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8042383 | [Variants of the clinical course of circulatory encephalopathy and the significance of certain risk factors]. | Based on the results of a many-year dynamic follow-up of 151 patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE), the authors distinguish six variants of its clinical course: stable, slowly progressing without paroxysms or transient disorders of brain circulation (TDBC), slowly progressing with paroxysms, that with TDBC, intermittent, rapidly progressing. The two former variants are referred to the favorable type of DE course, the rest are considered unfavorable. The major risk factors in the patients with the favorable and unfavorable patterns of DE were studied, as well as the contribution of these factors to the development of DE. In male patients the factors conductive to the development of an unfavorable DE course were psychoemotional stress, hypokinesia, alcohol abuse, the presence of two or more concomitant somatic diseases and the absence of regular therapy; in women such factors were psychoemotional stress, excessive body mass, arterial hypertension, the presence of two or more concomitant somatic diseases, and a family history of cardiovascular diseases. A method for predicting the DE course, based on a discriminant analysis of the risk factors, has been developed, that will essentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic and prophylactic measures in such patients. |
8042382 | [The use of nimodipine in the acute period of a cerebral infarct]. | Before and after intravenous administration of 1-1.5 mg nimotop 18 patients with acute brain infarction underwent EEG, integral body rheography, computed tomography and measurement of regional volumetric cerebral circulation (RVCC). Nimotop appeared to increase RVCC in the infarction zone, especially in low initial RVCC levels. The drug induced a shift to EEG normalization and a hypotensive effect, cerebral hemodynamics remaining without changes. Nimodipine-type calcium antagonists favourably affect brain perfusion and bioelectric activity which is promising for application in acute cerebral infarction. |
8042381 | [The autonomic dystonia syndrome in pathological climacteric in women and cerebrovascular insufficiency]. | The authors analyze some pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the relationships between the vegetative dystonia syndrome running in the presence of the climacteric syndrome, on the one hand, and cerebrovascular insufficiency, on the other. A total of 82 women were examined, 62 of these with the climacteric syndrome and 20 with the normal climacteric (reference group). Among women with the climacteric syndrome patients with signs of cerebrovascular insufficiency (initial signs of cerebral circulation insufficiency and Stage I dyscirculatory encephalopathy) predominated. The severity of cerebrovascular insufficiency was higher in patients with the climacteric syndrome. The sympathetic tone of the autonomic nervous system clearly prevailed in the test group, and signs of inadequate autonomic supply were present. Electropolygraphic registration of the function of the nonspecific systems of the brain has shown marked signs of increased level of the ascending nonspecific activation of the brain in the main group as against the reference one. Basing on these findings, the authors analyze the specific features of the psychovegetative syndrome, conducive to the development of cerebrovascular dystonia in women with the pathologic course of the climacteric. |
8042375 | [The clinical manifestations of a cyst of the septum pellucidum]. | Among 500 patients with different organic diseases of the brain, who underwent the treatment and diagnostic pneumoencephalography, transparent septum cyst was identified in 5 patients. The study of the clinical data on these patients allows the conclusion that this abnormality of the brain ventricular system may be a cause not only of hypertension but also of the epileptic syndrome. |
8042374 | [The clinical picture, diagnosis and combined therapy of the cardiospinal syndromes in myocardial infarct]. | As a result of complex studies, out of 275 patients with myocardial infarction, cardiospinal syndromes were distinguished in 68 cases (24,6%). Of these, 14 manifested a syndrome of the anterior spinal artery, 6 a syndrome of the posterior longitudinal arteries. Disturbances of spinal circulation in the system of the radicular spinal arteries were revealed in 48 patients. Clinically, they involved a cardiohumerospinal syndrome (18 patients), cardio-intercostal spinal syndrome (9 patients), and cardio-lumbosacral syndrome (21 patients). Complex therapy of the cardiospinal syndromes (besides myocardial infarction treatment) included parenteral administration of 10% sodium salicylate, solkoseryl, troxevasin, dibazol, galanthamine (in the postinfarction period), proserin, as well as oral administration of antisclerotic, metabolic, nootropic and venotonic drugs. Complete regression of the spinal symptoms was recorded in 35, improvement in 12 patients. In the remaining patients, the recovery was negligible, and such patients were administered repeated courses of treatment. |
8042373 | [The clinical and electrophysiological aspects of catamenial epilepsy]. | Clinical and electrophysiological methods were used to examine 25 women of fertile age, suffering from catamenial epilepsy (CE), 18 patients with a well-defined relationship between disease exacerbation and menstruation, and 7 patients without the given relationship. Electroencephalography followed by compression spectral analysis was carried out over time, namely on days, 1, 7 and 21 of the menstrual cycle. Significant differences were found between the groups as regards the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics. This enabled the authors to regard the group comprising 18 patients with a rigid relationship between epilepsy exacerbations and the menstrual period as having an isolated CE syndrome. |
8042371 | [Cerebral complications in cardiac myxomas]. | The authors analyze injuries to the central nervous system in patients with heart myxomas due to tumorous embolism of brain vessels with the development of acute or "delayed" cerebral symptomatology. Stress the difficulty of correct interpretation of acute disorders of cerebral circulation with no other signs of intracavitary heart neoplasm and the possibility of the asymptomatic form of cerebrovascular embolism or its consequences in association with a remarkable clinical picture of heart myxoma. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of carrying out all-round examination of the brain to reveal injuries that may occur under such conditions, to determine the prognosis and treatment policy in the given patients' group, especially in the long-term period after resection of intracavitary heart neoplasm. |
8042370 | [Brain glioma and the concomitant encephalopathy studied from the epidemiological aspect]. | Based on an analysis of 1,255 cases of brain gliomas operated during 30 years, a relative constancy of the disease incidence together with enhancement of its expressivity was discovered. As compared with the typical forms, the growth of malignant tumors of the astrocytic type was revealed, as was a great number of patients with neoplasms spreading to several lobes of the brain as well as of patients manifesting the neurological symptomatology since the first days of life. As compared to the tumor disease incidence in the population, noticeable predominance of oncological diseases was established in the families of patients with brain gliomas. Some meteorological phenomena correlate with certain epidemiological parameters in brain gliomas. 75% of patients with gliomas were found to have diseases that possess an immunodepressive action. It is not excluded that these diseases may be among the causes of encephalopathy progression in the postoperative period. |
8042369 | [The differential diagnosis of neuroepithelial tumors and meningiomas of the brain by using magnetic resonance tomography (field strength of 0.04 T)]. | A study was made of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data on 7 patients with primary neuroepithelial tumors located in the peripheral parts of the hemispheres and 9 patients with convex meningiomas. Tumors were verified by histological examinations in all the cases. MRI was performed on an apparatus Magnaview (Instrumentarium Company, Finland) in different impulse sequences and planes. The images were estimated quantitatively according to the tumor-to-white matter ratio and signal-to-noise ratio. It has been shown that the use of the complex of the macromorphological signs combined with the parameters under consideration enables one to differentiate between neuroepithelial tumors and meningiomas of the brain practically with-out error. |
8042368 | [Sensory disorders in patients with replanted upper extremities]. | A study was made of the clinical characteristics and the dynamics of the recovery of different type sensitivity in 87 patients who had undergone replantation of amputated large segments of the upper limbs. No differences were revealed in the dynamics of the recovery of painful and tactile sensations. During the first year after trauma, the articular muscular sensation outstripped the painful and tactile ones. Investigation of discrimination sensitivity acquires significance only half a year after trauma, namely after the recovery of the painful sensitivity. The choice of the methods and scope of investigation of sensitivity should be made with regard to the period of the recovery of nervous function of the replanted limb and the time that elapsed after trauma. |
8042367 | [The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the manifestation of brain edema at different periods of an acute experimental compression-dislocation syndrome]. | As a result of determining the intensity of brain edema in animals with associated acute compression dislocation syndrome and cerebral compression lasting one day, the following conclusions have been drawn on days 3 and 10 after its elimination. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) exerts a preventive and therapeutic antiedematous action, minimizes interhemispheric asymmetry of brain edema in this pathology. One of the mechanisms of the beneficial action of HBO in acute compression and dislocation of the brain lies in the antiedematous effect of hyperoxy. |
8042366 | [Brain function in infants up to 2 years old with mild craniocerebral trauma]. | Clinical and electroencephalographic examinations of 644 infants with a history of a mild craniocerebral injury (CCI) have shown that CCI runs a graver course if experienced after perinatal encephalopathy. The EEG readings permit an objective evaluation of the results of the clinical and neurological examinations of the children and determination of the involvement of the subcortical and stem brain structures into the pathological process. By the end of the second year of life, especially after perinatal encephalopathy, mild CCI produces mild or moderate irritation of the stem structures of the brain in half the children which should be taken into account in the pathogenetic therapy. |
8042365 | [The nonspecific brain systems in the sequelae of craniocerebral trauma of moderate severity]. | Overall 35 patients (20 men and 15 women aged 16 to 50 years) with consequences of craniocerebral injury of medium gravity (CCI) were examined. The standing of CCI was from 1.5 months to 6 years. On neurological examination the majority of the patients manifested non-gross organic brain deficiency and permanent symptoms of vegetative dysfunction. In 16 patients, the leading clinical syndrome was headache, in 9 vegetative dystonia, in 6 vestibulocochlear disturbances, in 3 asthenic syndrome, in 1 impairment of oculomotor innervation. In the posttraumatic period, 3 persons demonstrated complete social adaptation, 8 relative, 17 insufficient, and 7 dramatically impaired adaptation. Psychophysiological examination of the patients with consequences of CCI revealed a psychovegetative syndrome reflecting dysfunction of the nonspecific brain systems. The cardinal traits of the given syndrome are: excessive vegetative supply, derangement of the normal correlation between the desynchronizing and synchronizing brain systems in different functional conditions of daily consciousness, mental activation. In the long-term period of CCI, the risk factors, in terms of insufficient and dramatically impaired adaptation, are as follows: well-defined organic brain deficiency, premorbid personality deviations, actual psychogenias, a high level of situational and personality anxiety. |
8042364 | [The diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhages in patients with closed craniocerebral trauma]. | A scheme of the diagnosis of subarachnoidal hemorrhages in patients with closed craniocerebral injury is offered. It provides for distribution of hemorrhages according to the cause, intensity and stages. The results were investigated in 595 patients. The use of the scheme for diagnosis in public health is likely to promote the accuracy of diagnosis and more goal-oriented treatment. |
8042363 | [The characteristics of the clinical course and diagnosis of traumatic intracranial hematomas with rare locations]. | The clinical course was studied as were potentialities of certain methods of diagnosis in 91 patients with traumatic intracranial hematomas of rare localization: hematomas of the posterior cranial fossa, epidural hematomas of the anterior cranial fossa and occipital pole, and those seated above the upper longitudinal sinus, interhemispheric subdural hematomas and basal subdural hematomas. The authors' and reported data are summarized. |
8042362 | [The acute period of brain concussion: the dynamics of the clinical and neuropsychological symptoms]. | Analysis of significant correlations between clinical and neuropsychological symptoms in 104 young patients with no anamnesis load, made in the acute period of brain concussion (BC), has demonstrated that the intensity of clinical symptoms correlates with the grade of disorders of higher mental functions (HMF). Besides, significant correlations were discovered between neuropsychological symptoms of brain stem injury and disorders of energy supply to HMF as well as between clinical symptoms of the involvement of the limbic-diencephalic structures and disorders of arbitrary control and emotional disturbances which are determined by the involvement into the pathological process of the anterior parts of the right and left cerebral hemisphere. The dynamic of clinical and neuropsychological symptoms after BC lies in the regression of disorders of stem nonspecific system, diencephalic and limbic structure functions. Toward the end of the acute period the structure of the neuropsychological syndrome is determined by disorders of arbitrary regulation of HMF, which are associated with dysfunction of the mediobasal parts of the frontal lobes, largely of the left hemisphere. |
8042361 | [The clinico-pathogenetic variants in the late sequelae of closed brain trauma]. | To study clinical manifestations and pathogenetic mechanisms of long-term consequences of closed brain injury, 244 patients with a history of cerebral injury of varying severity were examined. For instrumental and laboratory verification of injury use was made of straight craniography, pneumoencephalography, computer-aided tomography, electroencephalography, rheoencephalography, psychophysiological techniques, immunological examination of the blood and CSF biochemistry. Comparative information content of the different research methods was defined. Broad clinical polymorphism and definite specificity of the manifestations of the consequences of closed braid injury of varying severity in decompensation were revealed. The role of immunological disorders (lowering of suppressor influences of T lymphocytes, elevation of the degree of autoneurosensitization) detectable in 87% of cases was established as was the importance of changes in the correlation of the main neuromediators of the CSF in the formation of the pathogenetically multilevel process of the traumatic disease of the brain. |
8042360 | [The clinical interpretation of the concentrations of anticonvulsants in the blood]. | Determination of antiepileptic drug serum levels is today one of the most helpful aids in epilepsy therapy. Reference to "therapeutic ranges" should be abstained from the individual case where they are, at best, useless, but often misleading. The most important determinations are those immediately following a seizure because they are indispensible to establish the individual therapeutic threshold, and to elucidate the causes of seizure relapse. A further important purpose is the definition of the individual pharmacokinetics as a guide to changes of dose. |
8042359 | [The efficacy of depakin in treatment-resistant epilepsy]. | A study was made of the effect of the antiepileptic drug depakin (convulex). Depakin was combined with antiepileptic drugs used by the patients. As a rule, the dose of the latter drugs was reduced. Out of 108 patients, depakin was discontinued in 14 because of side effects. Out of the remaining 94 patients, excellent and positive results were obtained in 1/3 of the cases. The maximum effect was attained in myoclonic epilepsy of adolescent and juvenile age and in photogenic epilepsy, whereas the minimum effect was reached in infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The results appeared better in patients with a disease onset at an age of 6 to 16 years. The results become worse with increase of the disease standing. |
8042358 | [The optimization of the treatment of epilepsy with carbamazepine in puberty]. | A study was made of the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (CBZ) in epileptic patients in the pubertal period. In a group of patients with fully controlled fits, the concentrations of CBZ ranged within the mean values of the therapeutic concentration. Meanwhile in a group with an incomplete therapeutic effect and without any effect, the mean dose of CBZ per kg weight was even higher than that in the group with fully controlled fits. The lack of the clinical effect in part of the patients in the pubertal period on the intake of the seemingly high total doses of CBZ is not to be regarded as a cause of refusing to take it. The dose should be raised under pharmacological control. |
8042357 | [The dynamics of phenotypically and genotypically determined high brain seizure activity in the intracerebral allografting of embryonic nerve tissue]. | Experiments were made on rats of two lines during 120-140 days. A study was made of the effect of transplanting the embryonal hippocamp tissue and the septum (E 18) on the phenotypically (mechanical destruction in Wistar rats of the areas CA1 and CA4 of the fields of the hippocamp and dentate gyrus) and genotypically (Krushinskiĭ-Molodkina rats, all responding to graded acoustic stimulations (86 dB) by audiogenic convulsive fits) determined high convulsive activity of the brain. It has been shown that from days 4-6, in 19 out of 23 Wistar rats, the transplantation was followed by a steady increase of the threshold of convulsive activity. As to the threshold of convulsive activity in K-M rats, it was affected by the transplantation to a slightly less measure. Out of 17 K-M rats, 9 stopped reacting to acoustic stimulations by audiogenic convulsive fits from days 39-44. In 5 more animals, convulsive fits failed to occur after every acoustic stimulation, the duration of the clonic and tonic phases of convulsive fit and the duration of the post-paroxysmal motor excitation declined. |
8042356 | [The late diagnosis of temporal lobe tumors with the epileptic seizure syndrome]. | Based on the experience gained with surgical treatment of 658 epileptic patients the authors discuss 7 cases of late diagnosis of gliomas of the temporal lobe. Cessation of the attacks after stereotaxic cryodestruction for 6 months to 6 years does not exclude that tumor may grow. The occurrence of new foci of neurological symptoms is prognostically unfavourable. |
8042355 | [The effect of the laterality of the brain lesion and of the severity of temporal-lobe epilepsy on the carbohydrate metabolic indices]. | Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism seen in 52 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were estimated according to the type of the glycemic curves. In left-sided and bilateral temporal sites of the epileptic focus, the torpid and irritative type of the glycemic curves may be detectable in the majority of cases. The intensity of alteration of carbohydrate metabolism in the given disease pattern also suggests the involvement of the hypothalamic area into pathological process. |
8042354 | [The differential diagnosis of Kozhevnikov's epilepsy]. | Based on the data of a comprehensive examination of 40 patients with Kozhevnikov's epilepsy, 24 with hyperkinesis epilepsy (Sokolianskiĭ-Kliuchikov syndrome), 10 with myoclonus epilepsy (Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome) and 6 with cerebellar myoclonic dyssynergy, the most informative differential diagnostic criteria were distinguished. Their use will make it possible to determine one or another above-indicated disease entity more reliably. The structure of the paroxysmal syndrome and the character of myoclonic hyperkinesis are determined by dissimilar involvement into the pathological process of the cortical, subcortical, stem and cerebellar structures. |
8042353 | [The clinical picture and electroencephalographic changes in patients with multifocal epilepsy depending on the location of the epileptic foci]. | As many 116 patients were examined for the clinical course and electroencephalographic changes as well as for the x-ray, CT and NMR-tomography data, on the basis of which different forms of multifocal epilepsy were distinguished: with unilateral epileptic foci (cortical and cortico-subcortical form), bitemporal and with multiple bilateral epileptic foci. The data provided make it possible to differentiate between multifocal epilepsy and generalized epilepsy and to perform surgical treatment using the optimal surgical intervention. |
8042352 | [Temporal-lobe epilepsy with psychosensory and gustatory attacks]. | A variety of temporal epilepsy that manifested by paroxysms in the form of psychosensory and gustatory ones is described. A 20-year-old man was placed under observation. Since 14 years of age he demonstrated attack-like conditions with a sensation of the pushing apart and swelling in the head, of an increase of the head size, and unpleasant sickly sweet taste in the mouth. The attacks were accompanied by anxiety and general weakness. Neurological examination revealed left-handed hemisymptomatology, EEG demonstrated activity prevailing in the occipitotemporal leads on the right. The neuropsychological findings attested to the impairment of the structures of the right temporal lobe. Analysis of the clinical manifestations of epilepsy, of the neurological findings, and the neuropsychologist's conclusion made it possible to suggest the site of the epileptic focus in the field of the hippocamp on the right. |
8042351 | [The characteristics of epilepsy in left-handed people (a clinico-electroencephalographic study)]. | As many as 16 epileptic patients with the sings of sinistrality in the motor and sensory spheres were examined. The authors demonstrate the clinical characteristics of epilepsy in the left handed, that distinguish them from the right-handed; dissimilarity of each psychopathological symptom and syndrome to their analogs in the right-handed, the occurrence of unusual phenomena, impossible in the right-handed. Depict specific features of the EEG that distinguish the patients examined from healthy right- and left-handed. The data obtained are interpreted as evidence that the clinical characteristics and the EEG appearance of epilepsy are determined to a considerable measure by the profile of asymmetry of each patient as well as by the fact that the left-handed may demonstrate diverse varieties of functional brain asymmetry, differing from the type of asymmetry of cerebral hemisphere functions common to all the right-handed in the maintenance of integral neuropsychic activity. |
8042348 | [Age-related alterations on GTP binding proteins in postmortem human brain]. | It is important that natural aging-related alterations are characterized to understand disabilities associated with aging. In this study, age-related alterations of GTP binding (G) proteins were examined in membrane preparations from several regions (frontal cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex, caudate nucleus, amygdaloid body) in postmortem human brain. Subjects were free from neurologic or psychiatric disease. The quantity of G proteins (Gs alpha, Gi alpha, Go alpha, Gq alpha, G beta subunit) was determined by immunoblotting with polyclonal antibody (RM/1, AS/7, GC/2, QL, SW/1, respectively). The function of G proteins was examined by photoaffinity GTP analog [azidoanilido GTP (AAGTP)] binding. The immunoreactivities of Gi alpha and Gq alpha subunits were correlated inversely with age in many areas. In caudate nucleus, the GsL alpha (45 kDa) and Go alpha subunit immunoreactivities were decreased with age. And the G beta subunit immunoreactivities showed a negative correlation with age in temporal and occipital cortex areas. However, AAGTP labeling to Gs alpha and Gi/o alpha and the ratio of Gs alpha to Gi/o alpha AAGTP binding showed no age-dependent changes. Our findings suggest that the functional modulation may compensate for quantitative alterations of G proteins with human senescence. |
8042347 | The effect of castration on dopamine receptor sensitivity in male young rats: behavioral and neurophysiological studies. | The effect of castration on the sensitivity of dopamine (DA) receptor to low doses of apomorphine was investigated using drug discrimination task and neurophysiological recording of the firing rate of DAergic neuron in the substantia nigra pars compacta in male young Wistar rats. In the behavioral study, castration did not change the dose-response curve for apomorphine (ip) discrimination (the ED50 values in sham-operated and castrated animals were 45.2 and 47.1 micrograms/kg, respectively). In the neurophysiological study, the inhibitory effect of apomorphine (iv) on the firing rate of DAergic neuron in the substantia nigra pars compacta was significantly enhanced by castration (the ED50 values in sham-operated and castrated animals were 6.15 and 2.96 micrograms/kg, respectively). These results suggest that castration does not change post-synaptic DA receptor sensitivity, whereas it potentiates the sensitivity of pre-synaptic DA receptor to low doses of apomorphine in the substantia nigra. |
8042346 | [Physiological function of sigma receptors: central pharmacological effects of sigma ligands]. | N-allylnormetazocine (SKF-10047) and related benzomorphans induce psychotomimetic effects in animals and humans, and bind a unique, non-opioid receptor, denoted the sigma site. Sigma receptors have been found in the cortical and limbic structures in human postmortem brain: their anatomical distribution is different from phencyclidine (PCP) sites. Sigma receptors regulate not only dopamine, excitatory amino acid and PCP receptors, but also interact neuropeptides. Endogenous sigma ligands are not yet determined. Isolation and cloning of the receptor genes have not yet been successful. Selective loss of cerebral cortical sigma, but not PCP binding sites, has been observed in schizophrenia. A more compelling role for sigma sites in schizophrenia is indicated by the high affinity of some neuroleptic drugs, including haloperidol, for sigma sites. Rimcazole, a weak but selective sigma ligand, has very good clinical efficacy as a neuroleptic agent and has few side effects. Thus, sigma ligands may be useful in the treatment of schizophrenia. The present review describes properties of sigma receptors and its roles in relation to sigma ligands in the regulation of the central nervous system on the basis of the results of more recent studies. |
8042345 | [Rotational behavior induced by methamphetamine and cocaine in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system]. | The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of intravenously administered methamphetamine and cocaine to facilitate dopaminergic transmission, based on the ability of these drugs to induce rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. The doses of methamphetamine and cocaine ranged from 0.25 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg which was equivalent to 50% of the minimum dose which caused convulsion. Methamphetamine induced more marked ipsilateral rotational behavior than did cocaine. The present results suggest that methamphetamine produces longer duration of the facilitation of dopaminergic transmission both in the nucleus accumbens and in the striatum than does cocaine. |
8042344 | [Function and amount of GTP binding proteins in postmortem human brain in dementia of the Alzheimer's type]. | Qualitative or quantitative alterations of GTP binding (G) proteins in membrane preparations from parietal cortex and temporal cortex in postmortem human brain obtained from patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and aged and postmortem delay matched controls were investigated by immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies (RM/1, AS/7, GC/2, QL, SW/1) against specific G protein (Gs alpha, Gi alpha, Go alpha, Gq alpha, G beta, respectively) and the functional photoaffinity GTP analog [azidoanilido GTP (AAGTP)] labeling. Although the quantitative immunoreactivity showed no significant differences between the two groups, a marked reduction in AAGTP binding to Gs alpha was seen in the DAT group compared with controls in both parietal and temporal cortex. Moreover, the ratio of Gs alpha to Gi/o alpha AAGTP binding decreased significantly in the same regions of the DAT group. These results suggest that the disturbances of G protein mediated signal transduction may be involved in the pathophysiology of DAT. |
8042341 | Incarcerated hernia with intestinal obstruction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. | Use of laparoscopic surgical procedures have expanded in the past several years, but physicians must be cognizant of the potential complications. One such complication, intestinal obstruction, is discussed, as is the importance of CT scan in making a definitive diagnosis. |
8042340 | A profile of geriatric trauma in southeastern Wisconsin. | The purpose of this study was to profile geriatric trauma in southeastern Wisconsin, including injury mechanisms, severity of injury, outcome, hospital lengths of stay, and total cost. We conducted a retrospective chart review of trauma victims over age 65 admitted to the Milwaukee County Medical Complex between July 1991 and October 1992. Cases were excluded if the patients had sustained isolated head or orthopedic injuries, thermal burns, or penetrating trauma. A total of 65 cases were studied. The population had a mean age of 75.8 +/- 8.2 years; 53.8% were women and 46.2% were men. The leading mechanisms of injury were in decreasing order were motor vehicle crashes, falls, and auto-pedestrian injuries. The mortality rate was 29.2%. The mean length of stay in the hospital was 13.5 days. The total charge was approximately $1.3 million dollars. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 61.5% of injuries. Safety devices and driver awareness programs may be under used in this population. The mortality rate is high with a moderate level of injury severity. |
8042339 | The Health Information Technology Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin. | Everyone working in health care today is overwhelmed by scientific and medical information. Effective use of this information requires access to sophisticated information communications technologies. At the Medical College of Wisconsin, the Health Information Technology Center provides these technologies for biomedical research, medical education, clinical service, and health policy analysis. Several of the center's services are available to community health care providers through the college's Medical Information Network. |
8042336 | Reliable procedure for closing the duodenal stump for bleeding posterior duodenal ulcer. | Bleeding posterior duodenal ulcers is a critical problem especially in patients of advanced age. Surgical treatment should obtain efficient and stable hemostasis and avoid digestive fistulas due to leakage of the duodenal stump. The main difficulty lies in the closure of the duodenal stump. A procedure using intramural dissection of the duodenum and closure by means of a stapler is reported for a series of 40 patients without recurrent bleeding or duodenal fistula. Seven patients (17%) died from associated diseases, especially respiratory insufficiency (3 patients) and cirrhotic liver failure (2 patients). |
8042335 | Evaluation of two training programs for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: incidence of major complications. | To determine the need for a training program for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we evaluated two programs by surveying perioperative complications. The two programs were completed by eight surgeons in each. Program A consisted of 10 supervised operations and program B of only 2. A total of 1054 operations were performed, and 12 major complications required conversion to open surgery owing to transection of the bile duct in 5 cases, laceration of the common bile duct in 1 case, delayed perforation of the common hepatic duct in 1 case, bile leakage in 2 cases, duodenal injury in 1 case, and bleeding from the cystic artery in 2 cases. The incidence of a major complication was significantly higher in group B than in group A, and six of the nine major complications in group B occurred during the initial seven independent operations. Overall, the most common major complication was an injury during the operation to the common bile duct or to the hepatic duct. Four of the five transections of the bile duct required Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, and the other required end-to-end anastomosis with T-tube drainage; one laceration required simple suture closure; and the one delayed perforation required T-tube drainage. The mean duration of hospitalization for 7 patients with an injury to the bile duct was 74.4 days (range 16-151 days). We recommend that a training program for laparoscopic cholecystectomy should include at least 10 operations to prevent a major complication during the initial 10 operations. |
8042334 | Acute variceal hemorrhage: the persistent bleeder. A plea for management. | A group of 1910 patients with acutely bleeding esophagogastric varices were managed in the Kasr El Aini sclerotherapy project; 458 of the patients (24%) were lost to follow-up. The remaining patients were studied in five groups: group I (294/401 patients), rigid versus flexible sclerotherapy; group II (254/336 patients), intravariceal versus paravariceal sclerotherapy; group III (174/227 patients), timing of initial sclerotherapy and the optimum frequency of sclerotherapy sessions; group IV (80/99 patients), splenectomy devascularization operation alone versus combined surgery with sclerotherapy; group V (650/847 patients), management of failures of and recurrences after sclerotherapy. The mean period of follow-up was 72 months. Rigid sclerotherapy was significantly superior to flexible sclerotherapy for emergency control of acute bleeding but was associated with significantly more morbidity. Paravariceal injection achieved insignificantly better initial control of bleeding and had more morbidity than intravariceal injection, which obliterated the varices in a significantly larger proportion of patients. Emergency injection of the acute bleeder should be carried out soon after admission, with sclerotherapy sessions repeated every 2 weeks. Combined sclerotherapy with splenectomy and devascularization was significantly more effective for controlling bleeding than surgery alone. Surgery should be done without delay for continued bleeding after the second attempt of sclerotherapy and in patients who rebleed after their third sclerotherapy session. Survival, however, was not significantly improved by the different modalities of sclerotherapy. |
8042333 | Lymph node metastasis and recurrence in patients with a carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus who underwent three-field dissection. | The indication, efficacy, and extent of extended lymphadenectomy for a carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus remain controversial and under clinical investigation. Here we report the frequency and mode of lymph node metastasis at operation and of lymph node recurrence after operation in 70 patients who underwent three-field dissection and 75.7% of whom suffered from metastasis or recurrence in the lymph nodes (metastasis in 71.4% and recurrence in 21.4%). Metastasis or recurrence in the cervical and cervicothoracic nodes were found in 18.6% and 41.4%, respectively. The frequency of cervical and cervicothoracic lymph node metastasis or recurrence was, respectively, 40.0% and 90.0% for a carcinoma in the upper thoracic esophagus, 21.6% and 37.8% for a carcinoma in the middle thoracic esophagus, and 4.3% and 26.1% for a carcinoma in the lower thoracic esophagus. Lymph node metastasis at operation was most frequently found in the right recurrent nerve nodes, right paracardiac nodes, periesophageal nodes, and lesser curvature nodes, whereas lymph node recurrence after operation was found in the left upper recurrent nerve nodes and the right supraclavicular, celiac, and abdominal paraaortic nodes. Metastasis or recurrence was rarely found in the internal jugular, pretracheal, greater curvature, common hepatic, or splenic nodes. This finding suggests the need for recurrent nerve node dissection for all cases and for three-field dissection for a carcinoma in the upper or middle thoracic esophagus. |
8042332 | Adult pancreatic tissue fate after pancreatic fragment autotransplantation into the spleen of the pancreatectomized dog. | As far as we know, after adult enzyme-digested pancreatic fragment autotransplantation, the fate of the inoculated pancreatic tissue has never been reported and the hypothetic engrafted islet mass growth by mitotic division or by a true islet neogenesis from ductular precursor cells has never been demonstrated. In dogs with total or near-total (90%) pancreatectomy that preserves the duodenum and the common bile duct, morphologic study of the pancreatic tissue inoculated into the spleen has demonstrated an exuberant ductular-acinar-islet regenerative process, with progressive cystic degeneration of the newly formed ductular-acinar structures occurring simultaneously with the selective survival and growing predominance of extraductal tissue scattered as distinct islets, clusters of islet cells, or single islet cells. In addition to the B, A2, and D cell types of the normal adult dog islet, we have also seen a peculiar ultrastructural pleomorphism of the insular B cells, frequently combined with their ductular or glandular arrangement in maturing islets. Rare or never before reported islet cell types in the adult dog's islets (G cells, mixed endocrine cells of the A2-D, D-B, and A2-B types, and mixed acinar-islet cells of the D-acinar type) were also putatively identified. Using light microscopy we have identified many mitotic figures on ductular and centroacinar cells in ductules and ductular-acinar structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
8042331 | Treatment of portal hypertension in children. | The management of children with portal hypertension (PH) has substantially changed owing to the good results and broader application of both endoscopic sclerotherapy and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Since the introduction of sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices, the number of surgical procedures has sharply decreased. Until the early 1980s, however, the treatment of choice of bleeding esophageal varices was based on different variations of two main types of open surgery: devacularization and transection operations and portosystemic shunts. The experience with nonshunt procedures is limited in the pediatric population. Literature reports from the last 25 years have emphasized a number of restrictions related to portosystemic shunts in small subjects. However, portosystemic shunts, selective or not, can be performed even in very young subjects with high rates of success. From 1974 to 1984 the distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) was the procedure of choice for the treatment of children with variceal bleeding in our institution. Forty-two children underwent DSRS during this period. Since 1985, when endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy (EVS) replaced DSRS as the first therapeutic option in our service, this shunt has been performed in only 8 children in whom EVS has failed, none of them during the last 2 years. In this cohort of 50 cases of DSRS, the shunt patency has increased from 71% in the first 7 patients to 95% thereafter. There has been no perioperative mortality. From 1985 to April 1993, 107 children were submitted to EVS sessions for the treatment of esophageal varices bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
8042329 | Role of surgical therapy in management of intractable ascites. | Almost 10% of patients with cirrhosis and ascites develop intractable ascites. When large-volume paracentesis fails to relieve ascites, patients may be submitted to one of the three following surgical options: portosystemic shunting, peritoneovenous shunting, or liver transplantation. Portosystemic shunting is efficient in clearing ascites, but it is associated with a high rate of encephalopathy and liver failure. The indications for portosystemic shunting are therefore limited for treatment of intractable ascites and should be performed only in patients with good liver function in whom all other treatments failed. Peritoneovenous shunting has been associated with a high rate of early complications and valve obstruction. Improvements in perioperative care and in the material used have greatly reduced the operative risks and increased the patency rate. Mortality remains high in patients with severe liver failure or with a history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or variceal bleeding. Peritoneovenous shunting should not be done when these risk factors are present. In the absence of such risk factors, peritoneovenous shunting is a good procedure and may provide definitive relief of ascites and long-term survival in more than 50% of the operated patients. In patients with poor risk factors liver transplantation may be preferable, and the onset of intractable ascites in a patient with a severely compromised liver should trigger the indication of liver replacement. |
8042330 | Surgical management of extrahepatic portal hypertension and variceal bleeding. | Variceal bleeding remains an important complication in extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EPVT). As for portal hypertension due to other etiologies, an elective treatment to decrease the risk of subsequent rebleeding is warranted. The results of the Sugiura-Futagawa procedure (SP) in 38 patients with variceal bleeding secondary to EPVT are reported: 20 women and 18 men, with a mean age of 28 +/- 2 years (SEM). Thirty-seven patients were classified as Child-Pugh class A, and one patient as class B. In terms of diagnosis, 45% of patients had idiopathic EPVT, and 18% had associated hypercoagulability disorders; 52% of patients had associated splenic vein thrombosis. The SP was completed in two surgical stages in 18 patients and in one surgical stage in 14; 6 patients had only the abdominal stage. One patient had mild postoperative encephalopathy, and three patients rebled at long-term follow-up study. There were two operative deaths. Actuarial survival was 70% at 64 months. It is concluded that the SP is an excellent alternative for patients with variceal bleeding secondary to EPVT. |
8042328 | Role of liver transplantation in management of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. | The management of esophageal variceal hemorrhage ranges from conservative to surgical modalities. Before introduction of liver transplantation as a potentially curative therapy of the underlying etiology, decompressive portosystemic shunt operations have been the mainstay of mostly palliative procedures. Our own experience with surgery for advanced hepatic disease and portal hypertension over 20 years includes 803 liver transplantations and 201 portosystemic shunts, emphasizing our primary objective of treatment. The results after shunt surgery were favorable in Child class A candidates when performed electively and with selective decompression. After liver replacement the clinical status of the patient, including hepatic function and extrahepatic complications, had a strong influence on postoperative outcome, with the chance of excellent long-term survival. The additional risk of previous shunt surgery for subsequent transplantation could be reduced over time. Based on this experience and reports from others there are enough reasonable arguments for shunt and transplantation. Instead of the choice being controversial, the two forms of therapy should supplement each other and be available in the same center that specializes in the treatment of patients with diseases that eventually lead to liver failure and portal hypertension. Selection of either approach must depend on etiology, stage of the disease, and proper timing. Shunt procedures may be indicated in stable patients with the risk of bleeding after sclerotherapy failure, in those with contraindications to transplantation, or as a bridge to transplantation. The role of liver transplantation has been clearly established in patients with progressive or endstage (otherwise intractable) hepatobiliary disease. |
8042327 | Experience with radical esophagogastric devascularization procedures (Sugiura) for variceal bleeding outside Japan. | The Sugiura operation has been reported to have low operative mortality, rebleeding, and encephalopathy rates when carried out in a predominantly nonalcoholic Japanese population with good liver function. A literature review of reports of the Sugiura procedure outside Japan reveals a high complication and mortality rate when it is used as an emergency procedure in patients with advanced liver disease, especially in those with alcoholic cirrhosis. Uncontrolled studies report results that differ little from the Japanese series when the operation is confined to good-risk patients in the elective situation. Our experience with the Sugiura operation supports its role in these circumstances, especially in patients with portal vein thrombosis and normal liver function. The only good prospective controlled trial has been carried out in patients with schistosomiasis and suggests that the Sugiura operation is far superior to total shunt and may have a slight advantage over the Warren shunt because of its low incidence of postoperative encephalopathy. More controlled trials are required to establish its role in good- to moderate-risk patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. |
8042326 | Sugiura procedure for management of variceal bleeding in Japan. | During the last three decades the Sugiura procedure and other nonshunting operations have been widely performed as the operations of choice for bleeding esophageal varices in Japan. The Sugiura procedure (University of Tokyo method), a transthoracoabdominal esophageal transection, consists in paraesophageal devascularization, esophageal transection and reanastomosis, splenectomy, and pyloroplasty. The results have been satisfactory with low operative mortality and low rebleeding rate. The prognosis of the patients after this operation depended on the liver function at the time of operation but not on whether operation was done as an emergency, elective, or prophylactic measure. Although the Sugiura procedure has recently been performed in more selected cases with an advance in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, this procedure remains the ultimate direct operation for portal hypertension in Japan. |
8042324 | Role of distal splenorenal shunt for long-term management of variceal bleeding. | Distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) has been studied extensively over the past 25 years to define its role in management of variceal bleeding. The operative technique of the shunt has not changed, but more aggressive attempts at portal-azygos disconnection have been studied for their effect on maintenance of portal perfusion. Control of variceal bleeding is achieved in about 90% of patients. Portal flow to the liver is maintained in > 90% of patients with nonalcoholic etiology of portal hypertension and in 50% to 84% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis depending on the degree of portal-azygos disconnection. Encephalopathy and liver failure do not seem to be accelerated by DSRS but depend on the severity of the underlying liver disease. Reported survival likewise depends on the etiology of portal hypertension and the severity of liver disease: > 90% survival can be achieved in portal vein thrombosis and patients with cirrhosis and normal liver function, but 50% to 60% 3- to 5-year survivals are reported for patients with more advanced disease. DSRS offers one treatment modality for management of variceal bleeding that must fit into an overall strategy for these patients. Full evaluation is the key to allow selection of patients for pharmacotherapy, sclerotherapy, variceal decompression, or liver transplantation. |
8042325 | Narrow-diameter portacaval shunts for management of variceal bleeding. | Over the past decade, we have developed and refined a method for partial portosystemic shunting for the control of bleeding esophageal varices in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. The narrow-diameter interposition portacaval H-graft using 8 mm polytetrafluoroethylene has been performed in 32 patients at our institution with low operative mortality (6.3%) and nearly complete cessation of variceal bleeding (96.7%) over a mean follow-up period of 43 months. In comparison with total shunts, diminished rates of postshunt encephalopathy (13% versus 40%) have been observed. Prograde portal blood flow has been preserved in 90% of 30 patients studied by perioperative portography. Shunt patency with continued prograde flow has been demonstrated at up to 9 years of follow-up. Investigators at three other centers have studied partial shunting using substantially similar techniques, with similar findings. Based on these results, we conclude that narrow-diameter shunts provide effective, long-lasting treatment for variceal hemorrhage due to portal hypertension in the alcoholic. |
8042323 | Total shunting and elective management of variceal bleeding. | A 20-year experience with treatment of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis is reported. Considering that total shunts are well tolerated immediately after operation (hospital mortality rate for all elective procedures being 6.4%), that they offer a good protection against rebleeding (rebleeding variceal rate of 7.6%), and that they offer the same long-term survival as given by other shunts (5- and 10-year survival rates of 57% and 31%, respectively), the authors affirm that these kinds of shunts are still useful in well selected cases. Late follow-up results of a prospective randomized trial of elective mesocaval shunts compared to portacaval shunt have shown no significant differences in operative mortality, rebleeding rates, encephalopathy rates, or survival. Based on this information, the authors currently use portacaval shunt as their operation of choice. |
8042321 | Long-term management of variceal bleeding: the place of varix injection and ligation. | Injection sclerotherapy remains the most widely used long-term management for patients after an esophageal variceal bleed. Sclerotherapy treatments should be repeated weekly until the varices are eradicated. Follow-up endoscopy every 6 to 12 months is required for life. Whenever varices recur, further weekly injection treatments are administered until re-eradication is achieved. Failure of sclerotherapy must be diagnosed early and an alternative salvage procedure performed. We currently recommend the distal splenorenal shunt. Although the complications of sclerotherapy are not great, they are cumulative with time. Unlike most surgical procedures for portal hypertension, the technique of performing sclerotherapy is not standardized, making the comparison of controlled trials difficult. The current status of controlled trials comparing sclerotherapy with other treatments is evaluated. We conclude that repeated injection sclerotherapy is at present the initial treatment of choice for patients after an esophageal variceal bleed. The technique of the new procedure of esophageal variceal ligation is described. As with sclerotherapy, weekly treatment sessions are recommended until the esophageal varices are eradicated, followed by long-term endoscopic surveillance and repeat ligation treatment when varices recur. The four controlled trials that have compared variceal ligation with sclerotherapy favor ligation. Ligation eradicated esophageal varices with fewer treatment sessions and a lower complication rate. One trial demonstrated improved survival. Complications due to the overtube are being increasingly reported but were not a problem in the controlled trials. Although esophageal variceal ligation or ligation plus sclerotherapy may ultimately prove to be superior to sclerotherapy alone, more data are required before a final conclusion can be reached. |
8042322 | Surgical management of acute variceal hemorrhage. | The advent of more effective nonoperative therapies, mainly endoscopic variceal sclerosis, has decreased the need for emergency surgery for control of acute variceal hemorrhage. In centers where it is available, nonoperative portal decompression by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS) is likely to have a further impact. When acute or chronic sclerotherapy fails or when bleeding is secondary to gastric varices or portal hypertensive gastropathy, emergency surgery may be life-saving and should be done promptly before worsening hepatic functional decompensation develops. Child's class C liver disease is not a contraindication to emergency surgery; many patients who fail nonoperative attempts at control of bleeding are of this risk status. The most commonly utilized emergency procedures are portacaval and interposition mesocaval shunts, both of which are effective, and esophageal transection, which is associated with a higher incidence of late rebleeding. An emergency distal splenorenal shunt is appropriate for selected patients who are not actively bleeding at the time of surgery. TIPS is the preferred alternative for acute or chronic endoscopic sclerotherapy failures who are candidates for liver transplantation within the succeeding 6 to 12 months. |
8042320 | Relation between liver pathology and prognosis in patients with portal hypertension. | The most common causes of variceal bleeding are cirrhosis, schistosomiasis, and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. The prognosis for an individual patient depends on the severity of the bleeding episode and the underlying liver function. Liver function is determined to a large extent by the underlying liver pathology. Patients with noncirrhotic portal hypertension or cirrhosis with good liver function have good short- and long-term prognoses. In patients with established cirrhosis, the presence of alcoholic hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or portal venous thrombosis may adversely affect prognosis. In addition to affecting prognosis, the underlying pathology may also influence choice of treatment. This point is particularly true for treatments such as shunt surgery, liver transplantation, or transjugular intrahepatic shunts. |
8042315 | [Effects of cadmium on vitamin D function involved in the regulation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism]. | The role of vitamin D in regulation of phosphoric-calcium metabolism was evaluated in conditions of experimental cadmium intoxication induced by daily dietetic intake (100 micrograms/kg for 8 months) of cadmium in parallel with intake of calcium in diverse amounts. Daily requirements in vitamin D were provided in different groups of animals either with ergocalciferol (D2) or 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (0.25 microgram per animal). The results of the trial suggested that despite regular supply of ergocalciferol, renal damage induced by cadmium intoxication was associated with phosphoric-calcium metabolic derangement which is likely to result from defects in renal synthesis of active vitamin D form. This was confirmed by the fact that the change of ergocalciferol for 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol did not produce any noticeable shifts in the phosphoric-calcium metabolism. |
8042314 | [Effects of dietary fat composition on food anaphylaxis and formaldehyde sensitization in guinea pigs]. | Adult guinea pigs were fed for 10-14 days with synthetic diets, fat constituting 11% of its total energy. Dietary fat was composed of coconut, corn, dairy and soybean oils mixtures with ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-6 to PUFA omega-3 equal to 24.2 (K1) or 5.53 (K2). The animals were sensitized orally by pasteurized cow milk (PCM) or epicutaneously by formaldehyde (F) during these diets feeding. The degree of the sensitization was assessed in the reaction of active anaphylactic shock (AAS) in PCM-sensitized animals and in the reaction of leukocytes specific lysis (LSL) in F-sensitized guinea pigs. In the latter pigs the concentration of serum antibodies (Ab) against dietary soya protein was measured by ELISA. Animals fed by K1 and K2 were also tested for histamine mean lethal dose resistance. The lowest lethality in AAS, number of convulsions, of positive LSL cases and Ab level were found in animals fed by K1 compared to both K2 and to animals fed by common animal chew. Resistance to histamine was similar in K1 and K2 groups, but was significantly higher compared to control (chew) group. In convulsion, the changes in PUFA omega-6/PUFA omega-3 ratio have marked effect on different indices of allergic sensitivity. |
8042313 | [Experimental model of impaired gastrointestinal macromolecular permeability]. | Gastrointestinal macromolecular permeability for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-4000 was studied in Wistar rats with resected distal portion of the small intestine, experimental colitis induced by chemical toxicant (acetic acid) and in rats receiving oral ethyl alcohol. Gastrointestinal permeability in animals with resection transiently increased during the first two weeks after operation and returned to normal thereafter. Colitis induction resulted in marked (2.5-fold) growth of permeability for PEG-4000 on day 7 and in a less significant increase on day 21. In animals exposed to ethyl alcohol no changes in macromolecular permeability were noted for PEG-4000 and food protein (chick's egg albumin). It is concluded that the model of colitis induced by chemical toxicants is most suitable among the models tested for experimental research on dietetic correction of altered macromolecular permeability. |
8042312 | [Effectiveness of the use of vitamin-enriched food premixes in the nutrition of children with insulin-dependent diabetes]. | Vitamin-deficient children suffering from diabetes mellitus received milk dishes and drinks enriched with vitamin-rich premixes produced in Austria (Roche) for 2 weeks. The diet efficacy was evaluated by the values of thiamine, riboflavin, 4-pyridoxic acid, 1-methylnicotinamide and xanthurenic acid urinary excretion, blood levels of free and total riboflavin, nicotinamide and pyridoxic coenzymes, transketolase activity measured before and after the diet treatment. The latter resulted in a marked improvement in the levels of vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP and C, prevented the spring fall in vitamin supply. In view of incomplete normalization of the children's vitamin status after the two-week diet it is recommended to use the vitamin-enriched food and drinks for longer time or under a continuous regimen. |
8042310 | [Vitamin intake by various groups of the Republic of Bashkortostan population (June, 1992)]. | The 1992 nutritional survey of the population living in the Republic of Bashkortostan found out that the population suffer from definite vitamin deficiency which concerns all the vitamins except A and E. Vitamin status was found satisfactory in 3.5% of the examinees. The rest needed vitamin supply by one, two, three, four and 5 vitamins (15%, 29%, 27%, 20% and 5.5%, respectively). Most frequently the subjects were deficient by vitamins C, B1, B2, B6, folic acid, carotenoids. Multivitamin deficiency presented most commonly with combination of ascorbic acid with two or three vitamins B. The authors point to the need in wide-scale vitamin supply of the Republic's population. The intake of vitamin C plus multivitamin preparations in doses satisfying physiological requirements are recommended. |
8042308 | [New food products for pregnant and breast feeding women]. | The nutritionists from the Research Institute for Nutrition at the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and from the firm "Nutritec" have developed a dry milk product Femilac to correct diet of pregnant and breast-feeding women. The paper provides data on its chemical composition and results of its clinical trial. |
8042309 | [Effects of riboflavin administration on vitamin B6 metabolism]. | It is shown that B2 vitamin-deficient subjects have reduced urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) compared to normal subjects. Correlation between the total of the pyridoxal coenzymes in human plasma and 4-PA urinary excretion takes place only under adequate intake of riboflavin. The conditions under which measurements of 4-PA excretion and plasma levels of pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate can be used as indicators of B6-vitamin sufficiency are discussed. |
8042307 | [Use of new domestic foodstuffs in the treatment of digestive system diseases with food intolerance]. | A clinical trial has been performed of the food Unipit-3 and Laktanal based on cow milk proteins subjected to enzymic hydrolysis, dia- and ultrafiltration. A preliminary immunochemical assay of the above products protein component and its testing in anaphylactic shock reaction in animals demonstrated low sensitizing activity of this protein. The results of the trial of the above hypoallergenic foods in patients with food allergy showed their good tolerance and therapeutic efficacy. |
8042306 | [Clinico-metabolic effects of fish oil in patients with ischemic heart disease, familial hyperlipoproteinemia and hypertension]. | Fifty-five patients with ischemic heart disease, familial hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb and essential hypertension kept anti-atherosclerosis diet incorporating 20 g of ichthyenic oil for 4 weeks. The diet resulted in positive shifts in clinical manifestations, a fall in blood levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, atherogenic coefficient. The clotting time and duration of hemorrhage proved longer. As to fatty acid composition of red cell and platelet membranes, proportion of omega-6 reduced, while the share of omega-3 rose. This may underly inhibited synthesis of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha noted in the examinees. |
8042305 | [Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family in the anti-atherosclerotic diet on the activity of lysosomal lipolytic enzymes, mononuclear cells and blood platelets of patients with ischemic heart disease]. | Prior to diet therapy, CHD patients exhibited marked impairment of the system of platelet and mononuclear lysosomal lipolytic enzymes compared to those in healthy controls. A reduced ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-6/omega-3 in low-sodium hypolipidemic diet (from 10.3 to 6.3-1.3) incorporating halibut flesh and ichthyoic oil promoted its antiatherogenic efficacy. The activity of platelet and mononuclear lysosomal lipolytic enzymes and lipid spectrum in coronary patients returned to normal values. |
8042301 | [Rapid method of riboflavin quality control upon enrichment of prepared dishes]. | The authors propose a rapid method permitting riboflavin quality control after its addition to dishes. The method involves acid hydrolysis of the product using riboflavin-binding apoprotein. The assay requires no enzymatic hydrolysis and takes 1 hour. It correlates with a routine dithionite technique (r = 0.992), which tends to overestimate the results by 24%. In view of the method efficacy it is recommended for riboflavin assay in vitamin-enriched foodstuffs. |
8042300 | [Aflatoxin in the meat of broiler chickens fed toxic mixed feed]. | The effect of aflatoxin in the doses 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg per 1 kg of mixed feed and residual aflatoxin in the tissue have been studied. Residual aflatoxin B1 in the liver and muscles of broilers appeared to surpass those reported in the literature. When 49-day-old broilers were deprived of the toxin, its levels in the liver, muscles decreased for 10 days up to the levels 1.1-4.3 micrograms/kg. the inclusion in the chicken feed of methionine (0.3%) or meat-bone flour (5%) weakens the toxin effect and reduces toxin residues content in the tissues 2-3-fold. |
8042299 | [The effect of protein deprivation during separate periods of the reproductive cycle on the development of intestinal enzyme activity in rat progeny]. | Rat experiments showed that protein deprivation during pregnancy and lactation retarded functional maturation of the small intestine in the progeny evident from higher coefficient lactase/saccharase at the moment of starting definitive feeding, from accelerated differentiation of enzymatic molecular forms. |
8042298 | [External secretion of the liver in enteral and intragastric tube feeding]. | Hepatic external secretion and main lipid components of the bile and serum were studied under a long-term intragastric and enteral tube feeding using improved surgical and technical methods, Inritan and Peptisorb mixtures. It is shown that food entering the stomach directly does not affect hepatic excretion, while enteral 2-week feeding, especially with hydrolyzed products, deranged secretory mechanisms which entails unbalance in the main bile components and defective lipid metabolism. |
8042296 | [Experimental bases of the use of a specialized product Arman in chromium intoxication]. | A trial has been performed of anti-intoxication properties of the stuff Arman containing fruit and vegetable fibers in Cr toxicosis. It is demonstrated that 30-day Arman feeding resulted in rats in Cr content fall in the blood and rise in the urine and feces. The protective effect of Arman was confirmed by changes in the body mass, morphological investigations of the liver tissue and by general condition of the animals. The product exhibited antioxidant properties. It is suggested that a marked antitoxic effect of Arman in Cr intoxication may be due to accelerated elimination of Cr compounds from the animal body. |
8042295 | [Evaluation of the use of sea products in nutrition of population inhabiting regions under rigid radiation control]. | Noninbred female white rats were fed for 30 days with diets containing 137Cs and 85Sr in indicative doses. After that the animals received some sea products to investigate their radioprotective properties. Natural sea products proved able to influence the kinetics of the radionuclides metabolism. Laminaria salad "Dalnevostochny" given in the dose 20 g per animal reduced the accumulation of radioactive Cs and Sr by 76.7 and 57.6%, respectively. Moreover, sea products stabilize functional activity of peripheral blood natural killers which are important in immunological defense of the body. |
8042293 | [Nutritional status and radionuclide contents of food rations of rural population in the Ukrainian region controlled after the Chernobyl AES accident]. | Chemical composition, energy value and 137Cs and 90Sr content in daily diets were assessed in rural population from the region controlled after the Chernobyl accident. As shown by low urine excretion of vitamins (thiamine, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, N1-methylnicotinamide), the population suffer from vitamin deficiency, especially in winter and spring. Levels of the radionuclides rose 1.3-19.7 and 3.4-24.8-fold for 137Cs and 90Sr, respectively. |
8042294 | [Effects of calcium on the course of strontium toxicosis]. | Chronic intake of Sr for 20 days by chickens caused in them a delay in body mass increase and symptoms of rickets in spite of complete provision with vitamin D. There were low levels of Ca, P, enhanced activity of alkaline phosphatase in the serum, inhibited mineralization of bone tissue, reduced levels of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, Sr accumulation in various tissues. Enrichment with Ca of the chickens ration diminished the above signs of Sr toxicosis. It is suggested that a protective effect of Ca in chronic Sr toxicity may be due to more active discrimination of Sr against Ca in intestinal assimilation of these cations. |
8042291 | [Nutritional consistency of rations of pregnant and breast feeding women with anemia]. | Nutrient density has been studied in healthy and anemic women's rations. The examinees were either pregnant or breast-feeding. The diets were found out from questionnaires and check-weighing. Chemical composition of the nutrients was calculated using tables. The findings were computer processed. The nutrient density appeared different in healthy and anemic females by content of protein, calcium, vitamins A and C. Food of anemic pregnant and breast-feeding females should be rich in proteins, mineral substances and vitamins. |
8042290 | [Daily energy expenditure and factual nutritional status of boiler-turbine shop workers at electric stations]. | Daily power consumption was evaluated by gas exchange in the staff managing boiler and turbine shops at electric stations. It was established that this profession needs 4312 Cal to maintain the performance status at normal levels. The diets of the examinees were found unbalanced by the basic nutrients, mineral elements and vitamins. They do not meet qualitatively and quantitatively the needs of this professional group (the 5th group by labour intensity). |
8042289 | [Nutritional status of native and non-native population of Russia's Extreme North and Far East]. | Daily diets studied in various groups of native and non-native population living in the Far North and East of Russia (Kamchatka, Chukotka, Sakhalin) are shown to be inadequate for the adult capable population. Chemical composition of food provides insufficient supply of vegetable oil, calcium, vitamins, magnesium. |
8042288 | [Effects of qualitatively different food on acidity and proteolytic activity in different parts of the stomach of patients with duodenal ulcer]. | Using an original technique, the authors studied acid-proteolytic activity in the stomach at night in 44 patients with duodenal ulcer before and after 12-h fasting; after meat, starch gel, vegetable oil meals. It was found that long-term fasting does not result in changed acid-proteolytic activity in the stomach body, though reduces a mean acid concentration in the stomach antral-pyloric portion 2-fold. Proteins and carbohydrates do not influence the acidity and produce multidirectional action on proteolytic activity of the stomach content: proteins inhibit, but carbohydrates enhance proteolysis. Vegetable oil results in a moderate decrease of the acidity. |
8042287 | Molecular cloning and sequencing of equine interleukin 4. | We have cloned equine interleukin 4 (IL-4) cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers based on the human IL-4 sequence. The cDNA was amplified from mitogen-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The cloned PCR product shares extensive homology ith IL-4 sequences from other species. |
8042286 | Uptake of ferritin and Bordetella avium in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue of turkeys. | The uptake of macromolecular and particulate materials in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in turkeys was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Tracer materials used were live and ultraviolet-killed (UV-killed) Bordetella avium and ferritin. Suspensions of bacteria and ferritin were instilled via intratracheal catheterization and allowed to remain in contact with the respiratory surfaces for 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Ferritin and B. avium were taken up by both ciliated and non-ciliated cells of the epithelium overlying BALT (BALT epithelium). Ferritin was found in organelles associated with endocytosis (i.e. apical vesicles, endosomes, cytoplasmic vacuoles) and was apparently transported across epithelial cells, since it was also found in intercellular spaces. Bacteria were found in vacuoles within BALT epithelial cells, but not free in intercellular spaces. Some macrophages in BALT epithelium also contained bacteria. No differences were observed between uptake of live and UV-killed bacteria. We conclude that both ciliated and non-ciliated cells of BALT epithelium in turkeys are able to take up macromolecular and particulate materials. Bacteria are also accessible to intraepithelial macrophages, although whether they are taken up directly from the bronchial surface or whether they pass through epithelial cells first could not be determined. This evidence suggests that antigens, including respiratory pathogens, could gain access to cells of the avian immune system by transepithelial passage in BALT. |
8042285 | Anti-idiotype antibodies to Marek's disease-associated tumour surface antigen in protection against Marek's disease. | Marek's disease-associated tumour surface antigen (MATSA) removed by enzymatic (papain) digestion of Marek's disease tumour cells was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. The first peak (F1) was used to raise antibody in rabbits. Monoclonal antibody (RPH-6) directed against MATSA and the anti-F1 IgG were used as idiotypic antibodies to raise polyclonal anti-idiotype serum in heterologous hosts; rabbit and goat, respectively. The anti-idiotypes (anti-Id) were purified by affinity chromatography and characterized by competitive binding assay using immunofluorescent (IF) tests. Day-old white Leghorn chicks were immunized with anti-Id to MATSA (Group 1) or anti-Id to F1 (Group 3) and challenged with virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) on the tenth day post immunization. In positive control groups, the day-old chicks were inoculated with anti-BALB/c mouse globulin (Group 2) and anti-rabbit globulin (Group 4) and challenged with virulent MDV on the tenth day post inoculation. As compared with positive control groups, the vaccinated groups (1 and 3) had considerably lower level of MATSA positive cells during the post challenge observation period. The protection level against MD in the immunized groups was 66.6% (Group 1) and 86.6% (Group 3). |
8042284 | Further characterisation of the immune response of the koala. | Sensitive enzyme immunoassays (EIA) were developed to monitor antibody (Ab) production in the koala, in response to both soluble and particulate antigens (Ag). When compared with a eutherian mammal, the rabbit, both the dynamics and kinetics of Ab production in the koala were found to be severely retarded. In vitro, Ag specific lymphocyte proliferative responses were demonstrated for the first time in this animal by sensitising koalas in vivo with Bacillus Calmet-Guerin (BCG), with the level and timing of this cell mediated immune (CMI) response comparable with those seen in non-metatherian mammals. Levels of circulating B lymphocytes were examined in an attempt to clarify the retarded humoral responses to foreign Ags. In addition, peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC) from koalas, were examined for their reactivity to a range of monoclonal Abs and lectins in an attempt to characterise these cells further. The lectins examined, demonstrated an all or none reactivity with koala lymphocytes and were therefore considered unsuitable as markers for identifying lymphoid subsets in this animal. A monoclonal Ab directed at class II MHC Ags in the mouse, demonstrated cross reactivity with a high percentage of all koala monocytes tested. Using this Ab to probe CMI responses in vitro, it is concluded that immune interactions required for such responses in the koala parallel those seen in other mammals. |
8042283 | Cloning and expression of bovine and porcine interleukin-2 in baculovirus and analysis of species cross-reactivity. | The cDNAs encoding bovine and porcine interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been expressed using the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a vector in insect cells. Insect cells infected with recombinant viruses secreted bovine and porcine IL-2 into the culture medium, with biological activities for maintaining the proliferation of homologous cells. When the activities of these two IL-2 proteins and commercially available human IL-2 were tested on heterologous cells differences were found. Recombinant bovine (rb)IL-2 only supported the growth of bovine lymphocytes and was not active on human, mouse or porcine lymphocytes. Recombinant porcine (rp)IL-2 and recombinant human (rh)IL-2 supported the proliferation of human, bovine, porcine and murine cells. However, the proliferative response of human lymphocytes to rpIL-2 was only 50% of that seen with rhIL-2. Sequence differences at the predicted p55 and p75 contact binding sites may explain this. |
8042282 | Lymphoid follicles in the gastric mucosa of dogs. Distribution and lymphocyte phenotypes. | The occurrence and distribution of lymphoid follicles within the stomachs of 36 dogs that did not have macroscopic gastric lesions are presented. The dogs ranged in age from less than 1 year to over 13 years. The number of follicles varied between the different regions of the stomach, being most numerous (15.6 follicles cm-2) and uniform in size (about 1 mm in diameter) in the fundus. The number and size of follicles in the antrum varied widely between dogs. Age-related changes in the distribution of follicles were not found following simple linear regression analysis. The phenotypes of lymphocytes in gastric lymphoid follicles of nine dogs aged from less than 1 year to 5 years were determined using monoclonal antibodies specific for canine leucocyte antigens and an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The follicles had an organized distribution of lymphocytes subsets in that a predominantly B cell area contained some CD4+ cells and very few CD8+ cells and was adjacent to an area containing mostly T cells. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis was used to quantify the overall presence of the various lymphocyte subpopulations. Follicles in the fundus and body regions possessed similar percentages of lymphocytes averaging 42%, 22% and 3% of the area occupied by B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, respectively. It is concluded that lymphoid follicles are a normal constituent of the canine gastric mucosa and possess a lymphocyte composition similar to that reported by others for solitary intestinal follicles. |
8042281 | Seroepidemiological and clinical survey of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in northern Italy. | Four hundred and thirty-nine feline serum samples from cats with different living conditions in the north of Italy were tested for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and for antigen of Feline Leukemia Virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Western blot technique was also used on the positive sera in order to confirm the presence of specific antibodies to FIV. The Western blot enabled the detection of a false positive serum. The prevalence of FIV infection in this population was 12.5% and among the seropositive cats a greater proportion was male (74.5%) than female (25.5%). A correlation between the clinical status and the evolution of the pathology is described together with a score based on the severity of the stomatitis in infected cats. The Western blot patterns of positive samples were then compared with the stage of the pathology. Statistical analysis on the distribution of FIV in stray cats, cats with garden and courtyard access and strictly house-confined cats showed a highly significant risk of the infection in the first group. |
8042280 | A temporal study of RNAs produced in maedi-visna virus infection of choroid plexus cells. | We have examined the types and cellular distribution of transcripts of maedi-visna virus during infection of choroid plexus fibroblasts. Early in infection (19 hours post infection) only small spliced transcripts are found in the cytoplasm. Little virus specific RNA is detected in the nucleus at this stage. Later in infection structural gene transcripts are detectable in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. We have measured the half life of each type of transcript in total cellular RNA late in infection by two different methods (northern blotting or S1 protection assays after alpha-amanitin treatment, or specific hybridisation after pulse chase). Both of these methods suggest half lives for unspliced viral RNAs of 8-12 hours. Although the gel based methods were unsuitable for the accurate determination of half life for the shorter transcripts, they did confirm a long half life for these transcripts: pulse chase measurements suggested that this was similar to that seen for the unspliced transcripts. These observations are consistent with the virus exerting temporal control on protein synthesis by a method analogous to that of the HIV Rev protein. |
8042279 | Effect of chronic feline immunodeficiency virus infection on experimental feline calicivirus-induced disease. | Acute feline calicivirus (FCV) infection caused a more severe disease in chronically feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infected than in non-FIV infected cats. FIV infected cats shed significantly higher amounts of FCV through their saliva after FCV challenge than the non-FIV infected cats. However, there was no difference in the duration of FCV shedding. None of the cats exposed to FCV developed chronic FCV carriage. Both groups of cats mounted similar titers of neutralizing antibodies to FCV. Although FIV infected cats started out with significantly lower total lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers than the non-FIV infected cats, the transient lymphopenia and neutrophilia attributable to the FCV infection was of similar intensity in both groups of animals. There was no evidence that the underlying FIV-related disease or viremia was influenced by acute FCV infection. Acute FCV infection did not significantly alter the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio in FIV infected compared to non-FIV infected cats. The ongoing humoral IgG response to FIV was not affected by the FCV infection. There was no significant change in the proportion of FIV infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells during 8 subsequent weeks after FCV challenge as determined by polymerase chain reaction. |
8042278 | Control of bovine leukaemia virus transmission by selective culling of infected cattle on the basis of viral antigen expression in lymphocyte cultures. | The use of viral antigen expression in lymphocyte cultures to prioritize the culling of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infected cattle was evaluated as a means of controlling the spread of infection in heavily infected herds. Selective culling was implemented in five commercial dairy herds containing between 126 and 304 cattle with infection prevalences, based on serological testing using the agar gel immunodiffusion test, of 19.4%, 20.3%, 20.1%, 20.6% and 39%. All seropositive cattle were tested for BLV antigen expression in lymphocyte cultures, and 51% found to express detectable quantities of viral antigens. In the four herds with 19% to 21% infection prevalence, all antigen-positive animals were culled immediately. Antigen-negative animals were retained in the herds for at least 16 months. Only two new infections were recorded in these four herds after antigen-positive animals had been culled, despite the continued presence of the antigen-negative animals. In the herd with 39% infection prevalence, a rapid reduction in the incidence of infection was achieved, even though only those animals with the highest levels of antigen expression were culled initially. Experimental transmissions from seropositive cattle indicated that sheep could be infected from an antigen-positive cow with fewer than 10(3) lymphocytes, whereas more than 10(6) lymphocytes were required to transmit infection from an antigen-negative cow. Estimation of the amount of integrated BLV DNA in serial dilutions of blood from antigen-positive and antigen-negative cattle provided an explanation for the higher infectivity of antigen-positive cattle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
8042277 | A field evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction procedure for the detection of bovine leukaemia virus proviral DNA in cattle. | A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure that detects proviral bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA was evaluated. Blood samples from all animals (164) in a commercial dairy herd with a 30% prevalence of BLV infection, and from 194 animals from BLV free herds were tested. The absence of any positive PCR results in animals from BLV free herds confirmed the specificity of the assay. Initial testing of the infected herd using a single amplification PCR (SA-PCR), detected BLV infection in 62 of 72 adult animals that were seropositive by the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and in one persistently seronegative cow. Infection in this cow was confirmed by sheep bioassay. Subsequent testing of the SA-PCR negative, seropositive animals using a double amplification PCR (DA-PCR) detected proviral BLV in eight of nine animals that were available for retesting. The PCR assay was also able to distinguish BLV infected calves from uninfected calves that were serologically positive because of the presence of colostral antibody. Lymphocytes from all seropositive animals were cultured for determination of BLV antigen expression. Cultures from 37 of 62 SA-PCR positive animals produced detectable quantities of viral antigens. However, antigen expression was not detected in cultures from seropositive animals that were negative in the SA-PCR. In addition, in experimental transmission tests, inoculation of more than 10(6) lymphocytes from these cows was required for sheep to become seropositive to BLV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
8042276 | A comparative study of serological and biochemical methods for strain differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease type A viruses. | Three serological and three biochemical methods were used to compare five field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from Western India with nine reference vaccine strains and five field isolates from other countries. The serological tests (liquid-phase ELISA and virus neutralization) were able to distinguish between the three reference vaccine strains examined, but the five Indian field isolates reacted poorly with antisera produced against these vaccine strains. Analysis of monoclonal antibody (mAb) data was difficult to interpret although clearly the field isolate A/IND/5/87 reacted to a lesser extent with one of the mAb panels (A10/Holland/42) than the other four Indian isolates. The A22/Iraq/24/64 mAbs did not react with any of the Indian field isolates and only significantly with one of the reference vaccine strains, A/IND/57/79. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis distinguished the reference vaccine strains from each other and from the field isolates. Additionally, one of the Indian isolates (A/IND/5/87) could be differentiated from the other four. Electrofocusing showed similarities between the reference vaccine strain A22/Iraq/24/64 and three of the Indian field isolates (A/IND/1/87, A/IND/2/87 and A/IND/3/87), however, A/IND/4/87 and A/IND/5/87 were distinct. Nucleotide sequencing showed that the isolates A/IND/1/87, A/IND/2/87 and A/IND/3/87 were very closely related to each other and related to A/IND/4/87, however, A/IND/5/87 was different. |
8042275 | Epidemiological investigation of equid herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) excretion assessed by nasal swabs taken from thoroughbred foals. | Equid herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) was detected in nasal swabs taken from foals using a PCR based test and this information used to study the epidemiology of EHV-4 disease on three Australian Thoroughbred stud farms in NSW in 1992. There was a very high level of agreement (kappa value of 0.84) between the PCR results and virus isolation using cell culture techniques. There was a strong seasonal distribution of EHV-4 shedding. Twenty-five of 26 positive samples were collected in January and March with the remaining positive sample collected in February. Foals with clinical signs of upper respiratory tract infection per se were no more likely to be shedders of EHV-4 (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence limits [CL] 0.5-3.8). However, EHV-4 was more likely to be isolated from foals exhibiting copious serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge than those with no clinical signs (OR 4.6, 95% CL 1.1-19.0 and OR 2.5, 95% CL 0.8-8.0, respectively). The month of the year was more important than weaning or age as a risk factor for excretion of EHV-4. Male foals and those with a history of respiratory disease that had required veterinary treatment were more likely to shed EHV-4. |
8042274 | An improved enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of porcine serum antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. | An ELISA for the detection of serum antibodies to Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae in pigs and based on a 43 kDa purified protein derived from the cytoplasmic membrane of M. hyopneumoniae strain J is described. This ELISA (MHPP ELISA) was compared with another recently described (Auspharm ELISA, Sheldrake and Romalis 1992) that is based on column-purified sonicated proteins of strain J. Using sample to negative ELISA ratios of 3 and 4 as cutoffs for inconclusive and positive reactors respectively (compared to 2 and 3 for the Auspharm ELISA), the two tests had high specificity (MHPP 99.6%; Auspharm 100%) in 280 SPF pigs. In 176 pigs from commercial herds with endemic M. hyopneumoniae, the MHPP ELISA showed a higher sensitivity than the Auspharm ELISA in both high lung score (LS > or = 5) (85.5% vs. 69.9%) and low lung score (0 < LS < 5) (57.9% vs. 49%) pigs when the positive cutoff for each test was selected. The sensitivity when the inconclusive cutoff was selected was similar in both tests (85%; 85.7%) when low and high lung score pigs were pooled. Altough the MHPP also gave more positive reactors in 36 pigs from M. hyopneumoniae-infected herds with no lung pathology at slaughter than the Auspharm ELISA (11 vs. 4), the total number of inconclusive and positive reactors in these pigs was similar for both tests (18 vs. 14). The MHPP ELISA gave significantly higher ELISA ratios in infected pigs (up to 17.9) than the Auspharm ELISA (up to 9), and earlier seroconversion in naturally-infected (6-8 weeks vs. 9-10 weeks) and experimentally-infected pigs (2-4 weeks vs. 4-6 weeks post infection). |
8042273 | Characterization of the most frequently encountered Staphylococcus sp. in cats. | Ninety three staphylococci isolated from clinical specimens from cats were characterized and identified. Because the biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus felis were very similar to those of Staphylococcus simulans, results were submitted to numerical analysis and DNA homology. Forty-two isolates (45%) were identified as S. felis, and 4 isolates (4%) as S. simulans. The other species identified, in order of their frequency were, 12 Staphylococcus aureus (13%), 9 Staphylococcus intermedius (10), 6 Staphylococcus sciuri (6), 6 Staphylococcus epidermidis (6), 2 Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2), 2 Staphylococcus xylosus (2), 1 Staphylococcus capitis (1), 1 Staphylococcus equorum (1), 1 Staphylococcus gallinarum (1) and 1 Staphylococcus lentus (1). |
8042272 | Purification and characterization of enterotoxic moiety present in cell-free culture supernatant of Salmonella typhimurium. | The enterotoxic moiety present in the cell-free culture supernatants of Salmonella typhiurium strains (p/536 and p/603) was purified to apparent homogeneity by salt precipitation with ammonium sulphate and successive chromatography through Sephadex G-100 and G-200 columns. It was non-dialysable, heat labile at 90 degrees C and active within pH 6-8. Its activity was completely lost on treatment with trypsin, protease and papain. The enterotoxin appeared to be of high molecular weight (100 kDa) and was highly immunogenic in rabbit. Antigenically, it was not related to cholera toxin, Shiga toxin or the heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. It did not bind to the GM1 ganglioside. The enterotoxic, delayed permeability and CHO cell elongation activities were attributed to a single protein moiety. |
8042271 | Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 antibodies in pig sera by an inhibition enzyme immuno assay (EIA). | An inhibition Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) for detection of antibodies against A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 (App-2) in pig sera, based on the inhibition of the binding of an App-2 specific monoclonal antibody was established. The monoclonal antibody (mAb 102-G02) was found to be directed against an epitope on the O-chain of App-2 LPS. Some App-2 isolates did not react with the mAb 102-G02. These isolates are referred to as App-2X. In the inhibition EIA highly purified App-2 LPS ws used to coat microtiter plates. Serial dilutions of pig sera were added to the plates prior to the mAb 102-G02. The degree of binding of App-2 antibodies from pig sera was determined as the percentage inhibition of the mAb 102-G02. Pig sera from specific pathogen free (SPF) herds, from experimentally infected animals, and from conventionel herds were tested. A serum dilution of 1/200 was found to be optimal, when using 50% inhibition as the discriminating inhibition percentage. Serum from App-2X infected herds showed a lower reactivity as compared to serum from App-2 infected herds. No crossreactivity was observed with serum from pigs infected with other App serotypes. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 98.9%, respectively. |
8042270 | Lipopolysaccharides of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (serotype 1): a readily obtainable antigen for ELISA serodiagnosis of pig pleuropneumonia. | A saline extract of boiled-formalinized whole cells of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 reference strain (Shope 4074) has been previously used as the antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of swine pleuropneumonia. Phenol extraction of this crude extract permitted the recovery of LPS with long O-chains in the aqueous phase. This antigen was shown to be specific for serotypes 1, 9 and 11 as they all possess structurally similar O-chains. Immunoblotting was used to identify the fraction present in the crude extract of strain 4074 responsible for cross-reactions observed in ELISA with a serum raised against a serotype 3 strain of A. pleuropneumoniae. The specific reactions in ELISA were shown to be associated with long O-chain LPS and the cross-reactions to LPS with short O-chains. LPS seem to be an important antigen for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 as all homologous sera tested reacted with it. This antigen is easily recovered from the crude extract and it can be used in minute amounts (1-6 micrograms) for ELISA serodiagnosis of pig pleuropneumonia. |
8042269 | NAD-independent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains: production of RTX toxins and interactions with porcine phagocytes. | Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae RTX toxin (Apx) production by A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 (NAD-independent) serotype 2 strains was studied. Western blot analysis of culture supernatants of all biotype 2 strains tested revealed the presence of a 103 kDa protein which reacted with a monoclonal antibody against ApxIIA. This protein was also recognized by sera of pigs infected with a biotype 2-serotype 2 strain. Furthermore, antibodies that could neutralize ApxIIA were present in these sera. Proteins corresponding to ApxIA or ApxIIIA were not detected. The effects of a biotype 1-serotype 2 and a biotype 2-serotype 2 strain and their metabolites on the oxidative activity of porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were compared using a chemiluminescence (CL) technique. Viable bacteria of both biotypes stimulated the production of oxygen radicals by phagocytes. CL responses were higher for the biotype 1 than for the biotype 2 strain. After having reached a peak value, the oxidative activity decreased until a total inhibition was achieved. Inactivated washed bacteria had no influence on the oxidative activity of phagocytes. In contrast, heat labile factors in culture supernatants of both biotypes stimulated and inhibited the oxidative activity of PAM in a dose-dependent manner. Dilutions of supernatant up to 1/32 of the biotype 2 strain and up to 1/512 of the biotype 1 strain were toxic for PAM, while dilutions from 1/64 to 1/128 of the biotype 2 strain and from 1/1024 to 1/4096 of the biotype 1 strain stimulated the oxidative activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
8042268 | Staphylococcus aureus capsule and slime as virulence factors in ruminant mastitis. A review. | Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent causes of ruminant mastitis. The interaction of this microorganism with the host is strongly dependent on its cell surface properties, specially concerning the presence of the exopolysaccharide-containing outer layers (glycocalyx), which appear to play an important role in virulence. In this article, the definition and recognition of the types of exopolysaccharide layers are described, together with their likely role in the pathogenesis of mastitis. |
8042267 | Tetracycline sclerotherapy for testicular hydroceles in renal transplant recipients. | To study the efficacy of tetracycline sclerotherapy in renal transplant recipients with symptomatic hydroceles. A total of 21 patients with symptomatic hydroceles following renal transplantation underwent aspiration of hydrocele and injection of tetracycline hydrochloride. Sclerosant solution was prepared by dissolving 1 g tetracycline hydrochloride powder in 10 mL 1% lidocaine. The amount of sclerosant used depended on the volume of the sac: 5 mL for a sac containing up to 100 mL and 2.5 mL of sclerosant was added for each increase of 100 mL in sac volume. Twelve patients (57%) required only one treatment and 9 patients (43%) had up to 3 injections. The larger the hydrocele, the more treatments were required. The resolution of hydrocele was complete in 12 patients (57%) and partial in 7 (33%) with 2 (10%) failures. Pain at injection was observed in one third of the patients. No major complications (fever, hematoma, infections, abscess, or scrotal necrosis) occurred in any patient. No changes in the structure or size of the testicles were found by ultrasound during an average follow-up period of 35 months. Tetracycline sclerotherapy is a safe, effective, and economical form of out-patient therapy that can be recommended as primary treatment for hydroceles in patients who have undergone renal transplantation. |
8042266 | Decrease of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia following androgen deprivation therapy in patients with stage T3 carcinoma treated by radical prostatectomy. | Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is considered the most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The effect of androgen deprivation therapy on the prevalence of PIN is unknown. We undertook a case-control study of radical retropubic prostatectomies from 24 treated patients and a control group of 24 untreated patients matched for age and clinical stage (all T3). Androgen deprivation therapy included LHRH agonist leuprolide and flutamide (18 patients), diethylstilbestrol (DES) (2 patients), DES with leuprolide and flutamide (1 patients), and orchiectomy (3 patients). Prostatectomy specimens were evaluated for the presence and extent of high-grade PIN according to the number of high-power microscopic fields, and nuclear tumor grade (1 to 4 scale) and Gleason score were also determined. The prevalence of high-grade PIN in pretreatment transrectal needle biopsies was similar in the treated and untreated groups. The prevalence and extent of high-grade PIN were lower in cases treated with androgen deprivation therapy than controls. Nuclear tumor grade was also lower in treated patients, but there was a paradoxical increase in the Gleason score. The prevalence of aneuploidy in the cancers was similar in both groups. These findings suggest that androgen deprivation therapy decreases the prevalence and extent of high-grade PIN. |
8042265 | Refluxes in orthotopic neobladders: can the ileocecal sphincter be considered an adequate antireflux mechanism? | To evaluate the usefulness of the ileocecal sphincter in preventing ureteral refluxes in ileocecal orthotopic neobladder, thus avoiding the use of antireflux technique for ureteroileal anastomosis. From 1980 to 1992, 95 patients underwent orthotopic bladder substitution. In 30 our detubularized ileal reservoir was used and in 65 first only an integral ileocecal segment was used and subsequently multiple transverse teniamyotomies on the cecal portion to increase the capacity and reduce the pressure. The upper urinary tract was indirectly protected in the ileal reservoir technique by leaving an integral 8 to 10 cm long afferent segment folded behind the reservoir and in the ileocecal technique by the ileocecal sphincter, thus keeping the anastomosis between ureters and ileum simple and direct. The mean follow-up of the 65 patients with ileocecourethrostomy is 37 +/- 33 months (range, 2 to 141 months); in 13.8% of the patients (9/65) monolateral refluxes appeared, but without any evident clinical consequences. The appearance of monolateral stenosis on the ureterointestinal anastomosis requiring treatment occurred in 4 patients (6%): 3 underwent an endoscopic treatment and 1 a surgical one. Modifications of renal function with respect to the preoperative status were not verified in any of the patients. The ileocecal sphincter is an effective antireflux mechanism for an orthotopic neobladder in which multiple transverse teniamyotomies (5 to 7) increase the capacity of the neobladder itself, reduce its internal pressure, and confer a nearly spherical configuration. Moreover, a correct anastomosis between the cecum and membranous urethra decisively reduces the resistance to emptying of the neobladder, thus avoiding too strong pressures against the ileocecal sphincter. The integrity of the circular muscular layer maintains a healthy tonic wall: this fact, combined with the low peripheral resistances, ensures good emptying and a stable capacity. The procedure is easy to perform and not time-consuming; these considerations lead us to consider the ileocecal unit an excellent structure for bladder substitution. |
8042264 | Simple detubularization technique for construction of continent colonic urinary reservoirs. | Despite the advantages offered by continent urinary diversion techniques, wide acceptance of the procedure has been hampered by the length of time required to detubularize and suture the reconfigured bowel. With the purpose of simplifying the procedure, a linear stapler loaded with absorbable staples was used to accomplish simultaneous detubularization and closure of the reservoirs. Six patients, 4 men and 2 women received a stapled detubularized reservoir following radical cystectomy. The male patients all had construction of a neobladder, whereas in the females a catheterizable continent stoma was designed. Operative time was shortened by an average of 30 to 45 minutes without technical difficulties. No postoperative complications related to the staple line occurred and with a follow-up of 6 months good functional results have been achieved, with no patient experiencing diurnal incontinence. This simple mechanical detubularization technique offers results similar to the hand suture method while at the same time shortening and simplifying the procedure. |
8042263 | Value of repeated analyses of 24-hour urine in recurrent calcium urolithiasis. | The value of repeated analyses of 24-hour urine collections for daily excretion of calcium, uric acid, citrate, phosphorus, and creatinine and for volume and pH performed to detect and classify metabolic disorders in a selected group of calcium stone formers with striking recurrence rates was assessed in a retrospective study. A total of 441 urinalyses made over a mean period of 80.4 months of samples obtained from 49 patients were reviewed. Fifty-nine percent of patients were initially found to have metabolic disorders (absorptive hypercalciuria types I and II, hyperuricuria, hypocitraturia) and therefore received specific drug therapy (allopurinol, thiazide, alkali citrate, orthophosphate) for a mean of 45.7 months (group I). The remaining patients were classified as metabolically inactive and were given general metaphylactic instructions (group II). In 73% of patients recurrent stones developed, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (79% vs 65%). In 55% of group I patients, urinalyses continued to yield abnormal findings during follow-up; however, subsequent abnormal findings were also seen in 40% of the metabolically inactive group II patients. Overall, metabolic disorders were observed at some point in 75% of patients. Only 27% remained recurrence free, and 62% thereof also had pathologic urinary findings. It does not appear that drug treatment in recurrent calcium urolithiasis based on urinary findings is superior to simple general metaphylactic recommendations, nor that repeated analyses of 24-hour urine collections furnish additional information on the risk of recurrent stone formation or on the presence of risk factors leading to recurrence in the long-term course of disease. |
8042260 | Telerobotic assisted laparoscopic surgery: initial laboratory and clinical experience. | To assess the feasibility of telerobotic assisted surgery. In a laboratory model, a cholecystectomy, splenectomy, and nephrectomy were performed by an inexperienced surgeon who was being mentored by an experienced surgeon stationed at a remote site. The remote surgeon controlled the laparoscopic camera by utilizing a telerobotic system. In patients, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, varix ligation, and bladder suspension were performed by an experienced team utilizing a robotic system controlled by an experienced surgeon from a remote site. In both the laboratory and clinical setting, all procedures were successfully completed without complications. Current technology is available to successfully allow for telerobotic assisted surgery. |
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