string: However, from that data we can not draw any conclusions regarding the relationship between public and See Takalo (2012) for a survey on public innovation policies. See e.g. the huge literature that discusses the under-investment problem with respect to private R&D due to market failures, i.e., private investments into R&D are lower than it would be socially optimal. See OECD (2011d) for selected examples for direct and indirect public support to business R&D in OECD countries.