tokens: RESULTS : The literature evaluation suggested that NSAIDs induce ventricular septal defects ( VSDs ) and midline defects ( MDs ) in rats and diaphragmatic hernia ( DH ) , MDs , and VSDs in rabbits ( Cook JC et al . , 2003 ) ; hence , the present study focused on these malformations , even though ASA induces several other low - incidence malformations .