.1991046518087387,
0.21968495845794678,
0.10545796155929565,
0.0009444921743124723,
-0.4720197021961212,
0.5840979218482971,
-0.03805457800626755,
0.27759289741516113,
0.001604441087692976,
0.4391411542892456,
-0.11827127635478973,
-0.0423559732735157,
-0.09199025481939316,
0.4792441129684448,
0.677332878112793,
-0.08092858642339706,
0.14898353815078735,
-0.017604174092411995,
-0.8575812578201294,
-0.030472200363874435,
0.6814495325088501,
0.07290966808795929,
-0.31468868255615234,
-0.481836199760437,
0.5209212303161621,
-0.030496746301651,
0.5093520879745483,
-0.07776973396539688,
0.027559833601117134,
0.4598085880279541,
0.07445318251848221,
0.09531129151582718,
-0.11167433112859726,
-0.12364029139280319,
0.21706731617450714,
0.07920331507921219,
-0.8097517490386963,
0.6598605513572693,
-0.30325210094451904,
0.23913834989070892,
0.5370891094207764,
-0.1685948669910431,
0.1642812341451645,
0.4532569944858551,
0.15834003686904907,
0.9546505212783813,
-0.6529218554496765,
0.06886795163154602,
-0.0842452347278595,
0.10014648735523224,
-0.6113181114196777,
-0.2093919813632965,
0.08727992326021194,
-0.22619813680648804,
0.579821765422821,
-0.36689120531082153,
-0.19467630982398987,
-1.1004085540771484,
0.6175891160964966,
-0.0056406715884804726,
0.5180561542510986,
-0.45834729075431824,
-0.3303147554397583,
-0.6190872192382812,
0.027524428442120552,
-0.4596231281757355,
1.0132235288619995,
-0.07022175937891006,
-0.08793949335813522,
0.02661031298339367,
0.23958273231983185,
-0.1697389930486679,
0.33121374249458313,
-0.812567949295044,
0.2284509688615799,
-0.8331174254417419,
0.23966050148010254,
0.026735633611679077,
0.4721873700618744,
0.47638222575187683,
0.16309703886508942,
-0.2612115740776062,
0.1971372365951538,
-0.1443592756986618,
-0.3936060667037964,
-0.26735013723373413,
0.04365719482302666,
-0.708319365978241,
-0.021189115941524506,
0.24477800726890564,
0.14826981723308563,
-0.33087435364723206,
-0.03678558021783829,
-0.24121598899364471,
0.16857163608074188,
-0.3913130760192871,
0.6092081665992737,
0.267865389585495,
-0.8610008955001831,
-0.4266998767852783,
-0.24052271246910095,
0.7487545609474182,
-0.17155787348747253,
0.13580003380775452,
0.1368495374917984,
0.26974165439605713,
0.011015605181455612,
0.03378469869494438,
-0.06643704324960709,
0.6388445496559143,
-0.2129155546426773,
-0.24274858832359314,
-0.24390718340873718,
0.3300668001174927,
-0.051126062870025635,
0.037999510765075684,
-0.20971441268920898,
0.22785210609436035,
-0.0993461087346077,
0.03475293144583702,
0.7250624895095825,
-0.22899383306503296,
-0.2678072154521942,
-0.025605587288737297,
0.051668427884578705,
-0.48121732473373413,
0.6951022744178772,
0.14379355311393738,
-0.2985750138759613,
0.23341171443462372,
0.3107353746891022,
0.2909182608127594,
-0.5737460255622864,
0.08500944077968597,
-0.6205209493637085,
0.018240340054035187,
0.3922915756702423,
-0.14579957723617554,
-0.5855161547660828,
0.34525617957115173,
0.6465721130371094,
0.342315673828125,
0.1238362118601799,
-0.9828888177871704,
0.018920406699180603,
0.5386550426483154,
0.9110972285270691,
0.4747166037559509,
0.6594086289405823,
-0.07462183386087418,
-0.4265413284301758,
-0.3720429837703705,
-0.20730242133140564,
0.17786970734596252,
0.3320835530757904,
0.4177679121494293,
0.7876423597335815,
-0.13259229063987732,
0.37541651725769043,
-0.4433063864707947,
-0.33396095037460327,
-0.6765077710151672,
0.0803305134177208,
0.03220582380890846
] |
247725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20III%20of%20Poland | Augustus III of Poland | Augustus III (, ; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1733 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire where he was known as Frederick Augustus II ().
He was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, and converted to the Roman Catholicism in 1712 to secure his candidacy for the Polish throne. In 1719 he married Maria Josepha, daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, and became Elector of Saxony following his father's death in 1733. Augustus was able to gain the support of Charles VI by agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and also gained recognition from Russian Empress Anna by supporting Russia's claim to the region of Courland. He was elected king of Poland by a small minority on 5 October 1733 and subsequently banished the former Polish king Stanisław I. He was crowned in Kraków on 17 January 1734.
Augustus was supportive of Austria against Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession (1742) and again in the Seven Years' War (1756), both of which resulted in Saxony being defeated and occupied by Prussia. In Poland, his rule was marked by the increasing influence of the Czartoryski and Poniatowski families, and by the intervention of Catherine the Great in Polish affairs. His rule deepened the social anarchy in Poland and increased the country's dependence on its neighbours, notably Prussia, Austria, and Russia. The Russian Empire prevented him from installing his family on the Polish throne, supporting instead the aristocrat Stanisław August Poniatowski, the lover of Catherine the Great. Throughout his reign, Augustus was known to be more interested in ease and pleasure than in the affairs of state; this notable patron of the arts left the administration of Saxony and Poland to his chief adviser, Heinrich von Brühl, who in turn left Polish administration chiefly to the powerful Czartoryski family.
Royal titles
Royal titles in
English translation: August III, by the grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia, Chernihiv, and also hereditary Duke of Saxony and Prince-Elector, etc.
Biography
Early life and education
Augustus was the only legitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, Prince-Elector of Saxony and ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth who belonged to the Albertine line of the House of Wettin. His mother was Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, daughter of Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Unlike his father, Christiane remained a fervent Protestant throughout her life and never set foot in Catholic Poland during her 30-year service as queen consort. Despite the pressure from Augustus II, she was never crowned at Wawel in Kraków and purely held a titular title of queen. This move was viewed by the Polish nobility as a provocation and from the beginning the prince was treated with prejudice in Poland.
From his early years, Augustus was groomed to succeed as king of Poland-Lithuania; best tutors were hired from across the continent and the prince studied Polish, German, French and Latin. He was taught Russian, but was unable to speak it fluently, as well as exact sciences including mathematics, chemistry and geography. He also practiced equestrianism in his youth. While his father spent time in Poland, the young Augustus was left in the care of his grandmother, Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark, who initially raised him Lutheran. This was particularly unfavourable for the Poles, who wouldn't accept or tolerate a Protestant monarch. As a consequence, troubled Augustus II organized a tour of Catholic countries in Europe for his son which he hoped would bring him closer to Catholicism and break the bond between him and his controlling grandmother. In Venice, the Polish entourage thwarted a kidnapping attempt organized by British agents of Queen Anne in order to prevent him from converting. He also witnessed the coronation of Charles VI in 1711 after the death of his brother and predecessor, Joseph I.
Augustus eventually converted to Roman Catholicism in November 1712 while extensively touring Italy, and its cultural and religious heritage. He was then under the supervision of the Jesuits, who certainly contributed to the cause. The public announcement of conversion in 1717 triggered discontent among the Protestant Saxon aristocracy. Faced with a hereditary Catholic succession for Saxony, Prussia and Hanover attempted to oust Saxony from the directorship of the Protestant body in the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire, but Saxony managed to retain the directorship.
On 26 September 1714, Augustus was warmly welcomed by Louis XIV of France at Versailles. Louis rejoiced when he heard that Augustus converted to Catholicism and permitted him to stay at the royal court and in Paris. The young prince participated in balls, masquerades and private parties that were hosted by the Sun King himself. During this time, Augustus improved his knowledge of the French language and learnt how to approach politics and diplomacy. In June 1715, he departed Versailles and travelled across France, visiting Bordeaux, Moissac, Toulouse, Carcassonne, Marseille and Lyon. Apart from sightseeing, the purpose of this trip was to understand how cities and villages function. Being brought up in great wealth, Augustus was not entirely aware of how extensive poverty and poor living conditions can be in the countryside.
Marriage and wedding
On 20 August 1719, Augustus married Maria Josepha of Austria in Vienna. She was the daughter of the deceased Emperor Joseph I and niece of Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire, whose coronation young Augustus attended. This marriage wasn't coincidental; Augustus II the Strong orchestrated it to maintain the might of the Saxons within the Holy Roman Empire. The alliance with Catholic Charles would prove fruitful in case of hostile or armed opposition from the Protestant states within the Empire. Ten days earlier, on 10 August 1719, Maria Josepha was forced to renounce her claim to the throne of Austria in favour of her uncle's daughter, Maria Theresa. In accordance with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 issued by Charles, a female heir or the eldest daughter would be permitted to inherit the throne of Austria. Augustus II also hoped to place Saxony in a better position should there arise a war of succession to the Austrian territories.
The wedding celebration in Dresden was one of the most splendorous and expensive of the Baroque era in Europe. Over 800 guests were invited for a 2-week celebration. The main banquet was held in a chamber that was transformed into an artificial silver mine to astound the invitees. Apart from exotic dishes, over 500 deer were brought in from the Białowieża Forest for the feast. Approximately 4 million thalers were spent for this occasion.
Succession
Augustus II died suddenly on 1 February 1733, following a Sejm (Polish parliament) session in Warsaw. Augustus III inherited the Saxon electorate without any problems, but his election to the Polish throne was much more complicated. Shortly before the ailing king died, Prussia, Austria and Russia signed a pact known as the Treaty of the Three Black Eagles, which would prevent Augustus III and Stanisław Leszczyński from inheriting the Polish throne. The royal elections in Poland and the elective monarchy, in general, weakened the country and allowed other powers to meddle in Polish affairs. The neighbouring countries that signed the treaty preferred a neutral monarch like Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém, brother of John V of Portugal, or any living relative of the Piast dynasty. The agreement had provisions for all three powers to agree that it was in their best interest that their common neighbour, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not undertake any reforms that might strengthen it and trigger expansionism. The new king would also have to maintain friendly relations with these countries.
The treaty quickly became ineffective as Prussia began to support Leszczyński and allowed him safe passage from France to Poland through German lands. As a result, Austria and Russia signed on 19 August 1733 the Löwenwolde's Treaty, named after Karl Gustav von Löwenwolde. The terms of Löwenwolde's Treaty were direct; Russia opted for a quid pro quo – they would provide troops to ensure Augustus III is elected king and in turn, Augustus would recognise Anna Ivanovna as Empress of Russia, thus relinquishing Polish claims to Livonia and Courland. Austria received a promise that as king, Augustus would both renounce any claim to the Austrian succession and continue respecting the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.
War of the Polish Succession
Augustus on his candidacy to the Polish throne was opposed by Stanisław I Leszczyński (Stanislaus I), who had usurped the throne with Swedish support during the Great Northern War. Reigning from 1706 until 1709, Stanisław was overthrown after the Swedish defeat at Poltava. Returning from exile in 1733 with the support of Louis XV of France and Spain, Stanisław sparked the War of the Polish Succession.
Throughout the spring and summer of 1733, France began mobilizing and stationing forces along its northern and eastern borders, while Austria massed troops on the Polish frontier, reducing garrisons in the Duchy of Milan for the purpose. Prince Eugene of Savoy recommended to the emperor a more warlike posture against its longtime rival, France. He suggested that the Rhine valley and northern Italy should be strengthened with more troops, however only minimal steps were taken to improve imperial defences on the Rhine. In July 1733, Augustus agreed to Austria's and Russia's terms per Löwenwolde's Treaty. During the election sejm in August, Russian troops counting 30,000 men under the command of Peter Lacy entered Poland to secure Augustus' succession. The election was de jure won by Stanisław, with 12,000 votes. Augustus received 3,000, however, he had the support of Poland's influential, wealthiest and most corrupt magnates, such as Michael Servacy Wiśniowiecki.
The Franco-Spanish coalition declared war on Austria and Saxony on 10 October. The Italian states of Savoy-Sardinia and Parma also joined the struggle against Austrian rule in northern Italy. Most of the battles took place outside of Poland and the main focus of the war was personal interests and demonstration of superiority. The Russian-Saxon forces chased Stanisław until he was besieged at Gdańsk (Danzig) on 22 February 1734. In June, when the garrisons at Gdańsk surrendered, Stanisław fled to Königsberg and then back to France. The Pacification Sejm in 1736 de facto confirmed Augustus III as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
To this day, the aphorism and phrase od Sasa do Lasa (lit. from the Saxon to Leszczyński) exists in the Polish language and is used when describing two completely opposite things in everyday life.
Reign and diplomacy
Poland
As King, Augustus was uninterested in the affairs of his Polish–Lithuanian dominion, focusing instead on hunting, the opera, and the collection of artwork at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. He spent less than three years of his thirty-year reign in Poland, where political feuding between the House of Czartoryski and the Potocki paralyzed the Sejm (Liberum veto), fostering internal political anarchy and weakening the Commonwealth. Augustus delegated most of his powers and responsibilities in the Commonwealth to Heinrich von Brühl, who served in effect as the viceroy of Poland. Brühl in turn left the politics in Poland to the most powerful magnates and nobles, which resulted in widespread corruption. Under Augustus, Poland was not involved in any major conflicts which further lessened its position in Europe and allowed the neighbouring countries to take advantage of the disorder. Any opposition was violently crushed by Brühl, who used either Saxon or Russian forces that permanently stationed in the country.
Brühl was a skillful diplomat and strategist; Augustus could only be reached through him if an important political feud arose. He was also the head of the Saxon court in Dresden and was fond of collectibles, such as gadgets, jewellery and Meissen porcelain, the most famous being the Swan Service composed of 2,200 individual pieces made between 1737 and 1741. It has been described as possibly "the finest table service ever produced" and part of it are exhibited at the National Museum in Warsaw. He also owned the largest collections of watches, vests, wigs and hats in Europe, though this cannot be accurately assessed. Brühl was depicted by his rivals as a nouveau-riche materialist, who used his wealth to gain support. His lavish spending was immortalized by Augustus' reported question to the viceroy "Brühl, do I have money?"
By 1748 Augustus III completed extending the Saxon Palace in Warsaw and made significant contributions in remodelling the Royal Castle. In 1750, von Brühl purchased a residence adjacent to the larger Saxon Palace and transformed it into a rococo masterpiece, which later became known as the Brühl Palace. Both buildings were completely destroyed by the Nazis during World War II.
War of the Austrian Succession
With the marriage to the Austrian princess Maria Josepha, Augustus was bound to accept the succession of her cousin, Maria Theresa, as Holy Roman Empress. Saxony mediated between the friendly French faction and the Habsburg faction of Maria Theresa. Between 1741 and 1742 Saxony was allied with France, but changed sides with the help of Austrian diplomats.
In the first days of December 1740, the Prussians assembled along the Oder river and on 16 December, Frederick invaded Silesia without a formal declaration of war. The Austrian troops which then stationed in Silesia were poorly supplied and outnumbered as the Habsburgs concentrated their supreme force on Hungary and Italy. They held onto the fortresses of Glogau, Breslau, and Brieg, but abandoned the rest of the region and withdrew into Moravia. This campaign gave Prussia control of most of the richest provinces in the Habsburg Empire, with the commercial centre of Breslau as well as mining, weaving and dyeing industries. Silesia was also rich in natural resources such as coal, chalk, copper and gold.
Saxony joined Austria in the Second Silesian War, which erupted after Prussia proclaimed to keep Charles VII as Holy Roman Emperor and invaded Bohemia on 15 August 1744. The true cause behind the invasion was Frederick's personal expansionist ideas and goals. On 8 January 1745, the Treaty of Warsaw united Great Britain, the Habsburg Monarchy, the Dutch Republic and Saxony into what became known as the "Quadruple Alliance", which was aimed at securing the Austrian throne for Maria Theresa. Soon-after Charles VII died of gout in Munich, which weakened the Prussians. However, Prussia still maintained military superiority; the successful battles of Hennersdorf and Kesselsdorf opened the way to Dresden, which Frederick occupied on 18 December. The Treaty of Dresden was eventually completed on Christmas Day (25 December) and Saxony was obliged to pay one million rixdollars in reparations to the Prussian state. The treaty ended the Second Silesian War with a status quo ante bellum.
Maria Theresa was finally recognized as Empress with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, which proved a Pyrrhic victory for Augustus III, however, the conflict nearly bankrupted Saxony. Meanwhile, the affairs in Poland remained highly neglected.
Seven Years' War
The Electorate of Saxony was involved in the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763. The Saxons were allied with Austria and Russia against Frederick the Great of Prussia, who saw Saxony as another potential field for expansion. Saxony was then merely a buffer zone between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia as well as Silesia, which Frederick attempted to annex in their entirety. Moreover, Saxony and Poland were separated by a strip of land in Silesia and Lusatia which made the movement of troops even more difficult. Frederick's plans also entailed annexing Duchy of Hanover, but joining France would trigger an Austro-Russian attack and occupation. On 29 August 1756, the Prussian army preemptively invaded Saxony, beginning the Third Silesian War, a theatre of the Seven Years' War. Saxony was bled dry and exploited at the maximum extent to support Prussia's war effort. The Treaty of Hubertusburg signed on 15 February 1763 ended the conflict with Frederick's victory and Saxony renounced its claim to Silesia.
Death
In April 1763, Augustus returned ill and frail from Poland to Dresden with his closest advisors, leaving Primate Władysław Aleksander Łubieński behind to take care of the affairs in the Commonwealth. He died suddenly on 5 October 1763 in Dresden from apoplexy (stroke). Unlike his father who rests at Wawel in Kraków, Augustus III was buried at Dresden Cathedral and remains one of the few Polish monarchs who were buried outside of Poland.
Augustus's eldest surviving son, Frederick Christian of Saxony, succeeded his father as Elector but died two and a half months later.
In the Commonwealth, on September 7, 1764, with the small participation of the szlachta initiated by the Czartoryski's and the strong support of Russia, Stanisław August Poniatowski was elected king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Reigning under the name Stanisław II Augustus, Poniatowski was the son of the elder Stanisław Poniatowski, a powerful Polish noble and a onetime agent of Stanisław I; in youth he was a lover of Catherine II of Russia and as such enjoyed strong support from that Empress's court.
Legacy
Patron of arts
Augustus III was a great patron of the arts and architecture. During his reign the Baroque Catholic Church of the Royal Court in Dresden (present-day Dresden Cathedral) was built, in which he was later buried as one of the few Polish kings buried outside the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. He greatly expanded the Dresden art gallery, to the extent that in 1747 it was placed in a new location at the present-day Johanneum, where it remained until 1855 when it was moved to the newly built Semper Gallery. In 1748 he founded the Opera House (Operalnia) in Warsaw and the Collegium medico-chirurgicum, the first medical school in Dresden. During his reign, the extension of the Saxon Palace in Warsaw, begun by his father Augustus II, was completed, and the reconstruction of the eastern façade of the Royal Castle was ordered, thus creating the so-called Saxon Facade, an iconic part of the Vistula panorama of the Warsaw Old Town.
In 1733, the composer Johann Sebastian Bach dedicated the Kyrie–Gloria Mass in B minor, (early version), to Augustus in honor of his succession to the Saxon electorate, with the hope of appointment as Court Composer, a title Bach received three years later. Bach's title of Koeniglicher Pohlnischer Hoff Compositeur (Royal Polish Court Composer, and court composer to the Elector of Saxony) is engraved on the title page of Bach's famous Goldberg Variations. Augustus III was also the patron of composer Johann Adolph Hasse, who was granted the title of the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Kapellmeister by his father, Augustus II, in 1731, and thanks to Augustus III the same title was obtained in 1716 by composer Johann David Heinichen.
Personal life and criticism
In 1732, a French priest named Gabriel Piotr Baudouin founded the first orphanage in Poland, situated in Warsaw's Old Town. The facility was later moved to the nearby Warecki Square (now Warsaw Uprising Square), and in 1768 Augustus III decreed that the new institution be called Szpital Generalny Dzieciątka Jezus (The General Hospital of Infant Jesus). The newly established hospital expanded its operations into treating not only orphans but also the sick and the poor. Augustus remained a charitable man throughout his life and donated to the hospital. His successor, Stanisław Augustus, also contributed to the cause.
Despite his charitable manner, Augustus was viewed in Poland as an impotent monarch, obese, plump, ugly and lazy sybarite with no interest in the affairs of the state. Such harsh critique and opinion continues to this day. On the other hand, historian Jacek Staszewski was able to find a description of Augustus' character in the Dresden archives in the late 1980s; he was considered an honest and affectionate man, who was widely respected during his reign by both the Saxons and the Poles. In his personal life, Augustus was a devoted husband to Maria Josepha, with whom he had sixteen children. Unlike his father who was a notorious womanizer, he was never unfaithful and enjoyed spending time with his spouse, uncommon among the royalty in those days. He also favoured hunting.
Depictions
Augustus III was portrayed by Ernst Dernburg in the 1941 film Friedemann Bach.
Issue
On 20 August 1719, Augustus married Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria, the eldest child of Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor. They had sixteen children, but only fourteen or fifteen are recognized by historians:
Frederick Augustus Franz Xavier (born Dresden, 18 November 1720 – died Dresden, 22 January 1721)
Joseph Augustus Wilhelm Frederick Franz Xavier Johann Nepomuk (born Pillnitz, 24 October 1721 – died Dresden, 14 March 1728)
Frederick Christian Leopold Johann Georg Franz Xavier (born Dresden, 5 September 1722 – died Dresden, 17 December 1763), successor to his father as Elector of Saxony
Unknown stillborn daughter (Dresden, 23 June 1723)
Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga (born Dresden, 24 November 1724 – died Buen Retiro, 27 September 1760); married on 19 June 1738 to Charles VII, King of Naples, later King Charles III of Spain
Maria Margaretha Franziska Xaveria (born Dresden, 13 September 1727 – died Dresden, 1 February 1734), died in childhood.
Maria Anna Sophie Sabina Angela Franziska Xaveria (born Dresden, 29 August 1728 – died Munich, 17 February 1797); married on 9 August 1747 to Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria
Unknown child (1729–1730)
Franz Xavier Albert August Ludwig Benno (born Dresden, 25 August 1730 – died Dresden, 21 June 1806), Regent of Saxony (1763–1768)
Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria (born Dresden, 4 November 1731 – died Versailles, 13 March 1767); married on 9 February 1747 to Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765), son of Louis XV of France (she was the mother of Kings Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X) of France
Karl Christian Joseph Ignaz Eugen Franz Xavier (born Dresden, 13 July 1733 – died Dresden, 16 June 1796), Duke of Courland and Zemgale (1758–1763)
Maria Christina Anna Teresia Salomea Eulalia Franziska Xaveria (born Warsaw, 12 February 1735 – died Brumath, 19 November 1782), Princess-Abbess of Remiremont
Maria Elisabeth Apollonia Casimira Francisca Xaveria (born Warsaw, 9 February 1736 – died Dresden, 24 December 1818), died unmarried
Albert Kasimir August Ignaz Pius Franz Xavier (born Moritzburg, near Dresden, 11 July 1738 – died Vienna, 10 February 1822), Duke of Teschen and Governor of the Austrian Netherlands (1781–1793)
Clemens Wenceslaus August Hubertus Franz Xavier (born Schloss Hubertusburg, Wermsdorf, 28 September 1739 – died Marktoberdorf, Allgäu, 27 July 1812), Archbishop of Trier
Maria Kunigunde Dorothea Hedwig Franziska Xaveria Florentina (born Warsaw, 10 November 1740 – died Dresden, 8 April 1826), Princess-Abbess of Thorn and Essen
Gallery
Ancestry
See also
History of Saxony
History of Poland (1569–1795)
Rulers of Saxony
List of Lithuanian rulers
Dresden Castle – Residence of Augustus III
Notes and references
External links
.
1696 births
1763 deaths
18th-century Polish monarchs
Electoral Princes of Saxony
Nobility from Dresden
Prince-electors of Saxony
Grand Dukes of Lithuania
Imperial vicars
House of Wettin
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism
Polish Roman Catholics
Burials at Dresden Cathedral
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Polish military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession
Polish people of German descent
People of the Silesian Wars
Albertine branch
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) | [
-0.7853104472160339,
-0.06805238872766495,
0.3362720012664795,
0.7008236646652222,
-0.49363431334495544,
0.48503801226615906,
1.0281647443771362,
-0.15478093922138214,
-0.3263187110424042,
-0.5211635828018188,
-0.07079121470451355,
-0.5656123161315918,
-0.28375646471977234,
0.6565564274787903,
-0.46643465757369995,
0.38056761026382446,
0.22214697301387787,
0.058626458048820496,
-0.27343082427978516,
-0.2602007985115051,
0.12236297875642776,
0.08338369429111481,
0.3556053638458252,
-0.016863476485013962,
-0.007288923487067223,
0.07968145608901978,
0.37905365228652954,
-0.24673527479171753,
-0.20233972370624542,
0.26807233691215515,
-0.06639803946018219,
0.4841536581516266,
-0.40087640285491943,
-0.31624168157577515,
-0.6009021401405334,
-0.44223490357398987,
-0.13969841599464417,
-0.13920630514621735,
0.13161756098270416,
-0.5023847818374634,
-0.2978753447532654,
0.022649703547358513,
0.38473600149154663,
-0.10007703304290771,
0.059710681438446045,
-0.9504197239875793,
-1.3306269645690918,
0.10001590847969055,
-0.3277565836906433,
-0.8242801427841187,
0.32453927397727966,
0.32032063603401184,
-0.17873471975326538,
0.5691928863525391,
0.03483683615922928,
-0.575458288192749,
-1.2413874864578247,
-0.17535020411014557,
0.12245149165391922,
0.37625545263290405,
0.671139121055603,
0.23262983560562134,
0.15684150159358978,
0.062250979244709015,
0.5096216201782227,
-0.2449408918619156,
0.30982011556625366,
0.4051191508769989,
-0.4141882658004761,
-0.590019166469574,
-0.2911187708377838,
0.18619729578495026,
0.04993516206741333,
-0.35052892565727234,
0.3915455639362335,
-1.190332293510437,
-0.3225754499435425,
0.34388023614883423,
0.8428105115890503,
0.11429865658283234,
0.0698884129524231,
-0.5406709909439087,
0.7265748977661133,
0.4325066804885864,
0.5045188665390015,
0.11700921505689621,
0.3098287284374237,
0.05872531235218048,
-0.6038807034492493,
-0.3224277198314667,
-0.21477879583835602,
0.5515815615653992,
0.8622154593467712,
-0.3657107651233673,
-0.4394494593143463,
-0.013216335326433182,
-0.058841168880462646,
0.1507120430469513,
-0.10414134711027145,
-0.21712718904018402,
0.0339871421456337,
0.1485365480184555,
0.31060662865638733,
-0.5133232474327087,
-0.5305315256118774,
-0.43605688214302063,
-0.11673931032419205,
0.5856883525848389,
-0.1842319369316101,
0.6268184185028076,
-0.5449121594429016,
0.09116427600383759,
-0.10280819982290268,
0.3032991588115692,
-0.2225244641304016,
0.32410764694213867,
0.0046784658916294575,
-1.0024546384811401,
0.047060687094926834,
0.5239613056182861,
-0.262673944234848,
0.5421200394630432,
-0.326678991317749,
0.5435663461685181,
0.2442878782749176,
-0.0823090672492981,
0.06817321479320526,
-0.09554371237754822,
-0.05196256935596466,
0.12974150478839874,
0.7325639724731445,
1.378103256225586,
0.03077939711511135,
-0.5631745457649231,
-0.13430121541023254,
0.029724176973104477,
0.16392453014850616,
-0.30954107642173767,
-0.7801996469497681,
-0.039476700127124786,
-0.5200501084327698,
-0.6656819581985474,
-0.12975847721099854,
0.6048042178153992,
-0.2986986041069031,
0.46903514862060547,
0.03321812301874161,
-0.3491934537887573,
0.03508111089468002,
0.05992579460144043,
0.1547095626592636,
0.2844776511192322,
-0.26972460746765137,
-0.5213034152984619,
-0.13079792261123657,
0.4075269401073456,
0.6447546482086182,
-0.02149309404194355,
0.4506491422653198,
0.2984367609024048,
-0.07895692437887192,
0.36880096793174744,
0.10594960302114487,
-0.24791531264781952,
0.44406822323799133,
-0.25783565640449524,
0.04128103703260422,
0.15307371318340302,
-0.6487777233123779,
-0.16254156827926636,
-0.5854717493057251,
0.3816267251968384,
-0.4420047998428345,
0.34921756386756897,
0.4426484704017639,
0.37582653760910034,
0.6509734988212585,
-0.4910567104816437,
0.5236003398895264,
-0.5582236051559448,
-0.27256423234939575,
0.007465661503374577,
0.008690816350281239,
0.15173374116420746,
0.10521616041660309,
0.566073477268219,
0.1316841095685959,
-0.048967890441417694,
0.2779793441295624,
-0.28697219491004944,
-0.034583937376737595,
-0.7406655550003052,
-0.2045150250196457,
-0.28220415115356445,
0.8855181336402893,
0.3064596652984619,
-0.7895574569702148,
0.39566150307655334,
0.14958010613918304,
0.7284760475158691,
-0.23237289488315582,
-0.7845249772071838,
0.09467357397079468,
0.22433128952980042,
0.3774738013744354,
0.40950724482536316,
-0.302109032869339,
-0.10649347305297852,
0.8785721063613892,
0.6020537614822388,
-0.22697991132736206,
-0.9554367661476135,
0.15914887189865112,
-0.14275963604450226,
-0.5208268761634827,
-0.10532641410827637,
-0.3145076334476471,
0.16309848427772522,
-0.08663415908813477,
0.12019255012273788,
0.46590420603752136,
-0.2795303463935852,
-0.3241966664791107,
0.3931266963481903,
-0.17350837588310242,
0.638507604598999,
-0.1476820707321167,
0.2679087817668915,
-0.5431075692176819,
-0.4814281165599823,
-0.46252408623695374,
0.1388263702392578,
0.045535072684288025,
0.0107880849391222,
0.16119390726089478,
-0.07417047768831253,
-0.3085493743419647,
-0.30341431498527527,
-0.036119863390922546,
-0.2385898381471634,
0.6646704077720642,
0.4995034635066986,
0.14285770058631897,
0.3416493237018585,
0.2947966754436493,
1.0865048170089722,
-0.28808853030204773,
-0.3808560073375702,
-1.113988995552063,
-0.05607970803976059,
-0.5537968277931213,
0.43488049507141113,
-0.48057007789611816,
-0.05226139724254608,
0.4501284658908844,
-0.26951196789741516,
0.15585406124591827,
-0.32189837098121643,
-0.259487509727478,
0.7029649615287781,
0.18162274360656738,
-0.24256698787212372,
-0.034519921988248825,
0.17789584398269653,
0.15893661975860596,
0.2869608402252197,
0.2659672200679779,
0.34489136934280396,
0.3031842112541199,
0.19784286618232727,
0.06888478994369507,
-0.6579447388648987,
-0.4504365622997284,
-0.31407418847084045,
0.23233649134635925,
-1.0340659618377686,
-0.302455335855484,
0.393863320350647,
-0.436821311712265,
-0.7595643401145935,
-0.09901736676692963,
0.562953531742096,
-0.3834892213344574,
-0.16366037726402283,
-0.24981826543807983,
-0.19111840426921844,
0.36578503251075745,
-0.25363394618034363,
-0.15905162692070007,
-0.1251610815525055,
-0.12504984438419342,
0.3442468047142029,
-0.46540939807891846,
0.05938536301255226,
-0.38634198904037476,
1.0312635898590088,
-0.3485787808895111,
-0.412209153175354,
0.41918087005615234,
-0.018501251935958862,
-1.0835990905761719,
-0.058438193053007126,
-0.12787233293056488,
0.2744576632976532,
0.7588551044464111,
-0.4649098515510559,
0.08673275262117386,
0.35356268286705017,
-5.462219715118408,
0.026112869381904602,
-0.04596323147416115,
0.10783793777227402,
0.41160792112350464,
0.5519258379936218,
0.5891318321228027,
0.35095053911209106,
0.23587392270565033,
-0.09249011427164078,
0.968569815158844,
0.2569878101348877,
0.01728035882115364,
0.8457984328269958,
0.471507728099823,
0.25904449820518494,
0.6973589062690735,
-0.24662454426288605,
0.06671896576881409,
-0.046394046396017075,
-0.10658916085958481,
-0.1193312257528305,
0.01666923798620701,
0.3729035556316376,
0.48867395520210266,
-0.1026763916015625,
0.34933850169181824,
0.21345634758472443,
-0.7064588069915771,
-0.6864672303199768,
-0.21150970458984375,
-0.33274173736572266,
0.339201420545578,
-0.19371306896209717,
-0.07990957051515579,
-0.4225020408630371,
0.3073747754096985,
1.097815990447998,
-0.3959532678127289,
0.2769533693790436,
0.2704448997974396,
-0.04252253845334053,
-0.6543520092964172,
0.17087145149707794,
0.000981279881671071,
-0.5740405917167664,
-0.23847293853759766,
0.8448606729507446,
-0.4903251528739929,
0.44780316948890686,
0.18902617692947388,
0.05085393786430359,
0.05113421007990837,
-0.2536988854408264,
0.22582246363162994,
0.4628218710422516,
-0.5082481503486633,
0.7349979281425476,
-0.6656180024147034,
0.6626838445663452,
0.47156795859336853,
-0.17105858027935028,
0.22260862588882446,
-0.07529309391975403,
0.33910730481147766,
-0.05370783433318138,
-0.5248574614524841,
0.23430778086185455,
0.3445527255535126,
0.04387897998094559,
-0.06801614910364151,
0.07678569108247757,
0.0043364777229726315,
-0.7818595767021179,
0.39578017592430115,
-0.6318290829658508,
-0.18199968338012695,
-0.230264350771904,
-0.3993987441062927,
0.27154675126075745,
-0.22908461093902588,
-0.28201553225517273,
-0.25969505310058594,
0.998369038105011,
0.7979875206947327,
0.76175856590271,
0.039046432822942734,
-0.1369399130344391,
-0.015701983124017715,
-0.09697768837213516,
0.07033759355545044,
-0.6808261871337891,
-0.17547205090522766,
-0.1378934383392334,
-0.13196060061454773,
0.037137992680072784,
-0.6259998679161072,
-0.19882024824619293,
-0.3365183472633362,
0.2075319141149521,
-0.1695801168680191,
-0.010022453963756561,
0.1350145787000656,
-0.5900194644927979,
0.9652325510978699,
-0.05920204892754555,
0.47734978795051575,
0.15043891966342926,
0.7584875822067261,
0.060871534049510956,
0.08300386369228363,
0.4371923804283142,
-0.3446558117866516,
-1.0919512510299683,
0.7535660266876221,
-0.6009247303009033,
-0.02544069103896618,
0.33030906319618225,
-0.04037827253341675,
0.152898907661438,
-0.30098387598991394,
0.11675391346216202,
-0.1770400106906891,
-0.20659053325653076,
-0.2533165514469147,
0.012104962952435017,
-0.08086631447076797,
0.11041563749313354,
-0.3490385413169861,
-0.27262163162231445,
0.2100507766008377,
0.49492162466049194,
0.21494437754154205,
0.391745924949646,
0.3391322195529938,
0.002454496920108795,
0.10417836159467697,
-0.9065945744514465,
-0.028075193986296654,
-0.17758482694625854,
-0.6869158744812012,
-0.4397652745246887,
-0.3395361006259918,
0.30841147899627686,
-0.2060859352350235,
0.40343227982521057,
0.2500259578227997,
0.16193516552448273,
-0.1522464007139206,
0.9200989603996277,
-0.06950408220291138,
0.38891923427581787,
0.8159883618354797,
0.6123511791229248,
-0.3841390013694763,
0.5356873273849487,
0.38199108839035034,
-0.07112769037485123,
0.716657817363739,
-0.23034237325191498,
-0.3324849307537079,
-0.30419883131980896,
-0.489507794380188,
-0.4476894736289978,
0.3148960471153259,
0.26104792952537537,
-1.1967878341674805,
-0.34536024928092957,
0.4064316749572754,
0.6542291641235352,
0.49363023042678833,
-0.4022379517555237,
-0.5582135915756226,
-0.17799575626850128,
-0.16568124294281006,
0.01411142572760582,
-0.27232620120048523,
0.31349414587020874,
-0.327998548746109,
-0.0824379101395607,
0.47650718688964844,
0.26364588737487793,
-0.6724870204925537,
-0.0013622327242046595,
0.01647074893116951,
0.20990917086601257,
0.18441347777843475,
-0.2639461159706116,
0.25293758511543274,
0.10760212689638138,
-0.15655207633972168,
-0.5122341513633728,
-0.04026506468653679,
0.23703095316886902,
-0.14340953528881073,
-0.4765085279941559,
0.4220234751701355,
0.6744245886802673,
0.08350913971662521,
-0.13324370980262756,
-0.06304748356342316,
0.2980988025665283,
-0.3105676472187042,
-0.44051986932754517,
-0.1535210907459259,
-0.8291440606117249,
0.4452804625034332,
0.19484978914260864,
0.4952927827835083,
0.20442470908164978,
-0.1415947526693344,
-0.3792424201965332,
-0.3114970326423645,
0.7023630738258362,
-0.1733083426952362,
0.0705728530883789,
0.41355717182159424,
-0.5982427000999451,
0.0777808278799057,
-0.7891682982444763,
-0.4407069981098175,
0.534142792224884,
-0.8052301406860352,
-0.24362601339817047,
-0.4713883697986603,
-0.11762259155511856,
0.3254622220993042,
0.10665672272443771,
0.2999761402606964,
-0.26032528281211853,
0.503435492515564,
-0.2284116894006729,
-0.10480653494596481,
0.3706604242324829,
-0.6015247106552124,
-0.2289927750825882,
0.5673904418945312,
-0.02083389088511467,
-0.20731443166732788,
0.3517357409000397,
0.8579682111740112,
0.8852864503860474,
0.20228466391563416,
-0.006147758569568396,
1.1660338640213013,
-0.67208331823349,
0.07026054710149765,
0.3756535053253174,
-0.12894487380981445,
0.028891492635011673,
-0.4152807891368866,
-0.5139251947402954,
-0.8038298487663269,
-0.43487200140953064,
1.191136121749878,
-0.4918079674243927,
0.16308149695396423,
0.08596920222043991,
0.015125419944524765,
0.14436204731464386,
-0.8023303747177124,
0.4424009323120117,
0.12020981311798096,
-0.04044260457158089,
-0.11258596181869507,
0.17003369331359863,
-0.17992445826530457,
0.3933967649936676,
-0.38859790563583374,
-0.4925961494445801,
-0.111905038356781,
-0.7288262248039246,
-0.27512091398239136,
-0.3038693368434906,
-0.44460824131965637,
0.045866284519433975,
-0.08401384949684143,
-0.47550445795059204,
0.019994888454675674,
-0.1925523430109024,
-0.7969176173210144,
-0.10716254264116287,
-0.3504120111465454,
-0.4332713782787323,
-0.6041552424430847,
-0.5733197331428528,
-0.32556164264678955,
0.003234138246625662,
0.03626461327075958,
0.43916448950767517,
-0.7149584293365479,
-0.049283094704151154,
-0.16530828177928925,
0.24002493917942047,
0.15948577225208282,
0.08505600690841675,
-0.04070362448692322,
0.45771199464797974,
0.18104644119739532,
0.10060110688209534,
-0.39742040634155273,
0.6282904148101807,
0.028609082102775574,
0.13671474158763885,
0.39927953481674194,
0.5875528454780579,
-0.012314466759562492,
-0.20140117406845093,
-0.02623647078871727,
0.29805856943130493,
0.9750248789787292,
-0.2277705818414688,
0.2888281047344208,
-0.1791398823261261,
-0.88120436668396,
0.0822397843003273,
0.5777797102928162,
0.009532543830573559,
-0.23199865221977234,
-0.45846131443977356,
0.562766969203949,
0.16623587906360626,
0.6347070336341858,
-0.06531644612550735,
0.07267346233129501,
0.38466426730155945,
-0.08349445462226868,
0.04799697548151016,
-0.23128916323184967,
-0.2558647394180298,
0.03400268778204918,
0.17575238645076752,
-0.9926297068595886,
0.46650582551956177,
-0.21586543321609497,
0.2351638376712799,
0.35397011041641235,
-0.04790443554520607,
0.008338485844433308,
0.5359950065612793,
0.2341431826353073,
0.7707350254058838,
-0.683869481086731,
0.35881146788597107,
0.05105740949511528,
0.1524975448846817,
-0.43582218885421753,
-0.02877911739051342,
0.22251039743423462,
-0.31879714131355286,
0.3207870125770569,
-0.17167115211486816,
-0.1089390218257904,
-1.1847505569458008,
0.7465227842330933,
0.21096016466617584,
0.5455681085586548,
-0.4147528409957886,
-0.401155024766922,
-0.4846940040588379,
-0.0051226322539150715,
-0.867625892162323,
0.9584670662879944,
-0.052180834114551544,
0.040518250316381454,
0.1080702692270279,
0.2582147419452667,
-0.1966528445482254,
0.18987397849559784,
-0.8325035572052002,
0.3591822385787964,
-0.7965700030326843,
0.009877566248178482,
0.09241773933172226,
0.33609890937805176,
0.36145609617233276,
0.2015388160943985,
-0.2826811671257019,
0.2953677773475647,
-0.2147386521100998,
-0.4285600185394287,
-0.17089100182056427,
-0.06623774021863937,
-0.6049166917800903,
-0.13034528493881226,
0.2616824209690094,
0.048343226313591,
-0.1821870356798172,
-0.07957745343446732,
-0.11412560939788818,
-0.10926322638988495,
-0.38490599393844604,
0.5078731179237366,
0.2979297637939453,
-0.7328460812568665,
-0.3920840322971344,
-0.3620404303073883,
0.5464732050895691,
-0.13953429460525513,
0.11145950853824615,
0.16211917996406555,
0.10068463534116745,
0.050784166902303696,
-0.0376543253660202,
-0.21786382794380188,
0.7875453233718872,
-0.2518928349018097,
-0.34322938323020935,
-0.4112320840358734,
0.3200351893901825,
-0.3195175230503082,
0.042669665068387985,
-0.3493320643901825,
-0.14337053894996643,
-0.1749289184808731,
0.02779015339910984,
0.8159599304199219,
-0.35000863671302795,
-0.17554911971092224,
-0.13044245541095734,
-0.001819525146856904,
-0.48763900995254517,
0.6930494904518127,
0.12817560136318207,
-0.10102959722280502,
0.10832580924034119,
0.4070878028869629,
0.5499769449234009,
-0.5374276638031006,
0.16221269965171814,
-0.6070459485054016,
-0.02870991826057434,
0.2209743708372116,
-0.06105296313762665,
-0.688058614730835,
0.5150254964828491,
0.9062846302986145,
0.4987058639526367,
0.09436215460300446,
-1.047813892364502,
-0.10632635653018951,
0.3359423577785492,
0.9270609617233276,
0.4042706787586212,
0.27680036425590515,
-0.2580760419368744,
-0.4408278465270996,
-0.17398136854171753,
-0.3243708610534668,
0.2303025722503662,
0.29147323966026306,
0.4541918933391571,
0.8668144941329956,
-0.1849706619977951,
0.3729749023914337,
-0.39404889941215515,
-0.33065560460090637,
-0.5988262295722961,
0.015618826262652874,
0.14958402514457703
] |
247727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Merle%20Shoemaker | Eugene Merle Shoemaker | Eugene Merle Shoemaker (April 28, 1928 – July 18, 1997) was an American geologist. He co-discovered Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with his wife Carolyn S. Shoemaker and David H. Levy. This comet hit Jupiter in July 1994: the impact was televised around the world. Shoemaker also studied terrestrial craters, such as Barringer Meteor Crater in Arizona, and along with Edward Chao provided the first conclusive evidence of its origin as an impact crater. He was also the first director of the United States Geological Survey's Astrogeology Research Program.
He was killed in a car accident while visiting an impact crater site in Australia. After his death, some of his ashes were carried to the Moon with the Lunar Prospector mission.
Early life and formal education
Shoemaker was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Muriel May (née Scott), a teacher; and George Estel Shoemaker, who worked in farming, business, teaching, and motion pictures. His parents were natives of Nebraska. During Gene's childhood they moved between Los Angeles, New York City, Buffalo, New York and Wyoming, as George worked on a variety of jobs. George hated living in big cities, and was quite satisfied to take a job as director of education for a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp in Wyoming. His wife soon found life in a remote cabin quite unsatisfactory. They compromised, when Muriel got a teaching job in Buffalo. She could teach in the Buffalo School of Practice of the State Teachers College at Buffalo during the school year while keeping Gene with her, then both would return to Wyoming during the summers. Gene's passion for studying rocks was ignited by the science education courses offered by the Buffalo Museum of Education. He enrolled in the School of Practice in the fourth grade, and began collecting samples of minerals. Within a year, he was also taking high-school-level evening courses. The family moved back to Los Angeles in 1942, where Gene enrolled in Fairfax High School at the age of thirteen. He completed high school in three years. During that time he also played violin in the school orchestra, excelled in gymnastics, and got a summer job as an apprentice lapidary.
Shoemaker enrolled in the Caltech in 1944, at the age of sixteen. His classmates were older, more mature and on a fast track to graduate before serving in World War II. Shoemaker thrived in the fast pace and earned his bachelor's degree in 1948, at age nineteen. He immediately undertook the study of Precambrian metamorphic rocks in northern New Mexico, earning his M.Sc. degree from Caltech in 1949.
Family
While Shoemaker was attending Caltech, his roommate was Richard Spellman, a young man from Chico, California. Although Shoemaker had already enrolled in a doctoral program at Princeton University, he returned to California to serve as best man at Richard's wedding in 1950. He met Richard's sister, Carolyn, for the first time on that occasion. Carolyn was born in Gallup, New Mexico, in 1929, but the Spellman family moved to Chico soon afterward. Carolyn earned degrees from Chico State College in history and political science. She never exhibited an interest in scientific subjects while growing up, and took one geology course in college, which she found boring. Nevertheless, the couple kept in touch while Shoemaker spent the next year in Princeton, followed by a two-week vacation touring the Colorado Plateau. She reportedly told others that listening to Shoemaker explain geology turned a boring subject into an exciting and interesting pursuit of knowledge. The couple married on August 17, 1951.
The Shoemakers had three children: two daughters and one son. Carolyn saw her work as keeping house and raising the children especially after they settled in Flagstaff in the 1960s. She had tried teaching school before they married, but found the work unsatisfying. She also traveled sometimes with Gene, but stopped after she noticed that her absence affected the children. After their children were grown, Carolyn wanted something meaningful to combat the "empty nest" feeling. By then, Gene suggested that she take up astronomy and join his team looking for asteroids approaching Earth. A student working at Lowell Observatory commenced teaching her astronomy. She showed great potential and launched her career as a planetary astronomer at age 51. She continued the work until her death in 2021.
Scientific contributions
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) hired Shoemaker in 1950, and he maintained an association with the organisation for the rest of his career. His first assignment was to search for uranium deposits in Utah and Colorado. His next mission was to study volcanic processes, since other investigators had already noticed that uranium deposits were often located in the vents of ancient volcanoes. This study led him to explore the Hopi Buttes of Northern Arizona, which happened to be near Meteor Crater.
Daniel Barringer, an entrepreneur and mining engineer who had discovered Meteor Crater in 1891, had postulated that it had been caused by the impact of a meteor. About the same time, G. K. Gilbert, the chief geologist of the USGS, examined the crater and announced that it had been created by an explosive venting of volcanic steam. A majority of scientists accepted Gilbert's explanation of the cause of the crater, and it remained the conventional wisdom until Shoemaker's investigations half a century later.
For his Ph.D. degree at Princeton (1960), under the guidance of Harry Hammond Hess, Shoemaker studied the impact dynamics of Barringer Meteor Crater. Shoemaker noted Meteor Crater had the same form and structure as two explosion craters created from atomic bomb tests at the Nevada Test Site, notably Jangle U in 1951 and Teapot Ess in 1955. In 1960, Edward C. T. Chao and Shoemaker identified shocked quartz (coesite) at Meteor Crater, proving the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures. They followed this discovery with the identification of coesite within suevite at Nördlinger Ries, proving its impact origin.
Astrogeology and Apollo
In 1960, Shoemaker directed a team at the USGS center in Menlo Park, California, to generate the first geologic map of the Moon using photographs taken by Francis G. Pease. Shoemaker also helped pioneer the field of astrogeology by founding the Astrogeology Research Program. He was prominently involved in the Lunar Ranger missions to the Moon, joining the television imaging team of Harold Urey and Gerard Kuiper, which turned into a preparatory mission for the future manned landing. Shoemaker was then chosen to be the principal investigator for the Surveyor program's television experiment, and then the lunar geology principal investigator for Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 13.
Shoemaker was also involved in the training of the American astronauts. He himself was a possible candidate for an Apollo Moon flight and was set to be the first geologist to walk on the Moon but was disqualified due to being diagnosed with Addison's disease, a disorder of the adrenal gland. Shoemaker would train astronauts during field trips to Meteor Crater and Sunset Crater near Flagstaff. He was a CBS News television commentator on the early Apollo missions, especially the Apollo 8 and Apollo 11 missions, appearing with Walter Cronkite during live coverage of those flights.
According to David H. Levy, just before the manned Moon landings,
He was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1965. Coming to Caltech in 1969, he started a systematic search for Earth orbit-crossing asteroids, which resulted in the discovery of several families of such asteroids, including the Apollo asteroids. Shoemaker advanced the idea that sudden geologic changes can arise from asteroid strikes and that asteroid strikes are common over geologic time periods. Previously, astroblemes were thought to be remnants of extinct volcanoes – even on the Moon.
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
In 1993, he co-discovered Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 using the 18-inch Schmidt camera at Palomar Observatory. This comet was unique in that it provided the first opportunity to observe the planetary impact of a comet. Shoemaker–Levy 9 collided with Jupiter in July 1994. The resulting impact caused a massive "scar" on the face of Jupiter.
Death
Shoemaker spent much of his later years searching for and finding several previously unnoticed or undiscovered impact craters around the world. He died on July 18, 1997, during one such expedition in a head-on car collision on the remote Tanami Track, a few hundred kilometers northwest of Alice Springs, Australia. Shoemaker's wife Carolyn was severely injured in the crash.
On July 31, 1999, some of his ashes were carried to the Moon by the Lunar Prospector space probe in a capsule designed by Carolyn Porco. Celestis, Inc. provided the service—at NASA's request—commercially, making Shoemaker's ashes the first private delivery to the lunar surface. Celestis is the memorial spaceflight company that flew the ashes of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry into space, as well as Star Trek actor James Doohan (“Scotty”), Mercury astronaut Gordon Cooper and hundreds of other people from around the world. Shoemaker is the only person whose remains have been placed on any celestial body outside Earth. The brass foil wrapping of Shoemaker's memorial capsule is inscribed with images of Comet Hale–Bopp ("the last comet that the Shoemakers observed together"), the Barringer Meteor Crater, and a quotation from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet reading
The fatal crash happened when Hale-Bopp was still visible to the naked eye, having passed perihelion and having moved into the southern celestial hemisphere.
Awards and tributes
Shoemaker received a large number of awards for his professional work. According to the obituary published by the USGS Astrogeology Science Center, these included:
Doctorate of Science, Arizona State College, Flagstaff, 1965.
John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao, 1965.
Arthur S. Flemming Award, 1966.
Doctorate of Science, Temple University, 1967.
NASA Medal for Scientific Achievement, 1967.
U.S. Department of the Interior Honor Award for Meritorious Service, 1973.
Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1980.
U.S. Department of the Interior Distinguished Service Award, 1980.
Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America, 1982.
G.K. Gilbert Award of the Geological Society of America, 1983.
Rieser Kulturpreis, co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao and Richard Dehm, 1983.
Honorary Doctorate of Science, University of Arizona, 1984.
Barringer Award of the Meteoritical Society, 1984.
Kuiper Prize of the American Astronomical Society, Division for Planetary Sciences, 1984.
Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society, 1985.
Distinguished Alumni Award of the California Institute of Technology, 1986.
Rittenhouse Medal of the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society, co-recipient with C.S. Shoemaker, 1988.
National Medal of Science, 1992.
Whipple Award, American Geophysical Union, 1993.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993.
AIAA Space Science Award, 1996.
NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, 1996.
William Bowie Medal, American Geophysical Union, 1996.
Special Award, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1997.
Shoemaker Award, Texas Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, awarded posthumously, 1997.
On July 24, 1997, a memorial for Shoemaker and Jurgen Rahe was presented in the U.S. House of Representatives by California representative George E. Brown, Jr. The memorial was published in the Congressional Record. The memorial credited Shoemaker with being either the discoverer or co-discoverer of 820 asteroids and comets during his career.
A ring-like topographic feature in Western Australia, an astrobleme previously named the "Teague ring" was renamed "Shoemaker Crater" in honor of Shoemaker. The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous space probe was renamed "NEAR Shoemaker" in his honor. It arrived at asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000, and landed on the asteroid after a year of orbital study. He was previously honored with the asteroid 2074 Shoemaker, discovered and named by his colleague, Eleanor F. Helin.
In their 2020 album, Human. :II: Nature., Finnish metal band Nightwish paid tribute to Shoemaker in the song "Shoemaker". Composer Tuomas Holopainen says he was inspired by his biography, which moved the entire band to tears.
List of discovered minor planets
Shoemaker is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the co-discovery of 183 minor planets between 1977 and 1994.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Asteroids: Deadly Impact National Geographic videos
USGS page about Shoemaker
NASA page about Shoemaker
1928 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American astronomers
20th-century American geologists
Discoverers of asteroids
Discoverers of comets
National Medal of Science laureates
Space burials
People from Los Angeles
Planetary scientists
California Institute of Technology alumni
Road incident deaths in the Northern Territory
People from Flagstaff, Arizona
United States Geological Survey personnel
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Barringer Medal winners | [
0.08579982072114944,
0.449862003326416,
-1.0090454816818237,
-0.05716370791196823,
0.23031146824359894,
0.5711663365364075,
0.6569897532463074,
0.16731776297092438,
0.040677741169929504,
-0.046216849237680435,
-0.1668538749217987,
0.7827510237693787,
-0.42608213424682617,
0.7378193736076355,
-0.3240131437778473,
0.296378493309021,
-0.6057183146476746,
-0.32494619488716125,
-0.24587993323802948,
0.24966512620449066,
-0.142487034201622,
-0.33608609437942505,
0.4904932975769043,
0.00713797053322196,
-0.6907650828361511,
0.2068123072385788,
-0.13350903987884521,
-0.2869388163089752,
0.36345577239990234,
0.30019518733024597,
-0.21503327786922455,
0.6366097331047058,
0.3869556188583374,
-0.21079464256763458,
-0.7339163422584534,
0.4379211366176605,
-0.4896378219127655,
-0.11436959356069565,
-0.12283910065889359,
0.14201022684574127,
0.26171353459358215,
0.25038594007492065,
-0.039735645055770874,
-0.24348115921020508,
-0.07265514135360718,
0.1779714673757553,
-2.2910265922546387,
-0.35352644324302673,
-0.6439061760902405,
-0.611436665058136,
-0.1571636199951172,
0.5888344049453735,
0.48934677243232727,
0.015909500420093536,
0.097292460501194,
0.4038635492324829,
-0.29108482599258423,
-0.06746670603752136,
0.24734853208065033,
0.08772673457860947,
0.5834888815879822,
-0.4318910837173462,
-0.13684651255607605,
-0.0681164488196373,
0.18849387764930725,
0.7893601655960083,
-0.362719863653183,
0.17285969853401184,
0.10062724351882935,
0.28524261713027954,
0.05912202596664429,
-0.03927137330174446,
0.5500766038894653,
0.4974205195903778,
0.41024357080459595,
0.1265307068824768,
0.28520214557647705,
-0.29171228408813477,
-0.24402688443660736,
0.012377345934510231,
-0.012146735563874245,
0.027036627754569054,
0.6626615524291992,
0.09406986832618713,
-0.28666093945503235,
0.09041228890419006,
-0.3116517663002014,
0.5627872347831726,
-0.5294285416603088,
0.7111510634422302,
-0.5367978811264038,
-0.4140385687351227,
0.3556026816368103,
-0.033043716102838516,
0.3510653078556061,
-0.1158701553940773,
0.29817435145378113,
0.2859278917312622,
-0.4321812689304352,
0.07758811116218567,
0.11352257430553436,
0.1974044144153595,
0.2928502559661865,
0.4542413651943207,
-0.1831112951040268,
-0.3373290002346039,
-0.21995079517364502,
-0.3905102610588074,
-0.37397462129592896,
-0.6804071664810181,
-0.7135009169578552,
0.5356285572052002,
-0.20351886749267578,
-0.01129240170121193,
0.03424694016575813,
0.7478895783424377,
0.21360760927200317,
-0.5593085289001465,
-0.4719526767730713,
-0.44695836305618286,
-0.2610543370246887,
0.3139793872833252,
-0.29576265811920166,
-0.22623439133167267,
-0.8405908346176147,
0.569429337978363,
0.10623816400766373,
0.1516736000776291,
-0.4232262969017029,
0.44251397252082825,
0.08854848146438599,
1.040799856185913,
0.06857660412788391,
-0.3172733187675476,
-0.15943902730941772,
-0.5387409925460815,
0.3262006342411041,
-0.29780369997024536,
-0.4506085515022278,
0.42357704043388367,
0.06179647147655487,
-0.07111292332410812,
-1.1225568056106567,
-0.17710192501544952,
0.5274839997291565,
-0.02901330031454563,
0.10279101878404617,
0.1491566151380539,
-0.20618291199207306,
0.6796935796737671,
-0.14377884566783905,
0.13165688514709473,
-0.009979788213968277,
-0.0138282161206007,
-0.2950819432735443,
0.5497491955757141,
-0.0605010986328125,
0.5395565629005432,
0.48092326521873474,
0.13515815138816833,
-0.20831070840358734,
0.14709888398647308,
0.2933340072631836,
0.2987241744995117,
0.3467146158218384,
-0.2832246422767639,
0.46596455574035645,
-0.5115554928779602,
-0.1737479269504547,
0.4342348873615265,
-0.12355336546897888,
-0.012191555462777615,
0.15658824145793915,
0.34096330404281616,
0.2027548998594284,
0.1993548423051834,
0.9042598009109497,
0.7785093188285828,
0.4967825412750244,
-0.36081933975219727,
-0.6157100796699524,
-0.6351942420005798,
0.15379077196121216,
0.21472351253032684,
0.35218778252601624,
-0.26010990142822266,
0.7554864883422852,
-0.12470461428165436,
0.5275980234146118,
-0.7056483626365662,
-0.19393832981586456,
-0.4605861306190491,
0.07708052545785904,
-0.0615403950214386,
0.9283238053321838,
0.09943123906850815,
-0.38829007744789124,
0.3012982904911041,
0.36852699518203735,
0.5159851908683777,
-0.1362449675798416,
-0.22465850412845612,
-0.2767307162284851,
-0.5147045850753784,
0.009563996456563473,
0.854317843914032,
0.4196060299873352,
-0.4692629277706146,
0.5236963629722595,
0.41652703285217285,
0.38674721121788025,
-0.4824506342411041,
0.24900111556053162,
0.5877848863601685,
-0.42307135462760925,
-0.600869357585907,
-0.584679901599884,
-0.02385454811155796,
0.31700557470321655,
-0.9373098611831665,
0.4295355975627899,
0.5062717199325562,
-0.1270281821489334,
0.35135433077812195,
0.473932147026062,
0.4268801808357239,
-0.2416941523551941,
0.20566454529762268,
0.20821291208267212,
-0.47334420680999756,
0.3267378807067871,
0.10092560946941376,
0.3898763954639435,
-0.6529039740562439,
0.6311379075050354,
0.20985335111618042,
-0.28262853622436523,
-0.4840729832649231,
0.062497880309820175,
-0.4215356111526489,
-0.038783829659223557,
0.2400343418121338,
-0.7500046491622925,
0.3718380331993103,
-0.07336916029453278,
0.1871510148048401,
0.46772301197052,
0.11505420506000519,
-0.9842551946640015,
0.06634236872196198,
-0.06179093196988106,
0.6804993152618408,
-0.07349618524312973,
0.03006751462817192,
-0.24929951131343842,
0.2256830334663391,
0.003207429777830839,
0.01922430656850338,
0.240438774228096,
0.026353666558861732,
0.45277974009513855,
-0.0817001610994339,
-0.09129972755908966,
0.13793709874153137,
-0.1333508938550949,
-0.27429407835006714,
-0.1906752586364746,
-0.4451795220375061,
-0.2667246460914612,
-0.26964667439460754,
0.31762418150901794,
-0.1664445400238037,
0.1137189269065857,
0.288194864988327,
0.054880183190107346,
0.05472474545240402,
-0.23277397453784943,
0.5930136442184448,
-0.9937539100646973,
-0.3815782964229584,
0.7693758010864258,
1.0404993295669556,
-0.14336936175823212,
0.2490369975566864,
-0.31365251541137695,
-0.3629377782344818,
-0.14452572166919708,
-0.04852568358182907,
0.34328538179397583,
-0.6858375072479248,
-0.568450927734375,
0.4847257435321808,
-0.2897736132144928,
0.04156939312815666,
-0.7462866902351379,
0.6554483771324158,
-0.3327694237232208,
-1.1841230392456055,
0.22680068016052246,
-0.06753305345773697,
-0.8908347487449646,
-0.1933344304561615,
-0.47541019320487976,
-0.07646511495113373,
0.1908148229122162,
0.3599657714366913,
-0.12875641882419586,
-0.43126973509788513,
-5.282759189605713,
0.09992970526218414,
-0.17103362083435059,
-0.5681537985801697,
-0.017112981528043747,
0.22808131575584412,
0.40845638513565063,
0.010175020433962345,
0.28136396408081055,
-0.3197476267814636,
0.11994931846857071,
-0.40819111466407776,
0.03925951197743416,
0.6929287910461426,
0.6837843656539917,
0.3462940752506256,
1.2935429811477661,
0.09483711421489716,
0.07672593742609024,
0.29010388255119324,
0.07433481514453888,
0.0921456515789032,
-0.337271124124527,
0.23314963281154633,
0.0032039007637649775,
0.39143723249435425,
-0.21820001304149628,
0.4859470725059509,
-0.397077739238739,
-0.2071141004562378,
0.5384153723716736,
-0.04366721212863922,
-0.5686905980110168,
-0.04155793786048889,
-0.15048575401306152,
0.012897959910333157,
0.587593138217926,
0.6839127540588379,
0.3717743158340454,
-0.1716209203004837,
0.03857148438692093,
-0.19762198626995087,
-1.2174975872039795,
-0.17145738005638123,
0.1369551122188568,
-0.3112872540950775,
-0.459310382604599,
0.1967734545469284,
-0.36967456340789795,
0.5698094964027405,
0.1311957985162735,
0.36900195479393005,
0.949627697467804,
-0.18946956098079681,
0.020897936075925827,
0.13265426456928253,
0.6515804529190063,
-0.23264740407466888,
-1.061838150024414,
0.24367447197437286,
0.3220575153827667,
-0.6811118125915527,
0.20289713144302368,
-0.4813268482685089,
-0.5084563493728638,
-0.6318724155426025,
-0.0542263388633728,
0.28177791833877563,
-0.11605029553174973,
-0.6035433411598206,
-0.02894778549671173,
1.0987459421157837,
-0.29853686690330505,
-1.106764793395996,
-0.32005056738853455,
-0.4902733564376831,
0.25900858640670776,
-0.27901798486709595,
-0.9705047011375427,
-0.06989852339029312,
-0.06128915399312973,
-0.27405405044555664,
0.30955395102500916,
1.291899561882019,
0.5213625431060791,
0.3636060953140259,
-0.10857796669006348,
0.39761483669281006,
-0.5910967588424683,
-0.4123893678188324,
-0.25566771626472473,
-0.00844041258096695,
0.3305197060108185,
0.2253645807504654,
0.18550600111484528,
0.07876028120517731,
0.055942878127098083,
0.036103010177612305,
0.716908872127533,
-0.300053209066391,
-0.4087744355201721,
-0.45148903131484985,
0.0432884655892849,
-0.5626516342163086,
-0.6419825553894043,
-0.7897354960441589,
0.13912291824817657,
0.22801563143730164,
0.6014488339424133,
0.032378021627664566,
-0.12947438657283783,
0.9158580303192139,
-0.32665547728538513,
-0.18597741425037384,
0.7760049700737,
0.14990125596523285,
0.2859189510345459,
0.06694948673248291,
0.5156680345535278,
0.2200174331665039,
-0.40443211793899536,
0.6715020537376404,
0.28340959548950195,
-0.6543483734130859,
0.5483231544494629,
-0.5765902400016785,
0.3562883734703064,
-0.3699091076850891,
-0.5571422576904297,
0.3543221950531006,
-0.1511467844247818,
0.9627581238746643,
0.04306899756193161,
0.4191996455192566,
-0.12464181333780289,
-0.11008303612470627,
-0.7948471903800964,
-0.23726142942905426,
-0.3315431773662567,
-0.06325769424438477,
0.13663432002067566,
-0.01712280511856079,
-0.18912988901138306,
0.3878073990345001,
0.4092138111591339,
0.18388621509075165,
0.23918212950229645,
0.08334842324256897,
-0.5646965503692627,
0.6202012300491333,
-0.16456584632396698,
-0.5666745901107788,
-0.3658474087715149,
-0.813433825969696,
0.1463576704263687,
0.39683812856674194,
-0.5062549710273743,
-0.1795073002576828,
-0.10042395442724228,
-0.1566033810377121,
0.25287526845932007,
0.170347198843956,
-1.045841097831726,
0.10221097618341446,
-0.15950162708759308,
0.31050288677215576,
-0.6009700298309326,
-0.15035337209701538,
-0.34370341897010803,
0.5723186135292053,
0.1576404869556427,
-0.6744188666343689,
-0.3461329936981201,
-0.16002388298511505,
0.23381754755973816,
0.29478561878204346,
0.08730540424585342,
-0.4132535755634308,
0.30522915720939636,
-0.5153519511222839,
0.43483951687812805,
0.07355009019374847,
-0.5842402577400208,
-0.07048657536506653,
0.03634590283036232,
-0.27935370802879333,
-0.37874504923820496,
-0.4459387958049774,
0.005090674851089716,
0.4276835024356842,
0.33485135436058044,
-0.10945696383714676,
0.2466064989566803,
0.7034862041473389,
0.15658201277256012,
-0.2332078367471695,
0.3073444068431854,
-0.04941046983003616,
-0.1507599949836731,
-0.6082557439804077,
0.05614985525608063,
-0.047252681106328964,
0.16442368924617767,
-0.2783547341823578,
0.14727213978767395,
-1.650647521018982,
-0.3081069886684418,
0.39880916476249695,
-0.7657337784767151,
0.4952353239059448,
-0.22603383660316467,
-0.2692452669143677,
-0.061274103820323944,
0.2780863046646118,
-0.17357805371284485,
0.049481648951768875,
0.7403388023376465,
0.3909645676612854,
-0.6335682272911072,
-0.45945772528648376,
-0.35742974281311035,
0.4272741675376892,
-0.055479347705841064,
-0.356899231672287,
-0.24756169319152832,
-0.4583011865615845,
0.041279297322034836,
0.35579949617385864,
0.5727939605712891,
-0.3634743392467499,
-0.10554268956184387,
-0.4347436726093292,
-0.16338664293289185,
-0.07585827261209488,
0.013426508754491806,
0.4052601456642151,
0.49873676896095276,
0.5700472593307495,
-0.2541329562664032,
-0.6001461148262024,
0.48211169242858887,
1.165838599205017,
0.535990297794342,
-0.23138900101184845,
-0.02498975582420826,
-0.13892778754234314,
0.47891750931739807,
-0.12371212989091873,
-0.08212190121412277,
0.6341034173965454,
0.6771198511123657,
0.08500209450721741,
-1.0344929695129395,
0.020031262189149857,
0.7977856993675232,
-0.3516586720943451,
-0.2254980206489563,
-0.3083266615867615,
0.4070282578468323,
0.05027427524328232,
0.0027868275064975023,
0.08210895955562592,
-0.09987109154462814,
0.10907896608114243,
0.16916489601135254,
-0.07751869410276413,
-0.28806477785110474,
0.15080049633979797,
0.686140775680542,
-0.63829505443573,
-0.23266401886940002,
-0.31437212228775024,
-0.8783225417137146,
0.2974831461906433,
-0.6048707365989685,
0.35573869943618774,
0.6022352576255798,
-0.7015776634216309,
-0.2147633582353592,
-0.3678947389125824,
-0.7385407090187073,
0.009721118956804276,
-0.13850462436676025,
-0.045534562319517136,
-0.2589645981788635,
-0.6593004465103149,
-0.2750176787376404,
-0.29450204968452454,
-0.6249233484268188,
-0.48372742533683777,
-0.7093912363052368,
0.10728428512811661,
-0.7651832103729248,
-0.31512558460235596,
0.09332434087991714,
-0.06905831396579742,
0.08506252616643906,
1.039908766746521,
-0.2768127918243408,
0.30403757095336914,
-0.2070246785879135,
0.8217814564704895,
0.4418814778327942,
-0.25167346000671387,
0.46020594239234924,
-0.5916817784309387,
-0.3858616352081299,
0.16498816013336182,
0.26911425590515137,
0.11728005111217499,
0.42523378133773804,
0.09404516220092773,
-0.1473475694656372,
0.7200810313224792,
-0.7424674034118652,
-0.0992637574672699,
0.6533085703849792,
-0.29463300108909607,
-0.1034921407699585,
0.29646360874176025,
0.09771329164505005,
-0.15052172541618347,
0.5874882340431213,
-0.23820281028747559,
0.20063425600528717,
0.9606174230575562,
0.08803106099367142,
0.07868483662605286,
-0.3854755461215973,
0.0006479595904238522,
0.16725783050060272,
-0.46677911281585693,
-0.30051377415657043,
0.573175847530365,
0.017681488767266273,
-0.28131842613220215,
0.009071383625268936,
-0.26111742854118347,
-0.03403410688042641,
0.2419889122247696,
-0.5034267902374268,
0.9510594010353088,
0.42610111832618713,
0.07606548070907593,
-0.05611857771873474,
-0.13445806503295898,
-0.16114139556884766,
-0.011281130835413933,
-0.05589313432574272,
-0.3461642861366272,
0.30199411511421204,
-0.1754785031080246,
0.1425424963235855,
-0.6340095400810242,
0.419758677482605,
-0.7069199681282043,
0.537097156047821,
-0.5277109742164612,
-0.24610882997512817,
-0.06514018028974533,
-0.08971697837114334,
0.1852983683347702,
0.7300484776496887,
0.3066956102848053,
-0.15205806493759155,
-0.38257595896720886,
-0.22497212886810303,
-0.7196741104125977,
0.31636473536491394,
0.8138139247894287,
0.338466614484787,
0.22828564047813416,
-0.20106226205825806,
0.9488338828086853,
0.4179571568965912,
0.1476972997188568,
0.5264467597007751,
0.080161452293396,
-0.1765928417444229,
-0.2732771933078766,
-0.6060799360275269,
0.316518098115921,
-0.39296597242355347,
-0.21170958876609802,
-0.044703803956508636,
0.08666945993900299,
0.5111347436904907,
0.9597481489181519,
0.2549228072166443,
-0.22507837414741516,
0.5972009301185608,
-0.39096713066101074,
-0.5976482629776001,
0.4688679277896881,
-0.7016974687576294,
0.36502164602279663,
-0.30052536725997925,
0.4290924668312073,
0.11419665813446045,
0.08104508370161057,
-0.10694217681884766,
0.1549372673034668,
0.5780343413352966,
-0.24451935291290283,
-0.33811986446380615,
0.014309984631836414,
-0.32729583978652954,
0.777005136013031,
-0.6000432968139648,
0.8159934878349304,
0.4129696786403656,
0.3508182466030121,
-0.6567917466163635,
0.716266930103302,
-0.4472068250179291,
-0.4304538369178772,
0.12718449532985687,
0.09615335613489151,
-0.29119181632995605,
-0.12111491709947586,
0.6472499370574951,
-0.5088511109352112,
0.05981983244419098,
0.2701539099216461,
-0.2503792643547058,
-0.5330485105514526,
0.2469996213912964,
-0.12117829918861389,
-0.03570416942238808,
-0.02031414769589901,
0.16154104471206665,
-0.3419046103954315,
-0.5999870896339417,
-0.4156612157821655,
-0.2720029354095459,
-1.1146962642669678,
-0.018501408398151398,
0.9679309725761414,
0.516829252243042,
-0.7423352599143982,
0.7040067315101624,
0.3095938563346863,
-0.3543987274169922,
0.28949204087257385,
-0.6343507170677185,
0.17542745172977448,
0.2674485743045807,
-0.39941632747650146,
0.25731727480888367,
0.5026800036430359,
-0.3102954626083374,
-0.2782597839832306,
0.09719495475292206,
-0.8162150382995605,
0.07813987135887146,
-0.39678630232810974,
0.27333864569664,
-0.4472176134586334,
0.5719955563545227,
-0.041329316794872284
] |
247730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20bulldog%20bat | Greater bulldog bat | The greater bulldog bat or fisherman bat (Noctilio leporinus) is a species of fishing bat native to Latin America (Spanish: Murciélago pescador). The bat uses echolocation to detect water ripples made by the fish upon which it preys, then uses the pouch between its legs to scoop the fish up and its sharp claws to catch and cling to it. It is not to be confused with the lesser bulldog bat, which, though belonging to the same genus, merely catches water insects, such as water striders and water beetles.
It emits echolocation sounds through the mouth like Myotis daubentoni, but the sounds are quite different, containing a long constant frequency part around 55 kHz, which is an unusually high frequency for a bat this large.
General description
The greater bulldog bat is a large bat, often with a combined body and head length of . It generally weighs from 50–90 grams. Males tend to be larger than females, with the former averaging 67 grams and the latter averaging 56 grams. They also differ in fur color. Males have bright orange fur on the back while females are dull gray. However, both sexes have pale undersides and may have a pale line that runs down the middle of the back. The males do not have a baculum. The bulldog bat has rounded nostrils that open forward and down. It has elongated, pointed ears with a tragus that gets ridged at the outer edge. The bulldog bat has smooth lips but its upper lip is divided by a skin fold while its bottom lip has a wart above skin folds that extend to the chin. It is these features that give the bulldog bat gets its name, as it resembles a bulldog.
The bulldog bat has a wingspan of . The wing of the bat is longer than the head and body combined and 65% of its wingspan is made of the third digit. When in flight, the bat's wings move slowly. This species is a capable swimmer and will use its wings to paddle. The greater bulldog bat also has prominent cheek pouches which are useful for holding its food. Its hind legs and feet are particularly large, capable of 180° rotation when hunting. The leg bones are significantly compressed in order to be streamlined towards the dragging direction.
Distribution and variation
The greater bulldog bats range stretches from Mexico to Northern Argentina and also includes most Caribbean islands. While vast, its range is also patchy as the bat is limited to mostly well-watered lowland and coastal areas as well as river basins. There is geographical variation in the species and are classified as subspecies. Bats around the Caribbean Basin are large and usually have the pale mid-dorsal stripe, despite varying in pelage. These bats are known as N. l. mastivus. In Guianas and the Amazon Basin, the bats are small and dark and often lack the pale mid-dorsal stripe. These bats are known as N. l. leporinus. In eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil and northern Argentina bats tend to be large and pale, more so than the other subspecies. They are known as ''N. l. rufenscenes.
Ecology and behavior
The greater bulldog bat lives primarily in tropical lowlands. The bats are commonly found over ponds and streams as well as estuaries and coastal lagoons. They live in colonies that number in the hundreds. In Trinidad, bulldog bats rest in hollow trees like silk-cotton, red mangrove and balatá. The bats live in hollow tree roosts in other areas as well. They also roost in deep sea caves. Like most bats, bulldog bats are nocturnal.
Female bulldog bats stay together in groups while roosting and tend to be accompanied by a resident male. Females associate with the same individuals in the same location for several years unaffected by changes in resident males and movements of the group to different roosts. A male may stay with a female group for two or more reproductive seasons. Bachelor males are segregated from the females and may roost alone or together in small groups. Female bats forage either alone or with their roost mates, with stable female groups continue to forage in the same areas in the long term. Males forage alone and use areas that are larger and separate from those used by the females.
Food and hunting
The greater bulldog bat is one of the few bat species that has adapted to eating fish. Nevertheless, the bats eat both fish and insects. During the wet season, the bats feed primarily on insects like moths and beetles. During the dry season, bat will primarily feed on fish as well as crabs, scorpions and shrimp to a lesser extent. The bulldog bat mostly forages for fish during high tide and locates them with echolocation. A bulldog bat will fly high in the air and in a circular direction when searching for prey. If it spots a jumping fish, the bat will drop down closer to the water surface, particularly the spot where it made the jump and decreases the pulse duration and intervals of its echolocation signals. The bulldog bat may also search by dragging its feet across the water surface, a behavior known as raking. The bat may rake through areas where fish jumping is most frequent or in areas where it had previously made a successful catch.
Echolocation
Greater bulldog bats emit echolocation signals that are either at constant frequency (CF), frequency-modulated (FM) or a combination of the two (CF-FM). The longest signals are the pure CF signal which typically last 13.3 ms but can go as long as 17 ms. CF-FM signals have CF followed by an FM. In a CF-FM signal, the CF are typically 8.9 ms with a frequency of 52.8–56.2 kHz while the FM ranges up to 3.9 ms with 25.9 kHz bandwidth. Bulldog bats have two kinds of signal when flying. In one, the CF pulses begin at 60 kHz of frequency and may fall no further than 50 kHz. The second type has the CF starting at a frequency of 60 kHz and then falls for more than a single octave.
Reproduction cycle
For females, pregnancy occurs from September until January, and lactation starts in November and continues until April. Only one young is born each gestation. Male bats mostly breed autumn and winter. Young bats stay in the roosts for one month and are then capable of flight. Both the male and female care for the young.
Status
While the bulldog bat is not in danger overall, the bat is nevertheless threatened by water pollution, persecution, changing water levels, cave disturbances, and deforestation.
References
External links
Bats of South America
Bats of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Bulldog Bat, Greater
Noctilionidae
Bats of Central America
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Mammals of the Bahamas
Mammals of the Dominican Republic
Mammals of Haiti | [
0.06085258349776268,
-0.0033700892236083746,
-0.34783101081848145,
0.14104218780994415,
0.04781130328774452,
0.5616909861564636,
0.49501562118530273,
0.3352597951889038,
-0.597086489200592,
-0.180687814950943,
0.1438610702753067,
0.05327247828245163,
-0.7683651447296143,
0.17354907095432281,
-0.10349227488040924,
0.8041466474533081,
0.28069087862968445,
0.29894793033599854,
-0.054134923964738846,
-0.2687380313873291,
0.07272753119468689,
-1.1740353107452393,
0.3813951015472412,
-0.2316528856754303,
0.16692504286766052,
0.06869690120220184,
0.507158100605011,
0.6778987646102905,
-0.06727408617734909,
-0.20166435837745667,
0.26501014828681946,
0.052555106580257416,
0.29411062598228455,
-0.17137466371059418,
0.21527600288391113,
0.32219234108924866,
-0.27043819427490234,
-0.48874223232269287,
-0.14135481417179108,
-0.7330699563026428,
0.14923423528671265,
-0.03341502323746681,
-0.06685363501310349,
0.5000830888748169,
-0.5740061402320862,
-0.42740580439567566,
-0.7358201146125793,
0.24358083307743073,
-0.5119466185569763,
-0.033089861273765564,
-0.3358011245727539,
0.959848940372467,
-0.40493565797805786,
0.6391045451164246,
0.2850179970264435,
0.2471425086259842,
-0.6574488282203674,
-0.22461843490600586,
-0.029326874762773514,
-0.7816530466079712,
-0.5498685240745544,
0.510977029800415,
0.06379984319210052,
0.06685008853673935,
-0.007665466982871294,
0.4737868010997772,
0.48250529170036316,
-0.06750670820474625,
-0.8284910321235657,
-0.29080918431282043,
-0.126439169049263,
-0.10992983728647232,
-0.29904696345329285,
0.24240384995937347,
-0.4163781702518463,
-0.407539963722229,
-0.359039843082428,
-0.6170080304145813,
0.7867982983589172,
0.3715304434299469,
0.2027432769536972,
-0.02492634579539299,
0.8472477197647095,
-0.2236470878124237,
0.4365270733833313,
0.8975357413291931,
-0.34510111808776855,
-0.39502769708633423,
-0.4516076147556305,
-0.14079728722572327,
-0.5938227772712708,
-0.07479511946439743,
0.5270906090736389,
0.6292362809181213,
-0.12976108491420746,
-0.21840530633926392,
0.11872932314872742,
0.11288651823997498,
0.07406491786241531,
0.2690761685371399,
-0.4180114269256592,
0.13522572815418243,
0.39806872606277466,
-0.04086322709918022,
-0.4314759373664856,
-0.01212484110146761,
-0.7971982359886169,
-0.08797824382781982,
-0.39708951115608215,
0.2945125699043274,
-0.4045245051383972,
0.20043088495731354,
-0.06075379252433777,
-0.1767476499080658,
0.12755021452903748,
0.5393487215042114,
0.6050929427146912,
-0.516200840473175,
-0.16782322525978088,
0.2009160816669464,
-0.13818995654582977,
0.7800491452217102,
-0.33302828669548035,
0.6361400485038757,
0.16650550067424774,
0.2476481944322586,
0.34103289246559143,
0.1612907499074936,
-0.3509462773799896,
0.16658538579940796,
1.2252541780471802,
1.3354917764663696,
-0.08870459347963333,
0.017204368487000465,
-0.44083172082901,
-0.07997684925794601,
-0.3312077224254608,
0.3023124635219574,
-0.17949742078781128,
-0.0049186344258487225,
-1.2664729356765747,
-0.30298519134521484,
-0.6431338787078857,
-0.04581168293952942,
0.2119002789258957,
-0.07693701237440109,
0.08018094301223755,
-0.3793574869632721,
0.13002029061317444,
-0.2840459942817688,
-0.023567134514451027,
0.39193856716156006,
-0.21526017785072327,
-0.06611362844705582,
-0.34435585141181946,
-0.29839563369750977,
0.7444599270820618,
-0.8805796504020691,
0.22473229467868805,
0.022840524092316628,
-0.20856881141662598,
0.07238862663507462,
-0.608338475227356,
-0.07302761822938919,
0.23676487803459167,
-0.5026940107345581,
0.16725373268127441,
0.5358535051345825,
-0.01603372022509575,
0.444815456867218,
-0.1551429033279419,
0.2076079398393631,
0.7639277577400208,
-0.6597463488578796,
-0.4741840958595276,
-0.47980061173439026,
-0.07150518894195557,
-0.0333053283393383,
0.6424412727355957,
-0.3099488914012909,
-0.5473216772079468,
0.49293187260627747,
-0.02155197598040104,
-0.18068856000900269,
0.13615506887435913,
0.04835336655378342,
0.49105560779571533,
0.5787771940231323,
0.18915238976478577,
-0.4966762661933899,
0.06363983452320099,
-0.061604809015989304,
-0.06274855881929398,
0.07422326505184174,
0.780680775642395,
-0.1993688941001892,
-0.9144485592842102,
1.159883737564087,
0.12787452340126038,
0.34278604388237,
-0.7914624214172363,
0.21158914268016815,
0.5513144135475159,
-0.17118345201015472,
-0.9110024571418762,
0.2512442469596863,
0.2907997965812683,
0.5668690800666809,
0.6575263142585754,
0.9848829507827759,
0.06194537505507469,
-0.3655173182487488,
-0.5882689952850342,
-0.5662190914154053,
-0.06775376945734024,
-0.25537896156311035,
-0.30719974637031555,
0.2266441136598587,
-0.03520879149436951,
0.13662543892860413,
1.0723919868469238,
-0.22200073301792145,
-0.4516444504261017,
0.5583897233009338,
-0.32003363966941833,
0.7564753890037537,
0.5065881609916687,
0.04090239107608795,
0.6285356283187866,
-0.8088803291320801,
0.07686451077461243,
0.3662731349468231,
0.2443561553955078,
-0.25732120871543884,
-0.6196468472480774,
-0.14424709975719452,
-0.16959716379642487,
-0.8740800619125366,
0.4370008409023285,
-0.01647862233221531,
0.4528428316116333,
0.7041842341423035,
0.3440849781036377,
0.17237912118434906,
0.23857106268405914,
-0.20354044437408447,
0.20193010568618774,
0.9120246171951294,
0.24449127912521362,
0.37272900342941284,
0.136099174618721,
0.9343735575675964,
-0.03585711866617203,
-0.2984429597854614,
0.7123770713806152,
0.4591963589191437,
-0.0018757006619125605,
-0.19868071377277374,
0.22140325605869293,
-0.15593615174293518,
-0.04332209751009941,
0.3710457682609558,
-0.0009044385515153408,
-0.07039456814527512,
-0.015667492523789406,
-0.037902139127254486,
-0.23772084712982178,
-0.06919301301240921,
0.6457751989364624,
0.5204158425331116,
0.44780436158180237,
0.03444463387131691,
-0.541606605052948,
-0.23550158739089966,
0.1329653263092041,
0.03554660454392433,
0.10213659703731537,
-0.10211656242609024,
-0.564659595489502,
-0.9971441030502319,
-0.21840760111808777,
0.201381117105484,
0.6686485409736633,
-0.3000026047229767,
-0.3543415367603302,
-0.9020367860794067,
0.4916623532772064,
-0.9616307020187378,
-0.023327697068452835,
-0.7825071215629578,
-0.8297395706176758,
0.1510688215494156,
0.15589812397956848,
0.3234023451805115,
-1.1581757068634033,
0.05165641009807587,
-0.2378280907869339,
0.1374826729297638,
0.7526722550392151,
-0.8442885279655457,
-0.39382240176200867,
0.31811484694480896,
-0.05840574577450752,
0.01629890315234661,
0.4933018386363983,
-0.19301946461200714,
0.18637405335903168,
0.6311222314834595,
-5.385829448699951,
0.503023624420166,
-0.19696956872940063,
0.20831084251403809,
0.027104707434773445,
0.3097459375858307,
0.3325824439525604,
-0.15442395210266113,
-0.3878028094768524,
-0.586733341217041,
0.4923721253871918,
0.3895070254802704,
-0.03129200637340546,
0.0324762724339962,
0.3419201076030731,
0.18750107288360596,
-0.010207261890172958,
-0.20797859132289886,
0.32849887013435364,
-0.05679115280508995,
0.01670677214860916,
0.45780491828918457,
-0.07247531414031982,
-0.22623610496520996,
0.5221884846687317,
0.09697555005550385,
-0.532683253288269,
-0.3918834328651428,
-0.8044329881668091,
-0.10619921237230301,
-0.18068678677082062,
-0.2544565796852112,
-0.45401594042778015,
-0.19583845138549805,
0.013644681312143803,
0.24330051243305206,
0.18530814349651337,
0.04886358976364136,
0.3752974271774292,
-0.3281448185443878,
-0.3383324146270752,
0.11528657376766205,
-0.1932026594877243,
-0.10274077951908112,
0.2383027970790863,
-0.276576429605484,
-0.15597641468048096,
-0.14219221472740173,
-0.24265620112419128,
0.6592183113098145,
0.12823385000228882,
-0.2440330684185028,
-0.09479767829179764,
0.9773443341255188,
0.4349377453327179,
-0.25141289830207825,
0.4043026268482208,
-0.24775344133377075,
-0.717552125453949,
0.22503523528575897,
0.37787070870399475,
-0.17724047601222992,
-0.19005924463272095,
-0.7465777397155762,
0.11772526800632477,
0.0543542318046093,
-0.1075320616364479,
-0.20913203060626984,
0.8256383538246155,
-0.005188056733459234,
0.1580943614244461,
0.8079022169113159,
-0.5870906710624695,
-0.7828385233879089,
0.6150858402252197,
-0.10503695160150528,
-0.641005277633667,
0.10819903761148453,
-0.13807517290115356,
0.09226720035076141,
0.06344765424728394,
-0.8726767897605896,
-0.2673894166946411,
0.11195439100265503,
-0.546664834022522,
-0.9510488510131836,
0.22595971822738647,
0.05464455485343933,
-0.5199446678161621,
-0.6603533625602722,
0.17039231956005096,
-0.8087851405143738,
-0.23209811747074127,
-0.0597027912735939,
-0.4587823152542114,
0.359834760427475,
-0.13217680156230927,
0.08165542781352997,
0.07261817157268524,
0.14222435653209686,
0.5121563076972961,
-0.4475565552711487,
-0.15799635648727417,
-0.43448948860168457,
0.4522131383419037,
-0.711128830909729,
0.2451198548078537,
1.1049548387527466,
0.5701970458030701,
-0.5693098306655884,
0.4044229984283447,
-0.16506166756153107,
-0.4459017813205719,
0.20794256031513214,
0.7255881428718567,
-0.12963491678237915,
0.30709314346313477,
-0.05260926112532616,
0.470503032207489,
-0.20646704733371735,
-0.10068853944540024,
0.2838883399963379,
-0.1595338135957718,
-0.3479118049144745,
0.03175989165902138,
-0.5838257670402527,
0.1277763545513153,
0.7299179434776306,
-0.8659365773200989,
-0.6400730013847351,
-0.48612722754478455,
0.18209680914878845,
0.11031123995780945,
0.15772032737731934,
-0.04494267329573631,
-0.15756158530712128,
-0.4630170166492462,
-0.051869213581085205,
0.6378673911094666,
-0.15517520904541016,
-0.4783666431903839,
-0.07342012226581573,
-0.18074581027030945,
-0.11702849715948105,
0.4444756805896759,
0.4594719707965851,
-0.38440608978271484,
0.15998438000679016,
-0.5950871706008911,
0.8441334962844849,
0.47951650619506836,
-0.4057982265949249,
0.6593623161315918,
-0.6060433983802795,
0.6823643445968628,
-0.021244067698717117,
0.42328667640686035,
0.7692587375640869,
0.386565625667572,
-0.33620554208755493,
-0.047444529831409454,
-0.0605473667383194,
-0.7175701856613159,
0.3753919303417206,
0.37429264187812805,
-0.07618828862905502,
-0.2800111472606659,
-0.3530632257461548,
0.020635023713111877,
0.31452083587646484,
0.26085829734802246,
-0.12977556884288788,
-0.5050586462020874,
0.1057053655385971,
0.0777382031083107,
-0.25355422496795654,
-0.7860574722290039,
0.20543664693832397,
-0.21044033765792847,
0.2217990905046463,
0.5530861020088196,
0.18854734301567078,
-0.15477699041366577,
-0.2537077069282532,
0.3455282151699066,
-0.07484155148267746,
0.2564944624900818,
-0.4648301303386688,
0.04063333943486214,
0.07308042794466019,
0.36964622139930725,
0.7226173281669617,
0.5815457105636597,
0.22877947986125946,
-0.3793678283691406,
-0.11841851472854614,
0.11431494355201721,
0.8006810545921326,
-0.19549979269504547,
-0.6419907808303833,
-0.14726406335830688,
0.5440382361412048,
-0.4461418092250824,
0.3147464096546173,
-0.4330075681209564,
-0.2595556676387787,
0.7099353075027466,
-0.17992106080055237,
-0.6998218297958374,
0.07851576060056686,
0.14721672236919403,
-0.36440375447273254,
0.07340499758720398,
1.0271508693695068,
-0.3156126141548157,
0.18090063333511353,
0.2561856210231781,
0.285979300737381,
-0.6908386945724487,
0.1804783195257187,
-0.2421269565820694,
-0.22198522090911865,
0.0901511162519455,
-0.22875404357910156,
-0.4171295464038849,
0.45646142959594727,
0.524667501449585,
-0.3842931389808655,
0.7785066962242126,
-0.06775899231433868,
0.4162023365497589,
-0.4510885775089264,
-0.1779845952987671,
-0.21255147457122803,
-0.27246227860450745,
0.5476067662239075,
-0.15532849729061127,
0.0561850443482399,
-0.28276535868644714,
-0.0026780921034514904,
1.0995949506759644,
1.4051021337509155,
0.17284660041332245,
-0.3550559878349304,
0.12544362246990204,
0.7375646233558655,
-0.3186015784740448,
0.03589596599340439,
-0.6970075964927673,
-0.7186309099197388,
0.3336692452430725,
-0.022573422640562057,
-0.11080411076545715,
0.30297544598579407,
0.4461899995803833,
-0.22799769043922424,
-0.24805085361003876,
0.5258691310882568,
-0.06484629213809967,
0.43693462014198303,
0.3992295265197754,
0.4264112412929535,
-0.2778788208961487,
0.4992924630641937,
-0.4594135284423828,
-0.5261666178703308,
-0.2631078064441681,
-0.06771677732467651,
0.013400188647210598,
-0.09689252823591232,
0.01688878983259201,
0.5094163417816162,
0.6374031901359558,
0.5465980172157288,
-0.6286072731018066,
0.20285926759243011,
-0.12229833006858826,
-0.5800761580467224,
0.06945361196994781,
-0.014634380117058754,
-0.4599081575870514,
-0.12542890012264252,
0.3719860017299652,
-0.5869612693786621,
-0.65628582239151,
0.2877686321735382,
-0.20397695899009705,
-0.027079781517386436,
0.5213033556938171,
-0.31730425357818604,
-0.5060176253318787,
-0.1269618421792984,
-0.19376352429389954,
-0.542753279209137,
0.2525566518306732,
0.3676243722438812,
-0.06299018114805222,
0.09859593212604523,
0.531770646572113,
0.2904124855995178,
-0.7562457323074341,
0.4469696581363678,
0.1427728235721588,
-0.35143473744392395,
0.26259076595306396,
-0.5668529868125916,
0.3676946461200714,
0.45552560687065125,
-0.31234797835350037,
-0.1431669145822525,
0.11113521456718445,
-0.018318889662623405,
-0.0015107389772310853,
0.39746204018592834,
-0.08846431970596313,
0.16027386486530304,
0.1037789061665535,
-0.15924842655658722,
0.042381662875413895,
0.7432220578193665,
-0.30562683939933777,
0.4074622094631195,
0.6372569799423218,
-0.08101063966751099,
-0.4679548442363739,
0.49081045389175415,
-1.1005091667175293,
0.06717269122600555,
0.5513113141059875,
-0.01990504376590252,
0.5893229842185974,
-0.24419042468070984,
-0.8682740926742554,
0.3605790138244629,
-0.24530701339244843,
0.1557845175266266,
0.3461698591709137,
-0.47770899534225464,
-0.15173058211803436,
0.7711955904960632,
0.8900912404060364,
0.4546188712120056,
-0.2432541698217392,
-0.0030604905914515257,
-0.057888321578502655,
0.1752205789089203,
-0.7439911961555481,
-0.19559437036514282,
0.2822026014328003,
0.2053627371788025,
0.8222296833992004,
-0.4128495156764984,
0.1654708832502365,
-0.5611591339111328,
0.15664610266685486,
0.05746632069349289,
0.34408238530158997,
-0.20484450459480286,
-0.7984808087348938,
-0.1087016835808754,
-0.17715314030647278,
-0.07605797052383423,
0.002427479485049844,
-0.15828606486320496,
-1.127536654472351,
0.44904473423957825,
-0.12471257150173187,
-0.37571489810943604,
-0.11038665473461151,
0.11919225752353668,
-0.26296544075012207,
-0.18126742541790009,
-0.12557131052017212,
0.3793661892414093,
0.41363152861595154,
0.4751549959182739,
0.09144067764282227,
0.49316075444221497,
-0.25984466075897217,
0.03234671801328659,
-0.682590663433075,
0.21448449790477753,
0.16527093946933746,
0.23481059074401855,
-0.23148727416992188,
-0.5406764149665833,
-0.15173396468162537,
-0.6571924686431885,
0.04795440286397934,
-0.3459407687187195,
-0.5055843591690063,
-0.6034338474273682,
-0.10122726857662201,
-0.24968278408050537,
-0.2268802523612976,
-0.4280363917350769,
-0.23671111464500427,
0.7780131101608276,
-0.04906497895717621,
-0.17039576172828674,
0.06923645734786987,
0.16779294610023499,
0.16185806691646576,
0.3350628614425659,
0.39043185114860535,
-0.01421846728771925,
-0.6221003532409668,
0.2424156665802002,
-0.6683226227760315,
0.03977785259485245,
0.6162114143371582,
0.12081458419561386,
-0.563697874546051,
0.029636690393090248,
0.27920129895210266,
0.60541832447052,
0.1436828374862671,
-0.4664793908596039,
-0.2090497463941574,
-0.3687666058540344,
-0.06393846124410629,
-0.7825517058372498,
-0.16336171329021454,
0.2924768328666687,
0.18461576104164124,
-0.3660498559474945,
0.40270382165908813,
-0.0919075608253479,
-0.8902041912078857,
0.18574729561805725,
-0.19030994176864624,
0.5433359146118164,
-0.7545537948608398,
-0.22705483436584473,
-0.7084256410598755,
-0.771156370639801,
0.6674146056175232,
1.3004376888275146,
0.21399672329425812,
0.08911449462175369,
0.48049864172935486,
0.2828308343887329,
0.147596538066864,
-0.38264116644859314,
0.16996879875659943,
0.057711411267519,
-0.25305575132369995,
-0.796021044254303,
-0.5010358095169067,
0.34859025478363037,
0.20218628644943237,
-0.06952287256717682,
0.2932864725589752,
-0.17711278796195984,
-0.35930684208869934,
0.2989833950996399,
0.1200794130563736,
-0.7464931011199951,
0.2805396318435669,
-0.24095502495765686
] |
247731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser%20bulldog%20bat | Lesser bulldog bat | The lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris) is an insectivorous and occasionally carnivorous bat of the (Neotropics), ranging through Central America and northern South America. Some unique characteristics of the bat include, large feet that are used to rake the surface of water to capture prey, and precise echolocation. Occasionally, the larger bats catch and consume small fish (the most closely related species, the greater bulldog bat, is known for its fishing ability).
Description
The lesser bulldog bat is a sexually dimoprhic species; males are typically bright red and females are typically dull brown. Furthermore, coloration varies between individuals among the same sex, and between different populations. They have a length of about three inches (7.5 cm), a forearm length of , and weight of about one ounce (30 grams). The bats plump lips and chin that has well-developed cross ridges give rise to the bats "bulldog" like appearance. The lesser bulldog bat has large feet that are claw-like and can be used capture prey.
Habitat
The bats prefer terrestrial habitats and they live near water or damp locations, residing in hollow trees or domestic dwellings. The locations that they can be found in includes, Argentina; Belize; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru
Feeding
The species ptefers to feed predominantly on insects, catching them while flying over water. Studies on Costa Rican population say that the bats also consume tree pollen.
Echolocation
Noctilio albvirentis is known for utilizing its echolocation to locate prey such as insects. The unique feature of their echolocation is how they use it to locate their prey. As they skim across the water they will bombard the water with their vocalization and when they detect a disturbance of the vocalization they move to the disturbance. Additionally, since the lesser bulldog bat prefers to forage in small groups they also use echolocation to communicate during foraging.
Development and lifespan
They live about ten years and reach sexual maturity in one year. Ovulation occurs in the ovary the gestation period lasts about 4 to 5 weeks. Baby bats are capable of very limited vocalization, and they cannot begin flight until 5 to 6 weeks after birth. Mother bats will feed their young until the babies are three months old.
Predators
Predation on bats is uncommon however large birds are known to prey upon bats. One distinct bird preys on the lesser bulldog bat is The Great Rufous Woodcreeper. The woodcreeper will invade the bats roost and take the bat from its habitat. Upon capture the Woodcreeper peaks the bat with its sharp beak until the bad dies. Other predators of the bat include hawks, falcons, owls, and motmots.
Gallery
See also
Bulldog bat
Microchiroptera
References
External links
Lesser Bulldog Bat site
Digimorph Lesser Bulldog Bat
Bats of Central America
Bats of South America
Bats of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Bulldog Bat, Lesser
Noctilionidae
Mammals described in 1818 | [
-0.15623944997787476,
0.2556872069835663,
-0.561163067817688,
-0.10683547705411911,
-0.199459046125412,
0.4697517156600952,
1.0423797369003296,
0.4938339591026306,
-0.4105430841445923,
-0.2088070809841156,
0.04079132154583931,
0.2056870013475418,
-0.7395548224449158,
0.028237635269761086,
0.020650269463658333,
0.7975460886955261,
0.008279168978333473,
0.26886725425720215,
0.15053828060626984,
-0.20598918199539185,
0.4027164876461029,
-1.0377311706542969,
0.41180577874183655,
-0.45464518666267395,
0.3067038655281067,
0.03560250252485275,
0.5120393633842468,
0.7066261172294617,
-0.47761672735214233,
-0.17380663752555847,
-0.19478894770145416,
0.22002600133419037,
0.44520530104637146,
-0.15534710884094238,
-0.07987373322248459,
0.4442882537841797,
-0.036615416407585144,
-0.6554895639419556,
0.09534745663404465,
-0.7788763046264648,
0.3007887601852417,
0.08968975394964218,
-0.12226973474025726,
0.3601711094379425,
-0.5719175338745117,
-0.17444653809070587,
-0.8755437731742859,
-0.1978318691253662,
-0.6213563084602356,
0.009608854539692402,
0.02097235433757305,
0.9308940768241882,
-0.2114873081445694,
0.866969883441925,
0.32949671149253845,
0.1884509027004242,
-0.5637940764427185,
-0.2681885361671448,
-0.08654312044382095,
-0.2730444073677063,
-0.464941143989563,
0.5143221020698547,
0.24627569317817688,
0.26163414120674133,
0.015309726819396019,
0.6086146831512451,
0.3267008364200592,
0.09478263556957245,
-0.900067150592804,
0.07748822122812271,
-0.3456465005874634,
-0.3657413721084595,
-0.24141237139701843,
0.35424894094467163,
-0.5016700625419617,
-0.19151078164577484,
-0.015548606403172016,
-0.5545656085014343,
0.5693283081054688,
0.3556092381477356,
0.23643112182617188,
0.4593810439109802,
0.8121547698974609,
-0.15627090632915497,
0.12988527119159698,
0.8150562644004822,
-0.4200098514556885,
-0.32872939109802246,
-0.4870512783527374,
-0.012627935968339443,
-0.7642560005187988,
0.100905641913414,
0.2525586187839508,
0.7316730618476868,
0.013309265486896038,
-0.5336111187934875,
0.5228741765022278,
-0.1505669802427292,
0.1225491464138031,
0.0923464372754097,
-0.07911249995231628,
0.06433236598968506,
0.4813142716884613,
0.10492037981748581,
-0.4541729986667633,
-0.12054017931222916,
-0.7749031186103821,
-0.365962415933609,
-0.4003886282444,
0.3009343147277832,
-0.7084229588508606,
0.17412132024765015,
-0.09351630508899689,
-0.3301801085472107,
0.057022564113140106,
0.694643497467041,
0.48759767413139343,
-0.7591673135757446,
-0.19416896998882294,
0.10319316387176514,
0.03361719474196434,
0.42719921469688416,
-0.39223483204841614,
0.3748473525047302,
-0.22413358092308044,
0.45273151993751526,
0.3726658225059509,
0.17384491860866547,
0.052710436284542084,
0.40497875213623047,
1.0627400875091553,
1.2691328525543213,
0.2573198676109314,
-0.16992782056331635,
-0.4421643614768982,
-0.5693008303642273,
-0.2764548659324646,
0.09532930701971054,
0.037407778203487396,
-0.19179277122020721,
-1.3180466890335083,
-0.44867393374443054,
-0.8939706087112427,
-0.21623113751411438,
0.36881956458091736,
0.1758018136024475,
0.08650914579629898,
-0.2605290114879608,
-0.046065621078014374,
-0.2262251079082489,
-0.31791141629219055,
-0.009563086554408073,
-0.28192126750946045,
0.112357497215271,
-0.4230590760707855,
-0.39829021692276,
0.9899240136146545,
-0.9386385083198547,
0.1178421750664711,
0.14522677659988403,
-0.09604546427726746,
0.21170711517333984,
-0.40596336126327515,
0.0058592576533555984,
0.5952386856079102,
-0.17905643582344055,
0.006155867595225573,
0.4893871247768402,
-0.027287350967526436,
0.571548342704773,
-0.24873650074005127,
0.004675042815506458,
0.580718994140625,
-0.7038425803184509,
-0.6767371892929077,
-0.4493412673473358,
0.319437712430954,
0.19253189861774445,
0.6544665694236755,
-0.029646078124642372,
-0.4909692406654358,
0.4451106786727905,
0.170023113489151,
-0.2164188027381897,
0.11083927750587463,
0.02704698033630848,
0.48057106137275696,
0.22382651269435883,
0.19058552384376526,
-0.30610254406929016,
0.0428830049932003,
0.20715224742889404,
-0.10165263712406158,
0.32142090797424316,
0.15727539360523224,
-0.08681757003068924,
-1.0849416255950928,
0.9985985159873962,
0.054175619035959244,
0.2792298495769501,
-0.6784390807151794,
0.13699455559253693,
0.38028258085250854,
-0.01894751936197281,
-0.9414492249488831,
0.664914608001709,
0.36172670125961304,
0.6771308183670044,
0.6459821462631226,
1.2505024671554565,
0.13793817162513733,
-0.6178293228149414,
-0.6568688750267029,
-0.1790190190076828,
-0.030507929623126984,
-0.41549548506736755,
-0.3128301799297333,
0.0732964500784874,
-0.011838965117931366,
-0.1198558658361435,
1.1310919523239136,
-0.07702790945768356,
-0.5294216275215149,
0.45952457189559937,
-0.5282841324806213,
0.39409708976745605,
0.5556979179382324,
-0.07995310425758362,
0.6265241503715515,
-0.8550329208374023,
0.36080682277679443,
0.7554304599761963,
0.37868526577949524,
-0.15065746009349823,
-0.556216299533844,
-0.26630479097366333,
-0.3992229998111725,
-1.1264761686325073,
0.4180322587490082,
0.0488787405192852,
0.34293675422668457,
0.32823237776756287,
0.7432757616043091,
0.33938267827033997,
-0.07645263522863388,
-0.28767094016075134,
0.25033238530158997,
1.0141215324401855,
-0.1650105118751526,
0.46791842579841614,
0.21524956822395325,
0.9902961850166321,
0.1100570410490036,
-0.2976885437965393,
0.6387917399406433,
0.6260833740234375,
-0.2018028199672699,
0.21521785855293274,
0.32860562205314636,
-0.032374024391174316,
-0.0398726649582386,
0.6416471004486084,
0.007108299061655998,
-0.2769136428833008,
-0.2929282486438751,
0.03298546373844147,
-0.14994534850120544,
0.24730001389980316,
0.07045350223779678,
0.2528838813304901,
0.6864209771156311,
0.22307813167572021,
-0.5462782979011536,
-0.44842949509620667,
0.05365948751568794,
0.21751543879508972,
0.08676020801067352,
0.01148526556789875,
-0.5189192891120911,
-0.8096480369567871,
-0.01789378561079502,
0.2609240710735321,
0.6722944974899292,
-0.33142930269241333,
-0.3678596615791321,
-0.9663117527961731,
0.8889865279197693,
-0.9533669948577881,
0.15467001497745514,
-0.7696082592010498,
-0.6245026588439941,
0.11205655336380005,
0.13358768820762634,
0.5121106505393982,
-1.2359001636505127,
0.21401447057724,
-0.1514393538236618,
0.280825674533844,
0.4925854802131653,
-0.9011668562889099,
-0.4668215215206146,
0.09472179412841797,
-0.035779256373643875,
-0.1346544772386551,
0.6555840969085693,
-0.09227987378835678,
0.13713505864143372,
0.7399328351020813,
-5.14896297454834,
0.3709469735622406,
-0.0746796578168869,
-0.12100722640752792,
0.06210381165146828,
0.626287043094635,
0.3610508143901825,
-0.3021736145019531,
-0.9626117944717407,
-0.3443176746368408,
0.8161735534667969,
0.29244697093963623,
-0.04634856805205345,
-0.010050162672996521,
0.4491012990474701,
0.04238284379243851,
0.08397740870714188,
-0.022877857089042664,
0.19101406633853912,
-0.09939265996217728,
0.014186112210154533,
0.4146888554096222,
0.033116236329078674,
-0.40578901767730713,
0.5496644973754883,
0.36426228284835815,
-0.34894078969955444,
-0.3561132550239563,
-0.6538065075874329,
-0.03690795600414276,
-0.30837690830230713,
0.03523842245340347,
-0.7969006896018982,
-0.18841901421546936,
0.18330292403697968,
0.2017153650522232,
0.29379016160964966,
0.06275193393230438,
0.5534979104995728,
-0.2474139928817749,
-0.22149276733398438,
0.18104539811611176,
-0.33483949303627014,
0.25822561979293823,
0.23347339034080505,
-0.14253899455070496,
-0.4344636797904968,
-0.23315410315990448,
-0.2660376727581024,
0.4561749994754791,
0.16304020583629608,
-0.326805055141449,
-0.22746770083904266,
0.8764318227767944,
0.5665193200111389,
-0.3947409987449646,
0.2184174358844757,
-0.3652072250843048,
-0.7327507734298706,
0.08420995622873306,
0.2173427939414978,
0.01963040977716446,
-0.24419425427913666,
-0.7509772777557373,
0.08588002622127533,
0.38815224170684814,
-0.3078056573867798,
-0.07784062623977661,
0.9797516465187073,
0.016766048967838287,
-0.11492685228586197,
0.22781801223754883,
-0.6250094175338745,
-0.8545161485671997,
0.804442286491394,
-0.1203286349773407,
-0.27348774671554565,
0.15744775533676147,
-0.34231212735176086,
0.05225453898310661,
0.18908369541168213,
-0.4980493485927582,
-0.14093326032161713,
0.023014577105641365,
-0.4598216414451599,
-1.0006941556930542,
-0.07483761012554169,
0.13393931090831757,
-0.6233375668525696,
-0.964825451374054,
-0.07752485573291779,
-0.5094115734100342,
0.0831092894077301,
-0.0011858649086207151,
-0.09713674336671829,
0.46528834104537964,
0.16115742921829224,
-0.34694522619247437,
0.2723521292209625,
0.06429509818553925,
0.40422195196151733,
-0.5149965286254883,
-0.01481609046459198,
-0.3530462384223938,
0.187681645154953,
-0.7820873260498047,
-0.16330695152282715,
0.8977880477905273,
0.7387071847915649,
-0.5775700807571411,
0.3307406008243561,
-0.19251424074172974,
-0.29307353496551514,
-0.06188155710697174,
0.7375714182853699,
-0.007430311758071184,
0.040320854634046555,
-0.08486519753932953,
0.4791465103626251,
-0.1218753308057785,
-0.29714205861091614,
0.15069834887981415,
-0.21477492153644562,
-0.2804248332977295,
-0.2130231410264969,
-0.37285885214805603,
0.004185482393950224,
0.5631764531135559,
-0.946666955947876,
-0.7255538105964661,
-0.35698699951171875,
0.030940838158130646,
-0.18065614998340607,
0.2847836911678314,
-0.14917340874671936,
-0.1427680402994156,
-0.7434843182563782,
0.014472580514848232,
0.605130672454834,
-0.4564700424671173,
-0.5458935499191284,
-0.16586019098758698,
-0.448577344417572,
-0.20645847916603088,
0.5069357752799988,
0.05502169579267502,
0.02101702243089676,
0.0436374694108963,
-0.594782829284668,
0.9567410945892334,
0.433311402797699,
-0.5804054737091064,
0.4791538417339325,
-0.4024239778518677,
0.3305448889732361,
-0.08790940791368484,
0.5242146253585815,
0.8045472502708435,
0.5369893908500671,
-0.46786490082740784,
-0.21774277091026306,
-0.20250220596790314,
-0.7470898032188416,
0.269951194524765,
0.4160037636756897,
-0.14816397428512573,
-0.3042569160461426,
-0.6087965965270996,
-0.2003091275691986,
0.4347153604030609,
0.36078524589538574,
-0.06283001601696014,
-0.21870140731334686,
0.17701511085033417,
0.14791421592235565,
-0.27117982506752014,
-0.575913667678833,
-0.23818816244602203,
-0.2274233102798462,
-0.1426427811384201,
0.3370821177959442,
0.2811071276664734,
-0.7137392163276672,
-0.43040958046913147,
0.33965644240379333,
-0.3129083812236786,
0.4096892774105072,
-0.5692254304885864,
0.2562856376171112,
-0.1470826417207718,
0.8549982905387878,
0.4949215054512024,
0.5590298771858215,
-0.08969268947839737,
-0.1352035403251648,
-0.012147482484579086,
0.19144192337989807,
0.7634247541427612,
-0.2805492877960205,
-0.754845380783081,
0.14168132841587067,
0.3642473816871643,
-0.5245257616043091,
0.0660705715417862,
-0.44512027502059937,
-0.5112760066986084,
0.923691987991333,
-0.2867107689380646,
-0.7332742214202881,
0.25570574402809143,
0.2549611032009125,
-0.1629798859357834,
0.1327992081642151,
1.0531460046768188,
-0.35339638590812683,
-0.05334401875734329,
0.26081860065460205,
0.41697660088539124,
-0.4025072753429413,
-0.021592173725366592,
-0.3134167492389679,
-0.20719009637832642,
-0.1926969587802887,
-0.24153763055801392,
-0.5992658734321594,
0.6968827247619629,
0.37352681159973145,
0.1615665853023529,
0.5407634377479553,
-0.13272352516651154,
0.16665326058864594,
-0.23456501960754395,
-0.1788756251335144,
-0.3351097106933594,
-0.3051023483276367,
0.6202118992805481,
-0.3431997299194336,
-0.05795058235526085,
-0.392178475856781,
0.014889932237565517,
1.1002931594848633,
1.4970821142196655,
0.6157828569412231,
-0.3990068733692169,
0.3462466597557068,
0.38143065571784973,
-0.23605291545391083,
-0.4989328980445862,
-0.9226449728012085,
-0.7265845537185669,
0.6561905145645142,
0.10402762144804001,
-0.4386517405509949,
0.6113360524177551,
0.5298396348953247,
-0.1780126690864563,
-0.4868919849395752,
0.6114602088928223,
-0.16426973044872284,
0.7321636080741882,
0.5273412466049194,
0.261831134557724,
-0.3302645981311798,
0.7492039799690247,
-0.6633300185203552,
-0.8200578689575195,
-0.3961962163448334,
-0.032310131937265396,
-0.0907822698354721,
-0.43951553106307983,
0.09965994209051132,
0.3491906523704529,
0.7497291564941406,
0.14272068440914154,
-0.5428052544593811,
0.13376672565937042,
0.12058362364768982,
-0.648629367351532,
0.1333734691143036,
0.01190807856619358,
-0.04244351014494896,
-0.220448300242424,
0.7087671160697937,
-0.5423181653022766,
-0.02713913284242153,
-0.36734259128570557,
-0.3825453519821167,
0.13489550352096558,
0.40776702761650085,
-0.28443118929862976,
-0.6436023116111755,
-0.23870521783828735,
-0.481990247964859,
-0.1740645319223404,
0.18148532509803772,
0.5031704306602478,
0.053492121398448944,
0.345258504152298,
0.4252002239227295,
0.2896663546562195,
-0.7522986531257629,
0.8363147974014282,
0.19312036037445068,
-0.5157575607299805,
0.36101654171943665,
-0.6294038891792297,
0.09973323345184326,
0.1474875956773758,
-0.14459991455078125,
-0.12151732295751572,
0.028366409242153168,
-0.22706085443496704,
0.10702265799045563,
0.7380871772766113,
0.22121481597423553,
0.40690481662750244,
-0.14101780951023102,
-0.014116890728473663,
0.21895979344844818,
0.5748729109764099,
-0.2337130755186081,
0.5877692699432373,
0.6653903722763062,
0.16470246016979218,
-0.544182300567627,
0.6181398630142212,
-0.9718050360679626,
0.27001839876174927,
0.594273030757904,
-0.13365818560123444,
0.7979177236557007,
-0.2585252821445465,
-0.5818356871604919,
0.10849522054195404,
-0.495741605758667,
0.06773276627063751,
0.24044077098369598,
-0.4835723340511322,
-0.4602319300174713,
0.9709543585777283,
0.7593693137168884,
0.3080543875694275,
-0.09545084089040756,
0.13648772239685059,
-0.028332380577921867,
0.10117412358522415,
-0.5487746000289917,
-0.39481785893440247,
0.5619907379150391,
-0.048618804663419724,
0.5625821948051453,
-0.4788823425769806,
0.28772518038749695,
-0.267849326133728,
0.22882071137428284,
-0.30011776089668274,
0.4081993103027344,
-0.2969973087310791,
-0.8041844964027405,
-0.26960405707359314,
-0.09306100755929947,
0.3749910295009613,
0.10784827917814255,
0.04663342610001564,
-0.8203391432762146,
0.38572877645492554,
-0.2405228316783905,
-0.4223206639289856,
0.020788656547665596,
-0.15018853545188904,
-0.007252665236592293,
0.16768606007099152,
-0.10584484785795212,
0.2870582342147827,
0.6172865629196167,
0.6500572562217712,
0.11606863886117935,
0.24759851396083832,
-0.19916635751724243,
-0.09731537103652954,
-0.531686544418335,
-0.27333807945251465,
0.13884851336479187,
0.23050379753112793,
0.10522059351205826,
-0.5881326794624329,
-0.29680997133255005,
-0.80904620885849,
0.009632909670472145,
-0.09798668324947357,
-0.468226820230484,
-0.4639374017715454,
-0.2622242271900177,
-0.20751269161701202,
0.006032135337591171,
-0.3660326600074768,
0.14913372695446014,
0.8265426158905029,
-0.19587953388690948,
-0.4435895085334778,
0.21947625279426575,
0.12059541791677475,
0.12067617475986481,
0.07362156361341476,
0.2821221947669983,
0.3302062451839447,
-0.6762327551841736,
0.24526762962341309,
-0.8244295716285706,
0.4433908760547638,
0.6544058322906494,
0.10496878623962402,
-0.39857006072998047,
0.08035364001989365,
0.6168953776359558,
0.2742732763290405,
0.38434743881225586,
-0.619678258895874,
-0.55853670835495,
-0.22757931053638458,
0.3380725085735321,
-0.9994583129882812,
0.13511909544467926,
0.38846874237060547,
0.07422304153442383,
-0.5745781660079956,
0.3244049847126007,
-0.3100022077560425,
-0.7660814523696899,
0.43731626868247986,
-0.05067555233836174,
0.4518320858478546,
-0.3085240423679352,
-0.3630329668521881,
-0.3611803948879242,
-0.7822949886322021,
0.6552053689956665,
1.4252492189407349,
0.2033272385597229,
-0.27950334548950195,
0.33601951599121094,
0.0014727881643921137,
0.18193493783473969,
-0.1886255145072937,
-0.35334837436676025,
0.11649803072214127,
-0.3113662898540497,
-1.2681130170822144,
-0.2779524028301239,
0.4466077387332916,
0.22034130990505219,
0.3786488175392151,
-0.022139903157949448,
-0.3000113368034363,
-0.4731424152851105,
0.22983035445213318,
0.1938459277153015,
-0.508475661277771,
0.449551522731781,
-0.06119178235530853
] |
247733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath%20brick | Bath brick | The bath brick (also known as Patent Scouring or Flanders bricks), patented in 1823 by William Champion and John Browne, was a predecessor of the scouring pad used for cleaning and polishing.
Bath bricks were made by a number of companies in the town of Bridgwater, England, from fine clay dredged from the River Parrett near Dunball. The silt, which was collected from the river on either side of the Town Bridge, contained fine particles of alumina and silica. It was collected from beds of brick rubble left in the rain for the salt to be washed out and then put into a "pugging mill" which was powered by a horse to be mixed, before being shaped into moulds and dried. These would be wrapped in paper and boxed for sale in England and throughout the British Empire. By the end of the 19th century around 24 million bath bricks had been produced in Bridgwater for the home and international markets.
The brick, similar in size to an ordinary house brick, could be used in a number of ways. A mild abrasive powder could be scraped from the brick and used as a scouring powder on floors and other surfaces. Powder could also be moistened with water for use on a cloth for polishing or as a kind of sand paper. Items such as knives might be polished directly on a wetted brick.
See also
List of cleaning products
References
Cleaning products
Bridgwater | [
0.35813456773757935,
0.21890288591384888,
-0.13455553352832794,
-0.21211889386177063,
0.17684322595596313,
0.8554516434669495,
0.1554051637649536,
-0.19013485312461853,
0.09528859704732895,
-0.3312862515449524,
-0.08536310493946075,
0.60920649766922,
-0.07025200128555298,
0.34787845611572266,
-0.09300405532121658,
0.39888739585876465,
0.8951981663703918,
0.04515650495886803,
0.01226084679365158,
-0.18673409521579742,
-0.4260663390159607,
-0.16809920966625214,
-0.2639361619949341,
-0.4206111431121826,
0.09411134570837021,
-0.12998762726783752,
0.31905463337898254,
-0.1292463093996048,
-0.35481253266334534,
-0.17669792473316193,
0.36859822273254395,
0.45226413011550903,
0.29953205585479736,
-0.43260374665260315,
0.06507280468940735,
0.1239415854215622,
0.18742910027503967,
-0.580246090888977,
-0.49022015929222107,
-0.6736587285995483,
-0.049683596938848495,
0.2155047357082367,
0.3262619078159332,
0.27641552686691284,
-0.46033087372779846,
0.2828407883644104,
-1.377243161201477,
-0.13518036901950836,
-0.6826226115226746,
0.25612714886665344,
-0.1323024332523346,
1.0080592632293701,
-0.35912129282951355,
0.3760921061038971,
-0.23823508620262146,
0.3752772808074951,
-0.23814275860786438,
0.21413028240203857,
0.39652785658836365,
-0.2657657265663147,
0.04318224638700485,
0.11792366951704025,
-0.21533115208148956,
0.7494943737983704,
-0.14408668875694275,
0.40826353430747986,
-0.14976905286312103,
0.32918208837509155,
0.04594871401786804,
0.10568545758724213,
0.17871074378490448,
-0.35832247138023376,
0.009516377933323383,
0.05327901244163513,
-0.3581024408340454,
0.30697929859161377,
-0.4699053466320038,
-0.7405310273170471,
-0.08893520385026932,
0.01867186278104782,
-0.16561265289783478,
-0.11262273788452148,
0.6302391886711121,
-0.04584016650915146,
0.6270883083343506,
0.5215525031089783,
0.28052061796188354,
0.38567236065864563,
-0.1588638722896576,
0.3985356390476227,
0.1333022117614746,
0.16642853617668152,
0.5243297219276428,
0.030060099437832832,
-0.09594722092151642,
-0.686697781085968,
-0.2031036764383316,
0.06976363807916641,
0.4372480511665344,
-0.20327483117580414,
-0.03302333503961563,
0.10414278507232666,
0.13106125593185425,
0.4673707187175751,
-0.4599917232990265,
0.3546116352081299,
-0.14600545167922974,
0.019429229199886322,
-0.16691674292087555,
0.7016260623931885,
0.5964786410331726,
0.25034886598587036,
0.5753605365753174,
0.2866697907447815,
-0.2734016180038452,
-0.1392015814781189,
0.17168037593364716,
0.2648354470729828,
-0.49302777647972107,
-0.031914763152599335,
-0.04725077003240585,
0.6967452764511108,
0.4664289355278015,
0.15739086270332336,
-0.09499851614236832,
0.07281408458948135,
0.17696157097816467,
0.786730170249939,
-0.46048128604888916,
0.14104357361793518,
0.6730878949165344,
0.5828198790550232,
-0.10753050446510315,
-0.308075875043869,
-0.5140252113342285,
0.2732595205307007,
-0.06297077238559723,
0.00683372188359499,
0.6831222772598267,
0.48640480637550354,
-0.5827715396881104,
-0.14176702499389648,
-0.4751174747943878,
0.2551407516002655,
-0.23791027069091797,
-0.6696276664733887,
0.587881863117218,
-0.3600861132144928,
-0.5530226826667786,
0.23295293748378754,
0.38070249557495117,
0.23196104168891907,
0.27307313680648804,
-0.18935179710388184,
-0.3687213063240051,
0.7963628172874451,
0.08179546892642975,
-0.08279293775558472,
-0.5008041262626648,
-0.24984890222549438,
-0.3832785487174988,
0.0264284648001194,
0.10695534944534302,
0.16967545449733734,
0.2912014126777649,
-0.07559531182050705,
0.19144439697265625,
0.09038878232240677,
0.23492152988910675,
0.5218761563301086,
-0.24738945066928864,
-0.20727139711380005,
0.3285369277000427,
0.049489401280879974,
-0.05288735404610634,
0.15156002342700958,
0.7782682776451111,
0.3951810896396637,
0.7832528948783875,
-0.2576310336589813,
-0.6010228991508484,
0.22864162921905518,
0.23723216354846954,
0.2858591079711914,
0.5470033288002014,
-0.1411249339580536,
0.6469738483428955,
-0.1571090966463089,
-0.1649429351091385,
-0.12952783703804016,
-0.8372865915298462,
-0.558224081993103,
0.15111365914344788,
-0.4488072991371155,
1.1667190790176392,
0.10279306769371033,
-0.5817855596542358,
0.005030476953834295,
0.1622828096151352,
0.5420229434967041,
0.10660485923290253,
0.4552060663700104,
0.002017308957874775,
-0.26139432191848755,
-0.2768860459327698,
-0.08496906608343124,
0.12647715210914612,
-0.011367319151759148,
0.6523511409759521,
-0.14334972202777863,
0.45226725935935974,
-0.46886926889419556,
0.2967233955860138,
-0.2790786325931549,
-0.18190069496631622,
0.009458481334149837,
0.2785842716693878,
0.63954097032547,
0.20198707282543182,
-0.6720589995384216,
0.1977604180574417,
-0.40513908863067627,
-0.46102726459503174,
0.4209001064300537,
0.12438799440860748,
0.6379861831665039,
-0.6270303726196289,
-0.3504992425441742,
0.5534151792526245,
-0.4640990197658539,
0.043858811259269714,
0.10645730793476105,
0.398382306098938,
-0.35697615146636963,
-0.2358083724975586,
0.04020699858665466,
0.11149555444717407,
-0.17139317095279694,
0.13796864449977875,
0.2374449223279953,
0.13790328800678253,
0.0942525863647461,
-0.23109690845012665,
0.18314789235591888,
-0.1554117649793625,
0.3272598087787628,
0.5004005432128906,
0.350686639547348,
-0.1633269190788269,
-0.3032017648220062,
0.6900660991668701,
0.42614099383354187,
-0.2980755567550659,
-0.11576424539089203,
-0.18948844075202942,
-0.29179173707962036,
-0.5720027685165405,
-0.4359058737754822,
0.1804562658071518,
0.11052277684211731,
-0.5202558040618896,
0.0549304261803627,
0.02608834207057953,
0.4292362332344055,
0.4916023015975952,
-0.23364056646823883,
-0.13069678843021393,
0.11911289393901825,
0.2795093357563019,
0.30995771288871765,
-0.07516979426145554,
0.3922910690307617,
-0.577302873134613,
0.13557447493076324,
0.23659810423851013,
-0.22300052642822266,
0.24064898490905762,
0.20256371796131134,
-0.3981929123401642,
-0.5228469967842102,
-0.30964621901512146,
0.7680056095123291,
0.2989065647125244,
-0.529902458190918,
-0.14098341763019562,
-0.38467150926589966,
-0.30556291341781616,
-0.20616190135478973,
-0.27231884002685547,
0.22289809584617615,
-0.4177677631378174,
0.4369490444660187,
-0.28964585065841675,
0.2688089907169342,
-0.22576448321342468,
0.5162591934204102,
-0.5170851945877075,
-0.16653767228126526,
0.20799806714057922,
0.024614771828055382,
-0.450582891702652,
-0.2533329129219055,
-0.7733335494995117,
0.12380091100931168,
0.34319230914115906,
-0.3955206274986267,
-0.6622040271759033,
-0.009082901291549206,
-5.87679386138916,
0.14692217111587524,
0.32184088230133057,
-0.284994900226593,
0.45751628279685974,
0.39842841029167175,
0.15704236924648285,
0.17308185994625092,
-0.030168619006872177,
0.032321635633707047,
-0.2176174819469452,
-0.002729651518166065,
0.2749139666557312,
0.2643694579601288,
0.4740431606769562,
0.295430064201355,
0.37331998348236084,
-0.33936262130737305,
-0.13749204576015472,
0.10399344563484192,
-0.2924961745738983,
0.08542237430810928,
0.3082975745201111,
0.5103025436401367,
-0.3274911046028137,
0.768081784248352,
-0.6569899916648865,
0.6105374097824097,
-0.09814339876174927,
-0.037633709609508514,
0.09494579583406448,
-0.22594758868217468,
0.29032212495803833,
0.10912489891052246,
-0.20565766096115112,
-0.10350440442562103,
0.02078402414917946,
-0.24969841539859772,
-0.3236664831638336,
-0.749016523361206,
-0.027266019955277443,
0.7074916958808899,
-0.48370423913002014,
-0.17561709880828857,
0.0010526215191930532,
-0.5806156396865845,
0.2466607242822647,
-0.07542694360017776,
-0.1327446848154068,
0.09743372350931168,
0.010974878445267677,
0.40020257234573364,
0.05709715932607651,
-0.09542366117238998,
-0.12501315772533417,
-0.16936415433883667,
0.2469938099384308,
-0.16764429211616516,
-0.21132992208003998,
0.01789478398859501,
-0.4141198992729187,
-0.7541316151618958,
-0.15712565183639526,
0.04575706273317337,
0.7018328905105591,
-0.559434711933136,
-0.5933971405029297,
-0.2006363570690155,
0.4140366315841675,
-0.08583429455757141,
-0.2598458230495453,
0.5439750552177429,
0.5191051959991455,
-0.5960408449172974,
0.03349306061863899,
-0.02209835685789585,
0.4450420141220093,
-0.8688655495643616,
0.4022757112979889,
-0.3906368911266327,
-0.2281038761138916,
-0.28124839067459106,
0.011018761433660984,
0.49924641847610474,
-0.08391942083835602,
-0.38795480132102966,
-0.07984597235918045,
0.032973166555166245,
-0.5422796607017517,
-0.4652676284313202,
0.9815926551818848,
0.15056675672531128,
-0.23783086240291595,
0.08557359129190445,
-0.09193962067365646,
0.6762533187866211,
-0.3403727114200592,
0.47777533531188965,
0.3257322311401367,
-0.17347057163715363,
-0.1261071115732193,
-0.13982750475406647,
0.053475361317396164,
-0.765224814414978,
0.0027321975212544203,
-0.04777831211686134,
-0.6632367968559265,
0.0686856135725975,
0.4980388879776001,
-0.10441470146179199,
-0.1070176437497139,
0.7508226037025452,
-0.7122650742530823,
0.3231116235256195,
0.24915526807308197,
0.006021663546562195,
-0.5350423455238342,
-0.6079925298690796,
0.47065696120262146,
-0.29190999269485474,
0.6180865168571472,
0.08821247518062592,
-0.15114326775074005,
-0.18833906948566437,
0.3395691514015198,
-0.19287842512130737,
0.7703913450241089,
-0.09082750231027603,
0.17819471657276154,
0.018755581229925156,
0.36412978172302246,
-0.35602766275405884,
-0.706248939037323,
-0.10413717478513718,
-0.22776244580745697,
-0.0034852921962738037,
-0.9695946574211121,
-0.14200833439826965,
-0.9161429405212402,
-0.012963550165295601,
-0.10786258429288864,
-0.48344138264656067,
0.3397257328033447,
-0.004867324605584145,
1.013553261756897,
-0.11366967111825943,
-0.19308552145957947,
0.26823747158050537,
-0.1873602420091629,
0.36295580863952637,
-0.12676353752613068,
-0.1417384296655655,
0.00007676197856198996,
-0.5457348823547363,
-0.11568344384431839,
-0.05084039643406868,
-0.04724802076816559,
0.2855602204799652,
0.005077567882835865,
-0.32934167981147766,
0.05219545587897301,
0.7148745059967041,
-0.8689116835594177,
0.24726448953151703,
-0.4442536234855652,
-0.10644779354333878,
-0.42654716968536377,
-0.20403076708316803,
-0.03279945254325867,
0.421391099691391,
0.04367249459028244,
-0.03968942537903786,
-0.6884171366691589,
-0.10751840472221375,
0.27592721581459045,
0.350082665681839,
-0.3225257992744446,
0.7047553062438965,
0.18723922967910767,
-0.3564680814743042,
0.18565095961093903,
-0.2892844080924988,
-0.08876311033964157,
0.16912026703357697,
0.5807726383209229,
-0.4159229099750519,
-0.502539336681366,
0.025697221979498863,
-0.22494184970855713,
-0.1485915184020996,
-0.15810833871364594,
0.030496127903461456,
0.6610205173492432,
0.34074825048446655,
-0.5782849788665771,
-0.8702435493469238,
-0.36686602234840393,
1.1674264669418335,
-0.36850202083587646,
-0.6125697493553162,
-0.5830991268157959,
0.24627426266670227,
-0.6617191433906555,
0.1408717930316925,
-0.05163266137242317,
-0.6442074775695801,
0.11175606399774551,
-0.1271144300699234,
-0.25498518347740173,
0.5863238573074341,
0.30935248732566833,
0.005898730363696814,
0.06733784079551697,
0.21594981849193573,
-0.3856038749217987,
-0.17767931520938873,
0.2067038118839264,
-0.4974936842918396,
0.08455968648195267,
-0.4035775363445282,
0.12444416433572769,
-0.30366790294647217,
-0.05712113156914711,
0.8401144742965698,
0.02848210372030735,
-0.1846497356891632,
0.7661503553390503,
-0.27533194422721863,
0.06815073639154434,
-0.02767750807106495,
0.20210443437099457,
-0.23022451996803284,
0.1128666028380394,
0.6052422523498535,
0.15563836693763733,
0.18382757902145386,
0.28082844614982605,
0.16903875768184662,
-0.026791393756866455,
-0.17673154175281525,
0.4076501727104187,
0.5413458347320557,
-0.06099922955036163,
0.049828920513391495,
-0.1592283546924591,
-0.03321728855371475,
-0.12044582515954971,
-0.11769690364599228,
-0.7123783230781555,
0.2696065902709961,
0.617508590221405,
0.005756227299571037,
-0.41092827916145325,
-0.4668636918067932,
0.21350325644016266,
-0.5485399961471558,
0.28563520312309265,
-0.170943021774292,
-0.11621660739183426,
0.5740839838981628,
0.05837177857756615,
0.6279142498970032,
-0.06076590344309807,
-0.19977213442325592,
-0.08344202488660812,
-0.45465847849845886,
-0.08789591491222382,
-0.583409309387207,
-0.20478801429271698,
-0.5276296138763428,
0.03747134655714035,
0.1514054387807846,
0.14452821016311646,
0.3942704200744629,
0.8700025081634521,
-0.020772067829966545,
0.031690776348114014,
-0.986353874206543,
0.7587326765060425,
-0.08037042617797852,
-0.9960381984710693,
-0.06907177716493607,
-0.34555113315582275,
-0.14497976005077362,
-0.5427989363670349,
-0.1662673056125641,
-0.05505778267979622,
-0.5319032669067383,
-0.4856572449207306,
-0.3790530860424042,
0.1576656848192215,
0.28731265664100647,
-0.30677473545074463,
-0.2648441195487976,
-0.6424785852432251,
0.3768305480480194,
-0.1840740144252777,
0.09225147217512131,
-0.12048836797475815,
0.5068838000297546,
-0.18980981409549713,
1.0105305910110474,
0.1793336272239685,
-0.25620222091674805,
0.32087382674217224,
0.19902075827121735,
0.5898110270500183,
0.25280383229255676,
-0.19463355839252472,
0.10466082394123077,
0.37168967723846436,
-0.31674686074256897,
-0.5574262738227844,
0.26372644305229187,
-0.12935611605644226,
-0.4805501699447632,
0.8768754601478577,
-0.5732845067977905,
0.019765548408031464,
0.6614148020744324,
0.06175779923796654,
0.07127155363559723,
0.4262315630912781,
-0.5261933207511902,
-0.1514822542667389,
0.5038301348686218,
-0.6306833624839783,
0.3778509199619293,
0.22109149396419525,
-0.010489187203347683,
0.3490588963031769,
0.044285427778959274,
0.08051645755767822,
0.030979176983237267,
0.1137254536151886,
0.059153616428375244,
-0.11579325795173645,
-0.19178690016269684,
-0.12160322815179825,
0.435536652803421,
0.37296345829963684,
0.1758308857679367,
-0.12488780170679092,
-0.5404708385467529,
0.13702861964702606,
0.6120340824127197,
-0.3188825249671936,
-0.44827765226364136,
-0.18343859910964966,
0.0343562588095665,
0.26681652665138245,
-0.14383763074874878,
0.6151975989341736,
0.05380536988377571,
-0.01711503230035305,
-0.5780640244483948,
0.22180995345115662,
0.20139731466770172,
-0.3997335433959961,
0.34952473640441895,
0.11336833238601685,
0.055761344730854034,
0.2940254807472229,
-0.04788706451654434,
-0.4086548388004303,
0.08373143523931503,
-0.01622164435684681,
-0.1986583024263382,
-0.00993396621197462,
0.787160336971283,
0.023787952959537506,
0.020737171173095703,
-0.002544867340475321,
0.4795791506767273,
-0.20429840683937073,
-0.42132651805877686,
0.6760120987892151,
0.5103234648704529,
0.6618461012840271,
-0.41185033321380615,
-0.35615622997283936,
-0.08755586296319962,
-0.7114677429199219,
-0.13738130033016205,
-0.5493572950363159,
-0.4765428900718689,
-0.31900668144226074,
0.3376465141773224,
-0.5324174165725708,
-0.6857197284698486,
-1.0463612079620361,
-0.6402577757835388,
-0.2006276547908783,
0.006330560892820358,
-0.812855064868927,
-0.03177192434668541,
0.172235369682312,
0.9219725131988525,
-0.20965692400932312,
-0.15998941659927368,
-0.2845088541507721,
0.6168512105941772,
0.45655348896980286,
0.31520789861679077,
-0.5132132768630981,
0.48423027992248535,
-0.42201337218284607,
0.7041855454444885,
-0.15434201061725616,
0.2453898787498474,
-0.07624886929988861,
0.17173700034618378,
-0.141679584980011,
0.010465200990438461,
-0.6917887926101685,
-0.4818841516971588,
0.2658819854259491,
-0.10612495243549347,
0.11515029519796371,
-0.3321228623390198,
0.052592433989048004,
0.2875751256942749,
-0.4907403588294983,
-0.02665087580680847,
-0.17844508588314056,
-0.004022615496069193,
0.8305847644805908,
0.16574051976203918,
0.048853591084480286,
0.537053108215332,
0.015103333629667759,
0.017541950568556786,
-1.0990064144134521,
0.13731548190116882,
-0.7756752371788025,
-0.38335078954696655,
-0.1903933584690094,
0.16090646386146545,
-0.4529845714569092,
-0.23491425812244415,
0.4424130916595459,
-0.17635685205459595,
0.42756348848342896,
-0.3129519820213318,
-0.35751578211784363,
0.1252889484167099,
0.05686674639582634,
0.4244450032711029,
0.06414709240198135,
0.4909855127334595,
0.5815288424491882,
-0.1353330910205841,
-0.17453724145889282,
-0.04040900990366936,
0.6922333240509033,
-0.46389830112457275,
-0.13528987765312195,
-0.2237517237663269,
-0.3263469338417053,
0.2722022235393524
] |
247734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Teuber | Klaus Teuber | Klaus Teuber (born June 25, 1952) is a German former dental technician and designer of board games. He is best known for designing the strategy board game Catan.
Career
Teuber won the Spiel des Jahres ("Game of the Year") award four times: for The Settlers of Catan, Barbarossa, Drunter und Drüber and Adel Verpflichtet. By Hook or Crook by Teuber was published in the American market by Avalon Hill in 1991, making it an early German style board game import.
Personal life
Teuber retired from his profession as a dental technician to become a full-time game designer in 1999. , he lives in Darmstadt with his wife Claudia. They have two sons, Guido and Benny.
Games
The Settlers of Catan (and its many expansions, as well as the video game version, Catan)
The Settlers of Canaan, a legally licensed and biblically-oriented version of Catan. It is not clear whether Teuber or someone else developed this edition.
Löwenherz or Domaine
Entdecker
Drunter und Drüber
Adel Verpflichtet (var.: Hoity Toity, Hook or Crook, Fair Means or Foul)
Barbarossa
Timberland, a German-style board game based on woodland management that came in ninth in the Deutscher Spiele Preis (German Game Prize).
Pop Belly Pigs
See also
Going Cardboard, (documentary; includes an interview with Teuber)
List of Klaus Teuber games
References
External links
"Special K", article on Klaus Teuber's impact on the game industry
"Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre", article on the process through which Klaus Teuber refined Settlers of Catan
Board game designers
1952 births
Living people
Klaus Teuber games | [
-0.06330114603042603,
0.823962390422821,
-0.18943580985069275,
-0.13749238848686218,
0.1902431845664978,
0.7245058417320251,
0.05591718852519989,
-0.00039998700958676636,
-0.09194828569889069,
-0.23205825686454773,
-0.14041590690612793,
0.3324924409389496,
0.08480101823806763,
0.027164440602064133,
-0.044017478823661804,
0.18657030165195465,
0.2776031196117401,
-0.21955803036689758,
-0.7630654573440552,
-0.14883868396282196,
-0.22226062417030334,
-0.5817111134529114,
0.19584660232067108,
0.1446753740310669,
-0.9952881932258606,
0.6652241349220276,
-0.049939412623643875,
0.18948720395565033,
-0.17878136038780212,
0.14814245700836182,
0.455864280462265,
0.7032399773597717,
0.3412259519100189,
-0.17193953692913055,
-0.03616457059979439,
0.427783727645874,
-0.051439158618450165,
-0.44080251455307007,
0.08760366588830948,
0.07179152220487595,
-0.014068030752241611,
0.7144448757171631,
0.16327878832817078,
0.26908281445503235,
0.23482392728328705,
-0.5363447070121765,
-2.0460827350616455,
0.21748027205467224,
-1.099769949913025,
0.012259755283594131,
-0.08370577543973923,
0.28891506791114807,
-0.08672091364860535,
0.830609917640686,
0.35507455468177795,
-0.07242635637521744,
0.210961252450943,
-0.1557118445634842,
0.3724207580089569,
-0.07807991653680801,
0.4503120481967926,
0.11058694869279861,
0.18171082437038422,
0.02230839431285858,
0.3417467474937439,
0.022710613906383514,
0.1766992062330246,
0.8647663593292236,
0.04968998208642006,
-0.1338132619857788,
-0.4428486227989197,
-0.4699864983558655,
0.10373752564191818,
-0.8391263484954834,
0.2530902326107025,
-0.33179545402526855,
0.30866581201553345,
-0.248452827334404,
0.18501947820186615,
-0.5038734078407288,
-0.15405303239822388,
-0.4311159551143646,
1.3844349384307861,
0.6138438582420349,
0.673515260219574,
-0.017738545313477516,
-0.06943395733833313,
-0.02629905566573143,
-1.0073105096817017,
-0.33617910742759705,
-0.4337522089481354,
-1.0001641511917114,
0.32781487703323364,
-0.01309158094227314,
-0.5414387583732605,
-0.27026182413101196,
-0.2264357954263687,
0.47121042013168335,
0.4942038655281067,
0.06013339012861252,
0.5031140446662903,
-0.24054647982120514,
0.47617095708847046,
0.07163596153259277,
-0.1382620632648468,
-0.4234619438648224,
0.147287517786026,
-0.39344531297683716,
-0.17223843932151794,
-0.05606776848435402,
-0.7126709222793579,
0.1321195363998413,
0.2760530412197113,
0.16096019744873047,
-0.2260015457868576,
0.8778336048126221,
-0.015084318816661835,
-0.5174877643585205,
-0.7285608053207397,
0.41396093368530273,
-0.047758761793375015,
0.12854740023612976,
-0.24346670508384705,
0.06484139710664749,
-0.4804731011390686,
0.14764522016048431,
-0.2320447564125061,
1.1118860244750977,
-0.6746381521224976,
0.027149654924869537,
0.3278616964817047,
1.0772453546524048,
-0.2521947920322418,
0.25160378217697144,
0.12585562467575073,
-0.0926578938961029,
0.5916563272476196,
-0.2910148501396179,
-0.43308204412460327,
-0.015094278380274773,
-0.9103517532348633,
-0.19027744233608246,
-0.8360411524772644,
-0.28637057542800903,
-0.23451517522335052,
0.13157549500465393,
-0.008077213540673256,
-0.09124238044023514,
0.04755226895213127,
0.3502253293991089,
0.14062123000621796,
-0.34783223271369934,
-0.18091702461242676,
-0.4825970530509949,
-0.11480643600225449,
1.2054158449172974,
0.2979157567024231,
-0.23820750415325165,
-0.06822622567415237,
0.0008223639451898634,
0.60393887758255,
-0.587648332118988,
-1.0237066745758057,
0.2147543728351593,
0.34458959102630615,
-0.10126885771751404,
-0.16333772242069244,
0.09563104063272476,
-0.31269362568855286,
0.3463996350765228,
-0.30809372663497925,
0.06098645552992821,
-0.1477140635251999,
-0.7610068321228027,
0.2447861135005951,
0.18288494646549225,
0.5247176885604858,
0.27518725395202637,
0.4071815609931946,
-0.5661719441413879,
-0.7335560321807861,
-0.8851800560951233,
-0.0009685284458100796,
0.5687670111656189,
0.42672020196914673,
-0.05888310447335243,
0.13517124950885773,
-0.4067487120628357,
0.43548110127449036,
0.05175115913152695,
-0.24842366576194763,
-0.6094055771827698,
0.7211522459983826,
0.06596089154481888,
1.1275593042373657,
0.46793270111083984,
-1.0517359972000122,
-0.1653153896331787,
-0.33910179138183594,
0.4630676209926605,
-0.5942889451980591,
-0.3890221416950226,
-0.199764221906662,
0.19089248776435852,
0.06176292523741722,
0.8453065156936646,
0.430789977312088,
-0.5210649967193604,
-0.41768547892570496,
0.8752861022949219,
0.5409753918647766,
-0.6536542773246765,
-0.3754277229309082,
0.4761771261692047,
0.10933201760053635,
-0.025200044736266136,
-0.35517966747283936,
0.007899529300630093,
0.38809525966644287,
-0.9722555875778198,
0.06466183066368103,
0.4975035786628723,
-0.3400573134422302,
0.834753692150116,
0.16329412162303925,
0.9021236300468445,
-0.5981659293174744,
-0.08138004690408707,
0.5271883010864258,
-0.942444920539856,
0.3053215444087982,
0.7706649303436279,
0.5949104428291321,
-0.45734116435050964,
0.08878982812166214,
-0.5026979446411133,
-0.0006624753004871309,
-0.3148635923862457,
0.21173350512981415,
0.1886371225118637,
0.3822820484638214,
0.4536300301551819,
-0.30824097990989685,
-0.2810748815536499,
0.21333135664463043,
-0.035765714943408966,
-0.4796768128871918,
0.27518343925476074,
-0.7562311291694641,
-0.2644379436969757,
0.4942149817943573,
0.5157660841941833,
0.43883082270622253,
-0.672075092792511,
-0.6013275980949402,
0.21890579164028168,
0.09796041250228882,
0.05163116753101349,
-0.058679211884737015,
-0.12171930819749832,
0.09350961446762085,
-0.2751181721687317,
0.263648122549057,
-0.5029880404472351,
-0.36699560284614563,
-1.0109119415283203,
-0.11446336656808853,
-0.5278330445289612,
-0.05806785449385643,
-0.006147121079266071,
-0.05832285434007645,
-0.17972049117088318,
-0.3324058949947357,
-0.5202010869979858,
0.07756777852773666,
-0.7644074559211731,
-0.834744930267334,
0.3677063584327698,
-0.289619505405426,
-0.576386034488678,
0.764700710773468,
1.0829555988311768,
0.2395135462284088,
-0.3348153233528137,
-0.42027992010116577,
0.47715479135513306,
0.1389666050672531,
-0.017030643299221992,
0.21255581080913544,
-0.3535241484642029,
-0.08838286250829697,
1.3251162767410278,
-0.6996989250183105,
0.03485601395368576,
0.3147915303707123,
0.9182578921318054,
-0.5755285620689392,
-0.6718331575393677,
0.49632880091667175,
-0.09135212749242783,
-0.3940833508968353,
0.45995983481407166,
-0.06575330346822739,
0.09406129270792007,
-0.17830167710781097,
-0.1632220298051834,
-0.804906964302063,
-0.3079565167427063,
-5.005248069763184,
-0.43294191360473633,
-0.27457356452941895,
-0.1594330370426178,
0.14567366242408752,
0.3143332004547119,
0.5700830221176147,
-0.18859466910362244,
0.028365466743707657,
0.08938729763031006,
0.11700505763292313,
0.0806664228439331,
0.16472356021404266,
1.3167316913604736,
0.988463819026947,
0.7937397360801697,
1.0654269456863403,
-0.7861118316650391,
0.15998533368110657,
-0.2356257438659668,
0.3041323125362396,
-0.4781711995601654,
-0.4358004033565521,
0.10633940249681473,
-0.7395816445350647,
0.8370878100395203,
-0.8236585855484009,
0.012758426368236542,
-0.8220338225364685,
-0.5786517858505249,
0.2676110863685608,
-0.6288690567016602,
-0.7893348932266235,
0.39425650238990784,
-0.08909841626882553,
0.13467687368392944,
0.7330725193023682,
0.7333712577819824,
0.18602553009986877,
-0.02053348906338215,
0.1814996600151062,
0.8278358578681946,
-0.4592350423336029,
-0.1066334918141365,
0.6245582103729248,
0.06861879676580429,
-0.781821608543396,
0.14975164830684662,
-0.49885886907577515,
0.6344980597496033,
0.31553784012794495,
-0.0876602828502655,
0.36249345541000366,
0.6875069737434387,
0.20474345982074738,
-0.4019220173358917,
0.4850200414657593,
0.010776380077004433,
-0.5048931837081909,
0.48707956075668335,
-0.359487384557724,
-0.6039362549781799,
0.31421008706092834,
-0.7243525385856628,
-0.28635743260383606,
-0.013370763510465622,
-0.12802796065807343,
-0.2500825524330139,
0.1019396036863327,
-0.1879187375307083,
-0.3060992360115051,
0.4613235890865326,
0.004255552776157856,
-0.8377959132194519,
0.12421665340662003,
-0.20405399799346924,
0.06773793697357178,
-0.2720288038253784,
-0.2674783170223236,
-0.24180209636688232,
0.3092588782310486,
-0.7833017110824585,
-0.5725252628326416,
0.4187041223049164,
0.6518648266792297,
0.0924733579158783,
-0.243475079536438,
0.19583898782730103,
0.09161342680454254,
-0.11651600152254105,
0.41945433616638184,
-0.07930662482976913,
0.11341390758752823,
0.29267752170562744,
-0.23085197806358337,
0.47479602694511414,
-0.3925597071647644,
0.4105639159679413,
0.7447401285171509,
0.016176113858819008,
-0.004401489160954952,
-0.780763566493988,
-0.21453478932380676,
-0.45448043942451477,
-0.00819890946149826,
0.18617364764213562,
0.35036182403564453,
-0.1868644505739212,
0.5181190371513367,
0.6928089261054993,
-0.37920352816581726,
0.7267550230026245,
-0.2050524801015854,
-0.08658646047115326,
0.36204755306243896,
-0.5503560304641724,
-0.5580617189407349,
0.3654605448246002,
0.24729320406913757,
0.10580188781023026,
0.12163686007261276,
-0.24692034721374512,
0.45935940742492676,
-0.8738921284675598,
0.5019134879112244,
-0.24040041863918304,
-0.027253203094005585,
-0.08469891548156738,
-0.02937101386487484,
0.5082817077636719,
-0.5767433047294617,
1.2907756567001343,
-0.023807549849152565,
0.08178432285785675,
0.26553383469581604,
0.34063202142715454,
-0.7882005572319031,
-0.04067976400256157,
-0.1458650380373001,
0.01734299771487713,
0.8724326491355896,
-0.28229331970214844,
0.16636823117733002,
0.01818464882671833,
0.013608216308057308,
-0.07168847322463989,
0.1761758178472519,
0.27708733081817627,
0.03922789916396141,
1.2663341760635376,
-0.1970231831073761,
-0.6062223315238953,
0.4316811263561249,
-0.005160991568118334,
-0.21686166524887085,
0.3100210726261139,
-0.17296917736530304,
0.16084137558937073,
-0.17142976820468903,
0.41197237372398376,
0.6021807789802551,
0.053030841052532196,
-1.2336910963058472,
0.4999202489852905,
0.21225327253341675,
0.049882784485816956,
-0.6129271984100342,
-0.37614622712135315,
-0.41294077038764954,
0.5275790691375732,
0.3824046552181244,
-0.11549089103937149,
-0.5258274674415588,
0.4706689715385437,
0.06977314502000809,
-0.5669644474983215,
-0.16801846027374268,
-0.33044835925102234,
0.0006471621454693377,
-0.5493012070655823,
0.5542647242546082,
0.05121894180774689,
-0.5000429749488831,
0.23469457030296326,
0.33445313572883606,
-0.25837278366088867,
-0.7625821232795715,
0.01080952025949955,
-0.7174674272537231,
-0.08678741753101349,
0.24724945425987244,
0.19221410155296326,
0.7138393521308899,
0.8894767165184021,
-0.16886281967163086,
-0.6211414933204651,
-0.15101996064186096,
0.2192617952823639,
-0.5944156050682068,
-0.36480531096458435,
0.3928719460964203,
0.02943328395485878,
-0.37918245792388916,
-0.09976249188184738,
0.9029576182365417,
-1.025104284286499,
0.022055722773075104,
0.5974042415618896,
0.3749725818634033,
0.6740404963493347,
-0.6910606026649475,
-0.3115590512752533,
0.1302686184644699,
0.5173283815383911,
-1.2412660121917725,
-0.24207863211631775,
0.46115997433662415,
0.20758989453315735,
-0.8756579160690308,
0.2602708339691162,
-0.47980186343193054,
-0.07271304726600647,
-0.5939578413963318,
-0.49497726559638977,
-0.7390566468238831,
-0.3953724503517151,
0.6369092464447021,
-0.2315230667591095,
0.5657690763473511,
0.0008155754767358303,
0.08293427526950836,
-0.5601434111595154,
0.1978883296251297,
-0.23043015599250793,
0.4485323131084442,
-0.060934726148843765,
0.2578723728656769,
0.7288045287132263,
-0.3515584468841553,
-0.4011841118335724,
0.3647148907184601,
0.4200647473335266,
0.6704434752464294,
0.028514951467514038,
0.2394242137670517,
0.136381134390831,
0.5740546584129333,
-0.548736035823822,
-0.2542514503002167,
0.6736832857131958,
0.28998762369155884,
0.32346755266189575,
-0.8795375823974609,
-0.1949312388896942,
1.0174221992492676,
-0.23323047161102295,
-0.03078465722501278,
-0.08732704818248749,
0.23033417761325836,
-0.12214569747447968,
-0.38777270913124084,
0.25283822417259216,
-0.14190837740898132,
-0.1627202332019806,
-0.2718294858932495,
0.2088514119386673,
-0.374990850687027,
0.08517578989267349,
-0.0007499357452616096,
0.07574315369129181,
0.05633925274014473,
-0.2217121124267578,
0.15097834169864655,
0.3690671920776367,
-0.04909585043787956,
0.21679441630840302,
-0.05738576874136925,
-0.876659095287323,
0.2839606702327728,
-0.17143353819847107,
-0.40821561217308044,
0.31292223930358887,
0.34346526861190796,
-0.16359849274158478,
-0.5086373686790466,
-0.5775507688522339,
-0.3192799687385559,
-0.0869637057185173,
-0.05467937886714935,
0.22158193588256836,
-0.6833273768424988,
-0.04646554961800575,
-0.9091178774833679,
0.4059147238731384,
-0.08763819187879562,
0.12735633552074432,
-0.2675478458404541,
0.30639007687568665,
-0.07147052884101868,
0.331478476524353,
-0.3523038625717163,
1.0438395738601685,
0.7828601598739624,
0.3382280468940735,
0.7570964694023132,
0.6504404544830322,
-0.15802815556526184,
-0.18685296177864075,
-0.46331629157066345,
0.30308330059051514,
0.1537708342075348,
-0.7160769701004028,
-0.40282002091407776,
0.6512985229492188,
-0.23501121997833252,
-0.10273842513561249,
0.8585443496704102,
-0.5983323454856873,
-0.11928458511829376,
-0.10034080594778061,
0.34424763917922974,
-0.10557357966899872,
1.0600007772445679,
-0.19740167260169983,
0.013732767663896084,
0.8407543301582336,
0.4623734652996063,
-0.24585789442062378,
0.2518652379512787,
-0.013797535561025143,
0.09156974405050278,
-0.08276264369487762,
0.36273232102394104,
-0.1882144659757614,
0.14400626718997955,
0.13317859172821045,
-0.2186492383480072,
-0.5283776521682739,
0.1274353563785553,
0.16348975896835327,
-0.053391631692647934,
0.7736986875534058,
-0.5069370865821838,
-0.1523093283176422,
0.11795308440923691,
0.19543175399303436,
-0.1723756194114685,
-0.2281983494758606,
-0.22326089441776276,
0.07271472364664078,
0.46954745054244995,
-0.4652472138404846,
-0.12550558149814606,
-0.25176602602005005,
-0.09119579941034317,
-0.14727766811847687,
0.6268776655197144,
-0.5271970629692078,
-0.0877956673502922,
0.1621389389038086,
0.507189154624939,
-1.016339898109436,
0.6781359910964966,
0.07783078402280807,
-0.3317278325557709,
0.09139976650476456,
-0.7357973456382751,
-1.0328989028930664,
0.5508989095687866,
0.16713203489780426,
0.11955965310335159,
-0.14387771487236023,
-0.11961711943149567,
0.836323618888855,
-0.05156875401735306,
-0.12333113700151443,
0.9604484438896179,
0.05494534596800804,
-0.19885121285915375,
0.44697943329811096,
-0.7417349219322205,
-0.3157385587692261,
-0.2467215657234192,
0.10339879244565964,
0.4440005421638489,
-0.48232153058052063,
0.011449611745774746,
-0.01696249656379223,
0.5563913583755493,
-0.008467385545372963,
0.28785061836242676,
-0.6507758498191833,
-0.20693853497505188,
0.3440609276294708,
-0.5821967124938965,
-0.27113205194473267,
-0.515576183795929,
0.7141138911247253,
0.2378671020269394,
-0.013508336618542671,
-0.09571372717618942,
0.1736665666103363,
0.22073400020599365,
0.0789155587553978,
-0.3327227830886841,
-0.20770542323589325,
-0.7790412306785583,
0.3547210097312927,
-0.05680590122938156,
0.9818796515464783,
0.49022725224494934,
0.23852157592773438,
-0.5173308253288269,
0.1572311967611313,
-0.2727433443069458,
-0.1821604073047638,
0.306020587682724,
-0.27697083353996277,
0.10111536830663681,
0.08056336641311646,
0.3739877939224243,
-0.34507185220718384,
0.2614721655845642,
-0.17569884657859802,
-0.12115602940320969,
0.21077010035514832,
0.27623140811920166,
-0.5013115406036377,
-0.3584505021572113,
0.06690633296966553,
-0.22047273814678192,
0.3924673795700073,
-0.450188010931015,
0.05978655442595482,
-0.16206789016723633,
-0.8035381436347961,
1.0827618837356567,
0.3456021547317505,
0.8085805177688599,
-0.7446989417076111,
0.0010471825953572989,
0.36239638924598694,
0.373180091381073,
-0.0555800125002861,
-1.439341425895691,
0.0895337387919426,
-0.14995279908180237,
-0.6116111874580383,
0.021540887653827667,
-0.0009038563002832234,
-0.22034460306167603,
-0.20298412442207336,
0.3655245900154114,
-0.6708428859710693,
0.053613290190696716,
0.7576895952224731,
-0.5395409464836121,
-0.5212154984474182,
0.498660683631897,
0.10575662553310394
] |
247735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal%20Division | Barisal Division | Barishal Division is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Located in the south-central part of the country, it has an area of , and a population of 8,325,666 at the 2011 Census. It is the least populous Division within the entirety of Bangladesh. It is bounded by Dhaka Division on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the south, Chittagong Division on the east and Khulna Division on the west. The administrative capital, Barisal city, lies in the Padma River delta on an offshoot of the Arial Khan River. Barisal division is criss-crossed by numerous rivers that earned it the nickname Dhan-Nodi-Khal, Ei tin-e Borishal (rice, river and canal built Barishal).
History
Early Middle Ages
In early times the Barisal region was composed of an amalgamation of marshlands formed by the merging of islands brought into existence and built up by alluvial soils washed down the great channels of the combined Brahmaputra-Ganges-Meghna river systems.
In the early 13th century, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji led the Muslim conquest of Barisal, and soon later Muhammad bin Tughluq completely conquered eastern Bengal. The Hindu chieftains from northwest Bengal were dislodged from power and they dispersed over Barisal region and founded the kingdom of Bakla.
During the Mughal intervention in Bengal, Hindu society was concentrated to northern and western Barisal (known as Bakarganj). Barisal's southern portion was still covered by forests and laced with lagoons. The northwest was also the only part of Bakarganj where the Hindu population exceeded Muslims in early British censuses.
Mughal period
Barisal saw a second wave of immigration in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. This time, it was Muslim pioneers who assumed the leading role. Establishing Dhaka as the provincial Mughal capital of the region, in the early 17th century the Barisal region (known as Sarkar Bakla to Mughals) was more accessible to businessmen and developers than at any previous time. However, piracy in this region along the coasts and rivers of southeastern Bengal by Arakanese and renegade Portuguese seamen inhibited any sustained attempts by Mughal governors to push into the Barisal forests.
After 1666, when Mughal naval forces cleared the Meghna estuary of such external threats, the Barisal interior lay ripe for colonization. Land developers acquired grants of plots of land, taluq (তালুক), from provincial authorities. Abundant and easily obtainable by purchase from the late 17th century these grants tended to be regarded by their possessors taluqdar (তালুকদার). As taluqdars brought their taluqs into agricultural production, these men passed up the land revenue through a class of non-cultivating intermediaries, or zamindar (জমিদার). Zamindars typically resided in the provincial capital, where they had ready access to the chief provincial revenue officer, or dewan (দেওয়ান).
In a second pattern of land development, Muslim pirs or Qazi went directly into uncultivated regions, organized the local population for clearing the jungles, and only later, after having established themselves as local men of influence, entered into relations with the Mughal authorities. Relationships between the religious Muslim pirs and Mughal authorities was not always harmonious, since a pir's natural ties of authority and patronage generally lay with the masses of peasants beneath him and not with the governors and bureaucrats. For example, in remote Jhalakati Thana in the eastern Bakarganj many of 18th-century pirs and Educationist, Islamic scholars came under the authority, among them named Saiyid Faqir and Faizus Ahmed Khan (A Persian business man and educationist, came for the business trade through Khyber pass and spread education among the Indian sub continent) from wielded enormous influence with the cultivators of the all-Muslim village of Saiyidpur, Hizla and Muladi named after the pirs. But a difficulty arose, noted a 1906 village survey of Pir Fakir of Saiyidpur village, because "the people of this part looked upon the Fakir as their guide and did not pay rent to the Nawab." In this situation, one Lala Chet Singh, a captain in the employ of the governor, "succeeded in persuading the Fakir to leave the country."
British rule
In 1797 the area was established as Bakerganj District but later renamed as Barisal District and Pir of Hizla-Muladi, Faizus Ahmed Khan stayed back & settled in Muladi-Hizla village.
Pakistani rule
In 1947 the area was continued as a Bakerganj District, as one of four districts of Khulna Division but later renamed as Barisal District.
Bangladesh
The Greater Barisal region (Barisal District along with five other neighbouring districts) was created as Barisal Division on 1 January 1993.
Economy
Barisal is known as the "Granary of Bengal" for its rice production. It is still an important rice-producing area of the country. Since the Middle Ages, Barisal has acted as a trans-shipment center for hides, rice, dried beans, dried peas, lentils, chickpeas, and other legumes for Bengal. Bakery, textile, and pharmaceutical products are the output of a few industrial installations. There are Sher-e Bangla Medical College (affiliated with the National University) and B. M. College (an educational institution of Barisal Division established in 1889). Barisal is also a river port once connecting Calcutta-Barisal-Dhaka and many other routes. Today Barisal River port is the most important hub of steamer and motor launch service of the Southern Bangladesh.
Points of interest
Kuakata beach is the main tourist spot in the division. It is one of the two sea beaches in South Asia where both sunrise and sunset at sea can be seen.
Durga Sagar is a man-made pond where a number of migratory birds arrive every winter.
Guthia Mosque is a mosque complex of Bangladesh having a land area of , comparing to the land area of the national mosque Baitul Mukarram of the country.
Administration
The division is subdivided into six districts (zilas) and thence into 42 sub-districts (upazilas; Rangabali in Patuakhali and Taltoli in Barguna being the most recent). Lower level administrative areas are 353 union parishads, 3,159 mouzas, 12 municipalities, 25 wards and 4,163 villages.
Transport
Numerous rivers and canals force the inhabitants to use boats as the main medium of transportation. The main rivers are the Arial Khan, Bishkhali, Burishwar, Tentulia, Paira, Haringhata, Baleshwar, Kirtankhola, Katcha, and Agunmukha.
It is linked by steamer with Dhaka ( to the north) and with Chittagong to the southeast. Road communication has improved significantly over last decades with the building of many bridges. The Barisal airport has regular service to Dhaka.
Education
Barisal division has one of the highest literacy rates of the country, just behind Dhaka division. One of the country's oldest educational institutions, Brojomohun College was established in 1889. The division contains Sher e Bangla Medical College and one science and technological university. Recently the government has passed a bill approving the building of the new Barisal University.
Universities
Patuakhali Science and Technology University,
University of Barisal
Government colleges
Total thirteen government colleges:
Barisal Government Women's College
Bhandaria Government College
Brojomohun College
Government Syed Hatem Ali College
Bhola Govt. College
Govt. Fazlul Haque College, Chakhar
Govt. Fazilatunnessa Women's College, Bhola
Govt. Gouronodi College
Govt. Suhrawardy College, Pirojpur
Patuakhali Govt College
Patuakhali Government Womens College
Madrasah
Total 1616 Madrasah:
Jhalokathi N. S. Kamil Madrasha
Sarsina Madrasah
Private colleges
Eighteen private colleges:
Amrita Lal Dey College
Barisal Institute of Information Technology
Dr. Arifur Rahman Commerce College
Shah Mahmudia College
Medical college
Patuakhali Medical College
Sher-e-Bangla Medical College
Engineering Colleges
Barisal Engineering College
Shahid Abdur Rab Serniabat Textile Engineering College, Barisal
Government high schools
There are nineteen government high schools. Among them Barisal Zilla School, Bhola Govt. High School and Pirojpur Govt. High School (are A Grade School during the British Raj) and Barisal Sadar Girls School are three notable schools of the Barisal Division.
Private high schools
852 Private high schools
Polytechnic institutes
Barguna Polytechnic Institute
Barisal Polytechnic Institute
Bhola Polytechnic Institute
Patuakhali Polytechnic Institute
ABC Polytechnic Institute
INFRA Polytechnic Institute
Junior high schools
180 junior high schools
Private schools
Ideal Cadet School and College
Udayan High School, Barisal
Law colleges
3 law colleges
Cadet colleges
1 cadet college: Barisal Cadet College
Teachers' Training Colleges
4 teachers' training colleges
Madrasas
1616 madrasas
Primary schools
Government: 2,583
Non-government: 1,982
Religion
Islam is the predominant religion in the Barisal division, with a large minority population of Hindus, and small populations of Christians and Buddhists, and others.
Notable residents
Abul Hasanat Abdullah is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a member of Parliament.
Mohiuddin Ahmed was a Language Movement veteran and 1971 Liberation War organiser.
Tania Ahmed, actress
Tofail Ahmed, Bangladeshi politician, Minister of Commerce and Minister of Industries
Ziauddin Ahmed, war hero, freedom fighter and sub-sector Commander under Sector 9 of Mukti Bahini during Bangladesh liberation war in 1971.
Jewel Aich, a Bangladeshi magician and bansuri player. He is a veteran of the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war.
Mir Maswood Ali, mathematician and statistician
Amir Hossain Amu, a Bangladeshi politician and leader in the Bangladesh Awami League.
Abdur Rahman Biswas, former President of Bangladesh
Anil Biswas noted Hindi and Bengali film song composer
Mohammad Ali Bogra, Bengali politician, statesman, who served as third Prime Minister of Pakistan, 1953 – 1955.
Abala Bose, social reformer and wife of Jagadish Chandra Bose
Nachiketa Chakraborty, famous Tollywood singer's family hails from Chechri Rampur village in Kathalia Upazila
Abdul Gaffar Choudhury, an author, columnist, lyricist.
Asad Chowdhury, poet, writer, translator, radio, television personality and journalist, as well as a cultural activist in Bangladesh.
Jibanananda Das, poet
Kusumkumari Das, poet and mother of Jibanananda Das
Mukunda Das, was a Bengali poet, ballad singer, composer and patriot, who contributed to the spread of Swadeshi movement in rural Bengal.
Gurudas Dasgupta, is a Member of the Indian Parliament and a leader of the Communist Party of India.
Basudeb DasSarma, chemist
Arundhati Devi, was an Indian actress, director and writer who is known for her work in Bengali cinema.
Utpal Dutt, Indian actor, director and writer-playwright
Aswini Kumar Dutta, social reformer and philanthropist
Narayan Gangopadhyay, was a Bengali novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer, a leading writer of modern Bengali literature.
Sohag Gazi, Bangladeshi cricketer
Debaprasad Ghosh, an Indian mathematician, linguist, lawyer, journalist, educatinist and statesman.
Nikhil Ghosh, was an Indian musician, teacher and writer, known his proficiency on the percussion instrument of tabla.
Pannalal Ghosh, musician and flutist
Parul Ghosh, was an Indian playback singer. Ghosh sang in Hindi and Bengali movies from 1935 to 1951.
Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta, Bengali educator and humanist of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. One of the Bengali intellectuals killed by the Pakistan Army during the 1971 Dhaka University massacre on 25 March 1971.
Hiranmay Sen Gupta, physicist
Ahsan Habib, Ahsan Habib was a Bangladeshi poet and literary figure in Bengali culture.
A. M. Harun-ar-Rashid, is a Bangladeshi physicist and Bose Professor of Physics at the University of Dhaka.
Abul Hasan, poet, journalist and literary figure in Bengali culture
Ehsan Hoque, medical doctor, social entrepreneur and child rights activist. He is the founder and honorary Executive Director of Distressed Children & Infants International
Mainul Hosein, lawyer and the printer and publisher of daily newspaper The New Nation. Previously, he was the chairman of the editorial board of The Daily Ittefaq.
Kamal Hossain, Bangladeshi jurist, statesman and freedom fighter. After the independence of Bangladesh, he served as Minister of Law from 1972 to 1973 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1973 to 1975.
A.K. Fazlul Huq, Bengali lawyer, legislator and statesman in the 20th century. Huq was a major political figure in British India and later in Pakistan.
Mohiuddin Jahangir (Bir Shreshto), a freedom fighter
Major M. A. Jalil, the commander of the Sector 9 during Bangladesh War of Liberation in 1971.
Shamsuddin Abul Kalam, was an actor and an author of Bengali literature in Bangladesh.
Mostafa Kamal (Bir Shreshto), a freedom fighter.
Sufia Kamal, poet
Fazlul Karim, scholar, academic, philosopher and essayist in Bangladesh.
Mosharraf Karim, actor
A.Z.M. Enayetullah Khan, veteran journalist, former minister of Bangladesh. He founded the weekly newspaper Holiday and the daily newspaper New Age. He served as the minister from 1977 to 1978.
Abdul Jabbar Khan, the 6th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan.
Abdul Karim Khan folk-singer
Sadek Khan, Bangladeshi journalist, columnist and filmmaker
Salman Khan, founder of Khan Academy
Nazia Khanum, , academic and management consultant
Abdul Latif Singer, musician, and lyricist. He was the initial composer of the Bengali language movement song, "Amaar Bhaiyer Rakte Rangano Ekushey February".
Altaf Mahmud noted Bengali film song composer. He was the final composer of the Bengali language movement song, "Amaar Bhaiyer Rakte Rangano Ekushey February".
Anwar Hossain Manju, Bangladeshi politician who is a member of Jatiyo Sangshad representing Pirojpur-2 parliamentary constituency and the current Minister of Water Resources.
Naziur Rahman Manzur, Bangladesh Jatiya Party politician, founding chairman of the party, former government minister in the Cabinet of Hussain Mohammad Ershad and former Mayor of Dhaka.
Hasan Masood, a Bangladeshi actor. He is also a former journalist and military officer.
Aroj Ali Matubbar, astronomer and philosopher
Rashed Khan Menon, Bangladeshi politician. Chairman of Workers Party of Bangladesh and was elected as the Member of Parliament for Dhaka-8 in 2008 and reelected in 2014.
Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah, founder editor of The Daily Ittefaq
Khalid Hassan Milu, was a Bangladeshi singer.
Mehedi Hasan Miraz, Bangladeshi cricketer
Ghulam Murshid, author, scholar and journalist, based on London
Golam Mustafa, film actor
Suborna Mustafa, actress
Shahriar Nafees, Bangladeshi cricketer
Jahangir Kabir Nanak, Bangladesh Awami League politician and the former state Minister of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives.
Abu Zafar Obaidullah, poet
Shahjahan Omar, Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former State Minister for law. He is retired Major of the Bangladesh Army and was awarded Bir Uttam.
Andaleeve Rahman, president of Bangladesh Jatiya Party, a member of Parliament, and the principal of British School of Law in Dhaka.
Bazlur Rahman, Sangbad editor Bazlur Rahman, was a beacon of Bangladesh journalism.
Selima Rahman, Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician. She served as a state minister at the Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Government of Bangladesh 2001–2006.
Sohel Rana, a Bangladeshi film actor, director and producer.
Nasreen Jahan Ratna, Member of Parliament
Sudhir Ray, Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, he was a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri, physicist
Tapan Raychaudhuri, historian
Kamini Roy, poet and first woman graduate with honours in the subcontinent.
Mir Sabbir, actor
Hanif Sanket, TV presenter, entertainer, writer and producer
Golam Sarwar, journalist, writer and the founding editor of Samakal and Jugantor. He was awarded Ekushey Padak by the Government of Bangladesh in 2014.
Papia Sarwar, is a Bangladeshi singer. She is an exponent of Rabindra Sangeet. She earned Rabindra Award from Bangla Academy in 2013.
Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar, speaker and politician and convicted war criminal of the Bangladesh liberation war.
Manikuntala Sen, revolutionary
Nikhil Sen, dramatist
Mihir Sengupta, writer
Abdur Rab Serniabat, cabinet minister, brother-in-law of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Kaliprasanna Vidyaratna, scholar of Sanskrit
References
Sources
Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.
External links
Divisions of Bangladesh
Eastern Bengal | [
0.012355471961200237,
-0.0798669084906578,
-0.39628082513809204,
-0.3213394284248352,
-0.05283767729997635,
0.08298792690038681,
-0.09253787249326706,
0.7661604285240173,
-0.42505648732185364,
-0.18772941827774048,
-0.7219193577766418,
-0.19215720891952515,
-0.47994598746299744,
0.5159018039703369,
0.16429345309734344,
1.2437450885772705,
-0.07642760127782822,
-0.20172366499900818,
0.05821668356657028,
-0.6262005567550659,
0.22598673403263092,
-0.3042498230934143,
0.2649242579936981,
0.7356791496276855,
0.48944032192230225,
0.27418437600135803,
0.9805415868759155,
0.8389915823936462,
-0.34815850853919983,
-0.22635559737682343,
0.3540385961532593,
0.09006287157535553,
-0.09381420910358429,
0.5634968280792236,
0.5285038352012634,
-0.06506617367267609,
-0.15918469429016113,
-0.6035022735595703,
-0.215511292219162,
-0.6948931813240051,
-0.10614342242479324,
0.2928902208805084,
-0.08262261748313904,
0.3718387484550476,
0.5964982509613037,
-0.4932299256324768,
-1.3799391984939575,
0.4545319974422455,
-0.41424840688705444,
0.44471001625061035,
0.07885005325078964,
0.615423858165741,
-0.29178187251091003,
-0.6144115328788757,
0.6361823678016663,
0.7921784520149231,
-0.46678605675697327,
0.38822880387306213,
0.17415346205234528,
0.2998148798942566,
0.8618633151054382,
0.149429589509964,
-0.1847238838672638,
0.19123178720474243,
0.496161550283432,
0.028659485280513763,
-0.31669119000434875,
0.11101016402244568,
-0.6982504725456238,
-0.26057109236717224,
-0.4163540005683899,
0.013733737170696259,
0.2205754667520523,
0.9890267252922058,
-0.5157526731491089,
0.023775873705744743,
-0.05134265124797821,
-0.5256750583648682,
0.5925022959709167,
-0.301186203956604,
-0.18373197317123413,
0.6942251324653625,
0.29557502269744873,
0.47028622031211853,
0.30004170536994934,
0.06007276102900505,
-0.6805901527404785,
-0.17713789641857147,
0.17791913449764252,
1.1063003540039062,
0.14321281015872955,
0.23835304379463196,
0.21743495762348175,
0.2245272547006607,
-0.0996231660246849,
-0.6983811855316162,
0.10370706766843796,
-0.22266271710395813,
-0.11905460059642792,
0.09549381583929062,
-0.10625927150249481,
0.22580671310424805,
0.25360962748527527,
0.8107901215553284,
-0.47766199707984924,
-0.053978607058525085,
-0.3543865978717804,
-0.12484710663557053,
-0.0022789996583014727,
-0.946069061756134,
-0.8948888778686523,
0.16895051300525665,
-0.9433366060256958,
-0.4575381278991699,
0.1750788390636444,
-0.054538045078516006,
-0.09482493251562119,
-0.05595908686518669,
-0.34464314579963684,
0.3364269733428955,
0.10175827145576477,
-0.0965573862195015,
0.27722617983818054,
0.3662392497062683,
-0.1371229887008667,
-0.5863656997680664,
0.07446660101413727,
0.0866638720035553,
0.10880918055772781,
1.0361024141311646,
0.5497599244117737,
0.7895665764808655,
-0.6054377555847168,
0.06686656177043915,
0.1386541724205017,
-0.8483095765113831,
0.19618913531303406,
0.4492718577384949,
0.5015343427658081,
-0.29793307185173035,
-1.2322579622268677,
0.2381165474653244,
-1.2041302919387817,
-0.6524021625518799,
0.042708396911621094,
-0.7021445631980896,
-0.6115025281906128,
0.12552829086780548,
-0.5511106252670288,
-0.9055100679397583,
0.7235409021377563,
0.01433843094855547,
-0.93235182762146,
-0.23079261183738708,
-0.46616047620773315,
0.2302548587322235,
0.5727124810218811,
-0.5357431769371033,
0.4385852813720703,
0.6453211903572083,
-0.1895320564508438,
-0.6856717467308044,
0.017586462199687958,
-0.37598365545272827,
-0.10080746561288834,
-0.0557137206196785,
1.0095938444137573,
-0.20805439352989197,
0.4736221134662628,
0.48578116297721863,
-0.8743487000465393,
-0.6396924257278442,
0.16630837321281433,
-1.0518333911895752,
-0.2683488130569458,
-0.20800082385540009,
-0.02819475159049034,
0.43272003531455994,
0.24896948039531708,
-0.6266247034072876,
-0.6447356939315796,
0.33042895793914795,
0.34922125935554504,
0.7392405867576599,
0.15657885372638702,
-0.372593492269516,
0.5748931765556335,
0.39680153131484985,
0.5238229036331177,
0.7081747055053711,
0.15445569157600403,
-0.5187796354293823,
0.0545760840177536,
-0.09821153432130814,
1.155487060546875,
0.7181476950645447,
-0.4057129919528961,
0.27816954255104065,
-0.4458942413330078,
0.5672579407691956,
-0.5448377132415771,
0.4276619851589203,
0.24530689418315887,
-0.41015705466270447,
-0.2233973741531372,
1.307746171951294,
-0.15002571046352386,
0.47344455122947693,
0.053962137550115585,
1.0172048807144165,
0.4799547791481018,
-0.25986945629119873,
0.19539068639278412,
-0.16462302207946777,
0.44556447863578796,
-0.3823099136352539,
-0.08628705143928528,
-0.032976604998111725,
-0.13205218315124512,
-0.8810713291168213,
0.2527843117713928,
0.212870255112648,
-0.1763140857219696,
1.0477548837661743,
-0.13254889845848083,
0.6286018490791321,
-0.23225630819797516,
0.9429699778556824,
0.07526936382055283,
0.12744355201721191,
0.3955148160457611,
0.17846138775348663,
0.2586965560913086,
0.11791535466909409,
-0.8835904002189636,
-0.1488654613494873,
-0.5293920040130615,
-0.3959833085536957,
0.6716369390487671,
-0.0894412249326706,
0.15960432589054108,
-0.34742048382759094,
-0.6273766756057739,
-0.6025944948196411,
0.10600750893354416,
-0.11261880397796631,
-0.7546541094779968,
0.40232622623443604,
0.18941976130008698,
-0.00396248372271657,
0.6881711483001709,
0.3554881811141968,
0.05448254942893982,
-0.6270236372947693,
-0.010956906713545322,
0.04417693242430687,
-0.07947219163179398,
0.2799706757068634,
0.7911772131919861,
-0.10498394817113876,
-0.48802316188812256,
-0.20850777626037598,
-0.17715486884117126,
0.015911633148789406,
-0.6927353739738464,
0.11752741783857346,
-0.0034714655485004187,
-0.119147889316082,
0.2678893208503723,
-0.08519353717565536,
0.09284093230962753,
-0.0405254103243351,
-0.22259290516376495,
-1.0303654670715332,
-0.43662843108177185,
-0.13858036696910858,
0.30650442838668823,
-0.04484005644917488,
-0.9637926816940308,
-0.11682087928056717,
0.3193163573741913,
0.13522407412528992,
0.44663774967193604,
-0.49990370869636536,
-0.5351842641830444,
-0.04140552133321762,
0.5387459993362427,
0.03846964240074158,
-0.12903858721256256,
-0.1513768583536148,
-0.788244903087616,
0.12776322662830353,
-0.8416164517402649,
0.3427002727985382,
0.01570284739136696,
-0.19532695412635803,
-0.31714296340942383,
-0.32100340723991394,
0.7764859199523926,
-1.5661824941635132,
-0.38503924012184143,
0.5992749333381653,
-0.14661556482315063,
-0.4402405917644501,
-0.6624810695648193,
-0.19803008437156677,
-0.28046104311943054,
0.173319473862648,
-4.638366222381592,
0.03756507858633995,
-1.0291634798049927,
-0.2322065681219101,
0.19892346858978271,
-0.5484932065010071,
0.30618688464164734,
-0.36358320713043213,
0.15419043600559235,
-0.1369110643863678,
-0.4636721611022949,
-0.36897140741348267,
0.22907480597496033,
-0.003384725423529744,
0.153495654463768,
0.8236973881721497,
0.3865884840488434,
-0.1017061173915863,
0.536507785320282,
0.895323634147644,
-0.3056095540523529,
0.20808687806129456,
-0.44649437069892883,
0.11613044887781143,
0.686501145362854,
0.9817400574684143,
-0.49182063341140747,
-0.2710427939891815,
-0.3123275339603424,
-0.3418066203594208,
0.14358241856098175,
-0.29301491379737854,
0.26883915066719055,
0.05281881242990494,
-0.4239528477191925,
-0.5277583599090576,
0.29230043292045593,
0.8287785649299622,
0.5341445803642273,
-0.1380588561296463,
-0.41462549567222595,
-0.128806933760643,
-0.14021198451519012,
-0.5127217769622803,
0.574286162853241,
-0.8740262985229492,
-0.7580990195274353,
-0.48624610900878906,
0.0328608974814415,
0.6916720271110535,
0.24124959111213684,
-0.21399743854999542,
0.5276644825935364,
0.33572086691856384,
-0.2409106343984604,
-0.47655943036079407,
0.1272149235010147,
-0.48309552669525146,
-0.35245442390441895,
0.9264890551567078,
0.5944965481758118,
-0.6301030516624451,
-0.12134860455989838,
-0.4677051603794098,
-0.3567086160182953,
0.6277638077735901,
0.21719138324260712,
-0.44535401463508606,
0.2702327370643616,
0.6754066944122314,
-0.5480355024337769,
0.7103974223136902,
-0.18011842668056488,
-0.6561003923416138,
-0.07844392955303192,
-0.31599733233451843,
-0.8500981330871582,
0.28465795516967773,
-0.0623328872025013,
0.5085262656211853,
0.4499554932117462,
-0.3523886501789093,
-0.25229257345199585,
0.7926986813545227,
-0.1696060746908188,
-1.343878149986267,
-0.48366743326187134,
-0.19653579592704773,
0.04814065992832184,
-0.3804849088191986,
0.28236013650894165,
-0.9073061943054199,
0.906916081905365,
0.13398711383342743,
0.13542146980762482,
-0.09652652591466904,
0.5356606841087341,
-0.007211141753941774,
0.022945880889892578,
-1.1226847171783447,
1.1796056032180786,
-0.20399923622608185,
-0.0301674734801054,
-0.2326270043849945,
0.32520291209220886,
-0.9963346719741821,
0.1828969419002533,
0.23082353174686432,
0.08646012842655182,
-0.5000991821289062,
0.2341339886188507,
-0.525412917137146,
-0.40651652216911316,
-0.2630086839199066,
0.8685519099235535,
-0.4957905411720276,
-0.219154492020607,
0.9012989401817322,
-0.03971265256404877,
0.0950830727815628,
0.15858276188373566,
0.03592643886804581,
-0.015959780663251877,
0.40373578667640686,
-0.5539820790290833,
-0.16399487853050232,
0.24722866714000702,
0.32968634366989136,
-0.09021424502134323,
0.6220698356628418,
0.10590865463018417,
0.25391885638237,
-0.3578184247016907,
-0.8883236646652222,
-0.20319773256778717,
-0.26687970757484436,
-0.39484164118766785,
0.02091517671942711,
-0.07178077846765518,
-0.2053467333316803,
0.9870734810829163,
0.1843838393688202,
0.16015563905239105,
0.35149744153022766,
0.5486507415771484,
0.3598226010799408,
-0.07933128625154495,
-0.22804959118366241,
-0.03342059254646301,
-0.40705955028533936,
-0.9794207215309143,
-0.914982795715332,
-0.01718319021165371,
-0.48884233832359314,
-0.04697369784116745,
-0.31264519691467285,
-0.20564866065979004,
0.4017474055290222,
0.28467875719070435,
-0.5770748853683472,
0.6028925180435181,
-0.5851477980613708,
-0.74541175365448,
-0.016297239810228348,
0.01420921366661787,
0.015001093037426472,
-0.18133440613746643,
-0.19688642024993896,
-0.25967273116111755,
1.2103971242904663,
0.16213394701480865,
-0.47901487350463867,
-0.4600874185562134,
0.04841262847185135,
0.3917248547077179,
-0.2991182208061218,
0.18477408587932587,
0.3349381387233734,
-0.006500924937427044,
0.2951936423778534,
-0.42130571603775024,
-0.7508419156074524,
-0.01419007871299982,
1.4614092111587524,
0.7719349265098572,
-0.21148672699928284,
-0.6906553506851196,
-0.3213525712490082,
-0.2892920672893524,
-0.26619580388069153,
0.5540112257003784,
-0.41163966059684753,
0.21927140653133392,
0.09651622176170349,
-0.0036088326014578342,
-0.9503434896469116,
-0.08530544489622116,
0.06462455540895462,
-0.2564826011657715,
-0.7917686700820923,
-0.019071411341428757,
1.1161633729934692,
0.6184203624725342,
0.819238543510437,
0.4844691753387451,
-0.21104088425636292,
0.17903642356395721,
0.2081104815006256,
-1.192082166671753,
0.48131608963012695,
-0.4173189699649811,
-0.36614716053009033,
0.8760976195335388,
0.1210087463259697,
-0.7584564089775085,
0.01136665977537632,
0.29682591557502747,
0.2555162310600281,
0.11060240864753723,
-0.028758859261870384,
-0.7692734599113464,
-0.006120766047388315,
0.39520809054374695,
-0.1890244036912918,
-0.9778832197189331,
0.48041531443595886,
0.40570300817489624,
-1.0337600708007812,
-0.2003696858882904,
0.2461526244878769,
0.44313251972198486,
-0.18928870558738708,
0.3626428544521332,
0.060451213270425797,
0.01252051256597042,
0.10295318067073822,
-0.16886769235134125,
0.6247040629386902,
0.015258152037858963,
0.21857038140296936,
0.09763756394386292,
0.4295978546142578,
-0.3190115690231323,
-0.6141803860664368,
0.24872474372386932,
-0.2801807224750519,
0.6555163860321045,
-0.5585538744926453,
-0.8337534666061401,
0.5200046300888062,
0.5584577322006226,
0.048854611814022064,
-0.7040973901748657,
-0.17444705963134766,
1.2919020652770996,
-0.36107826232910156,
-0.195462167263031,
0.7983241081237793,
0.31598329544067383,
0.2901052236557007,
-0.25158098340034485,
0.5891359448432922,
0.16137386858463287,
0.4350150227546692,
0.22374241054058075,
-0.6371543407440186,
0.18536145985126495,
0.15109647810459137,
1.086352825164795,
0.1577853262424469,
-0.43506407737731934,
-0.49421799182891846,
0.3885151743888855,
0.55104660987854,
0.30432531237602234,
-0.07852840423583984,
-0.05926985293626785,
-0.5492137670516968,
0.36802297830581665,
0.18330082297325134,
0.06588409096002579,
-0.3157273828983307,
0.16381751000881195,
-0.6624660491943359,
0.31311437487602234,
-0.8120315670967102,
0.03522949665784836,
1.0277043581008911,
-0.16411519050598145,
-0.16254183650016785,
0.5327865481376648,
-0.6939383745193481,
-0.01120076049119234,
-0.11719418317079544,
-0.46757587790489197,
0.20032243430614471,
-0.022257549688220024,
0.6656365990638733,
0.012495786882936954,
-0.16144157946109772,
-0.5153304934501648,
0.7402763962745667,
-0.14210066199302673,
-0.22877372801303864,
0.11723051965236664,
0.1206405982375145,
-0.07768101990222931,
0.5396745204925537,
0.2265259325504303,
0.1111259013414383,
0.36866745352745056,
0.19885647296905518,
0.22383342683315277,
0.6335488557815552,
-0.567090630531311,
0.26771387457847595,
0.1612686961889267,
0.06375584751367569,
0.0984419658780098,
0.5206098556518555,
0.06487122923135757,
-0.1193767711520195,
0.2662925720214844,
0.5808419585227966,
-0.12026993930339813,
0.8958529233932495,
-0.47457945346832275,
-0.16609394550323486,
0.2116975635290146,
0.3445163667201996,
-0.08645439893007278,
-0.6834020018577576,
-0.7221282720565796,
0.5065905451774597,
0.2632977366447449,
-0.5946947932243347,
-0.14153793454170227,
-0.027127264067530632,
0.24799670279026031,
0.8207327723503113,
0.14540167152881622,
0.8042904734611511,
-0.34329327940940857,
0.22296836972236633,
-0.14570793509483337,
0.650216817855835,
-0.020258290693163872,
0.27586132287979126,
0.3305271863937378,
-0.5123749375343323,
-0.4400880038738251,
0.37900039553642273,
0.4894600510597229,
-0.013905957341194153,
-0.14969955384731293,
0.33778128027915955,
0.17418041825294495,
-0.12140507996082306,
-0.13904637098312378,
-0.6679092049598694,
-0.2920600473880768,
0.26109620928764343,
-0.11337032914161682,
0.7781218886375427,
0.2388530820608139,
-0.41766247153282166,
0.15087711811065674,
-0.40026816725730896,
-0.37689000368118286,
-0.011107111349701881,
0.27382537722587585,
-0.15306860208511353,
0.15768733620643616,
-0.7053467631340027,
0.5984694361686707,
0.41593843698501587,
-0.6894823908805847,
0.7559614181518555,
-0.4662948250770569,
0.5186141729354858,
0.15523041784763336,
0.3154755234718323,
-0.25887441635131836,
-0.862038791179657,
0.5685185790061951,
0.17119674384593964,
-0.1594541221857071,
0.5068657398223877,
0.11601763963699341,
0.1879139393568039,
-0.1088184043765068,
-0.42410480976104736,
-0.561158299446106,
0.15152350068092346,
-0.48571062088012695,
-0.3861730992794037,
-0.8321273326873779,
1.04459810256958,
0.7746143937110901,
-0.14226670563220978,
0.20313836634159088,
0.0586850680410862,
-0.20340679585933685,
0.21244005858898163,
-0.8582221865653992,
0.20382073521614075,
-0.22432368993759155,
0.12106163054704666,
-0.9887473583221436,
0.3961886167526245,
-0.14707912504673004,
-0.03169922158122063,
0.002909822156652808,
0.5916740894317627,
0.2394789755344391,
0.26583290100097656,
0.015992209315299988,
-0.6869293451309204,
-0.17635507881641388,
0.062490180134773254,
0.8353795409202576,
0.2359379082918167,
-0.28424763679504395,
0.6703542470932007,
-0.05881084129214287,
-0.579540491104126,
-0.4135250151157379,
0.6133163571357727,
-0.44069838523864746,
0.30757734179496765,
0.15049590170383453,
0.2543999254703522,
-0.4037996530532837,
-0.3958625793457031,
0.07261693477630615,
0.512978732585907,
0.28997868299484253,
0.38475027680397034,
-0.19685447216033936,
0.20845927298069,
-0.022066999226808548,
-1.0009946823120117,
0.05455150455236435,
-0.38353076577186584,
-2.234597682952881,
-0.37748461961746216,
-0.0816187709569931,
-0.1544436514377594,
-0.3573671877384186,
0.7271832227706909,
0.13508547842502594,
0.052993856370449066,
0.6505494117736816,
-0.0017145307501778007,
-0.26621124148368835,
0.05773404613137245,
-0.15453042089939117,
-0.6099632978439331,
0.6913469433784485,
0.013400116935372353
] |
247737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic | Transonic | Transonic (or transsonic) flow is air flowing around an object at a speed that generates regions of both subsonic and supersonic airflow around that object. The exact range of speeds depends on the object's critical Mach number, but transonic flow is seen at flight speeds close to the speed of sound (343 m/s at sea level), typically between Mach 0.8 and 1.2.
The issue of transonic speed (or transonic regime) first appeared during World War II. Pilots found as they approached the sound barrier the airflow caused aircraft to become unsteady. Experts found that shock waves can cause large-scale separation downstream, increasing drag and adding asymmetry and unsteadiness to the flow around the vehicle. Research has been done into weakening shock waves in transonic flight through the use of anti-shock bodies and supercritical airfoils.
Most modern jet powered aircraft are engineered to operate at transonic air speeds. Transonic airspeeds see a rapid increase in drag from about Mach 0.8, and it is the fuel costs of the drag that typically limits the airspeed. Attempts to reduce wave drag can be seen on all high-speed aircraft. Most notable is the use of swept wings, but another common form is a wasp-waist fuselage as a side effect of the Whitcomb area rule.
Transonic speeds can also occur at the tips of rotor blades of helicopters and aircraft. This puts severe, unequal stresses on the rotor blade and may lead to accidents if it occurs. It is one of the limiting factors of the size of rotors and the forward speeds of helicopters (as this speed is added to the forward-sweeping [leading] side of the rotor, possibly causing localized transonics).
History
Discovering Transonic Airflow
Issues with aircraft flight relating to speed first appeared during the supersonic era in 1941. Ralph Virden, a test pilot, crashed in a fatal plane accident. He lost control of the plane when a shock wave caused by supersonic airflow developed over the wing, causing it to stall. Virden flew well below the speed of sound at Mach 0.675, which brought forth the idea of different airflows forming around the plane. In the 40's, Kelley Johnson became one of the first engineers to investigate the effect of compressibility on aircraft. However, the current wind tunnels did not have the capability to create winds speed close to Mach 1 to test the effects of transonic speeds. Not long after, the term "transonic" was defined to mean "across the speed of sound" and was invented by NACA director Hugh Dryden and Theodore von Kármán of the California Institute of Technology.
Changes in Aircraft
Initially, NACA designed "dive flaps" to help stabilize the plane when reaching transonic flight. This small flap on the underside of the plane slowed the plane to prevent shock waves, but this design only delayed finding a solution to aircraft flying at supersonic speed. Newer wind tunnels were designed to so researchers could test newer wing designs without risking test pilots' lives. The slotted-wall transonic tunnel was designed by NASA and allowed researchers to test wings and different airfoils in transonic airflow to find the best wingtip shape for sonic speeds.
After World War II, major changes in aircraft design were seen to improve transonic flight. The main way to stabilize an aircraft was to reduce the speed of the airflow around the wings by changing the chord of the plane wings, and one solution to prevent transonic waves was swept wings. Since the airflow would hit the wings at an angle, this would decrease the wing thickness and chord ratio. Airfoils wing shapes were designed flatter at the top to prevent shock waves and reduce the distance of airflow over the wing. Later on, Richard Whitcomb designed the first supercritical airfoil using similar principles.
Mathematical Analysis
Prior to the advent of powerful computers, even the simplest forms of the compressible flow equations were difficult to solve due to their nonlinearity. A common assumption used to circumvent this nonlinearity is that disturbances within the flow are relatively small, which allows mathematicians and engineers to linearize the compressible flow equations into a relatively easily solvable set of differential equations for either wholly subsonic or supersonic flows. This assumption is fundamentally untrue for transonic flows because the disturbance caused by an object is much larger than in subsonic or supersonic flows; a flow speed close to or at Mach 1 does not allow the streamtubes (3D flow paths) to contract enough around the object to minimize the disturbance, and thus the disturbance propagates. Aerodynamicists struggled during the earlier studies of transonic flow because the then-current theory implied that these disturbances– and thus drag– approached infinity as local Mach number approached 1, an obviously unrealistic result which could not be remedied using known methods.
One of the first methods used to circumvent the nonlinearity of transonic flow models was the hodograph transformation. This concept was originally explored in 1923 by an Italian mathematician named Francesco Tricomi, who used the transformation to simplify the compressible flow equations and prove that they were solvable. The hodograph transformation itself was also explored by both Ludwig Prandtl and O.G. Tietjen's textbooks in 1929 and by Adolf Busemann in 1937, though neither applied this method specifically to transonic flow.
Gottfried Guderley, a German mathematician and engineer at Braunschweig, discovered Tricomi's work in the process of applying the hodograph method to transonic flow near the end of World War II. He focused on the nonlinear thin-airfoil compressible flow equations, the same as what Tricomi derived, though his goal of using these equations to solve flow over an airfoil presented unique challenges. Guderley and Hideo Yoshihara, along with some input from Busemann, later used a singular solution of Tricomi's equations to analytically solve the behavior of transonic flow over a double wedge airfoil, the first to do so with only the assumptions of thin-airfoil theory.
Although successful, Guderley's work was still focused on the theoretical, and only resulted in a single solution for a double wedge airfoil at Mach 1. Walter Vincenti, an American engineer at Ames Laboratory, aimed to supplement Guderley's Mach 1 work with numerical solutions that would cover the range of transonic speeds between Mach 1 and wholly supersonic flow. Vincenti and his assistants drew upon the work of Howard Emmons as well as Tricomi's original equations to complete a set of four numerical solutions for the drag over a double wedge airfoil in transonic flow above Mach 1. The gap between subsonic and Mach 1 flow was later covered by both Julian Cole and Leon Trilling, completing the transonic behavior of the airfoil by the early 1950's.
Condensation clouds
At transonic speeds supersonic expansion fans form intense low-pressure, low-temperature areas at various points around an aircraft. If the temperature drops below the dew point a visible cloud will form. These clouds remain with the aircraft as it travels. It is not necessary for the aircraft as a whole to reach supersonic speeds for these clouds to form. Typically, the tail of the aircraft will reach supersonic flight while the bow of the aircraft is still in subsonic flight. A bubble of supersonic expansion fans terminating by a wake shockwave surround the tail. As the aircraft continues to accelerate, the supersonic expansion fans will intensify and the wake shockwave will grow in size until infinity is reached, at which point the bow shockwave forms. This is Mach 1 and the Prandtl–Glauert singularity.
Transonic flows in astronomy and astrophysics
In astrophysics, wherever there is evidence of shocks (standing, propagating or oscillating), the flow close by must be transonic, as only supersonic flows form shocks. All black hole accretions are transonic. Many such flows also have shocks very close to the black holes.
The outflows or jets from young stellar objects or disks around black holes can also be transonic since they start subsonically and at a far distance they are invariably supersonic. Supernovae explosions are accompanied by supersonic flows and shock waves. Bow shocks formed in solar winds are a direct result of transonic winds from a star. It had been long thought that a bow shock was present around the heliosphere of our solar system, but this was found not to be the case according to IBEX data published in 2012.
See also
Anti-shock body
Subsonic flows
Supersonic flows
Hypersonic flows
Supersonic expansion fans
References
Aerodynamics
Airspeed
Aircraft performance | [
-0.0820794478058815,
-0.45117297768592834,
0.4953538775444031,
0.25447019934654236,
-0.14282506704330444,
0.16016504168510437,
-0.1357874572277069,
0.15608450770378113,
-0.08407256752252579,
-0.40564337372779846,
-0.7661083936691284,
0.1568203717470169,
-0.2914395332336426,
0.5543352365493774,
0.22605518996715546,
0.35999956727027893,
-0.062334075570106506,
0.2620806097984314,
-0.0939469113945961,
-0.3404381573200226,
-0.15393197536468506,
-0.19660553336143494,
0.25854524970054626,
-0.43550655245780945,
0.6707001328468323,
-0.6940797567367554,
-0.2002345472574234,
0.09676408767700195,
-0.25136956572532654,
0.5562018752098083,
-0.4560888111591339,
0.7227122187614441,
-0.8655871152877808,
0.04110429808497429,
0.1856251060962677,
0.08196796476840973,
-0.30381277203559875,
-0.022460024803876877,
-0.6312244534492493,
-0.3694685399532318,
0.014942402951419353,
0.24852591753005981,
0.27577558159828186,
-0.10272625088691711,
-0.08633827418088913,
-0.3905521035194397,
-1.044822096824646,
0.1478371024131775,
-0.29387083649635315,
-0.5132040977478027,
0.037041157484054565,
0.30715954303741455,
0.14640364050865173,
0.6814519762992859,
-0.3861519694328308,
0.26190170645713806,
-0.8104521036148071,
0.08238357305526733,
0.21384413540363312,
-0.7483823895454407,
0.5924047231674194,
0.11602726578712463,
-0.4388188123703003,
0.23579885065555573,
0.5762882828712463,
-0.2502872049808502,
-0.04535313695669174,
-0.4907110333442688,
-0.2183855026960373,
-0.4885760545730591,
0.1960199624300003,
0.4337141513824463,
0.04079800099134445,
0.062311287969350815,
-0.6081898212432861,
0.01946086809039116,
0.4075983762741089,
-0.11460734158754349,
-0.08179137110710144,
0.3382198214530945,
0.08775342255830765,
0.27472686767578125,
0.4295840859413147,
0.4317959249019623,
-0.09829985350370407,
-0.3822668194770813,
-0.5889376997947693,
0.6452262997627258,
-0.2569032609462738,
0.2740982174873352,
0.23375974595546722,
-0.2169845700263977,
0.26468950510025024,
-0.00919388234615326,
0.2973576486110687,
0.2239297330379486,
0.32821333408355713,
-0.1295970380306244,
-0.12910936772823334,
-0.05576428025960922,
-0.4330725371837616,
-0.31336134672164917,
0.018114175647497177,
-0.23395639657974243,
0.16249366104602814,
-0.5235453248023987,
-0.007150447461754084,
-0.4408925175666809,
0.618458092212677,
0.3683476150035858,
-0.898409903049469,
-0.24181051552295685,
-0.04359326511621475,
-0.10264036059379578,
-0.31754034757614136,
-0.07006590813398361,
-0.14685986936092377,
-0.13339313864707947,
0.5150863528251648,
0.09414453059434891,
0.270895391702652,
0.7252697944641113,
-0.0721728503704071,
-0.3014909625053406,
0.18755857646465302,
0.0588957779109478,
0.9286888837814331,
0.25862693786621094,
-0.9667338728904724,
-0.32984107732772827,
-0.12708348035812378,
0.8701258897781372,
-0.362289160490036,
0.524370551109314,
-0.25585249066352844,
-0.1529378592967987,
0.5641498565673828,
0.018826456740498543,
0.0945059284567833,
0.3406667411327362,
-0.22815610468387604,
-0.525816798210144,
-0.7072614431381226,
-0.46160784363746643,
0.1788514256477356,
-0.2897501289844513,
0.19379882514476776,
-0.5538756847381592,
-0.40403950214385986,
-0.10924471914768219,
-0.17998021841049194,
0.46798184514045715,
-0.4206312894821167,
0.13651679456233978,
-0.08582655340433121,
-0.49126794934272766,
0.3770793080329895,
0.6442309617996216,
-0.22622326016426086,
-0.23458844423294067,
0.008237497881054878,
0.2278997153043747,
-0.46990418434143066,
0.22822634875774384,
0.20133669674396515,
-0.22346174716949463,
0.3244871497154236,
0.3236806392669678,
-0.44480255246162415,
0.14392270147800446,
0.13904671370983124,
-0.21356095373630524,
0.3609631061553955,
0.3471662402153015,
-0.10802677273750305,
0.03380836173892021,
0.6913769245147705,
0.3900209963321686,
0.6989855766296387,
-0.17931364476680756,
-0.6295414566993713,
0.44419315457344055,
0.3294026851654053,
-0.07975370436906815,
0.1934741884469986,
0.19527174532413483,
0.1677229255437851,
0.25516268610954285,
0.051992639899253845,
-0.35810866951942444,
0.027966655790805817,
-0.5823651552200317,
-0.4552850127220154,
-1.021622896194458,
0.5385348200798035,
-0.144597589969635,
-0.010427070781588554,
0.8663839101791382,
-0.5937216877937317,
0.507391095161438,
-0.032233674079179764,
0.10459580272436142,
0.5521799325942993,
-0.16529716551303864,
0.20489253103733063,
0.08086317032575607,
0.4955543577671051,
0.10599708557128906,
0.26248300075531006,
0.15360842645168304,
0.5156803727149963,
-0.5590866804122925,
0.02000468038022518,
-0.1361674964427948,
-0.06307049840688705,
-0.29831987619400024,
-0.7409648299217224,
0.2682987153530121,
-0.23551809787750244,
0.39539164304733276,
0.8871195316314697,
-0.246952086687088,
0.163687601685524,
-0.01918015070259571,
-0.006905334535986185,
0.255471408367157,
0.44623708724975586,
0.258863627910614,
0.07725999504327774,
-0.5248326659202576,
0.0356411449611187,
-0.24959760904312134,
-0.16132280230522156,
-0.16507571935653687,
-0.1993880718946457,
0.3527713418006897,
0.7332798838615417,
0.059407614171504974,
0.30813559889793396,
-0.37169814109802246,
-0.6592828035354614,
0.5388103127479553,
-0.3013658821582794,
0.7401421666145325,
-0.1342906355857849,
-0.2166927456855774,
0.2719707787036896,
0.15594017505645752,
-0.0930752232670784,
-0.020954854786396027,
-0.41441401839256287,
0.4849764108657837,
-0.25390827655792236,
-0.5949853658676147,
0.08354488015174866,
0.008801854215562344,
-0.28944966197013855,
0.019115008413791656,
0.6076049208641052,
0.2200256586074829,
0.20088113844394684,
0.08252010494470596,
-0.023089908063411713,
-0.3539982736110687,
-0.22806695103645325,
-0.6159595847129822,
-0.18314479291439056,
0.08936385065317154,
0.43374451994895935,
0.37873807549476624,
0.13780412077903748,
0.4401019215583801,
0.035216886550188065,
-0.031125051900744438,
-0.4778876006603241,
-0.4850773215293884,
0.3292014002799988,
0.08246251195669174,
-0.15527424216270447,
-0.28294840455055237,
0.12228213995695114,
0.9318785071372986,
0.4782738983631134,
-0.06561233848333359,
-0.1344641000032425,
-0.40939682722091675,
-0.2292824536561966,
-0.23494268953800201,
0.22539860010147095,
-0.453315407037735,
-0.5828181505203247,
-0.13194991648197174,
-0.20448020100593567,
0.06675256788730621,
-0.2555941343307495,
0.8125810623168945,
-0.20968656241893768,
0.21505233645439148,
0.21873584389686584,
-0.15942199528217316,
-0.849028468132019,
-0.08425033092498779,
-0.39705970883369446,
-0.08906880021095276,
-0.05825367569923401,
-0.3075200021266937,
-0.6750068664550781,
0.14792031049728394,
-6.080723762512207,
0.33381056785583496,
-0.4297323226928711,
-0.041417498141527176,
-0.10738248378038406,
0.17657199501991272,
0.5758640170097351,
0.3017226755619049,
-0.4309282898902893,
0.22872518002986908,
-0.5299262404441833,
0.3973463773727417,
-0.5102851390838623,
0.4569961726665497,
0.5586601495742798,
0.10883960872888565,
-0.2736142575740814,
-0.0686236023902893,
-0.04910115525126457,
0.14165325462818146,
-0.1818523406982422,
0.046532344073057175,
0.19166713953018188,
0.42555171251296997,
0.4305489957332611,
-0.23063021898269653,
-0.45084160566329956,
0.0016540484502911568,
-0.43774622678756714,
-0.09513939917087555,
-0.004881450440734625,
-0.08691651374101639,
-0.2923045754432678,
0.23191577196121216,
0.701107919216156,
-0.15283694863319397,
0.3322078287601471,
0.1723765879869461,
0.5412898659706116,
-0.14297793805599213,
0.14746078848838806,
0.5619684457778931,
-0.06902551651000977,
-0.26379069685935974,
0.12840893864631653,
-0.34205687046051025,
0.1474793255329132,
0.02957286313176155,
0.003348477417603135,
0.6241300106048584,
-0.2708594501018524,
-0.13537858426570892,
0.15933769941329956,
-0.6575011610984802,
0.17139826714992523,
0.014351483434438705,
0.5268206000328064,
-0.37476617097854614,
-0.3626447021961212,
-0.06356129795312881,
-0.05173443257808685,
-0.5069822072982788,
-0.24790388345718384,
-0.3163532614707947,
-0.48611363768577576,
0.18136823177337646,
-0.8832635283470154,
-0.23679760098457336,
0.5941572785377502,
0.2687159776687622,
-0.05307607725262642,
0.47411665320396423,
0.11676158010959625,
-0.5436640977859497,
0.31217050552368164,
-0.24678640067577362,
0.46895748376846313,
0.006411737762391567,
0.1193930059671402,
0.0912904366850853,
-0.24458611011505127,
0.12393413484096527,
-0.050642747431993484,
0.07778652757406235,
-0.0504029206931591,
-0.3107137084007263,
0.1664659082889557,
-0.3606387972831726,
-0.1038568839430809,
0.1503182202577591,
0.9352840185165405,
-0.4674772024154663,
0.3889566659927368,
-0.47462207078933716,
0.001026627840474248,
-0.15892082452774048,
-0.23183825612068176,
0.1889532059431076,
0.4601020812988281,
-0.2514553964138031,
0.05529051274061203,
-0.11611867696046829,
-0.11325936764478683,
-0.32721999287605286,
-0.04536883533000946,
0.1327388733625412,
-0.2583357095718384,
0.3095569908618927,
0.9372190237045288,
0.1846023052930832,
0.3590579926967621,
0.46206116676330566,
-0.023331616073846817,
-0.08251357078552246,
-0.008101331070065498,
0.45927852392196655,
-0.5357596278190613,
0.37119290232658386,
0.35072576999664307,
-0.3803693950176239,
0.15903635323047638,
-0.02748989500105381,
-0.6051303744316101,
0.40569639205932617,
0.12333790212869644,
0.17991603910923004,
-0.43911013007164,
0.8009344339370728,
-0.22927217185497284,
0.1416206806898117,
0.32834696769714355,
0.3595474064350128,
0.11681801080703735,
-0.023326639086008072,
0.41342782974243164,
-0.3703882396221161,
0.00022341405565384775,
0.0369894802570343,
0.3017919957637787,
-0.3411715030670166,
0.5864131450653076,
0.09492330998182297,
-0.04375896602869034,
-0.3703092336654663,
0.24779850244522095,
0.3288303017616272,
-0.07702493667602539,
-0.061903875321149826,
0.1860802173614502,
0.22988930344581604,
0.31691041588783264,
-0.23851948976516724,
-0.1299266219139099,
-0.28369495272636414,
-0.09223168343305588,
-0.027960380539298058,
0.26150110363960266,
-0.1317959874868393,
0.3328920900821686,
-0.01948263682425022,
0.4240622818470001,
0.06884034723043442,
-0.6720452308654785,
-0.16847823560237885,
-0.0629630908370018,
0.08210236579179764,
-0.6514610648155212,
-0.16049663722515106,
-0.004199831746518612,
0.43067196011543274,
-0.016699057072401047,
-0.5800774693489075,
-0.1717100441455841,
-0.6277209520339966,
0.20968174934387207,
0.33540043234825134,
0.07049063593149185,
0.06223144754767418,
0.2729799747467041,
-0.32422521710395813,
0.3651234209537506,
-0.2302902787923813,
-0.351835161447525,
0.005073437932878733,
0.34784775972366333,
-0.01787024550139904,
-0.08414056152105331,
0.27068963646888733,
0.11105235666036606,
-0.07141758501529694,
-0.10397238284349442,
0.40920454263687134,
-0.4057278335094452,
-0.29622185230255127,
0.4105689227581024,
-0.23763440549373627,
-0.14888501167297363,
0.9676800966262817,
-0.6525057554244995,
-0.029359614476561546,
0.20496192574501038,
0.3286473751068115,
-0.24309982359409332,
0.24799451231956482,
-0.04019840434193611,
-0.012965993024408817,
0.073217011988163,
-0.25146639347076416,
0.08673427999019623,
-0.31478869915008545,
-0.3872387111186981,
-0.19174076616764069,
-0.38864392042160034,
0.09636256098747253,
-0.24817146360874176,
0.5850957036018372,
0.12919972836971283,
-0.38389039039611816,
-0.26036930084228516,
-0.16710637509822845,
-0.02692243829369545,
0.2960866093635559,
-0.5205243229866028,
-0.037984054535627365,
-0.18149004876613617,
-0.07113171368837357,
0.45505884289741516,
-0.2190927267074585,
0.4629371762275696,
-0.3046194612979889,
-0.08637971431016922,
-0.17328235507011414,
-0.24713574349880219,
-0.01496195886284113,
0.4087884724140167,
-0.2537427544593811,
-0.3183668553829193,
-0.5256651043891907,
0.02466033212840557,
-0.1786160171031952,
0.6748003959655762,
0.46903055906295776,
0.12564052641391754,
-0.01575534977018833,
-0.43311503529548645,
0.4439166188240051,
0.2655760943889618,
-0.6366080641746521,
-0.5557436943054199,
-0.2250787317752838,
0.46274444460868835,
-0.5604660511016846,
-0.6672767400741577,
-0.10145167261362076,
0.7036296129226685,
0.3039882481098175,
-0.1267523169517517,
-0.3094401955604553,
0.11362949758768082,
0.3720875382423401,
0.2713177502155304,
-0.6254751682281494,
-0.5895211100578308,
0.02567589469254017,
-0.07447339594364166,
0.2647867798805237,
-0.4992316961288452,
0.033245619386434555,
-0.18912950158119202,
-0.503840982913971,
0.7508983016014099,
0.3798026144504547,
0.7060408592224121,
0.03592067211866379,
0.12843909859657288,
0.4175138771533966,
-0.19095715880393982,
0.0013592492323368788,
-0.04470396786928177,
-0.26633840799331665,
-0.4647296071052551,
-0.1453929841518402,
0.21009598672389984,
-0.2848927974700928,
0.34598323702812195,
0.14855428040027618,
0.5616331100463867,
-0.1758320927619934,
-0.18598803877830505,
0.14163589477539062,
-0.1651621013879776,
0.16819889843463898,
-0.29782241582870483,
0.3037208914756775,
-0.13411128520965576,
-0.31301742792129517,
0.07102123647928238,
0.09565261751413345,
0.03073585033416748,
-0.6832815408706665,
-0.8025074601173401,
-0.08191675692796707,
0.024861808866262436,
-1.131757378578186,
0.4653557538986206,
-0.13477614521980286,
0.5209731459617615,
-0.3647444248199463,
0.19454491138458252,
-0.014819656498730183,
0.7531832456588745,
0.20527715981006622,
-0.2866366505622864,
0.4860168993473053,
0.35909152030944824,
0.08429128676652908,
0.6405676603317261,
-0.3209075629711151,
0.21144428849220276,
0.08192124217748642,
0.12044336646795273,
0.37045547366142273,
-0.05015169829130173,
-0.5222033858299255,
-0.4988444149494171,
0.10706287622451782,
-0.49282464385032654,
0.07524555921554565,
-0.32760947942733765,
0.205842062830925,
0.6993927955627441,
0.3970065116882324,
-0.2036898285150528,
0.24395883083343506,
-0.04694878309965134,
-0.2727350890636444,
0.31109094619750977,
-0.37338030338287354,
-0.5302870869636536,
0.48090264201164246,
0.09865941852331161,
0.5931525826454163,
-0.2242911010980606,
0.3401716649532318,
0.005280773621052504,
0.5241672396659851,
0.4924007058143616,
0.6677706837654114,
-0.4924769401550293,
0.05353943631052971,
0.18637633323669434,
-0.30669307708740234,
-0.21137097477912903,
-0.48810824751853943,
-0.24710726737976074,
-0.29299256205558777,
0.875934898853302,
-0.2228212058544159,
-0.1386747658252716,
0.005104295909404755,
-0.10199286043643951,
0.9726802706718445,
0.6318782567977905,
-0.4386906623840332,
0.22492346167564392,
-0.3669598698616028,
0.4310235381126404,
-0.5786011219024658,
0.0903211161494255,
-0.5039863586425781,
-0.05926189944148064,
0.6070520877838135,
-0.688634991645813,
0.5701180100440979,
0.1620204597711563,
-0.14147023856639862,
0.3492603302001953,
0.748381495475769,
-0.0918365940451622,
-0.4066635072231293,
-0.35724568367004395,
0.44867652654647827,
0.24292227625846863,
-0.45520687103271484,
0.2507273852825165,
-0.06106806918978691,
0.07990686595439911,
-0.133673295378685,
-0.22327415645122528,
-0.11769523471593857,
0.46279311180114746,
-0.47273269295692444,
0.027348263189196587,
-0.12055221945047379,
-0.06061268970370293,
-0.617896556854248,
-0.09710570424795151,
0.5880274772644043,
0.12205424904823303,
0.1599079966545105,
0.41796955466270447,
0.08348187804222107,
0.0030604538042098284,
0.6602758765220642,
-0.6189287900924683,
0.3712286651134491,
-0.2114415317773819,
-0.2633492350578308,
-0.4087735414505005,
0.5748447179794312,
0.43635058403015137,
-0.2973681688308716,
-0.09639137238264084,
0.053518928587436676,
0.43572887778282166,
-0.1277267336845398,
0.134128600358963,
-0.2213059365749359,
0.3220600187778473,
-0.5535551905632019,
-0.2886039912700653,
-0.14445465803146362,
0.14751437306404114,
-0.21140828728675842,
0.060655783861875534,
-0.1698252558708191,
0.4143368899822235,
0.08803746104240417,
-0.013796988874673843,
0.40396857261657715,
-0.36359041929244995,
0.3089430332183838,
-1.0146852731704712,
0.9121801257133484,
-0.2128814309835434,
-0.083029605448246,
-0.4177647829055786,
0.3084315359592438,
0.3933258354663849,
-0.4034702479839325,
-0.004813305102288723,
0.047876447439193726,
-0.1721920371055603,
0.21290899813175201,
0.37742531299591064,
0.0010565834818407893,
-0.21938291192054749,
-0.07500964403152466,
-0.8237130045890808,
0.48121923208236694,
0.004203571006655693,
-0.1490921676158905,
0.18105387687683105,
-0.042610444128513336,
-0.17930705845355988,
-0.08142339438199997,
-0.190904438495636,
-0.5606204271316528,
-0.35108423233032227,
0.2874549925327301
] |
247741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland%20Whirlwind | Westland Whirlwind | Westland Whirlwind may mean:
Westland Whirlwind (fighter), a fixed wing Second World War fighter aircraft
Westland Whirlwind (helicopter), a post-war helicopter based on the Sikorsky S-55 | [
-0.030959999188780785,
0.002605738118290901,
0.10954795032739639,
0.18091100454330444,
-0.5922664403915405,
-0.1014920249581337,
0.23789958655834198,
-0.48643842339515686,
-0.4518132507801056,
0.08689767867326736,
-0.16780151426792145,
-0.06992846727371216,
0.058329734951257706,
0.7281026244163513,
-0.19479767978191376,
0.4424026310443878,
0.2508600652217865,
0.49140241742134094,
-0.7261790037155151,
-0.7928056716918945,
0.005218883976340294,
-0.27075621485710144,
0.47735804319381714,
-0.34157806634902954,
0.43947672843933105,
0.0001295835681958124,
0.4155208170413971,
0.30472898483276367,
0.12702956795692444,
0.6982678771018982,
-0.12144837528467178,
1.0161795616149902,
0.09048127382993698,
0.0028487027157098055,
-0.09008540213108063,
-0.02671760693192482,
0.2357364445924759,
0.10229136049747467,
-0.07998577505350113,
-1.1712887287139893,
-0.27382326126098633,
-0.08106303215026855,
0.3085886836051941,
0.050277624279260635,
0.12416379898786545,
-0.4589047133922577,
-1.3962734937667847,
0.3235986530780792,
-0.12390602380037308,
-0.17583656311035156,
-0.4450647532939911,
0.33852630853652954,
-0.05236678570508957,
0.7237545847892761,
0.3940731883049011,
0.5869717001914978,
-0.796818196773529,
-0.17738333344459534,
0.18405650556087494,
-0.38696834444999695,
0.6880738139152527,
-0.22997155785560608,
-0.17007003724575043,
0.324460506439209,
0.28974443674087524,
0.13636966049671173,
0.06721726059913635,
0.36721616983413696,
-0.36098435521125793,
-0.7553073763847351,
-0.35482823848724365,
-0.3512369990348816,
0.2963496446609497,
0.2477097362279892,
-0.035639408975839615,
-0.4694213569164276,
0.2270500361919403,
-0.2950702905654907,
0.0679485946893692,
-0.31044623255729675,
0.1092827171087265,
0.22628244757652283,
0.5462428331375122,
0.28782644867897034,
-0.05452790483832359,
-0.001676310901530087,
-0.8436654806137085,
-0.40378716588020325,
-0.14860618114471436,
0.27003994584083557,
-0.07054179906845093,
-1.058707356452942,
0.41912874579429626,
0.4380852282047272,
0.021818891167640686,
0.05528252571821213,
0.31428050994873047,
0.5428047180175781,
0.35617953538894653,
0.23645706474781036,
0.32126742601394653,
0.03338581323623657,
0.42723479866981506,
-0.46839025616645813,
-0.28623780608177185,
-0.3691532611846924,
-0.3580054044723511,
-0.808597981929779,
-0.01411654707044363,
0.3472205102443695,
-1.0198888778686523,
-0.28614306449890137,
0.5539125204086304,
-0.011205366812646389,
-0.03604912385344505,
0.33846157789230347,
0.525822639465332,
-0.58319091796875,
0.30374979972839355,
0.43155568838119507,
0.46052393317222595,
1.2121773958206177,
-0.542060136795044,
-0.012327991425991058,
-0.030618254095315933,
0.5228084325790405,
1.055540680885315,
0.6175616383552551,
-1.3053086996078491,
-0.5738394260406494,
0.5313872694969177,
1.1607881784439087,
-0.6066896915435791,
-0.009509577415883541,
-0.6898634433746338,
0.3779979348182678,
0.27724844217300415,
-0.057092972099781036,
-0.2932925522327423,
0.4212755560874939,
-0.9637405872344971,
-0.7068396210670471,
-0.6844095587730408,
-0.393922358751297,
0.24823589622974396,
0.40879175066947937,
0.2763013541698456,
-0.33331727981567383,
-0.20339153707027435,
-0.17319296300411224,
0.033083751797676086,
0.09008929133415222,
-0.05418283864855766,
-0.11734999716281891,
-0.15903374552726746,
-0.021203724667429924,
0.1271032691001892,
-0.5513527393341064,
1.1357253789901733,
-0.008890231139957905,
-0.17644383013248444,
0.1585562527179718,
-0.3938157260417938,
0.11853168159723282,
-0.09928778558969498,
-0.3712734282016754,
0.10376070439815521,
0.16001567244529724,
-0.2864527702331543,
0.016448136419057846,
-0.29561346769332886,
-0.10283638536930084,
0.6875260472297668,
0.15725332498550415,
0.3709089159965515,
0.008911374025046825,
0.7380419969558716,
-0.08817362785339355,
-0.0870901346206665,
0.21229521930217743,
-0.7189145088195801,
0.1815066933631897,
0.00965148862451315,
-0.2593080699443817,
0.1572917103767395,
0.7142840623855591,
0.07760591059923172,
0.2988603413105011,
0.24334616959095,
-0.48801326751708984,
-0.5807361602783203,
-0.6397778391838074,
0.43124303221702576,
-0.7641605734825134,
1.0726706981658936,
0.1595398634672165,
-0.05594523251056671,
0.36792099475860596,
0.005567307583987713,
0.5424284934997559,
0.16150988638401031,
-0.2694590985774994,
0.5980222225189209,
0.03005322813987732,
-0.322275310754776,
0.2384234070777893,
0.1278468668460846,
0.38288208842277527,
0.3114587068557739,
0.45729950070381165,
-0.07330082356929779,
-0.4999538064002991,
0.2569771409034729,
-0.18957854807376862,
0.01711449958384037,
-0.026280421763658524,
-0.342363566160202,
0.15540237724781036,
-0.07145542651414871,
-0.38355517387390137,
0.44166138768196106,
-0.002848403761163354,
-0.8273844122886658,
0.0985776036977768,
0.18889591097831726,
0.3508225381374359,
0.10632295161485672,
0.18194560706615448,
-0.035197820514440536,
-0.36195099353790283,
0.07429920136928558,
0.2162880152463913,
-0.652268648147583,
0.12602072954177856,
-0.302942156791687,
-0.02565668523311615,
0.47933995723724365,
-0.10960397869348526,
0.5735523700714111,
-0.4079618453979492,
0.34016385674476624,
0.6482455730438232,
-0.575971245765686,
0.30565157532691956,
0.4803495407104492,
0.10147808492183685,
-0.046526696532964706,
0.0568707250058651,
0.02140882983803749,
-0.2414381355047226,
0.6285997629165649,
0.8696556091308594,
0.5948836803436279,
-0.8895642161369324,
-0.3821037709712982,
0.5195317268371582,
-0.15626929700374603,
0.09925325959920883,
0.42745932936668396,
0.027490906417369843,
-0.3945184350013733,
-0.1364666372537613,
0.7014716267585754,
-0.26167547702789307,
-0.24766531586647034,
-0.4501926302909851,
-0.3543305993080139,
-0.37386608123779297,
0.39331233501434326,
0.18271741271018982,
0.23927536606788635,
0.017722388729453087,
0.2431458979845047,
-0.21585698425769806,
-0.29723215103149414,
-0.6658327579498291,
-0.126896470785141,
-0.16076155006885529,
-0.6078910231590271,
-0.6657212376594543,
0.34390729665756226,
1.1082556247711182,
0.4648227095603943,
-0.5397095084190369,
0.1207594946026802,
0.24384471774101257,
0.3213251233100891,
0.3725605010986328,
-0.075411856174469,
-0.038218166679143906,
-0.3384479284286499,
-0.11576250195503235,
-0.9644573330879211,
0.6369227766990662,
-0.5023995637893677,
0.4813620150089264,
-0.11028490215539932,
0.15594008564949036,
0.10522846132516861,
-0.7283653020858765,
-0.7157320976257324,
0.5989440083503723,
-0.5460165143013,
-0.2636113464832306,
0.14044050872325897,
-0.21503065526485443,
-0.6301366090774536,
0.0724957063794136,
-5.3073930740356445,
0.009382905438542366,
-0.5005789399147034,
-0.3102826774120331,
-0.09355197101831436,
0.3242233693599701,
-0.6169097423553467,
-0.07871986925601959,
-0.3185725808143616,
-0.03772526979446411,
0.7376353740692139,
-0.030410688370466232,
-0.12119901180267334,
0.1543482095003128,
0.5220806002616882,
0.17507781088352203,
0.2979218363761902,
0.12207011133432388,
0.27221912145614624,
-0.39150509238243103,
0.6406804919242859,
0.31868016719818115,
-0.24002711474895477,
0.35803595185279846,
0.45232269167900085,
-0.18495799601078033,
-0.19506493210792542,
-0.12842370569705963,
-0.9441826939582825,
-0.21260301768779755,
-0.04186465963721275,
-0.09835156053304672,
-0.3667147159576416,
0.744246780872345,
-0.22898446023464203,
-0.10035964101552963,
0.515358030796051,
0.4458392560482025,
0.5478817820549011,
-0.04374052956700325,
-0.007989555597305298,
0.45123225450515747,
0.0004855717997997999,
0.04474299028515816,
0.5240119099617004,
0.020787395536899567,
-0.12213686108589172,
0.03820362314581871,
-0.12812626361846924,
0.7465214133262634,
0.33605796098709106,
0.07127360999584198,
0.6268832683563232,
0.664677619934082,
0.5193876624107361,
-0.3382534086704254,
-0.1295468956232071,
0.12224312871694565,
-0.5136969089508057,
0.15617382526397705,
-0.015415359288454056,
-0.12001905590295792,
0.10881777852773666,
-0.6475296020507812,
-0.5553166270256042,
-0.18281053006649017,
-0.4966925084590912,
-0.5587098598480225,
0.6808231472969055,
-0.5472351908683777,
-0.1400740146636963,
0.5600078701972961,
-0.1521817296743393,
-0.9668742418289185,
0.8857017755508423,
-1.084559440612793,
0.07017368078231812,
0.3406822681427002,
-0.17060057818889618,
0.23627164959907532,
0.21684172749519348,
-0.4312773644924164,
-0.5873754024505615,
-0.2397431880235672,
0.14493967592716217,
-0.5649653673171997,
-0.44160404801368713,
-0.13327594101428986,
-0.12454789876937866,
0.322051465511322,
0.8157604932785034,
-0.5388282537460327,
0.627913236618042,
0.4650530517101288,
0.6336731314659119,
-0.37007755041122437,
-0.5214055180549622,
-0.42361804842948914,
0.9270755052566528,
-0.4530308246612549,
0.3895862102508545,
-0.5352777242660522,
-0.08258764445781708,
-0.11308886110782623,
-0.26269397139549255,
-0.09594430774450302,
0.1309012621641159,
-0.29416438937187195,
1.2871795892715454,
0.3807160556316376,
0.7625018358230591,
-0.4625214636325836,
-0.24365904927253723,
-0.280298113822937,
0.10101068764925003,
-0.3106526732444763,
-0.43167734146118164,
0.7070696353912354,
0.3964100778102875,
-0.001614596345461905,
-0.14758439362049103,
0.0490603968501091,
-0.7554522752761841,
-0.5161798000335693,
-0.23242418467998505,
-0.3801729679107666,
-0.1755845546722412,
0.44220560789108276,
-0.36804360151290894,
0.10759315639734268,
0.06496429443359375,
0.3746427297592163,
0.06150763854384422,
-0.17172035574913025,
0.12032400071620941,
-0.13279205560684204,
-0.4394260346889496,
0.04066592454910278,
0.45331069827079773,
-0.3442678451538086,
-0.06645243614912033,
0.17552147805690765,
-0.22691218554973602,
0.024213887751102448,
0.10632360726594925,
0.8457663655281067,
0.2334553599357605,
-0.4312187135219574,
-0.13805614411830902,
0.4719642698764801,
-0.043833181262016296,
0.21082361042499542,
0.19160689413547516,
-0.5831211805343628,
-0.7679749727249146,
-0.043136339634656906,
0.5477665066719055,
0.597673773765564,
0.02721886709332466,
-0.3144928812980652,
0.3970015347003937,
0.3908228278160095,
-0.5933898687362671,
-0.15537723898887634,
0.11797861754894257,
0.169898122549057,
-0.19886139035224915,
-0.33791545033454895,
0.43967166543006897,
0.9395716786384583,
0.3745414614677429,
-0.7139225602149963,
-1.0452356338500977,
0.08399715274572372,
0.5863907933235168,
0.5617559552192688,
-0.3350618779659271,
0.07372824102640152,
-0.0574161633849144,
0.10934141278266907,
-0.5734434723854065,
0.3600332736968994,
-0.5613895654678345,
0.6225458979606628,
0.14272236824035645,
-0.7413615584373474,
-0.10507563501596451,
-0.09401614218950272,
-0.7484937906265259,
-0.32630473375320435,
0.11664091795682907,
0.5438045859336853,
0.4739477038383484,
0.7879799008369446,
-0.48814696073532104,
-0.10877656936645508,
-0.04253774136304855,
0.5073146820068359,
0.1580154299736023,
-0.5521178245544434,
0.795570969581604,
0.23656222224235535,
-0.1241486445069313,
0.23750558495521545,
0.5153160095214844,
-0.49991247057914734,
0.2719499468803406,
-0.5234729647636414,
-0.004906106740236282,
0.4296688437461853,
-0.6570630669593811,
-0.8202590942382812,
0.35589149594306946,
0.5697806477546692,
-0.38589009642601013,
0.24829396605491638,
0.4302459955215454,
-0.21013067662715912,
-0.5791712403297424,
-0.3768121600151062,
0.05677196383476257,
0.08936552703380585,
-0.41518157720565796,
-0.4538629651069641,
-1.3495222330093384,
0.07995664328336716,
-0.11207903176546097,
-0.6194126605987549,
0.23978477716445923,
-0.6019381880760193,
-0.3275344967842102,
0.2494300901889801,
-0.43898001313209534,
-0.10420488566160202,
0.01702374778687954,
-0.10607552528381348,
-0.31600460410118103,
-0.35503044724464417,
0.5979687571525574,
0.3739972412586212,
0.8977361917495728,
1.4674967527389526,
0.35713979601860046,
-0.32894083857536316,
-0.6883463263511658,
0.04484466090798378,
0.7024149298667908,
-0.6994988918304443,
-0.36374664306640625,
0.18145732581615448,
-0.11822522431612015,
-0.46185019612312317,
-0.7207977771759033,
0.028069350868463516,
1.30938720703125,
-0.31464502215385437,
-0.15896308422088623,
-0.1813514530658722,
0.15879054367542267,
0.5467714071273804,
0.24811594188213348,
0.7574732303619385,
-1.2275912761688232,
0.113327257335186,
0.08350064605474472,
0.5877200961112976,
-0.8655822277069092,
-0.0025704556610435247,
0.23620472848415375,
-0.4789675772190094,
0.26174384355545044,
0.27166786789894104,
0.31185925006866455,
0.15487609803676605,
0.3296539783477783,
0.16750885546207428,
-0.2591167688369751,
-0.5886819362640381,
-0.17912916839122772,
0.002257230458781123,
-0.5046003460884094,
0.03107859566807747,
0.20470502972602844,
-0.4956477880477905,
-0.5467171669006348,
-0.1804952621459961,
-0.2508414089679718,
-0.6475807428359985,
-0.3282758295536041,
0.040888361632823944,
0.20971745252609253,
0.19794926047325134,
-0.3859855830669403,
0.45914432406425476,
-0.24438968300819397,
-0.2286483198404312,
0.045322973281145096,
0.3758929371833801,
-0.15097513794898987,
0.2891925573348999,
-0.7871556878089905,
0.0970020741224289,
-0.21928341686725616,
-0.6919432282447815,
0.1985558420419693,
-0.19058479368686676,
0.30208420753479004,
-0.24660052359104156,
0.03882218152284622,
-0.10542475432157516,
0.6255024075508118,
-0.5349692702293396,
-0.46415194869041443,
0.6639961004257202,
-0.2917075753211975,
0.1684839129447937,
0.4535953104496002,
-0.17438004910945892,
0.5484827756881714,
0.08452972769737244,
0.8655362129211426,
0.09114879369735718,
0.5762842893600464,
-0.08707839995622635,
-0.9813952445983887,
0.42537379264831543,
-0.7197443246841431,
-0.6435826420783997,
0.15473626554012299,
0.39812278747558594,
0.30822229385375977,
-0.3869139552116394,
-0.8113724589347839,
0.98155677318573,
-0.13663023710250854,
0.09918217360973358,
0.5404147505760193,
-0.22463294863700867,
-0.623249888420105,
0.7171017527580261,
0.32564884424209595,
0.49344223737716675,
-0.03215695545077324,
-0.5853396654129028,
-0.11781809478998184,
0.05410730093717575,
0.12110096216201782,
0.45080307126045227,
0.4345978796482086,
-0.38990887999534607,
0.31340083479881287,
0.19883814454078674,
0.21755534410476685,
-0.43680089712142944,
0.251823753118515,
-0.23243120312690735,
-0.02432078868150711,
-0.5230588316917419,
-0.24663583934307098,
-0.12645918130874634,
0.15643036365509033,
-0.06019614264369011,
0.07858537882566452,
-0.1284918338060379,
0.09317024052143097,
0.1830735206604004,
-0.5314185619354248,
-0.5525715351104736,
0.24434171617031097,
-0.000635271891951561,
0.21109314262866974,
0.5702259540557861,
-0.4524885416030884,
0.5222823619842529,
-0.27656370401382446,
0.026121558621525764,
0.4107455611228943,
0.07858023047447205,
0.16106346249580383,
0.05488976463675499,
-0.4913906455039978,
0.37301334738731384,
-0.09079192578792572,
-0.5146052241325378,
0.350009560585022,
-0.43305790424346924,
0.13811302185058594,
0.04920288920402527,
0.3002868890762329,
-0.5452684164047241,
0.41280049085617065,
-0.9333504438400269,
-0.48672324419021606,
0.2500757575035095,
-0.5386777520179749,
-0.2000633180141449,
-0.6424866318702698,
0.40426838397979736,
0.08894159644842148,
0.2754691541194916,
0.28355658054351807,
0.4600711166858673,
-0.14119164645671844,
0.35959523916244507,
-0.23127423226833344,
-0.5727860331535339,
-0.22140666842460632,
0.16983719170093536,
-0.4440910220146179,
0.9392179250717163,
0.06818854808807373,
-0.17783856391906738,
0.11681223660707474,
0.0027741033118218184,
0.20333795249462128,
-0.3812432289123535,
0.8294514417648315,
-0.4438477158546448,
-0.08037055283784866,
-0.4684659242630005,
0.07936184853315353,
-0.46035850048065186,
0.16679877042770386,
0.37104737758636475,
-0.2745027244091034,
-0.4860689342021942,
0.424357533454895,
-0.13682064414024353,
-0.40263447165489197,
0.5671623349189758,
-0.48326849937438965,
0.3123687505722046,
-1.0369694232940674,
0.6785162687301636,
-0.3104015588760376,
0.12170619517564774,
0.3568282127380371,
0.3449767231941223,
0.47656166553497314,
0.4888108968734741,
0.13147187232971191,
-0.4858437180519104,
0.5461829900741577,
0.28178736567497253,
-0.2546246647834778,
0.1630728393793106,
0.49682286381721497,
-0.2719329297542572,
-0.4151899814605713,
0.7946957349777222,
0.5079808235168457,
-0.06459315121173859,
0.12829111516475677,
-0.667741060256958,
0.6363562941551208,
0.6655581593513489,
-0.2253762185573578,
-0.8706626296043396,
-0.11667688935995102,
-0.6394551992416382
] |
247746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Egypt | Music of Egypt | Music has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity in Egypt. Egyptian music had a significant impact on the development of ancient Greek music, and via the Greeks it was important to early European music well into the Middle Ages. Due to the thousands of years long dominance of Egypt over its neighbors, Egyptian culture, including music and musical instruments, was very influential in the surrounding regions; for instance, the instruments claimed in the Bible to have been played by the ancient Hebrews are all Egyptian instruments as established by Egyptian archaeology. Egyptian modern music is considered as a main core of Middle Eastern and Oriental music as it has a huge influence on the region due to the popularity and huge influence of Egyptian cinema and music industries, owing to the political influence Egypt has on its neighboring countries, as well as Egypt producing the most accomplished musicians and composers in the region, specially in the 20th century, a lot of them are of international stature. The tonal structure music in the East is defined by the maqamat, loosely similar to the Western modes, while the rhythm in the East is governed by the iqa'at, standard rhythmic modes formed by combinations of accented and unaccented beats and rests.
History
The ancient Egyptians credited the goddess Bat with the invention of music. The cult of Bat was eventually syncretised into that of Hathor because both were depicted as cows. Hathor's music was believed to have been used by Osiris as part of his effort to civilise the world. The lion-goddess Bastet was also considered a goddess of music in ancient Egypt.
Neolithic period
In prehistoric Egypt, music and chanting were commonly used in magic and rituals. Rhythms during this time were unvaried and music served to create rhythm. Small shells were used as whistles.
Predynastic period
During the predynastic period of Egyptian history, funerary chants continued to play an important role in Egyptian religion and were accompanied by clappers or a flute. Despite the lack of physical evidence in some cases, Egyptologists theorise that the development of certain instruments known of the Old Kingdom period, such as the end-blown flute, took place during this time.
Old Kingdom
The evidence for instruments played is more securely attested in the Old Kingdom when harps, flutes and double clarinets were played. Percussion instruments and lutes were added to orchestras by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals frequently accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in Egypt today.
Medieval music
Early Middle Eastern music was influenced by Byzantine and Roman forms, which were themselves heavily influenced by earlier Greek, Semitic, and Ancient Egyptian music.
Egyptians in Medieval Cairo believed that music exercised "too powerful an effect upon the passions, and leading men into gaiety, dissipation and vice." However, Egyptians generally were very fond of music. Though, according to E.W. Lane, no "man of sense" would ever become a musician, music was a key part of society. Tradesmen of every occupation used music during work and schools taught the Quran by chanting.
The music of Medieval Egypt was derived from Ancient Egyptian and Byzantine traditions. Lane said that "the most remarkable peculiarity of the Arabic system of music is the division of tones into thirds," although today Western musicologists prefer to say that Arabic music's tones are divided into quarters. The songs of this period were similar in sound and simple, within a small range of tones. Egyptian song, though simple in form, is embellished by the singer. Distinct enunciation and a quavering voice are also characteristics of Egyptian singing.
Male professional musicians during this period were called Alateeyeh (plural), or Alatee (singular), which means "a player upon an instrument". However, this name applies to both vocalists as well as instrumentalists. This position was considered disreputable and lowly. However, musicians found work singing or playing at parties to entertain the company. They generally made three shillings a night, but earned more by the guests' givings.
Female professional musicians were called Awalim (pl) or Al’meh, which means a learned female. These singers were often hired on the occasion of a celebration in the harem of a wealthy person. They were not with the harem, but in an elevated room that was concealed by a screen so as not to be seen by either the harem or the master of the house. The female Awalim were more highly paid than male performers and more highly regarded than the Alateeyeh as well. Lane relates an instance of a female performer who so enraptured her audience that she earned up to fifty guineas for one night's performance from the guests and host, themselves not considered wealthy.
Modern Egyptian classical and pop music
In the second half of the 19th century, the Hasaballah genre of popular improvisational brass band folk music emerged, initiated by clarinettist Mohammad Hasaballah and his band, also called Hasaballah, playing in Cairo's music and entertainment quarter on Mohammed Ali Street. The typical line-up of trumpet, trombone, bass and snare drums, was popular, such as at family events, for well over a century, and is still played.
Egyptian music began to be recorded in the 1910s when Egypt was still part of the Ottoman Empire. The cosmopolitan Ottoman rulers encouraged the development of the arts, encouraging women and locals to develop their musical abilities. By the fall of the Empire, Egypt's classical musical tradition was already thriving, centered on the city of Cairo. In general, modern Egyptian music blends its rich indigenous traditions, with some western elements that helped create Egypt's pop music.
Since the end of World War I, some of the Middle East's biggest musical stars have been Egyptian. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of Abdu el-Hamuli, Almaz, and Mahmud Osman, as well as the later work of the 20th century's most important Egyptian composers and singers: Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Abdel Halim Hafez, and Zakariya Ahmed. Most of these stars, including Umm Kulthum and Nagat El-Saghira, were part of the traditional Egyptian music. Some, like Abd el-Halim Hafez, were associated with the Egyptian nationalist movement from 1952 onward.
Cairo-born Fatma Said was the first Egyptian soprano to sing at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, and from 2016-2018 took part in BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artists scheme.
Western classical music
Western classical music was introduced to Egypt, and, in the middle of the 18th century, instruments such as the piano and violin were gradually adopted by Egyptians. Opera also became increasingly popular during the 18th century, and Giuseppe Verdi's Egyptian-themed Aida was premiered in Cairo on December 24, 1871.
By the early 20th century, the first generation of Egyptian composers, including Yusef Greiss, Abu Bakr Khairat, and Hasan Rashid, began writing for Western instruments. The second generation of Egyptian composers included notable artists such as Gamal Abdelrahim. Representative composers of the third generation are Ahmed El-Saedi and Rageh Daoud. In the early 21st century, even fourth generation composers such as Mohamed Abdelwahab Abdelfattah (of the Cairo Conservatory) have gained international attention.
Religious music in Egypt
Religious music remains an essential part of traditional Sufi Muslim and Coptic Christian celebrations called mulids. Mulids are held in Egypt to celebrate the saint of a particular church or an exalted local Muslim figure. Muslim mulids are related to the Sufi zikr ritual. The Egyptian flute, called the ney, is commonly played at mulids. The liturgical music of the Alexandrian Rite also constitutes an important element of Egyptian music and is said to have preserved many features of ancient Egyptian music.
Folkloric music
Egyptian folk music, including the traditional Sufi dhikr rituals in Egypt, are the closest contemporary music genre to ancient Egyptian music, having preserved many of its features, rhythms, and instruments.
Folk and roots revival
The 20th century has seen Cairo become associated with a roots revival. Musicians from across Egypt are keeping folk traditions alive, such as those of rural Egyptians (fellahin), the Saii'da, and to a lesser extent minorities like the Siwa people, the Egyptian Romani, the Sinawis and the Nubians. Mixtures of folk and pop have also risen from the Cairo hit factory.
Since the Nasser era, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly important in Egyptian culture, particularly among the large youth population of Egypt. Egyptian folk music continues to be played during weddings and other traditional festivities. In the last quarter of the 20th century, Egyptian music was a way to communicate social and class issues. Among some of the most popular Egyptian pop singers today are Sherine Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed Mounir, and Amr Diab.
Sawahli (coastal) music is a type of popular Egyptian music from the country's northern coast, and is based around ancient Egyptian instrumentals, mainly the simsimiyya, which is an indigenous Egyptian stringed instrument that has its roots in ancient Egypt, it---the simsimiyya---was probably introduced to the country's northern coast from the Nile valley in the 19th century by Egyptian workers in the Suez Canal. Well known Egyptian bands that feature the simsimiyya as a main instrument include el-Tanboura, which uses other ancient Egyptian instruments.
Saidi (Upper Egyptian)
Egyptian musicians from Upper Egypt play a form of folk music called Ṣa‘īdi which originates from Upper Egypt. Metqal Qenawi's Les Musiciens du Nil (Musicians of the Nile; who became known to Alain Weber in 1975), are the most popular Sa‘īdi group, and were chosen by the government to represent Egyptian folk music abroad. They spent over three decades touring Europe performing at various festivals and musical events and in 1983 after their performance in the World of Music and Dance Festival, they were signed to Peter Gabriel's label Real World-Carolina and went on to feature on his Album Passion. Other performers include Shoukoukou, Ahmad Ismail, Omar Gharzawi, Sohar Magdy and Ahmed Megahid.
Nubian
In Egypt, Nubians are native to southern part of Aswan, though some live in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities. Nubian folk music can still be heard, but migration and intercultural contact with Egyptian and other musical genres have produced new innovations. Ali Hassan Kuban's efforts had made him a regular on the world music scene, while Mohamed Mounir's social criticism and sophisticated pop have made him a star among Nubians, Egyptians, and other people worldwide. Ahmed Mounib, Mohamed Mounir's mentor, was by far the most notable Nubian singer to hit the Egyptian music scene, singing in both Egyptian Arabic as well as in his native Nobiin. Hamza El Din was another popular Nubian Egyptian artist, well known on the world music scene and has collaborated with the Kronos Quartet.
Egyptian musical instruments
A typical early 20th century Egyptian ensemble comprising the Oud, qanun, violin, ney, and cello.
Many of the modern day instruments, both in the East and the West, trace their roots back to ancient Egypt, and many ancient Egyptian instruments are still used in Egypt today, such as the darbuka, the simsimiyya, the Egyptian ney, among other instruments.
During the Abbasid and Ottoman dynasty Egypt was one of the main musical hubs in the middle east and therefore after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923 Egypt became the capital of music in the Arabic-speaking world where classical instruments such as the oud, qanun, and ney were widely used. The typical takht (ensemble) consisted of an Oud player, qanun player, ney player and violin player. The takht (literally meaning a sofa) was the most common form of ensembles in the early 20th century before the adoption of more orchestral instruments which were introduced by composers such as Mohamed El Qasabgi, Riad El Sunbati and Mohammed Abdel Wahab.
Electronic music
One of the most respected early electronic music composers, Halim El-Dabh, is an Egyptian. Active at the same time, or perhaps earlier than, the French electronic pioneers from the Studio d’Essai, he is one of, if not the, earliest composer of purely electronic music. In 1944 he composed the earliest known work of tape music, or musique concrète, called The Expression of Zar, which he composed in Egypt, while still a student in Cairo, by capturing sounds from the streets of Egypt on a wire recorder.
The Egyptian electronic music scene has gained a mainstream foothold in the forms of techno, trance, and dance pop DJs such as Aly & Fila. In the 2010s, Mahraganat music, an Egyptian form of electronic music which often contains political lyrics, gained popularity both inside and outside Egypt.
Reconstruction of ancient Egyptian music
In the 20th and early 21st centuries, interest in the music of the pharaonic/ancient Egyptian period began to grow, inspired by the research of such foreign-born musicologists as Hans Hickmann, who lived and worked in Egypt. By the early 21st century, Egyptian musicians and musicologists led by the Egyptian musicology professor Khairy el-Malt at Helwan University in Cairo had begun to reconstruct musical instruments of ancient Egypt, a project that is ongoing.
See also
Egyptian contemporary art
Notes and references
Further reading
Lodge, David and Bill Badley. "Partner of Poetry". 2000. In
Journal of the History of Ideas , October 2014, Vol. 75, No. 4 (October 2014), pp.545-580
Peterson, Jennifer and Karin van Nieuwkerk. Playing with spirituality: the adoption of mulid motifs in Egyptian dance music Contemporary Islam, 2008, 2(3), 271-295.
Rehding, Alexander. "Music-Historical Egyptomania, 1650-1950." Journal of the History of Ideas 75.4 (2014): 545-80.
External links
Audio clips: Traditional music of Egypt. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
Egyptian music and dance Books
Ghostly Echoes: an essay on Egypt and its contemporary music! An essay on Egypt and its contemporary music- drummers of the nile
Church Hymns-coptic multimedia library ترانيم كنسية - مكتبة الوسائط المتعددة القبطية
Egyptian culture
Egyptian musical instruments
Ancient Egyptian musical instruments
Ancient Egypt | [
0.17216190695762634,
0.796464741230011,
-0.5426841378211975,
-0.10303908586502075,
-0.17916788160800934,
0.24172940850257874,
0.06246340274810791,
0.38268226385116577,
-0.8183890581130981,
-0.8153439164161682,
-0.44372859597206116,
-0.058118727058172226,
-0.18913638591766357,
0.6656268835067749,
-0.3397562503814697,
0.5592588186264038,
0.8887526392936707,
0.34594693779945374,
-0.2634095549583435,
-0.20935843884944916,
-0.45259758830070496,
-0.2947543263435364,
0.5123945474624634,
0.2605791687965393,
-0.062042877078056335,
-0.49379709362983704,
-0.022574638947844505,
0.49028250575065613,
0.3387029767036438,
-0.39424097537994385,
-0.48115164041519165,
0.31316325068473816,
-0.07779511064291,
-0.5288046598434448,
-0.3093411326408386,
-0.10816660523414612,
-0.4411577880382538,
-0.08794719725847244,
-0.11331979930400848,
-0.6010589003562927,
0.20968057215213776,
-0.6124398112297058,
0.7408083081245422,
0.2207595854997635,
-0.05408168211579323,
-0.8600580096244812,
-0.5252575874328613,
0.7204520106315613,
-0.5544406771659851,
-0.23246006667613983,
0.07171186804771423,
0.3871389925479889,
0.09633099287748337,
0.5137927532196045,
0.24608927965164185,
0.26991137862205505,
-0.7898079752922058,
0.16557882726192474,
0.26250389218330383,
0.3701198101043701,
0.829505980014801,
0.7064988613128662,
-0.3777470588684082,
-0.4880923628807068,
-0.02742033451795578,
0.18734131753444672,
0.06312334537506104,
0.06480574607849121,
0.165550097823143,
-0.06821173429489136,
0.035826537758111954,
-0.11895373463630676,
-0.13680334389209747,
-0.4098985195159912,
-0.4938996732234955,
-0.5521866083145142,
0.4829401969909668,
-0.13946720957756042,
0.2836509644985199,
0.37376949191093445,
0.09154601395130157,
0.302814245223999,
0.894719660282135,
0.6715516448020935,
-0.1604437530040741,
-0.33983784914016724,
-0.2328352928161621,
0.12493880838155746,
-0.1782485544681549,
-0.6582465767860413,
-0.4952845275402069,
-0.30969423055648804,
0.6658194065093994,
0.23526880145072937,
-0.3572247624397278,
0.7467944622039795,
-0.14135411381721497,
0.22819307446479797,
0.08575676381587982,
0.07979755103588104,
0.14682559669017792,
0.06621858477592468,
-0.3064660131931305,
0.25454646348953247,
-0.20187214016914368,
0.2734067440032959,
0.052396077662706375,
0.5453913807868958,
-0.502600371837616,
0.17693020403385162,
-0.3263728618621826,
0.023939184844493866,
-0.2396148443222046,
-0.05476714298129082,
0.2607068717479706,
-0.30862152576446533,
0.043512724339962006,
-0.2723526656627655,
-0.8148916959762573,
0.021313125267624855,
0.3496896028518677,
0.22219470143318176,
-0.04584052413702011,
0.11619556695222855,
-0.49818581342697144,
0.3747400939464569,
0.5560136437416077,
0.8067021369934082,
-0.3290766179561615,
-0.019157256931066513,
0.4862968921661377,
0.777043879032135,
0.19979695975780487,
0.033582910895347595,
0.039668552577495575,
-0.4791525602340698,
0.377429336309433,
0.6374269723892212,
0.3995286822319031,
0.28014326095581055,
-0.9252863526344299,
-0.7901736497879028,
-0.4940500855445862,
0.13671866059303284,
-0.29200172424316406,
-0.5790956616401672,
-0.1281818449497223,
0.12194555997848511,
0.20593513548374176,
-0.3146713972091675,
0.1384875625371933,
-0.6328679323196411,
-0.231718510389328,
-0.0631408765912056,
-0.6133592128753662,
-0.06438470631837845,
0.583747148513794,
0.5529687404632568,
0.5977267026901245,
0.08676308393478394,
0.6135009527206421,
-0.14928942918777466,
0.2532080113887787,
-0.3053213953971863,
0.0893753319978714,
0.13468046486377716,
0.6818163394927979,
0.3427078127861023,
0.20732109248638153,
0.5142713189125061,
-0.8500896692276001,
-0.05055161565542221,
0.30111339688301086,
-0.06699302792549133,
-0.8472244739532471,
-0.4571499228477478,
0.491854190826416,
0.5666948556900024,
-0.1773781180381775,
0.43321067094802856,
-0.685621976852417,
0.046143386512994766,
-0.19131480157375336,
-0.5316746234893799,
0.8588269948959351,
0.16935992240905762,
0.4301482141017914,
-0.03760962560772896,
0.059727419167757034,
-0.6294065713882446,
-0.5501677989959717,
-0.2486438900232315,
0.4113498330116272,
0.0016142720123752952,
1.1539807319641113,
0.13073009252548218,
-0.5367242097854614,
0.583876371383667,
-0.08130378276109695,
0.48906463384628296,
0.2950926423072815,
0.36489591002464294,
0.6331210732460022,
0.07461412996053696,
-0.4448370933532715,
0.06481320410966873,
0.03979821875691414,
-0.19734394550323486,
0.44946882128715515,
0.2645244896411896,
0.2009485363960266,
-0.48115435242652893,
0.14535680413246155,
0.13718998432159424,
0.26370230317115784,
0.22827231884002686,
-0.378182590007782,
0.036265671253204346,
-0.42230352759361267,
-0.6262936592102051,
0.2116006761789322,
-0.6460460424423218,
-0.13153976202011108,
0.11781752109527588,
-0.5462862253189087,
0.389150470495224,
-0.32382750511169434,
-0.04234978184103966,
-0.12418923527002335,
0.23463167250156403,
-0.5636781454086304,
0.047137320041656494,
0.21207191050052643,
-0.5187491774559021,
-0.10393618047237396,
-0.03369571641087532,
0.018562057986855507,
-0.06821733713150024,
0.04187723249197006,
0.17821624875068665,
0.4248124361038208,
0.09044145047664642,
-0.8054875135421753,
-0.3667236268520355,
0.058827608823776245,
-0.12394017726182938,
-0.40490248799324036,
-0.38115042448043823,
-0.15640492737293243,
-0.196344792842865,
-0.008803794160485268,
0.4691215455532074,
0.41593655943870544,
0.347467303276062,
-0.30200523138046265,
-0.02149152010679245,
0.3423811197280884,
-0.45641419291496277,
0.5663661360740662,
-0.2976672053337097,
0.10704618692398071,
-0.09599174559116364,
0.20903675258159637,
-0.6859728097915649,
0.25550100207328796,
-0.7032585740089417,
-0.09242842346429825,
-0.5099738240242004,
0.5798442959785461,
0.3959520161151886,
0.9895949363708496,
0.0534173920750618,
-0.13456684350967407,
0.28018900752067566,
0.2907526195049286,
0.2944934070110321,
-0.19679054617881775,
-0.6365068554878235,
-0.36509838700294495,
-1.0137676000595093,
0.005486664362251759,
0.7745059132575989,
0.24155166745185852,
-0.4478216767311096,
-0.4083392322063446,
0.050287358462810516,
-0.06481369584798813,
-0.1733001321554184,
0.32042601704597473,
-0.11543402820825577,
0.10665497928857803,
0.07956120371818542,
-0.33891385793685913,
-0.1983933299779892,
0.7121273875236511,
0.3426944315433502,
0.0010524800745770335,
0.017960529774427414,
-0.010572490282356739,
-0.6094589829444885,
-0.5586493015289307,
0.3261891305446625,
-0.3229554295539856,
-0.11654715985059738,
0.33452120423316956,
0.030763639137148857,
-0.5363982915878296,
0.004108182620257139,
-5.625925540924072,
-0.504938542842865,
-0.10041003674268723,
-0.1862855851650238,
-0.22623412311077118,
0.6081820726394653,
0.2210536152124405,
-0.12950551509857178,
0.10517438501119614,
-0.45869922637939453,
-0.6863426566123962,
0.30338841676712036,
-0.15034304559230804,
0.9618149995803833,
0.005021056160330772,
0.792477548122406,
-0.15955562889575958,
-0.3188953101634979,
-0.16613227128982544,
0.22609065473079681,
0.5553750395774841,
-0.37135446071624756,
-0.2627606987953186,
0.27937453985214233,
0.11136343330144882,
0.09929977357387543,
-0.294140487909317,
0.1412808746099472,
-0.6147233247756958,
-0.018635159358382225,
-0.20358575880527496,
-0.35947757959365845,
0.41598084568977356,
-0.6145384907722473,
0.518503725528717,
0.44016966223716736,
0.5821119546890259,
0.08701304346323013,
0.4392736256122589,
-0.3996342420578003,
-0.7890677452087402,
-0.40735477209091187,
-0.2615432143211365,
0.18782678246498108,
0.09496434777975082,
-0.13222509622573853,
-0.30988332629203796,
-0.01780300959944725,
-0.3210044503211975,
0.861814022064209,
0.14045923948287964,
-0.2720871567726135,
0.007024617400020361,
-0.20429646968841553,
-0.24419747292995453,
0.19499917328357697,
0.46323758363723755,
0.2600310742855072,
0.3235447406768799,
0.19197750091552734,
0.3109075427055359,
-0.9299626350402832,
-0.0037576775066554546,
-0.6375057101249695,
-0.03934294357895851,
0.15176434814929962,
-0.35405686497688293,
-0.06711897999048233,
-0.22479243576526642,
0.9498031139373779,
-0.0186360701918602,
0.15600374341011047,
-0.3386789560317993,
-0.6225556135177612,
-0.11206264048814774,
-0.12451629340648651,
-0.30498117208480835,
0.056615233421325684,
-0.13675281405448914,
0.1800638735294342,
-0.4346641004085541,
-0.8801966309547424,
0.2436968982219696,
0.389975368976593,
-0.24805456399917603,
-0.24977803230285645,
-0.29771947860717773,
-0.23158010840415955,
-0.4365100860595703,
0.07300177216529846,
1.0484644174575806,
-0.8554966449737549,
-0.027223095297813416,
0.7064403891563416,
0.38169217109680176,
0.6448981761932373,
0.6686039566993713,
-0.12333431839942932,
1.0862964391708374,
-0.27434489130973816,
0.040345996618270874,
-0.3694155216217041,
-0.26664167642593384,
0.12680275738239288,
-0.3764991760253906,
-0.36328747868537903,
-0.3410840332508087,
0.04022799804806709,
1.0192127227783203,
-0.8293480277061462,
-0.0047234478406608105,
-0.047112688422203064,
-0.5525792241096497,
0.11997070163488388,
0.6735777258872986,
-0.5359796285629272,
0.6400372982025146,
0.4367945194244385,
0.5723117589950562,
0.3282586336135864,
0.4367464482784271,
0.3528456687927246,
0.5207110643386841,
0.11167959868907928,
0.04536764323711395,
-0.03307974711060524,
0.4804575741291046,
0.20873387157917023,
-0.4844723343849182,
-0.2925982177257538,
-0.30945032835006714,
-0.18932002782821655,
-0.11586087942123413,
0.4324922263622284,
0.3507020175457001,
0.2393827885389328,
-0.3360041677951813,
-0.18172422051429749,
0.21586394309997559,
-0.4063282012939453,
0.4417475759983063,
-0.6332975029945374,
0.04954873025417328,
0.41886448860168457,
0.44362011551856995,
0.58443683385849,
-0.11960703879594803,
-0.1629790961742401,
-0.43535229563713074,
0.06261258572340012,
0.13937973976135254,
0.42279982566833496,
0.8216914534568787,
0.14044921100139618,
-0.18246488273143768,
-0.2140243649482727,
0.09459903091192245,
-0.03742199391126633,
-0.40071961283683777,
-0.21883217990398407,
0.3463667631149292,
-0.5165731310844421,
-1.0951309204101562,
0.3201923668384552,
-0.41560253500938416,
-0.13601002097129822,
-0.42369145154953003,
-0.14219126105308533,
0.2868640422821045,
0.4665504992008209,
0.9222011566162109,
-0.5356868505477905,
0.009012839756906033,
-0.5501357316970825,
0.4681392014026642,
-0.7998490929603577,
-0.3719063103199005,
0.2050158530473709,
-0.5391231775283813,
-0.5184252262115479,
-0.2187534123659134,
-0.11446746438741684,
-0.048792921006679535,
0.017799800261855125,
0.266037255525589,
0.09280247986316681,
-0.5075335502624512,
-0.3579888939857483,
-0.46390169858932495,
0.39771729707717896,
-0.3511697053909302,
0.07970871776342392,
-0.3819022476673126,
-0.04395456612110138,
-0.042214322835206985,
0.1764553040266037,
-0.0557270310819149,
-0.014430227689445019,
-0.16614997386932373,
-0.610808253288269,
0.56252521276474,
-0.04605771228671074,
0.171063631772995,
0.28877565264701843,
-0.3337075114250183,
-0.6583399176597595,
0.4350552558898926,
-0.27306056022644043,
-0.954571545124054,
-0.007662897929549217,
-0.1625545769929886,
-0.421114981174469,
0.04203217476606369,
0.24275363981723785,
-0.6723556518554688,
0.13157890737056732,
0.26232394576072693,
0.3670145273208618,
0.02483305148780346,
0.3142058253288269,
0.10173168033361435,
0.29989737272262573,
-0.4636501371860504,
0.19857320189476013,
-0.4582248628139496,
0.6028053760528564,
0.4615698754787445,
-0.3798649311065674,
-0.5226065516471863,
-0.32852819561958313,
0.3882945775985718,
-0.010482600890100002,
-0.17227569222450256,
-0.2762317359447479,
-0.7379323840141296,
-0.18683062493801117,
0.04965674877166748,
0.17064811289310455,
-0.29274439811706543,
0.6362190246582031,
0.6263204216957092,
0.11613485217094421,
0.005360882263630629,
-0.3845219016075134,
-0.028830021619796753,
0.8245193958282471,
0.3736240565776825,
-0.27561360597610474,
-0.2921161353588104,
0.3355366289615631,
0.2319881021976471,
-0.06619775295257568,
-0.5860181450843811,
-0.9064397811889648,
0.4376107454299927,
-0.08173620700836182,
0.12015685439109802,
0.21248489618301392,
0.12661169469356537,
0.07031244784593582,
0.19652563333511353,
-0.48318982124328613,
-0.6451437473297119,
-0.2733149826526642,
0.31399887800216675,
-0.22296419739723206,
0.4080744981765747,
-0.08676226437091827,
0.48048505187034607,
-0.15984830260276794,
-0.33777371048927307,
-0.8308589458465576,
0.1717180758714676,
0.7071914076805115,
0.1957656443119049,
-0.31970980763435364,
-0.4711667597293854,
-0.6931056380271912,
0.25741350650787354,
0.5629013776779175,
-0.2551904320716858,
-0.5286452770233154,
0.30199384689331055,
0.06520526111125946,
0.4990605115890503,
-0.7256088852882385,
-0.2562912404537201,
-0.007537391968071461,
0.31106001138687134,
-0.36913609504699707,
0.06247267872095108,
-0.17829127609729767,
0.21137738227844238,
0.7356995344161987,
0.24432256817817688,
0.2509552836418152,
0.11064141988754272,
-0.07272940874099731,
0.4528038203716278,
-0.16872337460517883,
-0.5094999074935913,
0.6932998299598694,
0.14538265764713287,
-0.09912001341581345,
0.1287502497434616,
0.37157753109931946,
0.09304235875606537,
-0.2878514230251312,
0.03437000885605812,
0.2352280467748642,
0.131786048412323,
-0.14520268142223358,
-0.08284561336040497,
0.37329667806625366,
-0.3859615623950958,
0.1499136984348297,
0.7256335020065308,
-0.17176568508148193,
0.7092368602752686,
0.4859955608844757,
-0.25314292311668396,
-0.15039902925491333,
0.6560094356536865,
0.37654179334640503,
-0.21210505068302155,
-0.04378143697977066,
-0.3576661944389343,
-0.660699188709259,
0.2599045932292938,
-0.13922402262687683,
0.4510958790779114,
0.3248187005519867,
-0.17877759039402008,
0.2965344786643982,
-0.2378333956003189,
-0.30792945623397827,
-0.37677302956581116,
-0.18608517944812775,
0.18971139192581177,
0.961983859539032,
0.3305633068084717,
-0.5147975087165833,
0.0024795078206807375,
-0.1870771199464798,
0.3013415038585663,
0.5458375215530396,
-0.37648800015449524,
-0.515909731388092,
0.21488037705421448,
-0.2767341136932373,
0.583494246006012,
0.18326543271541595,
0.21268123388290405,
-0.0014921908732503653,
0.1430572122335434,
0.052213042974472046,
0.5811545252799988,
0.18391424417495728,
0.08276937901973724,
0.9457313418388367,
0.4467810094356537,
0.39299020171165466,
0.7465040683746338,
-0.07586200535297394,
-0.7116085886955261,
0.6335563063621521,
-0.04215099662542343,
-0.7808197140693665,
-0.45454323291778564,
-0.1785953938961029,
0.1770503968000412,
0.33477842807769775,
-0.6865653991699219,
0.5212051868438721,
0.4552270472049713,
0.24738502502441406,
-0.15152974426746368,
0.304450660943985,
0.044772084802389145,
-0.4492458999156952,
0.6281737685203552,
0.06169958412647247,
-0.10964218527078629,
-0.8593117594718933,
-0.15740567445755005,
-0.14189237356185913,
0.056444551795721054,
-0.2719227969646454,
-0.688252866268158,
-0.24070653319358826,
0.13241082429885864,
-0.5485661029815674,
0.6890215873718262,
-0.4393344819545746,
-0.292445570230484,
-0.35761961340904236,
-0.4259916841983795,
0.8758022785186768,
-0.5432027578353882,
-0.49675020575523376,
0.9031590223312378,
0.4792703688144684,
0.27027761936187744,
0.09130321443080902,
-0.792858898639679,
0.43294665217399597,
-0.30292215943336487,
-0.20731785893440247,
-0.2582133710384369,
0.6077659726142883,
-0.11724453419446945,
0.6885676383972168,
-0.10877716541290283,
-0.1851651817560196,
0.4255989193916321,
0.03416808694601059,
0.25672614574432373,
-0.47385144233703613,
-0.14967666566371918,
-0.5832273960113525,
-0.12797237932682037,
-0.3454878032207489,
0.008586905896663666,
0.687090277671814,
-0.19742421805858612,
-0.16219402849674225,
0.1796741485595703,
0.38953542709350586,
-0.18927904963493347,
0.5351148843765259,
-0.2073258012533188,
0.4127175807952881,
-0.9241583943367004,
0.1546415090560913,
-0.25575387477874756,
0.14152278006076813,
0.4045857787132263,
0.39293256402015686,
-0.09835740178823471,
-0.7163901329040527,
0.13046754896640778,
-0.3105367422103882,
0.22901277244091034,
-0.11982370167970657,
-0.31424614787101746,
-0.0618656650185585,
-0.1934524029493332,
-0.23792697489261627,
-0.7137629985809326,
0.7204551100730896,
0.39264199137687683,
0.041360631585121155,
0.48379796743392944,
-0.312860369682312,
-0.2984648644924164,
-0.7659364342689514,
0.496064692735672,
-0.40452831983566284,
0.48742660880088806,
-0.5189824104309082
] |
247748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca%20River | Athabasca River | The Athabasca River (French: Rivière Athabasca) is a river in Alberta, Canada, which originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and flows more than before emptying into Lake Athabasca. Much of the land along its banks is protected in national and provincial parks, and the river is designated a Canadian Heritage River for its historical and cultural importance. The scenic Athabasca Falls is located about upstream from Jasper.
Etymology
The name Athabasca comes from the Woods Cree word , which means "[where] there are plants one after another", likely a reference to the spotty vegetation along the river.
Course
The Athabasca River originates in Jasper National Park, in an unnamed lake at the toe of the Columbia Glacier within the Columbia Icefield, between Mount Columbia, Snow Dome, and the Winston Churchill Range, at an elevation of approximately . It travels before draining into the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca south of Fort Chipewyan. From there, its waters flow north as Rivière des Rochers, then join the Peace River to form the Slave River, which empties into the Great Slave Lake and discharges through the Mackenzie River system into the Arctic Ocean. The cumulative drainage area is .
The river flows along icefields and through gorges, offering wildlife habitat on its shores and in adjacent marshes. Throughout its course, it flows through or adjacent to numerous national and provincial parks, including Jasper National Park, Fort Assiniboine Sandhills Wildland Provincial Park, Hubert Lake Wildland Provincial Park, La Biche River Wildland Provincial Park, Grand Rapids Wildland Provincial Park, Richardson River Dunes Wildland Provincial Park, and Wood Buffalo National Park. Its course is marked by rapids, impeding navigation southwest of Fort McMurray.
Numerous communities are located on the banks of the Athabasca River, including Jasper, Brule, Entrance, Hinton, Whitecourt, Fort Assiniboine, Smith, Athabasca, Fort McMurray, and Fort McKay.
Tributaries
Alberta's Rockies
Habel Creek
Warwick Creek
Quincy Creek
Chaba River
Dragon Creek
Sunwapta River
Ranger Creek
Fryatt Creek
Lick Creek
Geraldine Lakes
Kerkeslin Creek
Hardisty Creek
Whirlpool River
Astoria River
Portal Creek
Wabasso Creek
Whistlers Creek
Tekerra Creek
Miette River
Pyramid Lake
Maligne River
Garonne Creek
Snaring River
Morro Creek
Cobblestone Creek
Corral Creek
Jacques Creek
Rocky River
Snake Indian River
Mountain Creek
Fiddle River
Supply Creek
Oldhouse Creek
Prine Creek
Maskuta Creek
Central Alberta
Hardisty Creek
Fish Creek
Cache Petotte Creek
Tiecamp Creek
Canyon Creek
Ponoka Creek
Plante Creek
Apetowun Creek
Obed Creek
Oldman Creek
Nosehill Creek
Jackpine Creek
Berland River
Wildhay River
Beaver Creek
Marsh Head Creek
Pine Creek
Pass Creek
Two Creek
Windfall Creek
Chickadee Creek
Bessie Creek
Stony Creek
Sakwatamau River
McLeod River
Northern Alberta
Freeman River
Timeu Creek
Pembina River
Lesser Slave River
Lawrence Lake Creek
Baptiste Lake Creek
Tawatinaw River
La Biche River
Calling River
McMillan Lake Creek
Parallel Creek
Pelican River
House River
Horse River
Clearwater River
Steepbank River
Muskeg River
Mackay River
Ells River
Firebag River
Richardson River
History
Sekani, Shuswap, Kootenay, Salish, Stoney, and Cree tribes hunted and fished along the river prior to European colonization in the 18th century. From about 1778, the Athabasca River, the Clearwater River, which enters the Athabasca River from the east at Fort McMurray, and the Methye Portage were part of a primary fur trade route from the Mackenzie River to the Great Lakes (see Canadian Canoe Routes (early)).
David Thompson and Thomas the Iroquois traveled through Athabasca Pass in 1811. In 1862, the Athabasca Springs area was crossed during the Cariboo Gold Rush by the Overlander Party.
The northern segment of the Athabasca River became part of a major shipping network in 1921 when the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway reached Waterways near Fort McMurray, making it the northernmost point on the North American railroad grid at that time. Cargo for destinations farther north was shipped to Waterways and transferred to barges, after which fleets of tugboats took them up the river to destinations in the Athabasca and Mackenzie River watersheds. Barge traffic declined after 1964 when Hay River, on the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories, became the northern terminus of the rail grid.
Environmental concerns
Owing to its proximity to the Athabasca oil sands, the river has seen significant amounts of energy infrastructure constructed along its course. On June 6, 1970, a pipeline operated by Great Canadian Oil Sands, the precursor to Suncor and the earliest commercial extraction operation, ruptured near the banks of the river. The total spill volume was estimated by Great Canadian Oil Sands at approximately .
In 2012, an independent study concluded that the Athabasca River contained elevated levels of pollution downstream of the Athabasca oil sands. Testing showed this portion of the river contained mercury, lead, and 11 other toxic elements.
In 2021, another independent research was conducted on the streamflow and climate data sets for the Athabasca River Basin showing the seasonality of the streamflow and precipitation time series via wavelet analysis. The seasonal components of these time series were shown to be coherent with phase discrepancy. The mean temperature had been gradually increasing since 1960, and it was projected to increase by approximately 2 °C during the mid-century, possibly reducing the snowpack volume during the spring.
Coal mine spill
On October31, 2013, a pit at the Obed Mountain coal mine spilled, and between 600 million and a billion litres of slurry poured into Plante and Apetowun Creeks. The plume of waste products then joined the Athabasca River, travelling downstream for a month before settling in Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan, over away.
Heritage
The river was designated a Canadian heritage river for its importance to the fur trade and the construction of railways and roads opening up the Canadian West, as well as for its natural heritage.
The Canadian Heraldic Authority named the position of Athabaska Herald after the river.
Gallery
See also
Geography of Alberta
List of Alberta rivers
List of longest rivers of Canada
References
External links
http://www.environment.alberta.ca/apps/OSEM/ Athabasca River Conditions and Use, Government of Alberta
http://www.ramp-alberta.org/river.aspx Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency, RAMP (Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program), Athabasca River Basin
https://web.archive.org/web/20120414210651/http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Athabasca/Athabasca-F_e.php Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS), Athabasca River
http://arbri.athabascau.ca/About-the-Athabasca-River-basin/Index.php About the Athabasca River Basin, Athabasca River Basin Research Institute
Athabasca, Alberta
Canadian Heritage Rivers
Fort McMurray
Jasper National Park
Rivers of Alberta
Whitecourt
Rivers of the Canadian Rockies
River, Athabasca | [
0.008487412706017494,
1.1830227375030518,
-0.7435145378112793,
0.34872615337371826,
0.5114151239395142,
0.5837556719779968,
1.167235255241394,
0.9500950574874878,
0.40104910731315613,
-0.5733774304389954,
0.07243842631578445,
-0.21221251785755157,
-0.23068322241306305,
0.12295681238174438,
-0.620576798915863,
-0.17962220311164856,
-0.015755334869027138,
0.22019025683403015,
0.648510754108429,
-0.42232370376586914,
0.28269392251968384,
-0.05278436467051506,
0.3287675082683563,
0.5422521233558655,
0.33016490936279297,
0.7360108494758606,
0.29632386565208435,
0.529303252696991,
-0.1160869374871254,
0.12127186357975006,
-0.32782718539237976,
0.46794819831848145,
0.8940140604972839,
-0.8933072686195374,
-0.017116498202085495,
-0.3074372112751007,
-0.38067343831062317,
0.03211042284965515,
-0.6321797370910645,
-0.870955765247345,
-0.016951104626059532,
-0.2576896846294403,
-0.4318893849849701,
-0.036699969321489334,
0.17716380953788757,
0.7357588410377502,
-0.9693666696548462,
-0.06541422009468079,
-0.6445629000663757,
-0.0308323185890913,
0.05868462473154068,
0.5979567170143127,
0.12945054471492767,
-0.6360018253326416,
0.3387261629104614,
0.30224817991256714,
-0.9395501613616943,
0.35857245326042175,
-0.25982144474983215,
0.14748574793338776,
0.7521719336509705,
0.26956066489219666,
0.1594296395778656,
0.29819971323013306,
-0.3717983365058899,
0.3717045187950134,
0.5629379749298096,
-0.03125064820051193,
-0.06815104186534882,
-0.07593070715665817,
-0.02381962537765503,
-0.1999952346086502,
-0.6728673577308655,
0.6410493850708008,
-0.0465465784072876,
0.1925741732120514,
-0.5598933696746826,
0.27815932035446167,
0.14881610870361328,
0.3438219130039215,
0.023756878450512886,
0.0560343936085701,
0.2513100206851959,
0.3393245041370392,
-0.31333619356155396,
0.6191637516021729,
-0.3658643364906311,
0.2699466347694397,
-0.6829267740249634,
0.2134934961795807,
-1.1801824569702148,
-0.44157007336616516,
0.2916235625743866,
-0.32335981726646423,
0.20643162727355957,
-0.2167396992444992,
0.23422542214393616,
-0.0670611709356308,
0.20436938107013702,
0.1694488376379013,
-0.2515905201435089,
-0.3259938657283783,
0.5540233254432678,
0.6475517749786377,
-0.5902928709983826,
-0.024442601948976517,
-0.7828885316848755,
-0.01063136849552393,
-0.2500125765800476,
-0.3896406292915344,
0.21549169719219208,
0.019877946004271507,
-0.3027871549129486,
0.1272709220647812,
0.3065129220485687,
0.15449045598506927,
0.21568232774734497,
-0.4341719448566437,
-0.043226830661296844,
-0.32534945011138916,
0.8513093590736389,
-0.5236353278160095,
-0.08230247348546982,
-0.916520893573761,
-0.33389022946357727,
0.3391534984111786,
0.27076348662376404,
-0.9910575747489929,
0.08384037017822266,
0.17135612666606903,
-0.33473047614097595,
0.45860493183135986,
0.1384124457836151,
-0.6150395274162292,
-0.3012215793132782,
-0.46030867099761963,
-0.07168451696634293,
-0.5596461892127991,
-0.3064628839492798,
0.6544846296310425,
-0.41352716088294983,
-0.09345011413097382,
-0.07806320488452911,
-0.5101556181907654,
0.09703993052244186,
0.42560648918151855,
-0.3603885769844055,
-0.67752605676651,
0.16403734683990479,
0.14385172724723816,
0.23663756251335144,
0.4084619879722595,
-0.16304190456867218,
-0.2925667464733124,
0.47013553977012634,
0.14047318696975708,
0.8338695764541626,
0.29138895869255066,
0.08009488880634308,
0.3646421730518341,
0.52099609375,
1.0262963771820068,
0.993089497089386,
-0.40756604075431824,
0.44921550154685974,
-0.21685251593589783,
-0.02587689831852913,
-0.49898606538772583,
-0.6967215538024902,
0.6970502138137817,
0.627581000328064,
-0.071248859167099,
0.6462627649307251,
-0.6703590750694275,
0.2679741084575653,
-0.26909202337265015,
0.30559900403022766,
0.30605724453926086,
0.25253286957740784,
0.26905274391174316,
-0.8470186591148376,
0.5318238139152527,
-0.3803321123123169,
0.08917899429798126,
-0.4682658910751343,
-0.11088122427463531,
-0.024668976664543152,
0.28468039631843567,
0.17271463572978973,
0.491036981344223,
0.049330297857522964,
-0.8764668703079224,
0.21595008671283722,
-0.5898705720901489,
0.4099600315093994,
-0.5309029221534729,
-0.3574688732624054,
0.827635645866394,
-0.013604373671114445,
0.3715371787548065,
-1.0330289602279663,
0.26065945625305176,
1.1199520826339722,
-0.9615965485572815,
-1.1261175870895386,
0.01697012409567833,
-0.3158099055290222,
-0.015211098827421665,
0.7394163608551025,
0.5568918585777283,
0.12264268845319748,
-0.1187961995601654,
0.20030371844768524,
0.16230414807796478,
-0.101775161921978,
-0.23227575421333313,
-0.3312203884124756,
0.1215948611497879,
0.3789342939853668,
-0.23516328632831573,
0.5555109977722168,
0.20692473649978638,
-0.06985320150852203,
-0.040956418961286545,
-0.7041438221931458,
0.12330186367034912,
0.21937505900859833,
-0.02681293524801731,
0.533864438533783,
-0.3617323040962219,
0.42798757553100586,
0.6123238205909729,
0.9424930810928345,
-0.5694891810417175,
-0.02512437477707863,
-0.3295890986919403,
0.24742579460144043,
-0.04744311049580574,
0.9676875472068787,
0.18157164752483368,
-0.05898235738277435,
0.03502983972430229,
-1.0337169170379639,
-0.03588607534766197,
0.4413543939590454,
-0.3803299069404602,
0.6680552363395691,
0.5228050947189331,
-0.6035149097442627,
-0.531512439250946,
0.1832035928964615,
0.3617554008960724,
0.195661261677742,
0.34990012645721436,
0.17137551307678223,
-0.047752734273672104,
-0.10586528480052948,
-0.2698137164115906,
0.4039291441440582,
0.43775826692581177,
0.12381002306938171,
0.22027577459812164,
-1.1595877408981323,
0.5317339301109314,
0.17516271770000458,
-0.02075371891260147,
-0.14465269446372986,
-0.11832353472709656,
-0.3058690130710602,
0.2877148985862732,
0.321867436170578,
0.2917553782463074,
0.2506280839443207,
-0.06445210427045822,
0.6844807267189026,
0.32331329584121704,
0.08826042711734772,
0.057708803564310074,
-0.5299089550971985,
-0.7479772567749023,
0.19943919777870178,
1.2941440343856812,
-0.4974425137042999,
-0.15482573211193085,
0.18499915301799774,
-0.09123187512159348,
-0.2784358561038971,
0.12630978226661682,
0.04193572327494621,
-0.024028833955526352,
-0.1685723215341568,
-0.5532962083816528,
-0.2639778256416321,
-0.5264201760292053,
-0.24698591232299805,
-0.25861841440200806,
0.11801028996706009,
0.3248033821582794,
0.5473798513412476,
-0.5329456329345703,
-0.08531594276428223,
0.15133893489837646,
-0.10137341171503067,
0.1038902997970581,
0.07865985482931137,
-0.6259424686431885,
-0.2050512582063675,
-0.2265181839466095,
-5.238229751586914,
0.5108568668365479,
-0.5186607837677002,
-0.4980151653289795,
0.31766223907470703,
-0.08673198521137238,
0.23929288983345032,
-0.09461508691310883,
-0.3136468529701233,
0.20622988045215607,
-0.05381361395120621,
0.07174457609653473,
0.24448569118976593,
0.048987969756126404,
0.27968645095825195,
-0.101569265127182,
-0.7639667391777039,
-0.2685091495513916,
-0.03011443465948105,
0.3948746919631958,
0.06612548977136612,
0.2195095419883728,
0.015065105631947517,
-0.271483451128006,
0.2043565809726715,
0.40562704205513,
-0.11350665986537933,
-0.321164071559906,
-0.8914828896522522,
-0.30182990431785583,
0.25861674547195435,
0.1562677025794983,
0.014300049282610416,
-0.2862795293331146,
-0.3264366090297699,
-0.6219800710678101,
-0.0017548036994412541,
0.3111024498939514,
1.0263944864273071,
-0.2417386919260025,
-0.07653690129518509,
-0.23319467902183533,
-0.126512348651886,
-0.1335633248090744,
0.49341121315956116,
-0.2796265184879303,
-0.7161886096000671,
-0.07086719572544098,
-0.1344701051712036,
0.40914177894592285,
0.1334458738565445,
0.3213493525981903,
-0.0019450172549113631,
-0.6467869877815247,
-0.021739954128861427,
-0.2647555470466614,
-0.008326614275574684,
-0.3943629562854767,
0.19785873591899872,
0.5789317488670349,
-0.24987809360027313,
-0.431390643119812,
0.319568008184433,
-0.03788572922348976,
-0.009799555875360966,
-0.5972201824188232,
0.11450839042663574,
0.504782497882843,
0.84063720703125,
0.1204066276550293,
0.16528306901454926,
-0.16810981929302216,
-0.7641741633415222,
-0.8804368376731873,
-0.2754267156124115,
-0.6892955303192139,
-0.5577334761619568,
0.9072162508964539,
0.20143970847129822,
-0.0904579684138298,
0.4531036913394928,
0.431071937084198,
0.3193151652812958,
0.6128957867622375,
-0.0006398414261639118,
-0.4499424993991852,
-0.23697851598262787,
0.5251057744026184,
-0.01692444086074829,
-0.4174599349498749,
0.3530432879924774,
0.12717662751674652,
0.5862657427787781,
-0.11752138286828995,
-0.21039731800556183,
-0.5384073853492737,
0.22575710713863373,
-0.2405504435300827,
-0.2793983817100525,
-0.5812118053436279,
0.868371844291687,
-0.26080262660980225,
0.6905297040939331,
-1.1656006574630737,
-0.12120257318019867,
-0.6509668231010437,
-0.8977911472320557,
0.29672771692276,
0.8325598239898682,
-0.06220744550228119,
-0.3076567053794861,
-0.45543015003204346,
-0.0789189264178276,
-0.520507276058197,
-0.03564057499170303,
0.13150760531425476,
-0.42816659808158875,
0.08713620901107788,
1.0447965860366821,
0.5406595468521118,
-0.50161212682724,
0.22099876403808594,
-0.548992931842804,
0.5466150641441345,
0.6594002842903137,
0.13427184522151947,
0.6067202687263489,
0.7702573537826538,
-0.5372647047042847,
0.015521742403507233,
-0.27176567912101746,
-0.8360958099365234,
-0.2739083766937256,
-0.4990440607070923,
-0.16251833736896515,
-0.09908276796340942,
-0.6895607709884644,
-0.8080306053161621,
0.6180927753448486,
-0.3943224251270294,
-0.00841384008526802,
0.20781508088111877,
-0.13484932482242584,
0.4724224805831909,
-0.14560887217521667,
0.4459381103515625,
-0.12472251057624817,
0.17590193450450897,
-0.09995955973863602,
0.2719036638736725,
-0.2076846957206726,
0.28059035539627075,
-0.44625601172447205,
-0.08514478802680969,
0.22582660615444183,
-0.3006330728530884,
-0.07137590646743774,
0.2572559416294098,
0.07972830533981323,
0.2906811833381653,
0.781832754611969,
0.07343178987503052,
-1.1294503211975098,
-0.03065909445285797,
-0.18430539965629578,
0.3993777930736542,
-0.5630531311035156,
-0.5015337467193604,
-0.39678701758384705,
0.7833288908004761,
0.5893791317939758,
-0.5358343720436096,
0.18998362123966217,
-0.19202920794487,
0.6433690786361694,
-0.4134500026702881,
-0.4541429877281189,
0.5912503600120544,
0.36207807064056396,
0.3783385157585144,
-0.23245809972286224,
-0.8357226848602295,
-0.787564754486084,
-0.04338904842734337,
0.7220931053161621,
-0.6123018860816956,
-0.4565141201019287,
-0.03564317896962166,
0.17190660536289215,
0.22654299437999725,
0.48316407203674316,
-0.21610596776008606,
0.1269507110118866,
0.43617817759513855,
0.1872677057981491,
0.010996111668646336,
-0.1705760806798935,
0.14993271231651306,
-0.42813560366630554,
-0.32767021656036377,
0.2383938878774643,
0.38082370162010193,
-0.18169532716274261,
0.6411008834838867,
-0.11041681468486786,
-0.44937267899513245,
0.5236009955406189,
-0.1222347542643547,
-0.9697964787483215,
0.3890438377857208,
0.5957490801811218,
-0.5926695466041565,
0.6087228059768677,
0.8545206189155579,
-0.37575316429138184,
0.4729255437850952,
0.13561974465847015,
0.5442495942115784,
-0.294598251581192,
-0.006972591392695904,
-0.42065906524658203,
0.03975894674658775,
-0.24390080571174622,
-0.406502902507782,
-0.38924431800842285,
0.484119176864624,
0.7749843001365662,
0.3599385917186737,
0.5971401929855347,
-0.44657132029533386,
0.2481880486011505,
0.03023175336420536,
0.23880623281002045,
-0.23212620615959167,
0.16850483417510986,
-0.06534885615110397,
0.07019009441137314,
-0.24966923892498016,
0.2240959107875824,
0.19983504712581635,
0.1519721895456314,
0.9166731834411621,
0.8442468643188477,
-0.45438116788864136,
0.08463925868272781,
0.4293212592601776,
-0.2681187093257904,
-0.42355501651763916,
-0.46112093329429626,
-0.01589343510568142,
0.7652792930603027,
-0.40413036942481995,
-0.503230631351471,
-0.5540624260902405,
0.9671933054924011,
-0.3483004868030548,
0.18180418014526367,
0.5370805263519287,
-0.5169068574905396,
0.3638085424900055,
0.15581215918064117,
-0.06460929661989212,
-0.1252661496400833,
0.5882486701011658,
0.06433138251304626,
-0.37116652727127075,
-0.43250152468681335,
-0.056500066071748734,
0.3345990478992462,
-1.0643696784973145,
0.36820244789123535,
-0.9710593819618225,
0.2458837926387787,
0.23445583879947662,
-0.18334637582302094,
-0.3234303891658783,
0.16987095773220062,
-0.22484467923641205,
-0.19878022372722626,
0.18372240662574768,
-0.34192734956741333,
0.3120785653591156,
0.07601433992385864,
-0.09355698525905609,
0.6499263644218445,
-0.2628610134124756,
-0.2052236646413803,
0.20657013356685638,
0.07837913185358047,
0.22985325753688812,
-0.41691067814826965,
-0.19363310933113098,
-0.01101427897810936,
-0.34534767270088196,
-0.3963429927825928,
-0.013301640748977661,
0.11878878623247147,
0.7787196636199951,
0.384432852268219,
0.08592017740011215,
-0.6470470428466797,
0.6100258827209473,
-0.13530732691287994,
-0.482971727848053,
0.21831245720386505,
0.012631716206669807,
-0.3207623362541199,
-0.056576550006866455,
-0.5097718238830566,
0.3412555158138275,
0.24152295291423798,
0.21373330056667328,
-0.2310737520456314,
0.09200436621904373,
-0.6446656584739685,
0.2290751039981842,
-0.06607145816087723,
-0.32403790950775146,
0.7006708383560181,
-0.10254146158695221,
-0.06604693830013275,
-0.02979191578924656,
0.6465738415718079,
0.4896742105484009,
0.27903902530670166,
0.3974001109600067,
-0.39563530683517456,
-0.6176347136497498,
-0.3219757378101349,
0.09192255884408951,
0.1496703326702118,
-0.2883221507072449,
-0.5081231594085693,
0.27435317635536194,
-0.8566393852233887,
0.4254230856895447,
-0.01769745722413063,
-0.5208463072776794,
-0.6426379680633545,
0.11909553408622742,
0.43518370389938354,
0.6436052322387695,
-0.2905796766281128,
0.05945703014731407,
0.12555493414402008,
0.203164741396904,
0.4920049011707306,
0.2497696876525879,
0.014568343758583069,
-0.2567896544933319,
0.22116607427597046,
-0.5164114832878113,
-0.13805338740348816,
-0.37242716550827026,
-0.07853288948535919,
0.9350868463516235,
0.431520938873291,
0.054499924182891846,
-0.15713924169540405,
-0.13049261271953583,
-0.26023629307746887,
-0.1117691844701767,
0.0965053141117096,
0.16668249666690826,
-0.170493945479393,
-0.4764450192451477,
0.2503671646118164,
-1.1695713996887207,
0.132804274559021,
-0.30160558223724365,
-0.2424405962228775,
0.23222874104976654,
-0.029277121648192406,
-0.24249988794326782,
0.439495712518692,
0.36467820405960083,
-0.7721742391586304,
1.0295308828353882,
-0.01667715609073639,
-0.0354948528110981,
-0.07399506866931915,
0.9836995601654053,
-0.45456597208976746,
-0.6219102740287781,
0.27026328444480896,
0.029687348753213882,
0.04876299202442169,
0.7603812217712402,
-1.2671430110931396,
-0.1112569123506546,
-0.14462514221668243,
-0.326484739780426,
0.11885112524032593,
0.1368812918663025,
-0.0026764378417283297,
-0.43897876143455505,
-0.29903072118759155,
0.6036299467086792,
0.06085113435983658,
0.376088947057724,
0.06210523471236229,
0.09306830167770386,
0.5025661587715149,
0.08829004317522049,
-0.03913383558392525,
0.48101890087127686,
-0.4015655517578125,
-0.22424043715000153,
-0.3258940279483795,
0.45251718163490295,
0.10468406230211258,
-0.010578589513897896,
-0.7437410354614258,
0.8518045544624329,
-0.3270779848098755,
0.1057431697845459,
0.7085661292076111,
-0.47653529047966003,
-0.09283500909805298,
-0.21601104736328125,
-0.04129365086555481,
-1.1173560619354248,
0.4962519705295563,
0.6467922329902649,
-0.3378545939922333,
-0.7670688629150391,
-0.3591090440750122,
-0.3002680242061615,
-0.5967207551002502,
0.30432456731796265,
0.20375464856624603,
-0.37769919633865356,
-0.33395662903785706,
0.9718547463417053,
0.054662466049194336,
-1.1860034465789795,
0.147359237074852,
0.48224326968193054,
0.3617025315761566,
-0.2340027093887329,
0.6122257709503174,
-0.41092750430107117,
0.8851364850997925,
-0.2989027500152588,
0.21964995563030243,
0.14341683685779572,
-0.35121607780456543,
-0.9050534963607788,
-0.951835572719574,
-0.18204231560230255,
0.3210853338241577,
-0.10306332260370255,
-0.48026323318481445,
0.2083880752325058,
-0.019067183136940002,
0.02754868194460869,
0.581548273563385,
-0.8890175223350525,
0.022835955023765564,
-0.12247836589813232
] |
247750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Puerto%20Rico%20boxing%20rivalry | Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry | The Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry is a highly competitive sports rivalry that exists between male boxers from the country of Mexico and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as well as their respective sets of fans. As of 2021, Puerto Rico leads the rivalry in World Championship bouts 70-57-2, plus 2 No Contests. That includes Ultiminio Ramos, Oscar De la Hoya and Fernando Vargas as Mexicans, and Kevin Kelley as Puerto Rican descent. Also includes 4 interims title bouts, but no minor titles, nor about 30 other fights between Puerto Ricans and fighters with Mexican heritage.
References
Boxing matches
History of boxing
Boxing in Puerto Rico
Boxing rivalries
Boxing in Mexico
Mexico–United States relations | [
-0.4035847783088684,
0.09661970287561417,
-0.33744606375694275,
0.3214511275291443,
-0.08921905606985092,
-0.3952019214630127,
-0.16678166389465332,
1.0182342529296875,
-0.3796617388725281,
-0.2846071422100067,
0.5154682397842407,
0.06813689321279526,
0.3902287185192108,
0.49068647623062134,
-0.5636049509048462,
0.15857215225696564,
0.7791295647621155,
0.8742311596870422,
0.6164738535881042,
-0.15790946781635284,
-0.23884305357933044,
-0.1554919183254242,
0.46762943267822266,
0.14214612543582916,
-0.3451094627380371,
-0.020302291959524155,
-0.22024154663085938,
-0.14284595847129822,
-0.5254936218261719,
0.15341264009475708,
0.059432752430438995,
0.15095208585262299,
-0.10631228238344193,
0.26009342074394226,
-0.23062831163406372,
-0.03734944015741348,
0.1542736440896988,
-0.11362449824810028,
0.2787686288356781,
-0.3816779851913452,
0.3112107515335083,
-0.015435628592967987,
0.45864343643188477,
0.38082513213157654,
-0.25622761249542236,
-0.1853233277797699,
-0.7379641532897949,
0.2544039785861969,
-0.50185626745224,
-0.49623528122901917,
-0.41406968235969543,
0.2466246485710144,
-0.4416583180427551,
0.911308228969574,
0.24349553883075714,
0.5092068314552307,
-0.6725144386291504,
-0.052216410636901855,
-0.28598666191101074,
-0.3070153594017029,
0.6368799805641174,
0.7234209775924683,
0.0216399934142828,
-0.43386921286582947,
0.28676337003707886,
0.22558869421482086,
0.6260844469070435,
0.1560308039188385,
-0.20155495405197144,
0.06694617122411728,
-0.2932117283344269,
-0.19919857382774353,
0.12271405756473541,
0.09197963029146194,
-0.029659448191523552,
-0.5069065093994141,
-0.41778624057769775,
0.31568479537963867,
-0.1582273542881012,
0.2512301802635193,
-0.1179383397102356,
-0.4592031240463257,
0.5183285474777222,
-0.06935808062553406,
0.43816161155700684,
0.27026039361953735,
-0.28115013241767883,
-0.5250912308692932,
-0.700901448726654,
0.14362506568431854,
-0.2648020088672638,
0.4698891043663025,
0.7995854616165161,
0.5111850500106812,
0.14328616857528687,
-0.25459495186805725,
0.22433039546012878,
0.5531541109085083,
-0.3140864968299866,
-0.08491375297307968,
-0.2851559817790985,
0.17442454397678375,
0.1655377745628357,
0.16393576562404633,
-0.6103658080101013,
-0.40123674273490906,
-0.3355453312397003,
-0.015738222748041153,
0.11485184729099274,
-0.010427074506878853,
-0.7450128197669983,
0.043678298592567444,
0.21248112618923187,
0.29391127824783325,
-0.4610532224178314,
-0.008317180909216404,
0.40179622173309326,
-0.6893221139907837,
-0.07259221374988556,
-0.44724738597869873,
-0.3779574930667877,
0.9381089210510254,
-0.49318477511405945,
0.16200122237205505,
0.819297194480896,
0.6477516293525696,
0.8560775518417358,
0.1700795441865921,
0.09866932779550552,
0.2458193004131317,
-0.05718300864100456,
-0.18782292306423187,
-0.1855534017086029,
-0.007286521606147289,
0.2356228232383728,
-0.34393593668937683,
0.35562005639076233,
-0.09556159377098083,
0.21811680495738983,
0.0916743353009224,
-0.47968789935112,
-0.6019914746284485,
-0.6008932590484619,
0.09926076233386993,
0.13995346426963806,
-0.3196549117565155,
-0.033191975206136703,
-0.63832688331604,
-0.07461082190275192,
0.0213067214936018,
0.08878394961357117,
0.08174176514148712,
-0.3272860646247864,
0.30316880345344543,
-0.257993221282959,
-0.28800350427627563,
0.7785300612449646,
-0.7616655230522156,
0.5423073768615723,
0.4476827383041382,
-0.08200930058956146,
-0.44576379656791687,
0.004485257901251316,
-0.08859851211309433,
-0.4860497713088989,
-0.1601540893316269,
0.8827022314071655,
0.5051333904266357,
-0.25171637535095215,
0.5095377564430237,
-0.2495979368686676,
0.28332245349884033,
0.13421012461185455,
-0.2972400188446045,
0.03860802203416824,
-0.32425934076309204,
0.35616227984428406,
0.3183978199958801,
0.19855649769306183,
0.18818753957748413,
-0.5752798914909363,
0.6388691067695618,
0.05617261305451393,
0.3798360228538513,
0.10298214852809906,
-0.1490299552679062,
0.36278036236763,
-0.18523027002811432,
0.0738615170121193,
-0.11788595467805862,
-0.058947592973709106,
0.02988267131149769,
-0.024067804217338562,
-0.381019651889801,
0.6017964482307434,
-0.25234007835388184,
-0.4144705832004547,
0.4018489122390747,
0.1631363183259964,
0.4007236659526825,
0.0607605054974556,
0.09826982021331787,
0.2546497881412506,
1.0356974601745605,
-0.7362436056137085,
-0.14071351289749146,
0.17714883387088776,
0.36089280247688293,
0.35457828640937805,
0.915378212928772,
0.2081139236688614,
-0.22872546315193176,
-0.5481277704238892,
0.10082118958234787,
-0.8880789875984192,
-0.45466193556785583,
-0.16106458008289337,
-0.05538046732544899,
0.23029255867004395,
-0.14469365775585175,
0.7689482569694519,
-0.30701377987861633,
0.21524100005626678,
0.08641066402196884,
0.1634962260723114,
0.9391227960586548,
0.08681340515613556,
0.020296571776270866,
0.40962478518486023,
-0.5076193809509277,
0.7245621681213379,
0.28973588347435,
0.20395061373710632,
-0.83817458152771,
-0.03904900327324867,
-0.1556507796049118,
0.352577269077301,
-0.6811956167221069,
0.25064295530319214,
0.07680092751979828,
-0.08785446733236313,
0.38263121247291565,
-0.1715971976518631,
0.7431729435920715,
-0.26654428243637085,
-0.08925601840019226,
-0.284084290266037,
0.5607056021690369,
-0.4996066093444824,
-0.07244770228862762,
0.3559543490409851,
0.17422790825366974,
-0.12008128315210342,
-0.17082175612449646,
0.43233156204223633,
-0.03602888435125351,
-0.7199477553367615,
-0.47491246461868286,
-0.01923895999789238,
-0.7866457104682922,
-0.12878163158893585,
-0.20422543585300446,
0.0622684545814991,
0.22126638889312744,
-0.14730985462665558,
-0.5872012972831726,
-0.3010670840740204,
-0.5298031568527222,
-0.4272581934928894,
0.20484454929828644,
0.8049401044845581,
0.29057109355926514,
-0.3467860817909241,
-0.5491143465042114,
-0.33237898349761963,
0.5654160976409912,
-0.453543484210968,
0.18524962663650513,
-0.7461144924163818,
-0.7193717360496521,
-0.058425430208444595,
0.43956243991851807,
0.03227090463042259,
-0.6797520518302917,
-0.6713228821754456,
-0.566375195980072,
-0.4660933017730713,
-0.9328464269638062,
-0.07132666558027267,
-0.3387770652770996,
-0.17258718609809875,
-0.5109100341796875,
0.014536621049046516,
0.38438379764556885,
-0.002805868862196803,
0.06913220137357712,
0.18157002329826355,
0.2099934220314026,
0.5027073621749878,
-0.7466810345649719,
-0.2426406890153885,
0.053005341440439224,
-0.22521699965000153,
-0.01672748476266861,
0.48285460472106934,
-0.2960074543952942,
-0.4755648672580719,
0.3050869405269623,
-5.678187847137451,
0.2968425452709198,
-0.7347025275230408,
0.10019954293966293,
0.416788250207901,
-0.44955313205718994,
0.29604268074035645,
0.10380394011735916,
0.2136238068342209,
-0.10650017857551575,
0.16306725144386292,
0.176019549369812,
0.07960423827171326,
0.084905706346035,
0.04185467213392258,
0.39970895648002625,
0.28316906094551086,
-0.5756708383560181,
0.14461317658424377,
0.25005465745925903,
-0.05193851888179779,
0.46221187710762024,
-0.14651595056056976,
0.9152158498764038,
0.8272144794464111,
0.7209249138832092,
-0.05774640664458275,
-0.4709867238998413,
-0.6121100187301636,
-0.10611013323068619,
-0.4143168032169342,
0.7409588694572449,
0.1572723090648651,
0.008613445796072483,
0.3274340331554413,
-0.05620501562952995,
0.3772738575935364,
0.2711239159107208,
-0.16763746738433838,
-0.4097940921783447,
-0.6318119168281555,
0.5783366560935974,
-0.2418319135904312,
-0.13714930415153503,
0.8311983942985535,
0.2826361656188965,
-0.37595334649086,
-0.012991121970117092,
-0.412235826253891,
0.06915143132209778,
0.6262362003326416,
-0.28414955735206604,
-0.04748682677745819,
0.29962673783302307,
0.23010912537574768,
0.11956294625997543,
0.28938737511634827,
-1.0250523090362549,
-0.022311734035611153,
0.27247482538223267,
0.0504058413207531,
-0.6649793982505798,
0.059024304151535034,
-0.34541046619415283,
0.06543513387441635,
-0.30923083424568176,
0.4534650444984436,
-0.3875119090080261,
0.6496604084968567,
-0.17343008518218994,
-0.5675452947616577,
0.4518509805202484,
-0.4129447042942047,
-1.0621916055679321,
0.5069385766983032,
0.16836781799793243,
-0.4661876857280731,
0.3018397092819214,
-0.08772726356983185,
-0.31137797236442566,
-0.09139098227024078,
0.26198554039001465,
-0.6270636916160583,
-0.39743393659591675,
0.23268266022205353,
-0.27183037996292114,
0.29475441575050354,
0.5000455379486084,
-0.045635223388671875,
0.5331994295120239,
0.6308498382568359,
-0.14268611371517181,
0.46462565660476685,
0.09596286714076996,
0.059822823852300644,
0.6001808047294617,
-0.3953145742416382,
0.22578583657741547,
-0.06634095311164856,
-0.18863321840763092,
0.4947698414325714,
-0.3457038998603821,
-0.3039088547229767,
-0.64830082654953,
0.2676199972629547,
-0.10612951219081879,
0.19740867614746094,
0.6527791023254395,
0.048458851873874664,
-0.3232315182685852,
0.7144184112548828,
-0.2768097519874573,
-0.9055994153022766,
-0.10060779750347137,
0.4862098693847656,
-0.08949704468250275,
-0.11158784478902817,
0.39357781410217285,
0.3290848135948181,
-0.0019967290572822094,
0.3262440264225006,
0.6644142270088196,
-0.16568507254123688,
0.24669717252254486,
-0.2455221563577652,
-0.6055271625518799,
-0.2295316755771637,
0.2546999454498291,
0.1984504610300064,
0.2551555037498474,
-0.10898098349571228,
0.20820125937461853,
0.1741558313369751,
0.41358545422554016,
-0.05648781731724739,
0.7064233422279358,
0.124733567237854,
-0.8989008665084839,
0.07836978882551193,
-0.35019367933273315,
0.6543671488761902,
-0.25504472851753235,
0.36360040307044983,
0.12861400842666626,
0.05072147771716118,
0.33488550782203674,
-0.4055023789405823,
-0.37226203083992004,
-0.4702618718147278,
1.182045578956604,
0.5055992603302002,
-0.3720831871032715,
0.1803097277879715,
-0.246733620762825,
-0.1613548994064331,
0.18847960233688354,
0.42430126667022705,
0.6015576720237732,
0.06070365756750107,
-0.2894691526889801,
0.32102730870246887,
-0.5534628033638,
-0.6664887070655823,
0.24499675631523132,
0.3042139708995819,
-0.7191103100776672,
-0.3294641375541687,
-0.13052332401275635,
-0.9949172735214233,
0.48894789814949036,
0.4226394295692444,
-0.6436926126480103,
-0.32514649629592896,
-0.3301340937614441,
-0.034419894218444824,
-0.29299721121788025,
-0.2978779077529907,
0.5402235388755798,
0.05623997375369072,
-0.4285661578178406,
0.25143489241600037,
-0.319242000579834,
-0.11765094101428986,
0.03649343177676201,
0.04231160879135132,
0.062297139316797256,
0.26972559094429016,
-0.2579365074634552,
-0.3172060549259186,
0.2930414378643036,
-0.01745801419019699,
0.7040796875953674,
0.5421305298805237,
-0.1271536648273468,
-0.4339827299118042,
-0.36257806420326233,
-0.1762096881866455,
0.792859673500061,
-0.13875499367713928,
-0.7126548886299133,
0.06814134120941162,
0.6914182305335999,
-0.6741753220558167,
0.3774317502975464,
0.14215461909770966,
-0.15845493972301483,
0.6810342073440552,
-0.1709723025560379,
-0.3360598385334015,
-0.14988042414188385,
-0.04335032403469086,
-0.30533045530319214,
-0.21879535913467407,
0.6989758610725403,
0.15615501999855042,
-0.14140968024730682,
-0.11009965091943741,
0.15688037872314453,
0.007536804303526878,
0.10939944535493851,
0.3991236388683319,
-0.410123735666275,
-0.4444432258605957,
-0.22837385535240173,
-0.23669886589050293,
1.2052685022354126,
0.035044148564338684,
-0.6154413819313049,
-0.07717659324407578,
-0.3634417951107025,
0.757767915725708,
-0.7944306135177612,
0.11724048852920532,
0.3423241674900055,
-0.05462656170129776,
0.08200843632221222,
-0.12912161648273468,
0.060930315405130386,
0.20573972165584564,
-0.014292193576693535,
0.6790748238563538,
0.5210151076316833,
-0.4126755893230438,
-0.10667683929204941,
-0.4575757682323456,
0.2890138626098633,
0.4296466112136841,
-0.12608979642391205,
-0.29535040259361267,
-0.271664559841156,
-0.2925589382648468,
-0.7724713087081909,
-0.3628278076648712,
0.37935128808021545,
0.4692242741584778,
-0.2081686556339264,
-0.7213007211685181,
0.06591542810201645,
-0.5552735328674316,
-0.217930406332016,
0.06654229015111923,
-0.10738205909729004,
-0.6793909072875977,
-0.4424639344215393,
0.10253557562828064,
-0.23847562074661255,
0.03616637364029884,
0.0796831026673317,
-0.22842468321323395,
0.025471819564700127,
-0.15902923047542572,
-0.4002826511859894,
0.678622841835022,
0.4127655327320099,
0.02235270105302334,
0.5996163487434387,
-0.025458987802267075,
-0.14854715764522552,
0.1937999278306961,
0.14594203233718872,
-0.09557779878377914,
-0.14355702698230743,
-0.6693480014801025,
-0.7458334565162659,
0.034159574657678604,
-0.3290216028690338,
-0.3349708616733551,
0.012922276742756367,
0.0960845947265625,
-0.019141830503940582,
-0.21021057665348053,
-0.033607542514801025,
0.5123763680458069,
-0.45767247676849365,
0.22147884964942932,
-0.06614252179861069,
0.18435253202915192,
0.47706615924835205,
-0.061542972922325134,
0.08754243701696396,
-1.0520453453063965,
0.764835774898529,
-0.3507240414619446,
-0.4082556962966919,
0.025950107723474503,
-0.10715557634830475,
0.14511829614639282,
-0.4434743821620941,
-0.39057064056396484,
-0.04672649875283241,
-0.3488571047782898,
-0.3868023753166199,
-0.2411816120147705,
0.05977562442421913,
-0.6125268340110779,
0.4116462469100952,
0.664311945438385,
-0.30141785740852356,
-0.22777323424816132,
0.4822624921798706,
0.3199014365673065,
-0.4243898391723633,
1.1132030487060547,
0.14763958752155304,
0.5432664155960083,
-0.39514029026031494,
-0.030966542661190033,
-0.20011402666568756,
0.4223495125770569,
0.4823932945728302,
-0.11733011901378632,
-0.346786230802536,
-0.06497586518526077,
-0.13619257509708405,
0.3596290647983551,
-0.018719863146543503,
-0.45175325870513916,
-0.2565673291683197,
-0.4640708565711975,
0.9838976860046387,
0.46726301312446594,
0.5146336555480957,
-0.2924712896347046,
0.05900827422738075,
-0.055656109005212784,
-0.12581388652324677,
0.022142725065350533,
0.163467139005661,
0.15064948797225952,
-0.13715854287147522,
0.4095114469528198,
-0.15567268431186676,
-0.04646309092640877,
-0.752707839012146,
0.2949802577495575,
-0.24668607115745544,
0.03986160457134247,
-0.40779364109039307,
-0.5778443813323975,
-0.12946783006191254,
0.29573389887809753,
-0.5064655542373657,
0.5325462818145752,
-0.26744288206100464,
-0.46592825651168823,
-0.16095291078090668,
0.39361366629600525,
0.6080871224403381,
-0.8987324237823486,
0.41740190982818604,
-0.4070085287094116,
-0.02078385278582573,
-0.13615190982818604,
0.48386260867118835,
-0.2167080193758011,
0.1926155537366867,
0.31399059295654297,
0.11992163956165314,
-0.3799613118171692,
0.006822811905294657,
0.36858630180358887,
0.2253798246383667,
-0.6646136045455933,
-0.15016770362854004,
-0.16423143446445465,
0.003432338824495673,
-0.03874136880040169,
0.5245580077171326,
-0.16018696129322052,
0.10007903724908829,
0.11122645437717438,
-0.7477409839630127,
0.2877349555492401,
0.0019424478523433208,
0.06121288985013962,
-0.3418135344982147,
-0.14185112714767456,
0.7400490045547485,
0.520647406578064,
-0.36153891682624817,
0.20768947899341583,
-0.1267736554145813,
0.5028142929077148,
0.2704137861728668,
-0.5427143573760986,
-0.275924414396286,
-0.7247121334075928,
-0.06707053631544113,
-0.1297842413187027,
0.3717260956764221,
0.12498553097248077,
-0.8755151629447937,
-0.1958063393831253,
-0.05268552154302597,
-0.27707749605178833,
0.002148420549929142,
0.6096179485321045,
-0.8757469654083252,
-0.4103615880012512,
-0.5229330062866211,
0.24133816361427307,
-0.6680052280426025,
0.40042370557785034,
0.46383845806121826,
0.6189743280410767,
-0.6712332367897034,
0.49644821882247925,
0.1997225433588028,
-0.5199105143547058,
0.24026364088058472,
0.27261748909950256,
-0.24136900901794434,
-0.33929184079170227,
0.18417327105998993,
-0.33720216155052185,
-0.8169493079185486,
0.231645405292511,
0.8221871256828308,
0.3959978222846985,
-0.18783444166183472,
0.6440656781196594,
0.12141746282577515,
0.537804365158081,
-0.3389224708080292,
0.978070080280304,
-0.5450252890586853,
-0.23379988968372345,
0.42050743103027344,
-0.31311947107315063,
0.49972009658813477,
0.3668431341648102,
0.47007185220718384,
0.5002907514572144,
-0.10389038920402527,
0.08852770924568176,
0.41068002581596375,
0.2144373506307602,
-0.7391922473907471,
0.3184222877025604,
0.025729825720191002
] |
247752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgemoor | Sedgemoor | Sedgemoor is a low-lying area of land in Somerset, England. It lies close to sea level south of the Polden Hills, historically largely marsh (or "moor" in its older sense). The eastern part is known as King's Sedgemoor, and the western part West Sedgemoor. Sedgemoor is part of the area now known as the Somerset Levels and Moors. Historically the area was known as the site of the Battle of Sedgemoor.
Sedgemoor has given its name to a local government district formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the municipal borough of Bridgwater, the Burnham-on-Sea urban district, Bridgwater Rural District and part of Axbridge Rural District. The district covers a larger area than the historical Sedgemoor, extending north of the Polden Hills across the Somerset Levels and Moors to the Mendip Hills.
On 1 April 2023 the district will be abolished and replaced by a new unitary district for the area at present served by Somerset County Council. The new council will be known as Somerset Council.
Elections for the new council will take place in May 2022, and it then will run alongside Sedgemoor and the other councils until their abolition in April 2023.
Toponymy
Sedgemoor does not mean "sedge moor", but is instead "marsh of a man called Sicga" from the Old Norse personal name Sicga and Old English mor "moor". The name was recorded as Secgamere in 1165.
Towns
Bridgwater – the administrative centre
Burnham-on-Sea
North Petherton
Highbridge
Axbridge
Cheddar
Parishes
Rivers
River Parrett
River Brue
River Huntspill
King's Sedgemoor Drain
Battles
Battle of Sedgemoor 1685
Industry
Light industry now predominates, but traditional trades including peat extraction, willow crafts and cider making may still be found, in addition to livestock farming. The River Parrett provides a source of eels (anguilla anguilla) and elvers from January through to May.
Also notable is the new Isleport trading estate at Highbridge, which houses many global businesses such as Geest (Isleport Foods) who make yoghurt under franchise to Ski & Muller, Brake Brothers who supply the catering trade, BFP wholesale who supply dry goods to bakeries etc., Woodbury & Haines who supply furniture globally, Polybeam Limited who supply GRP radio masts to customers such as Marconi, and also AT&T whose centre there controls all internet cable traffic to and from the US.
Industry in Bridgwater has also seen major growth recently with the opening of "Express Park" which houses Gerber Foods (a global fruit juice supplier), NHS Logistics depot and Eddie Stobart depot. South of Bridgwater, at Huntworth, is a large Somerfield depot which supplies their Somerfield and former Kwik Save stores in the south west.
Governance
Sedgemoor District Council
The Sedgemoor district was established in 1974 and is based in Bridgwater. It covers a mostly rural area between the Quantock Hills and the Mendip Hills.
Members of UK parliament
The area is falls within the
Bridgwater and West Somerset and Wells county constituencies which are represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system of election. The current MP for Bridgewater and West Somerset is Ian Liddell-Grainger, a Conservative; for Wells the MP is James Heappey, also a Conservative, who won the seat in 2015 from Tessa Munt, a Liberal Democrat.
Education
Schools (those which are not independent) in Sedgemoor are operated the Children & Young People's Directorate of Somerset County Council, although some such as The Kings of Wessex School in Cheddar have distanced themselves from the county council by opting for foundation status.
See also
List of Grade I listed buildings in Sedgemoor
List of Scheduled Monuments in Sedgemoor
References
External links
Sedgemoor District Council
Somerset by the Sea (tourism website)
Non-metropolitan districts of Somerset | [
-0.045577600598335266,
-0.19601398706436157,
-0.30716073513031006,
-1.1037116050720215,
0.5206165313720703,
0.062487754970788956,
0.41602805256843567,
0.09467523545026779,
0.28943896293640137,
-0.10774002224206924,
-0.009620568715035915,
0.35807308554649353,
-0.1392071396112442,
0.6747740507125854,
-0.9835617542266846,
0.37525635957717896,
0.16594485938549042,
0.3262505829334259,
0.3738985061645508,
-0.4067297875881195,
0.05009055510163307,
-0.40144261717796326,
-0.16831260919570923,
-0.22485420107841492,
0.055146608501672745,
-0.10897350311279297,
0.9202156662940979,
0.015169855207204819,
0.3820093870162964,
0.10684403032064438,
-0.07651003450155258,
0.7957051396369934,
-0.408297061920166,
-0.6545206308364868,
0.25560662150382996,
-0.012691089883446693,
0.45981842279434204,
-0.2530857026576996,
-0.8477137684822083,
-0.4589686691761017,
-0.2704786956310272,
-0.18042166531085968,
-0.22331121563911438,
0.36391669511795044,
0.14256316423416138,
-0.23075036704540253,
-0.9087936878204346,
-0.09537655115127563,
-0.6758232712745667,
0.0006941015599295497,
-0.5578346252441406,
0.43807488679885864,
0.2481331080198288,
-0.16039849817752838,
0.9355653524398804,
0.44577279686927795,
-0.2901211977005005,
-0.3220376670360565,
1.081502914428711,
0.6665345430374146,
0.2805607318878174,
0.1892128586769104,
-0.8441637754440308,
-0.062453579157590866,
-0.5941272974014282,
0.475693017244339,
-0.1806056946516037,
0.439113587141037,
-0.3591119647026062,
-0.27669668197631836,
-0.13105471432209015,
-0.2510342001914978,
-0.15309061110019684,
0.27975934743881226,
-0.4462437033653259,
0.5613118410110474,
-0.15855219960212708,
0.11218084394931793,
0.22204788029193878,
0.07033669948577881,
0.4671311378479004,
0.8073318004608154,
0.8222618103027344,
0.38150522112846375,
0.1814364194869995,
-0.3337651789188385,
-0.34007254242897034,
0.5517908334732056,
-0.45177897810935974,
0.7851349115371704,
-0.0856531634926796,
-0.054185520857572556,
-0.2315148115158081,
-0.33697134256362915,
0.397968590259552,
-0.11967034637928009,
0.045339129865169525,
0.033688586205244064,
0.15757519006729126,
0.39942580461502075,
-0.4483392536640167,
0.6194666624069214,
0.4143925905227661,
-0.24615313112735748,
-0.8059785962104797,
-0.19624845683574677,
-0.7286269664764404,
-0.5190632939338684,
0.004248910583555698,
0.10500434041023254,
-0.7020261287689209,
0.46118536591529846,
-0.1982552409172058,
-0.04635262116789818,
-0.30071571469306946,
1.0394277572631836,
0.7303302884101868,
-0.20797254145145416,
-0.05322513356804848,
0.0244577769190073,
0.9717804789543152,
0.5446767210960388,
0.22670210897922516,
-0.18220174312591553,
-0.1408046931028366,
0.10453424602746964,
0.36532890796661377,
0.16372263431549072,
-0.5147985219955444,
0.33428916335105896,
0.19019411504268646,
1.3693965673446655,
-0.3064970076084137,
-0.5258793234825134,
0.23724934458732605,
-0.49060216546058655,
0.17423120141029358,
-0.10547269880771637,
0.24927762150764465,
0.6086399555206299,
-0.34300661087036133,
0.1873350292444229,
-0.7100862264633179,
-0.22500139474868774,
0.4203872084617615,
-0.2626820206642151,
-0.042121149599552155,
-1.219756007194519,
-0.4234827756881714,
-0.04942534118890762,
0.36924728751182556,
0.19612963497638702,
-0.25902828574180603,
-0.16194680333137512,
-0.3727991580963135,
-0.301925927400589,
1.1052398681640625,
0.11092539876699448,
0.11252256482839584,
-0.10498852282762527,
-0.03296419233083725,
-0.5882368683815002,
0.47501280903816223,
-0.37798964977264404,
0.20165963470935822,
-0.014995400793850422,
0.02584248036146164,
-0.43991562724113464,
0.2753656506538391,
0.7544423937797546,
-0.4860718548297882,
-0.08537109941244125,
0.6981524229049683,
-0.49037566781044006,
0.1361563801765442,
-0.5932155847549438,
0.4512810707092285,
0.936320960521698,
0.2467712014913559,
-0.029235070571303368,
-0.6102880239486694,
-0.32908961176872253,
0.6144534349441528,
-0.04106786847114563,
0.11010957509279251,
-0.15083001554012299,
0.45074063539505005,
0.8886629939079285,
-0.052662771195173264,
-0.14163845777511597,
-0.3440960645675659,
-0.5171054005622864,
0.6852762699127197,
-0.18923284113407135,
1.191412091255188,
-0.1411808431148529,
-0.15613535046577454,
-0.05405128002166748,
-0.48562031984329224,
0.04753275215625763,
-0.4034794569015503,
-0.07946734130382538,
-0.12188120931386948,
-0.17486436665058136,
-0.7031356692314148,
-0.02118142880499363,
0.7119723558425903,
-0.3354952037334442,
0.037768859416246414,
-0.12758642435073853,
-0.6953520774841309,
-0.31847742199897766,
0.19557484984397888,
0.2097024917602539,
0.41658520698547363,
-0.2976396381855011,
-0.2101941704750061,
-0.022099094465374947,
0.6170357465744019,
-1.1703922748565674,
0.052491143345832825,
0.259030818939209,
-0.12966416776180267,
0.040428679436445236,
-0.14192995429039001,
0.21204893290996552,
-0.24310563504695892,
-0.06555895507335663,
0.023197311908006668,
-0.5756126642227173,
-0.37005865573883057,
-0.04550570622086525,
0.41992849111557007,
-0.4297296106815338,
-0.05423625186085701,
-0.31662747263908386,
-0.19241075217723846,
-0.491459459066391,
0.19830942153930664,
-0.6421047449111938,
0.16292555630207062,
0.17998366057872772,
-0.9968302845954895,
0.30711686611175537,
0.008803987875580788,
0.9081152081489563,
0.36527082324028015,
0.6229607462882996,
-0.6810554265975952,
-0.4675486087799072,
0.4713948369026184,
0.37625938653945923,
0.5179468989372253,
0.18917828798294067,
-0.12100616097450256,
-0.2646231949329376,
-0.17703363299369812,
0.4467758536338806,
0.3813415467739105,
-0.05953187122941017,
-0.2970505952835083,
-0.11723499745130539,
0.11858676373958588,
0.5995489954948425,
-0.062136173248291016,
-0.7575938701629639,
-0.2880423963069916,
-0.4891885221004486,
0.7041828632354736,
-0.09564220160245895,
0.4861999452114105,
-0.08279918134212494,
-0.46033942699432373,
-0.07419586926698685,
0.07366781681776047,
0.26917412877082825,
0.35112112760543823,
-0.19636160135269165,
0.07125041633844376,
-0.31895431876182556,
0.6865850687026978,
0.9680991172790527,
0.6324528455734253,
-0.08448803424835205,
-0.19594044983386993,
0.13005059957504272,
0.7731823325157166,
0.053128935396671295,
-0.18706171214580536,
-0.1466134488582611,
0.08460377901792526,
0.5783631205558777,
-0.2252112627029419,
0.6474107503890991,
-0.7686542272567749,
0.5479863286018372,
-0.44786980748176575,
-0.3500155508518219,
0.3729323446750641,
-0.3151571750640869,
-0.2548898756504059,
0.2767139673233032,
-0.4227360188961029,
0.35325169563293457,
-0.7192985415458679,
-0.44024839997291565,
-0.5304434299468994,
-0.768471896648407,
-5.112795352935791,
0.4834301471710205,
0.14352835714817047,
0.3908671736717224,
0.30879712104797363,
0.16737601161003113,
-0.0991893783211708,
-0.3993684947490692,
-0.4444330334663391,
0.3286975026130676,
-0.19689588248729706,
0.05736270546913147,
-0.03645716607570648,
0.24725088477134705,
0.9464855790138245,
0.5628901124000549,
0.6745291352272034,
-0.12333785742521286,
0.12901879847049713,
0.02446354366838932,
-0.06610102206468582,
0.1984379142522812,
-0.20474185049533844,
0.18814308941364288,
-0.03027445450425148,
0.3139478862285614,
-0.6950207352638245,
-0.49074578285217285,
-0.6616972088813782,
-0.48060062527656555,
0.46892404556274414,
-0.21968525648117065,
0.4154093265533447,
0.465759813785553,
-0.10856517404317856,
0.8049512505531311,
0.3529314696788788,
0.3036425709724426,
0.5335530638694763,
-0.6060907244682312,
0.05090172588825226,
0.6151434183120728,
-0.6053832173347473,
-0.07868526875972748,
0.47497254610061646,
-0.18655994534492493,
-0.7879803776741028,
-0.1546729952096939,
0.3554995059967041,
0.9907450079917908,
-0.5203054547309875,
0.11435668915510178,
0.7577364444732666,
-0.30934521555900574,
-0.11705602705478668,
0.08292368799448013,
0.4225739538669586,
-0.4529815912246704,
-0.15546861290931702,
0.5206274390220642,
0.40572085976600647,
-0.4424935579299927,
-0.07210434228181839,
-0.33344873785972595,
-0.15135492384433746,
-0.27297359704971313,
-0.3646397590637207,
-0.07442381232976913,
0.2725888192653656,
-0.018847888335585594,
-0.038073062896728516,
-0.22680236399173737,
-0.07343807071447372,
-0.6402187943458557,
-0.04894713684916496,
-0.680949866771698,
-0.09055958688259125,
-0.3510858118534088,
0.3016674518585205,
0.1818591207265854,
0.12049183994531631,
-0.44644540548324585,
0.23726584017276764,
0.7268577218055725,
0.09349247813224792,
-0.8259310722351074,
-0.20818354189395905,
-0.28543204069137573,
-0.5698896646499634,
-1.1843178272247314,
-0.017726557329297066,
-0.4458557069301605,
-0.1602538377046585,
0.3345833122730255,
0.10677085071802139,
0.12782636284828186,
0.08638207614421844,
0.1249571442604065,
0.11729374527931213,
-0.26676756143569946,
0.5693386197090149,
-0.14740490913391113,
0.08311392366886139,
-0.2617419958114624,
-0.4714612364768982,
-0.45194295048713684,
-0.08211972564458847,
0.40442365407943726,
0.8587709665298462,
-0.31734558939933777,
0.834743857383728,
0.32215744256973267,
-0.7049102187156677,
-0.12607060372829437,
-0.04722869396209717,
0.10639552772045135,
-0.7815742492675781,
0.6141524314880371,
0.450173556804657,
0.34553974866867065,
0.27958816289901733,
0.17769725620746613,
-0.26052194833755493,
-0.3783985674381256,
-0.0824744924902916,
0.058899492025375366,
1.043298363685608,
0.3575971722602844,
-0.8681620359420776,
0.7595468163490295,
-0.06179739534854889,
0.08418206870555878,
-0.5221641659736633,
-0.40614649653434753,
-0.49632516503334045,
-0.2220488041639328,
-0.8164213299751282,
-0.185990571975708,
-0.010085358284413815,
0.524914026260376,
0.5474101901054382,
-0.005580778233706951,
0.26201683282852173,
0.20561252534389496,
0.27469947934150696,
0.13122311234474182,
0.24964164197444916,
-0.04416760802268982,
-0.9731795787811279,
0.6543906927108765,
-0.18779997527599335,
0.4015362560749054,
-0.3838548958301544,
-0.9281797409057617,
0.34930315613746643,
-0.46671178936958313,
-0.0847899466753006,
-0.1923026740550995,
-0.001704718917608261,
-0.4258546531200409,
-0.49296045303344727,
0.29258301854133606,
-1.01515793800354,
0.42034316062927246,
0.018427591770887375,
-0.17661277949810028,
-0.4381975829601288,
0.06705517321825027,
-0.43866613507270813,
0.23572321236133575,
-0.22803553938865662,
-0.41073963046073914,
-0.30615025758743286,
-0.13776879012584686,
-0.2654673755168915,
0.31956589221954346,
-0.34719958901405334,
0.3961050510406494,
-0.3912579417228699,
-0.18164515495300293,
0.04696175456047058,
-0.08666423708200455,
-0.08169769495725632,
-0.019371889531612396,
0.7101420760154724,
-1.0957770347595215,
-0.6883148550987244,
-0.13383018970489502,
-0.6784566640853882,
-0.4357748031616211,
0.23890602588653564,
0.0304685290902853,
0.8925926685333252,
0.8104863166809082,
-0.07898671180009842,
-0.2868228554725647,
0.4453394114971161,
0.18601003289222717,
0.23143507540225983,
-0.8700352311134338,
-0.022166280075907707,
0.16438597440719604,
-0.39500272274017334,
0.8938153386116028,
0.632912814617157,
-0.9715657830238342,
0.05057818070054054,
0.6895120143890381,
-0.9990737438201904,
0.6352075934410095,
-0.6000052690505981,
-1.0190978050231934,
0.39508482813835144,
-0.017441367730498314,
-0.6039037108421326,
-0.09573297202587128,
0.24531547725200653,
-0.10403356701135635,
-0.06865822523832321,
-0.23676875233650208,
-0.11417113244533539,
-0.3290867805480957,
-0.23675169050693512,
-0.23033909499645233,
-1.0322288274765015,
-0.1670883446931839,
0.7444074749946594,
-0.4454307556152344,
0.3250855505466461,
-0.12094543874263763,
-0.3450186252593994,
0.08504492044448853,
0.4354717433452606,
0.2697969675064087,
0.11645565927028656,
0.00520627386868,
0.2472655028104782,
-0.28124624490737915,
0.7862734794616699,
0.5756324529647827,
0.7177314162254333,
1.4641087055206299,
0.46631744503974915,
-0.7148869633674622,
-0.5719927549362183,
0.1752229630947113,
0.6733920574188232,
-0.5843144655227661,
-0.7658931016921997,
0.4695833623409271,
0.21634384989738464,
-0.26777464151382446,
-0.31546860933303833,
0.13077861070632935,
0.66093510389328,
-0.1627189815044403,
0.06040025129914284,
0.13595715165138245,
0.012264412827789783,
-0.031062282621860504,
0.7456018328666687,
0.12768708169460297,
-0.4719463288784027,
0.6312376260757446,
0.5589136481285095,
-0.817573606967926,
0.20370252430438995,
0.23098455369472504,
0.3502310514450073,
-0.6326146125793457,
-0.33218011260032654,
-0.554664671421051,
-0.7787293791770935,
0.1287388950586319,
0.23888376355171204,
-0.18998828530311584,
0.33609867095947266,
-0.9700573086738586,
0.3878554701805115,
-0.13167916238307953,
-0.5375328063964844,
-0.20030027627944946,
0.66930091381073,
-0.5043818354606628,
-0.09958308190107346,
-0.26055678725242615,
-0.1701507717370987,
-0.6360569596290588,
-0.4589884281158447,
-0.12013420462608337,
-0.02431272529065609,
-0.8834856152534485,
-0.16419748961925507,
0.04230361804366112,
0.16303716599941254,
0.5959681272506714,
0.011251579970121384,
-0.14900244772434235,
-0.038693804293870926,
-0.4382046163082123,
-0.8086325526237488,
0.818737804889679,
-0.14344389736652374,
-0.29250583052635193,
-0.04627084359526634,
-0.1613229662179947,
-0.32278698682785034,
-0.04987635836005211,
0.39459919929504395,
0.05991191789507866,
0.2981055974960327,
0.4890453815460205,
-0.20980264246463776,
1.6665244102478027,
-0.33533793687820435,
-0.19977259635925293,
0.03628208115696907,
-0.13733404874801636,
0.3918229639530182,
0.3878636360168457,
0.01851905696094036,
-0.5454005599021912,
0.6110647916793823,
0.5501893758773804,
-0.6575099229812622,
1.1563854217529297,
-0.9866481423377991,
-0.34993302822113037,
0.1977507323026657,
0.3927467465400696,
-0.12026050686836243,
-0.1749439686536789,
-0.6143239140510559,
0.5053914189338684,
-0.25149238109588623,
-1.0389851331710815,
0.16118627786636353,
0.25578662753105164,
-0.2450435906648636,
0.01764003187417984,
0.16293351352214813,
0.12033623456954956,
0.5608737468719482,
-0.021693455055356026,
-0.042803939431905746,
-0.1355089247226715,
0.5865722298622131,
-0.2016238123178482,
0.09560917317867279,
-0.42632579803466797,
0.40802398324012756,
-0.288006991147995,
0.8244636654853821,
0.34769195318222046,
0.13464264571666718,
0.09162963181734085,
0.316081166267395,
-0.12247691303491592,
-0.45138829946517944,
0.264510840177536,
0.24156390130519867,
0.14942540228366852,
-0.42182284593582153,
0.00032962480327114463,
-0.18628786504268646,
-0.23764660954475403,
-0.10476130247116089,
-0.882227897644043,
-0.5525667071342468,
0.5011132955551147,
0.8682887554168701,
0.14704157412052155,
-0.1357680857181549,
0.14158067107200623,
-0.1938713788986206,
0.1780044287443161,
-0.15229761600494385,
0.28044000267982483,
0.1900126338005066,
-0.4456807076931,
0.05362199619412422,
0.35266897082328796,
0.06919703632593155,
-0.759792685508728,
0.9395773410797119,
-0.47556906938552856,
-0.04113322123885155,
0.4237240254878998,
-0.5609672665596008,
-0.37408098578453064,
-0.08277575671672821,
-0.35039377212524414,
-0.7421944737434387,
-0.20511305332183838,
-1.0324069261550903,
0.2111717015504837,
0.22737643122673035,
1.3272672891616821,
0.24306915700435638,
-0.10096822679042816,
0.5063784718513489,
0.4551962912082672,
-0.23959754407405853,
0.4089677631855011,
-0.2680293023586273,
0.6709480285644531,
-0.5672371983528137,
0.3248857259750366,
-0.1458462029695511,
1.0470612049102783,
0.836604654788971,
0.5635114908218384,
-0.23595744371414185,
0.8021788597106934,
-0.17869020998477936,
0.19252732396125793,
-0.03411223739385605,
-0.20430932939052582,
-0.004015683196485043,
-0.2659110426902771,
0.12973850965499878,
0.06675631552934647,
-0.19568796455860138,
0.3442876935005188,
0.052911631762981415,
0.024658530950546265,
0.21767011284828186,
0.13223887979984283,
-0.5556834936141968,
0.681420087814331,
-0.03531395643949509,
0.01019893866032362,
-0.7982645034790039,
0.5047233700752258,
-0.33542826771736145,
0.059980008751153946,
0.21951381862163544,
0.6672794818878174,
0.19552388787269592,
-0.14244195818901062,
0.13058802485466003,
-0.5142099857330322,
0.14692836999893188,
0.4299393892288208,
-0.20025797188282013,
-0.39825373888015747,
-0.13959519565105438,
-0.7692098617553711,
-0.5312710404396057,
0.10159973800182343,
0.6528056859970093,
-0.34683701395988464,
0.2518202066421509,
-0.18983900547027588,
-0.30822283029556274,
-0.6582151055335999,
0.06965471059083939,
-0.15262457728385925,
0.22021792829036713,
0.13366439938545227
] |
247756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20China | Music of China | Music of China refers to the music of the Chinese people, which may be the music of the Han Chinese as well as other ethnic minorities within mainland China. It also includes music produced by people of Chinese origin in some territories outside mainland China using traditional Chinese instruments or in the Chinese language. It covers a highly diverse range of music from the traditional to the modern.
Different types of music have been recorded in historical Chinese documents from the early periods of Chinese civilization which, together with archaeological artifacts discovered, provided evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC – 256 BC).The presence of music in Zhou dynasty sets the tone to the continual development of Chinese musicology in following dynasties. These further developed into various forms of music through succeeding dynasties, producing the rich heritage of music that is part of the Chinese cultural landscape today. Chinese music continues to evolve in the modern times, and more contemporary forms of music have also emerged.
History
According to legends, the founder of music in Chinese mythology was Ling Lun who, at the request of the Yellow Emperor to create a system of music, made bamboo pipes tuned to the sounds of birds including the phoenix. A twelve-tone musical system was created based on the pitches of the bamboo pipes, the first of these pipes produced the "yellow bell" (黃鐘) pitch, and a set of tuned bells were then created from the pipes.
Early history
Archaeological evidence indicates that music culture developed in China from a very early period. Excavations in Jiahu Village in Wuyang County, Henan found bone flutes dated to 9,000 years ago, and clay music instruments called Xun thought to be 7,000 years old have been found in the Hemudu sites in Zhejiang and Banpo in Xi'an.
During the Zhou dynasty, a formal system of court and ceremonial music later termed yayue (meaning "elegant music") was established. Note that the word music (樂, yue) in ancient China can also refer to dance as music and dance were considered integral part of the whole, and its meaning can also be further extended to poetry as well as other art forms and rituals. The word "dance" (舞) similarly also referred to music, and every dance would have had a piece of music associated with it. The most important set of music of the period was the Six-dynasty Music Dance (六代樂舞) performed in rituals in the royal court. Music in the Zhou Dynasty was conceived as a cosmological manifestation of the sound of nature integrated into the binary universal order of yin and yang, and this concept has enduring influence later Chinese thinking on music. "Correct" music according to Zhou concept would involve instruments correlating to the five elements of nature and would bring harmony to nature. Around or before the 7th century BC, a system of pitch generation and pentatonic scale was derived from a cycle-of-fifths theory.
Chinese philosophers took varying approaches to music. To Confucius, a correct form of music is important for the cultivation and refinement of the individual, and the Confucian system considers the formal music yayue to be morally uplifting and the symbol of a good ruler and stable government. Some popular forms of music, however, were considered corrupting in the Confucian view. Mozi on the other hand condemned making music, and argued in Against Music (非樂) that music is an extravagance and indulgence that serves no useful purpose and may be harmful. According to Mencius, a powerful ruler once asked him whether it was moral if he preferred popular music to the classics. The answer was that it only mattered that the ruler loved his subjects.
In ancient China the social status of musicians was much lower than that of painters, though music was seen as central to the harmony and longevity of the state. Almost every emperor took folk songs seriously, sending officers to collect songs to record the popular culture. One of the Confucianist Classics, The Classic of Poetry, contained many folk songs dating from 800 BC to about 400 BC.
Qin to Qing dynasty
The Imperial Music Bureau, first established in the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC), was greatly expanded under the emperor Han Wudi (140–87 BC) and charged with supervising court music and military music and determining what folk music would be officially recognized. In subsequent dynasties, the development of Chinese music was influenced by the musical traditions of Central Asia which also introduced elements of Indian music. Instruments of Central Asian origin such as pipa were adopted in China, the Indian Heptatonic scale was introduced in the 6th century by a musician from Kucha named Sujiva, although the heptatonic scale was later abandoned.
The oldest extant written Chinese music is "Youlan" (幽蘭) or the Solitary Orchid, composed during the 6th or 7th century, but has also been attributed to Confucius. The first major well-documented flowering of Chinese music was for the qin during the Tang dynasty (618-907AD), though the qin is known to have been played since before the Han dynasty. This is based on the conjecture that because the recorded examples of Chinese music are ceremonial, and the ceremonies in which they were employed are thought to have existed "perhaps more than one thousand years before Christ", the musical compositions themselves were performed, even in 1000 BC, in precisely the manner prescribed by the sources that were written down in the seventh century AD. (It is based on this conjecture that Van Aalst dates the "Entrance Hymn for the Emperor" to c. 1000 BC.)
Through succeeding dynasties over thousands of years, Chinese musicians developed a large assortment of different instruments and playing styles. A wide variety of these instruments, such as guzheng and dizi are indigenous, although many popular traditional musical instruments were introduced from Central Asia, such as the erhu and pipa.
The presence of European music in China appeared as early as 1601 when the Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci presented a Harpsichord to the Ming imperial court, and trained four eunuchs to play it. During the late Qing dynasty era, the influence of Western music began to be felt.
Republic of China era (1912–1949)
The New Culture Movement of the 1910s and 1920s produced a great deal of lasting interest in Western music. A number of Chinese musicians returned from studying abroad to perform Western classical music, composing work hits on Western musical notation system. The Kuomintang tried to sponsor modern music adoptions via the Shanghai Conservatory of Music despite the ongoing political crisis. Twentieth-century cultural philosophers like Xiao Youmei, Cai Yuanpei, Feng Zikai and Wang Guangqi wanted to see Chinese music adopted to the best standard possible. There were many different opinions regarding the best standard.
Symphony orchestras were formed in most major cities and performed to a wide audience in the concert halls and on radio. Many of the performers added jazz influences to traditional music, adding xylophones, saxophones and violins, among other instruments. Lü Wencheng, Qui Hechou, Yin Zizhong and He Dasha were among the most notable performers and composers of this period.
In Shanghai, a popular genre of music called shidaiqu emerged in the 1920s. Shidaiqu is a fusion of Chinese and Western popular music, and Li Jinhui is considered to be founder of the genre. Popular singers in this genre in the 1930s and 1940s included Zhou Xuan, Li Xianglan and Yao Lee.
After the 1942 Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art, a large-scale campaign was launched in the Communist controlled areas to adapt folk music to create revolutionary songs to educate the largely illiterate rural population on party goals. Musical forms considered superstitious or anti-revolutionary were repressed, and harmonies and bass lines were added to traditional songs. One example is The East Is Red, a folksong from northern Shaanxi which was adapted into a nationalist hymn. Of particular note is the composer, Xian Xinghai, who was active during this period, and composed the Yellow River Cantata which is the most well-known of all of his works.
People's Republic of China (1949–1990s)
The golden age of shidaiqu and the Seven great singing stars would come to an end when the Communist party denounced Chinese popular music as yellow music (pornography). Maoists considered pop music as a decline to the art form in mainland China. In 1949 the Kuomintang relocated to Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China was established. Revolutionary songs would become heavily promoted by the state. The Maoists, during the Cultural Revolution, pushed revolutionary music as the only acceptable genre; because of propaganda, this genre largely overshadowed all others and came almost to define mainland Chinese music. This is still, in some ways, an ongoing process, but some scholars and musicians (Chinese and otherwise) are trying to revive old music.
After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, a new fast tempo Northwest Wind (xibeifeng, 西北風) style was launched by protesters to counter the government. The music would progress into Chinese rock, which remained popular in the 1990s. However, music in China is very much state-owned as the TV, media, and major concert halls are all controlled by the Communist party. The government mainly chose not to support Chinese rock by limiting its exposure and airtime. As a result, the genre never reached the mainstream in its entirety.
People's Republic of China (2000s–present)
Annual events such as the Midi Modern Music Festival in Beijing attracts tens of thousands of visitors. There was also the "Snow Mountain Music Festival" in Yunnan province 2002.
Today, rock music is centered on almost exclusively in Beijing and Shanghai, and has very limited influence over Chinese society. Wuhan and Sichuan are sometimes considered pockets of rock music culture as well. It points to a significant cultural, political and social difference that exist between China, the West, or even different parts within China. While rock has existed in China for decades, the milestone that put the genre on the international map is when Cui Jian played with The Rolling Stones in 2003, at the age of 42. China has also become a destination of major Western rock and pop artists; many foreign acts have toured in China and performed in multiple concerts in recent decades, including Beyonce, Eric Clapton, Nine Inch Nails, Avril Lavigne, Linkin Park and Talib Kweli.
Mainland China has a high piracy rate along with issues of intellectual properties. Normally there is some delay before the products are released into mainland China, with occasional exceptions, such as the work of Cui Jian who was released in Taiwan, Hong Kong and mainland China simultaneously. Consequently, a delay in release time is also the biggest driver of piracy, since individuals would rather pirate from the outside. The modern market is not only hindered by rights issues, as there are many other factors such as profit margin, income and other economical questions.
In 2015, the digital music market in China was expected to be worth . In 2015 China had the 14th largest music market in the world, with revenues of . As of 2016 there were 213 music charts in China. Also as of 2016, the three largest music streaming and download services in China are KuGou, with a 28% share of the market, QQ Music with 15% and Kuwo with 13%. China is expected to become one of the largest music markets in the world by 2020.
Traditional music
Instrumental
Musical instruments were traditionally classified into eight categories known as bayin. Traditional music in China is played on solo instruments or in small ensembles of plucked and bowed stringed instruments, flutes, and various cymbals, gongs, and drums. The scale is pentatonic. Bamboo pipes and qin are among the oldest known musical instruments from China; instruments are traditionally divided into categories based on their material of composition: animal skins, gourd, bamboo, wood, silk, earth/clay, metal, and stone. Chinese orchestras traditionally consist of bowed strings, woodwinds, plucked strings and percussion.
Instruments
Woodwind
dizi, xiao, suona, sheng, paixiao, guan, hulusi, bawu, xun
Percussion
paigu, gong, bells, cymbals, bianzhong, fangxiang, paiban, bianqing
Bowed strings
erhu, zhonghu, dahu, banhu, jinghu, gaohu, gehu, yehu, cizhonghu, diyingehu, leiqin
Plucked and struck strings
guqin, sanxian, yueqin, yangqin, guzheng, ruan, konghou, liuqin, pipa, zhu
Chinese vocal music has traditionally been sung in a thin, non resonant voice or in falsetto and is usually solo rather than choral. All traditional Chinese music is melodic rather than harmonic. Chinese vocal music probably developed from sung poems and verses with music. Instrumental pieces played on an erhu or dizi are popular, and are often available outside of China, but the pipa and zheng music, which are more traditional, are more popular in China itself. The qin is perhaps the most revered instrument in China, even though very few people know what it is or seen and heard one being played. The zheng, a form of zither, is most popular in Henan, Chaozhou, Hakka areas, and Shandong. The pipa, a kind of lute, believed to have been introduced from the Arabian Peninsula area during the 6th century and adapted to suit Chinese tastes, is most popular in Shanghai and surrounding areas.
Music of the Han culture
People of the Han ethnic group make up about 92% of the population of China. Han people's music consists of heterophonic music, in which the musicians play versions of a single melodic line. Percussion accompanies most music, dance, talks, and opera. Han Folk Music had many aspects to it regarding its meaning, feelings, and tonality. This genre of music, in a sense, is similar to the Chinese language. This relationship is made by tones, sliding from higher tones to lower tones, or lower to higher tones, or a combination of both. These similarities mean that the instrument is a very important part in mastering technique with both left and right hands (left hand is used to create tonality on the string, right hand is for plucking or strumming the string), particularly for the classical (literati) tradition. Sometimes, singing can be put into the music to create a harmony or a melody accompanying the instrument. Han Chinese Folk's feelings are displayed in its poetry-like feeling to it with slow soothing tempos that express feelings that connect with the audience or whoever is playing the piece. Han folk music uses silences that alter its meaning, creating a sound similar to poetry.
Chinese opera
Chinese opera has been a popular form of entertainment for many centuries, from the Nanxi of Song dynasty to the Peking opera of today. The music is often guttural with high-pitched vocals, usually accompanied by suona, jinghu, other kinds of string instruments, and percussion. Other types of opera include clapper opera, Pingju, Cantonese opera, puppet opera, Kunqu, Sichuan opera, Qinqiang, ritual masked opera and Huangmei xi.
Folk music
According to current archaeological discoveries, Chinese folk music dates back 7,000 years. Not only in form but also in artistic conception, China has been the home of a colorful culture of folk music. Largely based on the pentatonic scale, Chinese folk music is different from western traditional music, paying more attention to the form expression as well.
Han traditional weddings and funerals usually include a form of oboe called a suona and percussive ensembles called chuigushou. Ensembles consisting of mouth organs (sheng), shawms (suona), flutes (dizi) and percussion instruments (especially yunluo gongs) are popular in northern villages; their music is descended from the imperial temple music of Beijing, Xi'an, Wutai shan and Tianjin. Xi'an drum music, consisting of wind and percussive instruments, is popular around Xi'an, and has received some commercial popularity outside of China. Another important instrument is the sheng, pipes, an ancient instrument that is ancestor of all Western free reed instruments, such as the accordion. Parades led by Western-type brass bands are common, often competing in volume with a shawm/chuigushou band.
In southern Fujian and Taiwan, Nanyin or Nanguan is a genre of traditional ballads. They are sung by a woman accompanied by a xiao and a pipa, as well as other traditional instruments. The music is generally sorrowful and typically deals with a love-stricken woman. Further south, in Shantou, Hakka areas, and Chaozhou, erxian and zheng ensembles are popular.
Sizhu ensembles use flutes and bowed or plucked string instruments to make harmonious and melodious music that has become popular in the West among some listeners. These are popular in Nanjing and Hangzhou, as well as elsewhere along the southern Yangtze area. Sizhu has been secularized in cities but remains spiritual in rural areas.
Jiangnan Sizhu (silk and bamboo music from Jiangnan) is a style of instrumental music, often played by amateur musicians in tea houses in Shanghai; it has become widely known outside of its place of origin.
Guangdong Music or Cantonese Music is instrumental music from Guangzhou and surrounding areas. It is based on Yueju (Cantonese Opera) music, together with new compositions from the 1920s onwards. Many pieces have influences from jazz and Western music, using syncopation and triple time. This music tells stories and myths, maybe legends.
Regional music
China has many ethnic groups besides the Han, who reside in various regions around the nation. These include Tibetans, Uyghurs, Manchus, Zhuang, Dai, Mongolians, Naxi, Miao, Wa, Yi, and Lisu.
Guangxi
Guangxi is a region of China, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Its most famous performer of Guangxi is the legendary Zhuang folksinger, 刘三姐 () or Third Sister Liu, born in Guangxi during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) and who was the subject of the 1961 film, Liu Sanjie which introduced Guangxi's culture to the rest of the world.
Zhuang folk songs and Han Chinese music are a similar style, and are mostly in the pentatonic scale. The lyrics have an obvious antithesis format. They frequently contain symbols and metaphors, and common themes include life experiences as well as allusions to classical Chinese stories.
The Jing or Gin people (ethnic Vietnamese) are one of the smallest populations of ethnic and the only coastal fishery ethnic minority of China. They are known for their instrument called duxianqin (lit. "single string zither"), a string instrument with only one string, said to date back to the 8th century.
Hong Kong
The music of Hong Kong notably includes the Cantonese Chinese pop music known as cantopop.
Hua'er
Hua'er is a form of traditional a cappella singing that is popular in the mountainous northwestern Chinese provinces such as Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai.
Inner Mongolia
Mongolian folk songs have a "long tune" and a "short tune". The Mongolians have a variety of stringed instruments such as morin khuur or horsehead fiddle. It is named because of its headstock carving of a horse used as decoration on the pillar.
Kuaiban
Kuaiban (快板) is a type of rhythmic talking and singing which is often performed with percussive instruments such as a clapper called paiban. The center of the kuaiban tradition is Shandong province. Kuaiban bears some resemblance to rap and other forms of rhythmic music found in other cultures.
Northeast China
Northeast China is a region inhabited by ethnic groups like the Manchu. The most prominent folk instrument is the octagonal drum, while the youyouzha lullaby is also well-known.
Sichuan
Sichuan is a province in southwest China. Its capital city, Chengdu, is home to the only musical higher education institution in the region, the Sichuan Conservatory of Music. The province has a long history of Sichuan opera.
Tibet
Music forms an integral part of Tibetan Buddhism. While chanting remains perhaps the best known form of Tibetan Buddhist music, complex and lively forms are also widespread. Monks use music to recite various sacred texts and to celebrate a variety of festivals during the year. The most specialized form of chanting is called yang, which is without metrical timing and is dominated by resonant drums and sustained, low syllables. Other forms of chanting are unique to Tantra as well as the four main monastic schools: Gelugpa, Kagyupa, Nyingmapa and Sakyapa. Of these schools, Gelugpa is considered a more restrained, classical form, while Nyingmapa is widely described as romantic and dramatic. Gelugpa is perhaps the most popular.
Secular Tibetan music survived the Cultural Revolution more intact than spiritual music, especially due to the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts, which was founded by the Dalai Lama shortly after his exile. TIPA originally specialized in the operatic lhamo form, which has since been modernized with the addition of Western and other influences. Other secular genres include nangma and toshe, which are often linked and are accompanied by a variety of instruments designed for highly rhythmic dance music. Nangma karaoke is popular in modern Lhasa. A classical form called gar is very popular, and is distinguished by ornate, elegant and ceremonial music honoring dignitaries or other respected persons.
Tibetan folk music includes a cappella lu songs, which are distinctively high in pitch with glottal vibrations, as well as now rare epic bards who sing the tales of Gesar, Tibet's most popular hero.
Tibetan music has influenced the pioneering compositions of Philip Glass and, most influentially, Henry Eichheim. Later artists made new-age fusions by pioneers Henry Wolff and Nancy Hennings. These two collaborated on Tibetan Bells, perhaps the first fusion of New Age and Tibetan influences, in 1971. Glass' Kundun soundtrack proved influential in the 1990s, while the popularity of Western-adapted Buddhism (exemplified by Richard Gere, Yungchen Lhamo, Steve Tibbetts, Choying Drolma, Lama Karta and Kitaro and Nawang Khechong) helped further popularize Tibetan music.
In the mid- to late 1980s, a relaxation of governmental rules allowed a form of Tibetan pop music to emerge in Tibet proper. Direct references to native religion is still forbidden, but commonly understood metaphors are widespread. Pure Tibetan pop is heavily influenced by light Chinese rock, and includes best-sellers like Jampa Tsering and Yatong. Politically and socially aware songs are rare in this form of pop, but commonplace in a second type of Tibetan pop. Nangma karaoke bars appeared in 1998 and are common in Lhasa, in spite of threats from the Chinese government.
Xinjiang
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is dominated by Uyghurs, a Turkic people related to other Turkic groups from Central Asia. The Uyghurs' best-known musical form is the On Ikki Muqam, a complex suite of twelve sections related to Uzbek and Tajik forms. These complex symphonies vary wildly between suites in the same muqam, and are built on a seven-note scale. Instruments typically include dap (a drum), dulcimers, fiddles and lutes; performers have some space for personal embellishments, especially in the percussion. The most important performer is Turdi Akhun, who recorded most of the muqams in the 1950s.
Yunnan
Yunnan is an ethnically diverse area in southwest China. Perhaps best known from the province is the lusheng, a type of mouth organ, used by the Miao people of Guizhou for pentatonic antiphonal courting songs.
The Hani of Honghe Prefecture are known for a unique kind of choral, micro-tonal rice-transplanting songs.
The Nakhi of Lijiang play a type of song and dance suite called baisha xiyue, which was supposedly brought by Kublai Khan in 1253. Nakhi Dongjing is a type of music related to southern Chinese forms, and is popular today.
The Dai ethnic musical styles are similar to those of South Asia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Some typical Dai instruments are the hulusi and the elephant-foot drum.
Modern changes
In the early 20th century after the end of Imperial China, there were major changes to traditional Chinese music as part of the New Culture Movement. Much of what Westerners and even Chinese now consider to be music in the traditional Chinese style can be dated to this period and is in fact less than 100 years old. The modernization of Chinese music involved the adoption of some aspects of Western forms and values, such as the use of Western conservatory system of teaching, and changes to the instruments and their tuning, the composition, the orchestration of music, the notation system and performance style. Some forms of Chinese music however remained traditional and are little changed.
National music
The term guoyue, or national music, became popular in the early 20th century and was used loosely to include all music written for Chinese instruments in response to a particular nationalistic consciousness. The term however may have a slightly different meaning when used by different Chinese communities. It was originally used only to refer to the music of the Han Chinese; it later began to include music of various ethnic minorities in China. In the Republic of China in Taiwan, Guoyue emphasized music of the mainland China over the Taiwanese local traditions. In mainland China a new term minyue (民乐, short for minzu yinyue or "people's music") was coined post-1949 in place of guoyue to encompass all compositions and genres for traditional instruments. In other Chinese communities, it may also be referred to as huayue (for example in Singapore) or zhongyue (in Hong Kong).
Chinese orchestra
There was a tradition of massed instruments in the ritual court music form known as yayue since the Zhou Dynasty. This music may be played by a handful of musicians, or there may be more than 200 for example during the Song Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty there were also large-scale presentations of banquet music called yanyue () in the court. The Tang imperial court may have up to ten different orchestras, each performing a different kind of music. It also had a large outdoor band of nearly 1,400 performers.
The modern Chinese orchestra however was created in the 20th century modeled on Western symphony orchestra using Chinese instruments. In the traditional yanyue, a single dominant melodic line was favored, but the new music and arrangements of traditional melodies created for this modern orchestra is more polyphonic in nature.
Instruments and tuning
Many traditional instruments underwent changes in the early to mid 20th century which has a profound effect on the performance and sound of Chinese music, and a western equal temperament is now used to tune most traditional instruments, which to modern ears seem less harsh and more harmonious but which also robs the instruments of their traditional voices. To ears now used to hearing modern tunings, even Chinese ones, traditional tunings can sound out of tune and discordant.
In order to accommodate Western system, changes were made to the instruments, for example in the pipa the number of frets was increased to 24, based on the 12 tone equal temperament scale, with all the intervals being semitones.
There is also a need to standardize the tuning when the instruments are played in an orchestra, which in turn may also affect how the instrument is made. For example, traditionally dizi is made by using a solid piece of bamboo which made it impossible to change the fundamental tuning once the bamboo is cut. This issue was resolved in the 1920s by the insertion of a copper joint to connect two pieces of shorter bamboo, which allows the length of the bamboo to be modified so that minute adjustment to its fundamental pitch can be made. The Xindi, "new flute", is a 1930s redesign of the Chinese flute incorporating western influences on the basis of equal temperament.
In order to achieve a greater vibrancy and loudness with instruments (not to mention longevity), many string instruments are no longer strung with silk but with steel or nylon. For example, metal strings began to be used in place of the traditional silk ones in the 1950s for pipa, resulting in a change in the sound of the pipa which became brighter and stronger.
Notation
Before the 20th century Chinese used the gongche notation system, in modern times the Jianpu system is common. Western staff notation however is also used.
Performance
In common with the music traditions of other Asian cultures, such as Persia and India, one strand of traditional Chinese music consists of a repertoire of traditional melodies, together known as qupai, in which tempo and ornamentation vary according to the mood of the instrumentalist, the audience, and their reaction to what is being played, the same melody can be used to serve many different roles be it merry, melancholic or martial (this can be glimpsed in the love theme of the Butterfly Lovers' Violin Concerto where the same melody at different points in the lover's story reflects elation, turbulence and dejection). Many modern performers now play pieces by following a score in a standard way rather than in the changeable reflective individual way of tradition, this can at times lead to the feeling that a performance has been rushed.
Modern popular music
Pop music
Chinese popular music found its beginnings in the shidaiqu genre. The shidaiqu genre was founded by Li Jinhui in mainland China and was influenced by Western jazz artists like Buck Clayton. After the takeover by the Communist in China, popular music were denounced as Yellow Music, a form of pornography. and record companies of Shanghai such as Baak Doi in 1952 left China. Mainland China was left on the sidelines in the development of pop music for a few decades, as the Chinese pop music industry moved from Shanghai to Hong Kong and Taiwan. The 1970s saw the rise of cantopop in Hong Kong, and mandopop in its neighboring country Taiwan.
In the late 1970s, economic reforms by Deng Xiaoping in mainland China led to the introduction of gangtai culture of Hong Kong and Taiwan, and pop music returned to mainland China. However, for a time the government still have a censorious attitude toward pop music; for example, Hong Kong's icon Anita Mui was banned from returning to the mainland concert stage after performing the song "Bad Girl" during the 1990s in China as punishment for what the Chinese government called her rebellious attitude. Nevertheless, pop music continue to increase in popularity in mainland China, and by 2005, China had overtaken Taiwan in term of the retail value of its music sales. The beginning of the 21st century has seen an increasing number of mainland Chinese artists who produced a wide range of Mandarin pop songs and the release of many new albums. However, despite having a much larger population and increasing consumption of Chinese pop music, China is not yet considered a major production hub of pop music.
Many popular mainland Chinese, Hong Kong and Taiwanese music artists were included in promotions for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Hip hop and rap
Mandarin rap music gradually became popular in mainland China, especially in Shanghai, Beijing, Chongqing and Sichuan where pop culture is very diverse and modern. Although Chinese perform rap in different dialects and languages, most Chinese hip hop artists perform in China's most popular language: Mandarin.
Cantonese rap is also very diverse in cities such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong.
Rock and heavy metal
The Peking All-Stars were a rock band formed in Beijing in 1979, by foreigners then resident in the Chinese capital.
The widely acknowledged forefather of Chinese rock is Cui Jian. In the late 1980s he played the first Chinese rock song called: "Nothing To My Name" ("Yi wu suo you"). It was the first time an electric guitar was used in China. He became the most famous performer of the time, and by 1988 he performed at a concert broadcast worldwide in conjunction with the Seoul Summer Olympic Games. His socially critical lyrics earned him the anger of the government and many of his concerts were banned or cancelled. After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, he played with a red blindfold around his head as an action against the government.
Afterwards, two bands became famous Hei Bao (Black Panther) and Tang Dynasty. Both started during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Hei Bao is an old-school rock band whose first CD, Hei Bao used the popular English song ("Don't Break My Heart"). Tang Dynasty was the first Chinese heavy metal band. Its first CD "A Dream Return to Tang Dynasty" combines elements of traditional Chinese opera and old school heavy metal. The album was a major breakthrough releasing around 1991/1992.
Around 1994–96: the first thrash metal band, Chao Zai (Overload), was formed. They released three CDs, the last one in cooperation with pop singer Gao Chi of the split-up band The Breathing. At the same time the first nu metal bands were formed and inspired by Western bands such as Korn, Limp Bizkit or Linkin Park. China would have their own with Yaksa, Twisted Machine, AK-47, Overheal Tank.
Black metal is becoming a prominent scene in mainland China, particularly central China.
Punk rock and post-punk
Punk rock first emerged in China in the early 1990s as records from Western punk and post-punk bands were imported into mainland China for the first time. One of the earliest and most renowned punk-influenced Chinese artists was He Yong whose debut album Garbage Dump was released in 1994.
Formed in Nanjing in 1997, post-punk group P.K. 14 are regarded as the most important band in the development of Chinese experimental rock music. The band moved to Beijing in 2001 and released their first album 'Upstairs, Turn Left' the same year. P.K. 14's singer-songwriter Yang Haisong (杨海崧) has also produced many of the Chinese indie music scene's most celebrated albums (including Carsick Cars' 2007 eponymous debut album), working with independent record labels such as Maybe Mars and Modern Sky.
Since the early 2000s, Chinese indie music has grown considerably, with homegrown bands such as Carsick Cars, Birdstriking, Re-TROS, Brain Failure, Demerit, Tookoo, AV Okubo, Hang on the Box and Fanzui Xiangfa all embarking on international tours.
Western classical music
Whereas orchestras organised by, run solely by and nearly always exclusive to the expatriate community in China are recorded from the early days of the International Settlement in Shanghai (i.e. 1850s) and a Russian orchestra was in operation in Harbin from the early 20th century, the beginnings of a unique classical music tradition in China lie with the first foreign trained Chinese conductor, Zheng Zhisheng AKA (romanized) Yin Zizhong. Zheng (Yin or Wan depending on romanization) was raised in China's Guangdong province. He was influenced by the Western Church Music at an early age. He studied in Lyons and Paris before returning to China in the 1930s. He became the first Chinese conductor of the Chongqing Symphonic Orchestra. Their performances included compositions from Beethoven and Mozart.
The revolutionary spirit of Yin Zizhong's (or romanized Wan-Chi Chung's) style has been continued by the first generation of composers immediately following the accession of the Chinese Communist Party to power, namely Li Delun and Cao Peng. The former provided the driving force and often the life force that kept a tradition alive through the Mao years, especially in his adopted city of Beijing, and the latter has been instrumental in maintaining a high standard of symphonic music, as well as working hard for the popularization of the tradition further into the fabric of Chinese culture, across his long career, which continues to the present. At the same time as this tradition has continued, new generations have sought to bring classical music in China along another path, away from the strict professionalism of the elite trained Li and Cao (who were both at the Russian conservatory in the 1950s) and towards a less nationalistic, but arguably more encompassing attitude towards the tradition. Most influential in this new movement has been the young Shanghai conductor Long Yu.
Patriotic / revolutionary music
During the height of the Cultural Revolution, political music became the dominant form. Music accelerated at the political level into "Revolutionary Music" leaning toward cult status and becoming mainstream under pro-Communist ideology. Jiang Qing introduced the revolutionary model operas under her direct supervision; the eight Model Dramas (6 operas and 2 ballets) were promoted while traditional operas were banned. Notable examples are the operas The Legend of the Red Lantern and Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy, and the ballet pieces Red Detachment of Women and The White Haired Girl. Other forms of musical composition and performance were greatly restricted. After the Cultural Revolution, musical institutions were reinstated and musical composition and performance revived.
Some of the more widely known political songs are Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army, The East is Red, and the Internationale.
See also
List of traditional Chinese musical instruments
History of Chinese dance
Culture of China
Music Bureau
Music industry of East Asia
World music
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Jones, Steven. "The East Is Red... And White"". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp. 34–43. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. .
Lee, Joanna. "Cantopop and Protest Singers". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp. 49–59. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. .
Lee Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series). 1999. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. .
Rees, Helen with Zingrong, Zhang and Wei, Li. "Sounds of the Frontiers". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 44–48. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. .
Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Music in the 20th Century (Chinese Music Monograph Series). 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. .
Trewin, Mark. "Raising the Roof". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp. 254–61. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
(Princeton University)
External links
Audio clips: Traditional music of the China. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Shanghai tea-houses. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Chinese opera in Beijing. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Buddhist harvest celebrations. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): The Uighur people of Xinjiang. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Music of the Hani and Yi People. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): The Uyghur people and the muqam. Accessed November 25, 2010.
BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Silk and Bamboo music, the gugin and Pingtan music. Accessed November 25, 2010.
An article about Chinese music from the classical literati tradition
Listen to traditional Chinese music
中国古典テキストデータベース（中国思想史研究室） Archive of some Classical Chinese texts about Music theories.
HQ-Videos: Traditional Chinese Pipa Songs 陽春白雪 (White Snow in the Spring Sunlight) and 小月儿高 (The Moon is High)
"A Complete Study of the Chinese Zither" from 1670 | [
0.07009097188711166,
0.6179057955741882,
-0.31226375699043274,
-0.23502105474472046,
-0.10500907152891159,
0.25866514444351196,
-0.13142555952072144,
0.6752088069915771,
-0.6994946599006653,
-0.6393729448318481,
-0.4095723330974579,
-0.06477135419845581,
0.03671371936798096,
0.1244853287935257,
-0.8567713499069214,
0.6308599710464478,
0.9775979518890381,
0.27539265155792236,
-0.06865693628787994,
-0.33604052662849426,
-0.5237560868263245,
-0.17422741651535034,
0.21537867188453674,
0.6280754804611206,
-0.22981061041355133,
-0.3151099979877472,
0.2072719931602478,
0.3797179162502289,
0.17755451798439026,
-0.48500147461891174,
-0.6462461352348328,
1.09541654586792,
0.27729880809783936,
-0.09554928541183472,
-0.3970966637134552,
0.025456055998802185,
-0.2230329066514969,
-0.16833369433879852,
-0.07882668823003769,
-0.08339681476354599,
0.20335069298744202,
-0.295150488615036,
0.4742808938026428,
0.46774283051490784,
0.7087766528129578,
-0.9655237793922424,
-1.2221800088882446,
0.9343159794807434,
-0.36369431018829346,
-0.009922877885401249,
-0.03876081109046936,
0.595684826374054,
0.1652994006872177,
0.2418576180934906,
-0.2830085754394531,
0.24689017236232758,
-0.709097683429718,
-0.022697828710079193,
-0.21273942291736603,
0.1223406195640564,
0.6170071959495544,
0.41902798414230347,
-0.26289859414100647,
-0.5243940949440002,
0.26757949590682983,
-0.15439605712890625,
-0.04324870929121971,
0.09430596977472305,
-0.009682937525212765,
-0.6073436141014099,
-0.22933226823806763,
0.31560948491096497,
-0.17151030898094177,
-0.21422697603702545,
-0.7447179555892944,
-0.3191480338573456,
0.21919742226600647,
-0.25770726799964905,
0.17062856256961823,
-0.08415428549051285,
0.004884008318185806,
0.42856091260910034,
0.4691786468029022,
0.2651195526123047,
-0.22984355688095093,
-0.39452871680259705,
-0.12047062814235687,
0.15403181314468384,
-0.04618207737803459,
0.13982835412025452,
-0.27111122012138367,
-0.21230259537696838,
0.8338103890419006,
0.12096615135669708,
-0.34879469871520996,
0.20666205883026123,
0.14172373712062836,
0.7289838790893555,
-0.19951242208480835,
-0.07375380396842957,
-0.4479626417160034,
0.2889312207698822,
0.3974471986293793,
-0.050975993275642395,
-0.5171440243721008,
-0.20354369282722473,
-0.13870099186897278,
0.39989569783210754,
-0.37084078788757324,
0.24596007168293,
-0.469052255153656,
-0.2712216377258301,
-0.28201404213905334,
0.1043342873454094,
0.47796326875686646,
-0.3240826725959778,
-0.259139746427536,
-0.5743022561073303,
-0.4350943863391876,
-0.0036728759296238422,
0.3909687101840973,
0.6500615477561951,
-0.4772896468639374,
-0.2483847290277481,
0.03958887979388237,
0.0738193690776825,
0.7770401835441589,
0.3858736455440521,
-0.20787413418293,
-0.11514507979154587,
0.29778778553009033,
0.6935729384422302,
-0.4947783350944519,
0.16454648971557617,
0.12271089106798172,
-0.18529462814331055,
0.7569192051887512,
0.3364652395248413,
-0.018701523542404175,
0.10594102740287781,
-1.0065350532531738,
-0.5407899618148804,
-0.39143961668014526,
-0.18847155570983887,
-0.09777915477752686,
-0.38022899627685547,
-0.5819758772850037,
-0.7117981314659119,
-0.476947158575058,
-0.5138777494430542,
0.18127979338169098,
-0.06283988803625107,
-0.28223225474357605,
0.25922948122024536,
-0.6690021753311157,
0.4387935698032379,
0.5061678886413574,
0.14399567246437073,
0.4899561107158661,
-0.001975539606064558,
0.28849825263023376,
-0.3339121341705322,
-0.08273731172084808,
-0.33624523878097534,
0.20776154100894928,
-0.017691614106297493,
0.4563312232494354,
1.18148934841156,
-0.4503488540649414,
-0.029216716066002846,
-0.8269074559211731,
0.1911696195602417,
0.3993682861328125,
0.21412691473960876,
-0.28034016489982605,
-0.5694155693054199,
-0.32120388746261597,
0.5455448031425476,
0.220683753490448,
0.5292028784751892,
-0.7216553092002869,
0.7801394462585449,
0.056936684995889664,
-0.014317044056952,
0.6984477043151855,
0.2679552435874939,
0.0322437547147274,
0.04280608147382736,
-0.030369743704795837,
-0.22265750169754028,
-0.32025229930877686,
-0.5614967942237854,
0.019742434844374657,
0.20758745074272156,
0.5747417211532593,
0.041077133268117905,
0.00814171601086855,
0.8632140159606934,
0.17408666014671326,
0.28020310401916504,
-0.1251501888036728,
-0.12402736395597458,
0.4606328308582306,
0.115386463701725,
-0.49546507000923157,
0.24146857857704163,
0.3237124979496002,
0.1603962481021881,
0.46364668011665344,
-0.14250320196151733,
0.09819301962852478,
-0.08539508283138275,
0.2513439357280731,
0.011408411897718906,
0.0915754958987236,
0.16807937622070312,
-0.9806908369064331,
0.031151574105024338,
-0.4183467924594879,
-0.8799827694892883,
0.39325419068336487,
-0.4717143476009369,
0.042522720992565155,
0.5680583119392395,
-0.3660168945789337,
1.0934733152389526,
0.16056492924690247,
0.276060551404953,
-0.03285744786262512,
0.2140503227710724,
-0.46319103240966797,
-0.2387387752532959,
0.19521616399288177,
-0.19628053903579712,
-0.22866903245449066,
-0.024038435891270638,
0.1599435657262802,
0.1279386281967163,
0.28275424242019653,
-0.15355919301509857,
0.376119464635849,
0.027574125677347183,
-0.4950038194656372,
-0.4669395089149475,
-0.03378985822200775,
-0.06041207164525986,
-0.7975808382034302,
-0.08996565639972687,
-0.09275920689105988,
-0.1416366547346115,
0.7377203702926636,
0.3184046149253845,
0.40275248885154724,
0.17725469172000885,
-0.49360981583595276,
-0.19076070189476013,
0.43788835406303406,
-0.4292842447757721,
0.488826721906662,
0.08686557412147522,
0.22736665606498718,
-0.33257171511650085,
0.28604647517204285,
-0.3195496201515198,
-0.23345696926116943,
-0.6440736055374146,
0.25370484590530396,
-0.3855781853199005,
0.5844963788986206,
0.06036600470542908,
-0.129121795296669,
0.08207528293132782,
-0.14057481288909912,
0.0985746756196022,
-0.11483825743198395,
-0.11146083474159241,
-0.33973801136016846,
-0.3968737721443176,
-0.7361339926719666,
-0.555239200592041,
-0.026997340843081474,
0.5738311409950256,
0.32554277777671814,
-0.4775455594062805,
-0.5311707258224487,
-0.1066715270280838,
-0.5180245041847229,
0.17159442603588104,
0.32093673944473267,
0.18661686778068542,
0.0847395658493042,
0.4495968222618103,
0.12268931418657303,
-0.00867843721061945,
0.2572198510169983,
0.49853408336639404,
0.16750425100326538,
-0.10879821330308914,
0.35142624378204346,
-0.5735060572624207,
-0.7014220952987671,
-0.007428694050759077,
0.15812793374061584,
-0.3497472405433655,
-0.07303336262702942,
0.13043178617954254,
-0.48788654804229736,
0.19197489321231842,
-5.676909446716309,
-0.3235029876232147,
-0.2886148691177368,
-0.07165169715881348,
-0.33054617047309875,
0.18200647830963135,
-0.009154357016086578,
-0.738871693611145,
0.06287731230258942,
-0.277931272983551,
-0.39412057399749756,
0.13912129402160645,
-0.13124939799308777,
0.6064477562904358,
0.11707555502653122,
0.5643094182014465,
-0.038049791008234024,
-0.009492087177932262,
0.3101552128791809,
0.30073872208595276,
0.15747448801994324,
0.06663285195827484,
-0.00043580259080044925,
0.5454580187797546,
0.044380009174346924,
0.3080045282840729,
-0.03609192743897438,
-0.24634090065956116,
-0.5232877135276794,
0.10861431062221527,
-0.2022213339805603,
-0.40148937702178955,
0.2795918583869934,
-0.040713630616664886,
0.45252424478530884,
0.22234125435352325,
0.17741210758686066,
0.4627174735069275,
0.853287935256958,
0.0006059678853489459,
-0.5424156188964844,
-0.2549351453781128,
0.12314645946025848,
0.2656150758266449,
0.15076324343681335,
-0.26397401094436646,
-0.23672796785831451,
-0.06810884922742844,
-0.5362141132354736,
1.1566996574401855,
0.07737261801958084,
-0.4358697831630707,
0.32742565870285034,
-0.2551163136959076,
0.05527800694108009,
0.18861259520053864,
0.6053873896598816,
0.2943764328956604,
-0.1457930952310562,
0.007408507633954287,
0.3902912735939026,
-0.7436087131500244,
-0.5819458961486816,
-0.18876999616622925,
-0.5817842483520508,
-0.0141238858923316,
-0.7597047686576843,
-0.04373311251401901,
-0.026008272543549538,
0.7824172973632812,
0.04287096485495567,
-0.13585175573825836,
-0.28655746579170227,
-0.6932938694953918,
-0.034254226833581924,
-0.4469841718673706,
-0.5708467364311218,
0.326752245426178,
0.16150502860546112,
0.543563961982727,
-0.4583032429218292,
-0.0237734355032444,
0.21678127348423004,
0.11299989372491837,
-0.17099367082118988,
-0.13738733530044556,
0.019087588414549828,
0.3367072641849518,
-0.41938334703445435,
0.4145846664905548,
0.8047565817832947,
-1.226074457168579,
0.2465861588716507,
0.14760717749595642,
0.8421472907066345,
0.5909155011177063,
0.9831907153129578,
-0.39317718148231506,
0.9589312672615051,
-0.7008491158485413,
0.7550995945930481,
-0.37193867564201355,
-0.739309549331665,
-0.20499727129936218,
-0.4034107029438019,
-0.4502815306186676,
0.3871610462665558,
0.33731696009635925,
1.4753916263580322,
-0.30645865201950073,
0.18439392745494843,
0.16480861604213715,
-0.056776754558086395,
-0.3699747323989868,
0.606532096862793,
-0.4853828251361847,
0.14184951782226562,
-0.18984009325504303,
0.146116241812706,
0.08117189258337021,
0.7707573771476746,
0.3326641321182251,
-0.16004498302936554,
0.3712243139743805,
-0.32907772064208984,
0.19341140985488892,
-0.04733540862798691,
0.33034512400627136,
-0.7307804226875305,
-0.19292649626731873,
0.3814362585544586,
-0.6186856031417847,
0.1129615381360054,
0.4889419674873352,
0.2664583623409271,
0.3668307662010193,
-0.4249909520149231,
-0.3572814166545868,
0.0699881985783577,
-0.7473830580711365,
0.2517220675945282,
-0.3110560178756714,
0.04195478558540344,
0.1507171243429184,
0.2629920244216919,
0.7337884902954102,
-0.6016063690185547,
-0.0647146925330162,
-0.4710741341114044,
-0.21219557523727417,
0.27152952551841736,
-0.1044733002781868,
0.13643735647201538,
0.3711074888706207,
-0.22499363124370575,
-0.5079390406608582,
-0.5572869777679443,
0.005673263221979141,
0.31149545311927795,
-0.2793041467666626,
0.6496073603630066,
-0.7222260236740112,
-0.6139020919799805,
0.09143096953630447,
-0.08337856829166412,
-0.4229985177516937,
0.09600787609815598,
-0.08388756960630417,
0.11560976505279541,
0.6470040082931519,
0.9994674921035767,
-0.2782496213912964,
0.13949215412139893,
-0.3191564679145813,
0.4049188494682312,
-0.42470675706863403,
0.359918475151062,
0.2226644903421402,
-0.46329110860824585,
0.278143972158432,
-0.4335632920265198,
-0.32694587111473083,
-0.01624695211648941,
0.13859209418296814,
-0.11659733206033707,
0.5559698343276978,
-0.16615614295005798,
-0.0671357810497284,
-0.5776620507240295,
0.30199551582336426,
-0.08108256757259369,
-0.17284125089645386,
-0.2740315794944763,
-0.0704006478190422,
-0.3642885684967041,
-0.16338321566581726,
-0.2265794575214386,
-0.316107839345932,
-0.3638659417629242,
-0.3275177776813507,
0.5803513526916504,
0.1856391727924347,
0.12393587082624435,
-0.16129222512245178,
0.4821709096431732,
-0.7164625525474548,
0.635742723941803,
-0.3544093370437622,
-0.6191578507423401,
-0.2031114399433136,
-0.33530399203300476,
-0.8826741576194763,
-0.19472216069698334,
-0.08204284310340881,
-0.555372953414917,
0.04057377576828003,
0.22498731315135956,
-0.08231000602245331,
0.1463855654001236,
0.20409215986728668,
-0.4472114145755768,
0.3703530430793762,
-0.6141769886016846,
0.039321158081293106,
-0.21753521263599396,
0.5962149500846863,
-0.30207332968711853,
-0.5684742331504822,
-0.20431369543075562,
-0.5585313439369202,
-0.20651943981647491,
-0.29428261518478394,
0.45426133275032043,
-0.2917307913303375,
-0.6123501658439636,
-0.3053102493286133,
0.11341255903244019,
0.41057178378105164,
0.16370779275894165,
0.7043158411979675,
0.5417238473892212,
0.7529342174530029,
-0.3983531594276428,
-0.36450180411338806,
-0.5776093006134033,
0.7633714079856873,
0.027010299265384674,
-0.02208545058965683,
-0.49707210063934326,
0.23916469514369965,
0.210637629032135,
-0.5413739681243896,
-0.5787639617919922,
-0.6114194989204407,
0.4031675159931183,
-0.3422170579433441,
0.038332175463438034,
0.23188307881355286,
0.12478748708963394,
0.08284077793359756,
0.0006325077847577631,
-0.5852128267288208,
0.38579607009887695,
-0.5869513154029846,
0.30975186824798584,
0.1130109503865242,
0.15630792081356049,
-0.009905257262289524,
-0.06813576817512512,
0.32258960604667664,
-0.04981892928481102,
-0.5696230530738831,
0.27274417877197266,
0.2614005506038666,
0.044344641268253326,
-0.16920924186706543,
-0.5253021717071533,
-0.14223070442676544,
-0.03266919404268265,
0.7402060627937317,
-0.2034386396408081,
-0.7325206995010376,
0.1411837786436081,
-0.07839798182249069,
0.2650187313556671,
-0.44852057099342346,
0.31887346506118774,
0.18256714940071106,
-0.055177804082632065,
-0.4035477638244629,
-0.4039130210876465,
-0.566753089427948,
0.3540591895580292,
0.4493294954299927,
0.006900436710566282,
0.10072799026966095,
0.5125008225440979,
0.3197247087955475,
-0.11280268430709839,
-0.09924928843975067,
-0.49792417883872986,
0.46921709179878235,
0.4514307379722595,
-0.40524807572364807,
0.29405590891838074,
0.03063257969915867,
0.08701471239328384,
-0.6307809948921204,
-0.08369952440261841,
0.26066717505455017,
0.5250731706619263,
0.010931272991001606,
0.2578260004520416,
0.4552062451839447,
0.013687931932508945,
0.24597595632076263,
0.39029353857040405,
-0.4474118649959564,
0.7588013410568237,
0.20952506363391876,
0.31029653549194336,
-0.49562868475914,
0.2992910146713257,
0.7216612696647644,
0.13132122159004211,
0.10526560992002487,
-0.8869293332099915,
-0.7378722429275513,
0.19067446887493134,
0.006012010388076305,
0.1775440126657486,
0.19771604239940643,
-0.052802376449108124,
0.2592948079109192,
-0.36661696434020996,
-0.8204137682914734,
-0.10138457268476486,
-0.6004055738449097,
-0.1435762494802475,
0.36842840909957886,
0.47710925340652466,
0.006797224748879671,
-0.004950535949319601,
0.06573580950498581,
0.22275301814079285,
0.1514245718717575,
-0.14463794231414795,
-0.04178004339337349,
-0.19037307798862457,
-0.4569087028503418,
0.7414699196815491,
0.3721632957458496,
0.49429985880851746,
0.012513592839241028,
0.39984962344169617,
0.16696153581142426,
0.11011747270822525,
0.31979966163635254,
0.3350534737110138,
0.522341251373291,
0.47931110858917236,
0.5056108832359314,
0.3428119421005249,
-0.21776452660560608,
-0.017970850691199303,
0.4029243588447571,
0.07594635337591171,
-0.5201622247695923,
-0.9731655120849609,
0.15431630611419678,
-0.008435065858066082,
0.20895637571811676,
-0.3686307370662689,
0.21052110195159912,
0.18029922246932983,
-0.03043130598962307,
-0.03917335346341133,
0.41233643889427185,
0.13006249070167542,
-0.05624889209866524,
0.06171375513076782,
0.32910463213920593,
0.2161635458469391,
-1.018808126449585,
0.0010254274820908904,
0.014824817888438702,
0.05103853717446327,
0.13385805487632751,
-0.4680386781692505,
-0.08655303716659546,
0.10347814112901688,
-0.3840591609477997,
0.06768183410167694,
-0.18220064043998718,
0.1841384619474411,
-0.5705757737159729,
-0.6451771259307861,
0.9174654483795166,
0.26758790016174316,
0.43289750814437866,
0.7110961675643921,
0.2056189924478531,
0.15856781601905823,
0.8406274914741516,
-0.7274963855743408,
0.31205230951309204,
-0.5035858154296875,
0.0015650794375687838,
-0.3496757447719574,
0.573695182800293,
0.016604410484433174,
0.24009448289871216,
-0.2431235909461975,
0.1588958203792572,
-0.03014521114528179,
0.5246288776397705,
0.650521457195282,
-0.44541966915130615,
0.21163800358772278,
-0.4454616904258728,
-0.5223933458328247,
-0.2846006453037262,
0.3178270757198334,
0.5902144312858582,
0.17180700600147247,
-0.0386442132294178,
0.03699473291635513,
0.3175418972969055,
-0.38371187448501587,
0.6634323000907898,
-0.6903765797615051,
0.2882406711578369,
-0.42574790120124817,
0.2753656208515167,
-0.12392403930425644,
-0.08943427354097366,
0.9271805286407471,
0.06495456397533417,
-0.08545295149087906,
-0.43137839436531067,
-0.04847588762640953,
-0.13216179609298706,
0.04806824401021004,
0.07289938628673553,
-0.44317421317100525,
-0.06967688351869583,
0.016947269439697266,
0.2056455910205841,
-0.9586960077285767,
0.6842767000198364,
-0.056991927325725555,
-0.246126189827919,
0.9559215903282166,
-0.4166555106639862,
-0.1935422122478485,
-0.08525092154741287,
0.4572574198246002,
0.0878332257270813,
0.2634793817996979,
-0.5659589767456055
] |
247758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg%20Concertos | Brandenburg Concertos | The Brandenburg Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1046–1051), are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, in 1721 (though probably composed earlier). The original French title, Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments names six concertos for several instruments. Some of them feature several solo instruments in combination. They are widely regarded as some of the best orchestral compositions of the Baroque era.
History
In 1721, Johann Sebastian Bach compiled a collection of six concertos and presented it to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, titled Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments (Six concertos for different instruments). Bach wrote out the music himself rather than leaving it to a copyist. He appears to have selected the six pieces from concertos he had composed over a number of years while Kapellmeister at Köthen, and possibly extending back to his employment at Weimar (1708–17).
Bach's dedication to the Margrave was dated 24 March 1721. Translated from the original French, the first sentence of Bach's dedication reads:
As I had the good fortune a few years ago to be heard by Your Royal Highness, at Your Highness's commands, and as I noticed then that Your Highness took some pleasure in the little talents which Heaven has given me for Music, and as in taking Leave of Your Royal Highness, Your Highness deigned to honour me with the command to send Your Highness some pieces of my Composition: I have in accordance with Your Highness's most gracious orders taken the liberty of rendering my most humble duty to Your Royal Highness with the present Concertos, which I have adapted to several instruments; begging Your Highness most humbly not to judge their imperfection with the rigour of that discriminating and sensitive taste, which everyone knows Him to have for musical works, but rather to take into benign Consideration the profound respect and the most humble obedience which I thus attempt to show Him.
Bach's reference to his scoring the concertos for "several instruments" (Concerts avec plusieurs instruments) is an understatement. Bach used the "widest spectrum of orchestral instruments … in daring combinations", as Christoph Wolff has commented. "Every one of the six concertos set a precedent in scoring, and every one was to remain without parallel." Heinrich Besseler has noted that the overall forces required (leaving aside the first concerto, which was rewritten for a special occasion) tallies exactly with the 17 players Bach had at his disposal in Köthen.
Concertos
In the overview table, the first column shows the title, the second the key, the third the number in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV), the fourth the prominent instruments (solo).
Brandenburg Concerto No. 1 in F major, BWV 1046
Title on autograph score: Concerto 1mo à 2 Corni di Caccia, 3 Hautb: è Bassono, Violino Piccolo concertato, 2 Violini, una Viola col Basso Continuo.
Instrumentation: two corni da caccia (natural horns), three oboes, bassoon, violino piccolo, two violins, viola and basso continuo (harpsichord, cello, viola da gamba and/or violone)
Duration: about 22 minutes
The Brandenburg Concerto No. 1, BWV 1046.2 (BWV 1046), is the only one in the collection with four movements. The concerto also exists in an alternative version, Sinfonia BWV 1046.1 (formerly BWV 1046a), which appears to have been composed during Bach's years at Weimar. The Sinfonia, which lacks the third movement entirely, and the Polacca (or Poloinesse, polonaise) from the final movement, appears to have been intended as the opening of the cantata Was mir behagt, ist nur die muntre Jagd, BWV 208. This implies a date of composition possibly as early as the 1713 premiere of the cantata, although it could have been used for a subsequent revival.
The first movement can also be found as the sinfonia of a later cantata Falsche Welt, dir trau ich nicht, BWV 52, but in a version without the piccolo violin that is closer to Sinfonia BWV 1046a. The third movement was used as the opening chorus of the cantata Vereinigte Zwietracht der wechselnden Saiten, BWV 207, where the horns are replaced by trumpets.
Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F major, BWV 1047
Title on autograph score: Concerto 2do à 1 Tromba, 1 Flauto, 1 Hautbois, 1 Violino, concertati, è 2 Violini, 1 Viola è Violone in Ripieno col Violoncello è Basso per il Cembalo.
Concertino: natural trumpet in F, recorder, oboe, violin
Ripieno: two violins, viola, violone, cello and harpsichord (as basso continuo)
Duration: about 13 minutes
The trumpet part is still considered one of the most difficult in the entire repertoire, and was originally written for a clarino specialist, almost certainly the court trumpeter in Köthen, Johann Ludwig Schreiber. After clarino skills were lost in the eighteenth century and before the rise of the historically informed performance movement of the late twentieth century, the part was usually played on the valved trumpet, and sometimes on a modern F trumpet, a French horn, or even a B piccolo trumpet.
The clarino does not play in the second movement, as is common practice in baroque era concerti. This is due to its construction, which allows it to play only in major keys. Because concerti often move to a minor key in the second movement, concerti that include the instrument in their first movement and are from the period before the valved trumpet was commonly used usually exclude the trumpet from the second movement.
The first movement of this concerto was chosen as the first musical piece to be played on the Voyager Golden Record, a phonograph record containing a broad sample of Earth's common sounds, languages, and music sent into outer space with the two Voyager probes. The first movement served as a theme for Great Performances in the early-to-mid 1980s, while the third movement served as the theme for William F. Buckley Jr.'s Firing Line; a revival featuring Margaret Hoover would also use the first movement.
Recent research has revealed that this concerto is based on a lost chamber music version for quintet called "Concerto da camera in Fa Maggiore" (Chamber Concerto in F major): catalogue number is BWV 1047R. It is similar to the orchestral version, in that the trumpet, flute, oboe and solo violin parts are the same, but the orchestra part has been arranged for basso continuo (or piano) by Klaus Hofmann. This reconstructed quintet arrangement is also the very first piano reduction of the 2nd Brandenburg Concerto ever published by Bärenreiter Verlag (Product Number BA 5196).
Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major, BWV 1048
Title on autograph score: Concerto 3zo a tre Violini, tre Viole, è tre Violoncelli col Basso per il Cembalo.
Instrumentation: three violins, three violas, three cellos, and harpsichord (as basso continuo)
Duration: about 10 minutes
The second movement consists of a single measure with the two chords that make up a 'Phrygian half cadence' and—although there is no direct evidence to support it—it was likely that these chords are meant to surround or follow a cadenza improvised by a harpsichord or violin player. Modern performance approaches range from simply playing the cadence with minimal ornamentation (treating it as a sort of "musical semicolon"), to inserting movements from other works, to cadenzas varying in length from under a minute to over two minutes. Wendy Carlos's three electronic performances (from Switched-On Bach, Switched-On Brandenburgs, and Switched-On Bach 2000) have second movements that are completely different from each other. Occasionally, the third movement from Bach's Sonata for Violin and Continuo in G, BWV 1021 (marked Largo) is substituted for the second movement as it contains an identical 'Phrygian cadence' as the closing chords. The Largo from the Sonata for Violin and Obbligato Harpsichord in G major, BWV 1019, has also been used.
The outer movements use the ritornello form found in many instrumental and vocal works of the time. The first movement can also be found in reworked form as the sinfonia of the cantata Ich liebe den Höchsten von ganzem Gemüte, BWV 174, with the addition of three oboes and two horns.
This concerto is the shortest of the six.
Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 in G major, BWV 1049
Title on autograph score: Concerto 4to à Violino Principale, due Fiauti d'Echo, due Violini, una Viola è Violone in Ripieno, Violoncello è Continuo.
Concertino: violin and two recorders (described in the original score as "fiauti d'echo").
Ripieno: two violins, viola, violone, cello and basso continuo (harpsichord and/or viola da gamba)
Duration: about 16 minutes
The violin part in this concerto is extremely virtuosic in the first and third movements. In the second movement, the violin provides a bass when the concertino group plays unaccompanied.
It has been debated what instrument Bach had in mind for the "fiauti d'echo" parts. Nowadays these are usually played on alto recorders, although transverse flutes are sometimes used instead: it is also theorised Bach's original intent may have been the flageolet. In some performances, such as those conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt, the two recorders are positioned offstage, thus giving an "echo" effect.
Bach adapted the 4th Brandenburg concerto as a harpsichord concerto, BWV 1057.
Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major, BWV 1050
Title on autograph score: Concerto 5to à une Traversiere, une Violino principale, une Violino è una Viola in ripieno, Violoncello, Violone è Cembalo concertato.
Concertino: harpsichord, violin, flute
Ripieno: violin, viola, cello and violone
Duration: about 23 minutes
The harpsichord is both a concertino and a ripieno instrument. In the concertino passages the part is obbligato; in the ripieno passages it has a figured bass part and plays continuo.
This concerto makes use of a popular chamber music ensemble of the time (flute, violin, and harpsichord), which Bach used on its own for the middle movement. It is believed that it was written in 1719, to show off a new harpsichord by Michael Mietke which Bach had brought back from Berlin for the Köthen court. It is also thought that Bach wrote it for a competition at Dresden with the French composer and organist Louis Marchand; in the central movement, Bach uses one of Marchand's themes. Marchand fled before the competition could take place, apparently scared off in the face of Bach's great reputation for virtuosity and improvisation.
The concerto is well suited throughout to showing off the qualities of a fine harpsichord and the virtuosity of its player, but especially in the lengthy solo cadenza to the first movement. It seems almost certain that Bach, considered a great organ and harpsichord virtuoso, was the harpsichord soloist at the premiere. Scholars have seen in this work the origins of the solo keyboard concerto as it is the first example of a concerto with a solo keyboard part.
An earlier version, BWV 1050a, exists, and has many small differences from its later cousin, but no major difference in structure or instrumentation. It is dated ca. 1720–21.
Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 in B-flat major, BWV 1051
Title on autograph score: Concerto 6to à due Viole da Braccio, due Viole da Gamba, Violoncello, Violone e Cembalo.
Instrumentation: two viole da braccio, two viole da gamba, cello, violone, and harpsichord
Duration: about 16 minutes
The absence of violins is unusual. Viola da braccio means the normal viola, and is used here to distinguish it from the viola da gamba. When the work was written in 1721, the viola da gamba was already an old-fashioned instrument: the strong supposition that one viola da gamba part was taken by his employer, Prince Leopold, also points to a likely reason for the concerto's composition—Leopold wished to join his Kapellmeister playing music. This is supported by the knowledge that Bach wished to end his tenure under Prince Leopold. By upsetting the balance of the musical roles, he would be released from his servitude as Kapellmeister and allowed to seek employment elsewhere.
The two violas start the first movement with a vigorous subject in close canon, and as the movement progresses, the other instruments are gradually drawn into the seemingly uninterrupted steady flow of melodic invention which shows the composer's mastery of polyphony. The two violas da gamba are silent in the second movement, leaving the texture of a trio sonata for two violas and continuo, although the cello has a decorated version of the continuo bass line. In the last movement, the spirit of the gigue underlies everything, as it did in the finale of the fifth concerto.
Reception
Because King Frederick William I of Prussia was not a significant patron of the arts, Christian Ludwig seems to have lacked the musicians in his Berlin ensemble to perform the concertos. The full score was left unused in the Margrave's library until his death in 1734, when it was sold for 24 groschen (as of 2014, about US$24) of silver. The autograph manuscript of the concertos was only rediscovered in the archives of Brandenburg by Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn in 1849; the concertos were first published in the following year.
The manuscript was nearly lost in World War II, when being transported for safekeeping to Prussia by train in the care of a librarian. The train came under aerial bombardment, and the librarian escaped from the train to the nearby forest, with the scores hidden under his coat.
In the modern era these works have been performed by orchestras with the string parts each played by a number of players, under the batons of, for example, Karl Richter and Herbert von Karajan. They have also been performed as chamber music, with one instrument per part, especially by groups using baroque instruments and historically informed techniques and practice. There is also an arrangement for four-hand piano duet by composer Max Reger.
A Karl Richter recording was sent into space in 1977 on the Voyager Golden Record.
In 2001, the piece came in at number 22 in the Classic 100 Original (ABC) listing. In 2007, all six of the concertos appeared on the Classic 100 Concerto (ABC) listing.
References
Further reading
External links
Scores
Essays
classicalnotes.net: Brandenburg Concertos – Comprehensive discussion by Peter Gutmann including assessment of recordings
Inkpot: The Brandenburg Concertos – An introduction by Benjamin Chee
good-music-guide.com: Brandenburg Concertos – Introductory survey
Recordings
List of recordings, with reviews, from jsbach.org
Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, Brandenburg Concerto No. 3, Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 and Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, : performances by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
High-Definition video of Brandenburg Concertos 3 & 4 performed on original instruments by the ensemble Voices of Music, copyright free for use in classrooms
1721 compositions
Compositions for trumpet
Compositions for viola
Compositions for horn
Compositions for bassoon
Compositions for cello
Compositions for flute
Compositions for oboe
Concerti grossi
Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach
Harpsichord concertos
Bach
Köthen (Anhalt)
Contents of the Voyager Golden Record | [
-0.6606415510177612,
0.18168999254703522,
0.6870601773262024,
0.1883799433708191,
-0.4125346541404724,
0.2075910121202469,
0.2894097566604614,
-0.27782151103019714,
-0.7228707671165466,
-0.5003836750984192,
0.07006030529737473,
-0.3722637891769409,
0.14719001948833466,
0.49120521545410156,
-0.2686682343482971,
0.0710132047533989,
0.8824881911277771,
-0.39185139536857605,
-0.531329333782196,
-0.8921183347702026,
0.7064295411109924,
-0.19059988856315613,
0.9262656569480896,
0.07251262664794922,
0.23128634691238403,
0.2455894500017166,
0.09843241423368454,
-0.2514101266860962,
0.20022128522396088,
0.16353541612625122,
-0.26311302185058594,
0.7869073152542114,
0.25097212195396423,
-0.10677838325500488,
-0.5195325613021851,
-0.295916885137558,
0.010953910648822784,
-0.3771768808364868,
-0.07689458131790161,
-0.7220854759216309,
0.5618579983711243,
0.09105100482702255,
0.15862572193145752,
-0.0015431600622832775,
0.6426804661750793,
-0.0877198576927185,
-0.9875670671463013,
0.2568987011909485,
-0.6779691576957703,
-0.35032063722610474,
-0.025359878316521645,
0.37761908769607544,
0.45283859968185425,
1.015744686126709,
-0.43029218912124634,
-0.16892263293266296,
-0.712184488773346,
-0.44112515449523926,
-0.01708049140870571,
-0.5010533332824707,
0.10154855996370316,
0.820345401763916,
-0.10640430450439453,
0.2140181064605713,
0.13177020847797394,
-0.6090350151062012,
-0.3453131914138794,
0.5075921416282654,
0.39853814244270325,
-0.7212255597114563,
-0.08133564889431,
0.29250818490982056,
-0.25729313492774963,
-0.15094392001628876,
0.4655144512653351,
-0.7651067972183228,
0.3541666865348816,
0.07379629462957382,
0.2179756760597229,
-0.15580107271671295,
-0.352608323097229,
0.04089275747537613,
1.0380940437316895,
0.36962994933128357,
0.2546428143978119,
0.06529597193002701,
-0.02959594503045082,
-0.5848256349563599,
-0.28224313259124756,
-0.6604086756706238,
0.4027050733566284,
-0.8202701210975647,
0.7839698791503906,
0.30572745203971863,
0.3449392318725586,
0.0987001284956932,
0.1560276746749878,
0.12518784403800964,
0.05951806530356407,
0.3088945746421814,
-0.05509395897388458,
0.21680238842964172,
-0.049130890518426895,
0.15119023621082306,
-0.5889078974723816,
-0.4873761236667633,
-0.07106073200702667,
-0.31529995799064636,
0.07206742465496063,
0.5837186574935913,
-0.004213112406432629,
-0.7019002437591553,
0.4041123390197754,
0.3956265151500702,
-0.08388203382492065,
-0.11487165093421936,
0.4637189209461212,
-0.6810354590415955,
-0.5529590249061584,
-0.06961788982152939,
0.711586058139801,
0.9474918842315674,
0.40904685854911804,
0.3354063034057617,
-0.055451467633247375,
-0.28682753443717957,
0.6198096871376038,
0.5947043895721436,
-0.36786770820617676,
-0.7018420100212097,
0.0625012069940567,
0.8741177916526794,
0.2972521483898163,
-0.34682244062423706,
-0.11788612604141235,
0.4420616626739502,
0.009609006345272064,
0.024676213040947914,
-0.6053754687309265,
0.19365902245044708,
-0.4811227023601532,
-0.43761366605758667,
-0.15106689929962158,
-0.2717793583869934,
0.20365111529827118,
-0.05689419060945511,
-0.4930885136127472,
-0.36966821551322937,
-0.11410807818174362,
0.1782308667898178,
-0.23460142314434052,
0.17360422015190125,
-0.11647090315818787,
-0.0011698019225150347,
-0.3266347646713257,
0.44411739706993103,
0.7891498804092407,
0.42801135778427124,
0.3239447772502899,
0.16744191944599152,
-0.055282022804021835,
-0.04078869894146919,
-0.09431912750005722,
-0.38532736897468567,
0.05129065364599228,
-0.208762064576149,
0.4386487901210785,
0.47066009044647217,
-0.006211603060364723,
-0.3327678143978119,
-0.3209145665168762,
0.20040996372699738,
0.05085323750972748,
-0.4440847635269165,
0.21372632682323456,
-0.12632471323013306,
0.558790922164917,
-0.12500041723251343,
0.3825792074203491,
-0.3689245581626892,
-0.5605601072311401,
-0.023149501532316208,
0.18629254400730133,
-0.4028601050376892,
0.07896122336387634,
0.8303104043006897,
-0.16185495257377625,
0.7744181156158447,
0.20717929303646088,
0.30563607811927795,
0.040699344128370285,
-0.7053341865539551,
0.12152136862277985,
0.5367681980133057,
1.08554208278656,
0.45493021607398987,
-0.34584107995033264,
0.18087585270404816,
0.3336542844772339,
-0.062030989676713943,
-0.30769628286361694,
-0.4026196300983429,
0.514198362827301,
0.4877411723136902,
0.2874261140823364,
-0.23695248365402222,
-0.19381320476531982,
-0.31833595037460327,
-0.005517712328583002,
-0.04580642282962799,
0.24845436215400696,
-0.36236631870269775,
-0.030698755756020546,
0.5341566205024719,
-0.2795148491859436,
-0.14117513597011566,
-0.530634880065918,
0.4681219756603241,
-0.16184298694133759,
-0.4967953860759735,
0.4199265241622925,
0.18929478526115417,
0.18369227647781372,
0.7661342620849609,
-0.36719831824302673,
1.2094810009002686,
-0.5475021004676819,
0.019382188096642494,
-0.5895316004753113,
0.04537316784262657,
0.024787845090031624,
0.6605580449104309,
-0.03761529549956322,
-0.09229078143835068,
0.25192752480506897,
0.2825707793235779,
-0.20240072906017303,
-0.4895819127559662,
0.45853906869888306,
-0.4566301703453064,
0.49664804339408875,
0.39158564805984497,
-0.318327933549881,
0.4116869568824768,
0.049743976444005966,
0.07871468365192413,
0.3563036322593689,
-0.09129536896944046,
0.08710834383964539,
0.2755899727344513,
-0.36117976903915405,
0.34705376625061035,
-0.4232567548751831,
0.18320772051811218,
0.41665196418762207,
0.04216090589761734,
0.4985216557979584,
-0.7292732000350952,
-0.3473721742630005,
0.15092363953590393,
0.09291274845600128,
0.11629673838615417,
0.2992238402366638,
-0.613711953163147,
-0.1105632409453392,
-0.66443932056427,
0.8618797063827515,
-0.26655033230781555,
0.5733619332313538,
0.09588060528039932,
-0.26036253571510315,
0.09800919890403748,
-0.6130656003952026,
0.49564409255981445,
-0.2683020532131195,
-0.7597536444664001,
-0.23198290169239044,
-0.33983930945396423,
0.0887790098786354,
-0.9391314387321472,
-0.3519634008407593,
0.31746435165405273,
-0.15497589111328125,
-0.24600309133529663,
-0.5549894571304321,
0.2487642765045166,
0.36927852034568787,
-0.4250386357307434,
0.06522602587938309,
0.24033312499523163,
0.07259319722652435,
0.30971261858940125,
-0.37307900190353394,
-0.19712184369564056,
-0.13984112441539764,
0.8887685537338257,
-0.47041529417037964,
0.04874216392636299,
0.27984189987182617,
-0.2279941737651825,
-1.1209566593170166,
-0.43164002895355225,
-0.03880361095070839,
0.0009421578724868596,
-0.18085157871246338,
-0.8091992139816284,
-0.4923632740974426,
-0.050968900322914124,
-5.609951972961426,
-0.8416652679443359,
-0.012152346782386303,
0.24011999368667603,
-0.23309069871902466,
1.0278925895690918,
0.3508263826370239,
-0.690188467502594,
0.2810730040073395,
0.17806664109230042,
0.289567232131958,
0.20028506219387054,
-0.42115873098373413,
0.5817683935165405,
0.10747266560792923,
0.03591543808579445,
-0.12590157985687256,
0.02665400132536888,
0.05307263135910034,
-0.30528363585472107,
0.5686392784118652,
-0.37725162506103516,
-0.02185802347958088,
0.4439484477043152,
0.014513790607452393,
-0.03785852715373039,
-0.1886836439371109,
0.5703904628753662,
-0.4128153920173645,
-0.12097588926553726,
-0.40334370732307434,
-0.16502323746681213,
-0.11668961495161057,
-0.007237680722028017,
-0.07013537734746933,
0.2887714207172394,
0.4985198676586151,
0.40326645970344543,
0.08774179965257645,
0.11675054579973221,
0.589518666267395,
-0.14817243814468384,
0.11163871735334396,
0.059380143880844116,
-0.5040681958198547,
-0.0917491540312767,
-0.022342124953866005,
0.12587225437164307,
-0.24818161129951477,
0.9004955291748047,
0.3375832140445709,
-0.07318655401468277,
0.04122138395905495,
-0.1037861630320549,
0.1115526631474495,
-0.4914873540401459,
-0.16470907628536224,
0.0892859697341919,
0.12384507805109024,
0.3022069036960602,
0.19116121530532837,
0.068093441426754,
-0.29287490248680115,
-0.1558976173400879,
-0.564839243888855,
-0.046571794897317886,
-0.4640113413333893,
0.5650531649589539,
0.19802692532539368,
0.3778800368309021,
-0.0905182808637619,
0.45224621891975403,
0.36165955662727356,
-0.8199814558029175,
0.016724079847335815,
-0.6137487888336182,
0.08550658077001572,
0.054065804928541183,
-0.39882323145866394,
0.24777856469154358,
0.10001827776432037,
-0.08440477401018143,
-0.29352372884750366,
-0.01517289225012064,
0.8084539771080017,
0.21839885413646698,
-0.4848038852214813,
0.056078989058732986,
-0.10508032143115997,
-0.1900915801525116,
0.48198840022087097,
-0.6478592753410339,
-0.281977117061615,
0.4601905941963196,
-0.10858353972434998,
0.740644633769989,
-0.40012985467910767,
0.4644406735897064,
0.13873375952243805,
0.6310550570487976,
0.35783758759498596,
-0.04462029039859772,
-0.12692056596279144,
0.04533477500081062,
-0.3140109181404114,
-0.15691818296909332,
-0.27160850167274475,
-0.07300812005996704,
0.4848788380622864,
0.3104637563228607,
0.1972077190876007,
-0.45814618468284607,
0.13765543699264526,
-0.002657766919583082,
-0.6238876581192017,
-1.1064608097076416,
-0.3388444185256958,
0.7746745347976685,
-0.08375237882137299,
-0.14888064563274384,
0.5630289316177368,
-0.25435617566108704,
-0.22988241910934448,
-0.30959850549697876,
-0.9546414017677307,
-0.014253821223974228,
-0.2914356589317322,
-0.18442092835903168,
-0.7965508699417114,
0.24219951033592224,
0.3565158247947693,
-0.09474078565835953,
-0.3737282156944275,
0.14405156672000885,
0.35232052206993103,
-0.11371425539255142,
-0.6759811639785767,
-0.3264686167240143,
-0.3316207230091095,
-0.6042279601097107,
-0.30072396993637085,
-0.7978314757347107,
-0.1901693344116211,
-0.2052449733018875,
-0.2013387233018875,
0.07757873088121414,
0.19138295948505402,
-0.7353575229644775,
-0.7958263158798218,
0.6019373536109924,
0.3214297592639923,
0.2074248492717743,
0.8984891176223755,
0.08349967747926712,
-0.41483908891677856,
-0.033032555133104324,
0.5291174650192261,
-0.018225383013486862,
0.328642338514328,
0.6368001699447632,
-0.0957813560962677,
-0.10329407453536987,
-0.7865857481956482,
-0.23801927268505096,
-0.25626078248023987,
-0.004089558497071266,
-1.038678526878357,
-0.4413297474384308,
0.1779707670211792,
0.32354769110679626,
0.513320803642273,
-0.5750054121017456,
0.10273688286542892,
-0.01784929633140564,
0.8364324569702148,
-0.09696949273347855,
0.46807608008384705,
-0.20403701066970825,
-0.12966176867485046,
0.26382800936698914,
0.32206833362579346,
-0.18074434995651245,
-0.5510528683662415,
0.1721467524766922,
0.41718634963035583,
0.5010614991188049,
-1.003854751586914,
-0.17454291880130768,
0.04274434968829155,
0.003937349654734135,
-0.378044992685318,
-0.16076737642288208,
0.470698744058609,
-0.0007472100551240146,
-0.14640364050865173,
-0.5793374180793762,
0.4222290515899658,
0.6741175055503845,
-0.08322511613368988,
-0.49423539638519287,
0.2637679874897003,
0.10788188874721527,
-0.09448819607496262,
-0.15464890003204346,
-0.11611587554216385,
-0.5378537178039551,
0.35994210839271545,
-0.7076611518859863,
-0.39025941491127014,
0.328563392162323,
-0.23612713813781738,
-0.5590875148773193,
0.2058253139257431,
0.2736189067363739,
-0.4886496663093567,
-0.018124079331755638,
0.036504652351140976,
-0.9529138207435608,
-0.6425769925117493,
0.12009113281965256,
-0.5790922045707703,
0.5502777695655823,
-1.1612567901611328,
-0.19613482058048248,
-0.8120492696762085,
-0.34091588854789734,
0.020431095734238625,
-0.2576782703399658,
-0.21047304570674896,
-0.44257548451423645,
0.11034102737903595,
-0.41304951906204224,
-0.4444868564605713,
0.08538399636745453,
0.417717307806015,
-0.25175222754478455,
-0.35149112343788147,
-0.17333510518074036,
0.06824319809675217,
0.8613536953926086,
0.8214938640594482,
0.6545314788818359,
0.4429590106010437,
0.010589484125375748,
0.2130603939294815,
-0.21602271497249603,
0.30728161334991455,
-0.12098755687475204,
0.16495315730571747,
0.4711798131465912,
-0.13862523436546326,
-0.041039638221263885,
-0.3741616904735565,
-0.5172054171562195,
0.9289824962615967,
-0.4927608370780945,
0.1856033205986023,
-0.0909222736954689,
0.035143181681632996,
0.3127061724662781,
0.40435460209846497,
0.3051416873931885,
-0.18411646783351898,
-0.673766016960144,
-0.43423500657081604,
0.28001341223716736,
-0.2978363335132599,
-0.3128719627857208,
-0.455516517162323,
0.18842509388923645,
0.31250283122062683,
0.19350415468215942,
0.10509217530488968,
-0.41926589608192444,
-0.026711784303188324,
0.647210419178009,
-0.2502656877040863,
-0.21496258676052094,
0.6285354495048523,
0.042899955064058304,
-0.11947421729564667,
0.4839400053024292,
-0.1625378280878067,
-0.5249245762825012,
-0.31850722432136536,
-0.15127286314964294,
-0.7277155518531799,
-0.06547655165195465,
0.3361614942550659,
0.049137525260448456,
-0.3877711892127991,
0.022576022893190384,
0.06924236565828323,
0.7597581744194031,
0.4677097201347351,
0.31147500872612,
0.04331086575984955,
-0.5423025488853455,
0.08737022429704666,
0.024210194125771523,
-0.08662917464971542,
0.37536048889160156,
0.2923069894313812,
-0.5812438130378723,
0.052354659885168076,
0.3421846330165863,
0.35839107632637024,
0.06319751590490341,
-1.1660192012786865,
-0.03593625873327255,
0.45797964930534363,
-0.33937007188796997,
0.06699614971876144,
-0.06149778887629509,
-0.4417869448661804,
0.2561134397983551,
0.5413067936897278,
0.18500760197639465,
0.3932628631591797,
0.03236820548772812,
0.47310376167297363,
-0.15993960201740265,
0.585137665271759,
-0.12468493729829788,
-0.4124385416507721,
-0.1802627593278885,
0.23748081922531128,
-0.39994773268699646,
-0.5012556910514832,
0.7702344655990601,
0.4628244936466217,
0.11265092343091965,
-0.6366673707962036,
0.4457072615623474,
-0.03308653458952904,
0.2520501911640167,
0.14146766066551208,
0.03579815849661827,
-0.45323967933654785,
0.2527097165584564,
0.5759378671646118,
0.4089418053627014,
0.05430741608142853,
-0.19685660302639008,
-0.27454379200935364,
0.3620794117450714,
0.14608480036258698,
-0.2879302203655243,
0.09777387231588364,
-0.17480307817459106,
0.14854229986667633,
0.8911408185958862,
0.17326974868774414,
-0.3256244957447052,
0.10976247489452362,
0.5966240763664246,
0.7158116102218628,
0.1480621099472046,
0.5714889168739319,
-0.028307080268859863,
0.4401121139526367,
-0.01592588610947132,
0.5830934643745422,
-0.17745640873908997,
-0.775559663772583,
0.4678868055343628,
0.1545664221048355,
0.2298521250486374,
-0.374811053276062,
-0.7231228351593018,
-0.0216669924557209,
-0.13830840587615967,
0.03969943895936012,
0.6483573913574219,
-0.031765442341566086,
-0.3999732434749603,
0.11317906528711319,
0.3602730929851532,
0.7083812952041626,
0.5671430230140686,
-0.6178297996520996,
-0.5564894080162048,
0.16722740232944489,
-0.033408597111701965,
-0.3987044095993042,
-0.5869706273078918,
0.2169634997844696,
-0.5217295289039612,
0.25046059489250183,
-0.4395187497138977,
-0.1122344359755516,
-0.5359216928482056,
-0.06829440593719482,
0.22634854912757874,
-0.8573810458183289,
-0.785524845123291,
0.28072085976600647,
0.4114266633987427,
-0.2646596133708954,
0.13560904562473297,
0.35541656613349915,
0.0849798247218132,
0.2641807794570923,
0.72966468334198,
-0.5498875975608826,
0.07115818560123444,
-0.6540083885192871,
0.07764680683612823,
0.06645727902650833,
-0.014742997474968433,
0.17794789373874664,
0.03173328936100006,
-0.2124791145324707,
-0.16213387250900269,
0.02347247488796711,
-0.4516482651233673,
0.6506235599517822,
0.04172300919890404,
0.02999008819460869,
-0.13873620331287384,
0.4321250021457672,
-0.19976337254047394,
0.09046809375286102,
0.06727256625890732,
-0.18417376279830933,
0.38946276903152466,
0.2590252459049225,
-0.6450442671775818,
0.07313276082277298,
0.7811273336410522,
-0.4549506902694702,
0.6164437532424927,
-0.7422704100608826,
0.06763029098510742,
-0.029048748314380646,
-0.03464781492948532,
0.8038008809089661,
0.35465964674949646,
0.4972737431526184,
-0.6370376348495483,
0.2973082959651947,
-0.0373200885951519,
-0.37759852409362793,
0.3861498236656189,
0.12918522953987122,
0.28228846192359924,
0.2025088220834732,
-0.37172141671180725,
-0.5676290392875671,
0.7347427606582642,
0.4992654323577881,
0.026500621810555458,
0.49566197395324707,
-0.7110270261764526,
0.4788404107093811,
-0.5936722159385681,
0.28798437118530273,
-0.07371710240840912,
-0.3040473759174347,
-0.027422208338975906
] |
247760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20McHenry | Fort McHenry | Fort McHenry is a historical American coastal pentagonal bastion fort on Locust Point, now a neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. It is best known for its role in the War of 1812, when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy from the Chesapeake Bay on September 13–14, 1814. It was first built in 1798 and was used continuously by the U.S. armed forces through World War I and by the Coast Guard in World War II. It was designated a national park in 1925, and in 1939 was redesignated a "National Monument and Historic Shrine".
During the War of 1812 an American storm flag, , was flown over Fort McHenry during the bombardment. It was replaced early on the morning of September 14, 1814 with a larger American garrison flag, . The larger flag signaled American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore. The sight of the ensign inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry" that was later set to the tune "To Anacreon in Heaven" and became known as "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States.
History
18th Century
Fort McHenry was built on the site of the former Fort Whetstone, which had defended Baltimore from 1776 to 1797. Fort Whetstone stood on Whetstone Point (today's residential and industrial area of Locust Point) peninsula, which juts into the opening of Baltimore Harbor between the Basin (today's Inner Harbor) and Northwest branch on the north side and the Middle and Ferry (now Southern) branches of the Patapsco River on the south side.
The Frenchman Jean Foncin designed the fort in 1798, and it was built between 1798 and 1800. The new fort's purpose was to improve the defenses of the increasingly important Port of Baltimore from future enemy attacks.
The new fort was a bastioned pentagon, surrounded by a dry moat—a deep, broad trench. The moat would serve as a shelter from which infantry might defend the fort from a land attack. In case of such an attack on this first line of defense, each point, or bastion could provide a crossfire of cannon and small arms fire.
Fort McHenry was named after early American statesman James McHenry (1753–1816), a Scots-Irish immigrant and surgeon-soldier. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland and a signer of the United States Constitution. Afterwards, he was appointed United States Secretary of War (1796–1800), serving under Presidents George Washington and John Adams.
19th Century
War of 1812
Beginning at 6:00 a.m. on September 13, 1814, British warships under the command of Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane continuously bombarded Fort McHenry for 25 hours. The American defenders had 18-, 24- and 32-pounder () cannons. The British guns had a range of , and the British rockets had a range, but neither guns nor rockets were accurate. The British ships were unable to pass Fort McHenry and penetrate Baltimore Harbor because of its defenses, including a chain of 22 sunken ships, and the American cannons. The British vessels were only able to fire their rockets and mortars at the fort at the weapons' maximum range. The poor accuracy on both sides resulted in very little damage to either side before the British, having depleted their ammunition, ceased their attack on the morning of September 14. Thus the naval part of the British invasion of Baltimore had been repulsed. Only one British warship, a bomb vessel, received a direct hit from the fort's return fire, which wounded one crewman.
The Americans, under the command of Major George Armistead, lost four killed—including one black soldier, Private William Williams, and a woman who was cut in half by a bomb as she carried supplies to the troops—and 24 wounded. At one point during the bombardment, a bomb crashed through the fort's powder magazine. However, either the rain extinguished the fuse or the bomb was a dud.
Star-Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key, a Washington lawyer who had come to Baltimore to negotiate the release of Dr. William Beanes, a civilian prisoner of war, witnessed the bombardment from a nearby truce ship. An oversized American flag had been sewn by Mary Pickersgill for $405.90 in anticipation of the British attack on the fort. When Key saw the flag emerge intact in the dawn of September 14, he was so moved that he began that morning to compose "Defence of Fort M'Henry" set to the tune "To Anacreon in Heaven" which would later be renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner" and become the United States' national anthem.
Civil War
During the American Civil War the area where Fort McHenry sits served as a military prison, confining both Confederate soldiers, as well as a large number of Maryland political figures who were suspected of being Confederate sympathizers. The imprisoned included newly elected Baltimore Mayor George William Brown, the city council, and the new police commissioner, George P. Kane, and members of the Maryland General Assembly along with several newspaper editors and owners. Francis Scott Key's grandson, Francis Key Howard, was one of these political detainees. Some of the cells used still exist and can be visited at the fort. Fort McHenry also served to train artillery at this time; this service is the origin of the Rodman guns presently located and displayed at the fort.
On 25 May 1861 John Merryman was arrested in Baltimore County and imprisoned in Fort McHenry. Merryman had had a role in destroying bridges in Maryland to impede the movement of Union troops. Merryman petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney for a writ of habeas corpus, and Taney granted the petition, demanding that Merryman appear in his courtroom the next day and sending U.S. Marshals to the fort to enforce the ruling. A famous and dramatic standoff then occurred at the gates of the fort between the Federal Marshals and General George Cadwalader, the commander of Union troops of the Fort. The commander refused to comply with the order on the grounds that he was acting under orders from President Abraham Lincoln, who had suspended habeas corpus. The court case, Ex parte Merryman, remains unresolved, and the Executive Branch continued to refuse to comply with Taney's ruling.
20th Century
World War I
During World War I, an additional hundred-odd buildings were built on the land surrounding the fort in order to convert the entire facility into an enormous U.S. Army hospital for the treatment of troops returning from the European conflict. None of those buildings remain, while the original fort has been preserved and restored to essentially its condition during the War of 1812.
World War II
During World War II, Fort McHenry served as a Coast Guard base. Used for training, the historic sections remained open to the public.
National monument
The fort was made a national park in 1925; on August 11, 1939, it was redesignated a "National Monument and Historic Shrine", the only such doubly designated place in the United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. It has become national tradition that when a new flag is designed it first flies over Fort McHenry. The first official 49- and 50-star American flags were flown over the fort and are still located on the premises.
Today
The fort has become a center of recreation for the Baltimore locals as well as a prominent tourist destination. Thousands of visitors come each year to see the "Birthplace of the Star-Spangled Banner." It's easily accessible by water taxi from the popular Baltimore Inner Harbor. However, to prevent abuse of the parking lots at the Fort, the National Park Service does not permit passengers to take the water taxi back to the Inner Harbor unless they have previously used it to arrive at the monument.
Several authorized archaeological digs have been conducted, and found artifacts are on display in one of the buildings surrounding the Parade Ground. These structures, as well as the Visitor Center, have numerous other exhibits as well that show the fort's use over time.
Every September, the City of Baltimore commemorates Defenders Day in honor of the Battle of Baltimore. It is the biggest celebration of the year at the Fort, accompanied by a weekend of programs, events, and fireworks.
In 2005 the living history volunteer unit, the Fort McHenry Guard, was awarded the George B. Hartzog award for serving the National Park Service as the best volunteer unit. Among the members of the unit is Martin O'Malley, the former mayor of Baltimore and Governor of Maryland, who was made the unit's honorary colonel in 2003.
The flag that flew over Fort McHenry, the Star-Spangled Banner Flag, has deteriorated to an extremely fragile condition. After undergoing restoration at the National Museum of American History, it is now on display there in a special exhibit that allows it to lie at a slight angle in dim light.
The United States Code currently authorizes Fort McHenry's closure to the public in the event of a national emergency for use by the military for the duration of such an emergency.
In 2013, Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters Program.
On September 10–16, 2014, Fort McHenry celebrated the bicentennial of the writing of the Star-Spangled Banner called the Star-Spangled Spectacular. The event included a parade of tall ships, a large fireworks show, and the Navy's Blue Angels
, restoration efforts began to preserve the original brick used in construction of the Fort, primarily through mortar replacement.
On August 26, 2020, when due to the COVID-19 pandemic a normal Republican National Convention could not be held, vice president Mike Pence held his acceptance speech after being nominated for a second term as vice president of the United States at Fort McHenry.
Gallery
See also
List of forts
Fort McHenry Tunnel – opened 1985; passes a few hundred feet south of Fort McHenry and is part of Interstate 95
List of Civil War POW Prisons and Camps
List of National Monuments of the United States
References
External links
Fort McHenry Guard
British Attack on Ft. McHenry Launched from Bermuda
Fort McHenry is part of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network
Weather & Maps – Unearthed Outdoors
Baltimore, Maryland, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Ft. McHenry on Google Street View
2008 Photo Feature
C-SPAN American History TV "Birth of the Star-Spangled Banner" Tour at Fort McHenry
C-SPAN American History TV "After the Star-Spangled Banner" Tour at Fort McHenry
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
McHenry
History of Baltimore
Locust Point, Baltimore
National Park Service National Monuments in Maryland
Shrines
McHenry
McHenry
American Civil War prison camps
Defunct prisons in Maryland
Maryland in the American Civil War
Military and war museums in Maryland
History museums in Maryland
Museums in Baltimore
Protected areas established in 1925
Museums of the War of 1812
Maryland in the War of 1812
Landmarks in Baltimore
Tourist attractions in Baltimore
Historic American Buildings Survey in Baltimore
Star forts
Coastal fortifications
McHenry
National Register of Historic Places in Baltimore
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
The Star-Spangled Banner
Former national parks of the United States
1800 establishments in Maryland | [
-0.798836886882782,
0.6483066082000732,
-0.280257910490036,
-0.5108949542045593,
0.20019236207008362,
0.17808465659618378,
1.0169358253479004,
0.2535400092601776,
-0.1037360280752182,
-0.2314545214176178,
-0.04699202626943588,
0.2845945656299591,
-0.509651243686676,
0.644693911075592,
-0.38608816266059875,
0.6877084374427795,
0.3715706467628479,
0.17673256993293762,
0.45110654830932617,
-0.3957407474517822,
-0.5897971391677856,
-0.36412322521209717,
0.1528184562921524,
-0.16508442163467407,
0.4260838031768799,
0.16660341620445251,
0.9010215997695923,
-0.23515693843364716,
0.32247260212898254,
0.13664865493774414,
-0.16740654408931732,
0.4707760214805603,
-0.2383589744567871,
-0.5689711570739746,
-0.19488221406936646,
-0.17948955297470093,
-0.1803583800792694,
0.009439142420887947,
0.04887516796588898,
-0.3946509063243866,
-0.22914443910121918,
-0.46612831950187683,
0.19532866775989532,
0.16265009343624115,
-0.2720329165458679,
0.05275984853506088,
-1.463159441947937,
0.37927427887916565,
-0.7447312474250793,
-0.25029420852661133,
-0.8726634383201599,
0.002374917734414339,
-0.10676837712526321,
0.3960391581058502,
0.0933915302157402,
0.11064565181732178,
-0.738178551197052,
-0.5180425047874451,
0.48956042528152466,
-0.36409083008766174,
-0.1350366771221161,
0.66922527551651,
0.7879191040992737,
0.17488935589790344,
-0.2965601086616516,
0.10127536207437515,
-0.20116247236728668,
0.406859427690506,
0.06731310486793518,
-0.010223913937807083,
0.214674174785614,
0.2960696220397949,
0.23812277615070343,
0.36165621876716614,
-0.33137714862823486,
0.3271227478981018,
0.2920292615890503,
-0.06194160878658295,
0.14425064623355865,
0.1038951575756073,
0.09728625416755676,
-0.18942555785179138,
0.7843545079231262,
-0.4064417779445648,
0.05645407736301422,
0.784260630607605,
-0.8758454918861389,
-0.27401453256607056,
-0.33918920159339905,
0.3165384531021118,
-0.8921269178390503,
0.20518681406974792,
-0.3288097679615021,
0.5730417966842651,
-0.0694030299782753,
0.004017191007733345,
0.27900081872940063,
0.5677107572555542,
0.06632406264543533,
0.6954590082168579,
-0.3483770489692688,
0.29162174463272095,
0.7815298438072205,
0.12419065833091736,
-0.6411569714546204,
-0.03583792969584465,
-0.19547472894191742,
-0.21556052565574646,
-0.6655851602554321,
-0.45030128955841064,
-0.5841334462165833,
0.2134731411933899,
-0.08784675598144531,
0.09440791606903076,
-0.2107771337032318,
0.07551822811365128,
0.8936301469802856,
-0.16727012395858765,
0.03144556283950806,
-0.24084146320819855,
0.12127765268087387,
0.9418725967407227,
-0.3187786936759949,
-0.21728916466236115,
-0.0665484145283699,
0.23495063185691833,
0.14443568885326385,
0.24108508229255676,
-0.5693235993385315,
0.23702867329120636,
-0.08162529766559601,
0.9942505359649658,
0.03503560274839401,
0.06854630261659622,
-0.09509145468473434,
-0.47179606556892395,
0.18045227229595184,
-0.09038182348012924,
0.27885738015174866,
0.499992311000824,
-0.6258412599563599,
-0.5636110305786133,
-0.2215372920036316,
-0.3724684417247772,
0.12956149876117706,
-0.5355055332183838,
-0.732155442237854,
-0.32044118642807007,
0.42048874497413635,
0.01014106348156929,
0.4112357497215271,
-0.43314045667648315,
0.06897004693746567,
0.04671657457947731,
-0.8705844879150391,
-0.11263788491487503,
0.14975982904434204,
0.2943289279937744,
0.3331334590911865,
0.2681508958339691,
-0.2397003322839737,
0.23552627861499786,
0.06630917638540268,
0.019545694813132286,
0.14645010232925415,
0.07026893645524979,
0.7077417969703674,
-0.7672098278999329,
-0.09567195922136307,
0.10913766920566559,
-0.3121474087238312,
0.047454074025154114,
0.4146661162376404,
0.35073232650756836,
0.01958802342414856,
0.08731050789356232,
0.8677046298980713,
0.1523192673921585,
-0.37883761525154114,
-0.3917137384414673,
-0.5275954008102417,
0.18832089006900787,
0.832890510559082,
-0.2207566350698471,
0.2011832445859909,
-0.0005226977518759668,
0.17563346028327942,
-0.6648305654525757,
-0.4785962700843811,
0.08123540133237839,
-0.3526251018047333,
-0.13326725363731384,
-0.061904069036245346,
-0.45635509490966797,
1.4682518243789673,
0.16298598051071167,
-0.4816819429397583,
0.807553768157959,
0.02213609591126442,
0.8361745476722717,
0.37057018280029297,
-0.62166428565979,
1.1453734636306763,
0.02351553551852703,
-0.732621967792511,
-0.08665397018194199,
0.10378440469503403,
0.4173067808151245,
0.39097902178764343,
0.4806317985057831,
0.3744887113571167,
-0.4049892723560333,
0.3043490946292877,
0.673432469367981,
0.33817237615585327,
-0.27868252992630005,
0.34457600116729736,
-0.2102520912885666,
0.3399575650691986,
-0.5588639378547668,
0.38050150871276855,
-0.25361764430999756,
0.10386369377374649,
0.5871918797492981,
-0.4815128743648529,
0.23826995491981506,
-0.12983514368534088,
-0.05439934507012367,
-0.012312855571508408,
-0.8551913499832153,
0.3112199008464813,
-0.32875290513038635,
-0.07230689376592636,
-0.6826015114784241,
0.1857360452413559,
-0.08813206106424332,
-0.1903790384531021,
-0.06537991762161255,
0.3268657922744751,
-0.384543776512146,
-0.15748320519924164,
0.039701368659734726,
-0.6056550741195679,
0.2747645974159241,
0.1741146296262741,
-0.1408638209104538,
0.174185648560524,
0.15790815651416779,
0.3719397485256195,
-0.7777783274650574,
0.43507111072540283,
0.0994194969534874,
1.0567779541015625,
-0.10579786449670792,
0.9812688231468201,
-0.04838724806904793,
0.2906932532787323,
0.20668742060661316,
-0.022071512416005135,
-0.16184791922569275,
-0.46157073974609375,
0.5252658724784851,
-0.4842386841773987,
0.4000401198863983,
0.22419503331184387,
-0.28863370418548584,
0.0999521017074585,
-0.2944778800010681,
-0.1309911459684372,
0.5378805994987488,
0.13304536044597626,
-0.5916295051574707,
0.2010214924812317,
0.28419598937034607,
0.43143752217292786,
0.119370236992836,
-0.49281808733940125,
0.4721207320690155,
-0.8190930485725403,
-0.1991931051015854,
0.3651667535305023,
0.08711668103933334,
-0.3873372972011566,
-0.527475893497467,
0.16623330116271973,
-0.595801830291748,
0.05397801473736763,
-0.09315820783376694,
-0.5957604050636292,
0.11955580860376358,
-0.24881421029567719,
-0.5261555314064026,
-0.08470873534679413,
0.926672637462616,
-0.11607576161623001,
0.23366402089595795,
0.01111155841499567,
-0.16935405135154724,
0.008467504754662514,
0.06558236479759216,
-0.8220716118812561,
0.6729235053062439,
-0.39755094051361084,
-0.05488176271319389,
0.0014773349976167083,
-0.5298882126808167,
-0.008729030378162861,
0.3170163631439209,
-5.389400959014893,
0.34597867727279663,
-0.03906222805380821,
-0.3893270492553711,
-0.17496316134929657,
-0.11118215322494507,
0.1607801616191864,
-0.47705668210983276,
-0.18616312742233276,
-0.2291286438703537,
0.053009163588285446,
0.01280210167169571,
0.3897099196910858,
0.02150922827422619,
0.6677202582359314,
0.035542942583560944,
0.8223002552986145,
-0.41620072722435,
0.2215324342250824,
0.03115713782608509,
-0.009815781377255917,
0.1882605403661728,
0.32932817935943604,
-0.07470143586397171,
0.2061171978712082,
0.5996984839439392,
-0.6961117386817932,
0.09888926893472672,
-0.6694045662879944,
-0.09873631596565247,
0.05421380326151848,
0.19184264540672302,
0.25932577252388,
-0.26199278235435486,
-0.49937042593955994,
-0.1743364781141281,
0.3535992503166199,
-0.013056122697889805,
0.37638992071151733,
-0.9975546598434448,
0.2484910935163498,
0.28371351957321167,
-0.14792846143245697,
0.06650742143392563,
0.38082951307296753,
-0.8610029220581055,
-0.43500077724456787,
0.3056353032588959,
-0.21250370144844055,
0.5276700854301453,
0.26365581154823303,
0.37560907006263733,
0.7118909358978271,
0.4386383593082428,
-0.23271362483501434,
-0.6083274483680725,
0.6256012916564941,
-0.30918440222740173,
-0.6050535440444946,
0.3468337059020996,
0.16962118446826935,
-0.3819030821323395,
-0.40766769647598267,
-0.024930205196142197,
0.11755206435918808,
-0.9108043313026428,
-0.20411455631256104,
0.24454450607299805,
0.17755167186260223,
0.332001656293869,
0.4660961329936981,
1.048306941986084,
-0.4645209014415741,
-0.9798566699028015,
0.3998989164829254,
-0.46155163645744324,
-0.41965118050575256,
-0.5468484163284302,
0.0006964025087654591,
0.15616920590400696,
0.13391494750976562,
-0.011914175935089588,
0.007472566328942776,
1.0202206373214722,
-0.1811681091785431,
-0.12026653438806534,
-0.12326492369174957,
0.8422219157218933,
-0.6333158612251282,
-0.4967018663883209,
0.19277381896972656,
-0.056330155581235886,
0.5580280423164368,
-0.19264137744903564,
-0.1404624730348587,
-0.1910262554883957,
0.4211425483226776,
0.1418425589799881,
0.6943275928497314,
-0.1619299203157425,
0.7114437818527222,
-0.260018527507782,
0.5227423906326294,
-0.3858971893787384,
-0.5072005987167358,
-0.3335287272930145,
-0.2285514622926712,
0.6968496441841125,
0.731827437877655,
0.1432725489139557,
-0.5124331712722778,
-0.24294281005859375,
0.4579206109046936,
-0.6612375378608704,
0.15561145544052124,
-0.55096435546875,
0.2816353142261505,
0.3805275857448578,
1.0922377109527588,
-0.06683152168989182,
0.3793911635875702,
0.016020141541957855,
0.18261486291885376,
0.12715011835098267,
-0.2750604748725891,
-0.4221320152282715,
0.7302085161209106,
-0.04607383906841278,
-0.5262294411659241,
0.0460202619433403,
-0.15522128343582153,
0.13188469409942627,
-0.0636337399482727,
0.37225958704948425,
-0.20647230744361877,
-0.48666825890541077,
-0.16309501230716705,
-0.9352828860282898,
0.13068784773349762,
0.4555189609527588,
0.23543861508369446,
0.006485749036073685,
-0.3848809599876404,
0.6712535619735718,
0.06865078955888748,
0.3834560215473175,
0.044604528695344925,
0.14552290737628937,
-0.808404803276062,
0.2893279492855072,
-1.090338945388794,
-0.7653553485870361,
0.13724876940250397,
-0.6703490018844604,
0.017422722652554512,
-0.0679103210568428,
0.21020378172397614,
0.3360588848590851,
0.1723233163356781,
0.03513145446777344,
0.42123010754585266,
0.43280333280563354,
-0.9798996448516846,
-0.17423492670059204,
-0.01959141530096531,
0.00482426630333066,
0.18186533451080322,
-0.36525610089302063,
-0.2459627389907837,
0.19957174360752106,
0.4773945212364197,
-0.5152869820594788,
-0.7119010090827942,
-0.40166783332824707,
0.41258418560028076,
0.45944204926490784,
-0.3542481064796448,
-0.04063945636153221,
0.4144518971443176,
-0.23710858821868896,
0.4535626769065857,
-0.2942464053630829,
-0.3082396686077118,
0.7111051082611084,
0.1724778711795807,
-0.43155765533447266,
-0.23327220976352692,
0.07790419459342957,
-0.2220451682806015,
0.23329754173755646,
0.04215381667017937,
-0.5163812041282654,
0.015047523193061352,
0.19077946245670319,
-0.27692940831184387,
-0.5775970220565796,
-0.1734382063150406,
0.2704264223575592,
0.38101449608802795,
-0.2603199779987335,
0.03998921066522598,
0.7163455486297607,
-0.7518414855003357,
0.7188376784324646,
0.19088467955589294,
-0.4026423990726471,
0.322858065366745,
0.009609249420464039,
-0.41721203923225403,
1.046473741531372,
-0.5321682691574097,
-0.8317935466766357,
0.29007452726364136,
0.2475612908601761,
-0.2617475986480713,
-0.16100242733955383,
-0.010159212164580822,
-0.008697673678398132,
-0.4927108585834503,
-0.1909409761428833,
-0.6266690492630005,
0.08315374702215195,
-0.5328363180160522,
-0.2247958928346634,
-0.6814773678779602,
0.28029394149780273,
0.12800022959709167,
-0.4281097948551178,
0.5035845041275024,
-0.09155259281396866,
-0.6293143033981323,
0.1290435492992401,
0.8048797845840454,
0.10790849477052689,
0.21758972108364105,
-0.13966040313243866,
0.25574836134910583,
0.04486347734928131,
-0.2899625897407532,
0.7996488213539124,
0.15481090545654297,
0.5927499532699585,
0.5221198201179504,
-0.4528753459453583,
0.0001837206946220249,
-0.3121908903121948,
0.4033752381801605,
-0.3118547201156616,
-0.828377902507782,
0.9386962056159973,
-0.10893194377422333,
-0.44953638315200806,
-0.6561535596847534,
-0.4276009798049927,
1.0449786186218262,
-0.3677731454372406,
0.22188133001327515,
0.3729398846626282,
-0.07768848538398743,
-0.37099409103393555,
-0.1468414068222046,
-0.42039263248443604,
-0.4053122103214264,
-0.013012112118303776,
0.18841324746608734,
-0.4928911328315735,
-0.06362656503915787,
-0.6383069157600403,
0.2984565198421478,
-0.5057967901229858,
-0.08114437758922577,
-0.3363150656223297,
0.4677777886390686,
0.6744694709777832,
-0.3837003707885742,
-0.06541751325130463,
0.3909153640270233,
-0.05320485308766365,
0.23991307616233826,
-0.3429701030254364,
-0.6160302758216858,
0.09177657216787338,
-0.47086572647094727,
-0.4487750828266144,
0.17076274752616882,
-0.4622824192047119,
0.23111572861671448,
-0.18778720498085022,
-0.263894647359848,
0.011250877752900124,
-0.5061956644058228,
0.11430100351572037,
-0.07821027934551239,
-0.13960254192352295,
-0.33328038454055786,
0.273154079914093,
-0.6800909042358398,
1.190072774887085,
0.09480176866054535,
0.5194265246391296,
-1.2255083322525024,
1.0419710874557495,
0.029790937900543213,
-0.5392733216285706,
0.0897538810968399,
-0.3374440371990204,
0.32416418194770813,
0.09786149114370346,
-0.22985221445560455,
0.035241253674030304,
-0.4837353527545929,
-0.03992697596549988,
0.5207532048225403,
0.1698831468820572,
-0.1977388560771942,
-0.38619327545166016,
0.7373005151748657,
-0.4346200227737427,
-0.1657816469669342,
0.36109286546707153,
-0.32715079188346863,
0.05112319439649582,
0.42339181900024414,
0.47933143377304077,
-0.43657079339027405,
1.2884867191314697,
-0.7451032400131226,
-0.35035911202430725,
0.15710864961147308,
0.41202813386917114,
-0.055749863386154175,
-0.5622584819793701,
-0.6376875638961792,
0.6128808259963989,
-0.8190146088600159,
-0.05964713171124458,
-0.04910314455628395,
-0.30902761220932007,
-0.4004780352115631,
0.46869781613349915,
0.1793542355298996,
0.5912308096885681,
0.2781987488269806,
-0.3816679120063782,
-0.565778911113739,
0.13367493450641632,
0.40568214654922485,
-0.08667346835136414,
0.1506652534008026,
-0.24887186288833618,
0.5465521216392517,
0.12869583070278168,
0.3033115863800049,
-0.18115545809268951,
-0.049747344106435776,
0.1825810819864273,
0.2311587929725647,
-0.1331026554107666,
-0.17670929431915283,
-0.034530721604824066,
-0.48357728123664856,
-0.17341643571853638,
0.20262879133224487,
-0.3114299476146698,
-0.13183069229125977,
0.2870543599128723,
0.7225401401519775,
-0.07130829244852066,
-0.22350656986236572,
0.7379664778709412,
0.5388885140419006,
0.13466112315654755,
0.5313880443572998,
-0.12179502099752426,
0.21639375388622284,
0.2470492422580719,
0.34277650713920593,
0.4162074327468872,
0.20187926292419434,
-0.08829256147146225,
-0.06247556209564209,
0.46070972084999084,
0.3165301978588104,
-0.28931736946105957,
-0.15513427555561066,
-0.4117026627063751,
-0.3203837275505066,
0.7372643947601318,
-0.16542449593544006,
-0.4798640012741089,
0.36320605874061584,
-0.20046645402908325,
-0.5260977149009705,
-0.20398005843162537,
0.08415059000253677,
0.18825772404670715,
0.4831826984882355,
0.38789305090904236,
0.4827468991279602,
0.8824875950813293,
-0.5408293604850769,
0.7601990699768066,
0.18660974502563477,
-0.28368520736694336,
-0.19267825782299042,
0.7854721546173096,
-0.027449406683444977,
0.41763782501220703,
-0.3214363157749176,
0.5140395760536194,
-0.3800272047519684,
-0.05694356933236122,
-0.39896121621131897,
0.1704394519329071,
-1.1102136373519897,
-0.12652438879013062,
0.7452927827835083,
-0.4988901913166046,
-0.8934867978096008,
-0.990229070186615,
0.22642506659030914,
-0.3260360062122345,
0.06459648907184601,
0.20714221894741058,
-0.36633777618408203,
-0.6703763604164124,
0.14066709578037262,
-0.33668288588523865,
-0.13391418755054474,
0.013985802419483662,
0.806257426738739,
-0.9413448572158813,
-0.3290160298347473,
0.013622123748064041,
-0.4302477538585663,
-0.2927555739879608,
0.28091588616371155,
0.8759353160858154,
0.37104615569114685,
0.1325313299894333,
0.19115900993347168,
-0.25206729769706726,
-0.158901184797287,
0.1207335963845253,
0.12761197984218597,
0.5542392730712891,
-0.04993664473295212,
-0.5650395750999451,
0.14848101139068604,
0.866429328918457,
0.1829306185245514,
-0.5861194133758545,
0.1648508906364441,
-0.5861316919326782,
-0.012576781213283539,
-0.13989298045635223,
-0.20876453816890717,
-0.6337491273880005,
-0.19353707134723663,
0.08148238062858582
] |
247768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventifact | Ventifact | A ventifact (also wind-faceted stone, windkanter) is a rock that has been abraded, pitted, etched, grooved, or polished by wind-driven sand or ice crystals. These geomorphic features are most typically found in arid environments where there is little vegetation to interfere with aeolian particle transport, where there are frequently strong winds, and where there is a steady but not overwhelming supply of sand.
Ventifacts can be abraded to eye-catching natural sculptures such as the main features of the White Desert near Farafra oasis in Egypt. In moderately tall, isolated rock outcrops, mushroom shaped pillars of rock may form as the outcrop is eroded by saltating sand grains. This occurs because, even in strong winds, sand grains can't be continuously held in the air. Instead, the particles bounce along the ground, rarely reaching higher than a few feet above the earth. Over time, the bouncing sand grains can erode the lower portions of a ventifact, while leaving a larger less eroded cap. The resulting forms thus frequently resemble fantastical stone mushrooms.
Individual stones, such as those forming desert pavement, are often found with grooved, etched, or polished surfaces where these same wind-driven processes have slowly worn away the rock.
Stones with a small number of wind facets have names reflecting this number, e.g. a dreikanter is a roughly pyramidal stone having 3 wind facets (and one buried, rounded side).
When ancient ventifacts are preserved without being moved or disturbed, they may serve as a paleo-wind indicators. The wind direction at the time the ventifact formed will be parallel to grooves or striations cut in the rock.
Ventifacts have also been discovered on Mars, where such sharp immobile rocks have caused significant damage to the wheels of the Curiosity rover. An example of a Martian ventifact was named Jake Matijevic. By analyzing its shape, it was possible to reconstruct the main wind direction which sculpted the rock.
See also
, Antarctica
References
External links
Aeolian landforms
Petrology
Rocks | [
0.16607996821403503,
0.47378799319267273,
-0.17539413273334503,
0.1326664686203003,
-0.002851817524060607,
0.24376541376113892,
0.5747755169868469,
0.4026217758655548,
0.10223947465419769,
-0.29279807209968567,
-0.6085988879203796,
0.2416108250617981,
0.1817791908979416,
0.3659391403198242,
-0.23610170185565948,
-0.01954375021159649,
0.47226831316947937,
0.21337071061134338,
0.1162438616156578,
-0.07679580897092819,
-0.013974111527204514,
-0.12617333233356476,
0.4726545214653015,
-0.3904082775115967,
0.7271431088447571,
-0.06905457377433777,
0.27080175280570984,
-0.048588063567876816,
-0.3299929201602936,
0.02019544504582882,
-0.13377925753593445,
0.4262693226337433,
-0.42530569434165955,
-0.7405281066894531,
0.08609838038682938,
0.6030619740486145,
0.45793166756629944,
0.1979348361492157,
-0.6477717757225037,
-0.3487594723701477,
0.581926167011261,
-0.03653416410088539,
0.6695394515991211,
0.6552779674530029,
-1.0299570560455322,
-0.09130015969276428,
-1.3007668256759644,
0.8155365586280823,
-0.779405415058136,
-0.12175524979829788,
-0.28122520446777344,
0.30539166927337646,
0.10993736982345581,
-0.08496402949094772,
0.27460676431655884,
0.43693622946739197,
-0.7632785439491272,
0.1429724246263504,
0.5487313866615295,
-0.2710350751876831,
-0.21814735233783722,
0.06106320023536682,
-0.7836410999298096,
-0.019300488755106926,
-0.09407700598239899,
0.8668157458305359,
0.2717944085597992,
-0.060564663261175156,
-0.3884378671646118,
-0.2468908280134201,
-0.1063019260764122,
0.042090967297554016,
-0.07570010423660278,
0.2951117157936096,
-0.2323930561542511,
0.22526514530181885,
-0.40811893343925476,
-0.02552912011742592,
-0.19860322773456573,
0.07333742827177048,
0.01959083043038845,
0.44257184863090515,
0.5302521586418152,
-0.27209845185279846,
-0.09990333020687103,
0.07612570375204086,
-0.17825716733932495,
0.7214672565460205,
-0.5616330504417419,
0.40945297479629517,
0.30551883578300476,
-0.23455287516117096,
0.637738049030304,
0.2809820771217346,
0.5050406455993652,
-0.6693130731582642,
-0.3248264193534851,
0.09007444977760315,
0.5072707533836365,
0.4051858186721802,
0.06301249563694,
-0.6427429914474487,
0.21003440022468567,
0.17150138318538666,
-0.08856222033500671,
0.26260459423065186,
-0.5484319925308228,
-0.33777564764022827,
-0.7135406732559204,
0.22517326474189758,
-0.004196024499833584,
-0.04309000074863434,
-0.13224992156028748,
0.21997696161270142,
-0.09531295299530029,
0.2020106315612793,
0.5156880021095276,
0.05529411882162094,
-0.4478449821472168,
-0.2477978765964508,
0.7049342393875122,
0.6225823760032654,
-0.22303447127342224,
-0.8849102258682251,
-0.13656339049339294,
0.16074925661087036,
0.8752814531326294,
1.048445701599121,
-0.7832180261611938,
0.03943042457103729,
-0.08050547540187836,
0.7668709754943848,
0.23613077402114868,
0.5388084650039673,
0.22030626237392426,
-0.7966449856758118,
-0.04100019857287407,
-0.6836057305335999,
0.7392168045043945,
0.526094913482666,
-0.49925297498703003,
-0.1878015547990799,
-0.7098287343978882,
-0.4018611013889313,
0.07694748044013977,
-0.4805247485637665,
0.3886917531490326,
-0.7318448424339294,
-0.28307199478149414,
0.3451753854751587,
0.5429014563560486,
-0.4200746417045593,
-0.16607385873794556,
0.2089674323797226,
-0.3530574142932892,
-0.34521982073783875,
0.45834779739379883,
0.09572675824165344,
-0.6051892638206482,
-0.4641914665699005,
-0.04908890649676323,
0.28534963726997375,
0.13239498436450958,
0.002517381915822625,
0.4725208580493927,
-0.029468875378370285,
0.4796551764011383,
0.095756895840168,
0.008232811465859413,
1.1210863590240479,
-0.2996605336666107,
0.1507168710231781,
0.1794554442167282,
0.7720321416854858,
0.017569957301020622,
-0.10838325321674347,
0.38833045959472656,
0.3381973206996918,
0.724860429763794,
-0.01073482632637024,
-0.5895527005195618,
0.22732843458652496,
0.4642586410045624,
0.2177571952342987,
0.2779114246368408,
0.011036344803869724,
0.5637474060058594,
0.10994046926498413,
0.5095096826553345,
-0.44665446877479553,
-0.8455623388290405,
-0.3020707964897156,
0.15513233840465546,
-0.29142388701438904,
1.1993261575698853,
-0.14836283028125763,
-0.6306723356246948,
0.5459821820259094,
0.17603377997875214,
0.8065109848976135,
0.14730586111545563,
-0.028504084795713425,
0.4973141551017761,
-0.7790597677230835,
-0.5891392230987549,
0.3723852038383484,
0.7978980541229248,
-0.14432433247566223,
0.42925676703453064,
-0.23451074957847595,
0.60355544090271,
-0.5380406379699707,
0.45658862590789795,
-0.07290246337652206,
-0.2165159434080124,
0.011482534930109978,
-0.38708367943763733,
0.619661271572113,
-0.03760518878698349,
-0.4471266567707062,
0.4844343066215515,
-0.15716107189655304,
-0.4502469599246979,
0.6880725622177124,
-0.3971230685710907,
0.7855381965637207,
-0.39847704768180847,
-0.5583333969116211,
0.5461305379867554,
-0.5602906346321106,
0.27342239022254944,
-0.20879283547401428,
0.43725574016571045,
-0.4663810133934021,
-0.04775313660502434,
0.11364542692899704,
0.5487783551216125,
-0.1120481863617897,
0.8454747796058655,
-0.22791309654712677,
-0.39409977197647095,
0.24635706841945648,
-0.2371164709329605,
-0.042099468410015106,
0.293719619512558,
0.45429369807243347,
0.5455678105354309,
0.3465350866317749,
-0.6839746832847595,
0.06191801652312279,
0.2636215090751648,
0.12312044203281403,
-0.4263254702091217,
-0.04868828505277634,
-0.1973126083612442,
0.15339650213718414,
-0.23167747259140015,
-0.15272721648216248,
-0.2216271311044693,
-0.2717735767364502,
-0.8014765977859497,
-0.3093301057815552,
0.3247179388999939,
-0.11360695213079453,
0.27940234541893005,
-0.3922659456729889,
0.49023228883743286,
-0.08796815574169159,
0.7788706421852112,
0.3062893748283386,
0.1998545080423355,
0.36357444524765015,
-0.874410092830658,
0.7581307888031006,
-0.46876439452171326,
-0.2037801444530487,
-0.027573196217417717,
0.061808064579963684,
-0.45034632086753845,
-0.2374136745929718,
0.0026643078308552504,
0.9387207627296448,
0.2399284988641739,
-0.10625878721475601,
-0.2864935100078583,
-0.17024140059947968,
-0.08240415900945663,
-0.269913911819458,
-0.32144874334335327,
-0.14290469884872437,
-0.3262595534324646,
0.10762006789445877,
-0.22408652305603027,
0.18762370944023132,
-0.1401299685239792,
0.4504997730255127,
0.12944364547729492,
-0.5282805562019348,
0.6518412828445435,
-0.07093124091625214,
0.16876648366451263,
-0.5562988519668579,
-0.7779181599617004,
0.09836927056312561,
-0.19195520877838135,
-0.09022468328475952,
-0.9332981109619141,
-0.6915802955627441,
-5.554335117340088,
0.5951253175735474,
0.4157370328903198,
-0.4971762001514435,
0.3974683880805969,
0.5632806420326233,
0.1255820095539093,
0.2964251637458801,
-0.16503307223320007,
-0.02346649393439293,
0.025745954364538193,
0.525536060333252,
0.6206153631210327,
0.5644914507865906,
0.8283959031105042,
0.3584960103034973,
0.6731520295143127,
-0.19926774501800537,
-0.22779199481010437,
-0.0012672601733356714,
0.4662382900714874,
0.18317647278308868,
0.46835681796073914,
0.769302248954773,
0.13881628215312958,
0.2909766137599945,
-0.27562761306762695,
0.5381582379341125,
-0.0006784246652387083,
-0.49203652143478394,
0.6514869332313538,
-0.4669262766838074,
0.3572869896888733,
-0.04010391607880592,
0.15175794064998627,
0.5386736392974854,
0.7644205093383789,
0.1269245743751526,
0.13435935974121094,
-0.6982892155647278,
0.20142360031604767,
0.5911309719085693,
-0.2713964581489563,
-0.1951470524072647,
0.58683842420578,
-0.2387692779302597,
0.036489617079496384,
0.03563697263598442,
-0.18968117237091064,
0.4576757848262787,
0.18351206183433533,
0.06966283917427063,
0.19408079981803894,
0.13377362489700317,
-0.03894602879881859,
0.4390338957309723,
0.47669506072998047,
-0.010577869601547718,
-1.0954527854919434,
0.1591353416442871,
-0.20384696125984192,
0.0891539454460144,
-0.6194561123847961,
-0.23319174349308014,
0.1551356166601181,
-0.5756072402000427,
-0.6860401034355164,
0.07123623788356781,
0.5491068363189697,
-0.003813987597823143,
-0.14620620012283325,
0.10635340213775635,
0.11726077646017075,
-0.7132643461227417,
0.07394728809595108,
-0.6341022849082947,
0.42184457182884216,
-0.3861880302429199,
-0.0886356458067894,
-0.09843293577432632,
-0.7397086024284363,
0.07824544608592987,
-0.14933332800865173,
0.1537409871816635,
0.13314814865589142,
0.13783946633338928,
-0.20163674652576447,
-0.06195260211825371,
-0.4391179382801056,
-0.5217731595039368,
1.0683444738388062,
-0.08170776814222336,
0.22912728786468506,
-0.22008755803108215,
-0.026936454698443413,
0.6280854344367981,
0.16901545226573944,
-0.34811729192733765,
0.9634676575660706,
-0.34584343433380127,
0.3225533962249756,
0.08888700604438782,
0.5097410082817078,
-0.23470056056976318,
-0.28489258885383606,
-0.6247608661651611,
-0.39351245760917664,
0.24184121191501617,
0.9202179908752441,
-0.09998966753482819,
0.11861351132392883,
0.49134188890457153,
-0.7337321043014526,
-0.22341720759868622,
0.20297294855117798,
0.31489601731300354,
-0.7126912474632263,
-0.052201639860868454,
0.6175971031188965,
-0.5346964597702026,
0.6450650095939636,
-0.14206703007221222,
0.22257982194423676,
-0.5134525299072266,
-0.354945570230484,
-0.21298354864120483,
0.26912641525268555,
-0.020167477428913116,
-0.2156192660331726,
0.08195873349905014,
0.2124079465866089,
-0.20508524775505066,
-0.1644861251115799,
0.037066083401441574,
0.14067281782627106,
-0.025627676397562027,
-0.2963882088661194,
0.009512283839285374,
-0.8245730996131897,
-0.36920881271362305,
0.3218594491481781,
-0.6674163937568665,
-0.21011841297149658,
0.30056101083755493,
0.914527416229248,
0.18441146612167358,
-0.6887852549552917,
0.39415791630744934,
0.04539036750793457,
0.6250661611557007,
0.10074988752603531,
0.48740994930267334,
-0.3528042733669281,
-0.8070665597915649,
0.062071043998003006,
0.5415993928909302,
0.06644898653030396,
0.2017316073179245,
0.30287569761276245,
-0.5955413579940796,
0.032707344740629196,
0.583768904209137,
-1.1401348114013672,
-0.15128155052661896,
-0.5298370718955994,
-0.2569682002067566,
-0.8393160700798035,
0.024576794356107712,
-0.24588437378406525,
0.23753781616687775,
0.16993539035320282,
0.008536860346794128,
-0.6952853202819824,
-0.18112951517105103,
0.023303808644413948,
0.3140222132205963,
-0.09295600652694702,
0.31155019998550415,
0.05075910687446594,
-0.33428287506103516,
0.05725143477320671,
-0.25576820969581604,
0.2033669799566269,
0.31583449244499207,
0.1909959614276886,
-0.3491218090057373,
-0.366111159324646,
0.4696252644062042,
-0.161585733294487,
-0.0999886617064476,
-0.000199442045413889,
-0.46722695231437683,
0.4202374517917633,
-0.0774863138794899,
0.0958281084895134,
-0.4923391342163086,
-0.05705492943525314,
1.0571013689041138,
-0.38674187660217285,
-0.12229260057210922,
-0.2973890006542206,
-0.076505146920681,
-1.0933279991149902,
0.16478721797466278,
0.24252097308635712,
-0.9272544980049133,
0.03760586306452751,
-0.3012537658214569,
-0.09716100245714188,
0.06677807867527008,
0.08476561307907104,
-0.20470331609249115,
-0.17829343676567078,
0.2061365395784378,
-0.2436152547597885,
0.2558319866657257,
0.05679183825850487,
-0.18727022409439087,
0.09607383608818054,
-0.6041877865791321,
0.11361625045537949,
-0.2626255452632904,
-0.2932283282279968,
0.29086509346961975,
-0.028717689216136932,
-0.022062188014388084,
0.4684279263019562,
-0.37242916226387024,
0.26708415150642395,
-0.22052112221717834,
0.21745406091213226,
0.10775817185640335,
0.04360353574156761,
-0.0003302297554910183,
-0.0031051577534526587,
0.19910724461078644,
-0.4993407130241394,
-0.2161334753036499,
-0.16177643835544586,
0.33605554699897766,
0.7479016780853271,
0.36469951272010803,
0.15521769225597382,
0.06952348351478577,
-0.5251261591911316,
0.3509864807128906,
-0.09292510151863098,
-0.38343679904937744,
-0.6010248064994812,
0.39871734380722046,
0.4175664186477661,
0.0007572082104161382,
-0.40528565645217896,
-0.4211995005607605,
0.35195261240005493,
-0.41194480657577515,
0.4875379204750061,
-0.3442327678203583,
0.19258995354175568,
0.5459829568862915,
-0.19768114387989044,
-0.4277530908584595,
0.04859456419944763,
0.167940154671669,
0.016800031065940857,
-0.8217999339103699,
-0.10566681623458862,
0.01872171461582184,
0.14557364583015442,
-0.8558027148246765,
-0.12215349078178406,
-0.13209345936775208,
0.4552020728588104,
0.003442866262048483,
-0.246063694357872,
0.16058598458766937,
0.02406107261776924,
-0.7017828822135925,
-0.0279354527592659,
0.08239627629518509,
-1.0798012018203735,
-0.016924554482102394,
0.09882420301437378,
-0.26411867141723633,
-0.6065137386322021,
-0.17242023348808289,
0.013096739538013935,
-0.26367053389549255,
-1.0017699003219604,
-0.637278139591217,
-0.28394824266433716,
-0.11370060592889786,
-0.7267312407493591,
0.3152642846107483,
-0.046034783124923706,
0.35168448090553284,
-0.38676461577415466,
0.26916247606277466,
-0.16201025247573853,
0.4226778745651245,
-1.0029457807540894,
0.36821845173835754,
-0.08097457140684128,
-0.9777565598487854,
0.4150928258895874,
0.2586655616760254,
0.37085044384002686,
-0.22892969846725464,
0.41487425565719604,
-0.5031623244285583,
0.17566320300102234,
-0.20218928158283234,
-0.12380462139844894,
0.5522335767745972,
0.5029860734939575,
-0.13466693460941315,
0.4850528836250305,
-0.7440890073776245,
-0.054497819393873215,
0.6503857374191284,
0.2781100571155548,
-0.2174045294523239,
0.5074284672737122,
-0.06968649476766586,
-0.10427546501159668,
0.5878626108169556,
-0.5320504903793335,
-0.24254705011844635,
0.001076032523997128,
-0.21262440085411072,
0.5863031148910522,
0.027450282126665115,
0.10967351496219635,
-0.23800744116306305,
0.22109298408031464,
-0.728823721408844,
0.18572179973125458,
0.015529133379459381,
-0.1893480271100998,
0.6383768320083618,
0.21227224171161652,
0.4577021896839142,
-0.07432545721530914,
-0.1650296002626419,
0.027252811938524246,
0.21450133621692657,
0.19820059835910797,
0.19040942192077637,
-0.34824225306510925,
-0.16580511629581451,
-0.08104503154754639,
-0.3083484172821045,
0.17295841872692108,
-0.3268580734729767,
0.013037583790719509,
-0.5363965630531311,
0.2261536419391632,
-0.13631151616573334,
-0.21987423300743103,
0.334017813205719,
-0.2660014033317566,
0.1714905947446823,
-0.1868794709444046,
-0.2940272092819214,
-0.5755719542503357,
-0.3773826062679291,
0.032001957297325134,
-0.37115278840065,
0.10518135875463486,
-0.05059074983000755,
0.6780570149421692,
0.8588001728057861,
-0.3941445052623749,
0.4473588764667511,
-0.4739876687526703,
0.05276161804795265,
0.5469279289245605,
0.31561216711997986,
0.351497620344162,
-0.27965912222862244,
-0.4014213979244232,
-0.03656391799449921,
-0.11391076445579529,
-0.215596541762352,
0.05913042649626732,
-0.5524393916130066,
0.6296332478523254,
0.4627791941165924,
-0.372987300157547,
-0.15029291808605194,
0.03244030848145485,
-0.6055378913879395,
-0.20825502276420593,
0.27694594860076904,
-0.08560765534639359,
-0.3740716576576233,
0.7106908559799194,
0.7931694388389587,
-0.21073700487613678,
0.108538419008255,
-0.12350357323884964,
0.375821053981781,
0.8869820833206177,
0.18161633610725403,
-0.42882832884788513,
0.3507428467273712,
-0.1990346610546112,
0.6780957579612732,
-0.5444958209991455,
0.01728159375488758,
0.5901569128036499,
0.035260774195194244,
-0.13045887649059296,
-0.09734270721673965,
-0.2586882412433624,
-0.573422908782959,
-0.14754295349121094,
0.015514791011810303,
-0.07226670533418655,
-0.46407127380371094,
0.33461204171180725,
-0.25141414999961853,
-0.03260493651032448,
0.23947997391223907,
-0.009677588939666748,
-0.25490397214889526,
0.5455793142318726,
-0.2849227786064148,
-0.304862916469574,
0.08169758319854736,
-0.12961794435977936,
-0.030653804540634155,
-0.48065972328186035,
1.0181429386138916,
-0.7695826888084412,
-0.4528377950191498,
-0.10169684141874313,
0.04546380043029785,
0.04646177217364311,
-0.3970581591129303,
0.4639990031719208,
-0.519087553024292,
-0.18231786787509918,
-0.24253100156784058,
-0.2725483477115631,
0.24490509927272797,
-0.21383538842201233,
-0.5450872778892517,
-0.5418224930763245,
0.1320236176252365,
0.4672468602657318,
-0.9937324523925781,
0.3496153950691223,
0.18548496067523956,
-0.07240088284015656,
-0.35313868522644043,
-0.27179399132728577,
-0.28487521409988403,
-0.6075607538223267,
0.26509690284729004
] |
247772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Russia | Music of Russia | Music of Russia denotes music produced from Russia and/or by Russians. Russia is a large and culturally diverse country, with many ethnic groups, each with their own locally developed music. Russian music also includes significant contributions from ethnic minorities, who populated the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and modern-day Russia.
Russian music went through a long history, beginning from ritual folk songs and the sacred music of the Russian Orthodox Church. The 19th century saw the rise of highly acclaimed Russian classical music, and in the 20th century major contributions by various composers such as Igor Stravinsky as well as Soviet composers, while the modern styles of Russian popular music developed, including Russian rock, Russian hip hop and Russian pop.
History
Early history
Written documents exist that describe the musical culture of the Rus'. The most popular kind of instruments in medieval Russia were thought to have been string instruments, such as the gusli or gudok. Archeologists have uncovered examples of these instruments in the Novgorod region dating as early as 11th century. (Novgorod republic had deep traditions in music; its most popular folk hero and the chief character of several epics was Sadko, a gusli player). Other instruments in common use include flutes (svirel), and percussive instruments such as the treshchotka and the buben. The most popular form of music, however was singing. Bylinas (epic ballads) about folk heroes such as Sadko, Ilya Muromets, and others were often sung, sometimes to instrumental accompaniment. The texts of some of these epics have been recorded.
In the period of the Tsardom of Russia, two major genres formed Russian music: the sacred music of the Orthodox Church and secular music used for entertainment. The sacred music draws its tradition from the Byzantine Empire, with key elements being used in Russian Orthodox bell ringing, as well as choral singing. Neumes were developed for musical notation, and as a result several examples of medieval sacred music have survived to this day, among them two stichera composed by Tsar Ivan IV in the 16th century.
Secular music included the use of musical instruments such as fipple flutes and string instruments, and was usually played on holidays initially by skomorokhs – jesters and minstrels who entertained the nobility. During the reactionary period of the Great Russian Schism in the 17th century, skomorokhs along with their form of secular music were banned from plying their trade numerous times, their instruments were burned and those who disagree with Alexis of Russia's 1648 law "About the correction of morals and the destruction of superstitions" (Об исправлении нравов и уничтожении суеверий) were punished physically first and then were to be deported to Malorossia (modern Ukraine), but despite these restrictions, some of their traditions survived to the present day.
18th and 19th century: Russian classical music
Russia was a late starter in developing a native tradition of classical music due to the proscription by the Orthodox Church against secular music. Beginning in the reign of Ivan IV, the Imperial Court invited Western composers and musicians to fill this void. By the time of Peter I, these artists were a regular fixture at Court. While not personally inclined toward music, Peter saw European music as a mark of civilization and a way of Westernizing the country; his establishment of the Western-style city of Saint Petersburg helped foster its spread to the rest of the upper classes. A craze for Italian opera at Court during the reigns of Empresses Elisabeth and Catherine also helped spread interest in Western music among the aristocracy. This craze became so pervasive that many were not even aware that Russian composers existed.
The focus on European music meant that Russian composers had to write in Western style if they wanted their compositions to be performed. Their success at this was variable due to a lack of familiarity with European rules of composition. Some composers were able to travel abroad for training, usually to Italy, and learned to compose vocal and instrumental works in the Italian Classical tradition popular in the day. These include ethnic Ukrainian composers Dmitri Bortniansky, Maksim Berezovsky and Artem Vedel.
The first great Russian composer to exploit native Russian music traditions into the realm of secular music was Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857), who composed the early Russian language operas Ivan Susanin and Ruslan and Lyudmila. They were neither the first operas in the Russian language nor the first by a Russian, but they gained fame for relying on distinctively Russian tunes and themes and being in the vernacular.
Russian folk music became the primary source for the younger generation composers. A group that called itself "The Mighty Five", headed by Balakirev (1837–1910) and including Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), Mussorgsky (1839–81), Borodin (1833–87) and César Cui (1835–1918), proclaimed its purpose to compose and popularize Russian national traditions in classical music. Among the Mighty Five's most notable compositions were the operas The Snow Maiden (Snegurochka), Sadko, Boris Godunov, Prince Igor, Khovanshchina, and symphonic suite Scheherazade. Many of the works by Glinka and the Mighty Five were based on Russian history, folk tales and literature, and are regarded as masterpieces of romantic nationalism in music.
This period also saw the foundation of the Russian Musical Society (RMS) in 1859, led by composer-pianists Anton (1829–94) and Nikolay Rubinstein (1835–81). The Mighty Five was often presented as the Russian Music Society's rival, with the Five embracing their Russian national identity and the RMS being musically more conservative. However the RMS founded Russia's first Conservatories in St Petersburg and in Moscow: the former trained the great Russian composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–93), best known for ballets like Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker. He remains Russia's best-known composer outside Russia. Easily the most famous successor in his style is Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943), who studied at the Moscow Conservatory (where Tchaikovsky himself taught).
The late 19th and early 20th century saw the third wave of Russian classics: Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971), Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915), Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953) and Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975). They were experimental in style and musical language. Stravinsky was particularly influential on his contemporaries and subsequent generations of composers, both in Russia and across Europe and the United States. Stravinsky permanently emigrated after the Russian revolution. Although Prokofiev also left Russia in 1918, he eventually returned and contributed to Soviet music.
In the late 19th to early 20th centuries, the so-called "romance songs" became very popular. The greatest and most popular singers of the "romances" usually sang in operas at the same time. The most popular was Fyodor Shalyapin. Singers usually composed music and wrote the lyrics, as did Alexander Vertinsky, Konstantin Sokolsky, and Pyotr Leshchenko.
20th century: Soviet music
After the Russian Revolution, Russian music changed dramatically. The early 1920s were the era of avant-garde experiments, inspired by the "revolutionary spirit" of the era. New trends in music (like music based on synthetic chords) were proposed by enthusiastic clubs such as Association for Contemporary Music. Arseny Avraamov pioneered the graphical sound, and Leon Theremin invented thereminvox, one of the early electronic instruments.
However, in the 1930s, under the regime of Joseph Stalin, music was forced to be contained within certain boundaries of content and innovation. Classicism was favoured, and experimentation discouraged. (A notable example: Shostakovich's veristic opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District was denounced in Pravda newspaper as "formalism" and soon removed from theatres for years).
The musical patriarchs of the era were Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Aram Khachaturian and Alexander Alexandrov. The latter is best known for composing the Anthem of the Soviet Union and the song "The Sacred War". With time, a wave of younger Soviet composers, such as Georgy Sviridov, Alfred Schnittke, and Sofia Gubaidulina took the forefront due to the rigorous Soviet education system. The Union of Soviet Composers was established in 1932 and became the major regulatory body for Soviet music.
Jazz was introduced to Soviet audiences by Valentin Parnakh in the 1920s. Singer Leonid Uteosov and film score composer Isaak Dunayevsky helped its popularity, especially with the popular comedy movie Jolly Fellows, which featured a jazz soundtrack. Eddie Rosner, Oleg Lundstrem and others contributed to Soviet jazz music.
Film soundtracks produced a significant part of popular Soviet/Russian songs of the time, as well as of orchestral and experimental music. The 1930s saw Prokofiev's scores for Sergei Eisenstein's epic movies, and also soundtracks by Isaak Dunayevsky that ranged from classical pieces to popular jazz. Notable film composers from the late Soviet era included Vladimir Dashkevich, Tikhon Khrennikov, Alexander Zatsepin, and Gennady Gladkov, among others.
Among the notable people of Soviet electronic music were Vyacheslav Mescherin, creator of Electronic Instruments Orchestra, and ambient composer Eduard Artemiev, best known for his scores for Tarkovsky's science fiction films.
The 1960s and 1970s saw the beginning of modern Russian pop and rock music. It started with the wave of VIAs (vocal-instrumental ensembles), a specific sort of music bands performing radio-friendly pop, rock and folk, composed by members of the Union of Composers and approved by censorship. This wave begun with Pojuschie Gitary and Pesnyary; popular VIA bands also included Tcvety, Zemlyane and Verasy. That period of music also saw individual pop stars such as Iosif Kobzon, Sofia Rotaru, Alla Pugacheva, Valery Leontiev, Yuri Antonov. Many of them remain popular to this day. They were the mainstream of Soviet music media, headliners of festivals such as Song of the Year, Sopot, and Golden Orpheus. The year 1977 saw also establishment of Moskovsky Komsomolets hit parade, the Russia's first music chart.
Music publishing and promotion in the Soviet Union was a state monopoly. To earn money and fame from their talent, Soviet musicians had to assign to the state-owned label Melodiya. This meant accepting certain boundaries of experimentation, that is, the family-friendly performance and politically neutral lyrics favoured by censors. Meanwhile, with the arrival of new sound recording technologies, it became possible for common fans to record and exchange their music via magnetic tape recorders. This helped underground music subculture (such as bard and rock music) to flourish despite being ignored by the state-owned media.
"Bardic" or "authors' song" (авторская песня) is an umbrella term for the singer-songwriter movement that arose at the early 1960s. It can be compared to the American folk revival movement of the 60s, with their simple single-guitar arrangements and poetical lyrics. Initially ignored by the state media, bards like Vladimir Vysotsky, Bulat Okudzhava, Alexander Galich gained so much popularity that they finished being distributed by the state owned Melodiya record company. The largest festival of bard music is Grushinsky festival, held annually since 1968.
Rock music came to the Soviet Union in the late 1960s with Beatlemania, and many rock bands arose during the late 1970s, such as Mashina Vremeni, Aquarium, and Autograph. Unlike the VIAs, these bands were not allowed to publish their music, and remained underground. The "golden age" of Russian rock is widely considered to have been the 1980s. Censorship was mitigated, rock clubs opened in Leningrad and Moscow, and soon rock became mainstream. Popular bands of that time include Kino, Alisa, Aria, DDT, Nautilus Pompilius, and Grazhdanskaya Oborona. New wave and post-punk were the trend in 80s Russian rock.
21st century: modern Russian music
Russian pop music is well developed, and enjoys mainstream success via pop music media such as MTV Russia, Muz TV and various radio stations. Right after the fall of the Iron Wall, artists, like Christian Ray, took an active political stance, supporting the first president Boris Yeltsin. A number of pop artists have broken through in recent years. The Russian duet t.A.T.u. is the most successful Russian pop band of its time. They have reached number one in many countries around the world with several of their singles and albums. Other popular artists include the Eurovision 2008 winner Dima Bilan, as well as Valery Meladze, Grigory Leps, VIA Gra, Nyusha, Vintage, Philipp Kirkorov, Vitas and Alsou. Music producers like Igor Krutoy, Maxim Fadeev, Ivan Shapovalov, Igor Matvienko, and Konstantin Meladze control a major share of Russia's pop music market, in some ways continuing the Soviet style of artist management. On the other side, some independent acts such as Neoclubber use new-era promo tools to avoid these old-fashioned Soviet ways of reaching their fans. Russian girl trio Serebro are one of the most popular Russian acts to dominate charts outside of the European market. The group's most known single "Mama Lover" placed in the US Billboard Charts, becoming the first Russian act to chart since t.A.T.u.'s single " All About Us".
Russian production companies, such as Hollywood World, have collaborated with western music stars, creating a new, more globalized space for music.
The rock music scene has gradually evolved from the united movement into several different subgenres similar to those found in the West. There are youth pop rock and alternative rock (Mumiy Troll, Zemfira, Splean, Bi-2, Zveri). There are also punk rock, ska and grunge (Korol i Shut, Pilot, Leningrad, Distemper, Elisium). The heavy metal scene has grown substantially, with new bands playing power and progressive metal (Catharsis, Epidemia, Shadow Host, Mechanical Poet), and pagan metal (Arkona, Butterfly Temple, Temnozor).
Rock music media has become prevalent in modern Russia. The most notable is Nashe Radio, which promotes classic rock and pop punk. Its Chart Dozen (Чартова дюжина) is the main rock chart in Russia, and its Nashestvie rock festival attracts around 100,000 fans annually and was dubbed "Russian Woodstock" by the media. Others include A-One TV channel, specializing in alternative music and hardcore. It has promoted bands like Amatory, Tracktor Bowling and Slot, and has awarded many of them with its Russian Alternative Music Prize. Radio Maximum broadcasts both Russian and western modern pop and rock.
Other types of music include folk rock (Melnitsa), trip hop (Linda) and reggae (Jah Division). Hip hop/rap is represented by Bad Balance, Kasta, Ligalize, Mnogotochie, KREC and others. An experimental rapcore scene is headlined by Dolphin and Kirpichi, while Moscow Death Brigade is a relevant techno /rap/punk band, well known for its stance against racism, sexism and homophobia. Other bands like Syberian Meat Grinder shares an experimental style of music.
A specific, exclusively Russian kind of music has emerged, which mixes criminal songs, bard and romance music. It is labelled "Russian chanson" (a neologism popularized by its main promoter, Radio Chanson). Its main artists include Mikhail Krug, Mikhail Shufutinsky, and Alexander Rosenbaum. With lyrics about daily life and society, and frequent romanticisation of the criminal underworld, chanson is especially popular among adult males of the lower social class.
Electronic music in modern Russia is underdeveloped in comparison to other genres. This is mostly due to a lack of promotion. There are some independent underground acts performing IDM, downtempo, house, trance and dark psytrance (including tracker music scene), and broadcasting their work via internet radio. They include Parasense, Fungus Funk, Kindzadza, Lesnikov-16, Yolochnye Igrushki, Messer Für Frau Müller and Zedd (Russian-German artist). Of the few artists that have broken through to the mainstream media, there are PPK and DJ Groove, that exploit Soviet movie soundtracks for their dance remixes. In the 2000s the Darkwave and Industrial scene, closely related to Goth subculture, has become prevalent, with such artists as Dvar, Otto Dix, Stillife, Theodor Bastard, Roman Rain, Shmeli and Biopsychoz. Hardbass, an offshoot of UK Hard House originating in Russia in the late 1990s, has spread internationally via the internet, with acts such as DJ Blyatman, Hard Bass School, & XS Project amassing significant followings.
The profile of classical or concert hall music has to a considerable degree been eclipsed by on one hand the rise of commercial popular music in Russia, and on the other its own lack of promotion since the collapse of the USSR. Yet a number of composers born in the 1950s and later have made some impact, notably Leonid Desyatnikov, who became the first composer in decades to have a new opera commissioned by the Bolshoi Theatre (The Children of Rosenthal, 2005), and whose music has been championed by Gidon Kremer and Roman Mints. Meanwhile, Gubaidulina, amongst several former-Soviet composers of her generation, continues to maintain a high profile outside Russia composing several prestigious and well-received works including "In tempus praesens" (2007) for the violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter.
The early 2000s saw a boom of musicals in Russia. Notre-Dame de Paris, Nord-Ost, Roméo et Juliette, and We Will Rock You were constantly performed in Moscow theatres at the time. The popularity of musicals was hampered by the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis and was only revived at the end of the decade.
2010s saw the rise of popularity of Russian hip hop, especially rap battles on the internet by artists like Oxxxymiron and Gnoyny, among others.
Ethnic roots music
Russia today is a multi-ethnic state with over 100 ethnicities living under one flag. Some of these ethnic groups has their own indigenous folk, sacred and in some cases art music, which can loosely be categorized together under the guise of ethnic roots music, or folk music. This category can further be broken down into folkloric (modern adaptations of folk material, and authentic presentations of ethnic music).
Adygea
In recent years, Adygea has seen the formation of a number of new musical institutions. These include two orchestras, one of which (Russkaya Udal) uses folk instruments, and a chamber music theater.
Adygea's national anthem was written by Iskhak Shumafovich Mashbash with music by Umar Khatsitsovich Tkhabisimov.
Altay
Altay is a Central Asian region, known for traditional epics and a number of folk instruments.
Bashkir
The first major study of Bashkir music appeared in 1897, when ethnographer Rybakov S.G. wrote Music and Songs of the Ural's Muslims and Studies of Their Way of Life. Later, Lebedinskiy L.N. collected numerous folk songs in Bashkortostan beginning in 1930. The 1968 foundation of the Ufa State Institute of Arts sponsored research in the field.
The kurai is the most important instrument in the Bashkir ensemble.
Buryatia
The Buryats of the far east is known for distinctive folk music which uses the two-stringed horsehead fiddle, or morin khuur. The style has no polyphony and has little melodic innovation. Narrative structures are very common, many of them long epics which claim to be the last song of a famous hero, such as in the "Last Song of Rinchin Dorzhin". Modern Buryat musicians include the band Uragsha, which uniquely combines Siberian and Russian language lyrics with rock and Buryat folk songs, and Namgar, who is firmly rooted in the folk tradition but also explores connections to other musical cultures.
Chechnya
Alongside the Chechen rebellion of the 1990s came a resurgence in Chechen national identity, of which music is a major part. People like Said Khachukayev became prominent promoting Chechen music.
The Chechen national anthem is said to be "Death or Freedom", an ancient song of uncertain origin.
Dagestan
Dagestan's most famous composer may be Gotfrid Hasanov, who is said to be the first professional composer from Dagestan. He wrote the first Dagestani opera, Khochbar, in 1945 and recorded a great deal of folk music from all the peoples of Dagestan.
Karelia
Karelians are Finnish, and so much of their music is the same as Finnish music. The Kalevala is a very important part of traditional music; it is a recitation of Finnish legends, and is considered an integral part of the Finnish folk identity.
The Karelian Folk Music Ensemble is a prominent folk group.
Ossetia
Ossetians are people of the Caucasian Region, and thus Ossetian music and dance have similar themes to the music of Chechnya and the music of Dagestan.
Russia
Archeology and direct evidence show a variety of musical instruments in ancient Russia. Authentic folk instruments include the Livenka (accordion) and woodwinds like zhaleika, svirel and kugikli, as well as numerous percussion instruments: buben, bubenci, kokshnik, korobochka, lozhki, rubel, treschetka, vertushka and zvonchalka.
Chastushkas are a kind of Russian folk song with a long history. They are typically rapped, and are humorous or satiric.
During the 19th century, Count Uvarov led a campaign of nationalist revival which initiated the first professional orchestra with traditional instruments, beginning with Vasily Andreyev, who used the balalaika in an orchestra late in the century. Just after the dawn of the 20th century, Mitrofan Pyatnitsky founded the Pyatnitsky Choir, which used rural peasant singers and traditional sounds.
Sakha
Shamanism remains an important cultural practice of the ethnic groups of Siberia and Sakhalin, where several dozen groups live. The Yakuts are the largest, and are known for their olonkho songs and the khomus, a jaw harp.
Tatarstan
Tatar folk music has rhythmic peculiarities and pentatonic intonation in common with nations of the Volga area, who are ethnically Finnic and Turkic. Singing girls, renowned for their subtlety and grace, are a prominent component of Tatar folk music. Instruments include the kubyz (violin), quray (flute) and talianka (accordion).
Tuva
Tuvan throat singing, or xoomii, is famous worldwide, primarily for its novelty. The style is highly unusual and foreign to most listeners, who typically find it inaccessible and amelodic. In throat singing, the natural harmonic resonances of the lips and mouth are tuned to select certain overtones. The style was first recorded by Ted Levin, who helped catalogue a number of different styles. These include borbannadir (which is compared to the sound of a flowing river), sygyt (similar to whistling), xoomii, chylandyk (likened to chirping crickets) and ezengileer (like a horse's trotting). Of particular international fame are the group Huun-Huur-Tu and master throat singer Kongar-ool Ondar.
Ukrainian music in Russia
Although Ukraine is an independent country since 1991, Ukrainians constitute the second-largest ethnic minority in Russia. The bandura is the most important and distinctive instrument of the Ukrainian folk tradition, and was used by court musicians in the various Tsarist courts. The kobzars, a kind of wandering performers who composed dumy, or folk epics.
Hardbass in Russia
Hardbass or hard bass (Russian: хардбасс, tr. hardbass, IPA: [xɐrdˈbas]) is a subgenre of electronic music which originated from Russia during the late 1990s, drawing inspiration from UK hard house, bouncy techno and hardstyle. Hardbass is characterized by its fast tempo (usually 150–175 BPM), donks, distinctive basslines (commonly known as "hard bounce"), distorted sounds, heavy kicks and occasional rapping. Hardbass has become a central stereotype of the gopnik subculture. In several European countries, so-called "hardbass scenes" have sprung up,[1] which are events related to the genre that involve multiple people dancing in public while masked, sometimes with moshing involved.
From 2015 onward, hardbass has also appeared as an Internet meme, depicting Slavic and Russian subcultures with the premiere of the video "Cheeki Breeki Hardbass Anthem", based on the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. series of games from GSC game world.[2]
See also
List of Russian composers
Russian traditional music
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bergamini, John, The Tragic Dynasty: A History of the Romanovs (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969). Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 68-15498.
Campbell, James Stuart, "Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001), 29 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. .
Frolova-Walker, Marina, "Russian Federation". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001), 29 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. .
Holden, Anthony, Tchaikovsky: A Biography (New York: Random House, 1995). .
Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia and the Russians: A History (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001). .
Kovnaskaya, Lyudmilla, "St Petersburg." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London, Macmillan, 2001), 29 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. .
Maes, Francis, tr. Arnold J. Pomerans and Erica Pomerans, A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2002). .
Most favorite American and Russian Music Artists (Dec 2018) (July 2020).
Ritzarev, Marina, Eighteenth-Century Russian Music (Ashgate, 2006). .
Ritzarev, Marina, Tchaikovsky's Pathétique and Russian Culture (Ashgate, 2014). .
Further reading
Broughton, Simon and Didenko, Tatiana. "Music of the People". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 248–254. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. | [
0.1510615348815918,
0.18433842062950134,
-0.29144087433815,
0.06774543225765228,
-0.046425189822912216,
0.25509366393089294,
-0.14476992189884186,
0.3910612165927887,
-0.7381533980369568,
-0.2358325570821762,
-0.5631368160247803,
0.1446325182914734,
-0.3092505633831024,
1.0576261281967163,
-0.6091948747634888,
0.7963680624961853,
0.4118962287902832,
0.5032719969749451,
-0.003344436641782522,
-0.12847237288951874,
-0.40300267934799194,
0.23132489621639252,
0.443445086479187,
0.01385777909308672,
0.007582539226859808,
-0.5559723973274231,
-0.08219055086374283,
0.4439902603626251,
-0.519991397857666,
-0.014390576630830765,
-0.6149320006370544,
1.0839258432388306,
0.135849267244339,
0.11617249250411987,
-0.3605768382549286,
0.29206931591033936,
-0.15465007722377777,
-0.46586859226226807,
-0.25897935032844543,
-0.6506279110908508,
0.28169766068458557,
-0.4354640543460846,
0.5868167281150818,
0.07109860330820084,
0.27657338976860046,
-0.9889988303184509,
-1.0854398012161255,
0.7898303270339966,
-0.5357466340065002,
0.07070425897836685,
0.011859501712024212,
0.2743624150753021,
0.4073418974876404,
0.2136283814907074,
-0.3627094030380249,
0.23895004391670227,
-0.7744434475898743,
0.1896464079618454,
0.17465268075466156,
0.3561387062072754,
0.8170872926712036,
0.34533774852752686,
0.009505889378488064,
-0.4708138704299927,
0.8833396434783936,
-0.16080231964588165,
0.11957735568284988,
-0.20548754930496216,
-0.26778632402420044,
-0.44588834047317505,
-0.2608283460140228,
-0.05522990971803665,
0.1010916605591774,
-0.5313345193862915,
-0.40743526816368103,
-0.32603710889816284,
0.27515721321105957,
0.286604642868042,
0.2302115112543106,
0.3203577995300293,
0.24462909996509552,
0.39337611198425293,
0.3987325429916382,
0.30217739939689636,
0.12912583351135254,
-0.39692169427871704,
-0.3810412585735321,
0.25757715106010437,
-0.551502525806427,
-0.030739644542336464,
0.13458400964736938,
0.15543246269226074,
0.9458143711090088,
-0.022343752905726433,
-0.030049821361899376,
0.03984717279672623,
-0.09821608662605286,
0.29211050271987915,
-0.2384846955537796,
0.01628231629729271,
-0.13258321583271027,
0.13600899279117584,
-0.01339778769761324,
-0.041510920971632004,
-0.04043332487344742,
-0.3526137173175812,
-0.1576509028673172,
0.5995965600013733,
-0.13512037694454193,
0.293734073638916,
-0.1418311446905136,
-0.07516719400882721,
-0.18588267266750336,
0.3321140706539154,
0.2707441747188568,
0.0020919451490044594,
-0.37795114517211914,
-0.4308713674545288,
-0.34463363885879517,
0.1815023124217987,
1.0743342638015747,
0.257678747177124,
-0.4025978446006775,
-0.31954115629196167,
-0.10030626505613327,
0.00382796092890203,
0.7257932424545288,
0.36065614223480225,
-0.3661070168018341,
-0.16015756130218506,
0.2625618278980255,
0.5862266421318054,
-0.3472028076648712,
0.40699273347854614,
0.023579446598887444,
-0.18558970093727112,
0.8388221859931946,
-0.03497856482863426,
0.07885660976171494,
0.38728615641593933,
-0.8448047637939453,
-0.3898564279079437,
-0.5618315935134888,
-0.5068376660346985,
-0.00014153509982861578,
-0.39958661794662476,
-0.08337750285863876,
-0.41881656646728516,
-0.37614905834198,
-0.4865975081920624,
0.2896631360054016,
-0.01125398837029934,
-0.20204225182533264,
0.44230520725250244,
-0.47969987988471985,
-0.36134862899780273,
0.9165303111076355,
-0.0853848084807396,
0.31787681579589844,
0.11913466453552246,
0.12420345097780228,
0.007706853095442057,
0.3853205144405365,
-0.3354858458042145,
-0.2323606163263321,
-0.5143429636955261,
0.3276287317276001,
0.9082944989204407,
-0.3506737947463989,
0.2046157270669937,
-0.5303424596786499,
0.641631007194519,
0.7354260087013245,
0.43296360969543457,
-0.07468345016241074,
-0.12217183411121368,
-0.17763279378414154,
0.5559853315353394,
-0.0928477868437767,
0.2010304182767868,
-0.5765659213066101,
0.4182579815387726,
-0.02056632749736309,
0.13264308869838715,
0.1465240865945816,
0.31146836280822754,
-0.016182569786906242,
0.025706490501761436,
0.156226247549057,
-0.4753609895706177,
-0.127874493598938,
-0.7157054543495178,
-0.23476514220237732,
-0.12105632573366165,
0.4038316309452057,
0.28634607791900635,
-0.37207916378974915,
0.5581730008125305,
0.030420413240790367,
0.5261064767837524,
0.09100718796253204,
-0.2585475742816925,
0.009080762043595314,
-0.1557374894618988,
-0.330232173204422,
0.038180507719516754,
0.36966320872306824,
0.057500552386045456,
0.6248651742935181,
0.08067533373832703,
0.1524137258529663,
-0.5124075412750244,
0.45280176401138306,
-0.008623436093330383,
-0.04957336187362671,
0.22440475225448608,
-0.8636609315872192,
0.157415509223938,
-0.22308693826198578,
-0.27475154399871826,
0.5830801129341125,
-0.18381591141223907,
-0.1579921394586563,
0.1252545565366745,
-0.5266377329826355,
0.5911984443664551,
-0.3035130202770233,
-0.042300570756196976,
-0.02140415459871292,
0.22309044003486633,
-0.27116847038269043,
0.09469639509916306,
0.29874953627586365,
-0.2779071629047394,
-0.517277717590332,
0.17310822010040283,
-0.1279335618019104,
0.1832823008298874,
0.5232399702072144,
-0.05219396948814392,
-0.05256376788020134,
0.5863338112831116,
-0.24414849281311035,
0.0004241851274855435,
-0.21568182110786438,
0.029103919863700867,
-0.6558016538619995,
-0.13311119377613068,
-0.2533005475997925,
-0.15065698325634003,
0.335708886384964,
0.28472667932510376,
-0.14106599986553192,
0.2145748734474182,
-0.5567924976348877,
-0.4324057102203369,
0.2984139919281006,
-0.22925086319446564,
0.21698811650276184,
-0.0834292396903038,
0.04414370283484459,
-0.24436640739440918,
0.005412056110799313,
-0.3005298674106598,
-0.10201779007911682,
-0.632145881652832,
0.2924780547618866,
-0.061564330011606216,
0.5687679648399353,
0.2716463804244995,
0.14664685726165771,
-0.010666321031749249,
-0.5769525170326233,
0.45945337414741516,
-0.13163349032402039,
-0.14990314841270447,
-0.031081167981028557,
-0.26403650641441345,
-0.18758492171764374,
-0.7625630497932434,
-0.11002850532531738,
0.618588387966156,
0.40391483902931213,
-0.5283731818199158,
-0.7739250659942627,
-0.24834498763084412,
-0.13962432742118835,
-0.09220142662525177,
0.2952417731285095,
0.02200671285390854,
-0.0789404809474945,
0.1993687003850937,
-0.18361274898052216,
0.2391631007194519,
0.12136504799127579,
0.2928254306316376,
-0.1271890252828598,
0.3563234806060791,
-0.10846494883298874,
-0.643791139125824,
-0.6241499185562134,
0.04695937782526016,
-0.11988252401351929,
-0.3444603383541107,
0.08288517594337463,
0.26721659302711487,
-0.5573983788490295,
-0.15763749182224274,
-5.959811687469482,
-0.16509553790092468,
-0.3917807638645172,
0.112358458340168,
0.06770654767751694,
0.10384735465049744,
0.33008331060409546,
-0.40028154850006104,
0.07034197449684143,
-0.3536153733730316,
-0.5811410546302795,
0.28337040543556213,
-0.5061994791030884,
0.45400238037109375,
0.1273348480463028,
0.24128365516662598,
-0.014849189668893814,
-0.03757430613040924,
-0.1049005314707756,
0.31670480966567993,
-0.06763146817684174,
-0.053640250116586685,
0.05026429146528244,
0.46308210492134094,
0.3044816553592682,
0.36590683460235596,
-0.052625562995672226,
-0.23980771005153656,
-0.5359818935394287,
-0.03475935384631157,
-0.6417095065116882,
-0.23748713731765747,
0.2614399790763855,
-0.4025963544845581,
0.8439817428588867,
0.25078293681144714,
0.14712700247764587,
0.5439934730529785,
0.3448996841907501,
0.14124563336372375,
-0.15539878606796265,
0.12686994671821594,
0.5322480797767639,
-0.04787750542163849,
0.10789232701063156,
-0.09031017124652863,
-0.4522883892059326,
0.27055060863494873,
-0.664289653301239,
0.8976778388023376,
0.22412320971488953,
-0.19287264347076416,
0.12816974520683289,
-0.020578116178512573,
0.019278930500149727,
0.025035150349140167,
0.9726186990737915,
0.25966984033584595,
0.15633922815322876,
-0.08944238722324371,
0.2997230887413025,
-0.362567275762558,
-0.04512082785367966,
-0.23028191924095154,
-0.2895437777042389,
-0.2517601251602173,
-0.540194571018219,
0.0007208895985968411,
0.20635057985782623,
0.5678313374519348,
-0.3393499553203583,
0.016486430540680885,
-0.36447110772132874,
-0.7283990979194641,
-0.12675394117832184,
-0.464967280626297,
-0.5672808885574341,
0.08706353604793549,
-0.2783018946647644,
0.7476270794868469,
-0.5002651214599609,
-0.13133127987384796,
-0.40212807059288025,
0.14645715057849884,
-0.03834420442581177,
-0.1802072376012802,
-0.08993396908044815,
0.23984657227993011,
-0.7070839405059814,
0.17451678216457367,
0.47877103090286255,
-0.9709111452102661,
0.17903874814510345,
-0.1057228073477745,
0.4926440715789795,
0.21802479028701782,
0.9893489480018616,
-0.017017079517245293,
0.6717096567153931,
-0.245542973279953,
0.1626567393541336,
-0.5992051959037781,
-0.2276037186384201,
-0.3687228560447693,
-0.0027519753202795982,
-0.6694977283477783,
-0.08178619295358658,
0.3906145691871643,
1.3190611600875854,
-0.5425012707710266,
0.20140022039413452,
-0.03157312050461769,
-0.4432433545589447,
-0.2602524161338806,
0.5589918494224548,
-0.14273974299430847,
0.11946770548820496,
0.5710849761962891,
-0.41408511996269226,
0.18270277976989746,
0.5754600763320923,
-0.1782301813364029,
-0.48925313353538513,
0.5529970526695251,
-0.36777928471565247,
-0.06338851153850555,
-0.3396665155887604,
0.09520688652992249,
-0.2428101897239685,
0.37157508730888367,
0.1514648199081421,
-0.13204464316368103,
-0.026828523725271225,
0.16171211004257202,
0.6025071144104004,
0.5085281729698181,
0.00022320446441881359,
-0.10431838035583496,
0.23899485170841217,
-0.9235718846321106,
0.40688711404800415,
-0.5322911739349365,
0.1508520543575287,
0.2958742082118988,
0.5268717408180237,
0.6824066638946533,
-0.12453924119472504,
-0.3349851071834564,
-0.08375252038240433,
-0.3322620093822479,
-0.03429701179265976,
0.30687904357910156,
0.07215472310781479,
0.02297065407037735,
-0.018921228125691414,
-0.34868326783180237,
-0.0975089967250824,
-0.15668921172618866,
-0.19015619158744812,
-0.1339534968137741,
0.4439536929130554,
-0.32821300625801086,
-0.7908039093017578,
-0.19433560967445374,
0.2540775537490845,
-0.5141507983207703,
-0.5125269293785095,
0.3503910005092621,
0.23825325071811676,
0.8516448736190796,
0.7614882588386536,
-0.4217606782913208,
-0.294844388961792,
-0.34183526039123535,
0.41028091311454773,
-0.12601497769355774,
0.4707372486591339,
-0.2288707047700882,
0.11419254541397095,
0.36586228013038635,
0.033775944262742996,
-0.12901221215724945,
-0.0004949811846017838,
0.1755828559398651,
-0.16925206780433655,
0.14896593987941742,
-0.07397502660751343,
0.03835437446832657,
-0.1834300011396408,
0.017656531184911728,
-0.48263153433799744,
0.30764156579971313,
-0.21829797327518463,
-0.4207523465156555,
-0.021528448909521103,
-0.39488571882247925,
-0.08791577070951462,
0.18003523349761963,
-0.2886248528957367,
-0.371524453163147,
0.7326756119728088,
0.19023410975933075,
0.009542573243379593,
-0.2357904464006424,
0.2587386667728424,
-0.5420658588409424,
0.4199570119380951,
-0.006940837483853102,
-0.7413769960403442,
-0.21522876620292664,
-0.23182755708694458,
-0.4789728820323944,
-0.3612898886203766,
0.08591163158416748,
-0.15387222170829773,
-0.023795027285814285,
0.2354811728000641,
-0.23620447516441345,
-0.409505158662796,
0.07953397184610367,
-0.09394495189189911,
0.33783867955207825,
-0.2848547101020813,
0.046993814408779144,
-0.4963274896144867,
0.4262281358242035,
0.0688391625881195,
-0.4004577100276947,
-0.5258140563964844,
-0.6907661557197571,
0.23284928500652313,
-0.3153521418571472,
0.13513165712356567,
-0.2474307417869568,
-0.47192198038101196,
-0.16124014556407928,
-0.04745921492576599,
-0.05765422433614731,
-0.06748122721910477,
0.44835904240608215,
0.5969736576080322,
0.39040762186050415,
-0.18241854012012482,
-0.48083144426345825,
-0.24203701317310333,
0.6033006906509399,
0.3048645257949829,
0.236419677734375,
-0.21228700876235962,
0.5920903086662292,
0.23344334959983826,
-0.4295502007007599,
-0.8361111283302307,
-0.4410404860973358,
0.7127432823181152,
-0.6870062947273254,
0.044413212686777115,
0.030034562572836876,
0.1272670179605484,
0.5270016193389893,
0.206455260515213,
-0.35854974389076233,
0.12837354838848114,
-0.25744348764419556,
0.22001591324806213,
0.17106510698795319,
0.12618516385555267,
0.02720392309129238,
0.004912869073450565,
0.01327890157699585,
-0.0580579899251461,
-0.28691983222961426,
0.6378211379051208,
0.28462883830070496,
0.021267471835017204,
-0.22025547921657562,
-0.21127952635288239,
-0.2065078467130661,
-0.30455172061920166,
0.5844984650611877,
-0.25275588035583496,
-0.14011338353157043,
0.004838127642869949,
-0.20367863774299622,
0.2291136384010315,
-0.5988808870315552,
0.035224832594394684,
-0.13095088303089142,
-0.36696377396583557,
-0.453473299741745,
0.11637530475854874,
-0.25048762559890747,
0.3715173602104187,
0.6082695126533508,
-0.18003076314926147,
-0.07764443010091782,
0.1871662586927414,
-0.08232127875089645,
0.09887251257896423,
0.027702489867806435,
-0.7236810326576233,
0.16902700066566467,
0.11970172077417374,
-0.3868405222892761,
0.3471980392932892,
0.4790765047073364,
0.31865933537483215,
-0.5208933353424072,
0.2776997685432434,
0.06136254221200943,
0.33308011293411255,
-0.022576646879315376,
0.3693375289440155,
0.24645669758319855,
0.028056316077709198,
0.05994482710957527,
0.6055843830108643,
-0.47219526767730713,
0.4473881721496582,
0.33620548248291016,
0.5462432503700256,
-0.43966230750083923,
0.3100990056991577,
0.30816611647605896,
0.1895482987165451,
0.011246880516409874,
-0.42989447712898254,
-0.618781566619873,
0.24634715914726257,
0.21970799565315247,
0.6599835157394409,
0.3363114595413208,
-0.17893950641155243,
0.31711307168006897,
-0.49227115511894226,
-0.8940878510475159,
-0.40415799617767334,
0.00675771152600646,
-0.4283286929130554,
0.32748210430145264,
0.39609524607658386,
-0.2883068323135376,
-0.2618587911128998,
0.25097978115081787,
0.14550596475601196,
0.04321879521012306,
0.18496929109096527,
-0.05799731984734535,
-0.12271329760551453,
-0.3330770432949066,
0.6792069673538208,
0.33999869227409363,
0.1793345957994461,
-0.2142120748758316,
0.516609251499176,
-0.1427629142999649,
0.6502792239189148,
-0.1268763393163681,
0.27247947454452515,
-0.10715626180171967,
0.31312668323516846,
0.43377435207366943,
0.13322795927524567,
-0.09906813502311707,
0.10241732746362686,
-0.09542641043663025,
0.1992851197719574,
-0.5876703262329102,
-0.6543051600456238,
-0.5692154765129089,
0.22493259608745575,
0.04859062656760216,
-0.3485679030418396,
0.3866378962993622,
0.07100042700767517,
0.6810504794120789,
0.2178642302751541,
0.179007425904274,
0.01591542921960354,
-0.29565858840942383,
-0.09197030961513519,
0.41162019968032837,
0.2462315857410431,
-0.6356968283653259,
-0.3132088780403137,
-0.26129576563835144,
0.031095033511519432,
-0.10062327235937119,
-0.1399575024843216,
-0.35733768343925476,
-0.10143723338842392,
-0.4975060820579529,
0.28751489520072937,
0.33204081654548645,
-0.09500471502542496,
-0.5531490445137024,
-0.4396182596683502,
0.7745692133903503,
-0.22296881675720215,
0.09716789424419403,
0.48384928703308105,
-0.07030448317527771,
0.12017626315355301,
0.7523123621940613,
-0.4959256947040558,
0.37184029817581177,
-0.48594483733177185,
0.09942881017923355,
-0.15026314556598663,
0.8438531160354614,
-0.20706787705421448,
-0.08723777532577515,
-0.10565958172082901,
0.009365781210362911,
0.004695681855082512,
0.11957690119743347,
0.4159392714500427,
-0.2225378155708313,
0.5801177620887756,
-0.7727057933807373,
0.15118557214736938,
-0.4128752052783966,
0.49085021018981934,
0.5592372417449951,
-0.38281527161598206,
0.05892510339617729,
-0.04014523699879646,
0.7847429513931274,
-0.4396543502807617,
0.3375493288040161,
-0.47666141390800476,
0.5851620435714722,
-0.06044658645987511,
0.4328790307044983,
-0.30810579657554626,
-0.05659332498908043,
0.30570006370544434,
0.5097028017044067,
-0.1469019502401352,
-0.8125595450401306,
-0.14418449997901917,
0.2452383041381836,
0.07509288936853409,
-0.2174915075302124,
0.06747350096702576,
0.1186838299036026,
-0.12442509084939957,
0.45589718222618103,
-0.8235437273979187,
0.28052011132240295,
-0.0823097750544548,
-0.5051721334457397,
0.8065356612205505,
-0.3265809118747711,
0.20376430451869965,
-0.5375401973724365,
0.6824714541435242,
-0.17582280933856964,
0.4125730097293854,
-0.34261900186538696
] |
247776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20active%20Royal%20Navy%20ships | List of active Royal Navy ships | The Royal Navy is the principal naval warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces. As of August 2021, there are 75 commissioned ships in the Royal Navy.
Of the commissioned vessels, twenty-two are major surface combatants (six guided missile destroyers, twelve frigates, two amphibious transport docks and two aircraft carriers), and ten are nuclear-powered submarines (four ballistic missile submarines and six fleet submarines). In addition the Navy possesses eleven mine countermeasures vessels, twenty-six patrol vessels, four survey vessels, one icebreaker and one historic warship, . The total displacement of the Royal Navy is approximately 433,800 tonnes.
The Royal Navy operates four bases where commissioned ships are based: HMNB Portsmouth, HMNB Devonport and HMNB Clyde and the Royal Navy's newest base, in Bahrain. In addition, a number of commissioned vessels belonging to the University Royal Naval Units (URNU) are stationed at various locations around the United Kingdom, and two patrol vessels form part of the Gibraltar Squadron and are permanently based there.
Besides the Royal Navy, the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) and the Royal Marines operate their own flotillas of vessels which complement the assets of the Royal Navy, however they are not included in this list or the above figures (the Royal Navy and RFA combined have 86 vessels with a total displacement in excess of 765,800 tonnes). In addition, the naval training vessels and can be found based at the Royal Navy shore establishment and the Britannia Royal Naval College, respectively, along with a number of P1000s and Motor Whalers. As a supporting contingent of Her Majesty's Naval Service, the civilian Marine Services operate many auxiliary ships (including coastal logistics, tugs and research vessels) in support of Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary operations. (with a total displacement in excess of 820,000 tonnes).
All ships and submarines currently in commission with the Royal Navy were built in the United Kingdom, with the exceptions of icebreaker which was built in Norway and survey vessel which was substantially built in Ireland. All vessels of the Royal Navy bear the ship prefix "HMS", for Her Majesty's Ship or Her Majesty's Submarine.
List of ships
Gallery
Silhouettes
Silhouettes of major fleet units:
See also
Lists of ships operated by or in support of Her Majesty's Naval Service
List of active Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships
List of active Royal Marines military watercraft
List of ships of Serco Marine Services
Related articles
List of Royal Navy shore establishments (the "stone frigates")
List of ship names of the Royal Navy
Active Royal Navy weapon systems
Future of the Royal Navy
Standing Royal Navy deployments
Footnotes
References
External links
Royal Navy (royalnavy.mod.uk)
Royal Navy — The Equipment — Ships (royalnavy.mod.uk)
Active
United Kingdom | [
0.5162296295166016,
-0.11426237970590591,
-0.06130656972527504,
-0.4836576581001282,
-0.09694942831993103,
0.6607943773269653,
0.31760933995246887,
0.4425927698612213,
-0.7832072973251343,
0.003380371257662773,
-0.3600000739097595,
0.38886144757270813,
0.18909043073654175,
0.2516160309314728,
-0.014959337189793587,
0.5230189561843872,
0.26921263337135315,
0.5120872855186462,
0.3272443115711212,
-0.26883918046951294,
-0.29759716987609863,
0.3759893774986267,
0.19775493443012238,
-0.4766007959842682,
0.4359285533428192,
-0.21381071209907532,
0.578321099281311,
0.06344134360551834,
0.03710353747010231,
-0.30859851837158203,
0.17425240576267242,
-0.16011038422584534,
-0.06173626333475113,
0.14471304416656494,
0.20277869701385498,
-0.6185506582260132,
-0.39762458205223083,
-0.08969199657440186,
0.04510875418782234,
-0.5742753744125366,
-0.6422389149665833,
-0.5168620944023132,
0.6501818895339966,
0.2158968448638916,
-0.1797594130039215,
0.11347191780805588,
-0.5014005899429321,
0.0779954269528389,
0.4072803258895874,
0.9386426210403442,
-0.32334449887275696,
0.12247882783412933,
0.4669572412967682,
0.037840452045202255,
0.42394039034843445,
0.24214325845241547,
-0.40528547763824463,
0.1909763067960739,
-0.30635347962379456,
-0.6427610516548157,
0.47152000665664673,
0.8398335576057434,
0.42116260528564453,
0.28899437189102173,
0.5885586738586426,
-0.24312210083007812,
-0.020006798207759857,
0.018539588898420334,
-0.6509354710578918,
-0.2907622456550598,
0.44252946972846985,
0.07072940468788147,
-0.2447277009487152,
-0.08923833072185516,
-0.46329793334007263,
-0.09013084322214127,
0.03302091360092163,
0.05191681906580925,
0.273806631565094,
-0.1347222477197647,
0.5590059161186218,
0.22492116689682007,
0.5756585001945496,
0.09127676486968994,
-0.26505935192108154,
-0.01634838618338108,
-0.2735474705696106,
-0.14818696677684784,
-0.5765286087989807,
0.7378596067428589,
0.3274967670440674,
0.20237761735916138,
0.9479881525039673,
0.13075967133045197,
-0.11653027683496475,
-0.022862792015075684,
-0.4231148362159729,
0.1597178876399994,
0.3216508626937866,
0.20149430632591248,
-0.04205267131328583,
0.3106043338775635,
0.19308610260486603,
-0.15458975732326508,
-0.24627700448036194,
-0.16323710978031158,
-0.09832963347434998,
0.15248733758926392,
-0.1680298149585724,
0.06754282116889954,
-0.1261034905910492,
-0.5408691763877869,
-0.04031065106391907,
0.36235231161117554,
-0.3796702027320862,
0.38235151767730713,
0.09143278002738953,
-0.21587252616882324,
-0.3463113605976105,
-0.32338273525238037,
-0.049784399569034576,
0.2088346630334854,
0.12603311240673065,
-0.24311314523220062,
0.1733756810426712,
0.3517437279224396,
1.1699289083480835,
0.0959145799279213,
-0.5211505889892578,
-0.9427146315574646,
0.32487714290618896,
1.0202387571334839,
-1.1027858257293701,
0.3686067759990692,
-0.49789300560951233,
-0.39868414402008057,
-0.012298564426600933,
0.25362488627433777,
0.5000941157341003,
0.8690933585166931,
-0.6234270930290222,
-0.2139427363872528,
0.08225086331367493,
0.050286367535591125,
0.38862279057502747,
-0.9823756217956543,
-0.16008222103118896,
-0.3842766284942627,
-0.6569142937660217,
0.12499408423900604,
0.028521591797471046,
-0.4074133336544037,
-0.06820888072252274,
0.18520203232765198,
-0.05702836439013481,
-0.27803122997283936,
0.7691999077796936,
0.03618676960468292,
0.4219497740268707,
0.0037651110906153917,
-0.267122745513916,
-0.1796720176935196,
0.05266391485929489,
0.09615403413772583,
0.4379177987575531,
0.3541315197944641,
-0.09760238230228424,
0.10001163184642792,
-0.2867615222930908,
-0.3972702920436859,
-0.5035122036933899,
0.12242691963911057,
0.9044659733772278,
0.28587594628334045,
-0.005696948152035475,
-0.14946632087230682,
0.29305094480514526,
-0.0071620638482272625,
0.8099734783172607,
-0.4895622432231903,
-0.44182243943214417,
0.15027396380901337,
0.5257301330566406,
-0.25800076127052307,
0.04060463607311249,
-0.22276286780834198,
-0.03809547424316406,
-0.11895862966775894,
-0.03541794791817665,
0.14576546847820282,
-0.025609007105231285,
-0.4912510812282562,
0.42495834827423096,
-0.6476935148239136,
1.1240190267562866,
-0.2905319333076477,
-0.6688424944877625,
0.6197392344474792,
-0.5544813275337219,
0.2521001696586609,
0.2654508650302887,
0.04912396892905235,
0.09560265392065048,
-0.1827082335948944,
-0.6925371289253235,
-0.2586071789264679,
0.16827768087387085,
0.27823010087013245,
0.3468470871448517,
-0.14942078292369843,
0.036366939544677734,
-0.521746814250946,
0.08335597813129425,
-0.19297391176223755,
0.4730105698108673,
-0.15465635061264038,
-0.6688923835754395,
0.09419408440589905,
0.11774503439664841,
-0.6268287301063538,
0.42523154616355896,
0.15510442852973938,
0.24569927155971527,
0.3729906976222992,
-0.415862500667572,
-0.3886445462703705,
-0.11194130033254623,
0.02013665996491909,
0.025848977267742157,
-0.166347473859787,
0.4577392637729645,
-0.32630831003189087,
-0.09854061156511307,
0.12919938564300537,
-0.18664413690567017,
-0.12575776875019073,
0.06499524414539337,
0.43307334184646606,
-0.31375086307525635,
-0.20429739356040955,
0.17681404948234558,
-0.10979261249303818,
-0.5313371419906616,
0.44914981722831726,
0.23316159844398499,
0.046180546283721924,
-0.06375239789485931,
-0.05974631756544113,
-0.1287291795015335,
-0.6214938759803772,
0.19545796513557434,
-0.14388789236545563,
0.5339469313621521,
-0.3268655836582184,
-0.38522154092788696,
-0.26934394240379333,
0.26068252325057983,
0.13391949236392975,
0.009922938421368599,
0.20346033573150635,
-0.2719730734825134,
-0.21673408150672913,
-0.28993695974349976,
0.2421485334634781,
0.13580411672592163,
-0.651979386806488,
-0.4123753309249878,
-0.7559288740158081,
0.8691343069076538,
0.5000913739204407,
0.10268091410398483,
0.14507603645324707,
-0.138751819729805,
-0.3254106342792511,
0.6653549671173096,
0.01734243333339691,
0.6933543086051941,
0.10944011062383652,
0.05546391010284424,
-0.03762789070606232,
0.14232783019542694,
0.08784148842096329,
-0.060047976672649384,
-1.1099079847335815,
-0.19723360240459442,
-0.28894948959350586,
0.22811125218868256,
-0.388261616230011,
0.014078310690820217,
0.2522616684436798,
-0.6336243152618408,
-0.5866193771362305,
-0.07671038806438446,
-0.36270949244499207,
-0.058799225836992264,
0.016692975535988808,
-0.261458158493042,
-0.21740370988845825,
-0.2907159924507141,
-0.6256175637245178,
-0.39179253578186035,
0.7182192206382751,
0.23643313348293304,
-0.06781265884637833,
0.2192319631576538,
-0.15525929629802704,
0.0027009581681340933,
0.115191251039505,
-5.87873649597168,
-0.57492595911026,
-0.3359719216823578,
-0.5633958578109741,
-0.06560119986534119,
0.24971850216388702,
0.27943170070648193,
-0.18213702738285065,
0.39218100905418396,
-0.6220000982284546,
0.36267581582069397,
0.6238822340965271,
0.3218364417552948,
0.4981938898563385,
0.5318207740783691,
0.46343010663986206,
0.8356079459190369,
-0.2165929228067398,
0.531098484992981,
-0.10457489639520645,
-0.053304437547922134,
0.2175547480583191,
0.7298681735992432,
0.16456060111522675,
-0.0772286057472229,
0.2619251608848572,
-0.42415711283683777,
-0.19275864958763123,
-0.18053872883319855,
-0.1727406084537506,
0.013159921392798424,
-0.09550102055072784,
0.04497930407524109,
-0.4739384353160858,
0.046107664704322815,
-0.7211527228355408,
0.07358718663454056,
0.7417065501213074,
0.0858897790312767,
-0.5364622473716736,
-0.3092242479324341,
0.22689585387706757,
-0.35676512122154236,
0.05414270609617233,
0.4537650942802429,
-0.18045903742313385,
-0.5096615552902222,
0.0720677375793457,
-0.25557979941368103,
0.4982318878173828,
-0.5076731443405151,
0.5294468998908997,
0.47661614418029785,
-0.11327507346868515,
0.13344092667102814,
-0.5523698925971985,
-0.2244633436203003,
0.4156376123428345,
0.03727186471223831,
0.04822619631886482,
-0.19248820841312408,
-0.14521849155426025,
-0.12069988995790482,
0.12301616370677948,
-0.42112505435943604,
-0.07905886322259903,
-0.8776986002922058,
-0.42859986424446106,
0.22862279415130615,
0.15909267961978912,
-0.6446229815483093,
0.2712305188179016,
-0.04065202921628952,
-0.6834295392036438,
0.28217777609825134,
-0.44361844658851624,
0.42717215418815613,
0.4168589115142822,
0.7620642185211182,
-0.1803966611623764,
-0.3927340805530548,
-0.06719455868005753,
-0.5321119427680969,
0.19697093963623047,
-0.34185898303985596,
-0.720089316368103,
-0.20073820650577545,
-0.38016852736473083,
0.24202404916286469,
-0.5025851726531982,
0.3631575107574463,
-0.5427737236022949,
0.2504897117614746,
0.23170189559459686,
0.8372694253921509,
-0.028706662356853485,
0.13478010892868042,
0.28850191831588745,
0.6798773407936096,
-0.6216627359390259,
0.6219894886016846,
0.24464476108551025,
0.20739050209522247,
-0.6769452095031738,
0.15073111653327942,
-0.3784519135951996,
0.14649520814418793,
0.238236203789711,
0.5641051530838013,
-0.7557036876678467,
-0.2960936427116394,
-0.6153566837310791,
-0.27671557664871216,
-0.024592887610197067,
-0.15593847632408142,
-0.28318092226982117,
-0.1257566213607788,
0.4937727153301239,
0.3505590260028839,
0.3433266282081604,
-0.15541796386241913,
0.2634558379650116,
0.08118688315153122,
-0.13087928295135498,
-0.2894529700279236,
-0.5663210153579712,
0.17729619145393372,
-0.6184843182563782,
-0.073996901512146,
0.07492528855800629,
0.5562362670898438,
0.45395272970199585,
0.24611666798591614,
0.49837613105773926,
0.660717248916626,
-0.27052977681159973,
0.029595807194709778,
0.07846727222204208,
0.3361239433288574,
-0.11747034639120102,
0.02288423478603363,
-0.2756521701812744,
-0.08675941079854965,
0.251262903213501,
0.5419394969940186,
0.31177812814712524,
0.21243341267108917,
0.26030969619750977,
0.5260401964187622,
0.8627826571464539,
-0.3284192383289337,
-0.17288334667682648,
0.4962339997291565,
-0.4337640702724457,
-0.09600097686052322,
-0.3841557800769806,
0.15424707531929016,
0.10449312627315521,
-0.8158394694328308,
-0.14993783831596375,
0.02216128446161747,
-0.4187793433666229,
-0.4212021231651306,
-0.23031814396381378,
0.6722718477249146,
-0.2648029029369354,
-1.0892893075942993,
0.1956709772348404,
0.4922270178794861,
0.23445799946784973,
-0.14273706078529358,
-0.5181761980056763,
-0.5831899642944336,
-0.10594381392002106,
0.2993592917919159,
0.2153668999671936,
-0.3454703390598297,
0.11764924973249435,
-0.21390511095523834,
-0.04126644507050514,
0.2464715987443924,
0.11488332599401474,
-0.006222400814294815,
0.4554334580898285,
0.18374991416931152,
0.22831028699874878,
0.1542302668094635,
-0.16726844012737274,
0.14404746890068054,
0.2432493418455124,
0.12208784371614456,
-0.13169321417808533,
0.45534446835517883,
-0.10254649817943573,
-0.9955530762672424,
0.0874960646033287,
-0.059889476746320724,
0.824417769908905,
0.3384302258491516,
-0.2603791356086731,
0.7146380543708801,
0.7315614819526672,
-0.7144601345062256,
-0.11505547165870667,
-0.22046297788619995,
0.10041336715221405,
0.36591529846191406,
-0.053318995982408524,
0.01797812432050705,
0.11467111110687256,
-0.34588250517845154,
-0.41604089736938477,
-0.17528173327445984,
0.8538069725036621,
-0.6083489656448364,
-0.49656274914741516,
-0.3648045063018799,
-0.1332290917634964,
-0.006095512304455042,
-0.13764911890029907,
-0.11572878807783127,
0.06630092114210129,
0.08201763778924942,
0.260931134223938,
-0.37998631596565247,
0.41278076171875,
0.4399111270904541,
-0.45108431577682495,
-0.05188953876495361,
-0.10758788138628006,
-0.2679865062236786,
-0.08768284320831299,
-0.1840895265340805,
-0.28193289041519165,
0.5786818861961365,
-0.07650210708379745,
-0.10729572176933289,
-0.2201683223247528,
0.18113021552562714,
0.1902671903371811,
-0.04618130251765251,
0.8752551078796387,
-0.0175146646797657,
-0.8714240193367004,
-0.034334439784288406,
0.41072097420692444,
0.9227221012115479,
-0.9570726156234741,
-0.2539001405239105,
0.22912123799324036,
0.3460357189178467,
-0.83695387840271,
-0.7484015822410583,
-0.2503182590007782,
0.37277886271476746,
-0.1279316395521164,
0.0901305302977562,
0.07732775062322617,
-0.05121038481593132,
-0.1341286450624466,
-0.028140636160969734,
0.1436324417591095,
-0.6823161244392395,
0.09264907985925674,
0.654499351978302,
-0.26219019293785095,
-0.7986185550689697,
-0.3590453267097473,
0.05878415331244469,
0.24587011337280273,
0.07166552543640137,
0.22456298768520355,
0.1713636964559555,
0.6379698514938354,
0.622002124786377,
0.047088854014873505,
-0.16722771525382996,
0.091702900826931,
0.47464704513549805,
0.4325180947780609,
-0.8569599986076355,
0.2881526052951813,
0.051952142268419266,
-0.6908029913902283,
0.42247796058654785,
-0.7206593155860901,
0.3712586462497711,
-0.049820736050605774,
-0.020122310146689415,
-0.24650369584560394,
0.19925454258918762,
-0.24087414145469666,
-0.2039712816476822,
0.15157859027385712,
-0.11157751828432083,
0.20960862934589386,
-0.09998955577611923,
-0.02566826157271862,
0.4784413278102875,
0.5485960841178894,
-0.5087838768959045,
0.3293953239917755,
-0.2157423496246338,
-0.267850399017334,
0.32085496187210083,
0.25970837473869324,
0.010487379506230354,
-0.21982556581497192,
-0.17833344638347626,
-0.06081055849790573,
-0.0021966344211250544,
-0.28317177295684814,
0.18120820820331573,
0.22956255078315735,
-0.1855359524488449,
-0.247706338763237,
0.39791348576545715,
-0.6652785539627075,
-0.04031848534941673,
0.1768743246793747,
0.037393342703580856,
-0.20835207402706146,
0.007329368032515049,
0.2233370989561081,
-0.5177705883979797,
0.25136178731918335,
-0.2639339566230774,
-0.3900863826274872,
0.26544174551963806,
0.4847048819065094,
0.13155415654182434,
-0.20866519212722778,
-0.28789135813713074,
0.37614643573760986,
-0.2657323479652405,
-0.34066635370254517,
0.6076102256774902,
-0.06248718127608299,
-0.10434327274560928,
1.0415645837783813,
0.8276088237762451,
-0.06701142340898514,
-0.32812342047691345,
-0.5002782344818115,
-0.188499316573143,
0.3427352011203766,
-0.16755998134613037,
0.08891691267490387,
0.08588889986276627,
-0.016653703525662422,
0.28362762928009033,
0.08001726120710373,
0.4693715572357178,
-0.03085661306977272,
0.22129203379154205,
-0.1313021332025528,
0.07421677559614182,
-0.2286936342716217,
0.4778311848640442,
-0.9408661127090454,
-0.36514413356781006,
0.19788780808448792,
-0.10029392689466476,
-0.08217764645814896,
0.04634563997387886,
0.5788072943687439,
0.5029526948928833,
0.04673226922750473,
0.11393789201974869,
-0.09024534374475479,
-0.16174466907978058,
0.43813517689704895,
-0.45096972584724426,
-0.32507550716400146,
-0.704264223575592,
-0.012190117500722408,
0.08865580707788467,
0.3923672139644623,
0.40320783853530884,
-0.6732909083366394,
-0.5322467684745789,
0.2655116319656372,
0.0975065529346466,
-0.9651821255683899,
0.2416193038225174,
-0.10162945091724396,
-0.40515413880348206,
0.0355280302464962,
-0.061171356588602066,
0.623417854309082,
0.1920347362756729,
-0.06090153753757477,
-0.1636703461408615,
-0.20281721651554108,
-0.6214373111724854,
-0.3767949938774109,
0.03947954252362251,
0.6098580360412598,
0.6367300748825073,
-0.5423750877380371,
-0.48821723461151123,
0.6314889192581177,
0.06824679672718048,
0.054857634007930756,
-0.37135636806488037,
-0.2247532457113266,
-0.5148714780807495,
-0.5434916019439697,
0.3908501863479614,
0.02338360622525215,
0.5396742224693298,
-0.1310853511095047,
-0.13157711923122406,
-0.16240453720092773,
-0.5117544531822205,
0.05561669543385506,
0.7108462452888489,
-0.3609882593154907,
0.2284223884344101,
0.09725193679332733,
0.20072528719902039,
-0.22961899638175964,
0.09338030219078064,
0.5122395157814026,
-0.4454546272754669,
-0.22635605931282043,
-0.009438402950763702,
0.27855008840560913,
-0.3800778388977051,
0.5048609375953674,
-0.6409189105033875,
-0.42491838335990906,
-0.6513180732727051,
0.30556806921958923,
0.1878463327884674,
0.06497315317392349,
0.395539790391922,
0.3090842664241791,
0.022983839735388756,
-0.7060781717300415,
-0.06836451590061188,
0.19945891201496124,
0.5835254788398743,
-0.20641978085041046,
0.2484094500541687,
0.1615673005580902,
0.15891645848751068,
0.05897977203130722,
-0.5068597197532654,
0.5304210782051086,
0.5554344654083252,
-0.2668258249759674,
0.30133482813835144,
-0.07080554962158203,
0.18730920553207397,
-0.5148198008537292,
0.5561323165893555,
-0.08936307579278946,
0.19565728306770325,
0.3014998137950897
] |
247778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20names%20of%20the%20Royal%20Navy | List of ship names of the Royal Navy | This is an alphabetical list of the names of all ships that have been in service with the Royal Navy, or with predecessor fleets formally in the service of the Kingdom of England or the Commonwealth of England. The list also includes fictional vessels which have prominently featured in literature about the Royal Navy. Names are traditionally re-used over the years, and have been carried by more than one ship.
Altogether over 13,000 ships have been in service with the Royal Navy.
Unlike many other naval services, the Royal Navy designates certain types of shore establishment (e.g. barracks, naval air stations and training establishments) as "ships" and names them accordingly. These establishments are often referred to in service slang as stone frigates.
Lists of ship names
Due to the large number of names the list has been split into smaller lists:
Alphabetical
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (A)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (B)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (C)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (D–F)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (G–H)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (I–L)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (M–N)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (O–Q)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (R–T)
List of ship names of the Royal Navy (U–Z)
By types of ship
List of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
List of amphibious warfare ships of the Royal Navy
List of pre-dreadnought battleships of the Royal Navy
List of dreadnought battleships of the Royal Navy
List of battlecruisers of the Royal Navy
List of bomb vessels of the Royal Navy
List of cruiser classes of the Royal Navy
List of destroyers of the Royal Navy
List of fast patrol boats of the Royal Navy
List of frigates of the Royal Navy
List of corvettes and sloops of the Royal Navy
List of gunboats and gunvessels of the Royal Navy
List of gun-brigs of the Royal Navy
List of ironclads of the Royal Navy
List of monitors of the Royal Navy
List of mine countermeasure vessels of the Royal Navy (includes minesweepers and mine hunters)
List of Royal Prison ship names
List of Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship names
List of ships of the line of the Royal Navy
List of submarines of the Royal Navy
List of survey vessels of the Royal Navy
List of Royal Navy shore establishments
By Person
List of People With Royal Navy Ships Named After Them
Fictional RN ship names
Many novels and films about the Royal Navy feature fictional ships, but most use real names. This is a list of fictional names of note. Where real ship names are used fictionally, there is a link to the actual ships using that name.
Fictional wooden RN ships
In novels
Argonaute (from Colours Aloft by Alexander Kent)
Atropos (from Hornblower and the Atropos by C. S. Forester)
Bellipotent (from Billy Budd, Sailor by Herman Melville)
Caligula (from A Ship of the Line by C. S. Forester)
Clam (from Hornblower in the West Indies by C. S. Forester)
Clorinda (from Hornblower in the West Indies by C. S. Forester)
Crab (from Hornblower in the West Indies by C. S. Forester)
Harvey and Moth (Bomb ketches) (from The Commodore by C. S. Forester)
Flame (from Lord Hornblower by C. S. Forester)
Friday (from the 1970s Urban myth about a fictional HMS Friday)
Harpy (from Mr Midshipman Easy by Captain Frederick Marryat)
Hotspur (from Hornblower and the Hotspur by C. S. Forester)
Justinian (from Mr. Midshipman Hornblower by C. S. Forester)
Lotus (from The Commodore by C. S. Forester)
Lydia (from The Happy Return by C. S. Forester)
Nightingale (from Hornblower and the Atropos by C. S. Forester)
Nonsuch (from The Commodore by C. S. Forester)
Phoebe (from Hornblower in the West Indies by C. S. Forester)
Pinafore (from the operetta H.M.S. Pinafore by Gilbert and Sullivan)
Polychrest (from Post Captain by Patrick O'Brian)
Porta Coeli (from Lord Hornblower by C. S. Forester)
Pucelle (from Sharpe's Trafalgar by Bernard Cornwell)
Pluto (from A Ship of the Line by C. S. Forester)
Renown (from Lieutenant Hornblower by C. S. Forester)
Roebuck (from Hornblower in the West Indies by C. S. Forester)
Sophie (from Master and Commander by Patrick O'Brian. Based on the actual HM Sloop Speedy)
Surprise (from HMS Surprise (novel) by Patrick O'Brian. Fictional ship based on the actual frigate )
Sutherland (from A Ship of the Line & Flying Colours by C. S. Forester)
Themis (from Under Enemy Colors by S. Thomas Russell)
Venus: (from the scatalogical drinking song "Good Ship Venus". Although this usage is apocryphal, the ship's name has been used five times by the RN between 1758 and 1972).
Witch of Endor (from Flying Colours by C. S. Forester)
In films and television and radio
Avenger (from 1962 Peter Ustinov/Terence Stamp film Billy Budd)
Defiant (from 1962 Alec Guinness/Dirk Bogarde film HMS Defiant)
Bounty (from 1962 Marlon Brando/Trevor Howard film Mutiny on the Bounty, a novel-based version of the HMS Bounty story. The replica built for the film was lost in 2012)
Venus (from 1962 Kenneth Williams/Bernard Cribbins comedy film Carry On Jack)
Indefatigable and Hotspur (from 1999 Ioan Gruffudd TV Series Hornblower; HMS Indefatigable played by replica frigate Grand Turk; HMS Hotspur played by Earl of Pembroke)
Surprise (from 2003 Russell Crowe film Master and Commander; played by replica ship HMS Surprise )
Dauntless and Interceptor (from the 2003 Johnny Depp film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. A fictional HMS Dauntless is the 'flagship of the Royal Navy'. HMS Interceptor - described as the 'fastest vessel in the Navy' - is played by the replica ship Lady Washington). Later Dauntless has been replaced by Endeavour, the vessel that became a new flagship of the Royal Navy.
Providence (from the 2011 Johnny Depp film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides; played by replica ship HMS Surprise)
HMS Travail from the Poldark Series 1970 and 2014 to 2019 Tv series
Fictional metal RN ships
Pre-WWII
HMS Clampherdown (from The Ballad of the "Clampherdown" by Rudyard Kipling (1892); satirising the s and )
(an "Ironclad torpedo ram" from The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells (1898))
The original 1920s edition of the H.P.Gibson naval boardgame Dover Patrol used a number of real RN Ship names, but generally attached them to different ship classes. Thus the "Flagships" were H.M.S. and , and the "Super Dreadnoughts" were H.M.S. , , Canada and India, but few of these resembled the actual ships with the same names in the drawings used on the playing pieces. The "Dreadnoughts" were given all new 'County' names: H.M.S. Surrey, Middlesex, Lancashire and Yorkshire, and the "Battle Cruisers" had 'Town' names: H.M.S. , , , , and . "Light Cruisers" had animal names: , , , , , , and ; "Destroyers" had 'Bird' names: , , , , , Seagull, and , and "Auxiliary Cruisers" were given insect names: , , Firefly, , , , Mosquito and . In the revised edition of the game published after WWII, the "Flagships" and "Vice Flagships" were unnamed, but all the other names shown above were retained, including the four wholly fictional County names given to the "Battleships" (reclassified from "Dreadnoughts").
("third-class cruiser"); also "H M Battlecruiser " and "her attendant light cruiser ", (from the 1931 novel Brown on Resolution by C. S. Forester)
HMS Rutland ("Second-class cruiser") and ("Armoured Cruiser") in the 1935 John Mills film Brown on Resolution; played by : , Destroyer Leader: and : .
In WWII novels
, a fictional from The Cruiser by Warren Tute
HMS Apache is a fictional in the short story Gold From Crete by C. S. Forester
(from The Ship by C. S. Forester; inspired by : )
HMS Conqueror is a fictional battleship frequently referred to in the novel The Destroyers by Douglas Reeman; she is clearly based on
HMS Dipper and HMS Winger were fictional Kingfisher-class corvettes in the stories East Coast Corvette (1943) and Corvette Command (1944), by Nicholas Monsarrat, (republished with H M Corvette as Three Corvettes in 1945)
, Wrestler, Invader, and Blue Ranger were escort carriers of the 14th Aircraft Carrier Squadron in Alistair MacLean's novel HMS Ulysses.
HMS Flower and HMS Compass Rose were fictional s in the short story H M Corvette (1942) and the novel The Cruel Sea (1951) by Nicholas Monsarrat
is a fictional G-class destroyer in novel Killing Ground by Douglas Reeman.
HMS Jubilee was a fictional minesweeper in Nicholas Monsarrat's unfinished final book The Master Mariner.
HMS Lomond is the name of the leader of a flotilla of fictional V and W-class destroyers in the novel The Destroyers by Douglas Reeman
(from the short story "HMS Marlborough Will Enter Harbour" by Nicholas Monsarrat; based on a 1927 sloop)
HMS Nairn was a fictional River-class frigate in Alistair MacLean's 1955 book HMS Ulysses.
HMS River, HMS Colony and HMS Saltash were fictional River and s in H M Frigate (1946) and the novel The Cruel Sea (1951) by Nicholas Monsarrat. (In the 1953 film version HMS Saltash was depicted by : , and hence named Saltash Castle)
fictional S-class destroyer in Alistair MacLean's novels The Guns of Navarone and Force 10 From Navarone
(from HMS Ulysses by Alistair MacLean, based on a fictional )
and HMS Vectra are two escorts of the 14th Aircraft Carrier Squadron in Alistair MacLean's novel HMS Ulysses
HMS Vagabond is a fictional in the 1989 novel The Fighting Spirit by Charles Gidley (Wheeler)
HMS Viperous, a fictional V and W-class destroyer from the novel The Cruel Sea (1953) by Nicholas Monsarrat
HMS Warlock, HMS Ventnor, HMS Victor, HMS Warden, HMS Waxwing, HMS Whiplash and HMS Whirlpool are members of a flotilla of fictional V and W-class destroyers in the novel The Destroyers by Douglas Reeman
HMS Wildebeeste is the name of a ship, almost certainly a destroyer, operating alongside the main character's unnamed destroyer in novel Pincher Martin by William Golding
In WWII films
HMS Torrin (in the 1942 Noël Coward film In Which We Serve; played by destroyer: )
HMS Sea Tiger (Submarine, in 1943 John Mills film We Dive at Dawn; played by Turkish S-class submarines P614 and P615).
HMS Ballantrae (in the 1951 Trevor Howard film Gift Horse; based on , played by )
HMS Stratford, HMS Amesbury, and (from 1953 Michael Rennie film Single-Handed or Sailor of the King, (based on the novel Brown on Resolution by C. S. Forester), played by : , : and )
HMS Compass Rose and HMS Saltash Castle (in 1953 Jack Hawkins film The Cruel Sea; played by corvettes: HMS Coreopsis and . In Nicholas Monsarrat's original book, "HMS Saltash" was a larger ).
HMS Rockhampton (in the 1955 John Wayne film The Sea Chase, played by River-class frigate )
(the only fictional ship in the 1960 Kenneth More film Sink the Bismarck!; played by : )
Post-war novels
HMS Aries (fictional from The Zhukov Briefing by Antony Trew)
(fictional Type 23 frigate in Mike Lunnon-Wood's novel King's Shilling)
HMS Belligerent (fictional assault ship from The Zhukov Briefing by Antony Trew)
HMS Bluewhale (fictional British Porpoise-class submarine from The Zhukov Briefing by Antony Trew)
HMS Carousel (from We Saw the Sea by John Winton; based on s in the Dartmouth Training Squadron)
(a fictional aircraft carrier from the novel HMS Leviathan by John Winton; the real Majestic-class carrier with this name was never completed)
(a fictional "obsolete frigate" in the 1988 novel Medusa by Hammond Innes)
(fictional from One of our Warships by John Winton)
(from Down the Hatch & All the Nice Girls by John Winton; submarine)
(fictional from The Fighting Temeraire by John Winton)
Post-war film and media
HMS Aristotle (from the 1958 Frankie Howerd comedy film Further Up the Creek, played by a Type 14 frigate).
, , (fictional Type 23 frigates in 1997 James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies)
(from 1957 Peter Sellers comedy film Up the Creek, played by ).
HMS Dorchester (in the 1960 Norman Wisdom film The Bulldog Breed, played by a Type 14 )
HMS Gillingham (from the 1956 John Mills film The Baby and the Battleship, played by ).
(from the 1970s BBC drama series Warship played by the Leander-class frigate: among others)
HMS Makepeace (from the 1960s The Navy Lark radio comedy; generic destroyer)
is a fictional Type 23 frigate in the Action Stations exhibit at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, Portsmouth, England.
HMS Sherwood (in 1957 A. E. Matthews comedy film Carry on Admiral; played by a )
(from the 2004 ITV drama series Making Waves, played by Type 23 frigate: and others)
HMS Troutbridge (from the 1959-77 The Navy Lark radio comedy; inspired by Type 15 frigate: ).
HMS Trumpton (in The Navy Lark 1959 film version, the action is transferred to an inshore minesweeper, played by )
HMS Vigil (from the BBC drama Vigil) HMS Vigil is a fictional Vanguard-class submarine.
HMS Virtue'' (mentioned in the BBC drama Vigil) HMS Virtue is a fictional Vanguard-class submarine.
See also
Bibliography of 18th–19th century Royal Naval history
Notes
References
Names
Royal Navy names
Royal Navy ships | [
-0.15500210225582123,
0.19335529208183289,
-0.7290313243865967,
-0.4508521258831024,
-0.2550947964191437,
0.787223756313324,
0.5436936616897583,
0.5202738642692566,
-1.3567854166030884,
0.06097562238574028,
-0.2184542417526245,
-0.06470318883657455,
0.11637473106384277,
0.8514826893806458,
0.10526691377162933,
0.4914415776729584,
-0.006899235304445028,
1.0597758293151855,
-0.04379704222083092,
-0.31127509474754333,
-0.11614367365837097,
0.37290123105049133,
0.17010925710201263,
-0.5937222838401794,
0.3719978630542755,
0.27782970666885376,
0.4673568606376648,
-0.3053889870643616,
-0.2476208359003067,
-0.37454479932785034,
0.25806036591529846,
0.4365970492362976,
-0.06622570753097534,
0.6291658878326416,
0.1502961665391922,
-0.6877418160438538,
-0.2227424681186676,
-0.2521055340766907,
0.1349666565656662,
-0.6537195444107056,
-0.48866552114486694,
-0.6544625759124756,
0.7423336505889893,
0.3924630284309387,
-0.047221776098012924,
0.07249045372009277,
-1.4036139249801636,
-0.29934149980545044,
-0.27771371603012085,
0.4618026316165924,
0.055291738361120224,
-0.09835878759622574,
1.0599942207336426,
0.3111770749092102,
0.22469837963581085,
0.6186529397964478,
-0.3790570795536041,
0.14228323101997375,
-0.17628692090511322,
-0.4220256805419922,
0.9443851113319397,
0.5748159289360046,
0.5151244401931763,
0.20114454627037048,
0.5413925647735596,
0.12820465862751007,
-0.013632555492222309,
0.5374675989151001,
-0.7797173261642456,
-0.10351995378732681,
0.1706489771604538,
-0.07365116477012634,
0.22256799042224884,
0.1402134895324707,
-0.4389626681804657,
0.38817864656448364,
-0.044042304158210754,
0.017752591520547867,
0.16558733582496643,
-0.3387931287288666,
0.2561221122741699,
0.2828161120414734,
0.4328843653202057,
0.14178776741027832,
-0.14840951561927795,
0.19562466442584991,
-0.5663760304450989,
-0.37831372022628784,
-0.5597313642501831,
0.7727187275886536,
0.35637935996055603,
-0.09692221134901047,
0.5086459517478943,
0.13742977380752563,
-0.26845869421958923,
-0.1748560220003128,
-0.6059116721153259,
0.261317640542984,
0.15069285035133362,
0.4965169429779053,
0.18699094653129578,
0.22971300780773163,
0.4030522406101227,
-0.47085464000701904,
-0.5037583708763123,
-0.2797103226184845,
-0.32806676626205444,
0.04436899349093437,
0.14624451100826263,
-0.1467096209526062,
0.17309504747390747,
-0.26394951343536377,
-0.060277216136455536,
0.40992310643196106,
-0.3667307496070862,
-0.3184538781642914,
0.36584940552711487,
-0.34689196944236755,
0.0347159169614315,
0.2052537202835083,
-0.33779120445251465,
0.5848402976989746,
0.08166202902793884,
-0.5207847952842712,
0.36498817801475525,
0.6041479110717773,
0.7249616980552673,
-0.008579779416322708,
-0.4046584367752075,
-0.10832194238901138,
0.262650728225708,
1.3993911743164062,
-0.9424731135368347,
-0.1777420938014984,
-0.38281893730163574,
-0.4104485511779785,
-0.32054704427719116,
0.473166823387146,
0.31405583024024963,
0.740668773651123,
-0.9874398112297058,
-0.11818087100982666,
-0.44347083568573,
0.1197902113199234,
0.07926171272993088,
-0.7598651647567749,
-0.2681474983692169,
-0.4853919744491577,
-0.2403421550989151,
0.18769526481628418,
0.0661051943898201,
-0.38460293412208557,
0.24807143211364746,
0.24947519600391388,
-0.21319890022277832,
-0.23247912526130676,
0.45272600650787354,
-0.2154408097267151,
0.6324153542518616,
-0.33070072531700134,
-0.3671933114528656,
-0.06949804723262787,
0.04117811843752861,
0.07552391290664673,
-0.025824569165706635,
0.2322014570236206,
0.3745044767856598,
0.20560100674629211,
-0.39734452962875366,
-0.5801952481269836,
-0.22254574298858643,
0.0071340748108923435,
1.0123512744903564,
0.22506003081798553,
-0.1496082991361618,
0.15556293725967407,
1.1246987581253052,
0.3141475319862366,
0.9922873973846436,
-0.7618723511695862,
-0.5976834297180176,
0.18655429780483246,
0.3302023410797119,
-0.3779076933860779,
0.23969294130802155,
0.22468902170658112,
0.2878273129463196,
-0.0415942557156086,
0.18979781866073608,
0.42283666133880615,
0.09894595295190811,
-0.4037981927394867,
0.29767167568206787,
-0.49791765213012695,
1.0181899070739746,
-0.2237148880958557,
-0.676104724407196,
-0.06215483322739601,
-0.3999031186103821,
0.20331807434558868,
0.007624504156410694,
-0.25062721967697144,
0.22958657145500183,
0.09095197916030884,
-0.6542207598686218,
0.1368323415517807,
0.02510659210383892,
0.5386239886283875,
0.5446946620941162,
0.009014750830829144,
0.3827281594276428,
-0.6302765607833862,
0.46281948685646057,
0.11553742736577988,
0.3342542350292206,
0.1070312112569809,
-0.1462426781654358,
-0.16398949921131134,
-0.07112583518028259,
-0.49182066321372986,
0.5866946578025818,
0.21887220442295074,
0.2533150017261505,
0.2539449632167816,
0.12320639193058014,
0.21240492165088654,
-0.4677310883998871,
0.130097433924675,
-0.2105901837348938,
-0.4784955382347107,
0.7073587775230408,
-0.27201730012893677,
-0.16587747633457184,
0.10472344607114792,
-0.02496594376862049,
-0.30977529287338257,
-0.005959794856607914,
0.1448291689157486,
-0.14509905874729156,
-0.6201419234275818,
0.4095175862312317,
0.07662830501794815,
-0.3636251986026764,
0.48474183678627014,
0.4430599510669708,
0.061107754707336426,
0.043610263615846634,
-0.7484803199768066,
-0.121966153383255,
-0.6452769041061401,
1.0953665971755981,
0.19745571911334991,
0.4516500234603882,
-0.15696004033088684,
-0.6217695474624634,
-0.5607773661613464,
0.273995965719223,
0.04173117130994797,
-0.3286699652671814,
0.47082456946372986,
-0.39094918966293335,
-0.08800789713859558,
0.38657107949256897,
0.6823076009750366,
-0.14710263907909393,
-0.7387868165969849,
-0.1490558236837387,
-0.9875932335853577,
0.6150617003440857,
0.23843200504779816,
0.22844241559505463,
0.21920913457870483,
-0.4239466190338135,
-0.5450600385665894,
0.7640913128852844,
-0.12353457510471344,
0.412814199924469,
-0.015392660163342953,
-0.2141796201467514,
-0.28969064354896545,
-0.18338969349861145,
0.42115074396133423,
-0.31225520372390747,
-0.6231661438941956,
-0.19486050307750702,
-0.280360609292984,
0.7149999141693115,
0.16771380603313446,
0.011457273736596107,
0.2376573532819748,
-0.892259955406189,
-0.35768094658851624,
-0.23747514188289642,
-0.18019211292266846,
-0.19761645793914795,
-0.23019108176231384,
-0.058675166219472885,
0.3911435306072235,
-0.31765568256378174,
-0.5762755870819092,
-0.47284775972366333,
0.355459064245224,
-0.15035447478294373,
0.007813780568540096,
-0.07792378962039948,
-0.04632200300693512,
-0.10111185908317566,
0.37210702896118164,
-5.227896690368652,
-0.2124880701303482,
-0.10357830673456192,
-0.46548888087272644,
0.22759521007537842,
0.41699686646461487,
0.6426433324813843,
-0.4231444299221039,
-0.0707152932882309,
-0.41706299781799316,
0.5766584277153015,
0.30292561650276184,
0.1323438584804535,
0.7457031011581421,
0.4757441282272339,
0.5315809845924377,
0.9354066848754883,
0.1571507602930069,
0.1657484918832779,
-0.2117137610912323,
0.22034381330013275,
0.03974774479866028,
0.38316455483436584,
0.3454846441745758,
0.01842615380883217,
0.8002641201019287,
-0.35519713163375854,
-0.28335151076316833,
-0.371459037065506,
0.060475852340459824,
0.25409433245658875,
-0.12549078464508057,
-0.04228423535823822,
-0.5267711877822876,
-0.6218777894973755,
-0.36172235012054443,
0.20617955923080444,
0.8568401336669922,
-0.0893293246626854,
-0.6454005837440491,
-0.4632677435874939,
0.5852696299552917,
-0.48260655999183655,
0.24307577311992645,
0.6270626187324524,
-0.208313450217247,
-0.5185893177986145,
0.3652569651603699,
0.013591844588518143,
0.7675917744636536,
-0.5965493321418762,
0.2349311113357544,
0.5271298289299011,
0.29716891050338745,
0.06048135831952095,
-0.7865442037582397,
-0.29096126556396484,
0.5267913341522217,
-0.3406446576118469,
0.21925105154514313,
0.1892888993024826,
-0.2709815502166748,
-0.16534334421157837,
-0.47951069474220276,
-0.06720692664384842,
-0.8343097567558289,
-0.9603581428527832,
-0.35399073362350464,
0.32435041666030884,
0.43979623913764954,
-0.48424315452575684,
0.17484889924526215,
-0.3534638285636902,
-0.7899231910705566,
0.37874022126197815,
-0.2649851441383362,
0.5351162552833557,
0.38937637209892273,
0.4636785387992859,
0.055363256484270096,
-0.43708038330078125,
0.04284745454788208,
-0.6364591121673584,
0.5445752739906311,
-0.3392869234085083,
-0.9430572986602783,
-0.5631663799285889,
-0.5155816674232483,
-0.5548642873764038,
-1.1416630744934082,
0.4685404896736145,
-0.4182285964488983,
0.01740466058254242,
0.577728271484375,
0.5038920044898987,
0.09009727090597153,
0.5450004935264587,
0.09442176669836044,
0.9859672784805298,
-0.6792177557945251,
0.41163697838783264,
0.11553984135389328,
0.5522172451019287,
-0.6209771633148193,
0.17386572062969208,
-0.6990926265716553,
-0.43811357021331787,
-0.06483478099107742,
0.6033653616905212,
-0.6098513603210449,
-0.3924873471260071,
-0.8571720123291016,
-0.25181716680526733,
-0.3336942493915558,
-0.4397064745426178,
-0.2221532166004181,
0.09818462282419205,
0.3212701082229614,
0.5928952097892761,
0.42468324303627014,
0.0752556324005127,
0.277723491191864,
-0.43678349256515503,
-0.1586981862783432,
-0.3088340163230896,
-0.5924244523048401,
-0.08469090610742569,
-0.5140981078147888,
-0.21683938801288605,
-0.029903952032327652,
0.4927920401096344,
0.03256635740399361,
-0.2928609251976013,
0.5820493102073669,
0.20543712377548218,
-0.2445916384458542,
-0.17236845195293427,
-0.09091195464134216,
0.3859466314315796,
-0.5081338882446289,
-0.02424883469939232,
-0.21017292141914368,
-0.764022171497345,
-0.027498574927449226,
0.5391802787780762,
0.6668961048126221,
0.1670241504907608,
-0.2787030339241028,
0.3194659650325775,
0.8637688159942627,
-1.0023558139801025,
-0.4197068214416504,
0.31276243925094604,
-0.532976508140564,
0.1164044737815857,
-0.2082972377538681,
0.2868001163005829,
0.39786121249198914,
-1.1848273277282715,
0.023287460207939148,
-0.32202619314193726,
0.009130864404141903,
-0.46541741490364075,
-0.2487146407365799,
0.7603660225868225,
-0.012969414703547955,
-0.5647588968276978,
0.2581709027290344,
0.23379068076610565,
0.7597978711128235,
-0.11242729425430298,
0.04116535931825638,
-0.7734799385070801,
0.2741492688655853,
0.4114531874656677,
0.0557650625705719,
-0.17841140925884247,
0.5343281626701355,
-0.2561023235321045,
0.178489550948143,
0.0382053479552269,
-0.17539815604686737,
0.031773053109645844,
0.6662115454673767,
0.2965341806411743,
0.7133677005767822,
-0.19042009115219116,
0.08563974499702454,
-0.13291582465171814,
-0.44446101784706116,
0.058540113270282745,
0.0745617002248764,
0.28755611181259155,
-0.25195908546447754,
-1.396386742591858,
-0.005173438228666782,
-0.0003908396465703845,
0.3893873691558838,
0.5747314691543579,
-0.5572845935821533,
0.5313785672187805,
0.7657536268234253,
-0.5204480886459351,
-0.0957750678062439,
-0.23795422911643982,
-0.14450755715370178,
0.332983136177063,
0.07042689621448517,
-0.5732549428939819,
0.3877887427806854,
-0.17843645811080933,
-0.8874637484550476,
-0.45044949650764465,
0.6971726417541504,
-0.06166086718440056,
-0.4219149947166443,
-0.05099272355437279,
0.1760525405406952,
0.057891447097063065,
-0.6235865354537964,
-0.04221397638320923,
0.3660489022731781,
0.13509424030780792,
-0.0046762144193053246,
-0.2663456201553345,
0.2490881234407425,
0.35349005460739136,
-0.7392733693122864,
0.4723861515522003,
0.029245814308524132,
-0.6397750377655029,
-0.09702251106500626,
-0.2677589952945709,
-0.4841417670249939,
0.4502100646495819,
-0.45721906423568726,
-0.1940583437681198,
-0.29054582118988037,
0.049076877534389496,
0.2190605252981186,
0.33309394121170044,
0.7444500923156738,
0.36320388317108154,
-0.7826720476150513,
-0.20264074206352234,
-0.19688256084918976,
0.6004248261451721,
-0.5479040145874023,
-0.4752597212791443,
-0.2299458086490631,
0.07901960611343384,
-0.8735917806625366,
-1.041564702987671,
-0.8036145567893982,
1.0393913984298706,
0.017524203285574913,
0.059021566063165665,
0.4139254689216614,
-0.008361520245671272,
0.338473916053772,
0.02364705689251423,
0.7258584499359131,
-0.6072455644607544,
0.4704120457172394,
1.0238103866577148,
0.23711365461349487,
-0.5939474701881409,
-0.09550012648105621,
0.3851947784423828,
0.0750909075140953,
-0.25960373878479004,
0.24879425764083862,
-0.15942634642124176,
0.5563599467277527,
0.5370621085166931,
0.3099072277545929,
0.2743864059448242,
-0.27647027373313904,
1.0303491353988647,
-0.2588287889957428,
-0.8156156539916992,
0.2799939811229706,
-0.00404997868463397,
-0.4699844419956207,
0.5455480217933655,
-0.5937633514404297,
-0.3383985757827759,
-0.16056092083454132,
0.16595591604709625,
-0.2179255485534668,
-0.09999509155750275,
0.2005213499069214,
-0.3119860291481018,
0.4896741807460785,
-0.19067148864269257,
0.14816421270370483,
-0.05766598507761955,
0.10783553123474121,
0.25531917810440063,
0.4444616734981537,
-0.6841385960578918,
0.5608353614807129,
-0.022870983928442,
-0.24387681484222412,
0.1678374856710434,
0.4585287272930145,
0.2553013563156128,
0.1595984697341919,
-0.5863644480705261,
0.15941008925437927,
0.16515228152275085,
-0.41496437788009644,
0.1970093548297882,
0.5616633892059326,
-0.10057789087295532,
-0.6721485257148743,
0.5526179075241089,
-0.7594062089920044,
-0.07086935639381409,
0.09808838367462158,
0.15033826231956482,
-0.5109367966651917,
0.14050692319869995,
0.3289933502674103,
-0.6119371652603149,
0.29699140787124634,
-0.5257694721221924,
-0.9203065037727356,
0.5219024419784546,
0.6287171840667725,
0.1873096227645874,
-0.15630391240119934,
-0.8078211545944214,
0.546223521232605,
-1.0586291551589966,
-0.40047842264175415,
0.4207186996936798,
0.08298713713884354,
-0.30119118094444275,
0.9271270632743835,
0.44675710797309875,
0.21651476621627808,
-0.13261684775352478,
-0.632544994354248,
-0.4026104211807251,
0.17278651893138885,
-0.559304416179657,
0.2214997261762619,
0.11778494715690613,
-0.16835635900497437,
0.1976882368326187,
0.580268144607544,
0.5929365754127502,
0.11903196573257446,
0.4368381202220917,
0.5930402874946594,
0.2805783152580261,
-0.001750748255290091,
0.55281001329422,
-1.0311295986175537,
0.019195185974240303,
0.11016397923231125,
-0.28885433077812195,
0.018891634419560432,
-0.45650577545166016,
0.18414895236492157,
0.46670007705688477,
0.4898127317428589,
0.1566251665353775,
0.1909245252609253,
0.3225820064544678,
0.2979213297367096,
-0.06525617092847824,
-0.6181809306144714,
-0.42423298954963684,
0.46091511845588684,
0.35827216506004333,
0.3125845491886139,
0.0375632718205452,
-0.7967556118965149,
-0.5947665572166443,
0.5343748331069946,
-0.2380390763282776,
-0.8795307278633118,
0.32943668961524963,
-0.1282966583967209,
-0.7804324626922607,
0.20093534886837006,
-0.12162752449512482,
-0.009738017804920673,
0.45679759979248047,
-0.49791234731674194,
-0.37477418780326843,
-0.3164016604423523,
-0.8587136268615723,
-0.2043701559305191,
-0.3059426248073578,
0.9414321184158325,
0.8551619052886963,
-0.8662458658218384,
-0.5716685056686401,
0.6342617869377136,
-0.10568094998598099,
0.49301275610923767,
-0.17875882983207703,
0.09832116961479187,
-0.35806676745414734,
0.1349567025899887,
0.1838538497686386,
0.09927914291620255,
0.05339749529957771,
-0.1807800680398941,
-0.1474502682685852,
0.07010513544082642,
-0.7385149598121643,
-0.35495299100875854,
0.4569973945617676,
-0.5082696080207825,
0.07118967920541763,
-0.20432163774967194,
0.45515143871307373,
-0.19766303896903992,
-0.32102081179618835,
0.5324463844299316,
-0.5227667689323425,
-0.08945385366678238,
-0.02780759520828724,
-0.07843206822872162,
-0.3455232083797455,
0.3882657289505005,
-0.7172145247459412,
0.04082108661532402,
-0.7277299165725708,
-0.08312903344631195,
0.0671728253364563,
0.435916006565094,
0.6597643494606018,
0.5413899421691895,
0.10395106673240662,
-0.5719802975654602,
-0.025324873626232147,
0.3647027313709259,
0.885899007320404,
0.05582785978913307,
-0.42731010913848877,
0.09715308994054794,
0.12381187081336975,
-0.07003039866685867,
-0.46418121457099915,
0.7967652678489685,
0.518486499786377,
0.14622530341148376,
0.13550375401973724,
-0.5557989478111267,
0.978787899017334,
-0.5214309692382812,
0.334717333316803,
-0.3166646659374237,
0.10426241904497147,
0.6084340810775757
] |
247779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta%2C%20Georgia | Augusta, Georgia | Augusta ( ), officially Augusta–Richmond County, is a consolidated city-county on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Georgia. The city lies across the Savannah River from South Carolina at the head of its navigable portion. Georgia's third-largest city after Atlanta and Columbus, Augusta is located in the Fall Line section of the state.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Augusta–Richmond County had a 2020 population of 202,081, not counting the unconsolidated cities of Blythe and Hephzibah. It is the 116th largest city in the United States. The process of consolidation between the City of Augusta and Richmond County began with a 1995 referendum in the two jurisdictions. The merger was completed on July 1, 1996. Augusta is the principal city of the Augusta metropolitan area. In 2020 it had a population of 611,000, making it the second-largest metro area in the state. It is the 95th largest metropolitan area in the United States.
Augusta was established in 1736 and is named in honor of Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1719–1772), the bride of Frederick, Prince of Wales and the mother of the British monarch George III. During the American Civil War, Augusta housed the principal Confederate powder works. Augusta's warm climate made it a major resort town of the Eastern United States in the early and mid-20th century. Internationally, Augusta is best known for hosting The Masters golf tournament each spring. The Masters brings over 200,000 visitors from around the world to the Augusta National Golf Club. Membership at Augusta National is widely considered to be the most exclusive in the sport of golf around the world.
Augusta lies approximately two hours east of downtown Atlanta by car via I-20. The city is home to Fort Gordon, a major U.S. Army base. In 2016, it was announced that the new National Cyber Security Headquarters would be based in Augusta.
History
The area along the river was long inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, who relied on the river for fish, water and transportation. The site of Augusta was used by Native Americans as a place to cross the Savannah River, because of its location on the fall line.
In 1735, two years after James Oglethorpe founded Savannah, he sent a detachment of troops to explore the upper Savannah River. He gave them an order to build a fort at the head of the navigable part of the river. The expedition was led by Noble Jones, who created a settlement as a first line of defense for coastal areas against potential Spanish or French invasion from the interior. Oglethorpe named the town in honor of Princess Augusta, the mother of King George III and the wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales. Oglethorpe visited Augusta in September 1739 on his return to Savannah from a perilous visit to Coweta Town, near present-day Phenix City, Alabama. There, he had met with a convention of 7,000 Native American warriors and concluded a peace treaty with them in their territories in northern and western Georgia. Augusta was the second state capital of Georgia from 1785 until 1795 (alternating for a period with Savannah, the first).
Augusta developed rapidly as a market town as the Black Belt in the Piedmont was developed for cotton cultivation. Invention of the cotton gin made processing of short-staple cotton profitable, and this type of cotton was well-suited to the upland areas. Cotton plantations were worked by slave labor, with hundreds of thousands of slaves shipped from the Upper South to the Deep South in the domestic slave trade. Many of the slaves were brought from the Lowcountry, where their Gullah culture had developed on the large Sea Island cotton and rice plantations.
During the Civil War, Augusta was home to many war industries including powder-works facilities. After the war, Augusta had a booming textile industry leading to the construction of many mills along the Augusta Canal to include Enterprise Mill, Sibley Mill, and King Mill.
The city experienced the Augusta Fire of 1916, which damaged 25 blocks of the town and many buildings of historical significance.
As a major city in the area, Augusta was a center of activities during Reconstruction and after. In the mid-20th century, it was a site of civil rights demonstrations. In 1970 Charles Oatman, a mentally disabled teenager, was killed by his cellmates in an Augusta jail. A protest against his death broke out in a riot involving 500 people, after six black men were killed by police, each found to have been shot in the back. The noted singer and entertainer James Brown was called in to help quell lingering tensions, which he succeeded in doing.
Hyde Park
In 1993, an area known as Hyde Park in Augusta, Georgia, was investigated by the EPA for contamination. The investigation totaled $1.2 million. Air, groundwater, and soil were all believed to be contaminated, and people living in the area were hoping for government assistance to move away from Hyde Park. Two of five neighborhoods in Hyde Park appeared to have arsenic, chromium, and dioxin, while all five were found to have PCBs and lead. However, residents were told it was not a risk to their health unless they somehow ingested it on a regular basis. At the time the article was written, the citizens still questioned why the EPA and ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Disease Registry) did not consider these chemicals as a threat to them. Hyde Park also has higher rates of certain illnesses (such as cancer, infections, rashes) than the average in America, and the citizens question why that is not considered.
Geography
Augusta is located along the Georgia/South Carolina border, about east of Atlanta and west of Columbia. The city is located at (33.4700, −81.9750).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Augusta–Richmond County balance has a total area of , of which is land and (1.42%) is water.
Augusta is located about halfway up the Savannah River on the fall line, which creates a number of small falls on the river. The city marks the end of a navigable waterway for the river and the entry to the Georgia Piedmont area.
The Clarks Hill Dam is built on the fall line near Augusta, forming Clarks Hill Lake. Farther downstream, near the border of Columbia County, is the Stevens Creek Dam, which generates hydroelectric power. Even farther downstream is the Augusta Diversion Dam, which marks the beginning of the Augusta Canal and channels Savannah River waters into the canal.
Climate
As with the rest of the state, Augusta has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with short, mild winters, very hot, humid summers, and a wide diurnal temperature variation throughout much of the year, despite its low elevation and humidity. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from in January to in July; there are 53 nights with the low reaching the freezing mark, 82 days reaching or exceeding , and 5.5 days reaching annually. Extreme temperatures range from on January 21, 1985 up to on August 10, 2007 and August 21, 1983. Snowfall is not nearly as common as in Atlanta, due largely to Augusta's elevation, with downtown Augusta being about lower than downtown Atlanta. Freezing rain is also a threat in wintertime.
Historic districts
Augusta Downtown Historic District is a historic district that encompasses most of downtown Augusta and its pre-Civil War area. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
Augusta also includes the:
Bethlehem Historic District
Broad Street Historic District
Greene Street Historic District
Harrisburg–West End Historic District
Laney–Walker North Historic District
Paine College Historic District
Pinched Gut Historic District
Sand Hills Historic District
Summerville Historic District
Tallest buildings
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 202,081 people, 66,838 households, and 41,517 families residing in the city.
2013
According to 2013 US Census estimates, the Augusta–Richmond County population was 197,350 not counting the unconsolidated cities of Hephzibah and Blythe. In the 2010 census, Augusta–Richmond County had 195,844 residents. The population density was 647.5 people per square mile (250/km2). There were 84,427 housing units at an average density of 279.5 per square mile (782/km2). The racial makeup of the city-county area was 64.7% Black or African American, 29.1% White, 0.3% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.3% some other race, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.1% of the population.
There were 75,208 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were headed by married couples living together, 22.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the city-county consolidated area the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 12.6% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.
As of the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the city-county area was $37,231, and the median income for a family was $45,372. Males had a median income of $32,008 versus $23,988 for females. The per capita income for the balance was $19,558. About 13.2% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.1% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.
Religion
The most-attended church is the Southern Baptist Convention, with 221 congregations with 114,351 members. The Catholic Church has 13 congregations and 31,687 members, while the United Methodist Church has 83 churches and 30,722 members. The National Baptist Convention had 26,671 members. The Presbyterian Church (USA) has 14 congregations and 4,500 members, the Presbyterian Church in America has 4,396 members in 14 churches.
The Jewish community in Augusta dates back to the early 19th century. Today, there are two congregations, Congregation Children of Israel (Reform) and Adas Yeshurun (Conservative). There is also a Chabad-Lubavitch house. Around 1,300 Jews currently live in Augusta, who collectively support a Jewish Community Center.
Economy
Augusta is a regional center of medicine, biotechnology, and cyber security. Augusta University, the state's only public health sciences graduate university, employs over 7,000 people. Along with University Hospital, the Medical District of Augusta employs over 25,000 people and has an economic impact of over $1.8 billion.
The city's three largest employers are Augusta University, the Savannah River Site (a Department of Energy nuclear facility) and the U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence at Fort Gordon, which oversees training for Cyber, Signal Corps, and Electronic Warfare. Despite layoffs from several companies during the U.S. economic recession and a relatively high state unemployment rate, the Augusta community has experienced a decrease in bankruptcy filings and saw a slight decrease in the unemployment rate from late 2009 to March 2011. However, these unemployment numbers are misleading as spring brings lower unemployment rates due to the Masters Golf Tournament. While unemployment fell to a two-year low of 8.3% in April 2011, unemployment rates have since risen to 9.9% as of July 2011.
With the establishment of the Georgia Cyber Center in Downtown Augusta, the Augusta metro region has become a hub for cyber security based companies looking to locate to the area in part as well to the establishment of the U.S. Army Cyber Command relocating to Fort Gordon from Fort Meade. Augusta plays host to TechNet on a yearly basis which brings in various military, government, and private sector leaders to the area to showcase new cyber related products as well as discussions on cyber based collaboration efforts between the public and private sectors.
Companies that have facilities, headquarters or distribution centers in the Augusta metro area include CareSouth, NutraSweet, T-Mobile, Covidien, Solo Cup Company, Automatic Data Processing, Graphic Packaging International, Solvay S.A., Bridgestone, Teleperformance, Olin Corporation, Sitel, E-Z-GO, Taxslayer, Elanco, KSB Company (Georgia Iron Works), Club Car (Worldwide Headquarters), Halocarbon, MTU Friedrichshafen (subsidiary of Tognum), Kimberly Clark Corporation, Nutrien (formerly PotashCorp), John Deere, Kellogg's and Delta Air Lines' baggage call center.
Top employers
According to the Augusta Economic Development Authority, the top manufacturing employers in the city are:
The top public sector employers are:
Sports
Teams
The Augusta GreenJackets minor league baseball club, formerly located at Lake Olmstead Stadium in Augusta, now play at SRP Park along the Savannah River in North Augusta, South Carolina. The team began to play in 1988 as the Augusta Pirates, affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Later affiliated with the Boston Red Sox and the San Francisco Giants, the GreenJackets are now the Class A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves.
The Augusta Lynx were a minor-league professional ice hockey team based in Augusta, Georgia. The Lynx played their home games at the James Brown Arena from 1998 until 2008. The Lynx, who played in the ECHL, had affiliations with the Tampa Bay Lightning of the NHL and the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL.
The Augusta RiverHawks were a professional minor league ice hockey team. They played in the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) from 2010 to 2013. They played their home games at the James Brown Arena.
The Augusta Stallions were a professional Arena football team founded in 1999. They were one of the 15 original teams to join the inaugural 2000 AF2 season. They started off in the American Conference, before switching to the Southeast Division in 2001, and then the Eastern Division in 2002. The team folded in 2002.
The Augusta Rugby Football Club (ARFC) is a division 2 men's club competing in the Palmetto Rugby Union, part of the USA Rugby South Conference.
Augusta has an all-female flat track roller derby team, the Soul City Sirens. Founded in 2008, this league is all-volunteer and skater-owned.
Augusta is also home to the former Augusta 706ers, a minor league professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association. The team was founded in 2017 and stopped operations in December 2018 because of a lack of funds. The team played all home games at the James Brown Arena.
Tournaments
The city's famous golf course, the Augusta National Golf Club, hosts the first major golf tournament of each year, The Masters. This tournament is the most prestigious in the sport and is one of the four major championships. The best professional and amateur golfers in the world come to Augusta during the first full week of April every year. The grounds of Augusta National are known for being pristine, and the course was ranked in 2009 as the third best golf course in the world by Golf Magazine.
The city also has several disc golf facilities. The Augusta Top Gun Series is a series of tournaments sanctioned by the Professional Disc Golf Association. These tournaments are held at various venues in Augusta, including Pendleton King Park and Lake Olmstead. Also, Augusta hosted the 2006 Professional Disc Golf World Championships. Along with Pendleton King and Lake Olmstead, two courses in North Augusta, SC was used for the tournament. 299 disc golfers from around the world attended the event, with Ken Climo winning the tournament and his 12th world championship.
Augusta hosted the Augusta Southern Nationals billed as "World's Richest Drag Boat Race" for 30 consecutive years. The event was held on the Savannah River near downtown in July until 2016. The race was part of the Lucas Oil Drag Boat Racing Series and was sanctioned by the International Hot Boat Association. The event benefited the Augusta Chapter of the Georgia Special Olympics with over 100 racing teams from 25 states competed annually for $140,000 in purse and prizes while trying to beat the course record of .
Augusta is the site of the Head of the South Regatta. The youth rowing regatta is held on the Savannah River and is usually scheduled for early November.
Augusta is also the host to one of the largest IRONMAN 70.3 competition in North America taking athletes through various cycling routes around Augusta, a running course through Downtown Augusta, and a opening swim on the Savannah River along Augusta's riverfront. Recently, Augusta has been the featured home of the USA Cycling Collegiate Road National Championships which leads cyclists through various routes through Downtown Augusta and Fort Gordon. The city has also attracted visitors during the Nike EYBL Peach Jam Basketball Tournament held in neighboring North Augusta, South Carolina which features some of the top high school basketball players and teams across the United States.
Parks and recreation
Riverwalk Augusta – riverfront park along and on top of the city's levee
Augusta Common – green space linking Broad Street to Reynolds Street, with statue of James Oglethorpe
Augusta Canal – historic canal with bike/pedestrian path
Phinizy Swamp Nature Park – wetlands park with pedestrian/bike paths and boardwalks
Diamond Lakes Regional Park – in south Richmond County
Brookfield Park – public park featuring a playground, putting green, pedestrian/bike path, and a fountain in which children can play
Pendleton King – public park featuring a disc golf course, dog park, amphitheater, bike and running paths, and gardens
Law and government
In 1995, citizens of Augusta and unincorporated parts of Richmond County voted to consolidate their city and county governments. Citizens of Hephzibah and Blythe, also located in Richmond County, voted against joining in the merger, which took effect January 1, 1996. The unified government consists of a mayor and ten commissioners. Eight commissioners represent single-member districts, while two are elected at-large, each to represent a super district that encompasses half of Augusta-Richmond's population.
Law enforcement in Augusta is handled by the Richmond County Sheriff’s Office which patrols the main city of Augusta and the unincorporated areas of Hephzibah and Blythe although both of these towns have their own police departments. Prior to consolidation, Augusta had a city police department and the Richmond County sheriff patrolled the unincorporated areas of the county. The consolidation charter deems the sheriff as the chief law enforcement officer of Richmond County. Augusta is one of the few consolidated city-counties in the state that retain the sheriff in a law enforcement capacity.
List of mayors
See List of mayors of Augusta, Georgia
Education
Colleges and universities
Main campuses
Augusta Technical College (state technical college)
Augusta University (public research university)
Paine College (private, Methodist historically black college)
Satellite campuses
East Georgia State College (state four-year college), main campus located in Swainsboro
Georgia Military College (state funded military college), main campus located in Milledgeville
Brenau University (private, not-for-profit, undergraduate and graduate-level higher education), main campus located in Gainesville, Georgia
K–12 schools
Public K–12 schools in Augusta are managed by the Richmond County School System. The school system contains 36 elementary schools, 10 middle schools, and the following eight high schools: Glenn Hills, Butler, Westside, Hephzibah, T. W. Josey, A.R.C. (Academy of Richmond County), Lucy Craft Laney, and Cross Creek. There are four magnet schools: C. T. Walker Traditional Magnet School, A. R. Johnson Health Science and Engineering Magnet High School, Davidson Fine Arts, and the Richmond County Technical Career Magnet School.
Private schools in Augusta include Aquinas High School, Episcopal Day School, Saint Mary on the Hill Catholic School, Immaculate Conception School, Hillcrest Baptist Church School, Curtis Baptist High School, Gracewood Baptist First Academy, Alleluia Community School, New Life Christian Academy, Charles Henry Terrell Academy, Heritage Academy, and Westminster Schools of Augusta. Augusta Christian Schools, Augusta First Seventh-day Adventist School, and Augusta Preparatory Day School serve Augusta, but are located in neighboring Martinez.
Transportation
Augusta is linked to Atlanta to the west and Columbia, South Carolina, to the east by Interstate 20 (I-20). I-520 (Bobby Jones Expressway) extends from I-20 exit 196 through Augusta's western and southern suburban areas, eventually crossing the Savannah River to South Carolina, in which it is known as Palmetto Parkway.
U.S. Route 1 (US 1), along with State Route 4 (SR 4), connects Wrens. US 1 also links Augusta with Aiken, South Carolina. US 25 and SR 121 connects Waynesboro with Augusta; across the state line, US 25 and South Carolina Highway 121 (SC 121) links Augusta with Edgefield, South Carolina. US 78/US 278/SR 10, known locally as Gordon Highway, connects Thomson with Augusta. In South Carolina, US 1 and US 78 go through Aiken, South Carolina. US 78 further connects with Charleston, South Carolina. US 278 bypasses Aiken and serves as a connecting route to Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.
Augusta has been mentioned as the east terminus of an proposed expansion of Interstate 14 that would begin in Midland-Odessa, Texas and run through Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia with hopes of connecting major military installations along the highway corridor such as Fort Hood, Fort Benning, Fort Gordon, and Camp Beauregard.
Major roads and expressways
(follows US 1 from Jefferson County line to Gordon Highway; leaves Georgia at James U. Jackson Memorial Bridge)
(various roads, including John C. Calhoun Expressway and Washington Road)
in southern Richmond County
(Peach Orchard Road from Burke County line to I-520)
Parts of Augusta are served by city transit service Augusta Public Transit (APT), but the main mode of transportation within the city is by car. Augusta is also served by a number of taxi companies.
Airports
The city has two airports: Augusta Regional Airport and Daniel Field. Augusta Regional Airport is served by three passenger airlines, including Delta, which offers mainline service to Atlanta.
Rail
Until the 1960s the city's Augusta Union Station was a passenger rail hub, with trains arriving from the Atlantic Coast Line (as spur sections from Florence, South Carolina from trains such as the Champion, Everglades and Palmetto), Georgia Railroad and Southern Railway (for example, the Aiken-Augusta Special from New York City). The last Seaboard Coast Line (the successor to the Atlantic Coast Line) train was a Florence-Augusta section of the Champion; this section ended in 1970. The last train to the city was the unnamed daily in-state Georgia Railroad train between Atlanta and Augusta. This latter train, unofficially called The Georgia Cannonball, ran as a mixed train, until May 6, 1983. Most trains went to the Union Station at Barrett Square. The Southern Railway trains went to the Southern Railway depot at Fifth and Reynolds Street. Today freight service is handled by Norfolk Southern Railway's Georgia Division and Piedmont Division through their Augusta Yard and Nixon Yard located near the city. Norfolk Southern Trains such as the NS 191 and 192 pass through Augusta's downtown as they "street run" at 5 mph down 6th street. They also cross the old Trestle over the Savannah River in and out of South Carolina. CSX Transportation Atlanta Division and Florence Division Trains serve the Augusta, Georgia area too from the CSX Augusta Yard near Gordon Highway southwest of the city.
Pedestrians and cycling
Augusta Canal Historic Trail
New Bartram Trail
Phinizy Swamp Constructed Wetlands Trail
River Levee Trail
Riverwalk Augusta Trail
Notable people
Sister cities
Augusta is twinned with:
Biarritz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France
Takarazuka, Hyōgo, Japan
See also
Arts and culture in Augusta, Georgia
James Brown Arena
List of mayors of Augusta, Georgia
List of people from Augusta, Georgia
Media in Augusta, Georgia
Medical District (Augusta, Georgia)
Old Government House (Augusta, Georgia)
Summerville (Augusta, Georgia)
List of U.S. cities with large Black populations
Notes
References
Further reading
Allen, Carrie. "“I Got That Something That Makes Me Want to Shout”: James Brown, Religion, and Gospel Music in Augusta, Georgia." Journal of the Society for American Music 5.4 (2011): 535-555. online
Allen, Carrie A. " 'When We Send Up the praises': Race, Identity, and Gospel Music in Augusta, Georgia." Black Music Research Journal (2007): 79-95. online; also online at JSTOR
Bellamy, Donnie D., and Diane E. Walker. "Slaveholding in Antebellum Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia." Phylon 48.2 (1987): 165-177 online; also online in JSTOR.
Brown, Russell K. "Post-Civil War Violence in Augusta, Georgia." Georgia Historical Quarterly 90.2 (2006): 196-213 online.
Brown, Russell K. "Augusta's Other Voice: James Gardner and the Constitutionalist." Georgia Historical Quarterly 85.4 (2001): 592-607 online.
Cashin, Edward J., and Glenn T. Eskew, eds. Paternalism in a Southern City: Race, Religion, and Gender in Augusta, Georgia (U of Georgia Press, 2001).
Curtis, William S. "Unorthodox British Technology at the Confederate Gunpowder Works, Augusta, Georgia, 1862–1865." in Gunpowder, Explosives and the State (Routledge, 2016) pp. 263-272.
Fleming, Berry. Autobiography of a Colony: The First Half-century of Augusta, Georgia (U of Georgia Press, 2009).
Gourley, Bruce T. "A Journey of Faith and Community: The Story of the First Baptist Church of Augusta, Georgia." Baptist History & Heritage 51.3 (2016).
Griffin, Richard W. "The Augusta (Georgia) Manufacturing Company in Peace, War, and Reconstruction, 1847–1877." Business History Review 32.1 (1958): 60-73.
Herrington, Philip Mills. "Agricultural and Architectural Reform in the Antebellum South: Fruitland at Augusta, Georgia." Journal of Southern History 78.4 (2012): 855-886 online.
Hutchinson, Glenn, and Maurice R. Brewster. Population Mobility: A Study of Family Movements Affecting Augusta, Georgia, 1899-1939 (Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration of Georgia, 1942) online.
Jones, Charles Colcock. Memorial History of Augusta, Georgia: From Its Settlement in 1735 to the Close of the Eighteenth Century (D. Mason, 1890) online.
Joiner, Sean, and Gerald J. Smith. Augusta, Georgia (Arcadia Publishing, 2004); Focus on Blacks; heavily illustrated. online
McCrary, Peyton. "The dynamics of minority vote dilution: The case of Augusta, Georgia, 1945-1986." Journal of Urban History 25.2 (1999): 199-225.
Sampson, Curt. The Masters: golf, money, and power in Augusta, Georgia (Villard Books, 1999) online.
Souther, J. Mark. "Making 'The Garden City of the South': Beautification, Preservation, and Downtown Planning in Augusta, Georgia." Journal of Planning History 20.2 (2021): 87-116 online.
Werner, Randolph D. "The New South Creed and the Limits of Radicalism: Augusta, Georgia, before the 1890s." Journal of Southern History 67.3 (2001): 573-600 online.
Whites, LeeAnn. Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860-1890 (University of Georgia Press, 2000).
Whites, LeeAnn. The Charitable and the Poor: The Emergence of Domestic Politics in Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1880 (KG Saur, 2012).
Zecher, Sara Elizabeth. "The economic role of universities in medium-sized cities: a case study of the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, Georgia" (Diss. Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005) online.
External links
Augusta Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau
Augusta Economic Development Authority homepage
Augusta Tomorrow
Downtown Development Authority
Robert E. Williams Photographic Collection: African-Americans in the Augusta, Ga. Vicinity (Richmond Co.), ca. 1872–1898 from the Digital Library of Georgia
Picturing Augusta: Historic Postcards from the Collection of the East Central Georgia Regional Library
Populated places established in 1735
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia
Cities in Richmond County, Georgia
County seats in Georgia (U.S. state)
Census balances in the United States
Augusta metropolitan area
Consolidated city-counties | [
-0.16749130189418793,
-0.09864261746406555,
-0.031287938356399536,
-0.2482609748840332,
0.5637542009353638,
0.2907024025917053,
0.3958945870399475,
0.16734568774700165,
-0.7447172403335571,
-0.3903544247150421,
-0.4908857047557831,
0.08500351756811142,
-0.6389644145965576,
0.6708572506904602,
-0.30448251962661743,
0.7294679880142212,
0.2692245543003082,
0.03787681460380554,
0.03067442961037159,
0.05789123475551605,
-0.3868885934352875,
0.2353716790676117,
0.3140641450881958,
0.2040107548236847,
0.3555442988872528,
-0.3043580949306488,
0.7086418271064758,
0.13366395235061646,
-0.14752653241157532,
0.01636779122054577,
-0.3516966998577118,
0.13289737701416016,
-0.5056989192962646,
0.06409186124801636,
0.31789737939834595,
-0.1563214510679245,
0.3235214948654175,
0.07029996067285538,
0.10913652181625366,
-0.34504663944244385,
-0.4003107249736786,
-0.060787446796894073,
0.3769336938858032,
0.0031485888175666332,
0.27325573563575745,
-0.5811424851417542,
-1.197075366973877,
0.628015398979187,
-0.39769744873046875,
-0.5299646854400635,
-0.4602051377296448,
0.4390973150730133,
-0.06890814751386642,
0.6545268893241882,
0.32694002985954285,
0.14555777609348297,
-0.3704073429107666,
-0.23625463247299194,
0.1371384710073471,
0.26751136779785156,
0.060790933668613434,
0.714848518371582,
-0.10551610589027405,
0.45857179164886475,
-0.07075505703687668,
0.5639004111289978,
-0.05094289779663086,
0.5068886280059814,
-0.07155527919530869,
-0.1412116289138794,
-0.07418914884328842,
-0.007084428798407316,
-0.1392611712217331,
0.05750739574432373,
-0.42143648862838745,
0.21606747806072235,
-0.1587754487991333,
-0.4157203733921051,
0.31506529450416565,
-0.09590036422014236,
0.022621214389801025,
-0.21543490886688232,
0.9402274489402771,
-0.41597405076026917,
0.7761968374252319,
0.39664793014526367,
-0.7277764081954956,
-0.065683513879776,
0.042494937777519226,
0.5646848082542419,
-0.1417233943939209,
0.28707751631736755,
0.39489424228668213,
0.20100897550582886,
0.01609722524881363,
-0.9159893989562988,
-0.27918756008148193,
0.5326969027519226,
-0.24044620990753174,
0.5663979649543762,
-0.9896843433380127,
0.23104506731033325,
0.49006420373916626,
0.014516533352434635,
-0.3455550968647003,
0.05322856456041336,
-0.08152442425489426,
-0.10059821605682373,
0.2523591220378876,
-0.19709676504135132,
-0.49134600162506104,
0.0734965056180954,
0.17534399032592773,
-0.544281542301178,
-0.6463881134986877,
-0.3956221044063568,
0.09054215997457504,
-0.2535609304904938,
0.03834730386734009,
-0.23905974626541138,
0.335371732711792,
0.8366183042526245,
-0.1414768099784851,
-0.11716386675834656,
0.230191171169281,
0.03514374792575836,
0.47892096638679504,
-0.11466442793607712,
0.32879334688186646,
-0.01577053591609001,
-0.2752454876899719,
0.4862690269947052,
-0.40453287959098816,
0.5826765298843384,
0.5382886528968811,
-0.4988822340965271,
-0.17963437736034393,
0.2540682852268219,
0.6414663195610046,
-0.1357000172138214,
-0.6433597803115845,
0.06728935986757278,
-0.7930070161819458,
0.0705278068780899,
-0.1903093457221985,
-0.7626783847808838,
-0.14414499700069427,
-0.3550054728984833,
0.13488653302192688,
0.14033381640911102,
-0.016593972221016884,
0.4759176969528198,
-0.5007526874542236,
0.4329404830932617,
-0.6498737335205078,
-0.4410233497619629,
0.8387307524681091,
-0.16634203493595123,
0.4572424590587616,
0.2745709717273712,
-0.10778283327817917,
0.3029533624649048,
0.8780462145805359,
-0.027468720450997353,
0.14541086554527283,
0.11918769776821136,
0.3617892861366272,
-0.19227047264575958,
0.19146141409873962,
-0.01104807760566473,
-0.5690550804138184,
-0.019367795437574387,
0.19340303540229797,
-0.15547142922878265,
0.15293003618717194,
0.06302563846111298,
0.4958217442035675,
-0.03261714056134224,
0.2462908774614334,
-0.45096635818481445,
-0.5225398540496826,
-0.20741070806980133,
0.11912951618432999,
0.16038963198661804,
0.2019193172454834,
-0.13467641174793243,
-0.24495911598205566,
0.21308691799640656,
-0.011177501641213894,
-0.3208627998828888,
0.4736362397670746,
-0.4651488661766052,
-0.2093697488307953,
0.0016116051701828837,
0.40311092138290405,
0.012107441201806068,
-0.7226770520210266,
0.9861212968826294,
0.2741658389568329,
0.400458961725235,
0.2568203806877136,
-0.2761009931564331,
0.00973235908895731,
-0.07636403292417526,
-0.08471547812223434,
0.50156170129776,
0.2141665816307068,
0.3034845292568207,
0.2053813338279724,
0.37913763523101807,
0.004835478495806456,
-1.0144380331039429,
0.08052743226289749,
-0.15794874727725983,
0.29173439741134644,
-0.47625091671943665,
0.02325286902487278,
-0.08472452312707901,
0.5077290534973145,
-0.46010127663612366,
0.5444244146347046,
-0.1370125710964203,
0.03239496052265167,
-0.0726652517914772,
-0.03840264305472374,
0.47239476442337036,
-0.23176385462284088,
0.05671639367938042,
-0.0682942271232605,
-0.5466935038566589,
0.006081034895032644,
-0.21997512876987457,
-0.24163244664669037,
-0.3080689013004303,
-0.05771373212337494,
-0.056530579924583435,
-0.14393581449985504,
-0.37650713324546814,
0.3526923954486847,
-0.18924833834171295,
0.29760852456092834,
0.2622140944004059,
-0.4093097448348999,
0.30626943707466125,
0.18647992610931396,
-0.22462505102157593,
-0.027865620329976082,
0.032266173511743546,
0.02955607883632183,
-0.07314904779195786,
-0.07450036704540253,
-0.5366086959838867,
0.4822561740875244,
0.12758074700832367,
0.1251232624053955,
-0.028902653604745865,
-0.3096429407596588,
-0.20976042747497559,
0.4564041495323181,
-0.07836617529392242,
-0.7952528595924377,
0.1372411996126175,
-0.5271664261817932,
0.25642508268356323,
0.21889819204807281,
0.17569351196289062,
-0.5248537063598633,
-0.7271909117698669,
-0.0766739547252655,
0.7817440629005432,
0.4447244703769684,
-0.1411885917186737,
0.18493449687957764,
-0.9704699516296387,
0.5118234753608704,
0.05293635278940201,
0.04551101475954056,
0.148031547665596,
-0.8753894567489624,
-0.0646381825208664,
0.19215227663516998,
0.5933869481086731,
0.3612108826637268,
-0.34173986315727234,
-0.31468623876571655,
-0.9649126529693604,
0.828683078289032,
-0.38254621624946594,
-0.5887867212295532,
0.8919227719306946,
-0.33589279651641846,
-0.44562244415283203,
-0.13635873794555664,
0.5770704746246338,
-0.1278560757637024,
0.34902265667915344,
0.10570035129785538,
0.2438991516828537,
-0.19482500851154327,
-0.7705873847007751,
-0.9266588687896729,
0.38478976488113403,
-0.231540709733963,
-0.32580918073654175,
0.6592819094657898,
-0.5368421673774719,
-0.015516364946961403,
-0.16019655764102936,
-5.6628522872924805,
0.3433610498905182,
-0.41954702138900757,
-0.5722070336341858,
0.11243646591901779,
-0.2859455347061157,
0.31255078315734863,
-0.17441126704216003,
-0.2717350125312805,
0.19743546843528748,
0.3599432110786438,
0.05608140677213669,
-0.11664661020040512,
0.6632043123245239,
0.2775593400001526,
0.6420843601226807,
0.5629754662513733,
-0.4248500466346741,
0.16437813639640808,
0.2405301332473755,
-0.0005831110174767673,
0.3045944571495056,
-0.20695434510707855,
0.30892789363861084,
0.6392350792884827,
0.3061304986476898,
-0.2833601236343384,
-0.3728007972240448,
-0.2691759467124939,
-0.30893638730049133,
-0.10569826513528824,
0.016996774822473526,
0.022247910499572754,
0.16008631885051727,
0.5320420265197754,
-0.2674448788166046,
-0.3388098180294037,
-0.11181118339300156,
0.21718911826610565,
-0.9630506634712219,
0.22183039784431458,
0.8617346286773682,
-0.2808803915977478,
-0.04228977486491203,
0.03515806421637535,
-0.7941842079162598,
-0.5216189622879028,
0.362283855676651,
-0.2900952994823456,
0.5638731122016907,
0.23932473361492157,
0.07950744032859802,
0.24818940460681915,
0.7506864070892334,
0.04416850209236145,
-0.3631957769393921,
0.2984425723552704,
0.0990966409444809,
-0.436122328042984,
0.2981204092502594,
0.1883266568183899,
-0.009125246666371822,
-0.4004655182361603,
0.20326945185661316,
0.05863776057958603,
-0.4327426254749298,
-0.3510018587112427,
0.07934222370386124,
0.30595162510871887,
0.778996467590332,
-0.12253087759017944,
-0.551693320274353,
-0.04570731893181801,
-0.829018771648407,
0.3825629949569702,
-0.2651785612106323,
-0.6974403858184814,
-0.5739633440971375,
0.012060667388141155,
-0.1393847018480301,
-0.29810988903045654,
0.17053385078907013,
0.6403987407684326,
0.5307795405387878,
-0.16986040771007538,
-0.327979177236557,
-0.09924416244029999,
0.6149640679359436,
-0.3399684429168701,
-0.5498456358909607,
0.3763706088066101,
-0.13587263226509094,
0.8759047389030457,
-0.2424551248550415,
-0.35178592801094055,
0.18010857701301575,
0.12124741077423096,
0.0031483920756727457,
0.6180208921432495,
-0.47262144088745117,
0.7806077599525452,
-0.46278804540634155,
-0.034735653549432755,
-0.3630830943584442,
-0.07369053363800049,
0.12396985292434692,
0.3295174241065979,
0.13956139981746674,
1.2587664127349854,
-0.35255131125450134,
-0.22934763133525848,
0.15364769101142883,
-0.00632511219009757,
-0.5896300077438354,
0.650097131729126,
-0.5546587705612183,
-0.08338624238967896,
-0.037248268723487854,
0.2810201346874237,
-0.14919832348823547,
-0.09721412509679794,
0.28467902541160583,
-0.08203966170549393,
0.2623465955257416,
-0.21832045912742615,
-0.12360792607069016,
0.26858797669410706,
0.2811530828475952,
-0.001151108299382031,
0.21398107707500458,
0.32481393218040466,
-0.16052600741386414,
0.026665901765227318,
-0.31168845295906067,
-0.6236280202865601,
-0.19331233203411102,
0.3049396574497223,
-0.44712862372398376,
0.007330211810767651,
0.19279484450817108,
0.34980103373527527,
0.14296479523181915,
-0.06673217564821243,
0.5363587737083435,
0.24856498837471008,
0.3107146620750427,
0.39666035771369934,
0.3707835376262665,
-0.9775158762931824,
-0.028236020356416702,
-0.15363654494285583,
-0.48365432024002075,
-0.20313574373722076,
-0.25953438878059387,
-0.40752720832824707,
-0.03749503940343857,
0.35621917247772217,
0.22877588868141174,
0.37418097257614136,
-0.12405272573232651,
0.16530364751815796,
-0.6155632734298706,
-0.709930956363678,
0.45470499992370605,
0.26324212551116943,
-0.32840099930763245,
-0.32676684856414795,
-0.2655505836009979,
0.06605744361877441,
0.2552183270454407,
0.21506036818027496,
-0.21713262796401978,
-0.09572391957044601,
-0.6865670084953308,
0.2949439585208893,
-0.1883794069290161,
-0.21923543512821198,
0.7804455161094666,
-0.6872847676277161,
-0.041956085711717606,
0.2824857831001282,
-0.740852952003479,
-0.8328543901443481,
0.22309018671512604,
-0.21940651535987854,
-0.3829305171966553,
-0.2635141909122467,
-0.08523626625537872,
0.3061959445476532,
-0.13211295008659363,
-0.29445093870162964,
-0.307041198015213,
0.3516175448894501,
-0.05331597849726677,
0.07445231825113297,
-0.24618613719940186,
0.4174576699733734,
0.06576314568519592,
-0.5183035731315613,
-0.1965462863445282,
-0.251790314912796,
0.45966029167175293,
-0.8330790400505066,
0.6195700764656067,
-0.05824904888868332,
-0.4274110794067383,
0.6440030932426453,
-0.05976680666208267,
-0.005535685457289219,
0.48855626583099365,
-0.5049043297767639,
-0.49508118629455566,
0.8503460884094238,
0.4624096751213074,
-0.5260971188545227,
0.33546581864356995,
-0.3576236069202423,
-0.2581656575202942,
-0.1319771111011505,
-0.3337334096431732,
-0.25948694348335266,
-0.0593595951795578,
0.313740611076355,
-0.336328387260437,
0.16807714104652405,
0.6475810408592224,
0.16813933849334717,
-0.6996204853057861,
0.7413944602012634,
-0.18241678178310394,
0.017766589298844337,
0.40243178606033325,
0.0055897957645356655,
0.1213901937007904,
-0.29927557706832886,
-0.3945370018482208,
-0.1222783699631691,
-0.11913660913705826,
0.22589237987995148,
0.03421726077795029,
0.11202610284090042,
0.7869321703910828,
-0.3979443609714508,
-0.33527934551239014,
-0.17056205868721008,
-0.2804132401943207,
0.5137304067611694,
-0.1069282814860344,
-1.1711091995239258,
0.5171986222267151,
0.42847007513046265,
-0.5745468735694885,
-0.8349583745002747,
0.11289948970079422,
0.6187545657157898,
-0.3535710573196411,
-0.2078678458929062,
0.8325235247612,
0.06228146329522133,
0.39711129665374756,
0.46163731813430786,
-0.1495734453201294,
0.08347024768590927,
-0.17189019918441772,
-0.04939473792910576,
-0.8099481463432312,
-0.06499408185482025,
-0.18196403980255127,
0.3911237418651581,
-0.31856536865234375,
-0.20850804448127747,
0.1386469453573227,
0.377042293548584,
0.3671399652957916,
0.06374289840459824,
0.058749716728925705,
0.28824546933174133,
-0.3792162835597992,
0.3768090009689331,
0.3679949641227722,
-0.13092072308063507,
0.05542067810893059,
-0.3352060914039612,
-0.28320807218551636,
0.21834872663021088,
-0.5609259009361267,
0.1714744120836258,
-0.04511517286300659,
-0.8482692241668701,
-0.10616160184144974,
0.2155892699956894,
-0.7723512053489685,
-0.14797526597976685,
-0.4626137614250183,
-0.6692442893981934,
0.3104957342147827,
0.21143245697021484,
0.35635390877723694,
0.659011721611023,
0.2541024386882782,
-1.156067132949829,
0.7033897042274475,
-0.27584150433540344,
-0.38526296615600586,
0.122442327439785,
-0.812343418598175,
-0.08321058750152588,
-0.36080071330070496,
-0.14645923674106598,
-0.057869017124176025,
0.12839019298553467,
-0.24437259137630463,
0.9170364141464233,
0.9405742287635803,
-0.11665549129247665,
0.46869081258773804,
0.4400171637535095,
-0.32549378275871277,
-0.06828312575817108,
0.3591729402542114,
-0.5111913681030273,
0.20626823604106903,
0.2616405487060547,
0.6589040756225586,
0.22703906893730164,
1.1169466972351074,
-0.005164035130292177,
0.30684593319892883,
0.08226083219051361,
0.09426401555538177,
0.23949065804481506,
-0.554824709892273,
-0.6199285387992859,
0.7134085893630981,
-0.23323002457618713,
-0.5787183046340942,
0.579792320728302,
-0.78700852394104,
-0.9781805276870728,
0.28831323981285095,
0.4982832074165344,
0.25988879799842834,
0.4277379512786865,
0.3054586350917816,
-0.13903966546058655,
-0.2233961820602417,
0.22048935294151306,
0.2530607283115387,
-0.09068337827920914,
-0.760957658290863,
0.3084433674812317,
-0.05480207875370979,
0.08742338418960571,
-0.3140394985675812,
-0.05034569278359413,
0.2956863343715668,
0.2519714832305908,
-0.6060367226600647,
-0.5010560154914856,
-0.45414382219314575,
-0.09712794423103333,
-0.25501659512519836,
0.6259282231330872,
0.06783861666917801,
-0.3492462933063507,
-0.21165938675403595,
0.739040195941925,
0.09998852014541626,
-0.5096421837806702,
0.6842530965805054,
0.6339830160140991,
0.5696821808815002,
0.5720245242118835,
0.36394003033638,
0.25987255573272705,
0.38935548067092896,
-0.21534353494644165,
0.6295750737190247,
0.20243152976036072,
-0.2561275064945221,
-0.051010534167289734,
-0.1661660522222519,
0.20711277425289154,
-0.5231348872184753,
-0.07205937057733536,
-0.32425880432128906,
-0.18217094242572784,
-0.08404218405485153,
-0.22931885719299316,
0.06797653436660767,
-0.015617074444890022,
-0.09081882238388062,
-0.24629372358322144,
-0.20667633414268494,
0.1088130846619606,
-0.1786312311887741,
-0.021962054073810577,
0.7939465641975403,
0.5370368957519531,
0.9619747400283813,
0.5450401306152344,
0.06159009784460068,
-0.0008616592967882752,
-0.03346021845936775,
0.022821372374892235,
0.47405529022216797,
0.1211574524641037,
0.11285345256328583,
-0.6693273782730103,
0.5514004826545715,
0.1666032373905182,
-0.39262765645980835,
-0.061131350696086884,
0.5564996600151062,
0.023171259090304375,
0.2771158516407013,
0.4796002209186554,
-0.22137928009033203,
-0.5532535910606384,
-0.47448527812957764,
0.563234806060791,
-0.27555951476097107,
0.10660935193300247,
0.5298193693161011,
-0.22308343648910522,
-0.5273246765136719,
0.3057883679866791,
0.29776817560195923,
-0.6904771327972412,
0.4062531590461731,
0.3249002695083618,
-0.7333813309669495,
-0.402473121881485,
0.12650352716445923,
-0.5703146457672119,
0.06465505063533783,
-0.0998237133026123,
1.3067253828048706,
0.44814619421958923,
0.09788471460342407,
-0.6024497747421265,
-0.27169710397720337,
-0.10259801149368286,
-0.016912302002310753,
-0.8646671175956726,
0.11662433296442032,
-0.832027018070221,
-0.29912078380584717,
-0.580653190612793,
0.7271531820297241,
-0.5135919451713562,
-0.4720726013183594,
-0.048307206481695175,
0.3540494441986084,
0.144164577126503,
0.08191540092229843,
0.24184384942054749,
-0.6504470109939575,
0.26499471068382263,
0.41027840971946716
] |
247780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Catesby | William Catesby | William Catesby (1450 – 25 August 1485) was one of Richard III of England's principal councillors. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Speaker of the House of Commons during Richard's reign.
The son of Sir William Catesby of Ashby St Ledgers, Northamptonshire (died 1478) and Philippa, daughter and heiress of Sir William Bishopston, he was trained for the law in the Inner Temple. As an aspiring lawyer Catesby initially progressed in the service of William, 1st Lord Hastings. He married Margaret, daughter of William La Zouche, 6th Baron Zouche of Harringworth; the couple had three sons. Upon the death of his father he inherited many estates in the English Midlands and was land-agent for many others. He was a member of the Council that ruled during the reign of Edward V. After Richard was enthroned, Catesby was one of King Richard's closest advisors. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and as Speaker of the English House of Commons during the Parliament of 1484, in which he sat as knight of the shire for Northamptonshire. He also received a substantial grant of land from the king, enough to make him richer than most knights.
In July 1484, William Collingbourne, a Tudor agent, tacked up a lampooning poem to St. Paul's Cathedral, which mentions Catesby among the three aides to King Richard, whose emblem was a white boar:
(The dog here refers to Lovell's heraldic symbol, a wolf.) The poem was interpolated into Laurence Olivier's film Richard III, a screen adaptation of William Shakespeare's play. Collingbourne was hanged, drawn and quartered for this and other alleged treasonable activities.
William Catesby was one of the two councillors (the other being Richard Ratcliffe) who are reputed to have told the king that marrying Elizabeth of York would cause rebellions in the north. He fought alongside Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field and was captured. Alone of those of importance, he was executed three days later at Leicester. The suggestion that he might have made a deal with the Stanleys before the battle comes from his will when he asked them "to pray for my soul as ye have not for my body, as I trusted in you."
After his death, his estates were largely confiscated by Henry VII. Catesby was succeeded by his eldest son, George, to whom the family seat of Ashby St Legers was later restored. Robert Catesby, leader of the Gunpowder Plot, was a descendant.
Notes
References
1450 births
1485 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer of England
Speakers of the House of Commons of England
People of the Wars of the Roses
Knights Bachelor
People executed under Henry VII of England
Executed people from Northamptonshire
English MPs 1484
People from West Northamptonshire District
Male Shakespearean characters
Date of birth unknown
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
English politicians convicted of crimes | [
-0.3658979535102844,
-0.26530879735946655,
0.13697977364063263,
-0.15436819195747375,
-0.4904130697250366,
0.9647887945175171,
0.5832250714302063,
-0.5220050811767578,
-0.6149604916572571,
-0.07679132372140884,
0.07407983392477036,
0.2935698330402374,
-0.6174660325050354,
0.035768311470746994,
-0.3968694806098938,
-0.05583181977272034,
0.18192298710346222,
0.11295106261968613,
-0.4290468394756317,
-0.7869610786437988,
0.2677409052848816,
-0.21721689403057098,
-0.2450861632823944,
-0.192580446600914,
0.20779865980148315,
0.2982311248779297,
0.43404707312583923,
-0.553333044052124,
-0.27072378993034363,
-0.3227091431617737,
0.29757657647132874,
0.1456741988658905,
0.3794739246368408,
-0.20439864695072174,
-0.24916288256645203,
-0.12533624470233917,
-0.5712460875511169,
-0.7016153335571289,
-0.32052382826805115,
0.2157323956489563,
-0.09395290166139603,
0.48720264434814453,
0.09483256191015244,
0.5874818563461304,
-0.15843956172466278,
-0.48996302485466003,
-1.6782827377319336,
-0.16052156686782837,
-0.3108987808227539,
-0.19466958940029144,
0.5075730085372925,
0.20781943202018738,
-0.18856242299079895,
0.305359423160553,
0.31254222989082336,
0.21415595710277557,
-0.651222825050354,
-0.41041672229766846,
0.5106902718544006,
0.021449076011776924,
0.6901589035987854,
-0.12105406820774078,
0.419918954372406,
-0.05210074782371521,
0.40272873640060425,
0.33294039964675903,
0.04996282979846001,
0.7811627388000488,
-0.5455367565155029,
0.014263181947171688,
0.11675941199064255,
0.4549107551574707,
0.14704623818397522,
0.5448165535926819,
-0.39678749442100525,
-0.18696008622646332,
0.6054321527481079,
0.17874138057231903,
0.678023099899292,
0.05368662625551224,
0.3224153220653534,
-0.2652106285095215,
0.6275091767311096,
0.5309817790985107,
0.24452358484268188,
0.22883357107639313,
-0.21593701839447021,
0.6090697646141052,
-0.7384907007217407,
-0.3065776228904724,
0.04834596440196037,
0.30443882942199707,
-0.17303355038166046,
-0.43019115924835205,
-0.565223753452301,
-0.04688849672675133,
0.017300982028245926,
-0.42961326241493225,
-0.27354609966278076,
-0.2555277645587921,
-0.11384085565805435,
0.20930615067481995,
-0.25731077790260315,
0.6641255021095276,
-0.588951051235199,
-0.038325365632772446,
-0.8588621616363525,
-0.39553317427635193,
-0.32324886322021484,
0.5052751302719116,
-0.3600361943244934,
-0.0345257967710495,
-0.41152340173721313,
-0.06379745155572891,
0.21288718283176422,
0.7219101786613464,
0.1552126556634903,
-0.6567860245704651,
-0.705077052116394,
-0.35906314849853516,
0.03747864440083504,
0.5640743374824524,
-0.1199735775589943,
0.5214318633079529,
-0.4928779602050781,
-0.5743748545646667,
0.34339138865470886,
0.45449554920196533,
-0.03852209076285362,
0.32177165150642395,
0.3924538791179657,
1.2084527015686035,
-0.5400264263153076,
-0.4357457458972931,
-0.027280036360025406,
-0.2625819742679596,
-0.48231932520866394,
0.3120712339878082,
-0.18943656980991364,
0.25077196955680847,
-0.2791803777217865,
0.21513837575912476,
-0.2576635181903839,
0.4165031611919403,
0.2166893482208252,
0.12793026864528656,
-0.36309340596199036,
0.026568669825792313,
-0.5420780181884766,
0.37297752499580383,
-0.4436928331851959,
0.3708922863006592,
0.26117727160453796,
-0.31501439213752747,
-0.16323058307170868,
0.469150573015213,
0.4983006417751312,
-0.3906576633453369,
0.02780543640255928,
0.40185531973838806,
0.11585851013660431,
-0.34294694662094116,
-0.3291970193386078,
-0.20597735047340393,
0.4045301675796509,
0.21642595529556274,
0.038135066628456116,
-0.2945396602153778,
-0.24551483988761902,
-0.09830179065465927,
-0.7254779934883118,
0.03138814866542816,
0.15668553113937378,
-0.30426469445228577,
0.3520720899105072,
0.5379360914230347,
0.927803635597229,
-0.2704555094242096,
0.34264424443244934,
0.0025780850555747747,
-0.8104068636894226,
-0.222122922539711,
0.2590576410293579,
-0.8379422426223755,
0.34055301547050476,
0.4831581115722656,
0.3221380114555359,
-0.26374366879463196,
0.45062318444252014,
-0.48940426111221313,
-0.15158270299434662,
-0.45822909474372864,
0.06741438060998917,
-0.28497520089149475,
0.6440654397010803,
0.2820289134979248,
-0.11729983985424042,
-0.08796540647745132,
0.34775927662849426,
1.043146014213562,
-0.06214991956949234,
-0.0061919717118144035,
0.23322491347789764,
-0.16970153152942657,
0.1511153280735016,
-0.20801517367362976,
-0.017012078315019608,
0.05463789030909538,
0.5783675312995911,
1.0140494108200073,
0.2642750144004822,
-0.20822930335998535,
0.14999297261238098,
0.45332038402557373,
-0.14287668466567993,
-0.8569136261940002,
0.07851262390613556,
-0.05300501361489296,
0.4789561629295349,
-0.5025454163551331,
0.541193962097168,
0.22173596918582916,
-0.3029894232749939,
0.816173791885376,
-0.21585719287395477,
0.45403793454170227,
-0.44996365904808044,
-0.09118368476629257,
-0.4448299705982208,
-0.6833650469779968,
-0.18848314881324768,
0.5755957365036011,
0.37400510907173157,
-0.7500977516174316,
-0.0777132585644722,
-0.17000359296798706,
-0.15831449627876282,
-0.20841862261295319,
0.05143791437149048,
-0.6766530275344849,
0.008863167837262154,
0.4574371874332428,
-0.32557016611099243,
0.5010541081428528,
0.006977450102567673,
0.4945233464241028,
0.07240970432758331,
-0.21277016401290894,
0.09795820713043213,
-0.22847454249858856,
0.4546087086200714,
0.14571070671081543,
0.4622626006603241,
-0.37585681676864624,
0.6805626153945923,
-0.4438251852989197,
0.2933371663093567,
0.042476121336221695,
-0.4197760224342346,
0.5634869933128357,
-0.27620983123779297,
0.3732714056968689,
-0.18266265094280243,
0.5216977596282959,
0.42425766587257385,
-0.3848356008529663,
0.09277158975601196,
-0.11954572796821594,
0.2694905698299408,
-0.26108506321907043,
0.7026159167289734,
-0.5671672821044922,
-0.2405737340450287,
0.05221853405237198,
0.07681146264076233,
-0.4353908896446228,
-0.0028804398607462645,
0.7710990309715271,
-0.23014362156391144,
-1.0152453184127808,
0.23865020275115967,
0.5081053376197815,
-0.2732865512371063,
0.07012725621461868,
-0.054471369832754135,
0.22455112636089325,
-0.12459135800600052,
-0.2601300776004791,
-0.3032034635543823,
-0.22977066040039062,
0.10994545370340347,
0.30910688638687134,
0.04168303683400154,
-0.06931422650814056,
-0.22980979084968567,
0.4785026013851166,
-1.004873514175415,
-0.12429257482290268,
-0.4164608418941498,
-0.30797621607780457,
-0.1081988736987114,
0.0932244136929512,
0.13100238144397736,
0.09569254517555237,
0.8645345568656921,
-0.20646387338638306,
-0.27080392837524414,
-0.39840853214263916,
-5.523941516876221,
0.22941714525222778,
0.26900991797447205,
0.45096519589424133,
0.6787478923797607,
-0.025049902498722076,
0.7437499165534973,
-0.40330952405929565,
0.3333887457847595,
0.16378293931484222,
0.33076879382133484,
-0.16156743466854095,
0.060372885316610336,
0.035309188067913055,
0.8581591844558716,
0.44567376375198364,
0.9369553327560425,
-0.2578645348548889,
0.4026945233345032,
-0.17085495591163635,
-0.2965586185455322,
0.19307711720466614,
-0.11720778793096542,
0.18888190388679504,
0.3468661904335022,
-0.1546342521905899,
-0.39743781089782715,
0.042694516479969025,
-0.5359569191932678,
-0.6952645182609558,
0.12346117943525314,
0.5651478171348572,
-0.29445526003837585,
0.05346110463142395,
-0.2196253091096878,
0.3498881757259369,
0.25294029712677,
0.39310145378112793,
-0.4584353566169739,
-0.17720632255077362,
0.293776273727417,
0.2969346046447754,
-0.407501757144928,
0.5397818684577942,
0.46591633558273315,
-0.6368924975395203,
-0.9972279071807861,
0.05102605000138283,
-0.37032800912857056,
0.2703266143798828,
-0.1942458301782608,
0.6606099009513855,
0.12824809551239014,
0.31960922479629517,
-0.04709978774189949,
0.216621533036232,
0.30074888467788696,
0.07935382425785065,
-0.3672524690628052,
0.239767387509346,
0.5950329899787903,
-0.594504714012146,
-0.01752735860645771,
0.5136310458183289,
-0.2141989767551422,
-0.1688910722732544,
0.3508233428001404,
-0.16881249845027924,
0.26127907633781433,
0.21715275943279266,
-0.370528906583786,
0.7075333595275879,
0.5587297677993774,
-1.0126935243606567,
0.5304621458053589,
-0.12220382690429688,
-0.20843786001205444,
0.42754876613616943,
0.22551323473453522,
-0.3712491989135742,
0.2915221154689789,
-0.40437057614326477,
0.19612962007522583,
0.6461642384529114,
-0.12930959463119507,
-0.2929418981075287,
-0.09155489504337311,
-0.21096615493297577,
-0.17458775639533997,
-0.3231157064437866,
0.10707183182239532,
-0.544478714466095,
-0.20720985531806946,
0.8199608325958252,
-0.10333804786205292,
-0.15390686690807343,
-0.1975778341293335,
-0.028925755992531776,
0.2262139469385147,
0.30427947640419006,
-0.4869301915168762,
0.41536712646484375,
-0.7023329138755798,
-0.6397408246994019,
0.3271366059780121,
-0.389065682888031,
-0.1598585844039917,
0.3280319273471832,
-0.07391761243343353,
0.27352771162986755,
0.6110725402832031,
0.41444092988967896,
-0.41197797656059265,
-0.40611517429351807,
-0.33805257081985474,
-0.2901063859462738,
0.07635022699832916,
0.19293269515037537,
0.46062377095222473,
0.01920357160270214,
-0.16283480823040009,
0.44766128063201904,
-0.5177984833717346,
0.10736650973558426,
-0.7798178195953369,
0.6417489647865295,
0.24349796772003174,
-0.16971167922019958,
-0.4415227472782135,
0.10255468636751175,
0.19423094391822815,
0.2180205136537552,
-0.6205661296844482,
0.05432149022817612,
-0.026010122150182724,
-0.6169711351394653,
-0.18028303980827332,
-0.18251627683639526,
-0.09184671193361282,
-0.10573934018611908,
0.018190136179327965,
-0.06993234902620316,
0.2110898345708847,
0.24736446142196655,
0.29646968841552734,
-0.33000198006629944,
0.2396060675382614,
0.014788681641221046,
-0.3320143520832062,
0.5123862028121948,
-0.4112526774406433,
-0.12576669454574585,
0.48527324199676514,
-0.358956903219223,
-0.09310771524906158,
-0.7469830513000488,
0.4052594304084778,
-0.06768152117729187,
-0.12106483429670334,
-0.36480310559272766,
-0.3115261495113373,
0.523602306842804,
-0.9473625421524048,
0.022130494937300682,
0.0050863041542470455,
-0.6610994935035706,
-0.9089419841766357,
-0.2469470202922821,
-0.48006436228752136,
0.5361515879631042,
-0.0457412451505661,
-0.6645853519439697,
0.06985484063625336,
-0.2742299735546112,
0.4060722589492798,
-0.6998974680900574,
0.2847672402858734,
0.4569301903247833,
-0.38632091879844666,
-0.11046136170625687,
0.09340637922286987,
0.3756164014339447,
-0.5084674954414368,
-0.2798255383968353,
1.1021265983581543,
-0.4885108172893524,
-0.5677428245544434,
-0.8040834665298462,
0.424391508102417,
-0.7668443918228149,
-0.20284698903560638,
-0.04334352910518646,
0.49751678109169006,
0.8894734978675842,
0.21822874248027802,
-0.02351311594247818,
0.5411327481269836,
-0.16685637831687927,
-0.3062407374382019,
-0.25549745559692383,
-0.30133235454559326,
0.4975398778915405,
-0.20327700674533844,
-0.18111774325370789,
0.27854037284851074,
-0.8321533203125,
-0.05542178079485893,
-0.14078949391841888,
-0.25605830550193787,
0.25490066409111023,
-0.1961263120174408,
-0.6264762282371521,
-0.24633938074111938,
0.4005776345729828,
-0.03416842967271805,
-0.09029708802700043,
-0.04694918170571327,
0.1192813515663147,
-0.16102725267410278,
-0.4904833436012268,
-0.626508891582489,
-0.3987853527069092,
-0.4365835189819336,
0.057016465812921524,
-0.673866331577301,
0.21092067658901215,
0.6531850695610046,
-0.18233947455883026,
1.1300541162490845,
-0.13691875338554382,
-0.2594807744026184,
0.07326840609312057,
0.08992302417755127,
0.8815323710441589,
-0.2521427273750305,
-0.0690867155790329,
0.17496563494205475,
-0.12440460175275803,
0.013172133825719357,
0.34729528427124023,
0.5427759885787964,
1.7441126108169556,
0.2674213945865631,
-0.4515572786331177,
-0.3650491237640381,
-0.08494675159454346,
-0.3993798792362213,
-0.43525052070617676,
0.21596096456050873,
-0.008524618111550808,
0.13667529821395874,
-0.17561952769756317,
0.19283005595207214,
0.1971823275089264,
0.6432443261146545,
-0.30614376068115234,
0.24609443545341492,
0.2774862051010132,
0.36526966094970703,
0.09289662539958954,
-0.10683262348175049,
0.4332291781902313,
-0.14343681931495667,
0.38311341404914856,
-0.09521476924419403,
-0.09898672997951508,
0.11069899052381516,
-0.4680262506008148,
0.005333953071385622,
-0.3928607404232025,
-1.0156927108764648,
-0.5667256116867065,
-0.4973539710044861,
0.18645049631595612,
0.042731184512376785,
-0.2250393033027649,
0.05098520219326019,
-0.746096670627594,
0.9217680096626282,
0.07155962288379669,
-1.1230676174163818,
-0.4531515836715698,
0.42608821392059326,
-0.665429413318634,
0.016448378562927246,
-0.5113188624382019,
0.14790566265583038,
-0.060184214264154434,
-0.4800645411014557,
-0.3854462504386902,
-0.447357177734375,
0.13610148429870605,
-0.018351798877120018,
-0.02062777429819107,
-0.3979744613170624,
0.3640694320201874,
-0.021748296916484833,
0.2971420884132385,
0.15588119626045227,
-0.5357006788253784,
-0.6007000803947449,
0.2705203592777252,
0.35702627897262573,
0.040067948400974274,
-0.20274993777275085,
0.0933755412697792,
-0.3253450393676758,
-0.6982325315475464,
-0.7540066242218018,
0.03731285035610199,
-0.22684811055660248,
-0.37210094928741455,
0.1458752304315567,
0.1342492699623108,
-0.5270100831985474,
-0.9098686575889587,
0.3624698519706726,
-0.194342702627182,
-0.29027724266052246,
-0.2660697400569916,
0.259315550327301,
-0.7311500906944275,
0.28021249175071716,
0.10462837666273117,
0.22233229875564575,
0.6026966571807861,
-0.3867882490158081,
0.35871389508247375,
-0.5061367750167847,
0.17027249932289124,
0.45370447635650635,
-0.08934874832630157,
-0.5271475315093994,
0.9946154356002808,
0.23846882581710815,
-0.023883774876594543,
-0.3843255341053009,
-0.8410181999206543,
0.21553868055343628,
0.06941089779138565,
-0.10738988220691681,
0.9412998557090759,
-0.6803017258644104,
-0.1980355978012085,
-0.40153491497039795,
0.7578068375587463,
0.06969069689512253,
-0.039155375212430954,
-0.04625462740659714,
0.36496180295944214,
0.4825391173362732,
0.3227412700653076,
-0.09411916136741638,
-0.07801097631454468,
0.20549418032169342,
0.45408695936203003,
0.7438042163848877,
0.4612770676612854,
-0.5021436214447021,
-0.09902112931013107,
0.09826623648405075,
0.09541264176368713,
0.5063746571540833,
0.21847115457057953,
-0.9329841732978821,
-0.06322918087244034,
-0.07815141975879669,
-0.2460637092590332,
0.3518182933330536,
0.16835343837738037,
0.6081305742263794,
-0.518927276134491,
0.026062509045004845,
0.22188055515289307,
0.04502696171402931,
0.38074201345443726,
0.4347403943538666,
0.3533184826374054,
0.299684077501297,
-0.35974687337875366,
-0.5713550448417664,
0.2089356780052185,
0.02472296915948391,
-0.644983172416687,
0.27475327253341675,
0.010917254723608494,
-0.34698665142059326,
0.2933323085308075,
-0.5101223587989807,
-0.6727614402770996,
-0.20085501670837402,
-0.1952626258134842,
-0.14906932413578033,
0.46050164103507996,
-0.847274124622345,
0.2878381013870239,
-0.07061943411827087,
0.7517024874687195,
0.7908899188041687,
-0.3131789565086365,
-0.137051522731781,
0.4745500981807709,
-0.5244793891906738,
0.6216515302658081,
-0.03939894959330559,
0.9162503480911255,
-0.4035118818283081,
-0.12293819338083267,
-0.8697413206100464,
0.9613122940063477,
0.2547623813152313,
0.001636361121200025,
-0.19312885403633118,
0.3522530794143677,
0.22178412973880768,
-0.061717450618743896,
0.39637815952301025,
-0.10609381645917892,
0.010846231132745743,
0.17943917214870453,
0.3186016082763672,
0.1898484081029892,
0.35729318857192993,
-0.4488392770290375,
0.20209039747714996,
0.1594047248363495,
0.8092305064201355,
-0.7529905438423157,
-0.49861660599708557,
0.8648863434791565,
-0.02439921535551548,
0.05800476670265198,
-0.652508020401001,
-0.3280903398990631,
0.20353221893310547,
0.19676466286182404,
0.3190433084964752,
0.9044687747955322,
0.4062161445617676,
-0.004080725368112326,
0.22465738654136658,
0.28166913986206055,
0.15534734725952148,
-0.2703815996646881,
0.5247931480407715,
0.019124997779726982,
0.22086790204048157,
-0.2920883297920227,
0.17143113911151886,
0.33800163865089417,
0.7123618721961975,
0.11058508604764938,
-0.012131216004490852,
-0.9985054135322571,
0.5663009881973267,
-0.09077023714780807,
0.06525321304798126,
-0.049962013959884644,
0.23791354894638062,
0.027818171307444572
] |
247781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Slovakia | Music of Slovakia | The music of Slovakia has been influenced both by the county's native Slovak peoples and the music of neighbouring regions. Whilst there are traces of pre-historic musical instruments, the country has a rich heritage of folk music and mediaeval liturgical music, and from the 18th century onwards, in particular, musical life was influenced by that of Austria-Hungary. In the 19th century, composers such as Ján Levoslav Bella began to write romantic music with a Slovak character. In the twentieth century, there were a number of composers who identified with Slovak culture. After the fall of communism in 1989–90 the country also began to develop its own popular music scene in Western style.
History of music in Slovakia
The term Slovak music is slightly confusing; many peoples lived over the ages in the territory now represented by the state of Slovakia, and the history of the region's music is therefore not merely the history of the music of the Slovaks
Earliest times
Bone pipes dating from the Early Bronze Age (about 3000 BC) have been found in the Nitra region, testifying to the early role of music in the Celtic 'Nitra Culture'. Such instruments were produced continuously, albeit with more sophistication, up to the mediaeval period. Other early instruments found include drums dating back to the Palaeolithic period, iron and bronze bells from the 3rd or 4th century AD. Other folk instruments of the region whose early development must remain largely conjectural include the fujara and the Slovak versions of bagpipes and the jaw harp. They certainly existed in the 15th century.
The medieval period
From the medieval period onwards writers identify a number of principal streams of music in Slovakia. The principal classifications include church music, folk music, and instrumental music heard in towns and courts. Each of these has of course numerous subsidiary classifications.
Some of the oldest recorded forms of music in Slovakia are liturgical song (in Old Slavonic) from the time of Great Moravian empire (9th century), from which developed much of the sacred music of later centuries. Latin plainsong was also widespread in the region at this early period, especially after the incorporation of Slovakia into the Kingdom of Hungary in 1218. Early codices include the 'Nitra Gospels' of c. 1100, and the 'Pray codex' (c. 1195). From the 15th to the 17th centuries, polyphony was practised and developed at many urban centres, including Bratislava, Bardejov, Levoča and Kežmarok.
In 1526 when Slovakia became part of the empire of the Habsburgs, Bratislava became a coronation city, and this was to greatly influence the development of formal music in the country's towns. In the countryside, folk music developed in a more insular manner in the country's various regions.
Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
As elsewhere in Europe, the Church and the aristocracy became the main patrons of formal music during this period. Church composers were active throughout the country; e.g., in the polyphonic tradition, Andreas Neoman who worked at Bardejov and elsewhere in the early 17th century, Ján Šimbracký (d. 1657), organist at the Protestant church in Spišské Podhradie, and Samuel Marckfelner (1621–1674), organist at Levoča. In the larger towns, especially in Bratislava, the influence of the Italian concertante style was felt, composers in this vein including Samuel Capricornus (1628–1665) (who eventually became kapellmeister for a prince of Stuttgart), his successor at the Protestant church in Breatislava, Johann Sigismund Kusser (1626–1696).
By the eighteenth century, Catholic musicians began to take the musical lead over their Protestant colleagues. A highly rated composer was František Xaver Budinský (1676–1727), who appears to have been a Jesuit lay brother and worked in Trnava, Prešov, Košice, Trenčín, and elsewhere in Slovakia. His compositions include three symphonies, the earliest known to have been written in Slovakia.
Nineteenth century
In the first half of the 19th century, a national musical tradition began to develop around Slovakia’s impressive folk heritage. Modern Slovak music drew from both classical and folk styles. A key figure who began this fusion is Ján Levoslav Bella, born in Liptovský Mikuláš (1843–1936), a contemporary of Antonín Dvořák and Leoš Janáček. Slovak modes and melodies can be heard clearly in his third string quartet, as well as in many of his other works. He also wrote the first opera to be performed in Slovak, Kováč Wieland (Wieland the Smith), written in German in 1880-1890, but premiered in Slovak in Bratislava in 1926.
Modern times
Well-known works from the 20th century include the compositions of Eugen Suchoň, Alexander Moyzes, Alexander Albrecht and the operas of Ján Cikker.
The internationally most acknowledged composers of the 21st century are Vladimír Godár, Peter Breiner, Peter Machajdík and Iris Szeghy. Operatic soprano Lucia Popp was born in Záhorská Ves.
Musical ensembles and festivals
Amongst the most significant contemporary orchestral ensembles are the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra of Bratislava, the State Philharmonic Orchestra of Kosice, the Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Slovak Chamber Orchestra (known as the Warchalovci after their founder Bohdan Warchal), and the chamber orchestra Capella Istropolitana. There are opera companies in Bratislava, Košice and Banská Bystrica. Music festivals include the annual Bratislava Music Festival (Bratislavské hudobné slávnosti), Indian Summer in Levoča (Levočské babie leto), Festival of Piešťany (Piešťanský festival), one of longest established festivals, dating from 1955, the Konvergencie Chamber Music Festival founded in 1999 by cellist, Jozef Lupták, Music at Fulla (Hudba u Fullu) in Ružomberok founded 2009 by composer Peter Machajdik, and many others.
See also
List of Slovak composers
Slovak folk music
Slovak popular music
The 100 Greatest Slovak Albums of All Time
Notes
References
How to know that music is your calling
External links
Audio clips: Traditional music of Slovakia. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
Slovak Music Centre (Hudobné Centrum)
Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra
Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra
Capella Istropolitana
Konvergencie Festival
'Indian Summer in Levoca' Festival | [
0.03298158198595047,
0.32384395599365234,
-0.1044132336974144,
-0.2601553499698639,
0.21107646822929382,
0.5553573966026306,
0.039960090070962906,
1.0022252798080444,
-0.6169552803039551,
-0.6669950485229492,
0.028495438396930695,
-0.19215427339076996,
0.01902855932712555,
0.21922069787979126,
-0.9371755719184875,
1.1684256792068481,
0.888347864151001,
0.2837960422039032,
0.4433818757534027,
-0.2358776330947876,
-0.029307153075933456,
0.01580560952425003,
0.3681091070175171,
0.37162303924560547,
-0.1948009729385376,
-0.38164958357810974,
0.10012566298246384,
0.40474626421928406,
-0.08453089743852615,
-0.15930604934692383,
-0.8121482729911804,
1.0713592767715454,
-0.053238026797771454,
0.02107805199921131,
0.2728031575679779,
0.028762193396687508,
-0.04162558913230896,
-0.6702910661697388,
-0.1950146108865738,
-0.345040500164032,
0.5153851509094238,
-0.12743203341960907,
0.3555237352848053,
0.3334037959575653,
0.46906471252441406,
-0.6314089894294739,
-1.0429115295410156,
1.1652426719665527,
-0.4766336977481842,
0.35609251260757446,
-0.030471164733171463,
0.18590591847896576,
0.7188488245010376,
0.5683847069740295,
-0.26100924611091614,
-0.1309511959552765,
-0.6671977639198303,
0.25588592886924744,
0.8572129607200623,
0.871929943561554,
0.5316265821456909,
0.8758519291877747,
-0.740943968296051,
-0.6678404808044434,
0.11498883366584778,
-0.1935514509677887,
0.11116872727870941,
0.27039211988449097,
-0.04158203676342964,
-0.8928683400154114,
-0.44791361689567566,
-0.4333080053329468,
0.044941969215869904,
-0.0638645812869072,
-0.6566174030303955,
-0.3371758460998535,
0.1698024868965149,
-0.2295115888118744,
-0.02472807839512825,
0.11782985180616379,
0.3809587061405182,
-0.05441991239786148,
0.8466407656669617,
0.9100170135498047,
0.17961575090885162,
-0.6169672012329102,
0.04348485916852951,
-0.14349202811717987,
-0.736595630645752,
-0.12025763839483261,
-0.3014446496963501,
-0.712746798992157,
0.5041945576667786,
-0.08860941231250763,
-0.3073197603225708,
-0.05864139646291733,
-0.0562879778444767,
0.21032755076885223,
-0.008371567353606224,
0.04032382741570473,
-0.5728963613510132,
0.29719775915145874,
-0.2362045794725418,
-0.04119204729795456,
-0.5818232297897339,
-0.23162898421287537,
-0.2016000747680664,
0.14138787984848022,
-0.11373084783554077,
0.5425875186920166,
-0.429364949464798,
0.08222673088312149,
0.08883916586637497,
0.4294221103191376,
0.38164886832237244,
0.17897646129131317,
-0.2931554317474365,
-0.6724022030830383,
-0.775448203086853,
0.06110247224569321,
0.5536105036735535,
0.5686385035514832,
-0.18922725319862366,
0.08573842793703079,
-0.2655428349971771,
0.03861873596906662,
0.8400474190711975,
0.44876882433891296,
0.34318283200263977,
0.12327387183904648,
0.42806684970855713,
0.6597528457641602,
-0.20008476078510284,
0.17705628275871277,
0.3669517934322357,
-0.2579118013381958,
0.9138982892036438,
-0.3275940418243408,
0.2184908390045166,
0.5208580493927002,
-0.31099241971969604,
-0.05170266702771187,
0.007963739335536957,
-0.33754995465278625,
0.36086326837539673,
-0.3183601200580597,
-0.22154547274112701,
-0.15877828001976013,
-0.2761460840702057,
-0.6353796124458313,
0.6083880662918091,
-0.06170142441987991,
-0.3470337390899658,
0.46982765197753906,
-0.8658396601676941,
0.04301915317773819,
0.3918442726135254,
-0.016199249774217606,
0.5957884788513184,
0.5044261813163757,
0.27767011523246765,
0.028447816148400307,
0.3275338113307953,
-0.20572905242443085,
-0.0009116099681705236,
-0.3314177095890045,
0.37593379616737366,
0.5352708101272583,
-0.3452296257019043,
0.11873071640729904,
-0.8138066530227661,
0.4482526183128357,
0.35856008529663086,
0.15221165120601654,
-0.12431386113166809,
-0.32015809416770935,
0.28182336688041687,
0.46235227584838867,
-0.021306568756699562,
-0.20220980048179626,
-0.5521621108055115,
0.4994739592075348,
-0.09353697299957275,
0.118215411901474,
0.4653720259666443,
0.5388449430465698,
0.27373120188713074,
0.17988406121730804,
0.5068712830543518,
-0.5419160723686218,
-0.14350976049900055,
-0.6019124984741211,
0.2024422138929367,
-0.1285558044910431,
0.9932019710540771,
-0.07807350158691406,
-0.4974091351032257,
-0.3551505208015442,
0.1478976309299469,
0.4849201738834381,
-0.11436040699481964,
-0.6488250494003296,
0.30664756894111633,
-0.004415891133248806,
-0.08380161970853806,
-0.28866255283355713,
0.07630529254674911,
-0.4671013653278351,
0.9991058707237244,
0.25721317529678345,
0.4201459586620331,
0.2395828515291214,
-0.10414373874664307,
0.09422895312309265,
-0.07932872325181961,
0.08842338621616364,
0.00847445335239172,
0.09385330975055695,
-0.10033666342496872,
-0.35436558723449707,
0.1782899796962738,
-0.532799243927002,
-0.037081364542245865,
0.02323930524289608,
-0.07343760877847672,
0.7164736390113831,
-0.2957800626754761,
-0.00024801742983981967,
0.16757023334503174,
0.06622234731912613,
-0.5241928696632385,
0.026948045939207077,
-0.24685968458652496,
-0.3921978771686554,
-0.6195710897445679,
0.2474088966846466,
0.11595626920461655,
-0.11686567962169647,
0.24395769834518433,
-0.28976765275001526,
-0.052374597638845444,
0.01652376540005207,
-0.2970808148384094,
-0.047354843467473984,
-0.38474008440971375,
0.17586705088615417,
-0.859359085559845,
-0.035080596804618835,
-0.3535531461238861,
-0.4145105183124542,
0.28938981890678406,
0.4752849042415619,
-0.16159075498580933,
-0.27550575137138367,
-0.3940901756286621,
-0.1144523173570633,
0.7201495170593262,
-0.5093061923980713,
0.39735937118530273,
-0.05305376648902893,
-0.12048384547233582,
-0.5535191893577576,
0.3323515057563782,
0.1267775148153305,
-0.027639342471957207,
-0.6945253014564514,
-0.01698334515094757,
-0.3104275166988373,
0.3043358623981476,
0.0022375492844730616,
0.14101257920265198,
0.020739715546369553,
0.12166871875524521,
-0.0039973510429263115,
0.13141854107379913,
-0.3175143897533417,
-0.3436514437198639,
-0.24850639700889587,
-0.3523405194282532,
-0.6842070817947388,
-0.07906299084424973,
0.8609077334403992,
0.43803873658180237,
-0.24066638946533203,
-1.191805124282837,
0.10277432203292847,
-0.033005356788635254,
-0.25631964206695557,
0.060445524752140045,
0.28095701336860657,
-0.12746627628803253,
0.13875094056129456,
-0.5284676551818848,
0.1056569293141365,
-0.03500296548008919,
0.5020123720169067,
0.07008352875709534,
-0.06371787190437317,
0.042276881635189056,
-0.8179984092712402,
-0.5229886174201965,
0.3508634567260742,
-0.14340940117835999,
-0.1332496851682663,
0.3196755051612854,
0.14853259921073914,
-0.7770111560821533,
-0.015977300703525543,
-5.566601753234863,
0.18184271454811096,
-0.45914289355278015,
-0.11380451172590256,
0.14682410657405853,
-0.12185092270374298,
0.3304508328437805,
-0.3193558156490326,
-0.07488103210926056,
-0.19564780592918396,
-0.1597481518983841,
-0.13111427426338196,
-0.7115020155906677,
0.7776828408241272,
0.21959881484508514,
0.1463432013988495,
0.12345060706138611,
0.1388954073190689,
0.5099673867225647,
0.15006589889526367,
0.13157708942890167,
-0.19913697242736816,
-0.06897996366024017,
0.39579257369041443,
0.5927190184593201,
0.31616321206092834,
-0.4224887788295746,
-0.05981695279479027,
-0.4912365674972534,
-0.4300455152988434,
-0.14711028337478638,
-0.375802218914032,
0.33081451058387756,
-0.20437471568584442,
0.4844493865966797,
0.2987940013408661,
-0.0628724992275238,
0.783916175365448,
0.9260060787200928,
-0.3048945665359497,
0.15884476900100708,
0.15704457461833954,
-0.10454638302326202,
0.08762168139219284,
0.07836456596851349,
-0.00617318507283926,
-0.1354898363351822,
0.4227369725704193,
-0.9338659048080444,
1.1833328008651733,
0.2065184861421585,
-0.48116281628608704,
-0.08838556706905365,
-0.33729633688926697,
0.41144680976867676,
-0.10579029470682144,
0.8175974488258362,
0.24054111540317535,
-0.048555638641119,
0.1867954283952713,
0.4153019189834595,
-0.6236822009086609,
-0.34332555532455444,
-0.24860532581806183,
-0.18862606585025787,
-0.2992806136608124,
-0.6383731961250305,
-0.17929792404174805,
-0.19517838954925537,
0.3121790885925293,
-0.03256038948893547,
0.14571696519851685,
-0.9146321415901184,
-0.7718368172645569,
-0.015155975706875324,
-0.5593215823173523,
-0.6962292790412903,
-0.04277421534061432,
-0.15675565600395203,
0.742034912109375,
-0.535494863986969,
-0.009671785868704319,
-0.3998200595378876,
0.44245967268943787,
0.27725908160209656,
0.235471710562706,
-0.23187226057052612,
-0.194754496216774,
-0.7939574718475342,
0.03421967849135399,
0.6129705309867859,
-1.179354190826416,
-0.044502921402454376,
0.057576391845941544,
0.1480523645877838,
0.6618674993515015,
0.8067718744277954,
-0.041889529675245285,
0.07776004821062088,
-0.5969101190567017,
0.539808452129364,
-0.37771981954574585,
-0.1884911060333252,
-0.30860307812690735,
0.37954866886138916,
-0.3644143342971802,
-0.22247722744941711,
-0.08909904956817627,
1.1707763671875,
-0.5654738545417786,
-0.11560861021280289,
-0.0022098603658378124,
-0.35833409428596497,
-0.664981484413147,
0.1851697862148285,
-0.5285996794700623,
0.0917893648147583,
0.3180389702320099,
-0.14121852815151215,
0.0444277860224247,
0.5083444714546204,
-0.015968069434165955,
-0.06648252159357071,
0.3322749733924866,
0.062391165643930435,
-0.16468970477581024,
-0.2771167755126953,
0.19262000918388367,
-0.6549904942512512,
0.28289273381233215,
0.3654162883758545,
-0.027762912213802338,
-0.01081762369722128,
0.3217392563819885,
0.5765282511711121,
0.6269277334213257,
-0.16423581540584564,
-0.36723899841308594,
0.6794950366020203,
-0.5648826956748962,
0.20053060352802277,
-0.5030971765518188,
0.28054291009902954,
0.2882656455039978,
0.5119187831878662,
0.5154443383216858,
-0.3573826253414154,
-0.478430837392807,
-0.6736118793487549,
-0.2598538100719452,
0.2887096107006073,
0.660734236240387,
0.09582340717315674,
-0.05900490656495094,
-0.022054340690374374,
-0.4320693910121918,
-0.19282735884189606,
0.4909626245498657,
0.12969808280467987,
0.030652042478322983,
0.774147093296051,
-0.6341654062271118,
-0.6667826771736145,
0.013421563431620598,
0.48113393783569336,
-0.9013806581497192,
-0.5280017256736755,
0.05597025528550148,
-0.06618962436914444,
0.5709325075149536,
0.7712323069572449,
-0.5496816635131836,
-0.36947450041770935,
0.05169087275862694,
0.29044753313064575,
-0.8266065120697021,
0.3667481541633606,
0.7135043740272522,
-0.4976542592048645,
0.21277499198913574,
0.24402353167533875,
0.012438014149665833,
-0.24062106013298035,
0.5054645538330078,
0.27755457162857056,
-0.3655867874622345,
0.02044294960796833,
0.1633964478969574,
-0.13717572391033173,
-0.5414105653762817,
-0.15577641129493713,
0.08594051748514175,
0.15186893939971924,
-0.2730579078197479,
-0.12321580201387405,
-0.7913030982017517,
-0.10888020694255829,
0.5139124989509583,
-0.6089411377906799,
-0.6337975859642029,
0.5140652060508728,
0.311885803937912,
-0.06707108020782471,
0.4513314366340637,
0.3883238136768341,
-0.07270555943250656,
0.5221706032752991,
0.2648189663887024,
-0.7101030945777893,
-0.34283873438835144,
-0.32302194833755493,
-0.9705358147621155,
-0.3556123971939087,
0.41188886761665344,
-0.2667221426963806,
0.07025067508220673,
0.31920260190963745,
0.08269990980625153,
-0.6495984196662903,
-0.06672009825706482,
-0.11053060740232468,
0.002441135933622718,
-0.5444671511650085,
0.18608523905277252,
-0.4627147316932678,
0.45014455914497375,
0.24168036878108978,
-0.8438034653663635,
-0.20666705071926117,
-0.5774584412574768,
0.5961865186691284,
-0.23552219569683075,
-0.017526283860206604,
0.014554428867995739,
-0.2866813838481903,
0.008872884325683117,
-0.07953739166259766,
0.23270216584205627,
0.21119427680969238,
0.91433185338974,
0.7713936567306519,
0.6987476944923401,
-0.2679247558116913,
0.039333976805210114,
-0.415537029504776,
0.4687681496143341,
0.28805944323539734,
-0.06495432555675507,
-0.6973915696144104,
0.637669026851654,
-0.03540220484137535,
-0.06784825026988983,
-0.14853166043758392,
-0.6946208477020264,
1.1031876802444458,
-0.8751676678657532,
-0.45466938614845276,
0.27123796939849854,
0.06766831874847412,
0.7537446618080139,
-0.058920711278915405,
-0.8715211153030396,
0.3291689157485962,
-0.2802250385284424,
0.4478106200695038,
-0.2897033393383026,
0.20156852900981903,
-0.010194012895226479,
0.0621037594974041,
-0.08430136740207672,
-0.479278028011322,
-0.5766538977622986,
0.4093150794506073,
-0.08362703770399094,
0.02831772342324257,
-0.7573574781417847,
-0.07779811322689056,
-0.5763440132141113,
0.04577343165874481,
0.1991903930902481,
-0.12044154852628708,
-0.23232968151569366,
0.1075376644730568,
-0.08517000824213028,
0.048413801938295364,
-1.2013819217681885,
-0.22923287749290466,
-0.11610483378171921,
-0.3845786154270172,
-0.12483590841293335,
-0.22017374634742737,
-0.1310279369354248,
0.1519874483346939,
0.2054247111082077,
0.10320156067609787,
0.026912860572338104,
0.3562549650669098,
-0.15793831646442413,
-0.22817955911159515,
0.2944634258747101,
-0.5087682604789734,
0.6438906788825989,
0.5317590832710266,
-0.0995602086186409,
0.3171590268611908,
0.8768794536590576,
-0.16775476932525635,
-0.447102814912796,
0.1331278383731842,
-0.08652617782354355,
0.39282354712486267,
0.22980600595474243,
0.2860444188117981,
0.44841939210891724,
-0.07376620918512344,
0.2886103689670563,
0.3597911298274994,
-0.2112080305814743,
0.47907397150993347,
0.1643289029598236,
0.1599082052707672,
-0.5134370923042297,
0.574318528175354,
0.07891974598169327,
-0.02812579646706581,
0.4121396243572235,
-0.42090684175491333,
-0.42213714122772217,
0.2092387080192566,
-0.059906914830207825,
0.17766720056533813,
0.20288969576358795,
-0.18197034299373627,
0.301456093788147,
-0.2934286594390869,
-0.20552198588848114,
-0.17927086353302002,
-0.16560333967208862,
-0.3936256468296051,
0.5402662754058838,
0.5659933090209961,
-0.18152011930942535,
0.003487280337139964,
0.2782179117202759,
0.3507986068725586,
0.031588777899742126,
0.3485018014907837,
-0.5972479581832886,
0.1942353993654251,
-0.43449556827545166,
0.5447611808776855,
0.19360493123531342,
-0.026770826429128647,
0.4757121801376343,
0.23035375773906708,
-0.08436337858438492,
0.2895008325576782,
-0.2987249791622162,
-0.47478145360946655,
0.12666696310043335,
0.5142030119895935,
-0.26823145151138306,
-0.09284400939941406,
-0.3485574722290039,
-0.4708421230316162,
0.05934964865446091,
0.08261850476264954,
-0.5056524872779846,
-0.1621263325214386,
0.02662533149123192,
0.0399882048368454,
0.26177799701690674,
-0.2731866240501404,
0.17472907900810242,
0.37931138277053833,
-0.27616098523139954,
0.3488239049911499,
-0.003947388380765915,
0.35367873311042786,
-0.2979104816913605,
-0.024641839787364006,
0.6012177467346191,
-0.19098185002803802,
-0.5844287276268005,
0.11467675864696503,
-0.12916234135627747,
0.29889416694641113,
-0.18812304735183716,
-0.40688666701316833,
-0.3262518644332886,
-0.11894993484020233,
-0.2331104874610901,
0.48064154386520386,
-0.07228533923625946,
-0.761838436126709,
-0.40116366744041443,
-0.17245154082775116,
0.9801051020622253,
0.11981020122766495,
0.39714503288269043,
0.6664960384368896,
0.1917770951986313,
0.01162111945450306,
0.6629189252853394,
-0.6885579824447632,
0.559657633304596,
-0.7940999865531921,
-0.21414536237716675,
0.13060200214385986,
0.6948748230934143,
0.32085081934928894,
-0.09693405032157898,
0.06963439285755157,
-0.09620099514722824,
0.19492290914058685,
0.31255656480789185,
0.5834205746650696,
-0.19428187608718872,
0.18858841061592102,
-1.0927989482879639,
-0.06342961639165878,
-0.4205467998981476,
0.7926977276802063,
0.36953407526016235,
0.07675348967313766,
-0.37366563081741333,
0.34895700216293335,
0.45397067070007324,
-0.5072554349899292,
0.23243294656276703,
-0.7647287845611572,
0.29085177183151245,
-0.40985941886901855,
0.3886292278766632,
-0.273140013217926,
-0.11379608511924744,
0.6413373351097107,
0.3394850492477417,
-0.10632898658514023,
-0.6580995917320251,
-0.5603465437889099,
-0.23440885543823242,
0.44124749302864075,
-0.08184009790420532,
-0.059004805982112885,
0.0746486634016037,
0.07031270861625671,
0.0549023374915123,
-1.185286045074463,
0.3493850529193878,
-0.14482487738132477,
0.1506524682044983,
0.586921215057373,
-0.229725643992424,
-0.0055886534973979,
-0.30739226937294006,
0.6464617252349854,
-0.2011079639196396,
0.17266350984573364,
-0.4476785361766815
] |
247785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Rotherham | Thomas Rotherham | Thomas Rotherham (24 August 1423 – 29 May 1500), also known as Thomas (Scot) de Rotherham, was an English cleric and statesman. He served as bishop of several dioceses, most notably as Archbishop of York and, on two occasions as Lord Chancellor. He is considered a venerable figure in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, his town of birth.
Life
Background
Thomas Rotherham was born 24 August 1423 in Rotherham, Yorkshire. He is said to have been the eldest son of Sir Thomas Rotherham of Rotherham by his wife, Dame Alice. From the sixteenth century onwards he was also known by the alternate surname 'Scot', although that surname was not used by Rotherham himself or by his contemporaries. In his will, however, Rotherham does refer to his kinsman John Scott of Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, and it has been speculated that he was the son of Sir John Scott of Scot's Hall in Smeeth, Kent and Agnes Beaufitz. However this claim is said to have been disproved.
Education
He was first educated as a young boy by a teacher of grammar, who came, according to Thomas, "I know not by what fate save it was the Grace of God". Afterwards he was sent to the newly founded Eton College to prepare for university entrance.
Appointments to office
Rotherham was educated at King's College, Cambridge, graduating as a Bachelor of Divinity and becoming a Fellow of his college, and lectured on Grammar, Theology, and Philosophy. After his ordination as a priest, he became a prebendary of Lincoln in 1462 and then of Salisbury in 1465. He moved on to powerful positions in the Church, being appointed as Bishop of Rochester in 1468, Bishop of Lincoln in 1472, and then Archbishop of York in 1480, a position he held until 1500.
In 1467, King Edward IV appointed Rotherham as Keeper of the Privy Seal. He was sent as ambassador to France in 1468 and as joint ambassador to Burgundy in 1471, and in 1475 was entrusted with the office of Lord Chancellor. Between 1477 and his death, Rotherham was the owner of Barnes Hall in South Yorkshire.
Involvement in intrigue
When Edward IV died in April 1483, Rotherham was one of the celebrants of the funeral mass on 20 April 1483. Immediately after Edward's death, Rotherham sided with dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in her attempt to deprive Richard, Duke of Gloucester of his role as Lord Protector of the new King, her son Edward V. When Elizabeth sought sanctuary after Richard had taken charge of the king, Rotherham released the Great Seal to her. Though he later recovered it and handed it over to Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, his mishandling of the seal – indicative of questionable loyalty, led to his dismissal as Lord Chancellor. On 13 May he was replaced by John Russell, who earlier had also been his successor as Bishop of Lincoln.
On 13 June 1483, Rotherham was charged with being involved in a conspiracy between Lord Hastings and the Woodvilles against Richard and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He was released in the middle of July.
Retirement
Once again appointed Lord Chancellor in 1485, he was shortly afterwards dismissed by Henry VII. After this he retired from most public work.
Death and memorial
Rotherham died of the plague in Cawood near York on 29 May 1500. His remains were transferred to a magnificent marble tomb in York Minster in 1506.
Endowments
Rotherham built part of Lincoln College, Oxford, and increased its endowment; at Cambridge, where he was four times Chancellor and Master of Pembroke Hall, he helped to build the University Library.
In 1480 Rotherham endowed a Chapel of Jesus within Rotherham parish church, providing a priest to sing masses for the souls of his ancestors. He founded the College of Jesus in Rotherham as a memorial to his first teacher. The foundations of the red brick College were laid at his birthplace in Brookgate in March 1482 and a licence was granted on 22 January 1483 "for the honour and glory of the name of Jesus Christ to found a perpetual College".
The statutes of the college were dated 1 February 1483. The College of Jesus was to consist of a Provost and three Fellows, all to be in Holy Orders, who must attend church on Sundays and Holy Days. The Fellows were to teach grammar and train the six choristers of Jesus in song and music. They were also to teach promising boys who did not aspire to the priesthood reading, writing, and reckoning, free of charge. If the boys continued to show merit, they should be taught the rudiments of grammar and music. The college was dissolved around 1550 by Edward VI of England and all its possessions seized by the crown. Very little now remains of the original building, although the street is still known as College Street.
The teaching of grammar to boys continued at Rotherham after the 1550s. The Rotherham Grammar School looked upon Thomas Rotherham as its founder, took 1483 to be its year of origin, and adopted as its badge the armorial bearings of Thomas Rotherham. The school took its last intake of boys in September 1965 and was progressively phased-out over the following several years.
Rotherham is still remembered in the name of Thomas Rotherham College, which is the post-1967 descendant of the Rotherham Grammar School for Boys.
Citations
References
|-
1423 births
1500 deaths
Archbishops of York
Bishops of Rochester
Bishops of Lincoln
Lord Chancellors of England
Lords Privy Seal
Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
People educated at Eton College
People from Rotherham
15th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops
Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge | [
-0.09794347733259201,
-0.5128330588340759,
-0.6209384799003601,
-0.09539549797773361,
-0.17285697162151337,
1.3334550857543945,
0.8733498454093933,
-0.10809879750013351,
-0.507808268070221,
-0.09192486107349396,
0.02913193590939045,
0.3255123198032379,
-0.3558817505836487,
-0.288859486579895,
-0.4443117678165436,
-0.16747108101844788,
0.053871992975473404,
-0.3409782648086548,
-0.4851645231246948,
-0.3287486732006073,
-0.19460529088974,
-0.20176634192466736,
0.48548075556755066,
-0.039119064807891846,
0.10036028176546097,
0.32156360149383545,
0.2820602059364319,
-0.6914082765579224,
-0.12447737157344818,
-0.4329019784927368,
-0.07827521115541458,
0.04116574674844742,
0.19303789734840393,
-0.2994735836982727,
-0.6426477432250977,
0.05687840282917023,
-0.6876471042633057,
-0.3782503008842468,
-0.2792675793170929,
0.07186102867126465,
-0.07181800156831741,
-0.20258596539497375,
0.1242777556180954,
0.2901875376701355,
-0.18054218590259552,
-0.10886206477880478,
-0.9509826302528381,
0.15375590324401855,
-0.7311663627624512,
-0.12177403271198273,
0.744761049747467,
0.4824930429458618,
-0.34816527366638184,
0.5073503851890564,
0.0251226294785738,
0.14891256392002106,
-0.7757796049118042,
-0.5699100494384766,
0.5065733194351196,
-0.34958723187446594,
0.25377166271209717,
0.4429070055484772,
0.43511492013931274,
0.15120229125022888,
-0.15695978701114655,
-0.37917664647102356,
-0.3244810402393341,
0.6720802783966064,
-0.7574130296707153,
-0.03583863005042076,
0.020410552620887756,
0.2921973764896393,
-0.020186498761177063,
0.9297696352005005,
0.18180111050605774,
-0.8720191717147827,
-0.0892748013138771,
0.4713587760925293,
0.41397225856781006,
0.14119993150234222,
0.226987823843956,
-0.1550232470035553,
0.7527734637260437,
0.8253716230392456,
0.4717341959476471,
0.17232121527194977,
-0.08006957918405533,
0.4499313235282898,
-0.3061698079109192,
-0.42839518189430237,
0.4503316283226013,
0.28850695490837097,
-0.3674449622631073,
-0.350965291261673,
-0.05299152433872223,
0.7594164609909058,
-0.147361159324646,
-0.10502561181783676,
-0.36465969681739807,
-0.23325178027153015,
0.3975142538547516,
0.11481926590204239,
-0.06346677243709564,
0.10495046526193619,
-0.12598665058612823,
0.013322657905519009,
0.16182003915309906,
-0.2132968306541443,
0.3254670202732086,
0.5656918883323669,
-0.25172916054725647,
-0.052122026681900024,
-0.3123045563697815,
0.36051756143569946,
0.16350527107715607,
0.06543101370334625,
-0.11528526991605759,
-1.13364839553833,
-1.049808382987976,
-0.4528959393501282,
-0.4484676420688629,
0.20688222348690033,
0.28219127655029297,
0.4362475872039795,
-0.5541402697563171,
-0.4683133661746979,
0.44517451524734497,
0.6214621663093567,
0.024709878489375114,
0.2323053926229477,
0.3641275465488434,
1.1551523208618164,
-0.6760541200637817,
-0.2410936802625656,
-0.402718186378479,
0.07523304969072342,
-0.18757303059101105,
0.40142369270324707,
-0.2071414738893509,
0.6276453137397766,
-0.381076455116272,
0.15268713235855103,
0.13404008746147156,
0.1413179636001587,
-0.23153884708881378,
-0.21386213600635529,
0.019400326535105705,
0.08607783168554306,
-0.14901652932167053,
0.11224910616874695,
-0.11904824525117874,
0.5770574808120728,
-0.08499707281589508,
-0.4433572292327881,
0.2994270920753479,
0.6066215634346008,
0.7204763293266296,
-0.18813355267047882,
-0.29519906640052795,
0.26134341955184937,
-0.17777955532073975,
-0.1870499849319458,
-0.36901190876960754,
-0.19037561118602753,
0.10809396952390671,
0.3637029230594635,
0.3810688853263855,
-0.9236371517181396,
0.12765346467494965,
-0.23239661753177643,
-0.6604192852973938,
-0.0839674100279808,
0.4418267011642456,
0.0712449699640274,
0.0022597871720790863,
0.16173867881298065,
0.7457185983657837,
-0.19015535712242126,
0.5769439935684204,
-0.0838233008980751,
-0.5797271728515625,
0.03323088213801384,
0.2575516998767853,
-0.3352139890193939,
0.5699409246444702,
0.176925927400589,
0.891007125377655,
-0.2017645239830017,
0.1387341171503067,
-0.17707706987857819,
-0.6186230182647705,
-0.5407360792160034,
-0.30107080936431885,
-0.3487999439239502,
1.0517430305480957,
0.17116495966911316,
-0.1742226481437683,
-0.13400277495384216,
0.06692245602607727,
0.8019620776176453,
-0.27406376600265503,
-0.17253726720809937,
0.00733649916946888,
-0.058051563799381256,
-0.3545909523963928,
-0.2689228057861328,
0.11029776930809021,
0.11511550843715668,
0.6454511284828186,
0.41677165031433105,
0.013471072539687157,
-0.8172554969787598,
-0.08967558294534683,
0.08456243574619293,
-1.037674903869629,
-0.7867531180381775,
0.1592380851507187,
0.022302312776446342,
0.37353602051734924,
-0.6655079126358032,
0.6843686699867249,
-0.0275846216827631,
0.2659604251384735,
0.5578681230545044,
0.04965383931994438,
0.7591317892074585,
-0.41238605976104736,
0.22344376146793365,
-0.3485202491283417,
-1.0224145650863647,
-0.6214765310287476,
0.44394180178642273,
0.030324267223477364,
-0.31642118096351624,
0.36495888233184814,
-0.1880248785018921,
-0.08119627088308334,
-0.25614485144615173,
-0.5460413098335266,
-0.8045915961265564,
-0.27643048763275146,
0.6095842123031616,
-0.30478429794311523,
-0.0913553237915039,
0.11384911090135574,
0.000036889810871798545,
-0.30435991287231445,
-0.08281031996011734,
0.3120197653770447,
-0.24249285459518433,
-0.40061259269714355,
0.3999933898448944,
0.3679189682006836,
0.37112322449684143,
0.3528215289115906,
-0.04829826578497887,
0.5547566413879395,
-0.07999731600284576,
-0.22225229442119598,
0.23733331263065338,
-0.5542178750038147,
-0.10507118701934814,
-0.42369544506073,
0.42770758271217346,
0.24184156954288483,
-0.04618367925286293,
0.42067328095436096,
-0.3931763470172882,
0.6034423112869263,
-0.23572590947151184,
0.7473413944244385,
-0.725717306137085,
-0.11850998550653458,
0.24018269777297974,
0.17318952083587646,
-0.15487298369407654,
0.4152437150478363,
0.1765868365764618,
0.12715864181518555,
-0.8645617365837097,
-0.2397339642047882,
0.7843648791313171,
-0.5333044528961182,
-0.0551723875105381,
0.11166921257972717,
0.4964802861213684,
-0.24041485786437988,
-0.6526482105255127,
-0.17929936945438385,
-0.18295766413211823,
0.1515011489391327,
0.5658655166625977,
-0.24644340574741364,
0.02559330314397812,
0.12239960581064224,
0.3647804856300354,
-0.5520869493484497,
-0.26120856404304504,
-0.13192860782146454,
-0.10381638258695602,
-0.45575958490371704,
-0.05908745527267456,
-0.03557157143950462,
0.47387242317199707,
1.324067234992981,
-0.14558343589305878,
-0.001321294461376965,
-0.10337964445352554,
-5.429633617401123,
0.14752601087093353,
0.12304458022117615,
0.04942193999886513,
1.2372442483901978,
0.4788510799407959,
0.5155397653579712,
-0.5240688920021057,
0.11537863314151764,
0.31464868783950806,
0.36725863814353943,
0.387621134519577,
-0.195426344871521,
0.23443304002285004,
0.812772274017334,
0.1429559886455536,
0.7143789529800415,
-0.024064334109425545,
0.37443313002586365,
-0.15446031093597412,
0.12041104584932327,
-0.16107206046581268,
-0.5590222477912903,
0.37737801671028137,
0.12702488899230957,
-0.28237825632095337,
-0.39307671785354614,
-0.2013954073190689,
-0.3487527072429657,
-0.5028771162033081,
-0.17481808364391327,
0.030289581045508385,
-0.06699077039957047,
-0.2155570387840271,
-0.42965778708457947,
-0.27697739005088806,
0.6064904928207397,
0.6034244894981384,
-0.1712884157896042,
-0.08380281925201416,
-0.0443161241710186,
-0.2767370343208313,
-0.2290797382593155,
0.23194019496440887,
0.2836153507232666,
-0.6943199038505554,
-0.5835819244384766,
-0.02871345542371273,
-0.5764434933662415,
0.47509539127349854,
-0.054826829582452774,
0.4334564208984375,
0.16008862853050232,
0.1627233475446701,
0.25741517543792725,
0.21117153763771057,
0.1524820178747177,
0.11821087449789047,
-0.38238289952278137,
0.23855043947696686,
0.33786365389823914,
-0.5743089318275452,
-0.28659749031066895,
0.271575391292572,
-0.16627077758312225,
-0.05563319846987724,
0.2580738663673401,
-0.3812929391860962,
0.006570213474333286,
0.06193546950817108,
-0.542748212814331,
0.7868509292602539,
0.4929632246494293,
-1.2020210027694702,
0.435086190700531,
-0.10112783312797546,
-0.25400111079216003,
0.4369010925292969,
-0.34209659695625305,
-0.023803936317563057,
-0.14913785457611084,
-0.6037456393241882,
0.4036499261856079,
0.7292783856391907,
0.46724995970726013,
0.1364278346300125,
-0.5785607695579529,
0.03073754534125328,
-0.4104011058807373,
0.021500684320926666,
-0.07890821993350983,
-0.3157217800617218,
0.13762812316417694,
0.3023926317691803,
0.47210389375686646,
0.16317804157733917,
-0.7869758605957031,
0.3264535069465637,
-0.10494763404130936,
0.45487284660339355,
-0.6079347729682922,
0.9023855924606323,
0.0328952819108963,
-0.3481372892856598,
0.2241973727941513,
-0.41080939769744873,
-0.35196250677108765,
0.5027949810028076,
0.009152712300419807,
0.5636974573135376,
0.5854620337486267,
-0.016541192308068275,
-0.8467854857444763,
-0.056413277983665466,
-0.4606441557407379,
0.015946516767144203,
0.2922274172306061,
-0.116361603140831,
0.5854405760765076,
0.3482775390148163,
-0.49340352416038513,
0.5676597952842712,
-0.5454755425453186,
-0.5057111978530884,
-0.8352770805358887,
-0.34601980447769165,
0.18540750443935394,
0.07228367030620575,
-0.06969481706619263,
0.2175140380859375,
0.2903340458869934,
0.2552240490913391,
-0.08080970495939255,
0.04044414684176445,
-0.1622871607542038,
-0.29147017002105713,
0.0005594437243416905,
-0.66496741771698,
-0.23772838711738586,
0.03165409713983536,
0.12617765367031097,
-0.15261992812156677,
0.20097637176513672,
-0.19867829978466034,
0.5546362400054932,
-0.5017473697662354,
-0.04552051052451134,
0.1855126917362213,
-0.028559863567352295,
0.459179550409317,
0.02839578129351139,
0.1065356433391571,
0.19567446410655975,
-0.7159685492515564,
0.14752240478992462,
-0.4056714177131653,
-0.0747099295258522,
-0.18712550401687622,
-0.038078926503658295,
0.016790801659226418,
-0.4230107069015503,
0.19638189673423767,
-1.0359716415405273,
-0.19926758110523224,
0.25124841928482056,
-0.028622794896364212,
-0.3595612645149231,
-0.7151824831962585,
-0.19692765176296234,
0.6456894874572754,
0.11723169684410095,
-0.406890869140625,
0.03446361422538757,
-0.25544118881225586,
0.4086306393146515,
-0.5197845101356506,
0.44407862424850464,
0.2535884976387024,
-0.35286620259284973,
0.1557057499885559,
0.21176950633525848,
0.0038749193772673607,
-0.3973863124847412,
-0.3560487627983093,
1.1049772500991821,
-0.1416461169719696,
-0.4426504373550415,
-0.6600306034088135,
0.3678853213787079,
-0.24397361278533936,
-0.7780547738075256,
-0.34810367226600647,
0.4154696762561798,
0.8821089863777161,
0.5493975877761841,
-0.08204268664121628,
0.6839045286178589,
-0.08829587697982788,
0.04565824940800667,
-0.1965411752462387,
-0.313782274723053,
0.08818098902702332,
0.07831288874149323,
-0.29775339365005493,
0.22863471508026123,
-0.7600131034851074,
-0.46135953068733215,
-0.2979593575000763,
0.025092534720897675,
0.48772719502449036,
0.020385395735502243,
-0.5671854615211487,
-0.34905433654785156,
0.2787415087223053,
0.0009205390815623105,
-0.06054054945707321,
0.010259713046252728,
0.30972498655319214,
-0.49230286478996277,
-0.7315148115158081,
-0.45552894473075867,
-0.08342861384153366,
-0.8521108031272888,
-0.2697872221469879,
-0.47683703899383545,
-0.06710663437843323,
0.3634735941886902,
-0.574053943157196,
0.873065710067749,
-0.0029043788090348244,
-0.6782717704772949,
-0.033863890916109085,
-0.007916055619716644,
0.6265628337860107,
-0.0029395378660410643,
-0.6960736513137817,
0.3393501341342926,
-0.034685369580984116,
-0.18477532267570496,
-0.058352671563625336,
0.4733063578605652,
1.6443458795547485,
0.49698442220687866,
-0.36468857526779175,
-0.12130270898342133,
0.16902610659599304,
0.42973798513412476,
0.05653335899114609,
-0.11707130819559097,
0.1581755131483078,
0.21800675988197327,
0.029370184987783432,
-0.22535255551338196,
0.2503643333911896,
0.4385136365890503,
-0.5599458813667297,
0.09892546385526657,
-0.1721387356519699,
0.16023556888103485,
-0.13346129655838013,
-0.2288845032453537,
0.02887609973549843,
0.292341411113739,
0.01522905845195055,
0.2059178501367569,
-0.09296263754367828,
0.3744606375694275,
-0.6994889378547668,
0.45648375153541565,
-0.7974896430969238,
-0.82097989320755,
0.0009064686018973589,
-0.5297948122024536,
0.7879534959793091,
0.06880450993776321,
-0.10114292800426483,
0.17577046155929565,
-0.5648521780967712,
1.160023808479309,
0.11518692225217819,
-0.8534876704216003,
-0.0684497207403183,
-0.10257530957460403,
-0.020198162645101547,
-0.43122005462646484,
-0.46690961718559265,
0.48092174530029297,
-0.2028980404138565,
0.21560895442962646,
0.3610474467277527,
-0.3297828733921051,
-0.023184949532151222,
0.016341891139745712,
0.04301941394805908,
-0.5076715350151062,
0.022751709446310997,
-0.22222872078418732,
-0.2368539273738861,
-0.08141232281923294,
-0.7448350191116333,
-0.3540828824043274,
0.670907735824585,
0.7283117175102234,
-0.2722592055797577,
-0.2713453769683838,
0.2387811541557312,
-0.3288632035255432,
-0.3715735673904419,
-0.6259400248527527,
0.49731072783470154,
0.08937229961156845,
-0.14561934769153595,
0.21638642251491547,
0.2881128787994385,
-0.1710492968559265,
-0.6399794816970825,
0.40196532011032104,
-0.43553709983825684,
-0.7325498461723328,
0.15022332966327667,
0.09732858836650848,
-0.05246017873287201,
0.1388501226902008,
-0.4958881437778473,
0.48787185549736023,
0.6993893980979919,
-0.20032986998558044,
0.05742119625210762,
-0.665164589881897,
0.4201613962650299,
0.3612566888332367,
-0.22732028365135193,
-0.6331613659858704,
0.7091162800788879,
0.5287480354309082,
-0.34915056824684143,
-0.025058506056666374,
-0.2721134424209595,
0.25401994585990906,
0.2593243718147278,
0.03788008913397789,
0.5994924902915955,
0.00027096649864688516,
0.37600964307785034,
-0.5063579678535461,
0.49417588114738464,
0.13456891477108002,
-0.4051004648208618,
-0.7899928689002991,
0.4625583589076996,
0.6326135396957397,
0.5675531029701233,
-0.35267990827560425,
-0.3325183689594269,
0.5215144157409668,
0.47227057814598083,
0.7241881489753723,
0.015648724511265755,
-0.5106260180473328,
-0.08826538920402527,
0.5661529898643494,
0.48430338501930237,
0.759219765663147,
-0.2924339771270752,
-0.5324061512947083,
0.40029823780059814,
0.08438990265130997,
-0.37871214747428894,
0.0075727165676653385,
0.1615467369556427,
0.4084405303001404,
-0.1254265010356903,
-0.34163758158683777,
0.24420535564422607,
0.26233232021331787,
0.46438509225845337,
0.9689425230026245,
0.21949778497219086,
0.4551711082458496,
-0.34294790029525757,
-0.6751899123191833,
-0.15002337098121643,
-0.0333697535097599,
-0.4735475778579712,
0.41684287786483765,
-0.11757632344961166,
0.05049233138561249,
-0.08466730266809464,
-0.5732404589653015,
-0.784853994846344,
-0.12576822936534882,
-0.2642309367656708,
0.4660983383655548,
0.20819510519504547,
-0.7072230577468872,
0.3867955207824707,
-0.0702500194311142,
1.0018842220306396,
0.7281909584999084,
-0.4691597521305084,
0.16319842636585236,
0.27534186840057373,
-0.503570020198822,
0.26836952567100525,
-0.5014474987983704,
0.6453005075454712,
-0.11986110359430313,
-0.45259803533554077,
-1.2913767099380493,
0.3925202190876007,
0.9543949961662292,
0.16437473893165588,
-0.40579691529273987,
0.04497050493955612,
-0.01371901948004961,
0.38455280661582947,
0.09868817031383514,
-0.12954974174499512,
0.0123479338362813,
-0.3124026954174042,
0.5755154490470886,
0.3807975649833679,
0.30633044242858887,
-0.2548259198665619,
-0.01459367386996746,
0.018667319789528847,
1.1010768413543701,
-0.5306490063667297,
-0.9065449237823486,
0.3982495069503784,
-0.4318878948688507,
0.03321380540728569,
-0.20411889255046844,
0.10350944846868515,
0.1988251954317093,
0.25612691044807434,
0.6725301742553711,
0.5803899168968201,
-0.18768088519573212,
-0.5253704190254211,
0.2040240466594696,
0.5190643072128296,
0.05755660682916641,
-0.12006006389856339,
0.3215528428554535,
0.17999091744422913,
-0.12629850208759308,
-0.384519100189209,
0.123834528028965,
0.8189201354980469,
0.6392044425010681,
-0.009330027736723423,
-0.06940572708845139,
-0.8491864204406738,
0.49087661504745483,
-0.45911940932273865,
-0.13236069679260254,
-0.12185095250606537,
0.6053009629249573,
-0.2293119728565216
] |
247787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI%3A%20Crime%20Scene%20Investigation | CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, also referred to as CSI and CSI: Las Vegas, is an American procedural forensics crime drama television series which ran on CBS from October 6, 2000, to September 27, 2015, spanning 15 seasons. This was the first in the CSI franchise, and starred William Petersen, Marg Helgenberger, Gary Dourdan, George Eads, Jorja Fox, Ted Danson, Laurence Fishburne, Elisabeth Shue and Paul Guilfoyle. The series concluded with a feature-length finale, "Immortality." A sequel, CSI: Vegas, premiered in 2021.
Plot summary
Mixing deduction and character-driven drama, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation follows a team of crime-scene investigators employed by the Las Vegas Police Department as they use physical evidence to solve murders.
The team is originally led by Gil Grissom (Petersen), a socially awkward forensic entomologist and career criminalist who is promoted to CSI supervisor following the death of a trainee investigator. Grissom's second-in-command, Catherine Willows (Marg Helgenberger), is a single mother with a cop's instinct. Born and raised in Las Vegas, Catherine was a stripper before being recruited into law enforcement and trained as a blood-spatter specialist.
Following Grissom's departure during the ninth season of the series, Catherine is promoted to supervisor. After overseeing the training of new investigator Raymond Langston (Fishburne), Willows is replaced by D.B. Russell (Danson), and recruited to the FBI shortly thereafter. Russell is a family man, a keen forensic botanist, and a veteran of the Seattle Crime Lab.
In the series' 12th season, Russell is reunited with his former partner Julie Finlay (Elisabeth Shue), who, like Catherine, is a blood-spatter expert with an extensive knowledge of criminal psychology. With the rest of the team, they work to tackle Las Vegas's growing crime rate and are on the job 24/7, scouring the scene, collecting the evidence, and finding the missing pieces that will solve the mystery.
Creation
Concept and development
During the 1990s, Anthony Zuiker caught producer Jerry Bruckheimer's attention after writing his first movie script. Zuiker was convinced that a series was in the concept; Bruckheimer agreed and began developing the series with Touchstone Pictures. The studio's head at the time liked the spec script and presented it to ABC, NBC, and Fox executives, who decided to pass.
The head of drama development at CBS saw potential in the script, and the network had a pay-or-play contract with actor William Petersen, who said he wanted to do the CSI pilot. The network's executives liked the pilot so much, they decided to include it in their 2000 schedule immediately, airing on Fridays after The Fugitive.
After CBS picked up the show, the Disney-owned Touchstone decided to pull out of the project, as they didn't want to spend so much money producing a show for another network (ABC is also owned by Disney). Instead of the intended effect of making CBS cancel the show (since it no longer had a producer), Bruckheimer was able to convince Alliance Atlantis to step in as a producer, saving the show and adding CBS as another producer.
Initially, CSI was thought to benefit from The Fugitive (a remake of the 1960s series), which was expected to be a hit, but by the end of 2000, CSI had a much larger audience.
The show began on Friday at 9:00 following The Fugitive, premiering on October 6, 2000, with an impressive 5.4 in the 18-49 demo and 17 million viewers. The show hovered around that mark for the next 10 episodes. The final Friday episode, "I-15 Murders" aired on January 12, 2001. The show moved to Thursday at 9:00 following Survivor on February 1, 2001, episode "Fahrenheit 932" and remained in that time slot until Season 11.
Production
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Television and CBS Productions, which became CBS Paramount Television in the fall of 2006 and CBS Television Studios three years later. Formerly a co-production with the now-defunct Alliance Atlantis Communications, that company's interest was later bought by the investment firm GS Capital Partners, an affiliate of Goldman Sachs. CBS acquired AAC's international distribution rights to the program, though the non-US DVD distribution rights did not change (for example, Momentum Pictures continues to own UK DVD rights). The series is currently in syndication, and reruns are broadcast in the US on Oxygen, Syfy, and the USA Network on cable, with Court TV Mystery holding the broadcast syndication rights. The show has aired in reruns on the USA Network since January 14, 2011. The CSI catalog has been exclusive to the whole NBC Universal portfolio since September 2014, after several years with Viacom Media Networks' Spike and TV Land.
Filming locations
CSI was originally shot at Rye Canyon, a corporate campus owned by Lockheed Martin situated in the Valencia area of Santa Clarita, California, due to the Santa Clarita Valley's strong similarity to the outskirts of Las Vegas; after episode 11, filming shifted to the nearby Santa Clarita Studios. Occasionally, the cast still shot on location in Las Vegas (the season-four DVD set revealed that the episode "Suckers" was mostly shot during December 2003 in Las Vegas, where they filmed a Gothic club scene on location for rent, and in January 2004, some scenes were filmed at Caesars Palace), although primarily Las Vegas was used solely for second unit photography such as exterior shots of streets. Other California locations include Verdugo Hills High School, UCLA's Royce Hall, Pasadena City Hall, and California State University, Los Angeles. After season five, CSI episodes were primarily filmed at Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City, California, but since Santa Clarita's surroundings had proven so versatile, CSI continued to shoot some outdoor scenes there.
Music
CSI's theme song was, since the last episode of season one, "Who Are You," written by Pete Townshend with vocals by lead singer Roger Daltrey of The Who. Daltrey made a special appearance in the season-seven episode "Living Legend," which also contained many musical references such as the words "Who's next" on a dry-erase board in the episode's opening sequence. In certain countries, to avoid music licensing fees, a unique theme was used, instead.
Throughout the series, music played an important role; artists such as Ozzy Osbourne, The Wallflowers, John Mayer, and Akon (with Obie Trice) performed onscreen in the episodes "Skin in the Game," "The Accused Is Entitled," "Built To Kill, Part 1," and "Poppin' Tags," respectively. Mogwai was often heard during scenes showing forensic tests in progress, as were Radiohead and Cocteau Twins, but several other artists lent their music to CSI, including Rammstein and Linkin Park—used heavily in Lady Heather's story arc. Sigur Rós can be heard playing in the background in the episode "Slaves of Las Vegas," The Turtles in "Grave Danger," and Marilyn Manson in "Suckers." A cover of the Tears for Fears song "Mad World," arranged by Michael Andrews and featuring vocals by Gary Jules, was used in the pilot episode and during three episodes of season six ("Room Service," "Killer," and "Way to Go"). Industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails was also featured multiple times throughout the three series. One episode started with The Velvet Underground's excited rendition of "Sweet Jane" and ended with the downbeat version of Cowboy Junkies' revision of the song. Character David Hodges' good luck has, on occasion, been accompanied by Electric Light Orchestra's "Mr. Blue Sky." This song was first used in the season-seven episode "Lab Rats," and last used during season ten's "Field Mice."
Cast and characters
William Petersen as Gil Grissom, the graveyard shift CSI supervisor (regular: seasons 1–9 (until episode 10, "One to Go"); guest star: seasons 9, 11, 13, "Immortality") Grissom is a highly respected forensic entomologist with a doctoral degree in biology from the University of California. When testifying in court he is often addressed as "Doctor Grissom". He became a CSI around 1985 and departed the Las Vegas Crime Lab in 2009. After a short stint as a researcher, Grissom becomes a sea-life advocate, and reunites with his ex-wife Sara. The series ends with the two sailing off together from the Port of San Diego.
Marg Helgenberger as Catherine Willows, the graveyard shift CSI assistant supervisor (regular: seasons 1–12 (until episode 12, "Willows in the Wind"); guest star: season 14, "Immortality") Catherine is a blood-spatter analyst who joined the CSI team as a lab technician and worked her way up to assistant supervisor, later succeeding Grissom. After a stint as the graveyard shift CSI supervisor, Catherine is demoted following a departmental scandal, and later leaves Las Vegas to join the FBI as a special agent. During the series finale, a recently returned Willows is granted the directorship of the crime lab when Sidle leaves Las Vegas.
Gary Dourdan as Warrick Brown, a CSI level III (regular: seasons 1–9 (until episode 1, "For Warrick") Warrick is an audio-video analyst and a native of Las Vegas with a major in chemistry from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. A recovering gambling addict, Warrick is nonetheless skilled at his job. After being falsely accused, and acquitted, of murder, Brown is assassinated in his car by a corrupt high ranking policeman, Undersheriff Jeffrey McKeen. He dies in Grissom's arms.
George Eads as Nick Stokes, a CSI level III (regular: seasons 1–15)Stokes graduated from Texas A&M and joined the Dallas Police prior to moving to Las Vegas. He was promoted to CSI level III in the pilot episode of the series, and later became assistant night supervisor under Catherine Willows. Stokes was later demoted, and after remaining in Las Vegas a CSI III, he transfers to San Diego when he is granted the directorship of the SDPD Crime Lab.
Jorja Fox as Sara Sidle, a CSI level III (regular: seasons 1 (from episode 2 "Cool Change")–8 (until episode 7, "Goodbye & Good Luck"), 11–15, "Immortality"; recurring: seasons 9 (occasionally), 10 (regularly as Special Guest Star)) Sara is a materials and element analyst who majored in physics at Harvard University. Sara transferred from San Francisco at the behest of Grissom, whom she later marries. After a turbulent relationship and a divorce, Sara is promoted to director of the Las Vegas Crime Lab, though she relinquishes this position to reunite with her ex-husband, Grissom. Catherine then succeeds her as lab director.
Eric Szmanda as Greg Sanders, a CSI level III (regular: seasons 3–15, "Immortality"; recurring: seasons 1–2) Greg is a DNA specialist who was educated in a private school for gifted students. Graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Stanford, Sanders joined the LVPD after a short stint with the SFPD. He later wrote a book about the history of Las Vegas. Greg believes in psychic powers, and is willing to sacrifice himself for what is right. Over the course of the series, Greg has several love interests. He expressed a romantic interest in fellow CSI Morgan Brody after meeting her in season 12.
Robert David Hall as Dr. Albert "Al" Robbins, the chief medical examiner (regular: seasons 3–15, "Immortality"; recurring: seasons 1–2) Robbins is the head county coroner of the LVPD. He is married with three children and has prosthetic legs, having lost his own legs after being hit by a drunk driver as a teenager. Al rarely leaves the crime lab, instead performing autopsies and referring specimens for forensic analysis. He forms strong bonds with both Gil Grissom and Raymond Langston.
Paul Guilfoyle as LVPD Captain Jim Brass, homicide detective captain (regular: seasons 1–14, "Immortality")Brass was initially the CSI team's supervisor until losing the position after Holly Gribbs, a rookie CSI under his command, is murdered on her first day on the job. He is then given a position as a homicide detective; from then on, Brass serves as the legal muscle for the CSI team and the one who does most of the arresting and interrogating of suspects. Brass later retires from the force to focus on his daughter, and takes a job at Catherine's casino, The Eclipse, as head of security, as seen in "Immortality".
Louise Lombard as Sofia Curtis, the LVPD's deputy chief (regular: season 7; recurring: seasons 5–6; guest star: seasons 8, 11) Sofia was a CSI who became assistant supervisor on graveyard, following a demotion from supervisor at the behest of Conrad Ecklie. She later makes a career switch to detective, working alongside Brass, and, rapidly rises through the ranks and becomes the LVPD's deputy chief. She develops a strong friendship with Grissom, much to the chagrin of Sara.
Wallace Langham as David Hodges, a trace technician (regular: seasons 8–15, "Immortality"; recurring: seasons 3–7) Hodges is a lab technician with a BA from Williams College; he previously worked in the LAPD crime lab, where his superiors felt he had an attitude problem. Hodges has an uncanny sense of smell, and is able to identify many key chemical compounds by their scent alone. Although shown to be a loner throughout the series, he forms a close bond with Morgan Brody.
Lauren Lee Smith as Riley Adams, a CSI level II (regular: season 9 (from episode 3, "Art Imitates Life") Adams is a former St. Louis police officer and a nonconformist who joined law enforcement to rebel against her parents, who are psychiatrists. She fits in well with the team initially, though seems to stop following Grissom's departure. Unhappy with the new leadership of Willows, she departs Las Vegas, leaving a damning exit interview criticizing Catherine's leadership skills.
Laurence Fishburne as Dr. Raymond "Ray" Langston, a CSI level II (regular: seasons 9 (from episode 11, "The Grave Shift")–11; guest star: season 9) Langston comes into contact with the CSI team in the course of a murder investigation and joins the Las Vegas Crime Lab as a level I CSI. Working under the leadership of Willows, Langston worries about his genetic make-up and natural predisposition to crime. Langston murders serial killer Nate Haskell during a brutal fight, while rescuing his ex-wife, who had been kidnapped, tortured, and raped by Haskell. Captain Brass is the first police officer at the crime scene. After seeing the condition of Langston's ex-wife he ensures that Haskell's death is ruled as a justifiable homicide by self defense. Langston resigns to care for his traumatized ex-wife, leaving a devastated crime lab in his wake.
Liz Vassey as Wendy Simms, a DNA technician (regular: season 10; recurring: seasons 6–9; guest star: season 11) Simms worked in San Francisco before moving to Las Vegas to take the DNA tech position left vacant by Sanders. Hodges complains that she thinks she's "too cool" for the lab, as like Sanders, she expresses a desire to work in the field. She later becomes a crime-scene investigator in Portland to be closer to her sister. Simms had a brief relationship with Hodges.
David Berman as David Phillips, the assistant medical examiner (regular: seasons 10–15, "Immortality"; recurring: seasons 1–9) David, known as "Super Dave", is the assistant coroner to Chief Medical Examiner Al Robbins. He received his self-styled nickname after saving the life of a victim during an autopsy. Though early in the series, his co-workers tease him about his supposed lack of social experience, he later marries and has a child. He is very close friends with his mentor, Robbins.
Ted Danson as D.B. Russell, the graveyard shift CSI Supervisor and director of the Las Vegas Crime Lab (regular: seasons 12–15, "Immortality") Russell is a skilled botanist and veteran crime scene investigator. Previously a crime lab director in Washington, Russell is hired to "clean house" in the wake of the Langston scandal. Russell becomes director of the Las Vegas Crime Lab, a position he holds until his departure following the events of "Immortality." He is married and has four children and a granddaughter. Sidle succeeds him as director.
Elisabeth Harnois as Morgan Brody, a CSI level III (regular: seasons 12–15, "Immortality"; guest star: season 11) Brody is a former member of LAPD SID and joins the Las Vegas PD CSI unit in the wake of the Nate Haskell scandal. She is the estranged daughter of Sheriff Conrad Ecklie, with whom she has a turbulent relationship. Brody is often seen partnered with Sanders, and she forms a strong friendship with Hodges, describing him as her "best friend." She is a skilled investigator.
Elisabeth Shue as Julie Finlay, the graveyard shift CSI assistant supervisor (regular: seasons 12 (from episode 14, "Seeing Red"–15) Finlay, known as "Finn" or "Jules," is a blood-spatter specialist who worked for Russell in Seattle; Russell asks her to leave Seattle to join the Las Vegas CSI crew. Finlay is hired following the departure of Willows, and acts as a foil to D.B.'s laid-back management style. She is later attacked by the Gig Harbor killer and left in a car trunk. After a short time in a coma, she succumbs to her injuries. Russell states that she will remain with him wherever he goes.
Jon Wellner as Henry Andrews, a DNA and toxicology technician (regular: seasons 13–15, "Immortality"; recurring: seasons 5–12) Henry is the toxicology specialist of the Las Vegas Forensics Laboratory, who mainly deals with identifying toxic substances that have undergone human consumption. He later cross-trains as a DNA specialist, replacing Simms. Andrews has a strong bond with all the lab rats, though particularly Hodges, with whom he has had a love–hate relationship. However, the two were seen having a much better relationship in later seasons.
Episodes
Spin-offs
Franchise
From CSI, CBS produced a franchise starting in 2002 with a spin-off entitled CSI: Miami. Set in Miami, Florida, and starring David Caruso and Emily Procter, Miami later launched CSI: NY in 2004. Starring Gary Sinise, Sela Ward, and Melina Kanakaredes, NY was set in New York City and was based upon the idea that "Everything Is Connected." In 2015, a fourth CSI series, CSI: Cyber, starring Patricia Arquette and Ted Danson, was created. It focuses on the FBI's Cyber Crime Division. The CSI series exists within the same fictional "universe" as fellow CBS police dramas Without a Trace and Cold Case. A number of comic books, video games, and novels based on the series have been made.
CSI: The Experience
In 2006, the Fort Worth Museum of Science and History developed a traveling museum exhibit, CSI: The Experience. On May 25, 2007, Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry was the first museum to host the exhibit, and the exhibit's opening featured stars from the TV series. Also a supporting website designed for the benefit of people who cannot visit the exhibit was developed, designed by Rice University's Center for Technology in Teaching and Learning and Left Brain Media. CSI: The Experience also has an interactive attraction at the MGM Grand Las Vegas in Las Vegas, and the Mall of America in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
CSI: Vegas
On February 10, 2020, CBS announced that a limited series revival of CSI was in the works at CBS. Filming was said to possibly begin in late 2020, with William Petersen and Jorja Fox reprising their roles. In February 2021, it was announced that Matt Lauria, Paula Newsome and Mel Rodriguez had joined the cast and the event series was near a series order. On March 31, 2021, it was announced that Mandeep Dhillon had joined the cast, and also Wallace Langham would be reprising his role, along with a series order. In May 2021, it was announced that Jamie McShane had joined the cast in a recurring role, and also Paul Guilfoyle would be reprising his role.
Reception
Critical and commercial reception
During its 15 years in production, CSI secured an estimated world audience of over 73.8 million viewers (in 2009), commanded, as of the fall of 2008, an average cost of $262,600 for a 30-second commercial, and reached milestone episodes including the 100th ("Ch-Ch-Changes"), the 200th ("Mascara") and the 300th ("Frame by Frame"). CSI spawned three spin-off series, a book series, several video games, and an exhibit at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry. At the time of its cancellation, CSI was the seventh-longest-running scripted US primetime TV series overall and had been recognized as the most popular dramatic series internationally by the Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo, which awarded the series the International Television Audience Award (Best Television Drama Series) three times. CSI became the second-most watched show on American television by 2002, finally taking the top position for the 2002–2003 season. It was later named the most watched show in the world for the sixth time in 2016, making it the most watched show for more years than any other show.
Critical reception to the show has been positive, with an IMDB score of 7.8/10, while early reviews showed a mixed to favorable review of the opening season. The Hollywood Reporter noted of the pilot "...the charismatic William Petersen and the exquisite Marg Helgenberger, lend credibility to the portrayals that might be indistinct in lesser hands. There's also a compelling, pulsating edge at the outset of CSI that commands instant attention, thanks in part to dynamic work from director Danny Cannon." Entertainment Weekly gave the opening two seasons "B+" and "A-" ratings, respectively, noting: "The reason for CSI's success is that it combines a few time-tested TV elements in a fresh way. Each episode presents a murder case and a group of lovable heroes armed with cool, high-tech gadgets who do the sleuthing and wrap things up in an hour." The show has won six Primetime Emmy awards (out of 39 nominations) and four People's Choice awards (out of six nominations) and was nominated for six Golden Globe Awards, among other awards.
According to TV media critic Liv Hausken, crime drama T.V. shows like CSI normalizes surveillance. "The absence of any critical distance to technology on CSI involves a lack of reflection on the security of information (that is, the constant risk of losing sensitive data) and the potential use and misuse of information. This can be contrasted with a whole range of crime series that may rely heavily on surveillance technologies but nevertheless allow critical reflection as part of the plot as such (showing misinterpretation of data or misuse of surveillance techniques)...This trust in technologies on CSI is important for understanding the status of surveillance in this fictional universe. It is also an indicator of the show's presentation of power, a third component for consideration in this discussion about how CSI lends a certain normalization of surveillance to everyday life...The series ignores the fact that everyone is a cultural being, that each person sees something as something, that they understand things from particular perspectives in everyday life as well as in science."
Public reaction
CSI was often criticized for its level and explicitness of graphic violence, images, and sexual content. The CSI series and its spin-off shows have been accused of pushing the boundary of what is considered acceptable viewing for primetime network television. The series had numerous episodes centered on sexual fetishism and other forms of sexual pleasure (notably the recurring character of Lady Heather, a professional dominatrix). CSI was ranked among the worst primetime shows by the Parents Television Council from its second through sixth seasons, being ranked the worst show for family prime-time viewing after the 2002–2003 and 2005–2006 seasons. The PTC also targeted certain CSI episodes for its weekly "Worst TV Show of the Week" feature. In addition, the episode "King Baby" that aired in February 2005, which the PTC named the most offensive TV show of the week, also led the PTC to start a campaign to file complaints with the FCC with the episode; to date, nearly 13,000 PTC members complained to the Federal Communications Commission about the episode. The PTC also asked Clorox to pull their advertisements from CSI and CSI: Miami because of the graphically violent content on those programs.
A grassroots campaign started in August 2007, upon rumors of Jorja Fox leaving the show, organized by the online forum Your Tax Dollars At Work. Many of its 19,000 members donated to the cause, collecting over $8,000 for gifts and stunts targeted at CBS executives and CSI's producers and writers. The stunts included a wedding cake delivery to Carol Mendelsohn, 192 chocolate-covered insects with the message "CSI Without Sara Bugs Us" to Naren Shankar, and a plane flying several times over the Universal Studios of Los Angeles with a "Follow the evidence keep Jorja Fox on CSI" banner. Other protests included mailing the show's producers a dollar, to save Fox's contract "one dollar at a time." By October 16, 2007, according to the site's tally, more than 20,000 letters with money or flyers had been mailed to the Universal Studios and to CBS headquarters in New York from 49 different countries since the campaign started on September 29, 2007. Fox and Mendelsohn chose to donate the money to Court Appointed Special Advocate, a national association that supports and promotes court-appointed advocates for abused or neglected children.
On September 27, 2007, after CSI'''s season eight premiered, a miniature model of character Gil Grissom's office (which he was seen building during season seven) was put up on eBay. The auction ended October 7, with the prop being sold for $15,600; CBS donated the proceeds to the National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association.
Law enforcement reaction
Real-life crime scene investigators and forensic scientists warn that popular television shows like CSI (often specifically citing CSI) do not give a realistic picture of the work, wildly distorting the nature of crime scene investigators' work, and exaggerating the ease, speed, effectiveness, drama, glamour, influence, scope, and comfort level of their jobs, which they describe as far more mundane, tedious, limited, and boring, and very commonly failing to solve a crime.Stanton, Dawn (quoting Robert Shaler, Ph.D., prof. of biochemistry and molecular biology, dir., forensic science program, Penn. State Univ. formerly at Pittsburgh Crime Laboratory, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, and Lifecodes Corp (nation's first forensic DNA laboratory)), "Probing Question: Is forensic science on TV accurate?," November 10, 2009, Eberly College of Science, Penn. State Univ., retrieved May 31, 2017Jones, Elka (quoting several law enforcement professionals, including crime scene investigators and forensic experts), "Crimefighting and crimesolving programs: Assault on authenticity" in "As seen on TV: Reality vs. fantasy in occupational portrayals on the small screen," Fall, 2003, Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., retrieved June 1, 2017
Another criticism of the show is the depiction of police procedure, which some consider to be decidedly lacking in realism. For instance, the show's characters not only investigate ("process") crime scenes, but they also conduct raids, engage in suspect pursuit and arrest, interrogate suspects, and solve cases, all of which falls under the responsibility of uniformed officers and detectives, not CSI personnel. Although "some" detectives are also registered CSIs, this is exceedingly rare in real life. It is considered an inappropriate and improbable practice to allow CSI personnel to be involved in detective work, as it would compromise the impartiality of scientific evidence and would be impracticably time-consuming. Additionally, it is inappropriate for the CSIs who process a crime scene to be involved in the examination and testing of any evidence collected from that scene. CSI shares this characteristic with the similar British drama series Silent Witness.
However, not all law enforcement agencies have been as critical; many real CSI investigators have responded positively to the show's influence and enjoy their new reputation. In the UK, scenes of crime officers now commonly refer to themselves as CSIs. Some constabularies, such as those in Norfolk, have even gone so far as to change the name of their crime scene unit to "CSI". CSI recruitment and training programs have also seen an increase in applicants as a result of the show, with a wider range of people now interested in something previously regarded as a scientific backwater.
CSI effect
The "CSI effect" is a reference to the alleged phenomenon of CSI raising crime victims' and jury members' real-world expectations of forensic science, especially crime scene investigation and DNA testing. This is said to have changed the way that many trials are presented today, in that prosecutors are pressured to deliver more forensic evidence in court. Victims and their families are coming to expect instant answers from showcased techniques such as DNA analysis and fingerprinting, when actual forensic processing often takes days or weeks, with no guarantee of revealing a "smoking gun" for the prosecution's case. District attorneys state that the conviction rate has decreased in cases with little physical evidence, largely due to the influence on jury members of CSI. Some police and district attorneys have criticized the show for giving the public an inaccurate perception of how police solve crimes.
In 2006, the evidence cited in support of the supposed effect was mainly anecdotes from law enforcement personnel and prosecutors, and allegedly little empirical examination had been done on the effect, and the one study published by then suggested that the phenomenon might be an urban myth. However, more recent research suggests that these modern TV shows do have an influence on public perceptions and expectations, and on juror behavior.Alldredge, John "The 'CSI Effect' and Its Potential Impact on Juror Decisions," (2015) Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 6., retrieved May 31, 2017 One researcher has suggested screening jurors for the level of influence that such TV programs has had.
Accolades
Awards
ASCAP Awards
2006: Top TV Series
2009: Top Television Series
2013: Top Television Series
ASC Awards
2005: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series
2006: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series
2009: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series
BMI Film & TV Awards
2001: BMI TV Music Award
2002: BMI TV Music Award
2003: BMI TV Music Award
2004: BMI TV Music Award
2005: BMI TV Music Award
2008: BMI TV Music Award
2009: BMI TV Music Award
2013: BMI TV Music Award
Cinema Audio Society Awards
2008: Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series (for "Living Doll")
Emmys
2002: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
2003: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
2006: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
2007: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series
2010: Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series
2010: Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series
Environmental Media Awards
2011: Television Episodic Drama
Genesis Awards
2006: Dramatic Series
Golden Reel Awards
2002: Best Sound Editing in Television – Effects & Foley, Episodic
2004: Best Sound Editing in Television Episodic – Sound Effects & Foley
Logie Awards
2004: Most Popular Overseas Drama
Monte-Carlo Television Festival
2006: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
2007: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
2008: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
2010: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
2011: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
2012: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
2016: International TV Audience Award, Best Drama TV Series
NAACP Image Awards
2003: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series: Gary Dourdan
2006: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series: Gary Dourdan
People's Choice Awards
2003: Favorite Television Dramatic Series
2004: Favorite Television Dramatic Series
2005: Favorite Television Drama
2006: Favorite Television Drama
Producers Guild of America
2001: Vision Award (Television)
Satellite Awards
2003: Best Television Series, Drama
Saturn Awards
2004: Best Network Television Series
Screen Actors Guild Awards
2005: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
TP de Oro
2003: Best Foreign Series (Mejor Serie Extranjera)
2004: Best Foreign Series (Mejor Serie Extranjera)
TV Guide Awards
2001: New Series of the Year
TV Quick Awards
2006: Best International TV Show
Visual Effects Society Awards
2010: Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program
2010: Outstanding Compositing in a Broadcast Program or Commercial
Nominations
Emmy Awards
2001: Outstanding Art Direction for a Single Camera Series
2001: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series: Marg Helgenberger
2001: Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Series
2001: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
2002: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
2002: Outstanding Drama Series
2002: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Prosthetic)
2002: Outstanding Single Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
2002: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
2003: Outstanding Drama Series
2003: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series: Marg Helgenberger
2003: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
2003: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Prosthetic)
2003: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing For A Series
2004: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
2004: Outstanding Drama Series
2004: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
2004: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
2005: Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series: Quentin Tarantino
2005: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
2005: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
2005: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
2006: Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series
2006: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
2007: Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series
2007: Outstanding Makeup for a Series (Non-Prosthetic)
2007: Outstanding Music Composition for a Series
2007: Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special
2008: Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)
2008: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
2009: Outstanding Cinematography for a One Hour Series
2009: Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie or a Special
2009: Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
Golden Globes
2001: Best TV-Series – Drama
2002: Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Drama: Marg Helgenberger
2002: Best Television Series – Drama
2003: Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Drama: Marg Helgenberger
2004: Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama: William Petersen
2004: Best Television Series – Drama
People's Choice
2012: Favorite TV Crime Drama
2013: Favorite TV Crime Drama
Saturn Awards
2005: Best Network Television Series
Merchandise
DVD releases
Region 1
The US box sets are released by CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount), while the Canadian box sets are released by Alliance Atlantis (distributed by Universal Studios). The first season DVD release differs from all subsequent seasons in that it is available only in 1.33:1 or 4:3 full frame, rather than the subsequent aspect ratio of 1.78:1 or 16:9 widescreen, which is the HDTV standard aspect ratio.
The first season is also the only DVD release of the series not to feature Dolby Digital 5.1 surround audio, instead offering Dolby Digital stereo sound.
The Blu-ray Disc release of season one is 7.1 DTS sound and 1.78:1 widescreen.
Regions 2 and 4
Regions 2 and 4 releases followed a pattern whereby each season was progressively released in two parts (each of 11 or 12 episodes [except for Season 8, in which part 1 contained 8 episodes and the Without a Trace crossover and part 2 contained the remaining 9 episodes] with special features split up) before finally being sold as a single box set.
* = Re-released in slimline full-season packaging. Seasons 1–8 were released in two parts between 2003 and 2009.
Season One is the only season in 4:3 with the remaining seasons in 16:9. All seasons including Season One are in Dolby Digital 5.1.
Blu-ray releases
CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) released the first season on high-definition Blu-ray Disc on May 12, 2009.
Unlike its DVD counterpart, this release is in its original 16:9 widescreen format and feature 7.1 surround sound. Features on the Season 1 BD set are also in high definition.
Season 10 was released on November 18, 2011, in region B. Like the season 1 Blu-ray release, it features a 16:9 widescreen transfer, but it only has DTS-HD 5.1 sound.
Season 9 was released on September 1, 2009. Like the season 1 Blu-ray release, it features a 16:9 widescreen transfer with DTS-HD Master Audio 7.1 surround sound. Extras include commentaries, featurettes and BD-Live functionality.
Season 8 was released on Blu-ray on May 29, 2009, in region B.
Other releasesCSI has also been released as a series of mobile games. In Fall 2007, CBS teamed up with game developer Gameloft to bring CSI to mobile phones. The first of the series to be published was CSI: Miami. The game features actual cast members such as Alexx Woods and Calleigh Duquesne who are trying to solve a murder in South Beach with the player's assistance. The game is also available for download on various iPod devices.
In spring 2008, Gameloft and CBS released "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation – The Mobile Game" which is based on the original series in Las Vegas. This game introduces the unique ability to receive calls during the game to provide tips and clues about crime scenes and evidence. As for the storyline, the game developers collaborated with Anthony E. Zuiker (the series creator) to ensure that the plot and dialogue were aligned with the show's style.
Books
True Stories of CSI: The Real Crimes Behind the Best Episodes of the Popular TV Show (published August 2009)—Katherine Ramsland follows the evidence and revisits some of the most absorbing episodes of the phenomenally popular CSI television franchise, and explores the real-life crimes that inspired them. She also looks into the authenticity of the forensic investigations recreated for the dramatizations, and the painstaking real-life forensic process employed in every one of the actual cases—from notorious mass murderer Richard Speck, through the massacre of Buddhist monks in an Arizona Temple, to a baffling case of apparent spontaneous combustion.
Comic books
In 2003, comic book publisher IDW Publishing began releasing a series of one-shots & miniseries based on all three CSI series, with the majority being based on the original Vegas-based series.
In September 2009, Tokyopop released a manga version of CSI written by Sekou Hamilton and drawn by Steven Cummings. It centers around five teenagers working at the Las Vegas Crime Lab as interns as they try to solve a murder case of a student at their high school, which leads to a shocking discovery. Grissom and Catherine are seen now and then, as well as other CSI characters.
Video games
International broadcastCSI airs on the Nine Network and TVHits (formerly TV1) in Australia, on Channel 5 in United Kingdom, on CTV in Canada, on RecordTV in Brazil, on Italia 1 in Italy, on Prime in New Zealand, on RTÉ2 in Ireland, on TF1 in France, AXN in Asia and Latin America, Skai TV in Greece, on HOT Zone in Israel, on TV3 in Estonia and Latvia, on TVNorge in Norway and on Kanal 5 in Sweden and Denmark.
See also
The use of forensic pathology in the investigation of crime has been the central theme of several other TV mystery-suspense dramas, including:
Quincy, M.E., US (NBC), 1976
Silent Witness, UK (BBC), 1996
Waking the Dead, UK (BBC), 2000
Crossing Jordan, US (NBC), 2001
CSI: Miami, US (CBS), 2002
CSI: NY, US (CBS), 2004
Bones, US (Fox), 2005
Body of Proof, US (ABC), 2011
CSI: Cyber, US (CBS), 2015
Coroner, Canada (CBC Television), 2019
References
External links
CSI at TV Guide''
2000 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2000s American crime drama television series
2000s American mystery television series
2000s American police procedural television series
2010s American crime drama television series
2010s American mystery television series
2010s American police procedural television series
Crime thriller television series
CBS original programming
Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
English-language television shows
Nielsen ratings winners
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Saturn Award-winning television series
Television series by Alliance Atlantis
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows set in Nevada
Television shows set in the Las Vegas Valley
Television shows shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Television shows filmed in Santa Clarita, California
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles
Television series created by Anthony E. Zuiker
Fictional portrayals of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department
Television shows featuring audio description
Television shows adapted into comics | [
-0.5538824796676636,
-0.577282190322876,
0.5405591726303101,
0.17795683443546295,
0.22993014752864838,
-0.14778676629066467,
0.10827547311782837,
0.22933460772037506,
-0.3850324749946594,
0.010617760010063648,
-0.12646959722042084,
0.38983944058418274,
-0.10364279896020889,
0.2121567577123642,
0.15087485313415527,
0.10088110715150833,
0.7048360705375671,
0.06488804519176483,
0.1187928095459938,
-0.5741494297981262,
-0.3577437102794647,
-0.2529310882091522,
0.2505743205547333,
0.2651999294757843,
-0.3575262129306793,
0.14679637551307678,
-0.8324007987976074,
0.2647649347782135,
0.39130955934524536,
0.12802797555923462,
-0.08952551335096359,
0.12658919394016266,
-0.13052839040756226,
0.051303036510944366,
-0.28656888008117676,
0.11492069810628891,
-0.6637571454048157,
-0.11380670219659805,
-0.14459078013896942,
-0.2410700023174286,
0.10050510615110397,
-0.09730564057826996,
-0.3660259544849396,
-0.2244875431060791,
0.07326062768697739,
-0.35654908418655396,
-1.4917876720428467,
0.3150508999824524,
-0.33920082449913025,
0.3230895698070526,
0.011091755703091621,
0.24330386519432068,
0.24191142618656158,
0.3381817936897278,
-0.1568847894668579,
0.7441040277481079,
-0.4204653203487396,
-0.43402475118637085,
-0.03414846584200859,
0.1489214301109314,
0.15359359979629517,
-0.31252071261405945,
0.23640355467796326,
-0.05558116361498833,
-0.22993293404579163,
0.06896429508924484,
0.6650041937828064,
0.5679818391799927,
0.34228911995887756,
-0.34930652379989624,
0.1601571887731552,
-0.2038579285144806,
0.11337143182754517,
0.10442101210355759,
-0.09370739012956619,
-0.040477629750967026,
0.575055718421936,
-0.05208096653223038,
0.0972716212272644,
0.5853753089904785,
0.018076999112963676,
0.2490011602640152,
0.625855565071106,
0.430647075176239,
0.37544384598731995,
-0.1509011685848236,
-0.6865801215171814,
-0.09552308171987534,
-0.11328723281621933,
0.23218734562397003,
-0.9617744088172913,
0.3819941282272339,
0.8958503603935242,
0.22930340468883514,
-0.011635729111731052,
0.0955703929066658,
-0.024612151086330414,
-0.028669346123933792,
0.6753392815589905,
-0.002834078622981906,
-0.6028501391410828,
0.3253074288368225,
-0.07397144287824631,
-0.1049991101026535,
0.44011998176574707,
0.04613339155912399,
0.02727348543703556,
-0.3971914052963257,
-0.29782235622406006,
0.36280906200408936,
-0.2715461254119873,
-0.2813364565372467,
-0.2155793160200119,
0.338685542345047,
-0.3346305787563324,
0.27254194021224976,
0.47347763180732727,
-0.22123228013515472,
-0.6945595145225525,
-0.26403719186782837,
-0.7171807885169983,
-0.17875146865844727,
0.09276793152093887,
0.5489194393157959,
-0.33197078108787537,
0.32577717304229736,
0.7514427304267883,
0.4026916027069092,
0.14063678681850433,
-0.084613136947155,
-0.10048313438892365,
0.8486929535865784,
-0.15810422599315643,
0.2455158531665802,
-0.10029555857181549,
-0.3091476559638977,
-0.2568775415420532,
0.34729042649269104,
0.04426751285791397,
-0.0330156646668911,
-0.39916256070137024,
-0.5877455472946167,
-0.17915178835391998,
-0.2756715416908264,
-0.04912814497947693,
-0.4899989366531372,
0.27229148149490356,
-0.2308361679315567,
-0.43917369842529297,
-0.6392459869384766,
-0.11023196578025818,
0.18364420533180237,
-0.5167707204818726,
-0.6249836087226868,
0.1303030401468277,
0.3061656355857849,
0.13938994705677032,
0.4141186475753784,
0.005776703357696533,
-0.136507049202919,
-0.016978342086076736,
0.12606564164161682,
-0.15785785019397736,
-0.30202391743659973,
-0.012639911845326424,
0.011320536956191063,
0.31234344840049744,
0.025195332244038582,
0.6838027834892273,
0.3858132064342499,
-0.7303837537765503,
0.3113507330417633,
0.40510645508766174,
0.01701386645436287,
-0.15482231974601746,
0.5426185131072998,
0.5117951035499573,
-0.17860615253448486,
-0.04805631935596466,
0.3411730229854584,
-0.5293933749198914,
0.38917839527130127,
0.17484033107757568,
-0.8858101963996887,
0.38439464569091797,
-0.5490217804908752,
0.6706806421279907,
-0.15107133984565735,
-0.45371267199516296,
0.35902687907218933,
-0.4504246413707733,
0.4190319776535034,
0.30650681257247925,
-0.10258203744888306,
1.192556381225586,
-0.2613563537597656,
-0.0619598925113678,
1.2504396438598633,
-0.2169676423072815,
0.21328257024288177,
-0.2671780586242676,
0.4992198646068573,
1.0497820377349854,
-0.07325759530067444,
-0.5764040946960449,
-0.38123035430908203,
0.24823454022407532,
-0.34409287571907043,
-0.08783585578203201,
0.352276086807251,
-0.14601878821849823,
-0.21989665925502777,
0.1258789598941803,
0.24586190283298492,
0.27736714482307434,
0.25354650616645813,
-0.7179896831512451,
-0.05998855084180832,
0.17412178218364716,
-0.5469422936439514,
0.6771033406257629,
-0.44889962673187256,
0.20594410598278046,
0.317026287317276,
-0.4783179461956024,
0.7681196928024292,
0.22977761924266815,
0.15194319188594818,
0.7014373540878296,
-0.3201235830783844,
0.12120600044727325,
0.06148533895611763,
-0.18357129395008087,
-1.2476614713668823,
-0.2577303946018219,
0.5389560461044312,
0.3996809422969818,
-0.3777075409889221,
-0.5464252829551697,
-0.36036983132362366,
0.7507979273796082,
0.08091889321804047,
-0.09092908352613449,
-0.03583265095949173,
0.3591681122779846,
-0.13823971152305603,
0.1551537662744522,
-0.1363668292760849,
-0.07935366034507751,
-0.14935807883739471,
-0.3997320830821991,
0.25190606713294983,
0.00831384863704443,
-0.30566897988319397,
0.389746755361557,
0.07340816408395767,
0.16578364372253418,
-0.08939914405345917,
0.17855042219161987,
-0.24586033821105957,
0.44257816672325134,
-0.05554775521159172,
-0.13753417134284973,
-0.3077671527862549,
0.022294707596302032,
-0.4271335303783417,
-0.05155454948544502,
-0.355730801820755,
-0.053483858704566956,
0.11413369327783585,
0.0658557340502739,
-0.10109829902648926,
0.12244220823049545,
0.1262846291065216,
-0.010708997026085854,
-0.41410955786705017,
-0.12222412973642349,
0.37888023257255554,
-0.027574818581342697,
-0.43118682503700256,
-0.08306590467691422,
0.02465524710714817,
0.8817405104637146,
-0.2969203591346741,
-0.3847905993461609,
-0.42433157563209534,
-0.36752134561538696,
-0.4060675799846649,
-0.7481817007064819,
-0.3198796808719635,
0.01892744190990925,
-0.28396379947662354,
-0.558967649936676,
0.3995697498321533,
0.021871330216526985,
-0.40916311740875244,
0.047711167484521866,
0.502895176410675,
0.0933472216129303,
-0.3305538594722748,
-0.23580433428287506,
0.10398387908935547,
-0.21504059433937073,
-0.46004652976989746,
0.1888798028230667,
-0.3460608124732971,
-0.38724634051322937,
-0.2560369372367859,
-5.823305130004883,
-0.36608168482780457,
-0.6374226808547974,
0.15874387323856354,
-0.25955358147621155,
0.25608474016189575,
0.8133344650268555,
-0.2102561742067337,
0.5245775580406189,
-0.163609117269516,
0.16194979846477509,
0.036726709455251694,
0.16534684598445892,
0.40471190214157104,
-0.15599288046360016,
-0.07021909207105637,
-0.06492497771978378,
0.06272493302822113,
-0.23060600459575653,
0.30323606729507446,
-0.2645503580570221,
-0.4931153953075409,
-0.25788843631744385,
-0.20711593329906464,
-0.1128731518983841,
0.35660451650619507,
-0.6071792244911194,
0.2762807309627533,
-0.43804076313972473,
0.20819586515426636,
-0.07256640493869781,
-0.21596720814704895,
-0.3608682453632355,
0.2437635213136673,
-0.23150920867919922,
0.3626110553741455,
0.6905360221862793,
-0.5988416075706482,
-0.6563241481781006,
-0.418941468000412,
-0.26844123005867004,
-0.3397412896156311,
-0.28342774510383606,
-0.2529337406158447,
0.9561803340911865,
-0.21510851383209229,
0.07218511402606964,
-0.05252062529325485,
-0.16266192495822906,
0.4709779620170593,
0.20264087617397308,
0.4315825402736664,
-0.33821263909339905,
0.2715396285057068,
-0.11458747088909149,
-0.5190062522888184,
-0.24914443492889404,
-0.15493108332157135,
-0.08342751115560532,
0.5196075439453125,
0.3281109929084778,
-0.30852633714675903,
0.14472641050815582,
-0.194245845079422,
-0.17349714040756226,
0.2647344768047333,
-0.2602808475494385,
-0.2397077977657318,
0.38193538784980774,
0.2034653127193451,
0.11293652653694153,
0.335239052772522,
0.11541019380092621,
-0.7173583507537842,
0.07763426005840302,
-0.4436473846435547,
0.47692155838012695,
-0.32810676097869873,
-0.42327484488487244,
0.4677267372608185,
0.030613558366894722,
0.10398510843515396,
-0.03688681125640869,
-0.13986477255821228,
-0.3560577929019928,
-0.43680670857429504,
0.05457219481468201,
0.2969312071800232,
-0.061179134994745255,
-0.25090160965919495,
0.15050570666790009,
-0.33760780096054077,
0.7091037034988403,
0.7673389315605164,
-0.4613172709941864,
0.5328072309494019,
0.234977126121521,
0.24024146795272827,
-0.008158829063177109,
-0.4442116916179657,
0.30086082220077515,
-0.2925940752029419,
0.45674577355384827,
-0.3040303587913513,
-0.20221905410289764,
-0.8204230070114136,
0.21820051968097687,
0.20284339785575867,
0.32589805126190186,
0.055705513805150986,
0.31250956654548645,
-0.05069665610790253,
-0.5405514240264893,
0.17045773565769196,
1.1366149187088013,
0.12580350041389465,
-0.11453543603420258,
0.187655508518219,
0.4253460168838501,
0.5176866054534912,
-0.43279245495796204,
0.24663251638412476,
0.014602521434426308,
0.4936288893222809,
-0.07295234501361847,
-0.27855801582336426,
0.038385823369026184,
0.11242343485355377,
0.6022346615791321,
0.7492949962615967,
-0.008097028359770775,
0.9645993113517761,
0.04151792824268341,
0.6053091287612915,
0.4876926839351654,
-0.09126324951648712,
-0.21437112987041473,
-0.4358181357383728,
0.6022239327430725,
0.20059886574745178,
0.6662202477455139,
-0.19983021914958954,
-0.5026949048042297,
0.390363872051239,
0.4746898114681244,
-0.010170558467507362,
-0.18827520310878754,
-0.444045752286911,
-0.28900712728500366,
-0.19424806535243988,
-0.06839011609554291,
-0.4229207932949066,
-0.012083037756383419,
-0.3153182864189148,
-0.11446268856525421,
-0.037457920610904694,
0.34504055976867676,
-0.013029980473220348,
-0.37314504384994507,
-0.07970333844423294,
0.26556628942489624,
-0.013315139338374138,
-0.7785218954086304,
-0.1791410595178604,
-0.33537840843200684,
-0.14217709004878998,
-0.9667113423347473,
-0.8541254997253418,
-0.3341158628463745,
0.2971067428588867,
-0.21925462782382965,
-0.8029837012290955,
-0.042548030614852905,
-0.5195010304450989,
0.5072368383407593,
0.12664540112018585,
-0.09834065288305283,
-0.43072354793548584,
-0.5899642705917358,
0.48540034890174866,
0.3937283754348755,
-0.2454274445772171,
-0.6332718729972839,
0.28452107310295105,
0.8573874235153198,
-0.14834371209144592,
-0.10763464868068695,
0.008753234520554543,
0.26494958996772766,
0.4898129403591156,
0.4525125026702881,
-0.2145327478647232,
-0.41792961955070496,
0.5149121880531311,
0.011263656429946423,
-0.4469018876552582,
0.30961382389068604,
0.6931308507919312,
-0.019515106454491615,
-0.4610274136066437,
-0.1319219470024109,
0.5486239194869995,
0.0772281363606453,
0.06330031901597977,
0.20003670454025269,
-0.0718093067407608,
-0.0829949900507927,
0.15116050839424133,
-0.40453821420669556,
-0.05242767184972763,
0.4505423605442047,
-0.02902478352189064,
0.07485075294971466,
0.27815964818000793,
-0.004743523430079222,
0.1973913162946701,
0.03422904014587402,
-0.6065421104431152,
-0.15795840322971344,
-0.407368004322052,
-0.1545698195695877,
0.14685426652431488,
-0.35135066509246826,
-0.5923802852630615,
-0.6248765587806702,
0.554713249206543,
0.16484835743904114,
-0.9265322089195251,
-0.20791076123714447,
0.07729709893465042,
0.2641402781009674,
-0.14797022938728333,
-0.45858120918273926,
-0.31217294931411743,
0.09420222789049149,
-0.29265549778938293,
-0.25430476665496826,
0.28657129406929016,
0.36910584568977356,
0.9113661050796509,
0.04235155135393143,
0.33403515815734863,
-0.03607751056551933,
-0.3957695960998535,
0.3796604573726654,
-0.014115570113062859,
0.420734167098999,
-0.2600211203098297,
-0.20286497473716736,
0.5889260172843933,
-0.04369102790951729,
-0.3339345455169678,
0.15994226932525635,
-0.10506857186555862,
0.7759547233581543,
-0.4185292422771454,
0.18304158747196198,
0.036741845309734344,
-0.48229333758354187,
-0.0797598659992218,
-0.21848495304584503,
-0.6966515779495239,
-0.7144852876663208,
-0.14372789859771729,
0.3419188857078552,
0.41415438055992126,
-0.4011741578578949,
-0.30904826521873474,
0.1871441751718521,
-0.2962488830089569,
0.3055071532726288,
0.016902830451726913,
0.32454219460487366,
0.9299361705780029,
-0.07378025352954865,
0.5397376418113708,
0.15222664177417755,
-0.17736263573169708,
-0.45256876945495605,
-0.023673981428146362,
-0.18455089628696442,
0.05151687189936638,
-0.50166916847229,
-0.10394641757011414,
-0.027127571403980255,
-0.5305669903755188,
0.05542537942528725,
0.397281289100647,
-0.24444594979286194,
0.3479246199131012,
0.3268098831176758,
0.22675833106040955,
-0.015145746059715748,
0.44021204113960266,
0.37688061594963074,
-0.208367720246315,
0.7589945793151855,
0.8540129661560059,
-0.15270955860614777,
0.6103504300117493,
-0.2533271908760071,
0.34862950444221497,
-0.35849472880363464,
-0.5264700651168823,
-0.12288381904363632,
0.22296631336212158,
0.12414106726646423,
0.38991406559944153,
-0.07645059376955032,
-0.13768711686134338,
0.28517666459083557,
-0.10148485749959946,
0.7172961831092834,
0.7860376238822937,
-1.0256564617156982,
0.17966888844966888,
0.4541287422180176,
0.006827828008681536,
-0.08395162224769592,
-0.32490667700767517,
-0.0977635532617569,
0.6443666815757751,
0.20902301371097565,
-0.416875958442688,
-0.29179584980010986,
0.6718842387199402,
-0.23171009123325348,
0.5942460894584656,
0.011025767773389816,
0.4196432828903198,
0.763431191444397,
-0.7471333146095276,
-0.44871649146080017,
0.6716634035110474,
-0.3942713141441345,
0.076095350086689,
0.013698361814022064,
-0.6190418601036072,
-0.09665971994400024,
0.1322145313024521,
0.5401487946510315,
0.3395845890045166,
-0.008401664905250072,
0.25607460737228394,
-0.18910165131092072,
0.546635091304779,
0.7344475984573364,
-0.7744490504264832,
0.4833473861217499,
-0.19636797904968262,
0.24675671756267548,
0.04446839913725853,
0.5153276324272156,
0.28931280970573425,
0.5574076175689697,
-0.5071660280227661,
-0.2970133423805237,
-0.01026572473347187,
-0.10810963809490204,
-0.402812123298645,
0.12977853417396545,
0.20849980413913727,
0.630530059337616,
0.6024882793426514,
-0.4977664649486542,
-0.10846102982759476,
0.49178236722946167,
0.13513784110546112,
-0.04350735992193222,
-0.3918274939060211,
-0.5164912939071655,
0.8617222905158997,
-0.4835120141506195,
-0.015709467232227325,
0.3443201184272766,
-0.3176804482936859,
0.5833145976066589,
0.42040374875068665,
0.36421722173690796,
-0.004703233018517494,
0.005493581295013428,
-0.31058067083358765,
-0.3059103488922119,
-1.281789779663086,
-0.09909687936306,
0.3294253647327423,
-0.2960110306739807,
0.27956077456474304,
0.17579789459705353,
-0.1258276402950287,
0.46103885769844055,
-0.35246649384498596,
0.2864353358745575,
0.2884567081928253,
-0.14621838927268982,
-0.02444983460009098,
0.24523383378982544,
0.14817243814468384,
0.26218655705451965,
0.056661009788513184,
0.15196366608142853,
-0.14231233298778534,
-0.015766499564051628,
-0.12449517846107483,
-0.9608322978019714,
0.2862945795059204,
-0.2851268947124481,
-0.33363592624664307,
-0.2711937427520752,
0.14228001236915588,
0.21525977551937103,
-0.3045181930065155,
-0.36699622869491577,
-0.06079447641968727,
-0.010653622448444366,
0.31877195835113525,
0.8405251502990723,
-0.1253550946712494,
0.02624276652932167,
-0.49607256054878235,
-0.28468888998031616,
0.10246846824884415,
0.3267098069190979,
0.4068078398704529,
-0.056353189051151276,
-0.2360563725233078,
0.30785423517227173,
-0.014357407577335835,
0.02353137917816639,
0.4917856752872467,
-0.10663307458162308,
-0.1739439219236374,
-0.6658675074577332,
0.5488590598106384,
0.28370049595832825,
-0.7066942453384399,
-0.2699613869190216,
0.36010921001434326,
1.0783942937850952,
-0.25780197978019714,
0.46717196702957153,
-0.25930604338645935,
-0.8868464827537537,
-0.602379322052002,
0.03794033080339432,
0.720832884311676,
-0.24622967839241028,
-0.3040948212146759,
-0.17989157140254974,
-0.15049736201763153,
-0.47567862272262573,
-0.38535138964653015,
-0.05342862010002136,
-0.2854923903942108,
-0.6216952800750732,
-0.6186953783035278,
0.15975737571716309,
-0.7056319713592529,
0.43269434571266174,
-0.3445297181606293
] |
247789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20the%20Central%20African%20Republic | Music of the Central African Republic | Music of the Central African Republic includes many different forms. Western rock and pop music, as well as Afrobeat, soukous and other genres have become popular nationwide. The sanza is a popular instrument.
The Pygmies have a complex folk music tradition. Polyphony and counterpoint are common components, as is a varied rhythmic structure. The trumpet-based music of the Bandas has also gained some popularity outside the area due to its jazzy structure. The Ngbaka use an unusual instrument called a mbela, which is made with an arched branch and a string strung between the two ends and held in front of the musician's mouth. When the string is struck, the mouth is used to amplify and modulate the tone. Instruments similar to the mbela are sometimes considered the oldest ancestors of all string instruments .
The national anthem of the Central African Republic is "La Renaissance". This song, which has been the anthem since 1960, was written by Barthélémy Boganda (words), the first President of the Central African Republic, and Herbert Pepper, who also composed the melody for the Senegalese national anthem .
Popular music
Popular music in the Central African Republic generally comes from the music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo or elsewhere in Africa; however, Latin, European and American pop are also common, as is jazz and rock and roll. African folktales are very popular as well, like the Panda.
Folk music
Banda music
The Banda people have produced some modern popular music, using a trumpet-based kind of jazzy music which UNESCO has called one of the "great musicological discoveries of our century" . Banda folk music includes ongo, a kind of trumpet made from wood or antelope horn. Ongos are used in ceremonies and rituals, including adolescent initiation rites, in polyphonic ensembles of eighteen trumpets.
Pygmy music
Formally Pygmy music consists of at most only four parts, and can be described as an, "ostinato with variations," or similar to a passacaglia, in that it is cyclical. In fact it is based on repetition of periods of equal length, which each singer divides using different rhythmic figures specific to different repertoires and songs. This interesting case of ethnomusicology and ethnomathematics creates a detailed surface and endless variations of not only the same period repeated, but the same piece of music. As in some Balinese gamelan these patterns are based on a super-pattern which is never heard. The Pygmies themselves do not learn or think of their music in this theoretical framework, but learn the music growing up.
Pygmy styles include liquindi, or water drumming, and instruments like the bow harp (ieta), ngombi (harp zither) and limbindi (a string bow) (Abram).
References
Abram, Dave. "Sounds From the African Rainforest". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 601–607. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
External links
Audio clips: Traditional music of the Central African Republic. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
Central African Republic music | [
-0.2530694007873535,
0.6437866687774658,
-0.4698103964328766,
-0.3740496337413788,
-0.07736938446760178,
0.2902497947216034,
-0.09027568995952606,
0.7522715330123901,
-1.121317744255066,
-0.8095571994781494,
-0.2633754014968872,
0.24499671161174774,
-0.08121903240680695,
0.48848822712898254,
-0.30912551283836365,
1.1419236660003662,
0.7797282934188843,
0.24111028015613556,
-0.12213774025440216,
-0.5804800391197205,
-0.6972799301147461,
0.08193827420473099,
0.26199549436569214,
0.3299001157283783,
0.2099190652370453,
-0.2938518524169922,
0.37591758370399475,
0.758956789970398,
0.47715121507644653,
-0.34594330191612244,
-0.41840219497680664,
0.8019887208938599,
0.2604163587093353,
-0.4061392545700073,
0.23883235454559326,
-0.4673374891281128,
-0.06614648550748825,
-0.5329704880714417,
-0.3247825801372528,
-0.6775129437446594,
0.013064262457191944,
0.13695092499256134,
0.7063586711883545,
0.23078653216362,
1.1038004159927368,
-0.5938136577606201,
-0.46715620160102844,
0.7860110998153687,
-0.2808142900466919,
-0.4948139488697052,
-0.22709274291992188,
0.14718149602413177,
0.6879788041114807,
0.5087827444076538,
0.018094072118401527,
-0.11350326985120773,
-1.271162748336792,
0.4054887294769287,
0.39594465494155884,
0.13125447928905487,
0.3768535554409027,
0.45841601490974426,
-0.3966695964336395,
-0.4467957317829132,
0.14249250292778015,
0.16600632667541504,
0.1700291782617569,
0.174751415848732,
0.13642992079257965,
-0.41389942169189453,
-0.15393085777759552,
-0.06313920766115189,
0.1100795567035675,
-0.2292439192533493,
-0.4387088716030121,
-0.5404008626937866,
0.764436662197113,
-0.1667194962501526,
-0.07352666556835175,
0.16409818828105927,
-0.11215914785861969,
-0.03271643444895744,
0.7322229743003845,
0.23553690314292908,
0.3907964825630188,
-0.06694230437278748,
0.1250041276216507,
-0.06575169414281845,
-0.03244663029909134,
0.2542998194694519,
-1.0349833965301514,
-0.83909010887146,
0.20343078672885895,
-0.03885515034198761,
-0.09888316690921783,
0.15621651709079742,
0.14975093305110931,
0.35315099358558655,
-0.07105492800474167,
0.6285070776939392,
-0.2689296305179596,
0.3575136363506317,
0.1372060328722,
0.34563174843788147,
-0.9308134913444519,
-0.25513795018196106,
-0.3657899498939514,
-0.2397661954164505,
-0.4997328519821167,
0.2953476309776306,
-0.7225800156593323,
-0.26618701219558716,
-0.13448300957679749,
-0.13163770735263824,
0.3654176592826843,
0.12220879644155502,
0.1515347808599472,
-0.25193658471107483,
-0.13507242500782013,
0.08862187713384628,
0.579619824886322,
0.2405558079481125,
-0.4048095941543579,
0.4131689965724945,
-0.6218446493148804,
0.5644485354423523,
0.6898892521858215,
0.33744460344314575,
-0.2492053061723709,
0.1572927087545395,
0.8123177289962769,
0.8124868273735046,
-0.25619325041770935,
0.08284065127372742,
-0.07587210088968277,
-0.6293110251426697,
0.7114754915237427,
0.35566458106040955,
0.5045639872550964,
0.27456122636795044,
-0.8100513219833374,
-0.09881415218114853,
-0.1709328144788742,
-0.19250278174877167,
-0.17445847392082214,
-0.4054151177406311,
-0.5541832447052002,
0.2892914116382599,
0.0917104110121727,
-0.4301113784313202,
-0.037597883492708206,
-0.5731672048568726,
-0.2638014256954193,
0.2690211534500122,
-1.1268103122711182,
-0.2567024528980255,
0.4200187027454376,
-0.10620336979627609,
0.8780063986778259,
0.24269665777683258,
0.5923817753791809,
0.4193311631679535,
0.5627837777137756,
-0.16408224403858185,
0.47923895716667175,
-0.40007027983665466,
0.19454599916934967,
0.8162165284156799,
-0.4430902898311615,
0.12510688602924347,
-0.7037608027458191,
0.5150988698005676,
0.1723056435585022,
-0.5390862226486206,
-0.5565749406814575,
-0.2813691794872284,
0.22978606820106506,
0.326404869556427,
0.2590046525001526,
0.10127600282430649,
-0.62813800573349,
0.4794597029685974,
-0.10721726715564728,
0.1633080691099167,
0.5275219082832336,
0.19314159452915192,
0.14383068680763245,
0.12127218395471573,
0.443397581577301,
-0.5532364845275879,
-0.2994937300682068,
-0.5745162963867188,
0.2662543058395386,
-0.43171876668930054,
0.899642288684845,
-0.1612110733985901,
0.09008686244487762,
0.562461793422699,
0.053124651312828064,
0.1632588505744934,
-0.300386905670166,
0.14442583918571472,
1.0257365703582764,
0.14284032583236694,
-0.8814565539360046,
-0.2961478531360626,
-0.1667322963476181,
0.2894618809223175,
0.643370509147644,
0.2492343932390213,
0.0777125433087349,
-0.021500568836927414,
0.2088056057691574,
-0.1512002795934677,
0.11457189172506332,
0.10647277534008026,
-0.172360360622406,
0.3439759612083435,
-0.06163414940237999,
-0.10880248248577118,
0.4169842004776001,
-0.6479894518852234,
-0.44073089957237244,
0.9670532941818237,
-0.4108394682407379,
0.6439095139503479,
0.13212423026561737,
0.16540837287902832,
0.18845908343791962,
0.19296003878116608,
-0.29120704531669617,
0.28144532442092896,
0.10048598796129227,
-0.8052593469619751,
-0.7496953010559082,
-0.005780296865850687,
0.03550577536225319,
-0.44937214255332947,
-0.1205386146903038,
-0.30302977561950684,
0.1162090003490448,
-0.16126517951488495,
-0.7696825265884399,
-0.22358717024326324,
-0.022743675857782364,
0.09572731703519821,
-1.0775419473648071,
0.3686794936656952,
-0.1840549111366272,
0.07672446966171265,
0.13839413225650787,
0.3416837453842163,
0.6816375851631165,
-0.5187156796455383,
-0.4708988666534424,
-0.26723265647888184,
0.5629229545593262,
-0.24292971193790436,
0.5575438141822815,
-0.21915964782238007,
0.31964200735092163,
-0.8439023494720459,
0.056112177670001984,
0.1856984943151474,
-0.3925358057022095,
-0.7958186864852905,
-0.09223032742738724,
-0.08499746024608612,
0.14912550151348114,
0.06846871227025986,
0.06426505744457245,
-0.09916795045137405,
0.1269053816795349,
-0.2743843197822571,
0.04663967713713646,
-0.011094278655946255,
-0.33042624592781067,
-0.4446839392185211,
-0.6994892358779907,
-0.6159380674362183,
-0.022214701399207115,
0.8693615198135376,
-0.14528867602348328,
-0.42015066742897034,
-0.8423175811767578,
0.4045737087726593,
0.18926821649074554,
-0.17845363914966583,
-0.21640294790267944,
0.2356763631105423,
0.12089496105909348,
-0.3178231716156006,
-0.6173733472824097,
0.08586505055427551,
0.23323529958724976,
-0.28614819049835205,
-0.1212926134467125,
0.4470324218273163,
-0.06741601228713989,
-0.9077721834182739,
-0.058546483516693115,
0.52824866771698,
-0.116583451628685,
0.04007204622030258,
0.20647644996643066,
-0.28814342617988586,
-0.7115222215652466,
-0.019315270707011223,
-5.319819927215576,
-0.11985768377780914,
-0.25607582926750183,
-0.04381408542394638,
-0.31205886602401733,
0.1307384967803955,
0.1054081991314888,
-0.602587878704071,
0.10718968510627747,
-0.42910173535346985,
-1.0639562606811523,
-0.21522516012191772,
-0.5206362009048462,
0.7608279585838318,
0.32288721203804016,
0.47230270504951477,
-0.4336163401603699,
0.027965418994426727,
0.8537541031837463,
0.4101397693157196,
0.18512144684791565,
-0.11293356120586395,
-0.19028034806251526,
0.08535012602806091,
0.5209965109825134,
-0.13636229932308197,
-0.5621983408927917,
-0.3748970627784729,
-0.7289221882820129,
-0.01788994111120701,
0.23820097744464874,
0.0032187970355153084,
0.12202870100736618,
-0.2179628610610962,
0.5014355778694153,
-0.03169887512922287,
0.07817142456769943,
0.2785065770149231,
0.5191160440444946,
-0.5132765173912048,
-0.24027779698371887,
0.18171152472496033,
0.007052874192595482,
0.6183566451072693,
0.07955474406480789,
0.15030919015407562,
-0.4191722869873047,
-0.2695601284503937,
-0.7238534688949585,
1.382931113243103,
-0.10890843719244003,
-0.7484024167060852,
0.04987694323062897,
-0.32151761651039124,
0.004563338588923216,
-0.27872198820114136,
0.5702701807022095,
-0.07058568298816681,
-0.18061000108718872,
0.17386050522327423,
0.483614444732666,
-0.6320945620536804,
-0.20420348644256592,
-0.7479637861251831,
-0.6314904093742371,
-0.06762155145406723,
-0.8656339645385742,
-0.049886252731084824,
0.09247603267431259,
0.6416574120521545,
-0.09473326057195663,
-0.20852980017662048,
-0.8656566143035889,
-0.687427818775177,
-0.25955408811569214,
-0.42182862758636475,
-0.8687307238578796,
0.04720116779208183,
0.2777826488018036,
0.5827073454856873,
-0.15595875680446625,
-0.32780057191848755,
-0.16962674260139465,
0.6328966021537781,
-0.1933511346578598,
-0.43542152643203735,
-0.4694882035255432,
0.22962701320648193,
-0.36598116159439087,
0.4206206500530243,
0.6779875755310059,
-0.7903608679771423,
0.20405204594135284,
0.12721967697143555,
0.3524174094200134,
0.4913892447948456,
1.0166189670562744,
-0.3466947376728058,
0.4805566072463989,
-0.9084072113037109,
0.4037523567676544,
-0.42146310210227966,
-0.45581871271133423,
0.15295091271400452,
0.06332840025424957,
-0.21815945208072662,
0.11869975179433823,
0.026370670646429062,
1.130588173866272,
-0.14885227382183075,
0.11360934376716614,
-0.533263623714447,
-0.3207835257053375,
-0.45848140120506287,
0.5515058636665344,
-0.6863635182380676,
-0.010612908750772476,
0.3251762390136719,
0.05561813339591026,
0.055930159986019135,
0.42118650674819946,
0.606234610080719,
-0.0019494792213663459,
0.41081658005714417,
0.6244993209838867,
0.15414656698703766,
0.3872969448566437,
0.3310737907886505,
-0.36642196774482727,
0.2936081886291504,
-0.07239849865436554,
-0.3834485709667206,
-0.05333971604704857,
-0.2274017333984375,
0.8078648447990417,
0.22428256273269653,
0.009671841748058796,
-0.37035706639289856,
0.5611587762832642,
-0.44316643476486206,
0.382273405790329,
-0.32351192831993103,
0.21066726744174957,
0.269235223531723,
0.8808209896087646,
0.43977054953575134,
0.12317892909049988,
-0.41524288058280945,
-0.8048690557479858,
-0.20558947324752808,
0.5692569017410278,
0.20983818173408508,
0.46910443902015686,
-0.20742052793502808,
-0.48990753293037415,
-0.5635468363761902,
-0.20715321600437164,
0.14755886793136597,
0.16672615706920624,
0.10379557311534882,
0.6221371293067932,
-0.8651008605957031,
-0.9895942211151123,
0.4105631709098816,
0.6594353318214417,
-0.3646332919597626,
-0.5780898928642273,
0.03855307772755623,
-0.013449599035084248,
0.7961044907569885,
0.6370384097099304,
-0.7206375598907471,
-0.03227590397000313,
-0.4829956889152527,
0.5332104563713074,
-0.9360945224761963,
0.2968369424343109,
0.4392850995063782,
-0.20287522673606873,
-0.20384074747562408,
-0.3465158939361572,
-0.0931868776679039,
-0.20492978394031525,
0.19591528177261353,
-0.038489773869514465,
-0.2706511616706848,
-0.1177048534154892,
0.009483025409281254,
-0.15868324041366577,
-0.22747673094272614,
0.5333430767059326,
0.6642999053001404,
-0.24903835356235504,
-0.07250453531742096,
-0.31257307529449463,
-0.6591538786888123,
-0.5187805891036987,
0.07193051278591156,
-0.06469611823558807,
-0.8192029595375061,
0.5950010418891907,
0.2741069495677948,
0.08014626055955887,
0.679655134677887,
0.08974188566207886,
-0.15584449470043182,
1.4146286249160767,
-0.3628599941730499,
-1.1181856393814087,
-0.3296341598033905,
-0.4075012505054474,
-0.7477310299873352,
-0.10124894976615906,
0.39091289043426514,
-0.9620259404182434,
0.3667839467525482,
0.05374862253665924,
-0.16351190209388733,
-0.004937235731631517,
0.3266497850418091,
-0.010946538299322128,
-0.2799239158630371,
-0.3186744749546051,
0.33038395643234253,
-0.7453234791755676,
0.8563278317451477,
0.7803106307983398,
-0.5298414826393127,
-0.17843103408813477,
-0.3674076795578003,
-0.1981397420167923,
-0.2785770297050476,
0.09789971262216568,
-0.41161584854125977,
-1.0956952571868896,
-0.04958871752023697,
-0.07283300161361694,
0.22726641595363617,
0.19322435557842255,
0.7418221235275269,
0.6141716241836548,
0.6179278492927551,
0.19182296097278595,
-0.1624600887298584,
-0.2411024272441864,
0.4863738417625427,
0.6040217876434326,
-0.28751039505004883,
-0.6445327997207642,
0.03885888680815697,
0.12603707611560822,
-0.1989598423242569,
-0.5368778109550476,
-1.005165934562683,
0.46864989399909973,
-0.1534629911184311,
-0.7242456078529358,
0.47114282846450806,
0.3079547882080078,
0.2743989825248718,
0.19043517112731934,
-0.7496715188026428,
0.18311108648777008,
-0.3158051073551178,
0.49970850348472595,
-0.3765925467014313,
0.027460038661956787,
-0.41951289772987366,
0.2564674913883209,
-0.28906309604644775,
-0.30338889360427856,
-0.5469492077827454,
0.3420621156692505,
0.3801978826522827,
0.46595191955566406,
-0.1272556036710739,
-0.8006041049957275,
-0.2916311025619507,
0.3254668712615967,
0.3194218873977661,
0.11660461127758026,
-0.08100942522287369,
0.36239534616470337,
0.1478394865989685,
1.1850061416625977,
-0.5312780141830444,
-0.6216959953308105,
0.18881340324878693,
-0.4919676184654236,
-0.20902355015277863,
-0.0017105316510424018,
-0.22285644710063934,
0.5327351093292236,
0.902662992477417,
-0.09741819649934769,
0.15030816197395325,
0.515277087688446,
0.18002928793430328,
0.1998605579137802,
0.44419974088668823,
-0.3100000321865082,
0.7582800984382629,
0.5001294612884521,
-0.3993811309337616,
0.3730689585208893,
0.14188948273658752,
-0.1739715039730072,
-0.6736404299736023,
0.24087508022785187,
0.027616014704108238,
0.23645541071891785,
0.30513593554496765,
-0.1403224617242813,
0.2195172756910324,
-0.04892797768115997,
0.7829316854476929,
0.23290209472179413,
-0.41410520672798157,
0.7247292995452881,
0.4004875719547272,
0.1762942522764206,
-0.4217715561389923,
0.4586385488510132,
0.33899977803230286,
0.1237812414765358,
0.5174515843391418,
-0.5736003518104553,
-0.7349056601524353,
0.7613313794136047,
-0.4361118674278259,
0.12995265424251556,
0.09734070301055908,
-0.18498313426971436,
0.07579420506954193,
-0.8113269805908203,
0.12248844653367996,
-0.043781667947769165,
-0.08976411819458008,
-0.26418283581733704,
0.6063238978385925,
0.38647598028182983,
0.11851629614830017,
-0.42941009998321533,
-0.041965413838624954,
0.32043758034706116,
-0.013253818266093731,
0.13952377438545227,
0.1748248040676117,
0.3890233635902405,
0.016682380810379982,
0.46367037296295166,
0.055015794932842255,
-0.25849005579948425,
0.4707901179790497,
0.22341282665729523,
0.06452931463718414,
0.38465699553489685,
0.14100739359855652,
-0.09231332689523697,
0.7575172781944275,
0.1371452808380127,
0.15679650008678436,
0.39521101117134094,
-0.05984826758503914,
-0.2612282335758209,
0.36928093433380127,
-0.006251177750527859,
-0.7264901399612427,
-0.05911235138773918,
0.07398481667041779,
-0.17780719697475433,
0.14111535251140594,
-0.0047618318349123,
0.46513038873672485,
0.3502492308616638,
-0.3562984764575958,
-0.2828187346458435,
0.5217899680137634,
-0.010630779899656773,
-0.1027309000492096,
-0.042390525341033936,
0.09690959006547928,
-0.3112899661064148,
-0.46718916296958923,
0.14002345502376556,
-0.12697573006153107,
0.06772590428590775,
0.1857718974351883,
-0.27233561873435974,
0.023322585970163345,
0.023600773885846138,
-0.23978465795516968,
0.21946460008621216,
-0.48198360204696655,
-0.08206678181886673,
-0.03047935850918293,
-0.17312613129615784,
1.1015338897705078,
0.41946882009506226,
-0.6677578091621399,
0.6871328353881836,
0.39264291524887085,
-0.04672405868768692,
0.44790440797805786,
-0.10457885265350342,
0.010635587386786938,
-0.14000637829303741,
0.06741578876972198,
-0.34848907589912415,
0.6390108466148376,
0.12333681434392929,
0.20798435807228088,
-0.43936267495155334,
0.5855792760848999,
0.41095638275146484,
0.5504133701324463,
0.5624434351921082,
-0.3319275379180908,
0.06441521644592285,
-1.1768475770950317,
-0.2412533462047577,
-0.7244366407394409,
0.4857887029647827,
0.7707087993621826,
0.25885462760925293,
-0.8391426801681519,
-0.15016938745975494,
0.30138149857521057,
-0.14327611029148102,
0.3512945771217346,
-0.24238021671772003,
0.1752939373254776,
-0.47390833497047424,
0.3594191372394562,
-0.6057268381118774,
-0.4070192873477936,
0.6353732347488403,
0.37182867527008057,
-0.07585418969392776,
-0.30873382091522217,
-0.16691434383392334,
-0.3080349564552307,
0.6517886519432068,
-0.05287792906165123,
-0.4157230257987976,
-0.261214017868042,
-0.0639963299036026,
0.2477988451719284,
-1.021073818206787,
0.15916435420513153,
0.12915468215942383,
-0.22924365103244781,
0.3792136609554291,
-0.15325261652469635,
-0.3198240101337433,
-0.3139975368976593,
0.25923314690589905,
-0.14546899497509003,
0.1892492026090622,
-0.44035935401916504
] |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.