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George Osborne's family grew rich on the proceeds of what sort of business ? | Budget 2012: George Osborne, the political chancellor - BBC News
BBC News
Budget 2012: George Osborne, the political chancellor
By Chris Mason Political correspondent, BBC News
19 March 2012
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Close share panel
George Osborne is the youngest chancellor since Sir Winston Churchill's dad was appointed in 1886. He was just 38 when he took the job after the last general election.
He is a man - I've discovered - who is variously described as "the submarine", having the look of "a powdered French aristocrat", and being a metropolitan sceptic about the Big Society.
He was brought up in central London. He is the heir to the Osborne and Little wallpaper fortune. One day he will be a baronet. He is a rich man. But close observers say it is not his wealth that marks him out as different amongst Conservatives.
"What distinguishes him from a lot of other privileged Tories, and particularly David Cameron, is not so much class as geography," says Janan Ganesh from The Economist, who is writing a biography of Mr Osborne.
"He grew up in the heart of the metropolis, whereas Cameron and your typical privileged Tories come from the rural home counties. And that really has shaped his world view. He is far more socially liberal than you might expect from a typical Tory.
"He'll vote for the most liberal option on things like gay rights and abortion. And aside from that he is a bit more sceptical about the communitarian conservatism of rural Tories. George Osborne was always a little bit wary of it."
GEORGE OSBORNE
Profile of George Osborne
As Steve Hilton, the prime minister's adviser seen as the driving force behind the Big Society leaves Downing Street, will George Osborne's voice as a strategist grow louder, more important? It is a role, his friends say, he loves.
"If you sit with George one of his traits is to mimic other people. Other politicians for example - he has an excellent Tony Blair, an excellent Gordon Brown, and he will also mimic broadcasters," former Conservative adviser and now Times writer Daniel Finkelstein tells me.
"It's not just a way of entertaining people, it is a way of thinking. He thinks how something will play out. He understands how politics works and how the media deals with issues and that will influence the way he will think through a problem and the way he expects people politically to react to a problem," he adds.
Let's, though, look at some of the adjectives George Osborne's critics like to attach to him.
"Macho." "Arrogant." "Sneering." The Conservative backbencher Claire Perry, who introduced herself to him at a Tory fundraising event and was later hired by him, instantly dismisses the critics as opponents resorting to caricature who don't really know him.
"I won't use any Anglo Saxon to deal with that, but come on!" she says. Instead, she describes her former boss as a rounded man who inspires huge loyalty from those around him.
"I think one of the things people don't realise about George is that his wife is a very successful author in her own right. There were very strong female voices in the shadow treasury team and now in the Treasury. And he was completely happy working with and taking advice from women."
POLITICAL CV
2010: Chancellor
But in politics perception can be reality, as even those who admire him acknowledge.
In 2008, the Spectator and Telegraph writer Charles Moore wrote: "His appearance is still against him when he tries to share the nation's economic pain. Something about his black curls and pale face make him look like a powdered French aristocrat in 1790."
Does he still hold to that view?
"Part of it is a sort of aloof quality. My comparison was with him being a French aristocrat and therefore being scared of the mob. He might be wheeled off to the guillotine. I just thought of that because of something about his expression, and his hair and his face.
"He has now become more of a clearly professional politician. In fact he is a very professional politician. But i think that he hasn't got the common touch and wouldn't claim to have."
And this has led George Osborne to pick up something of a nickname at Westminster.
"So this term has emerged, 'submarine', to describe George Osborne's approach to face time with the public. He will do the big set piece events but aside from that he is like a submarine, he will go underwater, focuses on his job, it does suggest a certain amount of self awareness," Janan Ganesh from The Economist says.
"Privately he tells his advisers I know I will never be a man of the people, so rather than making a fool of myself in the attempt, why not focus on what I am good at?"
And all of those I've spoken to openly wonder if that awkwardness on the public stage could stand in the way of him ever becoming prime minister.
Right now though, George Osborne is a chancellor with both independent political clout and Downing Street's ear.
He may revel in politics as strategy, rather than politics as showbiz. But he's no less powerful for it.
| Wallpaper (band) |
Which London landmark gave its name to a now disused station situated after Tottenham Court Road on the Central Line ? | Budget 2012: George Osborne, the political chancellor - BBC News
BBC News
Budget 2012: George Osborne, the political chancellor
By Chris Mason Political correspondent, BBC News
19 March 2012
Read more about sharing.
Close share panel
George Osborne is the youngest chancellor since Sir Winston Churchill's dad was appointed in 1886. He was just 38 when he took the job after the last general election.
He is a man - I've discovered - who is variously described as "the submarine", having the look of "a powdered French aristocrat", and being a metropolitan sceptic about the Big Society.
He was brought up in central London. He is the heir to the Osborne and Little wallpaper fortune. One day he will be a baronet. He is a rich man. But close observers say it is not his wealth that marks him out as different amongst Conservatives.
"What distinguishes him from a lot of other privileged Tories, and particularly David Cameron, is not so much class as geography," says Janan Ganesh from The Economist, who is writing a biography of Mr Osborne.
"He grew up in the heart of the metropolis, whereas Cameron and your typical privileged Tories come from the rural home counties. And that really has shaped his world view. He is far more socially liberal than you might expect from a typical Tory.
"He'll vote for the most liberal option on things like gay rights and abortion. And aside from that he is a bit more sceptical about the communitarian conservatism of rural Tories. George Osborne was always a little bit wary of it."
GEORGE OSBORNE
Profile of George Osborne
As Steve Hilton, the prime minister's adviser seen as the driving force behind the Big Society leaves Downing Street, will George Osborne's voice as a strategist grow louder, more important? It is a role, his friends say, he loves.
"If you sit with George one of his traits is to mimic other people. Other politicians for example - he has an excellent Tony Blair, an excellent Gordon Brown, and he will also mimic broadcasters," former Conservative adviser and now Times writer Daniel Finkelstein tells me.
"It's not just a way of entertaining people, it is a way of thinking. He thinks how something will play out. He understands how politics works and how the media deals with issues and that will influence the way he will think through a problem and the way he expects people politically to react to a problem," he adds.
Let's, though, look at some of the adjectives George Osborne's critics like to attach to him.
"Macho." "Arrogant." "Sneering." The Conservative backbencher Claire Perry, who introduced herself to him at a Tory fundraising event and was later hired by him, instantly dismisses the critics as opponents resorting to caricature who don't really know him.
"I won't use any Anglo Saxon to deal with that, but come on!" she says. Instead, she describes her former boss as a rounded man who inspires huge loyalty from those around him.
"I think one of the things people don't realise about George is that his wife is a very successful author in her own right. There were very strong female voices in the shadow treasury team and now in the Treasury. And he was completely happy working with and taking advice from women."
POLITICAL CV
2010: Chancellor
But in politics perception can be reality, as even those who admire him acknowledge.
In 2008, the Spectator and Telegraph writer Charles Moore wrote: "His appearance is still against him when he tries to share the nation's economic pain. Something about his black curls and pale face make him look like a powdered French aristocrat in 1790."
Does he still hold to that view?
"Part of it is a sort of aloof quality. My comparison was with him being a French aristocrat and therefore being scared of the mob. He might be wheeled off to the guillotine. I just thought of that because of something about his expression, and his hair and his face.
"He has now become more of a clearly professional politician. In fact he is a very professional politician. But i think that he hasn't got the common touch and wouldn't claim to have."
And this has led George Osborne to pick up something of a nickname at Westminster.
"So this term has emerged, 'submarine', to describe George Osborne's approach to face time with the public. He will do the big set piece events but aside from that he is like a submarine, he will go underwater, focuses on his job, it does suggest a certain amount of self awareness," Janan Ganesh from The Economist says.
"Privately he tells his advisers I know I will never be a man of the people, so rather than making a fool of myself in the attempt, why not focus on what I am good at?"
And all of those I've spoken to openly wonder if that awkwardness on the public stage could stand in the way of him ever becoming prime minister.
Right now though, George Osborne is a chancellor with both independent political clout and Downing Street's ear.
He may revel in politics as strategy, rather than politics as showbiz. But he's no less powerful for it.
| i don't know |
Which Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera has the alternative title The Town of Titipu ? | Project MUSE - The Japan of Pure Invention: Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado (review)
Esther Kim Lee
The Japan of Pure Invention: Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado. By Josephine Lee. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010; pp. 280.
Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Mikado, or The Town of Titipu premiered at the Savoy Theatre in London on 14 March 1885 and has since become one of the most revived and adapted shows in modern history. From professional productions to amateur performances, the opera about a fictional Japanese town continues to attract audiences and devoted fans. The longevity of its popularity and influence prompts Josephine Lee to ask in her book: "What about The Mikado allows the opera to maintain such popularity?" (xi). Since its first production, critics have debated whether the opera is about England or Japan, and how much of it is about cultural authenticity or theatrical imagination. As a scholar of Asian American drama, Lee approaches the question from the perspective of critical race studies, situating race as the central category by which to examine how the opera's production history reflects evolving representations of Japan. The book's eight chapters cover "over a century of Mikado productions, tracing through them both the changing and often conflicting racial dynamics in England and America and the ways that racial representations persist and mutate over time" (xii).
The book is organized into three parts. The first, "1885," includes three chapters that situate the London debut of The Mikado within the broader context of Victorian japonaiserie, or "Japan craze" in art, fashion, decor, crafts, songs, and gestures. Lee argues that the opera is a prime example of "commodity racism," a concept that describes the process of using consumed objects (such as fans and swords) to promote understandings of racial difference in the absence of real human relations. The first chapter explains the meaning of the book's title by emphasizing the unabashed invention of an exotic land occupied by white actors playing "queer and quaint" characters in yellowface makeup. The "racial transformation" in the opera, according to Lee, is not an "informed imitation," but rather a "pure invention" that lacks any sense of seriousness or responsibility (xvi). Chapters 2 and 3 develop this line of argument and investigate the racial tensions between actual and performed Japanese identities, with examples from the Japanese Native Village that opened near London several months before the opera's debut and Mike Leigh's 1999 film Topsy-Turvy, which represents the opera against the backstory of its creation.
The second part, "1938-39," features two chapters on the influence of the opera on African American musical theatre. By using a triangulated, rather than binary, formulation of racial relations, Lee examines the paradoxical ways that the opera allowed African American performers to advance in American theatre, while perpetuating the minstrel tradition. Lee argues that with productions like Swing Mikado (1938-39) and Hot Mikado (1939), African American performers used fictional Japanese characters to demonstrate their talents and create a "multiracial paradise" with "liberated rhythms" (xix). At the same time, Lee points out, these popular productions resulted in an onstage layering of blackface and yellowface performances that perpetuated racial stereotypes, both unquestioned and exotic. These chapters caution against a celebratory narrative of 1930s African American theatre. From Lee's perspective, swinging Mikados were less a "reinvention" than a continuation of commodity racism in which "what is Japanese is simply a style, an invention, an act without consequence" (120). While Lee acknowledges the significance of the opera in making African American performance visible and profitable, her analysis of its history in the context of japonaiserie challenges progressive narratives of American theatre history and presents new possibilities for a comparative critique.
Lee's strengths as a scholar of race studies and Asian American studies are best demonstrated in the last part of the book. Titled "Contemporary Mikados," part 3 includes three chapters that consider the ongoing fascination with the opera both in Europe and elsewhere, including Japan. Chapter 7 in particular gets to the core dilemma of the book: How should the opera be received and evaluated in the cultural climate of political correctness and racial sensitivity in the late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? Should the opera be boycotted for its reductive and Orientalized vision of Japan, or commemorated for its legacy to the comic opera tradition? Lee examines Asian American productions of the opera, such as Lodestone Theatre's The Mikado [End Page 473] Project (2007), to highlight the "overall predicament of Asian American artists: how careers are sustained through playing stereotypes predicated on yellow-face" (183). In the introduction, Lee describes productions of the opera in Japan as "the most robust examples of its complicated racial history" (xx). The opera was censored in the early twentieth century in both London and Japan because of its portrayal of the emperor, but after World War II it became one of the most revived Western shows in Japan. The material for the last chapter is immensely rich, and the examples Lee provides amplify the racial issues that the opera raises on a global scale.
Considered as a whole, the book represents more than the sum of its parts, with individual chapters and sections building each upon the next. The chapters in the first two parts, for example, feature historical productions that aimed to present a fantasy of Titipu for the enjoyment of 1880s and 1930s audiences, without conscious regard to how the opera misrepresents Japan. Lee endeavors to recontextualize these productions in order to reveal how Japan has been staged racially on European and American stages. The last three chapters, on the other hand, concern productions that deal directly with the political issues of their time. This move toward the political ramifications of the opera allows Lee to refine her argument and exemplify the ways in which the opera and its representation of Japan should be understood in the twenty-first century. She writes: "What reanimates these contemporary productions of The Mikado is not simply habit or nostalgia (though both undoubtedly play a role in the production) but rather an ongoing fascination with staging versions of the Japanese fantasy at the heart of the opera" (xix). Because of its popularity, The Mikado has been documented and studied by both fans and scholars for over a century, and there are numerous publications on the topic. Lee's book is, however, the first to examine the opera's production history in order to provide a serious critique of the racial fantasies that the opera has disseminated in its "Japan of pure invention" throughout the world.
Esther Kim Lee
| The Mikado |
What is the English title of Strauss's operetta Die Fledermaus ? | The Mikado : or, The town of Titipu (DVD video, 2005) [WorldCat.org]
The town of Titipu.
Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado.
Responsibility:
Thames Television ; Clerial Medical Investment Group ; Fremantle Media ; A & E Television Network.
Abstract:
This version of Gilbert and Sullivan's most popular tale relocates the action from ancient Japan to a 1920s English seaside resort. Here the rule of the Mikado is absolute and often prone to whimsy. Ko-Ko is sentenced to death for the crime of flirting, but in a strange turn of events is instead named "Lord High Executioner." A farce ensues as Ko-Ko cannot behead anyone without first cutting off his own head.
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What is the more familiar Biblical name for Lake Tiberias in Israel ? | Sea of Galilee | lake, Israel | Britannica.com
Sea of Galilee
Alternative Titles: Buḥayrat Ṭabarīyā, Lake of Gennesaret, Lake Tiberias, Sea of Kinerot, Sea of Kinneret, Yam Kinneret
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Asia
Sea of Galilee, also called Lake Tiberias, Arabic Buḥayrat Ṭabarīyā, Hebrew Yam Kinneret, lake in Israel through which the Jordan River flows. It is famous for its biblical associations; its Old Testament name was Sea of Chinnereth, and later it was called the Lake of Gennesaret. From 1948 to 1967 it was bordered immediately to the northeast by the cease-fire line with Syria .
Sea of Galilee, Israel.
Nadavspi
Physical features
The lake has a surface area of 64 square miles (166 square km). Its maximum depth, measured in the northeast, is 157 feet (48 metres). Extending 13 miles (21 km) from north to south and 7 miles (11 km) from east to west, it is pear-shaped. Its surface elevation was long given as 686 feet (209 metres) below sea level, but for decades the annual water level generally has been 6.5 to 13 feet (2 to 4 metres) below the traditional level.
Mountains rising beyond the Sea of Galilee, Israel.
© AbleStock.com/Jupiterimages
The Sea of Galilee is located in the great depression of the Jordan . The Plain of Gennesaret extends in a circular arc from the north to the northwest, and the Plain of Bet Ẓayda (Buteiha) in Syria extends to the northeast. To the west and southwest, the hills of Lower Galilee fall abruptly to the lake’s edge. In the mid-eastern sections, the cliffs of the Golan Heights overlook the lake. The plateau reappears again in the southeast, becoming larger as it approaches the valley of the Yarmūk River , a tributary that has its confluence with the Jordan a short distance to the south of the lake. Also to the south, the plain of the Ghawr (Ghor) begins, but the Sea of Galilee is separated from it by a narrow ridge through which the Jordan River flows.
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Chilka Lake
The greatest part of the region is covered by basalts that have been formed since the Miocene Epoch (about 23 to 5.3 million years ago) and that are part of the vast area of Mount Durūz , located in Syria. Since the Miocene Epoch began, lacustrine limestones and marls (calcareous clays) have been deposited. The Jordan Valley is part of the East African Rift System , which forms the deep trench through which a tributary of the Jordan River passes to the east of the lake. Smaller and less-important faults occur to the west. The depression was hollowed out at the end of the Pliocene Epoch (about 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago) and was partially filled in again by lacustrine and fluvial sediments. During the humid periods of the Quaternary Period (the past 2.6 million years), the Dead Sea extended up to this point. During the last pluvial period, about 20,000 years ago, a great lake called the Lake of Lisan covered the region. Since then the waters have receded.
Because of its sheltered location, low elevation, and the influence of the lake itself, the winters are mild, with temperatures averaging 57 °F (14 °C) in January. The absence of freezing temperatures has facilitated the cultivation of bananas, dates, citrus fruit, and vegetables. The summers are hot, with temperatures averaging 88 °F (31 °C), and the precipitation—almost 15 inches (380 mm) at Deganya—falls, in the course of a winter of less than 50 days, in the form of brief but violent showers.
The Sea of Galilee is fed primarily by the Jordan River. Other streams and wadis (seasonal watercourses) flow into the lake from the hills of Galilee. In the rivers associated with the lake and at the bottom of the lake itself are many mineral deposits. Because of those deposits and because of the strong evaporation, the lake’s waters are relatively salty.
Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent
Because of a pleasant climate, level topography , fertile soil, and relatively abundant water, the rivers flowing into the lake and the adjacent plains have throughout history been the source of livelihood for various peoples. At El-ʿUbeidīya, 2 miles (3 km) south of the lake, lacustrine formations dating from about 400,000 to 500,000 years ago have revealed prehistoric tools and two human fragments, which are among the oldest in the Middle East . Canaanite (ancient Palestinian) structures have been uncovered that date to between 1000 and 2000 bce.
Kefar Naḥum (Capernaum), Israel, along the Sea of Galilee.
© Eli Mordechai/Shutterstock.com
In the 1st century ce the region was rich and populated. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus wrote of nine cities on the shores of the lake in ancient times, but of those only Tiberias has survived. Tiberias, on the western shore, was one of the four Jewish holy cities, and Kefar Naḥum (ancient Capernaum ), near the northwestern shore, has preserved one of the most beautiful synagogues of the Galilee region, dating from the 2nd and 3rd centuries ce. A sanctuary for the Druze (an independent sect founded in the 11th century with a creed containing elements of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity) is located near Kefar Ḥittim near the western shore.
The Sea of Galilee is especially well known to Christians because it was the scene of many episodes in the life of Jesus Christ , including his Sermon on the Mount , at which he first gave the blessings of the Beatitudes and first taught the Lord’s Prayer . The region was also the site of the first Jewish kibbutz , Deganya , established in 1909.
Church of the Beatitudes on the northern coast of the Sea of Galilee, Israel, built on the …
Bantosh
For the past few centuries the Plain of Gennesaret, to the northwest, and the area around Deganya, to the south, have been systematically developed through irrigation and intensive agricultural techniques. Fishing has also been developed, notably from Tiberias and Gennesaret and at En Gev, on the eastern shore. Significant catches of fish are netted annually from motorboats and trawlers; sardines are mainly caught in winter, though, together with larger fish, they are also caught at other seasons. Thermal springs have enabled modern health resorts to be created, and the baths at Tiberias are among Israel’s most important winter resort attractions. Similar baths are to be found at Tabigha, or ʿEn Shevaʿ (the seven springs of Bathsheba), on the northwest shore.
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Sea of Galilee - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
Located in northern Israel, the Sea of Galilee is really a lake. It is pear-shaped, 13 miles (21 kilometers) from north to south, and 7 miles (11 kilometers) east to west. Situated 686 feet (209 meters) below the level of the Mediterranean Sea, its surface area is 64 square miles (166 square kilometers), and the maximum depth is 157 feet (48 meters). The Jordan River flows into the Sea of Galilee from Syria and continues south out of it. The lake would be an inconsequential one but for two reasons: powerful historical associations and current economic value.
Article History
| Sea of Galilee |
Which actor played Edward VIII in the TV series Edward and Mrs Simpson ? | Tiberias | Virtual Israel Experience
Virtual Israel Experience
Sites of Christian Pilgrimage
Tiberias has been a popular destination for tourists for more than 2,000 years.
As early as Roman times, this thriving recreation spa, built around 17 natural mineral hot springs more than 600 feet below sea level, welcomed visitors from every part of the ancient world. Built by Herod Antipas (one of Herod the Great's three sons who divided up Palestine after their father's death), the city was named Tiberias in honor of the Roman Emperor Tiberius.
History
Tiberias plays an important role in Jewish history. It was part of the land bequeathed to Naphtali (Joshua 19:35). The Sanhedrin (the High Court of Israel during the period of the Second Temple ) relocated to Tiberias from Sepphoris . In the Mishnaic and Talmudic period, Tiberias was an important spiritual center. The Mishna was completed in Tiberias in 200 C.E. under the supervision of Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Nasi ("Judah the Prince"). The Jerusalem Talmud was compiled in 400 C.E.
After his death in 1204, the great Jewish sage Maimonides was buried in Tiberias. His tomb is on Ben Zakkai Street, a short distance from the town center. The street's namesake, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai , is also believed to be buried nearby. Yet another shrine is the Tomb of Rabbi Akiva .
A Samaritan center existed in Tiberias in the middle of the 4th century. The Crusaders later captured the city and made it the capital of the Galilee, but Saladin retook the city for the Muslim Empire in 1187. The city suffered a decline until it was revived by the Ottoman Turks . After the city was built up over a period of about a century, it was devastated by an earthquake in 1837.
The early Zionist pioneers established some of Israel's first kibbutzim at the turn of the century in this area. After the establishment of the state , newcomers flocked to the city and the population quadrupled. Today, it is home to about 30,000 people.
The Sea of Galilee
Tiberias sits along the 32-mile shoreline of the Sea of Galilee . The Sea lies roughly 650 feet below sea level and is 14 miles long and 7 1/2 miles wide at its widest point. The Sea is the major source of fresh water for the entire country. The Sea, really a lake, lies on the ancient "Via Maris," a route that linked Egypt and Mesopotamia.
The New Testament contains several references to the lake, which is known alternatively as the Sea of Galilee, Sea of Tiberias and the Sea of Gennesaret. This is where Jesus calmed the stormy sea ( Mathew 8) and walked on the water ( Mathew 14).
Israel Fact
The Sea of Galilee is shaped like a harp, kinnor in Hebrew, but this is not where the name of the lake comes from.
Israelis call the Sea by the biblical name Kinneret. This was the name of a city on the northwestern edge of the lake during the Canaanite and Israelite periods. The reference to the Sea of Tiberias is attributable to the newer riparian city.
Beyond the Sea
Just outside of Tiberias is the ancient town of Hammat, which boasts the hottest (140º) mineral springs in Israel and has, not surprisingly, become a popular spa. The town also has a synagogue built in 341, that has a magnificent mosaic floor. It is unusual, in part, because it contains human figures that are nude. This is rare because synagogues rarely have human representations in them and, when they do, they are fully clothed.
On the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, you'll find the ancient fishing village of Bethsaida , the traditional home of Jesus' apostles Peter and Andrew. In this area, the Jordan River and several streams from the Golan Heights form a marshy delta that is home to a large variety of animals and birds, especially water-fowl.
The âJesus Boatâ
( Ministry of Foreign Affairs )
About six miles north of Tiberias, you can visit Kibbutz Ginosar, the former home of one of Israel's great statesmen, Yigal Allon . The kibbutz has a museum devoted to Allon's life and the history of the Galilee region. It also houses the so-called âJesus boat,â a 2,000-year-old boat excavated from the Kinneret in 1985 that was probably used at the time of Jesus.
At the southern tip of the sea is Degania Aleph, Israel's oldest kibbutz , founded in 1909, and its nearby twin Degania Bet (built in 1920). Degania Aleph was named after its spiritual father, A.D. Gordon , and later was the birthplace of Moshe Dayan . Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol came from Degania Bet.
When the Arab armies invaded Israel from the north in 1948, they ran over the settlements farther north in the Golan, but were stopped by the defenders of Degania Aleph. A French-made Syrian tank was left at the gate as a memorial to the battle.
At the opposite bank of the sea, is the country's second agricultural commune, Kibbutz Kinneret, which was established in 1911. Nearby is a cemetery, Ohalo, which not only is the final resting place for many of the people from the kibbutz, but also some of Israel's most famous personalities, including Rahel Bluwstein (known simply as Rachel to most Israelis), Ber Borochov and Moses Hess .
Sites of Christian Pilgrimage
Two miles north of Tiberias is the agricultural settlement of Migdal . This is near the ancient town where Mary Magdalene was born. Further north is the town of Tabgha , one of many sites in the Galilee where Christians of the early Byzantine period built monasteries, churches and shrines to commemorate the ministry of Jesus and the miracles ascribed to him. Tabgha is the traditional site of the Miracle of the Multiplication of the Loaves and the Fishes . ( Matt . 14: 13-21). Nearby is the Mount of the Beatitudes. An Italian convent now stands on the hill. This is where Jesus is thought to have preached the Sermon on the Mount, which begins:
And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his disciples came unto him: And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying, Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. ( Matthew 5)
Standing on the church porch overlooking the Sea and the surrounding hills makes for a powerful setting to recall the sermon.
Greek Orthodox Church of the Seven Apostles
( Ministry of Foreign Affairs )
About two miles south is Capernaum (Kfar Nahum), the lakeside town where Jesus preached, and his disciples, Peter and Andrew lived. This is where Jesus told his followers, "Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men." He spent three years based here and performed many miracles, but was rejected by the townspeople, provoking Jesus to curse them, "And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto Heaven, shall be brought down to hell!"
The synagogue may be on the site where Jesus preached, but was built two or three centuries later. We know it is a synagogue because of the Jewish symbols -- a menorah and a shofar -- inscribed on one of the columns.
The Jordan River also passes near Kibbutz Kinneret. Perhaps you have an image of the Jordan as a mighty body of water like the Mississippi, an understandable expectation given its role in history and scripture. In fact, it is more like a muddy stream that is only a few feet wide in places. Since Jesus was baptized by John in the river (near Jericho), it has become traditional for Christian pilgrims to come to a special park along the river established as a baptism site.
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In which Scottish town do the football team St. Mirren play ? | St Mirren Football Club | Official Website
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Over the upcoming October Week school holiday the Street Stuff team will be running sessions from Monday 17th October to Friday 21st October. The sessions provide young people aged between 10 and 18 with a range of FREE activities including Street Football with coaches from St Mirren Football Club, dance lessons and access to the youth [...]
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St Mirren in the Community are now taking bookings for the upcoming October Week Holiday Football Camps. The Camps will run over the school October Week holiday at the club’s exclusive Carbrini@JD Airdome from Monday 17th October to Friday 21st October. There will be camps for 3 to 5 year olds and 6 to 12 [...]
Community Football Centres – Update
St Mirren in the Community would like to remind parents of changes to the community football classes timetable due to the upcoming holiday weekend. In addition to the classes at Gryffe High School and Rashielea Primary School on Friday 23rd September and the classes at St Paul’s Primary School on Monday 26th September all being cancelled due to the holiday, [...]
Development League: Dundee United 4-1 St Mirren
The St Mirren Under-20 side headed to Tannadice Park last night where they went down 4-1 to Dundee United in the SPFL Development League. The home side took the lead on the 15 minute mark as Reece Willison saved Jordan Garden’s shot but the ball broke to Matty Smith who forced it home to open [...]
U20: Match Day Info
The St Mirren Under-20 side will be looking to get back on track this evening as they head north-east to face their counterparts from Dundee United. The SPFL Development League encounter on Monday 19th September between the young Buddies and Terrors will take place at Tannadice Park. The match will kick-off at 6:00pm. The referee for [...]
| Paisley |
In our Solar System, which planet is the hottest, with a mean surface temperature of around 464 degrees ? | Scottish Gossip: Strachan, Celtic, Rangers, Hearts, St Mirren, Aston Villa, Norwich, Derby - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
Scottish Gossip: Strachan, Celtic, Rangers, Hearts, St Mirren, Aston Villa, Norwich, Derby
5 Jun
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FOOTBALL GOSSIP
Scottish FA president Alan McRae wants Gordon Strachan to stay on as head coach for another European Championship campaign ahead of the 2020 finals regardless of whether the national team qualifies for the forthcoming World Cup finals. (Scotland On Sunday)
Steven Fletcher, the 29-year-old Scotland striker who is a free agent after leaving Sunderland, has described being linked with a move to Celtic as flattering. (Scotland On Sunday)
Scotland striker Steven Fletcher does not rule out joining another club outside the UK after the 29-year-old spent the season on loan with Marseille from Sunderland. (Sunday Herald)
Scotland midfielder Graham Dorrans is being lined up to be Roberto Di Matteo's first signing as Aston Villa manager, with Norwich City ready to allow the 29-year-old to leave at the right price after they were relegated with the Lions. (The People, print edition)
Will Gordon Strachan (left) still be in charge of Scotland for the Euro 2020 campaign?
Former Kilmarnock striker Conor Sammon has agreed a three-year contract with Hearts after the 29-year-old was released by Derby County. (Sun On Sunday)
Construction company owner Gordon Scott has set his sights on becoming the new chairman of St Mirren and hopes to be the Paisley club's version of Ann Budge, who is acting as a financial bridge ahead of fan ownership at Hearts. (Sunday Herald)
Rangers think they are on course to break their record - 43,170 in 2006 - for the number of season ticket sales after 30,000 fans opted to renew by Friday's deadline. (Mail On Sunday)
Former Rangers manager Ally McCoist says that, although he met Pele and Maradona, nothing came close to the day he met Muhammad Ali, the former boxing world champion who died on Friday. (Sunday Mail)
Norwich City midfielder Graham Dorrans is being linked with Aston Villa
Celtic's Leigh Griffiths says he will only feel like he has arrived as a top-class striker when he proves himself against the likes of Barcelona and AC Milan in the Champions League. (Sunday Mail)
Celtic's Leigh Griffiths has set his sights on establishing himself as Gordon Strachan's main striker with Scotland. (Sunday Herald)
Gordon Greer suffered his first defeat in 10 Scotland appearances but stresses it was against a class team as France won 3-0 in Metz on Saturday. (Mail on Sunday, print edition)
Ross McCormack missed his own stag night to play for his country but is racing home today to make sure he makes the most important match of his life, with the Fulham and Scotland striker and fiancee Courtney St John to marry this week in a romantic beach-side ceremony overlooking the ocean in Marbella. (Sunday Mail)
Conor Sammon (right) has reportedly agreed a contract with Hearts
Scotland coach Stuart McCall has targeted a return to club management - but only to a job offering full-time football at a well-supported club capable of winning silverware. (Sunday Herald)
Dundee United are poised to complete the signing of Ross County midfielder Stewart Murdoch after talks with the 26-year-old. (Sun On Sunday, print edition)
OTHER GOSSIP
Mats Wilander has hailed Andy Murray's performance in the French Open semi-final against Stan Wawrinka as a four-set master class in how to crush an opponent tactically, physically and mentally. (Scotland On Sunday)
Scottish boxer Ken Buchanan has revealed that he threatened Muhammad Ali if he attempted to invade his personal space when the American was on the undercard of one of his title fights but says it resulted in a lifetime's friendship. (Sunday Mail)
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What role is played by Mark Gattis in TV's Sherlock ? | Mark Gatiss | BBC Sherlock | Sherlockology
Trained at Bretton Hall Drama College
As an actor, Mark Gatiss is best known as a member of the award-winning comedy team 'The League of Gentlemen'. Originating as a stage act, the team won the prestigious Perrier Comedy Award at the 1997 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The team was commissioned by the BBC to produce a series on BBC Radio 4 in the same year, and then transferred to television in 1999. The series won numerous awards, including a BAFTA, The Royal Television Society Award and the prestigious Golden Rose of Montreux. The troupe also produced a film of the series, which was released in 2005.
Away from 'The League of Gentleman', Gatiss is one of the few to both write for and appear onscreen in 'Doctor Who', and is the only person to do so in the series' modern revival. His numerous other acting credits include roles in 'Spaced', 'Nighty Night', 'The Quartermass Experiment Live' (2005), 'The Wind in the Willows' (2007). In 2010, Mark appeared as Boy George's manager Malcolm McLaren in the BBC drama 'Worried About The Boy', as well as writing and appearing in an adaptation of HG Wells' 'The First Men in the Moon'. In the same year he created, wrote and acted in 'Sherlock', as Mycroft Holmes, and wrote and presented 'A History of Horror', a personal documentary series exploring the film genre. Mark continues to play the role of Mycroft and script the series, and has made appearances in numerous other series including 'Being Human', 'Game of Thrones' and 'Wolf Hall.'
On stage, Mark has appeared at the Old Vic in an adaptation of Pedro Almodovar's 'All About My Mother', and in 'Season's Greetings' at the National Theatre alongside Catherine Tate. In 2012 he appeared in the Donmar Warehouse production of George Farquhar's play 'The Recruiting Officer,' and the Hampstead Theatre production of '55 Days' as Charles I. In 2013 Mark appeared as Menenius opposite Tom Hiddleston in the Donmar Warehouse's critically acclaimed production of William Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
His film credits include 'Birthday Girl'(2001), Stephen Fry's 'Bright Young Things'(2003), Woody Allen's 'Match Point'(2005), and 'Starter for 10'(2006), where he played real life University Challenge quizmaster Bamber Gascoigne opposite James McAvoy and his future 'Sherlock' costar Benedict Cumberbatch.
| Mycroft Holmes |
What sort of professional people are allowed to carry green flashing lights on their cars ? | Sherlock and Mycroft's rivalry based on creator Mark Gatiss' feud with his brother | Daily Mail Online
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The most corrosive love-hate relationship between two brothers since Cain and Abel had nine million TV viewers on the edge.
The rivalry between the Holmes boys reached new intensities last Sunday, as Sherlock drugged his older brother Mycroft to steal a laptop full of government secrets — and was ordered to go on a suicide mission as punishment.
If the dynamic between the siblings took a more central role than ever, then that was no accident. For as Steven Moffat, who co-produces the show, says: ‘Mycroft is a very complex character. Somehow, he’s the key to Sherlock.’
Key player: Mark Gatiss and Benedict Cumberbatch play battling brothers Sherlock and Mycroft, a relationship inspired by Gatiss's own childhood
How true — and in more ways than one. For ‘Mycroft’ read ‘Mark Gatiss’, the 47-year-old actor who plays him. Here is the man who is key to understanding the whole Sherlock revival.
For what many casual fans do not realise is that in addition to starring in the series, Gatiss is also its co-creator and chief scriptwriter.
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To have created, written and starred in the most succesful BBC drama series for years would be a remarkable enough, but that is by no means Gatiss’s only claim to fame. Indeed, last year saw him become one of the most successful actor-writers of his generation.
In addition to Sherlock, he was heavily involved in the 50th anniversary celebrations for Doctor Who. Having written for the show ever since its revival under scriptwriter Russell T. Davies, Gatiss penned An Adventure In Space And Time — a drama about the Doctor’s early days at the BBC — as well as two new episodes of the latest series.
He adapted and directed an M. R. James ghost story, which was a highlight of BBC2’s Christmas Day schedule, as well as writing and presenting a documentary about the author.
Complex character: Mark Gatiss is not only playing Mycroft Holmes, he also created the show with Steven Moffat, produces it and writes the script
Steven Moffat, who co-produces the show, says: 'Mycroft is a very complex character. Somehow, he's the key to Sherlock'
An episode of Poirot’s final series similarly came from his pen. Oh, and all the while he has been starring in a sell-out production of Shakespeare’s Corialanus at the Donmar Warehouse — the latest in a line of classical theatre roles.
That he has also written three novels, based around the adventures of a detective called Lucifer Box, is almost surplus to requirements.
Small wonder, then, that one broadsheet newspaper this week used one of its editorial leader columns to declare Gatiss ‘a national treasure’.
Such popular acclaim might never have come his way had it not been for a passing comment made on a train journey from Cardiff to London in 2009, when Gatiss was travelling with Steven Moffat, his long-term collaborator on Doctor Who.
Gatiss remarked on the coincidence that in 1881, when the first Sherlock Holmes story appeared, Dr John Watson was a war veteran who had been wounded in Afghanistan. Nearly 130 years later, the British Army was fighting in the same distant outpost: perhaps, he mused, a modern-day Watson was there.
Inspiration struck both men. ‘It was a lightbulb moment,’ Gatiss says.
What followed was the most critically lauded TV show in years, and one which saw the affectionate loathing between Sherlock and Mycroft develop to a new intensity.
In one telling scene at the start of the latest series, Mycroft picked up a large white teapot and announced: ‘I’ll be mother.’ To which Holmes retorted: ‘And there is a whole childhood in a nutshell.’
Such psychologically laden lines have prompted some to suspect that Gatiss has commandeered one of literature’s best-loved heroes for some personal family therapy. For Gatiss’s own childhood was marked by a complex relationship with his parents and a bitter rivalry with his own older brother, all set against a truly gothic backdrop that was to inspire his lifelong fascination with the macabre.
When Gatiss was born in Sedgefield, County Durham, in 1966, his brother Phillip was three years old. They grew up in the village of School Aycliffe, north of Darlington, where their father was a mining engineer.
As the pits closed, his father joined his mother working at the psychiatric hospital opposite their home.
Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat came up with the idea of Sherlock while on a train to London after having worked on Doctor Who in Cardiff
The hospital, once known as Aycliffe Colony for the Mentally Defective, became Mark’s second home. He and Phillip used the swimming pool there, had their haircuts done by staff, and watched films in the hospital’s cramped cinema.
One of Gatiss’s earliest memories is of seeing Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, surrounded by people whose illness had left deep marks on their faces.
‘I was almost as frightened of the people sitting around me as of the Child Catcher [the film’s villain],’ he recalls. ‘The faces and personalities were true northern Gothic.’
He acknowledges that it also explains his adult obsession with monsters, demons and derelict buildings: ‘It definitely left its mark. I’ve always liked the macabre.
‘I was always drawn to the supernatural, anything odd. I liked “stepping out of the sunshine”.’
To the young Gatiss, his father was a forbidding figure. ‘I realise now that was mainly because he worked so hard. He wasn’t unkind, but he was a presence. When our mum said, “Wait till your father gets home”, it definitely worked.’
But it was his relationship with his brother that left the most lasting scars. The boys detested each other and fought frequently. Though they would stick up for each other in playground scraps, at home, Phillip would punch and bully his little brother.
‘We only stopped hating each other recently,’ Gatiss says. ‘We never had anything in common. He was painfully shy and found his expression in lashing out at people.’
Gatiss, meanwhile, found another escape: the stage. During his first year of drama college, he met Reece Shearsmith, Steve Pemberton and Jeremy Dyson. The four began writing and performing a ghoulish sketch show called The League Of Gentlemen.
It developed into a radio sitcom about the inhabitants of a morbidly gruesome village on the remote Yorkshire Moors, a backwater called Royston Vasey. The motto on the village signposts promised ‘You’ll Never Leave’, and the population of serial killers, psychopaths, cannibals and lunatics made sure of that.
After the show won the Perrier comedy award at the Edinburgh Fringe in 1997, it transferred to BBC2 TV.
All the actors played multiple roles, often in drag. Gatiss’s best characters included Hilary Briss, the butcher who kept cuts of human flesh for special customers; Iris, the cleaner with a disgustingly lurid lovelife; and Val, the obedient housewife whose husband is obsessed with bodily functions.
Such dark humour would hardly make Gatiss the natural choice to pen the revival of a children’s classic. But having been obsessed by Doctor Who as a child, he had supplemented his wages as an actor in the early 90s by writing four Doctor Who novels.
Redbeard: The young Sherlock appearing in flashbacks, bullied by an adult Mycroft, was played by Gatiss's co-creator Steven Moffat's son
When the show was revived for TV by producers Russell T. Davies and Steven Moffat, Gatiss was the first writer they hired. His first episode featured Simon Callow as Charles Dickens, starting a pattern that has seen Gatiss cast actors that he admired in his youth as stars for his projects.
The credits for his Christmas Day dramatisation of M.R. James’s spine-chilling story The Tractate Middoth read like a geek’s dream dinner party: there was Eleanor Bron, who starred with The Beatles in Help!; former Doctor Who assistant Louise Jameson; Una Stubbs from Til Death Us Do Part, and Roy Barraclough, the former Coronation Street actor who did a famous drag double act called Cissy and Ada with comedian Les Dawson.
Murder and mystery have been a recurring theme: Midsomer Murders, Inspector George Gently, Poirot, Marple, Jekyll… Gatiss has been involved with them all, as writer or actor.
His fascination with Victoriana and Dickensian horror spills over into real life. At the Islington house he shares with his civil partner, actor Ian Hallard, he constructed a mad scientist’s laboratory in the cellar, complete with blood-red walls, yards of glass tubes with coloured liquids bubbling over bunsen burners, and a stuffed cat.
He met Hallard, who is eight years his junior, online. He claims it is the younger man’s pristine spelling and grammar that attracted him. They were married in 2008 at the Middle Temple in the City of London.
Gatiss says he always knew that he was gay, though he had a girlfriend as a teenager, and that he accepted his real sexuality after a single afternoon of self-doubt.
‘I don’t think I was ever “in” with my friends,’ he says.
Coming out to his parents was, however, much harder.
It was only after leaving home that he plucked up the confidence to tell his mother the truth. She begged him to say nothing to his father, and promised she would break the news herself.
A year later, Gatiss realised they had dealt with the problem by denying it to themselves, and he had to go through the ordeal of coming out all over again. That taught him, he says, never to put off difficult emotional decisions.
Gatiss’s open homosexuality has led some to detect a gay frisson between his characterisation of Holmes and Watson. It’s a running joke that Inspector Lestrade and his colleagues regard 221b Baker Street as a gay love nest, and in the latest series landlady Mrs Hudson was incredulous at Watson’s protestations that he was getting engaged … ‘to a woman’.
Purists have balked at such liberties with Conan Doyle’s creation, but they are part and parcel of Gatiss’s creativity. Homosexual undercurrents, vicious sibling rivalry, gothic shadows: these are the ingredients of his adolescence which today underpin his adult success.
His next role — as a banker called Tycho Nestoris in the U.S. drama Game Of Thrones — has helped heal the rivalry with his brother.
After decades of animosity, the two are back in contact and Gatiss says Phillip, now a postman, was ‘so excited’ to hear Mark has a part in the show that he loves.
It is a remarkable rapprochement. But then, as fans of Sherlock will know, even Mycroft has moments when his little brother makes him proud.
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Which actress won an Oscar for her role in The Queen ? | Helen Mirren - Awards - IMDb
Helen Mirren
Showing all 116 wins and 122 nominations
Academy Awards, USA
For opening five films in the US.
Women's Image Award
EDA Female Focus Award
Actress Defying Age and Ageism
For making career and life choices that let fans of all ages know that becoming older is much ... More
For making career and life choices that let fans of all ages know that becoming older is much easier and more joyful when it is not encumbered by the prejudices society places upon it.
Awards Circuit Community Awards
| Helen Mirren |
"In the Bible, who was described as ""mighty hunter before the lord"" ?" | Oscars' best actresses of all time - CNN.com
Oscars' best actresses of all time
By Lisa Respers France, CNN
Updated 3:10 PM ET, Fri February 28, 2014
Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.
Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses
Brie Larson accepts the best actress award at the 88th annual Academy Awards on February 28, 2016. Larson won for her role in "Room." Here are all the other actresses who have captured the prize over the years:
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Janet Gaynor (1929) – Douglas Fairbanks Sr. hands Janet Gaynor her best actress Oscar in 1929 for Gaynor's performance in the 1927 film ''Sunrise." It was the first best actress Oscar ever awarded.
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Mary Pickford (1930) – In 1930, there were actually two Oscar ceremonies. Actress Mary Pickford, seen here, receives her best actress Oscar in April 1930 for her performance in the 1929 film "Coquette."
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Norma Shearer (1930) – Norma Shearer receives a best actress Oscar in October 1930 for her role in "The Divorcee." Giving her the award is Conrad Nagel, who starred with her in the film released earlier that year.
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Marie Dressler (1931) – Marie Dressler and Lionel Barrymore collect their best actress and best actor Oscars in 1931. Dressler won for "Min and Bill" and Barrymore won for "A Free Soul."
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Helen Hayes (1932) – Film producer Louis B. Mayer presents the best actress Oscar to Helen Hayes for her role in "The Sin of Madelon Claudet."
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Katharine Hepburn (1934) – Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Katharine Hepburn appear in the 1933 film "Morning Glory." Hepburn's performance earned her the best actress Oscar in 1934. There was no Academy Awards ceremony in 1933; films from that year and the last half of 1932 were eligible to win at the 1934 ceremony.
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Claudette Colbert (1935) – Claudette Colbert won the best actress Oscar in 1935 for "It Happened One Night," a film that was the first to win all five of the major Academy Award categories -- best picture, best director, best actor, best actress and best screenplay.
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Bette Davis (1936) – Bette Davis and film producer Jack L. Warner hold Davis' best actress Oscar at the ceremony held in 1936. Davis won her first Oscar for her role in the film "Dangerous."
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Luise Rainer (1937) – Luise Rainer, second from left, is seen at the 1937 ceremony with, from left, Louis B. Mayer, Louise Tracy and Frank Capra. Rainer won for "The Great Ziegfeld."
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Luise Rainer (1938) – For her performance in "The Good Earth," Luise Rainer won the best actress Oscar for the second consecutive year.
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Bette Davis (1939) – Bette Davis won her second Oscar in 1939, this time for "Jezebel."
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Vivien Leigh (1940) – Vivien Leigh accepts her Oscar in 1940 for her performance in "Gone With the Wind."
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Ginger Rogers (1941) – Actors James Stewart and Ginger Rogers smile after winning Oscars in 1941. Stewart won best actor for his performance in "The Philadelphia Story," while Rogers won best actress for her performance in "Kitty Foyle: The Natural History of a Woman."
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Joan Fontaine (1942) – Joan Fontaine looks at the best actress Oscar she won for her role in the film "Suspicion."
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Greer Garson (1943) – After winning the best actress Oscar in 1943, Greer Garson gets a congratulatory kiss from her "Mrs. Miniver" co-star Walter Pidgeon.
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Jennifer Jones (1944) – Jennifer Jones holds the best actress Oscar she won in 1944 for her performance in "Song of Bernadette." To her right is actress Ingrid Bergman.
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Ingrid Bergman (1945) – Ingrid Bergman didn't have to wait long to hold her own best actress award. Here, she poses with the Oscar she earned for her role in the film "Gaslight."
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Joan Crawford (1946) – Joan Crawford receives her Academy Award in bed because of an illness. She was recognized for her performance in the 1945 film "Mildred Pierce."
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Olivia de Havilland (1947) – Olivia de Havilland receives her best actress Oscar from actor Ray Milland for her performance in "To Each His Own."
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Loretta Young (1948) – Loretta Young, second from left, won the best actress Oscar in 1948 for her role in "Farmer's Daughter."
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Jane Wyman (1949) – Jane Wyman stands by a doorway backstage at the Academy Awards. She won her best actress Oscar for the film "Johnny Belinda."
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Olivia de Havilland (1950) – Olivia de Havilland looks at her two best actress Oscars. She won her second in 1950 for her role in "The Heiress."
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Judy Holliday (1951) – Judy Holliday bursts into tears in 1951 after winning the best actress Oscar for her performance in "Born Yesterday."
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Vivien Leigh (1952) – Vivien Leigh appears with Karl Malden in "A Streetcar Named Desire." Her performance in the film earned her a second Oscar.
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Shirley Booth (1953) – Shirley Booth wins the best actress Oscar for "Come Back, Little Sheba" in 1953.
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Audrey Hepburn (1954) – Audrey Hepburn is surrounded by reporters as she holds her best actress Oscar for "Roman Holiday."
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Grace Kelly (1955) – Grace Kelly poses with her Oscar after the Academy Awards ceremony in 1955. She won the statuette for her role in "The Country Girl."
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Anna Magnani (1956) – Anna Magnani enthusiastically holds the Oscar she won for "Rose Tattoo." The award was presented to her by U.S. Ambassador Clare Luce at the Villa Taverna in Rome.
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Ingrid Bergman (1957) – Ingrid Bergman, right, appears with Helen Hayes in a scene from the movie "Anastasia." Her performance earned her a second Oscar for best actress.
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Joanne Woodward (1958) – Joanne Woodward smiles while holding her best actress Oscar (and a cigarette). She received the award for her role in the film "Three Faces of Eve."
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Susan Hayward (1959) – From left, actor Burl Ives, actress Susan Hayward and actor David Niven pose with their Oscars in 1959. Hayward won for her role in "I Want to Live!"
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Simone Signoret (1960) – Actress Simone Signoret, seen here next to actor Rock Hudson at the Academy Awards ceremony in 1960, won the best actress Oscar for her role in "Room at the Top."
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Elizabeth Taylor (1961) – Elizabeth Taylor is seen with her Oscar after being named best actress for her part in "Butterfield 8."
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Sophia Loren (1962) – Sophia Loren reacts after winning best actress for the film "La Ciociara."
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Anne Bancroft (1963) – Anne Bancroft cries in her New York apartment as she accepts a congratulatory phone call following her win for "The Miracle Worker."
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Patricia Neal (1964) – Patricia Neal and her three children look at her Oscar statuette, which she won in 1964 for her role in "Hud."
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Julie Andrews (1965) – Julie Andrews looks at the Academy Award she won for "Mary Poppins'" in 1965. The role was her film debut.
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Julie Christie (1966) – Julie Christie is seen with her Academy Award, which she won for her role in "Darling."
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Elizabeth Taylor (1967) – Elizabeth Taylor holds up her second Oscar, this one for the film "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf."
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Katharine Hepburn (1968) – Katharine Hepburn and Cecil Kellaway appear in a scene from "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner." Hepburn won her second Oscar more than 30 years after her first.
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Barbra Streisand (1969) – Barbra Streisand gazes at the best actress statuette she won for "Funny Girl." There was a tie for the award in 1969, with the other winner being Katharine Hepburn.
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Katharine Hepburn (1969) – Katharine Hepburn and Peter O'Toole appear in "The Lion in Winter." The film earned Hepburn her third Oscar for best actress.
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Maggie Smith (1970) – Maggie Smith, who won for "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie," celebrates with her husband at the time, Robert Stephens.
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Glenda Jackson (1971) – Glenda Jackson won the best actress Oscar for her part in "Women In Love."
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Liza Minnelli (1973) – Liza Minnelli holds the Oscar she won for "Cabaret."
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Glenda Jackson (1974) – George Segal and Glenda Jackson appear in a scene from "A Touch of Class," which snagged Jackson the best actress Oscar in 1974.
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Ellen Burstyn (1975) – Ellen Burstyn, left, appears in "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore," which won her the best actress Oscar in 1975.
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Louise Fletcher (1976) – From left, producer Saul Zaentz, actor Jack Nicholson, actress Louise Fletcher and producer Michael Douglas pose with their Oscars at the 1976 Academy Awards ceremony. They all won for the film "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," which swept the major categories that year.
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Faye Dunaway (1977) – Faye Dunaway rests by the Beverly Hills Hotel swimming pool the morning after she received the best actress Oscar for "Network."
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Diane Keaton (1978) – Diane Keaton places her Oscar on a restaurant table after the Academy Awards ceremony in 1978. She received the award for her role in "Annie Hall."
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Jane Fonda (1979) – Jane Fonda is ecstatic about winning her second Academy Award, this one for "Coming Home."
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Cher (1988) – Cher wears that dress in 1988, when she won the Academy Award for "Moonstruck."
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Jodie Foster (1989) – Jodie Foster holds her Oscar in the press room after winning for her role in "The Accused."
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Jessica Tandy (1990) – Jessica Tandy acknowledges applause after receiving the Oscar for her role in "Driving Miss Daisy."
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Kathy Bates (1991) – Kathy Bates, far left, clutches the best actress award for her role in "Misery." To her left are fellow Oscar winners Jeremy Irons, Whoopi Goldberg and Joe Pesci.
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Jodie Foster (1992) – Jodie Foster holds up her second Oscar, this one for her role in "The Silence of the Lambs."
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Emma Thompson (1993) – Emma Thompson poses with her Oscar after winning best actress for her role in "Howards End."
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Holly Hunter (1994) – Holly Hunter poses in the press room after being awarded the best actress Oscar for her performance in "The Piano."
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Jessica Lange (1995) – Jessica Lange holds the Oscar she won for her role in the film "Blue Sky."
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Charlize Theron (2004) – Charlize Theron poses with her Oscar after winning for the film "Monster."
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Hilary Swank (2005) – Hilary Swank grabbed her second Academy Award in 2005 for the film "Million Dollar Baby."
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Reese Witherspoon (2006) – Reese Witherspoon kisses then-husband Ryan Phillippe before going on stage to accept the best actress award for "Walk the Line."
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Helen Mirren (2007) – Director Taylor Hackford kisses his wife, Helen Mirren, after Mirren won the best actress Oscar for her role in "The Queen."
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Kate Winslet (2009) – Kate Winslet reacts after winning the best actress Oscar for "The Reader."
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Sandra Bullock (2010) – Best actress Sandra Bullock gives her acceptance speech after winning for "The Blind Side."
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Natalie Portman (2011) – Natalie Portman poses in the press room after winning the best actress Oscar for "Black Swan."
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Meryl Streep (2012) – Meryl Streep, right, laughs with Sandra Bullock after Streep's win for her role in "The Iron Lady."
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Jennifer Lawrence (2013) – Jennifer Lawrence charms the audience in 2013 as she accepts the best actress Oscar for her performance in "Silver Linings Playbook."
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Cate Blanchett (2014) – Cate Blanchett won an Oscar in 2014 for her turn as a modern-day Blanche DuBois in the Woody Allen film "Blue Jasmine."
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Matthew McConaughey presents Julianne Moore with the Oscar for best actress at the 87th Academy Awards in 2015. She won for her role in "Still Alice."
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| i don't know |
The Herdwick is a breed of which domesticated animal ? | Sheep Breeds — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science
Breeds of Livestock - Sheep Breeds
Sheep: (Ovis aries)
There are a number of different theories regarding the origins of domestic sheep. However, most sources agree that they originated from mouflon. There are two wild populations of mouflons still in existence: the Asiatic mouflon which is still found in the mountains of Asia Minor and southern Iran and the European mouflon of which the only existing members are on the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. These two species are closely related with the only difference being the redder coloration and different horn configuration of the Asiatic mouflon. Some sources even hypothesize that the European mouflon actually developed from the first domestic sheep in European being allowed to become feral and that all sheep are actually descendants of the Asiatic mouflon.
Sheep were among the first animals domesticated. An archeological site in Iran produced a statuette of a wooled sheep which suggests that selection for woolly sheep had begun to occur over 6000 years ago. The common features of today's sheep were already appearing in Mesopotamian and Babylonian art and books by 3000 B.C.
Another indication of the early domestication is the fact that they are the only species of livestock unable to return to a feral or
wild state. Selection for wool type, flocking instinct and other economically important traits over the centuries has resulted in more than 200 distinct breeds of sheep occurring worldwide. Modern breeding schemes have also resulted in an increasing number of composite or synthetic breeds which are the result of a crossing of two or more established breeds.
| The Sheep |
"The name of which curry-flavoured soup of Anglo-Indian origin means ""pepper water"" ?" | Guardians of England’s Finest Landscape
Herdwick Sheep
HERDWICK SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION 1916 – 2016
CENTENARY YEAR 2016
Herdwick sheep are the native breed of the central and western Lake District and live on the highest of England’s mountains. They are extremely hardy and are managed in the traditional way on the Lake District fells that have been their home for generations.
The word “Herdwyck”, meaning sheep pasture, is recorded in documents going back to the 12th century. Herdwick sheep are the most hardy of all Britain’s breeds of hill sheep, grazing the central and western dales of the Lake District with fells running to over 3000 feet.
Herdwick farms have typically less than 100 acres of lower, more productive land and rely on the common grazings of the high Lake District fells. The lambs graze with their mothers on the “heaf” belonging to that farm instilling a life long knowledge of where on the fell they should be grazing. This is crucial as the central Lake District fells are inaccessible and a sheep which strays from Borrowdale to Eskdale will involve a 100 mile round trip by road for the farmer to collect it.
The Herdwick’s hardiness and ability to graze over a wide area of fell is key to the maintenance of the Lake District landscape as we know it. By purchasing Herdwick products you are giving the farmers that manage this candidate World Heritage Site a sustainable future.
Please note that the images used on these pages were provided by members of HSBA and by David Stephenson and should not be reproduced without permission
| i don't know |
In 1956, who became the first European Footballer of the Year ? | footballsite - European Footballer of the Year 1956
Stanley Matthews
That the first European Footballer of the Year award went to a 41-year old who played for a far from glamorous club is a testament to the regard that Europe held for the 'Master of the Dribble', Stanley Matthews.
1956 Winner: Stanley Matthews (Blackpool & England)
Sixteen representatives from the countries of Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, England, France, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, West Germany and Yugoslavia voted for the first European Footballer of the Year. Despite the fact that Europe finally knew who its best club was - Real Madrid had won the first European Cup final in June 1956 - the first award went to a man who would never kick a ball in European club competitions, Stanley Matthews.
Top 11 positions -
| Stanley Matthews |
The existence of the planet Neptune was deduced in the 1840's from disturbances it caused in the orbit of which other planet ? | European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")
European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")
Since 1956 the bi-weekly (formerly weekly) French magazine France Football awards the "Ballon d'Or" for the best European Footballer of the calendar year. Only players from European clubs are eligible. Until 1994 any player from an European National Team was eligible; since 1995 any player from a European club (regardless of his nationality) is eligible but he must also be part of a preliminary list of 50 players established by France Football.
Voters are journalists - one from each member country of UEFA. Each voter chooses 5 players and points are awarded as follows: 5 points for a first place in a voters' list, 4 points for second, 3 points for third, 2 points for fourth, and 1 point for fifth.
In 2010 the election was not held but combined with the FIFA World Player of the Year . As that is (theoretically) not restricted to players active at European clubs, that is considered the end of the European Footballer of the Year.
The cooperation between FIFA and France Football ended in 2016; since that year France Football again offers its own award.
Palmares
1956 Stanley MATTHEWS (Eng) Blackpool (Eng) 1957 Alfredo DI ST�FANO (Spa [*]) Real Madrid (Spa) 1958 Raymond KOPA (Fra) Real Madrid (Spa) 1959 Alfredo DI ST�FANO (Spa [*]) Real Madrid (Spa) 1960 Luis SU�REZ (Spa) Barcelona (Spa) 1961 Omar SIVORI (Ita [*]) Juventus (Ita) 1962 Josef MASOPUST (Cze) Dukla Praha (Cze) 1963 Lev YASHIN (SU) Dynamo Moskva (SU) 1964 Denis LAW (Sco) Manchester United (Eng) 1965 EUS�BIO (Por) Benfica (Por) 1966 Bobby CHARLTON (Eng) Manchester United (Eng) 1967 Fl�ri�n ALBERT (Hun) Ferencv�ros (Hun) 1968 George BEST (Nil) Manchester United (Eng) 1969 Gianni RIVERA (Ita) Milan (Ita) 1970 Gerd M�LLER (Ger) Bayern M�nchen (Ger) 1971 Johan CRUIJFF (Net) Ajax (Net) 1972 Franz BECKENBAUER (Ger) Bayern M�nchen (Ger) 1973 Johan CRUIJFF (Net) Barcelona (Spa) 1974 Johan CRUIJFF (Net) Barcelona (Spa) 1975 Oleg BLOKHIN (SU) Dynamo Kiev (SU) 1976 Franz BECKENBAUER (Ger) Bayern M�nchen (Ger) 1977 Alan SIMONSEN (Den) Borussia M�nchengladbach (Ger) 1978 Kevin KEEGAN (Eng) Hamburger SV (Ger) 1979 Kevin KEEGAN (Eng) Hamburger SV (Ger) 1980 Karl-Heinz RUMMENIGGE (Ger) Bayern M�nchen (Ger) 1981 Karl-Heinz RUMMENIGGE (Ger) Bayern M�nchen (Ger) 1982 Paolo ROSSI (Ita) Juventus (Ita) 1983 Michel PLATINI (Fra) Juventus (Ita) 1984 Michel PLATINI (Fra) Juventus (Ita) 1985 Michel PLATINI (Fra) Juventus (Ita) 1986 Igor BELANOV (SU) Dynamo Kiev (SU) 1987 Ruud GULLIT (Net) Milan (Ita) 1988 Marco VAN BASTEN (Net) Milan (Ita) 1989 Marco VAN BASTEN (Net) Milan (Ita) 1990 Lothar MATTH�US (Ger) Internazionale (Ita) 1991 Jean-Pierre PAPIN (Fra) Olympique Marseille (Fra) 1992 Marco VAN BASTEN (Net) Milan (Ita) 1993 Roberto BAGGIO (Ita) Juventus (Ita) 1994 Hristo STOITCHKOV (Bul) Barcelona (Spa) 1995 George WEAH (Lib) Milan (Ita) 1996 Matthias SAMMER (Ger) Borussia Dortmund (Ger) 1997 RONALDO (Bra) Internazionale (Ita) 1998 Zinedine ZIDANE (Fra) Juventus (Ita) 1999 RIVALDO (Bra) Barcelona (Spa) 2000 Luis FIGO (Por) Real Madrid (Spa) 2001 Michael OWEN (Eng) Liverpool (Eng) 2002 RONALDO (Bra) Real Madrid (Spa) 2003 Pavel NEDVED (Cze) Juventus (Ita) 2004 Andriy SHEVCHENKO (Ukr) Milan (Ita) 2005 RONALDINHO (Bra) Barcelona (Spa) 2006 Fabio CANNAVARO (Ita) Real Madrid (Spa) 2007 KAK� (Bra) Milan (Ita) 2008 Cristiano RONALDO (Por) Manchester United (Eng) 2009 Lionel MESSI (Arg) Barcelona (Spa) 2010 election incorporated into FIFA World Player of the Year 2011 election incorporated into FIFA World Player of the Year 2012 election incorporated into FIFA World Player of the Year 2013 election incorporated into FIFA World Player of the Year 2014 election incorporated into FIFA World Player of the Year 2015 election incorporated into FIFA World Player of the Year 2016 Cristiano RONALDO (Por) Real Madrid (SPA) [*] Di St�fano and Sivori were born in Argentina and first played for that country.
Rankings by Wins
Wins by Club: Juventus 8 (Platini 3, Sivori, Rossi, Baggio, Zidane, Nedved) Milan 8 (Van Basten 3, Rivera, Gullit, Weah, Shevchenko, Kak�) Barcelona 7 (Cruijff 2, Su�rez, Stoitchkov, Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, Messi) Real Madrid 7 (Di St�fano 2, Kopa, Figo, Ronaldo, Cannavaro, Cristiano Ronaldo) Bayern M�nchen 5 (Beckenbauer 2, Rummenigge 2, M�ller) Manchester United 4 (Law, Charlton, Best, Cristiano Ronaldo) Dynamo Kiev 2 (Blokhin, Belanov) Hamburger SV 2 (Keegan) Internazionale 2 (Matth�us, Ronaldo) Ajax 1 (Cruijff) Benfica 1 (Eus�bio) Blackpool 1 (Matthews) Borussia Dortmund 1 (Sammer) Borussia MG 1 (Simonsen) Dukla Praha 1 (Masopust) Dynamo Moskva 1 (Yashin) Ferencv�ros 1 (Albert) Liverpool 1 (Owen) Olymp. Marseille 1 (Papin) Wins by Country: Germany 7 (Beckenbauer 2, Rummenigge 2, M�ller, Matth�us, Sammer) Netherlands 7 (Cruijff 3, Van Basten 3, Gullit) France 6 (Platini 3, Kopa, Papin, Zidane) Brazil 5 (Ronaldo 2, Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, Kak�) England 5 (Keegan 2, Matthews, Charlton, Owen) Italy 5 (Sivori, Rivera, Rossi, Baggio, Cannavaro) Portugal 4 (Cristiano Ronaldo 2, Eus�bio, Figo) Soviet Union 3 (Belanov, Blokhin, Yashin) Spain 3 (Di St�fano 2, Su�rez) Argentina 1 (Messi) Bulgaria 1 (Stoitchkov) Czech Republic 1 (Nedved) Czechoslovakia 1 (Masopust) Denmark 1 (Simonsen) Hungary 1 (Albert) Liberia 1 (Weah) Northern Ireland 1 (Best) Scotland 1 (Law) Ukraine 1 (Shevchenko) Wins by League: Italy 18 Spain 14 Germany 9 England 6 Soviet Union 3 Czechoslovakia 1 France 1 Hungary 1 Netherlands 1 Portugal 1 Wins by Player: Van Basten 3 Cruijff 3 Platini 3 Beckenbauer 2 Keegan 2 Ronaldo 2 Cristiano Ronaldo 2 K.H. Rummenigge 2 Di St�fano 2 Albert 1 R. Baggio 1 Belanov 1 Best 1 Blokhin 1 Cannavaro 1 B. Charlton 1 Eus�bio 1 Figo 1 Gullit 1 Kak� 1 Kopa 1 Law 1 Masopust 1 Matth�us 1 Matthews 1 Messi 1 G. M�ller 1 Nedved 1 Owen 1 Papin 1 Rivaldo 1 Rivera 1 Ronaldinho 1 Rossi 1 Sammer 1 Shevchenko 1 Simonsen 1 Sivori 1 Stoitchkov 1 Su�rez 1 Weah 1 Yashin 1 Zidane 1
Yearwise Top-5
1956 1. Stanley MATTHEWS (Blackpool) (England) 47 2. Alfredo di St�fano (Real Madrid) (Spain) 44 3. Raymond Kopa (Stade Reims) (France) 33 4. Ferenc Pusk�s (Honv�d) (Hungary) 32 5. Lev Yashin (Dynamo Moskva) (Soviet Union) 19 1957 1. Alfredo DI ST�FANO (Real Madrid) (Spain) 72 2. Billy Wright (Wolverhampton Wanderers) (England) 19 3. Raymond Kopa (Real Madrid) (France) 16 4. Duncan Edwards (Manchester United) (England) 16 5. L�szlo Kubala (Barcelona) (Spain) 15 1958 1. Raymond KOPA (Real Madrid) (France) 71 2. Helmut Rahn (Rot-Wei� Essen) (West Germany) 40 3. Just Fontaine (Stade Reims) (France) 23 4. Kurt Hamrin (Fiorentina) (Sweden) 15 John Charles (Juventus) (Wales) 15 1959 1. Alfredo DI ST�FANO (Real Madrid) (Spain) 80 2. Raymond Kopa (Real Madrid) (France) 42 3. John Charles (Juventus) (Wales) 24 4. Luis Su�rez (Barcelona) (Spain) 22 5. Agne Simonsson (�rgryte) (Sweden) 20 1960 1. Luis SU�REZ (Barcelona) (Spain) 54 2. Ferenc Pusk�s (Real Madrid) (Hungary) 37 3. Uwe Seeler (Hamburger SV) (West Germany) 33 4. Alfredo di St�fano (Real Madrid) (Spain) 32 5. Lev Yashin (Dynamo Moskva) (Soviet Union) 28 1961 1. Omar SIVORI (Juventus) (Italy) 46 2. Luis Su�rez (Internazionale) (Spain) 40 3. Johnny Haynes (Fulham) (England) 22 4. Lev Yashin (Dynamo Moskva) (Soviet Union) 21 5. Ferenc Pusk�s (Real Madrid) (Spain) 16 1962 1. Josef MASOPUST (Dukla Praha) (Czechoslovakia) 65 2. Eus�bio (Benfica) (Portugal) 53 3. Karl-Heinz Schnellinger (1.FC K�ln) (West Germany) 33 4. Dragoslav Sekularac (Crvena zvezda Beograd) (Yugoslavia) 26 5. Joseph Jurion (Anderlecht) (Belgium) 15 1963 1. Lev YASHIN (Dynamo Moskva) (Soviet Union) 73 2. Gianni Rivera (Milan) (Italy) 55 3. Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) (England) 50 4. Denis Law (Manchester United) (Scotland) 45 5. Eus�bio (Benfica) (Portugal) 19 1964 1. Denis LAW (Manchester United) (Scotland) 61 2. Luis Su�rez (Internazionale) (Spain) 43 3. Amancio (Real Madrid) (Spain) 38 4. Eus�bio (Benfica) (Portugal) 31 5. Paul Van Himst (Anderlecht) (Belgium) 28 1965 1. EUS�BIO (Benfica) (Portugal) 67 2. Giacinto Facchetti (Internazionale) (Italy) 59 3. Luis Su�rez (Internazionale) (Spain) 45 4. Paul Van Himst (Anderlecht) (Belgium) 25 5. Bobby Charlton (Manchester United) (England) 19 1966 1. Bobby CHARLTON (Manchester United) (England) 81 2. Eus�bio (Benfica) (Portugal) 80 3. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 59 4. Bobby Moore (West Ham United) (England) 31 5. Fl�ri�n Albert (Ferencv�ros) (Hungary) 23 1967 1. Fl�ri�n ALBERT (Ferencv�ros) (Hungary) 68 2. Bobby Charlton (Manchester United) (England) 40 3. Jimmy Johnstone (Celtic) (Scotland) 39 4. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 37 5. Eus�bio (Benfica) (Portugal) 26 1968 1. George BEST (Manchester United) (Northern Ireland) 61 2. Bobby Charlton (Manchester United) (England) 53 3. Dragan Dzajic (Crvena zvezda Beograd) (Yugoslavia) 46 4. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 36 5. Giacinto Facchetti (Internazionale) (Italy) 30 1969 1. Gianni RIVERA (Milan) (Italy) 83 2. Luigi Riva (Cagliari) (Italy) 79 3. Gerd M�ller (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 38 4. Johan Cruijff (Ajax) (Netherlands) 30 Ove Kindvall (Feijenoord) (Sweden) 30 1970 1. Gerd M�LLER (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 77 2. Bobby Moore (West Ham United) (England) 70 3. Luigi Riva (Cagliari) (Italy) 65 4. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 32 5. Wolfgang Overath (1.FC K�ln) (West Germany) 29 1971 1. Johan CRUIJFF (Ajax) (Netherlands) 116 2. Sandro Mazzola (Internazionale) (Italy) 57 3. George Best (Manchester United) (Northern Ireland) 56 4. G�nter Netzer (Borussia M�nchengladbach) (West Germany) 30 5. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 27 1972 1. Franz BECKENBAUER (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 81 2. Gerd M�ller (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 79 3. G�nter Netzer (Borussia M�nchengladbach) (West Germany) 79 4. Johan Cruijff (Ajax) (Netherlands) 73 5. Piet Keizer (Ajax) (Netherlands) 13 1973 1. Johan CRUIJFF (Barcelona) (Netherlands) 96 2. Dino Zoff (Juventus) (Italy) 47 3. Gerd M�ller (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 44 4. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 30 5. Billy Bremner (Leeds United) (Scotland) 22 1974 1. Johan CRUIJFF (Barcelona) (Netherlands) 116 2. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 105 3. Kazimierz Deyna (Legia Warszawa) (Poland) 35 4. Paul Breitner (Real Madrid) (West Germany) 32 5. Johan Neeskens (Barcelona) (Netherlands) 21 1975 1. Oleg BLOKHIN (Dynamo Kiev) (Soviet Union) 122 2. Franz Beckenbauer (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 42 3. Johan Cruijff (Barcelona) (Netherlands) 27 4. Berti Vogts (Borussia M�nchengladbach) (West Germany) 25 5. Sepp Maier (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 20 1976 1. Franz BECKENBAUER (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 91 2. Robby Rensenbrink (Anderlecht) (Netherlands) 75 3. Ivo Viktor (Dukla Praha) (Czechoslovakia) 52 4. Kevin Keegan (Liverpool) (England) 32 5. Michel Platini (Nancy) (France) 19 1977 1. Alan SIMONSEN (Borussia M�nchengladbach) (Denmark) 74 2. Kevin Keegan (Hamburger SV) (England) 71 3. Michel Platini (Nancy) (France) 70 4. Roberto Bettega (Juventus) (Italy) 39 5. Johan Cruijff (Barcelona) (Netherlands) 23 1978 1. Kevin KEEGAN (Hamburger SV) (England) 87 2. Hans Krankl (Barcelona) (Austria) 81 3. Rob Rensenbrink (Anderlecht) (Netherlands) 50 4. Roberto Bettega (Juventus) (Italy) 28 5. Paolo Rossi (Lanerossi Vicenza) (Italy) 23 1979 1. Kevin KEEGAN (Hamburger SV) (England) 118 2. Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 52 3. Ruud Krol (Ajax) (Netherlands) 41 4. Manfred Kaltz (Hamburger SV) (West Germany) 27 5. Michel Platini (Saint-Etienne) (France) 23 1980 1. Karl-Heinz RUMMENIGGE (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 122 2. Bernd Schuster (Barcelona) (West Germany) 34 3. Michel Platini (Saint-Etienne) (France) 33 4. Wilfried Van Moer (Beveren) (Belgium) 27 5. Jan Ceulemans (Club Brugge) (Belgium) 20 1981 1. Karl-Heinz RUMMENIGGE (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 106 2. Paul Breitner (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 64 3. Bernd Schuster (Barcelona) (West Germany) 39 4. Michel Platini (Saint-Etienne) (France) 36 5. Oleg Blokhin (Dynamo Kiev) (Soviet Union) 14 1982 1. Paolo ROSSI (Juventus) (Italy) 115 2. Alain Giresse (Girondins Bordeaux) (France) 64 3. Zbigniew Boniek (Juventus) (Poland) 53 4. Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 51 5. Bruno Conti (Roma) (Italy) 48 1983 1. Michel PLATINI (Juventus) (France) 110 2. Kenny Dalglish (Liverpool) (Scotland) 26 3. Allan Simonsen (Vejle BK) (Denmark) 25 4. Gordon Strachan (Aberdeen) (Scotland) 24 5. Felix Magath (Hamburger SV) (West Germany) 20 1984 1. Michel PLATINI (Juventus) (France) 128 2. Jean Tigana (Girondins Bordeaux) (France) 57 3. Preben Elkj�r-Larsen (Hellas Verona) (Denmark) 48 4. Ian Rush (Liverpool) (Wales) 44 5. Chalana (Girondins Bordeaux) (Portugal) 18 1985 1. Michel PLATINI (Juventus) (France) 127 2. Preben Elkj�r-Larsen (Hellas Verona) (Denmark) 71 3. Bernd Schuster (Barcelona) (West Germany) 46 4. Michael Laudrup (Juventus) (Denmark) 14 5. Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Bayern M�nchen) (West Germany) 13 1986 1. Igor BELANOV (Dynamo Kiev) (Soviet Union) 84 2. Gary Lineker (Barcelona) (England) 62 3. Emilio Butrague�o (Real Madrid) (Spain) 59 4. Manuel Amoros (Monaco) (France) 22 Preben Elkj�r-Larsen (Hellas Verona) (Denmark) 22 1987 1. Ruud GULLIT (Milan) (Netherlands) 106 2. Paulo Futre (Atl�tico Madrid) (Portugal) 91 3. Emilio Butrague�o (Real Madrid) (Spain) 61 4. Gonzales Michel (Real Madrid) (Spain) 29 5. Gary Lineker (Barcelona) (England) 13 1988 1. Marco VAN BASTEN (Milan) (Netherlands) 129 2. Ruud Gullit (Milan) (Netherlands) 88 3. Frank Rijkaard (Milan) (Netherlands) 45 4. Alexei Mikhailichenko (Dynamo Kiev) (Soviet Union) 41 5. Ronald Koeman (PSV) (Netherlands) 39 1989 1. Marco VAN BASTEN (Milan) (Netherlands) 119 2. Franco Baresi (Milan) (Italy) 80 3. Frank Rijkaard (Milan) (Netherlands) 43 4. Lothar Matth�us (Internazionale) (West Germany) 24 5. Peter Shilton (Derby County) (England) 22 1990 1. Lothar MATTH�US (Internazionale) (West Germany) 137 2. Salvatore Schillaci (Juventus) (Italy) 84 3. Andreas Brehme (Internazionale) (West Germany) 68 4. Paul Gascoigne (Tottenham Hotspur) (England) 43 5. Franco Baresi (Milan) (Italy) 37 1991 1. Jean-Pierre PAPIN (Olympique Marseille) (France) 141 2. Lothar Matth�us (Internazionale) (Germany) 42 Darko Pancev (Crvena zvezda Beograd) (Yugoslavia) 42 Dejan Savicevic (Crvena zvezda Beograd) (Yugoslavia) 42 5. Robert Prosinecki (Real Madrid) (Yugoslavia) 34 1992 1. Marco VAN BASTEN (Milan) (Netherlands) 98 2. Hristo Stoitchkov (Barcelona) (Bulgaria) 80 3. Dennis Bergkamp (Ajax) (Netherlands) 53 4. Thomas H�ssler (Roma) (Germany) 42 5. Peter Schmeichel (Manchester United) (Denmark) 41 1993 1. Roberto BAGGIO (Juventus) (Italy) 142 2. Dennis Bergkamp (Internazionale) (Netherlands) 83 3. Eric Cantona (Manchester United) (France) 34 4. Alen Boksic (Lazio) (Croatia) 29 5. Michael Laudrup (Barcelona) (Denmark) 27 1994 1. Hristo STOITCHKOV (Barcelona) (Bulgaria) 210 2. Roberto Baggio (Juventus) (Italy) 136 3. Paolo Maldini (Milan) (Italy) 109 4. Tomas Brolin (Parma) (Sweden) 68 Gheorghe Hagi (Barcelona) (Romania) 68 1995 1. George WEAH (Milan) (Liberia) 144 2. J�rgen Klinsmann (Bayern M�nchen) (Germany) 108 3. Jari Litmanen (Ajax) (Finland) 67 4. Alessandro Del Piero (Juventus) (Italy) 57 5. Patrick Kluivert (Ajax) (Netherlands) 47 1996 1. Matthias SAMMER (Borussia Dortmund) (Germany) 144 2. Ronaldo (Barcelona) (Brazil) 143 3. Alan Shearer (Newcastle United) (England) 107 4. Alessandro Del Piero (Juventus) (Italy) 69 5. J�rgen Klinsmann (Bayern M�nchen) (Germany) 60 1997 1. RONALDO (Internazionale) (Brazil) 222 2. Predrag Mijatovic (Real Madrid) (Yugoslavia) 68 3. Zinedine Zidane (Juventus) (France) 63 4. Dennis Bergkamp (Arsenal) (Netherlands) 57 5. Roberto Carlos (Real Madrid) (Brazil) 47 1998 1. Zinedine ZIDANE (Juventus) (France) 244 2. Davor Suker (Real Madrid) (Croatia) 68 3. Ronaldo (Internazionale) (Brazil) 66 4. Michael Owen (Liverpool) (England) 51 5. Rivaldo (Barcelona) (Brazil) 45 1999 1. RIVALDO (Barcelona) (Brazil) 219 2. David Beckham (Manchester United) (England) 154 3. Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (Ukraine) 64 4. Gabriel Batistuta (Fiorentina) (Argentina) 48 5. Luis Figo (Barcelona) (Portugal) 38 2000 1. Luis FIGO (Real Madrid) (Portugal) 197 2. Zinedine Zidane (Juventus) (France) 181 3. Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (Ukraine) 85 4. Thierry Henry (Arsenal) (France) 57 5. Alessandro Nesta (Lazio) (Italy) 39 Rivaldo (Barcelona) (Brazil) 39 2001 1. Michael OWEN (Liverpool) (England) 176 2. Ra�l (Real Madrid) (Spain) 140 3. Oliver Kahn (Bayern M�nchen) (Germany) 114 4. David Beckham (Manchester United) (England) 102 5. Francesco Totti (Roma) (Italy) 57 2002 1. RONALDO (Real Madrid) (Brazil) 169 2. Roberto Carlos (Real Madrid) (Brazil) 145 3. Oliver Kahn (Bayern M�nchen) (Germany) 110 4. Zinedine Zidane (Real Madrid) (France) 78 5. Michael Ballack (Bayern M�nchen) (Germany) 71 2003 1. Pavel NEDVED (Juventus) (Czech Republic) 190 2. Thierry Henry (Arsenal) (France) 128 3. Paolo Maldini (Milan) (Italy) 123 4. Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (Ukraine) 67 5. Zinedine Zidane (Real Madrid) (France) 64 2004 1. ANDRIY SHEVCHENKO (Milan) (Ukraine) 175 2. Deco (Barcelona) (Portugal) 139 3. Ronaldinho (Barcelona) (Brazil) 133 4. Thierry Henry (Arsenal) (France) 80 5. Theodoros Zagorakis (Bologna) (Greece) 44 2005 1. RONALDINHO (Barcelona) (Brazil) 225 2. Frank Lampard (Chelsea) (England) 148 3. Steven Gerrard (Liverpool) (England) 142 4. Thierry Henry (Arsenal) (France) 41 5. Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (Ukraine) 33 2006 1. Fabio CANNAVARO (Real Madrid) (Italy) 173 2. Gianluigi Buffon (Juventus) (Italy) 124 3. Thierry Henry (Arsenal) (France) 121 4. Ronaldinho (Barcelona) (Brazil) 73 5. Zinedine Zidane (none) (France) 71 2007 1. KAK� (Milan) (Brazil) 444 2. Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United) (Portugal) 277 3. Lionel Andr�s Messi (Barcelona) (Argentina) 255 4. Didier Drogba (Chelsea) (Ivory Coast) 108 5. Andrea Pirlo (Milan) (Italy) 41 2008 1. Cristiano RONALDO (Manchester United) (Portugal) 446 2. Lionel Andr�s Messi (Barcelona) (Argentina) 281 3. Fernando Torres (Liverpool) (Spain) 179 4. Iker Casillas (Real Madrid) (Spain) 133 5. Xavi Hernandez (Barcelona) (Spain) 97 2009 1. Lionel Andr�s MESSI (Barcelona) (Argentina) 473 2. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid) (Portugal) 233 3. Xavi Hernandez (Barcelona) (Spain) 170 4. Andres Iniesta (Barcelona) (Spain) 149 5. Samuel Eto'o (Inter) (Cameroon) 75 2016 1. Cristiano RONALDO (Real Madrid) (Portugal) 745 2. Lionel Andr�s Messi (Barcelona) (Argentina) 316 3. Antoine Griezmann (Atl�tico Madrid) (France) 198 4. Luis Su�rez (Barcelona) (Uruguay) 91 5. Neymar (Barcelona) (Brazil) 68
Rankings by Medals
Medals by Club G S B tot 1.Juventus 8 5 3 16 2.Milan 8 3 6 17 3.Barcelona 7 8 6 21 4.Real Madrid 7 8 4 19 5.Bayern M�nchen 5 6 5 16 6.Manchester United 4 4 2 10 7.Internazionale 2 6 3 11 8.Hamburger SV 2 1 1 4 9.Dynamo Kiev 2 2 10.Benfica 1 2 3 11.Liverpool 1 1 2 4 12.Ajax 1 3 4 13.Borussia M�nchengladbach 1 1 2 Dukla Praha 1 1 2 15.Blackpool 1 1 Borussia Dortmund 1 1 Dynamo Moskva 1 1 Ferencv�ros 1 1 Olympique Marseille 1 1 20.Crvena zvezda Beograd 2 1 3 21.Girondins Bordeaux 2 2 22.Anderlecht 1 1 2 Arsenal 1 1 2 Atl�tico Madrid 1 1 2 Cagliari 1 1 2 Verona 1 1 2 27.Chelsea 1 1 Rot-Weiss Essen 1 1 West Ham United 1 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 1 31.Stade Reims 2 2 32.Celtic 1 1 Fulham 1 1 1.FC K�ln 1 1 Legia Warszawa 1 1 Nancy 1 1 Newcastle United 1 1 Saint-Etienne 1 1 Tottenham Hotspur 1 1 Vejle 1 1 total 55 57 54 166 NB: there were 3 silver and no bronze medals in 1991 Medals by Country G S B tot 1.Germany 7 9 11 27 2.Netherlands 7 3 6 16 3.France 6 5 9 20 4.Italy 5 9 3 17 5.England 5 8 4 17 6.Brazil 5 2 2 9 7.Portugal 4 6 10 8.Spain 3 4 6 13 9.Soviet Union 3 3 10.Argentina 1 2 1 4 11.Denmark 1 1 2 4 12.Scotland 1 1 1 3 13.Bulgaria 1 1 2 Hungary 1 1 2 15.Ukraine 1 2 3 16.Czechoslovakia 1 1 2 Northern Ireland 1 1 2 18.Czech Republic 1 1 Liberia 1 1 20.Yugoslavia 3 1 4 22.Austria 1 1 Croatia 1 1 24.Poland 2 2 25.Finland 1 1 Wales 1 1 total 55 57 54 166 NB: there were 3 silver and no bronze medals in 1991 Medals by League G S B tot 1.Italy 18 16 14 48 2.Spain 14 17 11 42 3.Germany 9 8 8 25 4.England 6 9 8 23 5.Soviet Union 3 3 6.France 1 2 4 7 7.Portugal 1 2 3 8.Netherlands 1 3 4 9.Czechoslovakia 1 1 2 10.Hungary 1 1 11.Yugoslavia 2 1 3 12.Belgium 1 1 2 13.Denmark 1 1 Poland 1 1 Scotland 1 1 total 55 57 54 166 NB: there were 3 silver and no bronze medals in 1991 Medals by Player G S B tot 1.Platini 3 2 5 2.Cruijff 3 1 4 3.Van Basten 3 3 4.Beckenbauer 2 2 1 5 5.Cristiano Ronaldo 2 2 4 6.Ronaldo 2 1 1 4 7.Di St�fano 2 1 3 Keegan 2 1 3 K.H. Rummenigge 2 1 3 10.Messi 1 2 1 3 Su�rez 1 2 1 4 12.B. Charlton 1 2 3 Eus�bio 1 2 3 14.Kopa 1 1 2 4 G. M�ller 1 1 2 4 16.Zidane 1 1 1 3 17.R. Baggio 1 1 2 Gullit 1 1 2 Matth�us 1 1 2 Rivera 1 1 2 Stoitchkov 1 1 2 22.Shevchenko 1 2 3 23.Best 1 1 2 Ronaldinho 1 1 2 Simonsen 1 1 2 26.Albert 1 1 Belanov 1 1 Blokhin 1 1 Cannavaro 1 1 Figo 1 1 Kak� 1 1 Law 1 1 Masopust 1 1 Matthews 1 1 Nedved 1 1 Owen 1 1 Papin 1 1 Rivaldo 1 1 Rossi 1 1 Sammer 1 1 Sivori 1 1 Weah 1 1 Yashin 1 1 44.Schuster 1 2 3 45.Bergkamp 1 1 2 Elkj�r-Larsen 1 1 2 Henry 1 1 2 Rensenbrink 1 1 2 Riva 1 1 2 50.Baresi 1 1 Beckham 1 1 Breitner 1 1 Buffon 1 1 Dalglish 1 1 Deco 1 1 Facchetti 1 1 Futre 1 1 Giresse 1 1 Klinsmann 1 1 Krankl 1 1 Lampard 1 1 Lineker 1 1 Mazzola 1 1 Mijatovic 1 1 Moore 1 1 Pancev 1 1 Pusk�s 1 1 Rahn 1 1 Ra�l 1 1 Roberto Carlos 1 1 Savicevic 1 1 Schillaci 1 1 Suker 1 1 Tigana 1 1 Wright 1 1 Zoff 1 1 77.Butrague�o 2 2 Kahn 2 2 Maldini 2 2 Rijkaard 2 2 81.Amancio 1 1 Boniek 1 1 Brehme 1 1 Cantona 1 1 Charles 1 1 Deyna 1 1 Dzajic 1 1 Fontaine 1 1 Gerrard 1 1 Greaves 1 1 Griezmann 1 1 Haynes 1 1 Johnstone 1 1 Krol 1 1 Litmanen 1 1 Netzer 1 1 Schnellinger 1 1 Seeler 1 1 Shearer 1 1 Torres 1 1 Viktor 1 1 Xavi 1 1 total 55 57 54 166
Some Records
Most wins by player: 1. Marco van Basten 3 Johan Cruijff 3 Michel Platini 3 4. Franz Beckenbauer 2 Kevin Keegan 2 Ronaldo 2 Cristiano Ronaldo 2 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 2 Alfredo di St�fano 2 Most consecutive wins by player: 1. Michel Platini 3 2. Marco van Basten 2 Johan Cruijff 2 Kevin Keegan 2 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 2 Most placings in top-3 by player: 1. Franz Beckenbauer 5 Michel Platini 5 3. Johan Cruijff 4 Raymond Kopa 4 Lionel Messi 4* Gerd M�ller 4 Ronaldo 4 Cristiano Ronaldo 4* Luis Su�rez 4 10. Marco van Basten 3 Bobby Charlton 3 Eus�bio 3 Kevin Keegan 3 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 3 Bernd Schuster 3 Andriy Shevchenko 3 Alfredo di St�fano 3 Zinedine Zidane 3 Most consecutive placings in top-3 by player: 1. Raymond Kopa 4 Lionel Messi 4* Cristiano Ronaldo 4* 4. Franz Beckenbauer 3 Bobby Charlton 3 Johan Cruijff 3 Kevin Keegan 3 Michel Platini 3 Ronaldo 3 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 3 Most placings in top-5 by player: 1. Franz Beckenbauer 10 2. Michel Platini 8 3. Johan Cruijff 7 4. Eus�bio 6 Zinedine Zidane 6 6. Thierry Henry 5 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 5 Luis Su�rez 5 Andriy Shevchenko 5 10. Bobby Charlton 4 Kevin Keegan 4 Raymond Kopa 4 Lionel Messi 4* Gerd M�ller 4 Ronaldo 4 Cristiano Ronaldo 4* Alfredo di St�fano 4 Lev Yashin 4 Most consecutive placings in top-5 by player: 1. Franz Beckenbauer 7 2. Eus�bio 6 3. Johan Cruijff 5 4. Bobby Charlton 4 Thierry Henry 4 Kevin Keegan 4 Raymond Kopa 4 Lionel Messi 4* Cristiano Ronaldo 4* Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 4 Most placings in top-10 by player: 1. Franz Beckenbauer 11 2. Johan Cruijff 9 3. Gerd M�ller 8 Michel Platini 8 5. Bobby Charlton 7 Eus�bio 7 Thierry Henry 7 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 7 Zinedine Zidane 7 10. J�rgen Klinsmann 6 Ra�l 6 Gianni Rivera 6 Andriy Shevchenko 6 Luis Su�rez 6 Lev Yashin 6 16. Marco van Basten 5 John Charles 5 Raymond Kopa 5 Paolo Maldini 5 Alfredo di St�fano 5 21. Franco Baresi 4 Dennis Bergkamp 4 George Best 4 Kevin Keegan 4 Michael Laudrup 4 Lothar Matth�us 4 Lionel Messi 4* Bobby Moore 4 Ferenc Pusk�s 4 Bryan Robson 4 Ronaldo 4 Cristiano Ronaldo 4* Frank Rijkaard 4 Bernd Schuster 4 Most consecutive placings in top-10 by player: 1. Franz Beckenbauer 11 2. Johan Cruijff 9 3. Eus�bio 7 Thierry Henry 7 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 7 6. Gerd M�ller 6 7. Raymond Kopa 5 Ra�l 5 9. Bobby Charlton 4 Kevin Keegan 4 Lionel Messi 4* Cristiano Ronaldo 4* Most dominant countries in one season: Three in top-3: 1. West Germany 1972 West Germany 1981 Netherlands 1988 Four in top-10: 1. Netherlands 1988 (top-5) 2. West Germany 1975 (top-7) Spain 2008 (top-7) 4. West Germany 1980 (top-8) Yugoslavia 1991 (top-8) 6. Spain 1961 (top-9) 7. Italy 1965 West Germany 1974 West Germany 1990 Five in top-10: 1. West Germany 1975 (top-8) 2. West Germany 1980 Most dominant clubs in one season: Three in top-10: 1. Milan 1988 (top-3) Milan 1989 (top-3) 3. Barcelona 2009 (top-4) Barcelona 2016 (top-4) Real Madrid 2002 (top-4) 6. Internazionale 1990 (top-6) 7. Real Madrid 1997 (top-7) 8. Ajax 1995 (top-8) Barcelona 1992 (top-8) Crvena zvezda 1991 (top-8) Honv�d Budapest 1956 (top-8) Internazionale 1965 (top-8) Juventus 1992 (top-8) Real Madrid 1959 (top-8) Real Madrid 2003 (top-8) 16. Bayern Munchen 1973 (top-9) Girondins Bordeaux 1984 (top-9) Real Madrid 1961 (top-9) Real Madrid 2016 (top-9) Milan 2005 (top-9) 21. Borussia Dortmund 1997 Real Madrid 2001 Chelsea 2005 Four in top-10: 1. Barcelona 2009 (top-7) Milan 1989 (top-7) Real Madrid 2002 (top-7) 4. Milan 1988 (top-8) 5. Juventus 1982 (top-9) 6. Real Madrid 2003
Keeper of the Year (unofficial)
Based on France Football�s "Ballon d�Or" rankings: the best placed goalkeeper on that list becomes the European Goalkeeper of the Year. Note: "POS." refers to the position that the player had on the "Ballon d�Or" ranking. YEAR GOALKEEPER POS. COUNTRY CLUB 1956 Lev YASHIN (5) Soviet Union Dynamo Moskva (USSR) 1957 Lev YASHIN (11) 1958 Harry GREGG (8) Northern Ireland Manchester United (Eng) 1959 Lev YASHIN (11) 1960 Lev YASHIN (5) Soviet Union Dynamo Moskva (USSR) 1961 Lev YASHIN (4) Soviet Union Dynamo Moskva (USSR) 1962 Viliam SCHROIFF (19) Czechoslovakia Dukla Praha (Cze) 1963 Lev YASHIN (1) Soviet Union Dynamo Moskva (USSR) 1964 Lev YASHIN (8) Soviet Union Dynamo Moskva (USSR) 1965 Lev YASHIN (15) Soviet Union Dynamo Moskva (USSR) 1966 Lev YASHIN (7) Soviet Union Dynamo Moskva (USSR) 1967 no goalkeeper was ranked 1968 no goalkeeper was ranked 1969 Ivo VIKTOR (23) Czechoslovakia Dukla Praha (Cze) 1970 Gordon BANKS (8) England Stoke City (Eng) 1971 Yevgueni RUDAKOV (12) Soviet Union Dynamo Kyiv (USSR) 1972 Gordon BANKS (7) England Stoke City (Eng) 1973 Dino ZOFF (2) Italy Juventus (Ita) 1974 Ronnie HELLSTR�M (13) Sweden FC Kaiserslautern (FRG) Jan TOMASZEWSKI (13) Poland LKS L�dz (Pol) 1975 Sepp MAIER (5) West Germany Bayern M�nchen (FRG) 1976 Ivo VIKTOR (3) Czechoslovakia Dukla Praha (Cze) 1977 Ronnie HELLSTR�M (13) Sweden FC Kaiserslautern (FRG) 1978 Ronnie HELLSTR�M (6) Sweden FC Kaiserslautern (FRG) 1979 Ronnie HELLSTR�M (27) Sweden FC Kaiserslautern (FRG) 1980 Luis ARCONADA (11) Spain Real Sociedad (Spa) Dino ZOFF (11) Italy Juventus (Ita) 1981 Dino ZOFF (6) Italy Juventus (Ita) 1982 Rinat DASSAEV (6) Soviet Union Spartak Moskva (USSR) 1983 Rinat DASSAEV (6) Soviet Union Spartak Moskva (USSR) Jean-Marie PFAFF (6) Belgium Bayern M�nchen (FRG) 1984 Harald SCHUMACHER (7) West Germany FC K�ln (FRG) 1985 Rinat DASSAEV (9) Soviet Union Spartak Moskva (USSR) 1986 Helmut DUCADAM (8) Romania Steaua Bucuresti (Rom) 1987 Jean-Marie PFAFF (17) Belgium Bayern M�nchen (FRG) 1988 Rinat DASSAEV (13) Soviet Union Spartak Moskva (USSR) 1989 Peter SHILTON (5) England Derby County (Eng) 1990 Walter ZENGA (12) Italy Inter Milan (Ita) 1991 Bruno MARTINI (13) France AJ Auxerre (Fra) 1992 Peter SCHMEICHEL (5) Denmark Manchester United (Eng) 1993 Peter SCHMEICHEL (12) Denmark Manchester United (Eng) 1994 Thomas RAVELLI (7) Sweden IFK G�teborg (Swe) 1995 V�TOR Manuel Martins BA�A (30) Portugal FC Porto (Por) 1996 Andreas K�PKE (13) Germany Olympique Marseille (Fra) 1997 Peter SCHMEICHEL (8) Denmark Manchester United (Eng) 1998 Fabien BARTHEZ (14) France AS Monaco (Fra) 1999 Peter SCHMEICHEL (17) Denmark Manchester United (Eng) 2000 Fabien BARTHEZ (12) France Manchester United (Eng) 2001 Oliver KAHN (3) Germany Bayern M�nchen (Ger) 2002 Oliver KAHN (3) Germany Bayern M�nchen (Ger) 2003 Gianluigi BUFFON (9) Italy Juventus (Ita) 2004 Gianluigi BUFFON (17) Italy Juventus (Ita) 2005 Petr CECH (14) Czech Republic Chelsea (Eng) 2006 Gianluigi BUFFON (2) Italy Juventus (Ita) 2007 Gianluigi BUFFON (19) Italy Juventus (Ita) Petr CECH (19) Czech Republic Chelsea (Eng) 2008 Iker CASILLAS (4) Spain Real Madrid (Spa) 2009 Iker CASILLAS (16) Spain Real Madrid (Spa) 2010-15 election incorporated into FIFA World Player of the Year 2016 Gianluigi BUFFON (9) Italy Juventus (Ita)
| i don't know |
Which African mammal, one of the first names in a dictionary, is also known as the ant bear ? | Ant bear - definition of ant bear by The Free Dictionary
Ant bear - definition of ant bear by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ant+bear
(ˈɑrdˌvɑrk)
n.
a large burrowing African mammal, Orycteropus afer, having a piglike snout and long sticky tongue for feeding on ants and termites.
[1825–35; < Afrikaans erdvark < Dutch aardvarken=aarde earth + varken pig; see farrow 1]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
New World anteater , anteater - any of several tropical American mammals of the family Myrmecophagidae which lack teeth and feed on ants and termites
genus Myrmecophaga , Myrmecophaga - type genus of the Myrmecophagidae; South American ant bear
2.
ant bear - nocturnal burrowing mammal of the grasslands of Africa that feeds on termites; sole extant representative of the order Tubulidentata
| Aardvark |
"Which book opens with the words: ""No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century, that human affairs were being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than man's .... "" ?" | Etymology of mammal names in English | A natural history of Britain
A natural history of Britain
Etymology of mammal names in English
Etymology of animal names
Adapted from: Wikipedia , OED, the superb Oxford New Encyclopedia of Mammals, the excellent Etymonline + more sources- Please Contact me with suggestions.
Aardvark
From the Afrikaans / Dutch for “earth pig” ( aarde earth, varken pig), because early settlers from Europe thought it resembled a pig .
Armadillo
From Spanish. armadillo, dim. of armado “armored,” from Latin. armatus, pp. of armare “to arm”
Badger
The name badger is possibly derived from the word badge , on account of the marks on the head. An older term for “badger” is brock ( Old English brocc ), a Celtic loanword ( Gaelic broc , Welsh broch , from Proto-Celtic *brokko ). Note: Dachshund From German. Dachshund, from Dachs, from common I.E. word for “badger” + Hund “dog.. See badgers in Spain
Bear
The Proto-Indo-European word for bear, h?ktos (ancestral to the Greek arktos , Latin ursus , Welsh arth (c.f. Arthur ), Sanskrit ??? , Hittite hartagga ) seems to have been subject to taboo deformation or replacement (as was the word for wolf , wlk w os ), – because of hunters’ taboo on names of wild animals in the northern branches – resulting in the use of numerous unrelated words with meanings like “brown one” (English bruin ) and “honey-eater” (Slavic medved ). Thus four separate Indo-European language groups do not share the same Proto Indo European root. In the Finnish countryside (so claims wikipedia), the word for “bear” remains taboo to this day. The theory of the bear taboo is taught to almost all beginning students of Indo-European and historical linguistics; the putative original PIE word for bear is itself descriptive, because a cognate word in Sanskrit is rakshas , meaning “harm, injury” See bears in Spain
The Smithsonian National Zoological Park notes:” Ursus arctos is the scientific name not for the Arctic-living polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ), but for the brown (or grizzly) bear. This designation is rather redundant, as ursus is the Latin word for “bear” and arctos comes from arktos , the Greek word for bear. The derivation of these twin terms, however, is a stellar story.
According to Greek myth, the god Zeus fell in love with and impregnated Callisto, a young attendant of Artemis (the goddess of the hunt). As punishment, Callisto was transformed by Hera or Artemis (depending on the version of the myth) into a bear, or by Zeus to evade Hera’s notice. Zeus eventually summoned Callisto into the heavens to become the constellation Arktos, later known as Ursa Major in Latin. Callisto’s son, Arcas, himself is said to have turned into the constellation Bootes, adjacent to his mother’s domain, Ursa Major. Because of the position of these constellations in the northern skies, the word “Arctic” came to refer to the northern polar region. (Polaris, the North Star, itself is part of the Ursa Minor constellation.) “
Beluga
From Russian. beluga, lit. “great white,” from belo- “white” + augmentative suffix -uga
Caracal
From Turkish karakulak for “black ear” in reference to the most conspicuous feature of the caracal: its long, tufted black ears.
Caribou
Thought to come from a Native North-American Mi’kmaq word meaning “one that paws (the ground)”.
Cheetah
From Hindi chita “leopard,” ultimately from from Sanskrit word Chitraka meaning “Speckled”
Chimpanzee
” The first use of the name “chimpanzee”, however, did not occur until 1738. The name is derived from an Angolan Bantu language term “Tshiluba kivili-chimpenze”, which is the local name for the animal and translates loosely as “mockman” or possibly just “ape”. The colloquialism ” chimp ” was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s. Science would eventually take the ‘pan’ occurring in ‘chim pan zee’ and attribute it to Pan , a rural ancient Greek god of nature . Biologists would apply Pan as the genus name of the animal. Chimps as well as other apes had also been purported to have existed in ancient times, but did so mainly as myths and legends on the edge of Euro-Arabic societal consciousness, mainly through fragmented and sketchy accounts of European adventurers… When chimpanzees first began arriving on the European continent, European scientists noted the inaccuracy of these ancient descriptions, which often falsely reported that chimpanzees had horns and hooves. The first of these early trans-continental chimpanzees came from Angola and were presented as a gift to the Prince of Orange in 1640, and were followed by a few of its brethren over the next several years. Scientists who examined these rare specimens were baffled, and described these first chimpanzees as ” pygmies “, and noted the animals’ distinct similarities to humans. The next two decades would see a number of the creatures imported into Europe, mainly acquired by various zoological gardens as entertainment for visitors. ” Wikipedia
Note. The original Latin name for the chimpanzee was Troglodytes niger, but, following the first-come-first-served rules of zooloogical nomenclature, this had to be relinquished as a genus (for both chimps and gorillas) as Troglodytes had already been applied to the wren, though chimps got to keep troglodytes as the species descriptor (Pan troglodytes)
Dolphin
From Ancient Greek, delphis meaning “with a womb”, viz. “a ‘fish’ with a womb”.
Dormouse
From Anglo-Norman dormeus “sleepy (one)”; the word later altered by folk etymology to resemble word ” mouse “. Dormice can hibernate six months out of the year, or even longer if the weather remains sufficiently cool, sometimes waking for brief periods to eat food they had previously stored nearby. The sleepy behaviour of the Dormouse character in Lewis Carroll ‘s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland attests to this trait. The Spanish “dormir como un lirón” (to sleep like a dormouse) means (evidently) “to sleep like a log”.
Dugong
From Malay duyung meaning lady of the sea or mermaid.
Duck billed platypus
When the Platypus was first discovered by Europeans in the late 1700s, a pelt was sent back to the United Kingdom. The British scientists were at first convinced that the seemingly odd collection of physical attributes must be a hoax. It was thought that somebody had sewn a duck’s beak onto the body of a beaver-like animal. The scientific name Ornithorhynchus is derived from “ornithorhynkhos”, which literally means “bird snout” in Greek , and anatinus means “duck-like”. The common name is Latin platypus , derived from the Greek words “platys”, flat and “pous”, foot, meaning “flat foot” and was originally given to it as a Linnaean genus name, but it was discovered to already belong to the wood-boring ambrosia beetle (genus Platypus ). Romance languages, however, kept the original term – eg Spanish ornitorrinco.There is no universally agreed upon plural of “platypus”. Scientists generally use “platypuses”, “platypoda”, or simply “platypus”. Colloquially, “platypi” is also used for the plural, although this is spurious pseudo-Latin . (The true plural would be “platypodes”.)Australian Aborigines call the Platypus by many names including mallangong , boondaburra , and tambreet.
Fox
O.E. fox, from W.Gmc. fukhs – corresponding to Proto Indo European IE puk– “tail” (cf. Skt. puccha– “tail”). Bushy tail motif is also the source of words for “fox” in Welsh ( llwynog, from llwyn “bush”); Sp/Port ( raposa, from rabo “tail”); Lith. ( uodegis “fox,” from uodega “tail”).
Giraffe
From It. giraffa, from Arabic. zarafa, probably from an African language
Gorilla
Gorilla is recently coined word and its story would read like a modern myth if it weren’t so well documented. U.S. missionary Thomas Savage first used it in 1847 to call the apes ( Troglodytes gorills ) from the Greek gorillai, the name given to wild, hairy tribe of women, in the Greek . translation of Carthaginian navigator Hanno’s account of his voyage along the N.W. coast of Africa, in 5th or 6th century B.C . European exloreres as late as the early 19th century thought gorillas were a “savage people” not an animal. Gorillas in the 19th century were grossly misrepresented in both scientific and popular writing, their supposed ferocity later hyperbolised in the King Kong story,. This piece published in the Illustrated London News was published in the same year as the Origin of the Spacies. I found it in Richard Dawkins’ excellent The Ancestor’s Tale. Dawkins introduces it with:
This piece is replete with falsehoods of a quantity and magnitude that try even the high standards set by travellers’ tales of the time:
… a close inspection is almost an impossibility, especially as the moment it sees a man it attacks him. The strength of the adult male being prodigious, and the teeth heavy and powerful, it is said to watch, concealed in the thick branches of the forest trees, the approach of any of the human species, and, as they pass under the tree, let down its terrible hind feet, furnished with an enormous thumb, grasp its victim round the throat, lift him from the earth, and, finally, drop him on the ground dead. Sheer malignity prompts the animal to this course, for it does not eat the dead man’s flesh, but finds a fiendish gratification in the mere act of killing.
There are now considered to be two species of gorilla, The Western Gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ) and the Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla beringei), each of which is divided into at least two subspecies. The Eastern Gorilla was “discovered” by Europeans as late as 1902 by one Captain von Beringe who discovered “discovered” it by shooting one, and was rewarded by having it named after him. (eg here )
Hippopotamus
From the Greek hippopotamos , hippos meaning “horse” and potamos meaning “river”,
Hyena
Hyrax See rabbit below
Jaguar
The word jaguar comes from the South American Tupi-Guarani language. The original and complete indigenous name for the species is Yaguareté , where – eté means “true”. Yagua means “fierce” in Guarani . .
Leopard
From O.Fr. lebard, leupart, from L.L. leopardus, lit. “lion-pard,” from Gk. leopardos, from leon “lion” + pardos “male panther,” which generally is said to be connected to Skt. prdakuh “panther, tiger.” The animal was thought in ancient times to be a hybrid of these two species.
Kangaroo
The word kangaroo derives from the Australian Aboriginal language Guugu Yimidhirr word gangurru , referring to a grey kangaroo. The name was first recorded on 4 August 1770 , by to-be Captain James Cook. Kangaroo soon became adopted into standard English where it has come to mean any member of the family of kangaroos and wallabies. The word Kangaroo is said to be the first word in any Australian Aboriginal language uttered by a European., in this case Captain Cook. The belief that it means “I don’t understand” or “I don’t know” is a popular myth that is also applied to many other Aboriginal-sounding Australian words. Wallaby is from native Australian wolaba.
Lemur
Coined by Linnaeus, from L. lemures (pl.) “spirits of the dead” in Roman mythology, in reference to the lemur’s nocturnal habits and large, reflective eyes.
The Smithsonian National Zoological Park notes:
” The evolution of this Latin word has its own haunted history. According to ancient mythology, the city of Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus, who had been suckled by a she-wolf as babies. Arguing over who should rule the new city, Romulus murdered Remus and named the city after himself. But the ghost of the fallen brother haunted Rome from then on. Every May, citizens of Rome would hold a festival-first called Remuria, but later corrupted to Lemuria-to expiate the ghost of Remus and other ancestral spirits. From this tradition grew the word lemures , one of several Latin words-including larva , the shell of a ghost-used to refer to various forms of phantom. “Lemuria” also is the name of a mythological sunken super-continent, akin to Atlantis, once believed to lie in the Indian Ocean-coincidentally near the real lemur’s native home. “
Mink
“burrowing mammal,”, probably from obsolete mouldwarp, lit. “earth-thrower” from O.E. molde “earth, soil”
Mongoose
Mongoose is derived from the Indian language Marathi word mangus, the Eng. word being altered by folk-etymology. .The plural form of mongoose is typically written mongooses . The form mongeese is incorrect since the words goose and mongoose are linguistically unrelated.
Moose
From mus or mooz in several of the Algonquian languages , meaning “twig eater.” or from moosu “he strips off,” in reference to the animals’ stripping bark for food.)
Mouse
Thoroughly Indo-European , (Sanskrit. mus “mouse, rat”) The Ancient Romans did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as Mus Maximus (big mouse) and the latter as Mus Minimus (little mouse or Minnie Mouse, perhaps). The same distinction still exist today e.g in Spanish ratón and rata.
Narwhal
The name “narwhal” is derived from the Old Norse word náhvalr , meaning “corpse whale”. This probably is a reference to the mottled white and grey colouring of the skin of the adult. It may also refer to the way a narwhal can lie belly up, motionless, for a few minutes at a time.
Otter
Ultimately stemming from a root which apparently also gave rise to the English words “water”, “wet” and “winter”. (cf. Skt. udrah, “otter – water creature from root *udr- “water.” Note: Latin . lutra, gives rise to Spanish nutria.
Panda
The name ” panda ” originates with a Himalayan language, possibly Nepalese . And as used in the West it was originally applied to the red panda , to which the giant panda was thought to be related. Until its relation to the red panda was discovered in 1901 , the giant panda was known as Mottled Bear or Partli-coloured Bear .
The Smithsonian National Zoological Park notes:
“One of the few known candidates for the root of the word panda is pónya , possibly derived from a Nepali word referring to the ball of the foot–perhaps a keen observation of how this bear eats bamboo with an adapted wrist bone that functions as an opposable thumb and sixth digit. Other writers believe that “panda” came from wah , the Nepali name for the red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ), and originating from the childlike sound that this species sometimes makes. The ultimate answer, however, may remain as elusive as a wild giant panda in a forest of bamboo”.
In Chinese , the giant panda is called the “large bear cat” or “cat bear” Most bears’ eyes have round pupils. The exception is the giant panda, whose pupils are vertical slits, like cats’ eyes. It is these unusual eyes that inspired the Chinese to call the panda the “giant bear cat”.
Pangolin
From the Malay word pengguling (peng- , instrumental pref. + guling , to roll over) for “curling” in reference to its defensive habit.
Panther
Ultimately from Sanskrit pundarikam “tiger,” probably lit. “the yellowish animal,” from pandarah “whitish-yellow.”
Rabbit
From Flemish. The old word coney was used until the 18th century to describe the animal. This comes from the Latin word cuniculus, which, itself comes from an Iberian term. Rabbits were virtually restricted to the Iberian Peninsula until Roman times.
When the Phoenicians first ventured westwards in search of trade some 2500 years ago, they came upon a land inhabited by tribes whom the Greeks would later call the Iberians (after the river Iberus – the Ebro). They also saw (and no doubt roasted) some strange floppy-eared animals which appeared in great numbers everywhere. So, according to the most popular theory, they called the land i-shepan-im , land or coast of rabbits, or to be more precise the land of hyrax , the animal they knew well from their North African homeland and confused with the rabbit. To the Romans, it became Hispania, and in the Middle Ages, Spain – the land of rabbits. When Strabo refers to rabbits in Spain he calls them “little or burrowing hares” as the Romans had no name for rabbit, until they adopted the Iberian term.
Turdetania* also has a great abundance of cattle of all kinds, and of game. But there are scarcely any destructive animals, except the burrowing hares, by some called “peelers”; for they damage both plants and seeds by eating the roots. This pest occurs throughout almost the whole of Iberia , and extends even as far as Massilia, and infests the islands as well. *roughly equivilent to Andalusia
Pliny also refers to rabbits in his Natural History
There are also numerous species of hares. Those in the Alps are white, and it is believed that, during the winter, they live upon snow for food; at all events, every year, as the snow melts, they acquire a reddish colour; it is, moreover, an animal which is capable of existing in the most severe climates. There is also a species of hare, in Spain, which is called the rabbit ( coney, ” cuniculus); it is extremely prolific, and produces famine in the Balearic islands, by destroying the harvests. The young ones, either when cut from out of the body of the mother, or taken from the breast, without having the entrails removed, are considered a most delicate food; they are then called laurices. It is a well-known fact, that the inhabitants of the Balearic islands begged of the late Emperor Augustus the aid of a number of soldiers, to prevent the too rapid increase of these animals.
Likewise references in the Bible in English and other languages to rabbit should have been translated as rock hyrax as rabbits were absent from the Middle East..
“Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney : for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you” Leviticus, chapter 11 (Note neither rabbits nor hyraxes ruminate – they don’t chew the cud)
And elsewhere
” The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies” . Psalms, psalm 104
“The conies are but a feeble folk, yet make they their houses in the rocks” Proverbs, chapter 30 King James Bible
So the Bible’s coney is really the Rock hyrax Hyrax comes from Greek hurax , shrew mouse (hu rax). Also called, particularly in Southern Africa as a Dassie from Afrikaans from Dutch das for badger (see Dachshund above). Their small but stocky appearance led to further confusion when Storr in 1780 mistakenly linked their group to guinea pigs of the genus Cavia – and so gave their group’s name Procaviidae or “before the guinea pigs”. (which of course are not pigs, anyway)
The Smithsonian National Zoological Park notes on American jackass rabbits which are really hares:
“European settlers of the American Southwest likened the long ears of black-tailed jackrabbits ( Lepus californicus ) to donkeys’ ears, and so named the animals “jackass rabbits.” Mark Twain endorsed this moniker in his book Roughing It : “…We saw the first specimen of an animal known familiarly…as the ‘jackass rabbit.’ He is well named. He is just like any other rabbit, except that he is from one-third to twice as large, has longer legs in proportion to his size, and has the most preposterous ears that ever were mounted on any creature but a jackass.” The common name was eventually shortened to “jackrabbit.”
Raccoon
Derived from the Algonquian word aroughcoune , “he who scratches with his hands.” In many languages, the raccoon is named for its characteristic dousing behavior. Waschbär in German , orsetto lavatore in Italian , tvättbjörn in Swedish , vaskebjørn in Norwegian , mýval in Czech , wasbeer in Dutch , pesukarhu in Finish , araiguma in Japanese , wanxiong in Chinese , all mean “washing bear.” In French the common raccoon is called raton laveur or “little washing rat”; the Linnean binomial is Procyon lotor or, roughly, “washing pre-dog.”. The Spanish term Mapache is from another indigineous language.
Polecat
Probably Anglo-Fr. pol, from O.Fr. poule “fowl, hen,” so called because it preys on poultry.
Rhinoceros
from the Greek words rhino (nose) and keros (horn).
Rorqual
From Norwegian röyrkval “furrow whale”. This is in reference to the longitudinal folds of skin below and behind the mouth that are a distinctive feature of the species.
Skunk
Skunk is a corruption of an Abenaki name for them, segongw or segonku, meaning “one who squirts” in Algonquian. Note: The musk-spraying ability of the skunk has not escaped the attention of biologists: the name of the most common species, Mephitis mephitis , means “stench stench”, and Spilogale putorius means “stinking spotted weasel”.
Squirrel
From Anglo-Fr. esquirel and ultimately from Greek skia ” shadow ” and oura ” tail ” i.e. “tail that casts a shadow”).
Tiger
From Greek tigris, itself borrowed from Iranian.
Walrus
from Dutch : wal meaning “shore”, and r(e)us meaning “giant”)
Warthog
The name comes from the four large warts found on the head of the warthog, which serve the purpose of defense when males fight.
Wildebeast
From Dutch wild beest – “wild animal”. Although the name is derived from the Dutch, the name wildebeest doesn’t officially exist in the Dutch language. The Dutch name for wildebeest is gnoe (where the Dutch “g” is pronounced [x] ). ‘Gnu‘ is from a Khoikhoi language (which pronounced the [g]), which likely imitated it from the grunt-type noise that a wildebeest makes.
Vole
From volemouse , lit. “field-mouse,” with probably from O.N. völlr for field
Back here for more trivia, facts, figures, quotes abouts mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, plants, mountains, rivers…
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Etymology of Aardvark
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"Which book ends with the line: ""So I awoke, and behold it was a dream."" ?" | Study Materials for The Great Divorce
cs lewis
The Great Divorce
This book, a response to William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, was first printed as a serial in a religious publication in 1944 and 1945, and in book form soon after. Lewis's diverse sources for this work include the works of St. Augustine, Dante Aligheri, John Milton, John Bunyan, Emanuel Swedenborg, and Lewis Carroll. George MacDonald, whom Lewis utilizes as a character in the story, Dante, Prudentius and Jeremy Taylor are alluded to in the text of chapter 9.
Choosing Hell "There are only two kinds of people in the end: those who say to God, 'Thy will be done,' and those to whom God says, in the end, 'Thy will be done.' All that are in Hell, choose it. Without that self-choice there could be no Hell. No soul that seriously and constantly desires joy will ever miss it." - George MacDonald character, p.69
Not all paths lead home "We are not living in a world where all roads are radii of a circle and where all, if followed long enough, will therefore draw gradually nearer and finally meet at the centre: rather in a world where every road, after a few miles, forks into two, ...and at each fork you must make a decision." - p.
Going back to move forward "I do not think that all who choose wrong roads perish; but their resue consists in being put back on the right road. A sum can be put right: but only by going back till you find the error and working it afresh from that point, never by simply going on." - p.
Being in Love "If it would help you and if it were possible I would go down with you into Hell: but you cannot bring Hell into me.... I cannot love a lie. I cannot love the thing which is not. I am in Love, and out of it I will not go." - p.
Killing the Red Lizard Ghost: "How can I tell you to kill it? You'd kill me if you did."
Spirit: "It is not so."
Ghost: "Why, you're hurting me now."
Spirit: "I never said it wouldn't hurt you. I said it wouldn't kill you." - p.
The Bleeding Charity "What do you keep on arguing for? I'm only telling you the sort of chap I am. I only want my rights. I'm not asking for anybody's bleeding charity."
"Then do. At once. Ask for the Bleeding Charity. Everything is here for the asking and nothing can be bought." - p.
outline and summary
The book opens with the narrator in a grim and joyless city, the "grey town." He finds and joins a queue with several unpleasant people who are waiting for a bus with an unspecified destination that is in fact the foothills at the entrance to heaven. During the bus ride, the narrator converses with some of his fellow passengers and discovers that they have strong opinions about the bus, the town, and their destination. He also discovers with a shock that they are dead. When the bus reaches its destination, the "people" on the bus, and the narrator himself, are gradually revealed to be ghosts. The country is the most beautiful they have ever seen, but every feature of the landscape (including streams of water and blades of grass) is unyieldingly solid compared to themselves: it causes them immense pain to walk on the grass, and even a single leaf is far too heavy for any to lift. Shining spirits, men and women whom they had known on earth, meet each of them, and urge them to abandon the town and enter heaven proper. They promise that as the ghosts travel onward and upward, they will become more solid and thus feel no discomfort. These figures, called "spirits" to distinguish them from the ghosts, offer to assist them in the journey toward the mountains and the sunrise. Almost all of the ghosts choose to return instead to the grey town, giving various reasons and excuses. Much of the interest of the book lies in the recognition it awakens of the plausibility and familiarity, along with the thinness and self-deception, of the excuses that the ghosts refuse to abandon, even though to do so would bring them to "reality" and "joy forevermore." The narrator is met by the writer George MacDonald, whom he hails as his mentor, just as Dante did when encountering Virgil in the Divine Comedy; and MacDonald becomes the narrator's guide in his journey, just as Virgil became Dante's. MacDonald explains that it is possible for a soul to choose to remain in heaven despite having been in the grey town; for such souls, the goodness of heaven will work backwards into their lives, turning even their worst sorrows into joy, and changing their experience on earth to an extension of heaven. Conversely, the evil of hell works so that if a soul remains in, or returns to, the grey town, even its happiness on earth will lose its meaning, and its experience on earth would have been hell. None of the ghosts realize that the grey town is, in fact, hell. Indeed it is not that much different from the life they led on earth: joyless, friendless, and uncomfortable. It just goes on forever, and gets worse and worse, with some characters whispering their fear of the "night" that is eventually to come. According to MacDonald, while it is possible to leave hell and enter heaven, doing so implies turning away (repentance); or as depicted by Lewis, embracing ultimate and unceasing joy itself. In answer to the narrator's question MacDonald confirms that what is going on is a dream. The use of chess imagery as well as the correspondence of dream elements to elements in the narrator's waking life is reminiscent of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. The narrator discovers that the vast grey town and its ghostly inhabitants are minuscule to the point of being invisible compared with the immensity of heaven and reality. This is illustrated in the encounter of the blessed woman and her husband: she is surrounded by gleaming attendants while he shrinks down to invisibility as he uses a collared tragedian to speak for him. Toward the end, the narrator expresses the terror and agony of remaining a ghost in the advent of full daybreak in heaven, comparing the experience to having large blocks fall on one's body (at this point falling books awaken him). This parallels that of the man with his dream of judgment day in the House of the Interpreter of The Pilgrim's Progress. The book ends with the narrator awakening from his dream of heaven into the unpleasant reality of wartime Britain, in conscious imitation of The Pilgrim's Progress, the last sentence of the "First Part" of which is: "So I awoke, and behold, it was a Dream."
study materials
Study Guide | PDF Written by Pastor Jonathan Dinger of Grace Lutheran Church in Pocatello, ID. Contains background material, scripure references, and questions for disussion. 15pp., 117kB CSL Book Club Study Guide | Web pages Introduction and series of discussion questions. Includes a helpful chart to keep track of the ghosts. Doug Ayling Study Guide | PDF Provides background and good theological insight. He relates Lewis' theology to Augustine's City of God 5pp., 131kB Resources from South Ridge | Web site Sermon podcasts, tabular chapter summary, scripture references, and discussion questions over each section. Study by Kenneth Boa at Bible.org | Web page Transcript of an audio lesson on the book. A thorough and helpful guide to the book.
David Grice, 2011
| The Pilgrim's Progress |
What role is played by Rupert Graves in TV's Sherlock ? | The Great Divorce - 必应
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The Great Divorce
The Great Divorce is a work of theological fantasy by C. S. Lewis, in which he reflects on the Christian conception of Heaven and Hell. The working title was Who Goes Home? but the final name was changed at the publisher's insistence.[citation needed] The title refers to William Blake 's poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. The Great Divorce was first printed as a serial in an Anglican newspaper called The Guardian in 1944 and 1945, and soon thereafter in book form.
The Great Divorce Sources
Lewis's diverse sources for this work include the works of St. Augustine, Dante Aligheri, John Milton, John Bunyan, Emanuel Swedenborg and Lewis Carroll, as well as an American science fiction author whose name Lewis had forgotten but whom he mentions in his preface (Hall, Charles F, The Man Who Lived Backwards). George MacDonald, whom Lewis utilizes as a character in the story, Dante, Prudentius and Jeremy Taylor are alluded to in the text of chapter 9.
The Great Divorce Plot summary
The narrator inexplicably finds himself in a grim and joyless city, the "grey town", which is either Hell or Purgatory depending on how long one stays there. He eventually finds a bus for those who desire an excursion to some other place (and which eventually turns out to be the foothills of Heaven). He enters the bus and converses with his fellow passengers as they travel. When the bus reaches its destination, the passengers on the bus — including the narrator — are gradually revealed to be ghosts. Although the country is the most beautiful they have ever seen, every feature of the landscape (including streams of water and blades of grass) is unyieldingly solid compared to themselves: it causes them immense pain to walk on the grass, and even a single leaf is far too heavy for any to lift.
Shining figures, men and women whom they have known on Earth, come to meet them, and to urge them to repent and enter Heaven proper. They promise that as the ghosts travel onward and upward, they will become more solid and thus feel less and less discomfort. These figures, called "spirits" to distinguish them from the ghosts, offer to assist them in the journey toward the mountains and the sunrise.
Almost all of the ghosts choose to return instead to the grey town, giving various reasons and excuses. Much of the interest of the book lies in the recognition it awakens of the plausibility and familiarity, along with the thinness and self-deception, of the excuses that the ghosts refuse to abandon, even though to do so would bring them to "reality" and "joy forevermore". An artist refuses, arguing that he must preserve the reputation of his school of painting; a bitter cynic predicts that Heaven is a trick; a bully ("Big Man") is offended that people he believes beneath him are there; a nagging wife is angry that she will not be allowed to dominate her husband in Heaven. One man corrupted on Earth by lust, which takes the form of an ugly lizard, permits an angel to kill the lizard and is saved.
The narrator is met by the writer George MacDonald, whom he hails as his mentor, just as Dante did when encountering Virgil in the Divine Comedy; and MacDonald becomes the narrator's guide in his journey, just as Virgil became Dante's. MacDonald explains that it is possible for a soul to choose to remain in Heaven despite having been in the grey town; for such souls, the goodness of Heaven will work backwards into their lives, turning even their worst sorrows into joy, and changing their experience on Earth to an extension of Heaven. Conversely, the evil of Hell works so that if a soul remains in, or returns to, the grey town, even its happiness on Earth will lose its meaning, and its experience on Earth would have been Hell. Few of the ghosts realize that the grey town is, in fact, Hell. Indeed, it is not that much different from the life they led on Earth: joyless, friendless and uncomfortable. It just goes on forever, and gets worse and worse, with some characters whispering their fear of the "night" that is eventually to come.
According to MacDonald, while it is possible to leave Hell and enter Heaven, doing so implies turning away (repentance); or as depicted by Lewis, embracing ultimate and unceasing joy itself.
In answer to the narrator's question, MacDonald confirms that what is going on is a dream. The use of chess imagery as well as the correspondence of dream elements to elements in the narrator's waking life is reminiscent of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass.
The narrator discovers that the vast grey town and its ghostly inhabitants are minuscule to the point of being invisible compared with the immensity of Heaven and reality. This is illustrated in the encounter of the blessed woman and her husband: she is surrounded by gleaming attendants while he shrinks down to invisibility as he uses a collared tragedian — representative of his self-punishing emotional blackmail of others — to speak for him.
Toward the end, the narrator expresses the terror and agony of remaining a ghost in the advent of full daybreak in Heaven, comparing the weight of sunlight to having large blocks fall on one's body (at this point falling books awaken him). This parallels that of the man with his dream of judgment day in the House of the Interpreter of The Pilgrim's Progress. The book ends with the narrator awakening from his dream of Heaven into the unpleasant reality of wartime Britain, in conscious imitation of The Pilgrim's Progress, the last sentence of the "First Part" of which is: "So I awoke, and behold, it was a Dream.\
The Great Divorce Stage adaptation
Philadelphia playwright and actor Anthony Lawton's original adaptation of The Great Divorce has been staged several times by Lantern Theater Company, including a weeklong run in February 2012. It also was adapted by Robert Smyth at Lamb's Players Theatre in San Diego, California, in 2004, and was included in their mainstage season for that year. Smyth originally adapted it for a C. S. Lewis conference in Oxford and Cambridge, England, before securing permission to include it in their season a year later.
In 2007 the Magis Theatre Company of New York City presented their adaptation in an off-Broadway run at Theatre 315 in the Theatre District with music by award-winning composer Elizabeth Swados and puppets by Ralph Lee. Lauded by the New York Times for its imagination, theatrical skill and daring, theatre critic Neil Genzlinger called the production thought provoking "with plenty to say to those interested in matters of the spirit." In the following years Magis worked closely with the C. S. Lewis estate to make its adaptation available to over a dozen theatre companies from Canada to Ecuador. The Taproot Theatre of Seattle chose the Magis adaptation to open its new Theater Space in 2010 and extended the run due to popular demand. The Pacific Theatre Company presented the Magis adaptation in its 2010–2011 season.
In late 2012, the Fellowship for the Performing Arts received permission from the C. S. Lewis estate to produce a stage version of The Great Divorce. The production premiered in Phoenix on December 14, 2013, and has continued touring throughout the United States in 2014 and 2015.
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Which pasta dish is the favourite food of Garfield in the comic strip by Jim Davis ? | She'll Roam Far Afield For A Garfield Allentown Collector Has 134 Likenesses Of The Cartoon Kitty - tribunedigital-mcall
She'll Roam Far Afield For A Garfield Allentown Collector Has 134 Likenesses Of The Cartoon Kitty
May 18, 1989|by PHYLLIS GUTH, The Morning Call
"Welcome to the house of Garfield," says Edna Nancy Price. She means it literally.
From the welcome mat and clock in the entrance hallway to the bathroom scale and shower curtain, the decor in her Allentown home is predominantly Garfield.
Posters and greeting cards featuring the cartoon character line the basement walls; stuffed versions of the popular cat and his friends fill a large wall unit in the living room and spill over onto doll-size chairs.
Other plush Garfields are attached to the wrought-iron railing along the staircase.
A whirligig bearing Garfield's image stands in a corner of the living room; across the room, Garfield peers out from his perch in the basket of an imitation hot-air balloon suspended from the ceiling.
Small ceramic versions of the famous cartoon character stand on a coffee table and knickknack shelf.
The last time Price took stock, she counted 134 stuffed versions of Garfield, costumed as everything from a graduate and a fireman to a bowler and sailor. One depicts the cat with an overturned pasta dish on his head.
That number doesn't take into account the Garfield posters, sheets, stationery, banks, beach towel, cookie jar, lamp, radio, wastebasket, mugs, mirror, music box and mittened ice scraper. A telephone shaped like the cat has eyes that open when the receiver is lifted off the hooks.
Price, a Wilkes-Barre native, moved to the Lehigh Valley in 1964.
She's collected Garfield items since a friend gave her a stuffed Garfield about nine years ago.
"I went shopping one day and picked up a few more," she says. "It got out of hand."
Price, known to friends and acquaintances as Nancy, wrote to Garfield creator Jim Davis on several occasions, enclosing pictures of her collection. She received three replies; one included an autographed Garfield cartoon.
One letter said in part, "Your support of my fat friend has kept him well supplied with lasagna."
The largest Garfield in Price's collection is a soft version the size of a small child, which she bought when it was marked down after one Christmas. Next in size is the Garfield she unexpectedly received as a gift from the Dakin Co. after she sent the company a photograph of her extensive collection, containing many items made by the manufacturer of stuffed Garfield toys.
Price's favorite Garfield items are a stuffed Garfield with the message, "I don't do windows," and another stating, "My kitchen, my rules."
The collector says she buys her items at novelty and gift shops and receives them as gifts. She's never shopped for them at flea markets and garage sales.
Does she follow the comic strip?
Price looks insulted that anyone should ask such a question.
"It's the first thing I turn to in The Morning Call," she says.
As for the answer to the big question - when do collectors stop collecting? - Price says they don't call a halt until they run out of room.
The hobbyist admits she's just about reached that point.
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The astronauts Dallas, Ripley, Kane, Lambert, Brett and Parker, are characters in which 1979 science fiction film ? | A Lasagna Made With Gold | Devour the Blog, by Cooking Channel
Devour the Blog, by Cooking Channel
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Dec 24
A Lasagna Made With Gold
by Lawrence Bonk posted at 10:00 am | 57705Comments (0)http%3A%2F%2Fblog.cookingchanneltv.com%2F2014%2F12%2F24%2Flasagna-diamond-truffles-gold%2FA+Lasagna+Made+With+Gold2014-12-24+15%3A00%3A53Lawrence+Bonkhttp%3A%2F%2Fblog.cookingchanneltv.com%2F%3Fp%3D57705
Garfield, in all of his infinite wisdom, sure does love lasagna. He’s also pretty greedy. It would stand to reason that America’s favorite fat cat would be all over a delicious lasagna that also happened to be packed to the gills with precious metals. Well, if you happen to know Jim Davis, send him a link to this crazy pasta dish a Las Vegas casino just concocted.
The famous Mirage Hotel and Casino, which sits right on the Las Vegas strip, just unveiled the appropriately named Diamond and Gold Lasagna. This modest meal features layers of Kobe beef, Iberico ham, prosciutto di Parma, Parmigiano-Riggiano, buffalo mozzarella, porcini mushrooms and foie gras Alfredo sauce. That would be decadent enough on its own, but there’s also white-diamond truffles and 23-karat gold leaf. Maybe you can eat enough gold to make up for the life savings you puttered away at the craps table.
If having the pasta-equivalent of an engagement ring floating around your innards sounds appetizing, you can buy this ornate lasagna for $100.
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"Of which of his successors as US President did Lyndon Johnson make the comment: ""He can't fart and chew gum at the same time."" ?" | The 15 Smartest and Dumbest Presidents of the United States
The 15 Smartest and Dumbest Presidents of the United States
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Universally and instantly recognizable, the President of the United States – the heads of state and government of the world’s largest superpower, the commander–in-chief of the US Armed Forces, the omnipotent and oft-termed “Leader of the Free World” – requires no long-winded or flowery introduction. What does require clarification, however, are the notions of “smartness” and “dumbness”. What makes someone smart or dumb? Is it their level of education? Their talents? Their actions? Their achievements? Their IQ? Their intellectualism?
Apart from the obvious answer (that it is one’s ability to ask a string of rhetorical questions) “smartness” is a concept that is open to a range of interpretations, so it is conceded that the assessments made in this article are open to debate. However, to stifle Internet debate (a.k.a. “flame wars”) this article will not base its assessment on policy decisions made by the respective presidents, and, furthermore, accepts that the act of holding the presidential office in itself demonstrates some inkling of intelligence.
The Smartest
This section of the article deals with the most interesting of the presidents that can be deemed intelligent. Whilst some might bemoan the lack of Obama or Kennedy, who are undeniably intelligent, the presidents here either have madder skillz or achievements that outshine them.
Thomas Jefferson (3rd President, from 1801-1809)
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No matter how one interprets “smartness”, Thomas Jefferson would unequivocally qualify. The principal author of The Declaration of Independence, Jefferson’s talents could constitute a book; the following catalog barely does them justice. During his teenage years at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, VA, Jefferson became incredibly proficient in philosophy, mathematics, history, French, Latin and Greek. “Pfft-“, some hipster reader will undoubtedly say, “-Wikipedia knows all of those things- and Jefferson couldn’t Wikipedia like I Wikipedia!” In this obtuse and poorly articulated response lies a valid criticism – the ability to merely retain knowledge from books may not constitute smartness. But Jefferson was more than just book-smart: a polymath – which is a person distinguished in many varied fields, and not an obnoxious exponential equation – he was also an accomplished archeologist, author, inventor, lawyer, musician (talented in the cello, clavichord and violin) ornithologist, paleontologist, poet and speechmaker. And before you interrupt with some obscure insult, hipster, his architectural and horticultural prowess was such that he designed the University of Virginia (which he himself founded) and the Poplar Forest. This ridonkulous amount of talent was recognized by later president John F. Kennedy when he addressed 49 Nobel Laureates , “I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent and of human knowledge that has ever been gathered together at the White House – with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone."
John Adams (2nd President, from 1797-1801)
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Another Founding Father was John Adams, whose dinners with Jefferson (amongst others) resulted in the American Declaration of Independence, the screenplay to the 1996 blockbuster smash hit starring Will Smith, the document where the American colonies announced and justified their secession from the British Empire. With his polymathic fingers in every pie, it is unsurprising that it was Jefferson’s hand that predominantly penned the Declaration, but it was John Adams who championed it in Congressional debates. Adams’ oratory was so dedicated and effective that Jefferson wrote in a letter , “No man better merited, than Mr. John Adams to hold a most conspicuous place in the design. He was the pillar of it’s [sic] support on the floor of Congress, it’s [sic] ablest advocate and defender against the multifarious assaults it encountered.”
James Madison (4th President, from 1809-1817)
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Often included with the Declaration of Independence, in terms of historical and societal significance, are The Constitution and The Bill of Rights. Another close friend of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, was largely responsible for these two fundamental documents. He was a major proponent behind the drafting and ratification of The Constitution, and he codified Jefferson’s belief of the primacy of liberty by tabling The Bill of Rights before Congress. Similar to Jefferson, he was broadly educated from a young age , learning Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish as well as mathematics, history and science. In 1769, he continued his tertiary education at the College of New Jersey (which was later to become Princeton), and his study of the philosophies of Aristotle and John Locke no doubt shaped his thoughts on constitutionalism and liberty. Despite slight dabbling in law, he never made the bar, which makes his drafting of the two most fundamental legal instruments even more noteworthy. As a result of his education and his contributions to the legal sphere, James Madison was ranked as the second most intelligent president in a study conducted by political scholars at the Siena Institute (Jefferson obviously came first).
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (28th President, from 1913-1921)
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Exactly 110 years after James Madison first set foot in the hallowed halls of the College of New Jersey, a young man named Woodrow Wilson graduated from there. This same man would return a few short years later, in 1890, to join the professorial faculty and shortly after that, in 1902, assume the position of President of Princeton. He must have liked the title “President”, for in 1912 he stood and won the presidential election. Wilson remains the most academically qualified president, being the only one thus far to receive a doctorate. His 1885 PhD treatise titled, "Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics" no doubt prepared him well for his life in politics, and in 1919, Woodrow Wilson was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership during World War I. It therefore seems…(puts on sunglasses)…that WWI really needed its WW. YEAAAAAAAAAAAAH!
Theodore Roosevelt (26th President, from 1901-1909)
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Woodrow Wilson’s ascendancy to the presidential office was as a result of his rivals William Taft and Theodore Roosevelt splitting the Republican vote . Similar to Wilson, Roosevelt, after whom the teddy bear is named, was also a published academic, writing several acclaimed histories. He was also a keen hunter and naturalist, journeying to Africa and South America where he stuffed and mounted many queer beasts (taxidermically speaking, ye of dirty mind). Roosevelt’s interests stemmed from his primary homeschooling, which resulted in a strange and varied academic aptitude: he was strong in history and biology, French and German, but not in mathematics, Latin or Greek. Apart from these academic qualities, Roosevelt had an incredible mind: he was said to have an eidetic (photographic) memory and could memorize entire books. He had a phenomenal ability to carry out several tasks at once, apparently able to dictate a letter to one secretary, a memorandum to another, and casually read a book, all simultaneously.
James Garfield(20th President, from March- September 1881)
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Another president with talents so phenomenal that they are barely credible is James Garfield. He was not only the first ambidextrous president, but also multi-lingual: unlike Roosevelt, he excelled at Greek and Latin. That in itself is nothing to crow about – all the other presidents previously mentioned were proficient in multiple languages – but what was incredible was that he could write in both languages simultaneously – Greek with one hand and Latin with the other! Garfield’s freakishly awesome talent can only be described as pen-omenal.
The Hybrids
As raised before, the notion of smartness is very subjective; depending on which criterion one uses, one can reach very different assessments. This section considers presidents who exhibited both smartness and dumbness depending on different criteria.
Richard Nixon (37th President, from 1969-1974)
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If one uses the Intelligence Quotient test as a determinant of smartness, then Richard Nixon is the smartest , with his IQ of 143 least ability to avoid making crucial mistakes . This is finding was evidenced by Nixon being the only president forced to resign from office.
Bill Clinton (42nd President, from 1993-2001)
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Another president whose scandalous actions lead to their public humiliation was Bill Clinton, whose affair with Monica Lewinski and later perjury about the matter rocked, shocked and rolled the country. Whilst Clinton finished his term with the highest approval rating of any president since Eisenhower, it was put forward that the scandal derailed the election campaign of Al Gore , and in any case, the perjury resulted in the revocation of his license to practice law in Arkansas. However, whilst the affair may have been a dumb decision, or as Clinton describes it, “a terrible moral error”, Clinton is anything but dumb, when one considers his education. The recipient of many scholarships, the most prestigious being Oxford University’s Rhodes Scholarship, Clinton is an alumnus of the august Georgetown, Oxford and Yale universities. He graduated from the latter with a Juris Doctorate, and assumed a professorial role at the University of Arkansas before entering politics.
Abraham Lincoln (16th President, from 1861-1865)
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Unlike Bill Clinton, Abraham Lincoln had very little schooling – only having formal tuition for 18 months. By this criterion, one might judge him as dumb, but that would be jumping the gun. An avid reader, Lincoln educated himself, a process that he described as “stud[ying]with nobody.” Through his study, he managed to master law and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Giant in stature, he became a giant in statute: he soon developed a reputation for being a ferocious and formidable cross-examiner. This legal success indicates a man of prodigious natural talent, and it is arguable whether this makes him smarter than one who is formally taught. What may further inform one’s view on the matter is that Lincoln is the only president to have registered a patent: a buoyancy device to right ships in rough weather.
The Dumbest
This is the section you have no doubt been waiting for - the one that deals with the comparatively less talented presidents. Like tequila shots, the judgments proclaimed in this section should be enjoyed liberally and with a pinch of salt – and one should savor, rather than revile, the burn and the acerbity.
Warren G. Harding (29th President, from 1921-1923)
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Perhaps not a household name, Warren Harding is the worst of the first men; he has the ignominy of being ranked America’s least intelligent president. Although the Siena study does not specify how it reaches its conclusions, a consideration of Harding’s conduct during his term yields much insight into this Nein-stein. His presidential term was rocked by scandals greater than either Lewinsky or Watergate: nepotism ran free and many of his friends thus appointed (known as “The Ohio Gang”) were involved in bribery and embezzlement scandals. Although the White House was not subject to the same scrutiny and transparency of today, the shady dealings were so brazen and gormless that they quickly came to light. However, the only thing dumber than these peccadilloes (and it’s not his middle name, Gamaliel) is Harding’s barely hidden consumption of alcohol at private parties in the White House . Why is this dumb? Well, Harding’s presidency coincided with the Prohibition. Also, being apparently handsome, Harding was nominated to try to secure the vote of women in the 1920 election (the first time women voted in America). When it became apparent that his wife was treated as a waitress at these parties, and that he engaged in multiple extra-marital affairs, he disenfranchised and isolated his key demographic.
Calvin Coolidge (30th President, from 1923-1929)
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With the sudden death of Harding in 1923, his Vice-President Calvin Coolidge ascended to the presidency. Despite such insightful statements as, “When a great many people are unable to find work, unemployment results”, Coolidge qualifies as one of the dumbest presidents in a very different capacity: although well educated, Coolidge was a shy and taciturn president, and in this sense could be considered the dumbest of all. There are many anecdotes that are testament to his silent nature, the best of which being an exchange between him and a Washington socialite. The socialite said that she had bet her friends that she could extract three words from him; Calvin replied coolly, “You lose.”
Ronald Reagan (40th President, from 1981-1989)
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Ronald Reagan had the complete opposite personality to the reserved Coolidge. A jovial, showy celebrity, Reagan acted in well over fifty films before entering politics. However, he features in this section for more conventional reasons than Coolidge – he demonstrated none of the characteristics that are traditionally ascribed to smartness. Talented neither academically nor musically, his spheres were the dramatic and the athletic . He could not be considered an intellectual, nor an author of any merit (his diaries, although wildly popular, are neither literary nor academic) and his only invention was this side-splittingly savage satirical joke . The most convincing evidence of Reagan’s dumbness ironically comes from the words of his supporters. Wrote Martin Anderson, one of Reagan’s longstanding advisors, “his drafts contain thousands of facts and figures. Sometimes he lists his sources in accompanying documents. In one case, for an essay on oil, he appended them. At times he cites his sources in the text.” Great Scott! The man used facts and citations: that should wipe the disbelieving smile off Doctor Emmett Brown’s face.
Andrew Johnson(17th President, from 1865-1869)
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Andrew Johnson became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, and though those were both literally and metaphorically large shoes to fill, he did a particularly poor job of it: the Siena study ranks him as the third dumbest and all time worst president . Like Lincoln, he had no formal education , and like Reagan, his vocation (a tailor) is not one that is traditionally associated with smartness. Unlike either of them, he had no redeeming characteristics. Despite supporting Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, he was the South’s most dogmatic and most bigoted proponent of slavery. Whether or not he was aware of the inherent contradiction, there was an ulterior motive for this union: the devious Johnson was trying to worm his way into the Oval Office (nothing to see here, ye dirty minds, move along). This motive was realized when he was announced as Vice-President in Lincoln’s successful 1864 presidential campaign. However, in dumbness par excellence, he appeared at the inauguration drunk, and his inaugural speech was cut short after he made abusive and inappropriate comments. His later presidency fared little better - stubborn and uncompromising, he alienated both parties and was eventually impeached.
Gerald Ford (38th President, from 1974-1977)
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A Yale Law School graduate, Gerald Ford was also an accomplished football player. Unfortunately, his smartness is closer to that of a jock than a judge. This was noted by his rival Lyndon B. Johnson, who accused him of “playing too much football without a helmet” and claimed, "Jerry Ford is so dumb he can't fart and chew gum at the same time." Moreover, it has been suggested that Ford’s honesty, in contrast to the Agnew-Nixon lack of integrity, made him the ideal presidential candidate. Perhaps, but it also makes him an ideal candidate for this section. An honest politician? That’s either plain naïve or an elaborate Cretan paradox. And for those unconvinced by this watertight line of argumentation, consider some of Ford’s words of wisdom : “If Lincoln were alive today, he’d roll over in his grave”, and, “I watch a lot of baseball on the radio.”
George W. Bush (42nd President, from 2001-2009)
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Of course we saved the best for last. It isn’t really necessary to justify Dubya’s appearance in this section –and nor do we have the space – but it’s good fun to reminisce nostalgically over his well documented failings. Like Ford, Bush graduated from Yale (although he only managed a C-grade average ) and also like Ford, perplexing, contradictory or painfully banal self-evident observations (yep, they are a real pain in the ass) emerge, unchecked, from his mouth. But unlike Ford, the sheer rate and frequency of these mistakes were so incredible that recording them went beyond cheap political points-scoring: they demanded cataloging for posterity’s sake, lest future generations forget or disbelieve their existence. A neologism had to be coined to describe them, and so “Bushism” entered the American vernacular. The Complete Bushisms, all 13 pages of them, are available here . As a result, the Siena study found him to be the second dumbest president of all time. And perhaps worse still, not even Google can save him from being considered just a tad slimy.
| Gerald Ford |
What is the British name given to German white wines originally from the Rhine area ? | Press Trust of India | sans serif
28 February 2014
Chandan Mitra, editor-in-chief of The Pioneer, Delhi, is honoured by President Pranab Mukherjee at the INS platinum jubilee celebrations. INS president Ravindra Kumar of The Statesman is at right.
The following is the full text of the speech delivered by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, at the inauguration of the platinum jubilee celebrations of the Indian Newspaper Society (INS) in New Delhi on Thursday, 27 February 2014:
***
By PRANAB MUKHERJEE
“Seventy-five years ago, the world was a very different place. Our country was yet to take its place in the comity of nations. Millions of Indians were engaged in the struggle for freedom.
“Your Society came to life on the eve of World War II.
“Newspapers of the time not only survived the shortages that war brought in its wake, but also engaged themselves in the difficult task of informing people of the momentous events of a contentious period in our history.
“It took resolve, vision and a sense of destiny on the part of the founding fathers to have formed a Society that could take up issues of common interest for its members.
“INS can also be proud that it helped create and nurture institutions like the Press Trust of India and the Audit Bureau of Circulation. INS members have played a vital role in nurturing a free Press which is a critical component of our democracy.
“Over the years, INS members have informed society and promoted debate on the important questions that confront our nation.
“Be it the ravages wrought by war or those inflicted by the man-made Bengal Famine, the trials and tribulations of a nation torn asunder by Partition or the building of modern day India, newspapers have played a crucial role in educating Indians and giving expression to the diversity of views in our society, upholding thereby the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression.
“The plurality of media in our country has its roots in our freedom struggle.
“The Press in India evolved, not through the aegis of the Government but due to the commitment of individuals who used it as a tool to fight enforced opinions and create platform for social reform movements across the country.
“It is matter of pride that between 1780 until India’s Independence in 1947, more than 120 newspapers and periodicals were launched in almost in every Indian language. Each of these publications vowed to carry the ideals of democracy to the doorsteps of the people and spread the message of independence.
“As the media landscape undergoes change, the media has assumed different roles of being a facilitator, protector and enabler of democratic institutions and processes.
“Our vast, varied and vibrant media is a national asset.
“The media as a whole not only keep people informed but also performs a very crucial function of presenting ideas and alternatives in the domain of policy formulation and implementation. The media space thus becomes an important component in the fabric of a functional democracy by not merely reporting the ‘dialogue of democracy’ but also by taking an active part in that dialogue.
“As India grows in the 21st century, it is extremely important that media reaches out to the inaccessible areas and the under-served population of this country.
“It is critical that the media provides an enabling environment for the spirit of inclusive growth to be ushered in and that the varied tools of communication are able to disseminate the “India Story” in a positive, accurate and focused perspective.
“Even as iconic newspapers and magazines around the world are ceasing to print, our newspaper industry, one of the largest in the world, continues to grow. The market for Indian newspapers, with over 90 million copies in circulation, is expected to grow at a double-digit Compounded Annual Growth Rate of 10% and emerge as the world’s sixth-largest newspaper market by 2017.
“The regional and vernacular print sector, in particular, is growing on the back of rising literacy and low print media penetration as well as the heightened interest of advertisers wanting to leverage these markets.
“Today, according to industry sources, print media has a combined market penetration of only 14%. There is considerable potential, therefore, to expand readership across the national canvas.
“These are changing times and it is not possible for the newspapers to be spared from the consequences of the evolution of ideas and the embrace of technology. It is essential for newspapers to be alive to the challenges of technology, and to harness responsibly the opportunities that present themselves.
“The history of the Press in India bears testimony to the fact that the pioneers created strong and durable institutions as well as traditions. That is your inheritance and you must build on it. It is incumbent upon you as a Society of newspapers and periodicals to weed out such aberrations as might have crept into the functioning of the media.
“Let me point out in this regard that it is distressing to note that some publications have resorted to “Paid News” and other such marketing strategies to drive their revenues. There is need for self-correcting mechanisms to check such aberrations.
“The temptation to “dumb down” news should also be resisted.
“The nation faces critical challenges that go well beyond the pressure of ‘Breaking News’ and immediate headlines.
“While you must continue to be effective raconteurs, you must also be visionary nation builders. You are after all the crystal ball that millions of Indians gaze at. It is your responsibility and your bounden duty to ensure that ideas are debated dispassionately and thoughts articulated without fear or favour so that opinion is always well informed.
“The influence, credibility and quality of our media is well recognized. Newspapers must be keepers of the conscience of our country. They have to be active participants in our continuing endeavour to nurture a democratic republic committed to achieving justice and fundamental freedoms for all citizens.
“Journalists must bring to public notice the array of ills and deprivations that continue to beset large numbers of our people – be it malnourishment, continuance of discriminatory practices against sections of society, particularly dalits, or the burdens and tragic consequences of indebtedness. They must shape and influence public opinion even as they provide objective and balanced coverage of news.
“The media has an important role to play in cleansing public life. However, to undertake this role, the conduct of the media itself should be above board. It must be always kept in mind that ends and means are both important.
“The highest standards of ethics must be maintained at all times.
“Sensationalism should never become a substitute for objective assessment and truthful reporting.
“Gossip and speculation should not replace hard facts.
“Every effort should be made to ensure that political or commercial interests are not passed off as legitimate and independent opinion.
“Integrity and independence are two sides of the same coin and both must be equally important for our media and for every one of us. There should be recognition that the media is accountable to its readers and viewers at large and through them to the entire nation.
“As the fourth estate, the media is the mediator between the public and public servants. It is a watchdog of public interest. It gives voice to the downtrodden and dispossessed. It is inherent in the role of a watchdog that the media draws attention to what is wrong. But, gloom and dark alone should not dominate news coverage. A conscious effort must be made to highlight the positive and inspire change for the better. The power of the media should be used to engage in a nation-wide endeavour to reset our moral compass.
“I call upon INS and all its members to remain torch bearers of responsible journalism. They must always be a voice for justice and equally, spokespersons of hope and reason.
“In conclusion, let me remind that one of the most prolific and influential journalists as well as publishers of our nation was Mahatma Gandhi. His thoughts on journalism are most illuminating and must guide our media.
“Gandhiji wrote in My Experiments with Truth:
“The sole aim of journalism should be service. The newspaper press is a great power, but just as an unchained torrent of water submerges whole countrysides and devastates crops, even so an uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy. If the control is from without, it proves more poisonous than want of control. It can be profitable only when exercised from within.”
He also wrote:
“Week after week I poured out my soul in its columns and expounded the principles and practice of satyagraha as I understood it. I cannot recall a word in these articles set down without thought or deliberation or a word of conscious exaggeration, or anything merely to please. Indeed, the journal became for me a training in self-restraint and for friends a medium through which to keep in touch with my thoughts.”
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22 July 2013
With the economic downturn threatening to turn into a full-blown recession and with the finance minister reduced to going around the world with a hat in hand, the Congress-led UPA government last week increased foreign direct investment (FDI) in telecom, defence, petroleum refining, etc, but…
But, not the media.
On the issue of enhancing FDI in media from 26% to 49% under the automatic route as proposed by a finance ministry panel, two separate ministries swung into action. First, the ministry of information and broadcasting sought the views of the telecom regulatory authority (TRAI) and the press council (PCI).
And then, the home ministry opposed the hike , favouring control of media houses by Indians. The Press Trust of India (PTI) quoted official sources as saying:
# “Opening up of current affairs TV channels, newspapers and periodicals dealing with news and current affairs may lead to meddling in India’s domestic affairs and politics.
# “Increase of FDI in broadcasting and print media may also allow foreign players to launch propaganda campaign during any national crisis as well as when interests of any particular country is harmed through any government decision.
# “Big foreign media players with vested interests may try to fuel fire during internal or external disturbances and also can encourage political instability in the country through their publications or broadcasting outlets.”
These reasons have been touted for 22 years now and will surprise nobody. Last week, The Hindu (which was initially at the forefront of the opposition to FDI hikes in media) reported that the industry was divided on the FDI issue:
“While certain big networks like Times Television Network, Network 18 and NDTV are broadly supportive, others like India TV, Sun, Eenadu and Malayala Manorama group have objected to an increase in FDI caps.”
The Centre’s decision to not go-ahead with FDI in media in an election year will not surprise anybody. After all, it wouldn’t want to rub promoters and proprietors on the wrong side, especially when powerful corporates (potential election donors) have substantial stakes in the media.
Still, the question remains whether the media can be given this preferential treatment and, if so, for how long? Will the home ministry’s fears ever vanish? Or, will the media which talks of competition and choice as the great leveller in every sphere of life, seek the protection of politicians in power to protect its turf?
From Delhi Confidential , the gossip column in The Indian Express :
“There is never a dull moment in India-Pakistan relations. Just when it seemed that a positive environment was on the horizon, comes the news that there might not be any Indian journalist based in Pakistan after this month.
“The only two journalists that are allowed, from PTI [ Rezaul Laskar ] and The Hindu [ Anita Joshua ], have ended their tenure, but their successors have not been given visas by Islamabad till now.
“The delay in processing of visas of the Indian journalists, for posting in Islamabad, has given rise to speculation that the new Pakistan establishment under Nawaz Sharif might be hardening its stand towards New Delhi.”
20 October 2012
S. M. A. Kazmi, the Urdu and Persian language journalist arrested in March this year for his alleged involvement in the attack on the car of an Israeli embassy official in New Delhi in February, has been ordered by the Supreme Court of India to be released after seven long months in custody.
Not surprisingly, there is great cheer in the Kazmi family.
His son Turab, is quoted by the Hindustan Times as saying:
“The first call I made was to my mother who started crying over the phone when I gave her the good news. We are very happy because the truth is out and justice has been finally done. We want to thank the Almighty for giving us power to fight for injustice.”
Kazmi’s wife, Jahan Ara, is quoted by the Indian Express as saying:
“Ibadat mein hi time guzra hai in saat mahino mein. Humare liye aaj hi eid hai (These seven months have been spent in prayers. Today is Eid for us).”
***
However, behind the good news are signs of a sad and devious police plot.
8 October 2012
The passing away of the former national security advisor and former foreign service officer Brajesh Mishra last week has resulted in a welter of tributes, many very mushy, a few critical, but almost all of them throwing light on the uncomfortable influence that the Vajpayee aide held over the media—and the chummy friendship that some in the media shared with the high official in the PMO.
***
In his diary in Outlook* , Vinod Mehta recounts the role played by Mishra in ordering raids on the magazine’s proprietor after Outlook had exposed the wheeleing-dealing of Vajpayee’s “son-in-law” Ranjan Bhattacharya:
“I know one does not speak ill of the dead but try as hard as I might, I cannot think of anything nice or complimentary to say about Brajesh Mishra. All my exchanges with him were thoroughly unpleasant. Once after a few whiskies at vice-president Hamid Ansari’s house, he asked me why I had turned against Atal Behari Vajpayee.
“I responded by asking him why he had ordered the I-T raids on my proprietor’s residence in Mumbai and why he threatened me over the phone, denying a story given to us by the Vajpayee household, of how much Vajpayee disliked Arun Jaitley.”
In his National Interest column in the Indian Express , editor-in-chief Shekhar Gupta writes:
“There was, however, one time when I saw him ruffled. And let me make a clean breast of it, even if it concerned The Indian Express. This was when the paper had carried a series of exposes embarrassing the Vajpayee government: the petrol pump scam, the scam on allotment of institutional lands to Sangh Parivar front organisations, and the Satyendra Dubey (the IIT engineer murdered while working for the NHAI by the mafia in Bihar) case.
“A top official in the State Bank of India, for decades this company’s bankers, told me — with a great deal of surprise and dismay — that he had got a call from “somebody” in the PMO to give the Express trouble. He said when he told the person the Express Group had “impeccably” clean accounts he was asked if he could somehow still give it grief. The banker was an old Express reader, loved the paper, and was aghast.
“I sought time with Vajpayee, and the tea had just been served when I said to him, “Suna hai, aajkal aap ne PMO se dadagiri shuru kar di hai.” I told him the story. And I must say Vajpayee looked genuinely shocked and swore he had not given any such instructions.
“Next day I was invited to Mishra’s office. “Arrey bhai, aisi baat thi toh… why didn’t you tell me first? Where was the need to go to boss? He has never pulled me up like this, and I am not used to it,” he said, now more rattled than annoyed. He promised that it was all “freelance” activity by a Sangh Parivar “busybody” who hung around in the PMO, “misusing” people’s phones, and that the “mischief” had been nipped.”
In his Sunday Sentiments column in the Hindustan Times , the TV anchor Karan Thapar writes of an interview he did with the Pakistani president Parvez Musharraf for Doordarshan six months after the Kargil war and three months after he had staged a coup, in the year 2000:
“When I got back from Islamabad I sent him a VHS of the interview. When I rang the next morning to ask what he thought of it he said he hadn’t seen it but his tone and manner suggested he had. What followed convinced me I was right.
“‘Have you told the press about this interview?’ he asked. The question surprised me because broadcast had not been cleared and I had no assurance it would be. Doordarshan, after all, is government controlled. ‘Yes, yes, I know that,’ Mr Mishra interrupted. ‘If I were you I’d let people know.’ Then, after a pause, he added sotto voce: ‘And tell them when it will be shown.’
“Now I was certain Mr Mishra was steering me. He was suggesting a strategy that would make it awkward, even difficult, to deny broadcast but without in anyway saying it would be cleared.
“Naturally, I followed his advice. PTI put out a small story that the interview would be broadcast the next day. The Indian Express front paged it. And then the drama began. A battle waged within the government over whether it should be shown. Various ministers — and the Army Chief — asked to see it. I assumed they all had a say in whether it would be cleared.
“At 7 in the evening I rang Mr Mishra. I could tell he was chuckling when he came on the line. ‘I know you’ve rung to ask if I’ve seen the interview. I haven’t but I’ll catch it tonight on TV.'”
* Disclosures apply
Photograph: courtesy Tribhuvan Tiwari/ Outlook
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19 January 2012
In what is perhaps the first acknowledgement of the fact that the UPA government could do with slightly better media schmoozing, Pankaj Pachauri , the host of NDTV Profit’s magazine show, Money Mantra, has been roped in as communications advisor at the prime minister’s office .
Pachauri, 48, has previously worked at The Sunday Observer, India Today and the BBC Hindi service in London. He will report to the PM’s principal secretary Pulok Chatterji.
An official press release reads:
“Pachauri, who will report to the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, will advise on communicating the Governments programmes, policies and achievements to the media and the public at large, particularly using the electronic, print and new and social media.”
8 December 2011
Two journalists of the newly launched (and rather awkwardly named) northeast daily, Seven Sister’s Post , are missing after they went into Burma on a story and one of their colleagues reportedly put up a Facebook status update that they had gone in search of the ULFA founder Paresh Baruah.
What initially seemed like good publicity for the paper launched on 11/11/11 and edited by Subir Bhaumik, formerly of the BBC , has quickly become a diplomatic headache for India, not to mention the anxiety for the families of the two detained journalists .
Now journalists from Assam have shot off a letter to prime minister Manmohan Singh (who incidentally represents Assam in the upper house of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha) expressing concern and urging the government to step in. Below is the full text of the letter.
***
5 November 2011
To the long list of infirmities journalists are justly notorious for—roving eyes, loose tongues, failing lungs, pot bellies, bad livers, body odour, etc—it is time to add another, uncouth behaviour.
Young or old, male or female, upmarket or downmarket, journalists now chew gum, jarda, etc as if they are all trying to disprove the 36th US president Lyndon B. Johnson who said of the 38th:
“ Jerry Ford is so dumb he can’t fart and can’t chew gum at the same time .”
Let the record state that the offending journalist in question in the news reports above belongs to Press Trust of India. Let the record also state that it is not judges who get maha-pissed off at the sight of constantly moving jaws: editors, too.
| i don't know |
Gravidity is the technical word for what ? | gravidity - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com
gravidity
n technical terms for pregnancy
Synonyms:
the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus
Word Family
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| being pregnant |
Arthur Thistlewood led which failed conspiracy in 1820 ? | gravidity - definition, etymology and usage, examples and related words
gravidity
n gravidity technical terms for pregnancy
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n Gravidity The state of being gravidated; pregnancy.
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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
n gravidity The act of gravidating or making pregnant, or the state of being pregnant; pregnancy; impregnation.
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The accompanying illustration represents a hernia of the gravid womb through the linea alba.
"Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine" by George M. Gould
With musical ideas he was ever gravid but their intensity is parent to their brevity.
"Chopin: The Man and His Music" by James Huneker
As a matter of fact, it happened after "the gravid polled Angus" business.
"A Diversity of Creatures" by Rudyard Kipling
Associated Words: pregnant, gravid, enceinte.
"Putnam's Word Book" by Louis A. Flemming
Graily Hewitt attributed it to flexion of the gravid uterus, Kaltenbach to hysteria, and Zaborsky terms it a neurosis.
"Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5 (of 6)" by Havelock Ellis
In the warm sunshine the viper, in its gravid state, had not cared to move as usual on hearing his approach; he had stepped full upon it.
"After London" by Richard Jefferies
The gravid female is always solitary.
"Social Life in the Insect World" by J. H. Fabre
It has even been recognized in the urine of a few gravid animals.
"The Ladies Book of Useful Information" by Anonymous
Whether the Transfusion may be practic'd upon pregnant Bitches, at least at certain times of their gravidation?
"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Vol 1 - 1666" by Various
To my thinking, at any rate, they make a gravid mistake who look for "realism" in these things.
"Holbein" by Beatrice Fortescue
The little man scribbled furiously, clucking like a gravid hen.
"Teething Ring" by James Causey
Gravid females have been found from April to August.
"The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America" by Juan R. León
Gravid females were found at the same locality on June 8, 1960, and June 23, 1962.
"A Review of the Frogs of the Hyla bistincta Group" by William E. Duellman
Gravid female eels, i.e.
"Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 1" by Various
The largest specimen from Michoacan is a gravid female (UIMNH 16104) having a snout-vent length of 23.5 mm.
"The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México" by William E. Duellman
Females were gravid at station A-1 on June 14.
"Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk Counties, Kansas" by Artie L. Metcalf
Five gravid females had snout-vent lengths of 64, 68, 69, 69 and 70.
"Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea" by Robert G Webb
Numbers of eggs were counted in gravid females; the largest eggs have diameters ranging from 2.5 to 3.0 mm.
"A Review of the Middle American Tree Frogs of the Genus Ptychohyla" by William E. Duellman
Gravid females in June traveled the next longest average distance per day (363 feet).
"Natural History of the Ornate Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata Agassiz" by John M. Legler
Gaige, Hartweg, and Stuart (1937:4) noted gravid females collected at El Recreo, Nicaragua, in August and September.
"Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca" by William E. Duellman
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| i don't know |
What is the surname of the singer Adele ? | Adele - Biography - IMDb
Biography
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Trade Mark (5) | Trivia (44) | Personal Quotes (14)
Overview (3)
5' 9" (1.75 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Adele was born on May 5, 1988 in Tottenham, London, England as Adele Laurie Blue Adkins.
Trade Mark (5)
Unfiltered profanities during her performances
Titles albums after the age she was when it was written. 19, 21, 25, etc.
Her power ballads
First winner of the Brit Awards Critics' Choice (2008).
Resides with her mother in South London.
Is influenced by the music of Etta James and Ella Fitzgerald .
Graduated from BRIT School (2006).
English soul and jazz singer.
Underwent throat surgery for a hemorrhaged vocal cord on November 7, 2011.
Named as the "Artist of the Year" for 2011 by Billboard.
Made Billboard history by becoming the first female singer to top the artist, album and singles list in the same year (2011).
In the 2011 Billboard poll, Adele was voted for the Favourite Hot 100 No. 1 song (Rolling in the Deep) and Favourite Billboard 200 No. 1 for her album "21".
Is good friends with EastEnders (1985) actor Sid Owen .
Voted #92 on Ask men's Top 99 'most desirable' woman of 2012 list.
Won 6 awards at the 2012 Grammy Awards, including: Record of the Year for her album "21", Album of the Year for "21", Song of the Year for "Rolling in the Deep", Best Solo Performance for "Someone Like You", Best Pop Vocal Album for "21", and Best Short Form Music Video for "Rolling in the Deep".
Has a miniature dachshund.
Suffers from a fear of flying and sailing.
Ranked #20 of the "60 Richest Young People" in the UK's The Sunday Times Rich List (2012) with earnings of £20m/$30.
Owns a selection of wigs for which she has pet names such as, "June" (after June Carter Cash ), "Jackie" (after Jackie Collins ), etc.
Prior to hitting the big time as a singer, Adele once lived in a 1BR flat directly above the bookstore run by Hugh Grant in the movie Notting Hill (1999).
Even after making a victorious splash at the 51st Grammy Awards (8 Feb. 2009), the singer surprised everybody when she took a job at the London-based "Rough Trade" record store as a personal exercise in learning about the basics of the music industry and getting an insider's view of the up-and-coming talent.
Adele's victorious performance at the 54th Grammy Awards (12 February 2012) was the first time she'd sung in public since her throat surgery in Boston (Nov. 2011) where renowned throat surgeon Dr. Steven Zeitels performed the successful operation.
She and Beyoncé Knowles are avid mutual fans.
First British female artist to reach the 10 million records sales mark in the U.S. with her album "21". The album is also the first to top the list two years in a row (2011 & 2012) since Michael Jackson 's "Thriller" in 1983 and 1984. [November 2012]
Won her first 2 Grammies at the 2009 ceremony, for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the single "Chasing Pavements" from her freshman album, 19.
Has been in a relationship with Simon Konecki since 2011 and they have one son together.
Gave birth to her 1st child at age 24, a son Angelo James Konecki on October 19, 2012. Child's father is her boyfriend, Simon Konecki.
Has a younger paternal half-brother, Cameron Evans.
Her father, Mark Evans, walked out on Adele and her mother when she was 3-years-old. She saw him every weekend until 1999, not seeing him again until 2003. They became estranged again in 2011 after Evans sold a story about his daughter to the press.
Was 8 months pregnant with her son Angelo when she recorded the titular theme song of the film, Skyfall (2012).
Returned to work 4 months after giving birth to her son Angelo in order to perform at The 85th Annual Academy Awards (2013).
One of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World (2012).
She was awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours List for her services to Music. She is a singer and songwriter.
London, England: singer [June 2013]
Good friends with Ayda Field .
Adele's album "25" sold over 800K copies in the first week of its release, breaking the UK's chart history record previously held by Oasis 's "Be Here Now" (1997), a record the band held for 18 years. [2015]
First female in the history of the "Billboard Hot 100" to have three singles in the top 10 at the same time: "Set Fire to the Rain" (#2), "Rolling in the Deep" (#5), "Someone Like You" (#7) - from the album "21" (2011).
Her longtime boyfriend Simon Konecki is a campaigner for safe water worldwide a charity co-founded by screen legend Paul Newman to provide safe drinking water to people in the developing world.
Adele's mom Penny was a huge Jeff Buckley fan, in particular of his 1994 album "Grace" which she would play after she'd put the young Adele to bed at night.
Credits the scene where a lovesick Mark Wahlberg is floating in the water in The Perfect Storm (2000), as a major inspiration for the lyrics of her song "Rolling in the Deep".
The first concert she recalls attending in 1992 was when her mother escorted her to see The Beautiful South at London's Brixton Academy. She was too young, at age 3, to be admitted so her mother smuggled her in under her coat. Shortly afterwards she was taken (legally) to see The Cure at London's Finsbury Park (1993).
On top of being the best selling artist of the 21st century, she is the only artist with not one but two Diamond certified albums.
Rates Bruno Mars as one of the greatest male pop singers of his generation.
Despite her meteoric rise to wealth and fame, Adele still remains loyal to her cosmetics and continues to wear her favorite perfume "Hypnotic Poison" by Christian Dior , a fragrance she's worn since she was 15-years-old.
| Adkins |
In which South American country is Mount Chimborazo the highest mountain ? | BIOGRAPHY: Adele Lifetime
Little Women: Atlanta
Wednesdays 9pm
Adele is one of the UK’s best-selling singer/songwriters and having taken some time away from the music industry after the birth of her first child, Angelo, she is now working on her third album. But where did it all start?
Her full name is Adele Laurie Blue Adkins and she was born to single mother Penny Adkins on 5 May 1988 in Tottenham, North London. She is estranged from her Welsh father Mark Evans. She started singing at the age of four years and has stated the Spice Girls heavily influenced her decision to start.
Talking about her unmusical family, Adele has said, 'It all comes from impersonating The Spice Girls and Gabrielle.' She used to give little concerts in her room for her mother and her friends. As her mother was quite arty, she helped a young Adele impersonate Gabrielle by making an eye patch for her to wear. At the age of 11, the family moved to Brighton but returned to Brixton where Adele remembers watching Pink in concert.
It was only when a record producer friend of her father asked a teenage Adele to sing a cover of Heart of Glass after hearing her 'wicked' voice did she realise her calling as a musician. She went to secondary school in West Norwood and it was here that she came across R&B singers, such as Mary J Blige, that have influenced her songs. Speaking of her time at school, she explained that she wanted to perform but found it hard as she was told she would need to learn the clarinet to be a part of the choir.
As a result, she upped sticks and moved to the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in Croydon. She has said about her time at the school: 'If I hear someone's from stage school I'd think they were a dickhead, and I know it might make me sound like that. But it had free rehearsal rooms and free equipment and I was listening to music all day, every day for years. The music course was really wicked. There was no dancing or anything like that. No jazz hands.'
In May 2006, she graduated and joined other famous alumni such as Amy Winehouse, Kate Nash and the Feeling. This was when she was first noticed by record labels despite the fact she had had a MySpace page since the end of 2004.
She was invited for a meeting with XL and was so nervous that she took a friend with her. The rest, as they say, is history!
In September 2006, she was signed by XL and her manager was confirmed as Jonathan Dickens. She provided vocals on Jamie Penate's song My Yvonne and met producer Jim Abbiss, with whom she has worked with since.
Her breakthrough single Hometown Glory, which was written about West Norwood, was released in October 2007. Adele went on to support Will Young at the 2007 MENCAP Little Noise Sessions, which was a charity concert. By 2008, she was the headliner and had been named the number-one breakthrough act of the year in an annual BBC poll. She also won the Brit Awards' Critic Choice prize that year.
Her first album 19 was named for her age at the time and was released in February 2008. It went straight to number one after the success of her second single Chasing Pavements, which had been released two weeks previously on 18 January. This song debuted at number two and stayed in the UK charts for four months.
Adele was nominated for the Mercury Prize for her album in 2008 as well as a Q Awards nomination for Best Breakthrough Act. She won an Urban Music award for Best Jazz Act before signing with Columbia Records to start her foray into the US.
She started a tour of North America and 19 was released in June 2008 but by October that year it appeared as though she wouldn't make it in the US. She had cancelled some of her tour dates to be with a former boyfriend and was drinking too much. That was until she performed Chasing Pavements and Cold Shoulder on an episode of Saturday Night Live with Sarah Palin. After the show, which was watched by 17 million people, her album reached number 11 in the Billboard Charts.
In November 2008, she moved to Notting Hill and gave up drinking. In February 2009, her debut album went platinum in the US having sold 2.2 million copies. She also won Grammys for Best New Artist and Best Female Vocal Performance in 2009 and was nominated for three Brit awards.
Then prime minister Gordon Brown is also thought to have sent Adele a thank you note for 'being the light at the end of the tunnel' despite the country's financial problems.
Adele's second album 21, which was her age at the time, was released on 24 January 2011 in the UK and on 22 February in the US. She has claimed that the album was inspired by her break-up with a former partner. It was a change in direction from her first record as it incorporated aspects of country music.
It reached number one in more than 26 countries including the UK and US, while an emotional performance of Someone Like You at the Brits on 15 February 2011 rocketed the track to number one. Adele's first album also re-entered the charts while her first two singles from 21 – Rolling In The Deep and Someone Like You were both in the top five. For the first time since the Beatles in 1964, a living British musician had two singles and two albums in the top-five at the same time.
By December 2011, both songs had broken sales records and her second album had sold more than 3.4 million copies. It also overtook Amy Winehouse's Back to Black as the best-selling album of the 21st century.
Her third single from the album Set Fire To The Rain also reached number one and Adele embarked on a worldwide tour in October 2011. However, she had to cancel two shows to undergo vocal cord surgery in the US due to a vocal cord haemorrhage that could have led to permanent damage of her voice.
Since then, she has recovered and won six Grammy as well as five Brits. 21 went back to number one in February 2012 and has become the fifth best-selling album of all time in the UK.
She composed and performed the title track for the 2012 James Bond film Skyfall, eventually winning an Oscar for her work on the song. She was unable to promote the song as she was heavily pregnant with her son at the time.
Adele gave birth to a son, Angelo, on 19 October 2012. The father is her partner Simon Konecki, whom she moved in with in February 2012.
At the 2013 Grammy awards, she also confirmed that she was in the very early stages of her third album and was having meetings while staying in Los Angeles for the Oscars.
In 2015 she launch her third album campaign with the surprise release of the single Hello, which became her second number 1 in the UK – selling a massive 333,000 copies in its first week. She released her third album 25 in November, which quickly smashed records to become one of the best-selling albums of all time. In an era where streaming and digital downloads have taken over the music industry, 25 bucked this trend by being just as popular in its physical format. The Independent noted: "25 sent casual purchasers back to the remaining physical stores and may even have introduced a new generation to the delights of ownership."
25 has since become Adele's best-selling album, shifting over 19,000,000 copies worldwide. In May 2016, she signed a contract with Sony (leaving her original record company XL) in a reported £90 million deal – the biggest record deal in history.
| i don't know |
Who replaced Rowan Williams as Archbishop of Canterbury ? | Rowan Williams tells 'persecuted' western Christians to grow up | UK news | The Guardian
Rowan Williams
Rowan Williams tells 'persecuted' western Christians to grow up
Former archbishop of Canterbury says UK and US Christians exaggerate 'mild discomfort', and gay friends may feel let down
Former archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams at the Edinburgh international book festival in Scotland. Photograph: Murdo Macleod for the Guardian
Charlotte Higgins , chief arts writer
Thursday 15 August 2013 13.52 EDT
First published on Thursday 15 August 2013 13.52 EDT
Close
This article is 3 years old
Christians in Britain and the US who claim that they are persecuted should "grow up" and not exaggerate what amounts to feeling "mildly uncomfortable", according to Rowan Williams , who last year stepped down as archbishop of Canterbury after an often turbulent decade.
"When you've had any contact with real persecuted minorities you learn to use the word very chastely," he said. "Persecution is not being made to feel mildly uncomfortable. 'For goodness sake, grow up,' I want to say."
True persecution was "systematic brutality and often murderous hostility that means that every morning you wonder if you and your children are going to live through the day". He cited the experience of a woman he met in India "who had seen her husband butchered by a mob".
Lord Williams's years as archbishop of Canterbury were marked by turbulence over the church's stance on the role of gay priests and bishops; gay marriage; and homophobia in the wider Anglican communion – with many members of the church expressing disappointment at a perceived hardening in its position on homosexuality.
Asked if he had let down gay and lesbian people, he said after a pause: "I know that a very great many of my gay and lesbian friends would say that I did. The best thing I can say is that is a question that I ask myself really rather a lot and I don't quite know the answer."
Sharing a platform at the Edinburgh international book festival with Julia Neuberger, senior rabbi at the West London Synagogue, Williams launched a withering critique of popular ideas about spirituality. "The last thing it is about is the placid hum of a well-conducted meditation," he said.
He said the word "spiritual" in today's society was frequently misused in two ways: either to mean "unworldly and useless, which is probably the sense in which it has been used about me", or "meaning 'I'm serious about my inner life, I want to cultivate my sensibility'".
He added: "Speaking from the Christian tradition, the idea that being spiritual is just about having nice experiences is rather laughable. Most people who have written seriously about the life of the spirit in Christianity and Judaism spend a lot of their time telling you how absolutely bloody awful it is." Neuberger said she found some uses of the word self-indulgent and offensive. Williams argued that true spirituality was not simply about fostering the inner life but was about the individual's interaction with others.
"I'd like to think, at the very least, that spiritual care meant tending to every possible dimension of sense of the self and each other, that it was about filling out as fully as possible human experience," he said.
Asked by Neuberger whether he felt organised religion encouraged the life of the spirit, he replied: "The answer is of course a good Anglican yes and no". While it can pass on the shared values of tradition, it can also operate as simply "the most satisfying leisure activity possible. It can also be something that you use to bolster your individual corporate ego."
Discussing the relationship between church and state, he said the established church was "an odd business, a very messy and complicated business" but that he was "bloody-minded" about the notion of disestablishment. "I am not in a hurry to see the church disestablished if the pressure is coming from what I regard as the wrong kind of secularism."
On Prince Charles's apparent desire to be known as "defender of faith" (as in all faiths) rather than "defender of the faith" (as in simply Anglicanism) on his accession to the throne, the two clerics disagreed.
Neuberger said she believed "defender of faith" was exactly right. Williams replied: "You're wrong … defender of the faith is just one of those historic titles that is part of the stream of things; it means almost what you want it to mean." Neuberger replied: "What's important about what Prince Charles has said is that it assumes parity of esteem, which for my lot is quite important."
Williams was asked whether the Church of England ran the risk of functioning merely as a well-meaning NGO.
Referring to the current archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby's recent statements on wanting to compete with payday lender Wonga , he said: "If the church or some of its representatives make remarks on matters of public interest, it can trigger the question where does that come from?
"Can you trace back your attitude to, say, credit unions or the environment to something that is distinctive in the religious heritage? And that means pursuing the conversation a bit.
"The risk of being reduced to an NGO, another woolly, well-meaning liberal thinktank or ambulance service – that's not a fate I would relish for my church," he said.
• This article was amended on 16 August 2013. The original described Julia Neuberger as president of the Liberal Judaism movement. She formerly held that post but stepped down from it when she became senior rabbi at the West London Synagogue in March 2011.
Right Rev Paul Butler is also champion of children's rights and says tackling poverty will be priority in north-eastern diocese
Published: 12 Sep 2013
The Rev George Gebauer says he feels sorry for gay people and believes there is something wrong with their make-up
Published: 3 Sep 2013
Justin Welby says vast majority of under-35s equate his stance on same-sex marriage to racism and other forms of injustice
Published: 28 Aug 2013
Sentamu's instruction comes month after launching inquiry into handling of reports of alleged abuse by late Robert Waddington
Published: 16 Aug 2013
| Justin Welby |
Who wrote the melody of the song Keep the Home Fires Burning ? | New Archbishop of Canterbury decision 'may take months' - BBC News
BBC News
New Archbishop of Canterbury decision 'may take months'
30 September 2012
Close share panel
Media captionThe BBC's Robert Pigott looks at who is in contention to replace Dr Rowan Williams
The choice of a successor to Dr Rowan Williams as Archbishop of Canterbury may not take place for several months, the Church of England has said.
It comes after speculation that the latest meeting of the panel given the task of nominating a new Church leader had not chosen a candidate.
Officials reiterated that the work of choosing a successor could go on throughout the autumn.
Dr Williams will step down in December after 10 years in the post.
The most recent meeting of the Crown Nominations Commission set up to choose Dr Williams' successor ended on Friday evening and it has not ruled out holding further meetings.
Analysis
By Robert PigottReligious affairs correspondent, BBC News
With so much at stake in the choice of the next Archbishop of Canterbury, the lack of definite news from the Crown Nominations Commission hasn't prevented intense speculation about the outcome.
The Church has not confirmed whether or not the last scheduled meeting has ended in deadlock, but it might be significant that officials have conceded that the decision might take a lot longer to reach.
Even when there is a puff of white smoke from the secret location at which the Commission meets, it's unlikely that all its 16 voting members will be entirely happy with the outcome. That's partly because there was no outstanding candidate this time round.
But another factor making this an agonising decision, and one likely to end in some sort of compromise, is that the Commission's membership itself reflects divisions in the Church as a whole over fundamental issues, in particular homosexuality.
No announcement was expected this weekend as any successful candidate would have to be endorsed by the prime minister and the Queen.
However, in response to intense speculation that the commission had failed to agree a candidate the Church confirmed that the decision could take several weeks or even months to emerge.
Officials stressed that the group had all of autumn to decide, conceding only that it would want to avoid having no-one to replace Dr Williams when he steps down at the end of the year.
The selection will bring to an end a period of intense lobbying by Anglicans who believe the new leader will be taking over at a critical time.
The new archbishop will be male as no decision has been made yet on whether women should be able to be ordained as bishops in the Church of the England.
The Church has come close to splitting over the ordination of gay clergy and women bishops, and has struggled to maintain its membership.
There is no time limit for the decision, which will be made by 16 voting members of the commission, including clergy and lay people. No date for the announcement has been set.
Contenders for the post include Bishop of London Richard Chartres, Bishop of Coventry Christopher Cocksworth, Bishop of Norwich Graham James, Bishop of Durham Justin Welby, and Archbishop of York Dr John Sentamu - the second most senior bishop in the Church.
Others already elected by the House of Bishops to sit on the CNC - effectively removing themselves from the running - include the Bishop of Carlisle, the Right Reverend James Newcome, and the Bishop of Gloucester, the Right Reverend Michael Perham.
The Bishop of Norwich told the BBC he was praying he was not chosen for the post.
Who is in the running?
Profile: Dr Rowan Williams
Bishop James said: "Anyone who really longs to be the Archbishop of Canterbury is probably not terribly well equipped to do the job."
An opinion poll for BBC local radio by ComRes - which questioned 2,500 people in England - suggested most people thought Dr Williams had been a good leader.
However, a quarter said he had not kept the Church relevant in modern Britain.
The election process began in March when Dr Williams announced he would be standing down.
He is due to take the position of Master of Magdalene College at the University of Cambridge in January.
Dr Williams was appointed the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury in 2002.
| i don't know |
Who introduced the 'New Look' in women's fashion in February 1947 ? | Marie Trepanier (a Prettier Place): The New Look (1947)
The New Look (1947)
Christian Dior (F/W 1954)
On February 12, 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring/Summer 1947 and put an end to the wartime styles that had dominated fashion ever since 1939. The new collection went down in fashion history as the "New Look" after Harpar’s Bazaar editor-in-chief Carmel exclamation, "It's such a New Look!"
During World War II, designers and clothes makers had been forced to adjust their styles to wartime cloth restrictions and rationing due to lack of materials; women's clothes were close fitting, with square shoulders and shorter skirts. Though clothing restrictions were still in effect in France, UK and the US in 1947, Dior's New Look collection violated all the rules of wartime fashion: his outfits had rounded shoulders, full skirts and a narrow waist. The dresses were lined with expensive and luxurious fabrics such as cambric or taffeta and were beautifully detailed. Outfits were accessorized with a hat, often worn to one side, long gloves and simple jewelry. As Dior described it when the clothing line was introduced, the New Look was "symbolic of youth and the future."
Jean Dessès (1951) Victor Stiebel (1950)
Balenciaga (1955)
Dior's New Look clothes created an international sensation. Critics scolded the designer for ignoring the continued rationing and the economic distress of the war years. They complained that manufacturers didn't have enough cloth to make Dior's full skirts and that women didn't have enough money to buy them. One British politician claimed that the longer skirt was the "ridiculous whim of idle people," while protestors in Paris called out, "40,000 francs for a dress and our children have no milk," according to Nigel Cawthorne, author of The New Look: The Dior Revolution. But women and other designers disagreed. The first women to see the designs at Paris fashion shows raved that femininity had returned to women's clothes. Designers imitated Dior's look for their collections and quickly produced ready-to-wear New Look-inspired clothing lines. (Ready-to-wear refers to clothes that can be bought "off the rack" as opposed to custom designed, tailored clothing.)
Jean Dessès (1953) Pierre Balmain (1950)
The New Look killed off the utility clothing of the war years and ushered in a new era in fashion. By 1948 the New Look was the dominant fashion in Paris, London and New York. It continued to be popular for several years.
Photos from the Albert and Victoria Museum, London
Article sources from the Fashion Encyclopedia and Wikipedia
| Christian Dior |
Who played the title role in the 1943 Hollywood film version of The Phantom of the Opera ? | 1940s Fashion: The Decade Captured In 40 Incredible Pictures
Despite the hardships of WWII, the 1940s were still a brilliant decade for style. We highlight the key moments for 1940s fashion in 40 stunning images.
1. Joan Crawford, 1940s
Check out Joan Crawford’s shoulder pads and decadent jewels above – now we know where Joan Collins got her Dynasty inspo from. A perfectly-tailored peplum finishes off her sharp look. Power dressing at its very best, she was an unforgettable 1940s fashion icon.
Joan Crawford
2. Christian Dior’s new look, 1947
When it comes to 1940s fashion, Dior’s groundbreaking new silhouette redefined women’s post-war style and revived France’s fashion industry after a difficult few years. The collection – featuring gorgeous full skirts and waist-cinching jackets – was Dior’s first and became forever known as the ‘New Look’ after Harper’s editor Carmel Snow said in 1947: ‘It’s such a new look!’ Imagine if every designer could knock together something like this for their debut…
Christian Dior’s new look
3. Ava Gardner, 1944
Ava Gardner was one of the decade’s most successful (and beautiful) actresses. Here she is in 1944, showcasing the beauty of a belted waist and a chic neckerchief; a key 1940s fashion trend.
Ava Gardner
4. Bette Davis, 1943
An original 1940s fashion pin-up, Bette Davis works a blue gown in this seductive shot, taken in 1943.
Bette Davis
5. Doris Day, 1948
Doris Day shows us how to work the nautical trend during the filming of Romance On The High Seas in 1948. Remind us to drape our blazer over our shoulders on our next boat trip…
Doris Day
6. Rita Hayworth, 1940
The actress embraces androgynous style in a pair of wide-legged trousers and monochrome flats in 1940. Our new workwear wardrobe = sorted.
Rita Hayworth
7. Katharine Hepburn, 1940
Katharine rocks a gingham dress and cinched-in waist on the set of The Philadelphia Story in 1940. Note the Peter Pan collar, a 1940s fashion trend that still resonates today.
Katharine Hepburn
8. Joan Crawford, 1946
Joan does it again. Here she shows us how to work floral prints with some seriously statement jewels.
Joan Crawford
Über-embellishment and major cocktail jewels made Barbara Stanwyck look like a total screen goddess in 1941.
Barbara Stanwyck
12. Rita Hayworth, 1946
This famous black satin gown from Rita Hayworth’s striptease scene in Gilda set tongues wagging in 1946.
Rita Hayworth
13. Ingrid Bergman, 1942
We’d wear those block-heeled sandals today. Check out the flawless Ingrid Bergman working a perfect ‘jet set’ look in Casablanca.
Ingrid Bergman
14. Bette Davis, 1940s
Bette Davis knew how to clash her brights right, topping off her look off with a slick of red lipstick.
Bette Davis
15. Rita Hayworth, 1940s
Here’s our Ibiza style inspiration sorted. Rita Hayworth works a printed bikini, huge sun hat and peep-toe heels. If only we looked this put-together by the pool.
Rita Hayworth
16. Ladies in Paris, 1947
These midi-length skirts couldn’t be more on trend for AW16. Have French women EVER been out of style?
Ladies in Paris
17. Swimsuit competition, Paris, 1949
Check out those ruffles! These Parisian girls certainly knew how to push boundaries when they showcased the latest swimsuit trends way back in 1949. We could totally see Rihanna in the suit on the far right.
A swimwear competition in Paris
18. Christian Dior model, 1947
Has a fur coat ever looked so glamorous? This lady seems to have predicted exactly how we want our winter layers to look, 60 years into the future. How clever.
A Christian Dior model
19. Ava Gardner, 1940s
More monochrome. A first hint of statement prints. You can’t go wrong with a 1940s tea dress.
Ava Gardner
20. Betty Hutton, 1945
Betty rocks a halterneck bikini, wrap skirt and wedges with a turban-style headband. No wonder she’s smiling – she looks hot.
Betty Hutton
21. Ann Sheridan, 1942
Ann works the metallics trend in this decadent high-neck gown. We could totally see this on the red carpet at next year’s Oscars.
Ann Sheridan
22. Reard fashion show, 1946
Bikini briefs in the forties were HUGE (quite literally) and always teamed with an, ahem, on-point structured top. These gorgeous models perfect their catwalk struts at the Reard show in 1946.
MPU 02
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What is the star sign for the 1st August ? | August 1 Horoscope | Famous Birthdays
August 1 Horoscope
August 1st Zodiac
As a Leo born on August 1st, you are characterized by your highly extroverted nature. You are energized by new people and use your warm personality to be quite charming. While others are fearful of the spotlight, you actively seek it, as you thrive in situations where you are the center of attention. Similarly, you are a natural leader and rarely hesitate to take control of situations. Although your friends and family may find you a bit overbearing at time, your loving nature easily melts away their frustrations.
August 1st Element
Fire is the Leo's paired element and you actually have a cardinal relationship with the element. Like a strong flame, your passion and enthusiasm burns with great conviction when taking on a challenge. Fire's influence is one of your greatest assets, as it helps you conquer goals with great determination. Take care to acknowledge the negative influences of fire, which can sometimes cause flashes of impulsiveness, arrogance and impatience.
August 1st Planetary Influence
The Sun is the ruling planet of the Leo and because you were born on the last day of the first Decan, or part, of the sign, you experience twice the Sun's planetary influence. The Sun is the planet of integration and it powers the individuality, willpower, creativity and ego that are so prevalent in your personality. You are often motivated by your pride and although it allows you to hide your insecurities, you occasionally run the risk of being arrogant. In order to counter this potential flaw, make sure to open up to those closest too you, as this will be key to your personal growth.
August 1st Career
A variety of careers match well with your natural gifts of confidence, leadership and creativity. Your determination would be well suited for careers in business, sales or law. Your need for the spotlight and creative ability could lead to a successful career in entertainment as well. If you are musically inclined, look to the work of Jerry Garcia, who was also born on August 1st, for inspiration. If acting seems more appealing, you may take a lesson from the warm acting style of Tempestt Bledsoe, another of your birthday twins.
August 1st Sabian Symbol
The Sabian Symbol for your birthday is early morning dew sprinkled as sunlight hits a field. You may have recently experienced, or will soon be experiencing, a difficult trial or challenge. Although you will experience stress, it is important to keep your inner strength and faith. Remember that once you overcome your obstacles, you will experience inner peace and warmth.
Celebrity Relationships
Here are a few Leo celebrities born on August 1st and their past or present romantic connections:
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On a rail journey from London to Brighton, from which London terminus station do you depart ? | August 1 Birthday Horoscope Personality | Sun Signs
Home » Birthday » August 1 Birthday Horoscope Personality
August 1 Birthday Horoscope Personality
Mikki Donaldson Leave a comment
Birthday Meanings Of People Born On August 1st (Zodiac Sign Leo)
IF YOU ARE BORN ON AUGUST 1, then you are a leader who is determined. Perhaps you are a little tough at times especially when you need to make decisions on the spot. You thrive on pressure and love variety although you have the ability to remain calm… at least on the outside.
The zodiac sign for 1st August birthday is Leo. Privately, you are self-centered and worry a lot about your security financially. When you can, you splurge on others just to enjoy some of the niceties in life.
Today’s birthday horoscope shows that you are successful business-minded individuals. On the other hand, you can be most sensitive. You are good at marketing and research in addition to your many other talents.
Actually, Leos with a 1 August birthdate are quite insightful people. Normally, you can see right through people’s lies and lines. People who are positive thinking and authentic are the ones that mostly surround you. You prefer to be around individuals who think the way you do.
As an August 1st birthday personality, you are gifted with the potential to become extremely wealthy. With your enthusiasm and social position, you can be thrown in to the spotlight but you love it. All heads turn when you grace a room with your presence.
The birth date astrology for August 1 also predicts that you are independent, attractive and spontaneous. Getting a hand out has never been your style. You work for what you have and are proud of it.
In addition, you can be a stickler to details as you want everything in an orderly fashion. As a negative quality, August 1 Leo birthdays can be blunt, domineering and arrogant Lions.
The August 1st birth day love compatibility analysis shows that in love you are attention seeking, fun and lively. Your perfect love mate will pamper and spoil you. You feel you need this as a stimulus to a blissful partnership. For you, love and sex have definite distinctions.
Yes… you like your ego stroked and prefer a mate who doesn’t mind getting a little freaky every now and again. The Lion does reward those that are loyal. He will treat you like royalty as well. In addition, you want someone to go the distance with you not just someone when the weather is good.
If today 1st August is your birth date, you want the security of a lasting relationship. However, you have a mean streak, Leo. As a parent, you are likely strict.
You want to best out of them so, you can be guilty of pushing a little bit. Nonetheless, your children respect you and your opinion. You listen when your children talk as you know, it’s the key to having a healthy relationship.
Typically, the Lion born on a August 1st zodiac birthday has strong features. There could be something special in your eyes. Those of you born on this day should guard against diseases relating to the mouth.
It is suggested that you visit your doctor regularly and exercise, and eat right. Also, you can be susceptible to pains and muscles aches. Eating lots of fruits will help keep you looking nice and trim. Otherwise, you are healthy individuals who pride themselves on looking and feeling their best.
Those with an August 1 birthday personality are bold and boastful Lions. This Leo sun sign person may be the attention-getter who is independent and loyal. You posses a heart that is open and giving. Sometimes, your heart is easy to break but mostly, you have a strong constitution.
The August 1st birthday meanings suggest that these Leos are protective individuals who love to spoil and be spoiled. A relationship with a person born on this day can be fun and intriguing as you love the finer things in life. You are destined to be successful. However, the person born on August 1 should stay grounded. Humility is often honored by most.
This Day That Year – 1st August In History
1177 – Emperor Frederik I signs peace agreement with Pope Alexander III
1732 – The Bank of England starts building is first bank
1838 – Slaves freed of obligations and apprenticeship system abolished in most areas of the British Empire
1907 – The branch (Bank of Italy) at 3433 Mission St. in San Francisco commences operations
Celebrities Born On August 1st
Tempestt Bledsoe, William Clark, Coolio, Dhani Harrison, Dom DeLuise, Jerry Garcia, Roy Williams
August 1 Birthdate Sign: You Fall Under Astrology Sign Leo
August 1 Corresponding Rashi (Vedic Moon Sign): Simha Rashi
August 1 Corresponding Chinese Zodiac Symbol: MONKEY
August 1 Birth Planet: Your ruling planet is the Sun that symbolizes royalty, author, leadership and independence.
August 1 Birthday Symbols: The Lion Is The Symbol For The Leo Zodiac Sign
August 1 Birth Date Tarot Card:
Your Birth Day Tarot Card is The Magician. This card symbolizes a creative personality with excellent decision-making skills.
August 1 Birthday Love Compatibility:
You are most compatible with people born under Sun Sign Aries: This will be a fantastic match both in terms of love and understanding.
You are not compatible with people born under Sun Sign Taurus: This is a relationship that has more chances of failure as both of you are stubborn and obstinate.
August 1 Birth Date Numerology: Your Favorable numbers are:
Number 1 – This number stands for leadership, enthusiasm, motivation and people skills.
Number 9 – This number symbolizes a humanitarian number, a helpful nature, patience and telepathy.
Lucky Colors For August 1st Birthdays:
Orange: This colour signifies the beginning of a new day, positive energy, happiness and faithfulness.
Gold: This is a color that stands for prosperity, splendor, success and abundance.
Lucky Days For 1st August Birthdate:
Sunday – This day ruled by the Sun helps you analyze your plans, motivate people to fulfill your dreams and goals.
August 1 Birth Stone: Ruby gemstone is known to stimulate your mental faculties and help you become more confident and energetic.
Ideal Zodiac Birthday Gifts For People Born On The 1st Of August: A gold engraved lighter for the Leo man and a gift basket of fancy chocolates, jams, jellies and cookies for the woman.
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Who was Home Secretary at the time of the Sydney Street Siege of 1911 ? | London - Sidney Street Siege - British Pathé
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"Houndsditch Assassins at bay, Besieged by soldiers and Armed Police." MS group of policemen and civilians standing across street in a line in a a pose for the camera (14). MS two Scots Guards and some civilians by a terraced house (25). Guard, man and small girl by doorway (33). CS three policemen and a civilian (44). A large body of policemen with some Scots Guards armed with rifles beside a shop (W. Walker, at north end of Sidney Street) (63). "The maxim gun proceeding to fight". (66). Line of Guards with rifles running along street past camera. (80). Street with trams; soldiers on horseback with field guns (no Maxim gun visible) in tow (109). "Troops firing at the murderers in Sydney (sic) Street" (112). MLS view across street at W. Walker shop, line of soldiers, some crouching, with body of police behind them (119). Shop with name M. Abraham (no. 123); soldier runs through doorway to the left; man (Special Branch?) fires a pistol from the doorway (129). A soldier aiming rifle and firing from doorway of restaurant at no. 129 (139). "Mr. Winston Churchill, Home Secretary, watching the battle with the chiefs of Police and Detectives" (143). CS men in bowler hats walk past camera (144). MS corner shop no. 114 with group of officials, armed policemen and on the far left Winston Churchill; he talks to his neighbours and gesticulates (166). View across street (no. 129, next to W. Walker in background) with Churchill at the head of a group of officials and policemen looking leftwards (171). Jump cut to closer shot, Churchill then moving out of shot to left (175). "The Besieged House catches Fire" (179). Firemen pulling hose from engine (187). view over wall at smoke rising from back of 100 Sidney Street (200). Policemen walking left past W. Walker shop (209). View along Sidney Street showing no. 100 on fire to left, fire engine in street, civilians watching, fire hose in action (244). "Removing the bodies of the murdered and injured firemen" (247). Ms view down at doorway to no. 100 looking past fire engine ladder as a body is carried out followed by other injured firemen (279). View down at crowded street, people stepping out of the way as fire engine goes past, bell ringing (291). Large crowd of civilians in street (298). Similar view of large crowd (310). Similar shot, many looking at the camera (318 ft).
Notes: the Siege of Sidney Street took place on the 3rd of January 1911 after police learned of the hiding place (100 Sidney Street) of some of the anarchists implicated in the earlier murder of three policemen in Houndsditch. The two men in the house were both killed. The title referring to a 'murdered' fireman is incorrect - one died when firemen entered the house when the siege was over and part of it collapsed. Winston Churchill was then Home Secretary and was much criticised for being present. Alternative Spelling for search purposes: Sydney Street.
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What is the star sign for the 1st April ? | Siege of Sidney Street
Siege of Sidney Street
The Siege of Sidney Street
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On 21st November, 1910, Max Smoller , using the name, Joe Levi, he asked to rent a house, 11 Exchange Buildings. His rent was ten shillings a week, and he took possession on 2nd December. Fritz Svaars rented 9 Exchange Buildings on 12th December. He told the landlord that he wanted it for two or three weeks to store Christmas goods and paid five shillings deposit. Another friend, George Gardstein , borrowed money so that he could buy a quantity of chemicals, a a book on brazing metals and cutting metals with acid.
On 16th December 1910, a gang that is believed to included Smoller, Svaars, Gardstein, Peter Piaktow (Peter the Painter), Yakov Peters , Yourka Dubof , Karl Hoffman , John Rosen and William Sokolow , attempted to break into the rear of Henry Harris's jeweller's shop in Houndsditch , from Exchange Buildings in the cul-de-sac behind. The Daily Telegraph reported: "Some two or three weeks ago this particular house in Exchange Buildings was rented and there went to live there two men and a woman. They were little known by neighbours, and kept very quiet, as if, indeed, to escape observation. They are said to have been foreigners in appearance, and the whole neighbourhood of Houndsditch containing a great number of aliens, and removal being not infrequent, the arrival of this new household created no comment. The police, however, evidently had some cause to suspect their intentions. The neighbourhood is always well patrolled. Shortly before 11.30 last night there were sounds either at the back of these newcomers' premises or at Mr Harris's shop that attracted the attention of the police."
A neighbouring shopkeeper, Max Weil, heard their hammering, informed the City of London Police, and nine unarmed officers arrived at the house. Sergeant Robert Bentley knocked on the door of 11 Exchange Buildings. The door was open by Gardstein and Bentley asked him: "Have you been working or knocking about inside?" Bentley did not answer him and withdrew inside the room. Bentley gently pushed open the door, and was followed by Sergeant Bryant. Constable Arthur Strongman was waiting outside. "The door was opened by some person whom I did not see. Police Sergeant Bentley appeared to have a conversation with the person, and the door was then partly closed, shortly afterwards Bentley pushed the door open and entered."
The Houndsditch Murders
According to Donald Rumbelow , the author of The Siege of Sidney Street (1973): "Bentley stepped further into the room. As he did so the back door was flung open and a man, mistakenly identified as Gardstein, walked rapidly into the room. He was holding a pistol which he fired as he advanced with the barrel pointing towards the unarmed Bentley. As he opened fire so did the man on the stairs. The shot fired from the stairs went through the rim of Bentley's helmet, across his face and out through the shutter behind him... His first shot hit Bentley in the shoulder and the second went through his neck almost severing his spinal cord. Bentley staggered back against the half-open door and collapsed backwards over the doorstep so that he was lying half in and half out of the house."
The Daily Graphic (12th December, 1912)
Sergeant Bryant later recalled: "Immediately I saw a man coming from the back door of the room between Bentley and the table. On 6 January I went to the City of London Mortuary and there saw a dead body and I recognised the man. I noticed he had a pistol in his hand, and at once commenced to fire towards Bentley's right shoulder. He was just in the room. The shots were fired very rapidly. I distinctly heard 3 or 4. I at once put up my hands and I felt my left hand fall and I fell out on to the footway. Immediately the man commenced to fire Bentley staggered back against the door post of the opening into the room. The appearance of the pistol struck me as being a long one. I think I should know a similar one again if I saw it. Only one barrel, and it seemed to me to be a black one. I next remember getting up and staggered along by the wall for a few yards until I recovered myself. I was going away from Cutler Street. I must have been dazed as I have a very faint recollection of what happened then."
Constable Ernest Woodhams ran to help Bentley and Bryant. He was immediately shot by one of the gunman. The Mauser bullet shattered his thigh bone and he fell unconscious to the ground. Two men with guns came from inside the house. Strongman later recalled: "A man aged about 30, height 5 ft 6 or 7, pale thin face, dark curly hair and dark moustache, dress dark jacket suit, no hat, who pointed the revolver in the direction of Sergeant Tucker and myself, firing rapidly. Strongman was shot in the arm, but Sergeant Charles Tucker was shot twice, once in the hip and once in the heart. He died almost instantly.
The Death of George Gardstein
As George Gardstein left the house he was tackled by Constable Walter Choat who grabbed him by the wrist and fought him for possession of his gun. Gardstein pulled the trigger repeatedly and the bullets entered his left leg. Choat, who was a big, muscular man, 6 feet 4 inches tall, managed to hold onto Gardstein. Other members of the gang rushed to his Gardstein's assistance and turned their guns on Choat and he was shot five more times. One of these bullets hit Gardstein in the back. The men pulled Choat from Gardstein and carried him from the scene of the crime.
Robert Bentley (40), Charles Tucker (46) and Walter Choat (32).
Yakov Peters , Yourka Dubof , Peter Piaktow , Fritz Svaars , and Nina Vassilleva half dragged and half carried Gardstein along Cutler Street. Isaac Levy, a tobacconist, nearly collided with them. Peters and Dubof lifted their guns and pointed them at Levy's face and so he let them pass. For the next half-hour they were able to drag the badly wounded man through the East End back streets to 59 Grove Street. Nina and Max Smoller went to a doctor who they thought might help. He refused and threatened to tell the police.
They eventually persuaded Dr. John Scanlon, to treat Gardstein. He discovered that Gardstein had a bullet lodged in the front of the chest. Scanlon asked Gardstein what had happened. He claimed that he had been shot by accident by a friend. However, he refused to be taken to hospital and so Scanlon, after giving him some medicine to deaden the pain and receiving his fee of ten shillings, he left, promising to return later. Despite being nursed by Sara Trassjonsky , Gardstein died later that night.
The following day Dr. Scanlon told the police about treating Gardstein for gun-shot wounds. Detective Inspector Frederick Wensley and Detective Sergeant Benjamin Leeson arrived to find Trassjonsky burning documents. Soon afterwards, a Daily Chronicle journalist arrived: "The room itself is about ten feet by nine, and about seven feet high. A gaudy paper decorates the walls and two or three cheap theatrical prints are pinned up. A narrow iron bedstead painted green, with a peculiarly shaped head and foot faces the door. On the bedstead was a torn and dirty woollen mattress, a quantity of blood-stained clothing, a blood-stained pillow and several towels also saturated with blood. Under the window stood a string sewing machine, and a rickety table, covered with a piece of mole cloth, occupied the centre of the room. On it stood a cup and plate, a broken glass, a knife and fork, and a couple of bottles and a medicine bottle. Strangely contrasting with the dirt and squalor, a painted wooden sword lay on the table, and another, to which was attached a belt of silver paper, lay on a broken desk supported on a stool. On the mantelpiece and on a cheap whatnot stood tawdry ornaments. In an open cupboard beside the fireplace were a few more pieces of crockery, a tin or two, and a small piece of bread. A mean and torn blind and a strip of curtain protected the window, and a roll of surgeon's lint on the desk. The floor was bare and dirty, and, like the fireplace, littered with burnt matches and cigarette ends - altogether a dismal and wretched place to which the wounded desperado had been carried to die." Another journalist described the dead man "as handsome as Adonis - a very beautiful corpse."
The Hunt for Fritz Svaars and Peter the Painter
The police found a Dreyse gun and a large amount of ammunition for a Mauser gun in the room. In Gardstein's pocket book was a member's card dated 2nd July, 1910, certifying that he was a member of Leesma, the Lettish Communist Group. There was also a letter from Fritz Svaars : "All around I see awful things which I cannot tell you. I do not blame our friends as they are doing all that is possible, but things are not getting better. The life of the workman is full of pain and suffering, but if the suffering reaches a certain degree one wonders whether it would not be better to follow the example of Rainis (an author of Lettish poems) who says burn at once so that you may not suffer long, but one feels that one cannot do it although it seems very advisable. The outlook is always the same, awful outlook for which we must sacrifice our strength. There is not and cannot be another outlet. Under such circumstances, our better feelings are at war with those who live upon our labour. The weakest part of our organisation is that we cannot do sufficient for our friends who are falling."
Despite the fact that these men were Lettish communists linked to the Bolsheviks , the media continued to argue that they were Russian Anarchists : The Daily Telegraph reported: "Anarchist literature, in sufficient quantities to corroborate the suspicion of the police that they are face to face with a far-reaching conspiracy, rather than an isolated and unpremeditated attack on civil authority, is stated to have been recovered. It is reported, in addition, that a dagger was found and a belt, which is understood to have had placed within it 150 Mauser dumdum bullets - bullets, that is, with soft heads, which, upon striking a human body, would spread and inflict a wound of a grievous, if not fatal character."
Peter Piaktow (Peter the Painter)
The police offered a £500 reward for the capture of the men responsible for the deaths of Charles Tucker, Robert Bentley and Walter Choat. One man who came forward was Nicholas Tomacoff, who had been a regular visitor to 59 Grove Street. He told them that he knew that identities of three members of the gang. This included Yakov Peters . On 22nd December, 1910, Tomacoff took the police to 48 Turner Street, where Peters was living. When he was arrested Peters answered: "It is nothing to do with me. I can't help what my cousin Fritz (Svaars) has done."
Tomacoff also provided information on Yourka Dubof . He was described as "twenty-one, 5 feet 8 inches in height of pale complexion, with dark-brown hair". When he was arrested he commented: "You make mistake. I will go with you." He admitted that he had been at 59 Grove Street on the afternoon of 16th December 1910. He said he had gone to see Peter, who he knew was a painter, in an attempt to find work, as he had just been sacked from his previous job. At the police station Dubof and Peters were identified by Isaac Levy, as two of the men carrying George Gardstein in Cutler Street.
Wanted Poster
The City of London Police now issued a wanted poster with descriptions of two of the men, Fritz Svaars and Peter Piaktow (Peter the Painter), that Tomacoff had told them about: "Fritz Svarrs, lately residing at 59 Grove Street... age about 24 or 25, height 5 feet 8 or 9 inches, complexion sallow, hair fair, medium moustache - turned up at ends, lighter in colour than hair of head - eyes grey, nose rather small - slightly turned up - chin a little upraised, has a few small pimples on face, cheek-bones prominent, shoulders square but bend slightly forward: dress brown tweed suit (thin light stripes), dark melton overcoat (velvet collar, nearly new), usually wears a grey Irish tweed cap (red stripes), but has been sometimes seen wearing a trilby hat."
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The police did not have the name of the second wanted man: "A man known as Peter the Painter, also lately residing at 59 Grove Street... age 28 to 30, height 5 feet 9 or 10 inches, complexion sallow, hair and medium moustache black, clear skin, eyes dark, medium build, reserved manner; dress brown tweed suit (broad dark stripes), black overcoat (velvet collar, rather old), black hard felt hat, black lace boots, rather shabby, believed to be a native of Russia. Both are Anarchists."
The poster also included a photograph of a dead George Gardstein , who was described as "age about 24, height 5 feet 9 inches, complexion pale, hair brown, slight dark moustache worn slightly up at ends, good physique." The poster also contained the information: "The above reward of £500 will be paid by the Commissioner of Police for the City of London to any person who shall give such information as shall lead to the arrest of these persons, or in proportion to the number of such persons who are arrested."
Nina Vassilleva and John Rosen wanted by the Police
Several witnesses had seen Nina Vassilleva with George Gardstein . Soon after the murders the police issued the following description: "Age 26 to 30; 5ft 4in; slim build, full breasts; complexion medium, face drawn; eyes blue; hair brown; dress, dark blue, three quarters jacket and skirt, white blouse, large black hat trimmed with silk." It was such a vague description that Isaac and Fanny Gordon, who rented a room to Nina, did not recognise her.
However, they did become concerned when they discovered that she had died her hair a "harsh, ugly black". Isaac Gordon also discovered her burning documents. According to Donald Rumbelow , the author of The Siege of Sidney Street (1973): "She told Isaac that she was the woman who had been living in Exchange Buildings and that she had heard that the police were going to carry out house-to-house searches; she did not want them to find these papers. Isaac pleaded with her to let him have them for safe keeping." Nina told Isaac: "It would have been better if they had shot me, instead of the man they have shot. He was the best friend I had... Without him I might just as well be dead." Nina agreed not to burn anymore documents and gave them to Isaac.
John Rosen went to visit Nina Vassilleva on the 18th December, 1910. She asked him "have you brought trouble". He gave a slight shrug and said "I don't know". Nina refused to let him in and he left the building. Ten minutes later Detective Inspector Wensley arrived. Issac Gordon had given Nina's documents to the police. After she denied knowing George Gardstein Wensley showed her the collection of photographs she had given Gordon that included one of her former lover.
Wensley did not arrest her straight away as he hoped she would lead them to the rest of the gang. Nina decided to flee to France but changed her plan when she discovered she was being followed. She told a friend: "If I go to Russia I shall be killed and if I stop here I shall be hanged." On 23rd December, detectives followed her to St Paul's Cathedral to watch the funeral of the three murdered policemen. They saw her purchase a small black-and-silver memorial card, with wood-block portraits of the three dead men.
Nina Vassilleva was arrested while walking along Sidney Street and she appeared in court on 14th February and was charged with conspiracy to commit a robbery. When the police searched her room they found the blue three-quarter-length coat she had been wearing on the night of the murders, and which still had large patches of dried blood on the front.
John Rosen went into hiding but in early January 1911 he told his girlfriend, Rose Campbell, that he had been involved with the Peter the Painter gang. She in turn confided in her mother, who told her son-in-law Edward Humphreys, who went to the police. Rose denied the story and on 31st January, she married Rosen. Rosen was arrested on 2nd February. His first words were "I know you have come to arrest me." Rosen admitted visiting 59 Grove Street on the day of the murders but said that he had spent the evening with Karl Hoffman at the pictures, and later in his room, before going home. The following day he met Hoffman again but he said he knew nothing about the murders. However, Rosen did tell the police "I could show you where a man and a woman live, or were living, who are concerned in it, but I don't know if they have moved since I have been here."
On 15th February, 1911, Karl Hoffman was charged with conspiracy to break and enter into the Henry Harris's jeweller's shop. When questioned he refused to admit that he knew George Gardstein , Peter Piaktow (Peter the Painter), Yakov Peters , Max Smoller , Fritz Svaars , John Rosen and William Sokolow . Hoffman claimed that on 16th December he had gone to bed at midnight and nobody had visited his room. The only witnesses against Hoffman were Nicholas Tomacoff and the landlady at 35 Newcastle Place, who both seen him, on separate occasions, in Svaars' lodgings.
Theodore Janson, a Russian immigrant and a police informer, claimed that he had asked Hoffman on Christmas Day if Peters and Dubof, who had been arrested, were guilty of the murders. Hoffman had apparently laughed and replied: "No, there were nine men in the plot, none of them are yet arrested. It's a pity the man is dead (meaning George Gardstein), he was the ablest of the lot and leader of the gang. He also managed it that some members of the gang didn't know the others."
The Siege of Sidney Street
On 1st January, 1911, the police was told that they would find the men in the lodgings rented by a Betsy Gershon at 100 Sidney Street. It seems that one of the gang, William Sokolow , was Betsy's boyfriend. This was part of a block of 10 houses just off Commercial Road . The tenant was a ladies tailor, Samuel Fleischmann. With his wife and children he occupied part of the house and sublet the rest. Other residents included an elderly couple and another tailor and his large family. Betsy had a room at the front of the second floor.
Superintendent Mulvaney was put in charge of the operation. At midday on 2nd January, two large horse-drawn vehicles concealing armed policeman were driven into the street and the house placed under observation. By the afternoon over 200 officers were on the scene, with armed men stationed in shop doorways facing the house. Meanwhile, plain-clothed policemen began to evacuate the residents of 100 Sidney Street.
Mulvaney decided that any attempt to arrest the men would be very difficult. He later recalled: "The measurements of the passage and staircase will show how futile any attempt to storm or rush the place would have been, with two men... dominating the position from the head of the stairs and where, to an extent, they were well under cover from fire. The passage at one discharge would have been blocked by fallen men; had any even reached the stairs, it could only have been by climbing over the bodies of their comrades, when they would stand little chance of getting further; had they even done this the two desperadoes could retreat up the staircase to the first and second storey, on each of which, what had occurred below would have been repeated."
At daybreak Detective Inspector Frederick Wensley gave orders for a brick to be thrown at the window of Betsy Gershon's room. The men inside responded by firing their guns. Detective Sergeant Benjamin Leeson was hit and collapsed to the ground. Wensley went to help him. Leeson is recorded as saying: "Mr Wensley, I am dying. They have shot me through the heart. Goodbye. Give my love to the children. Bury me at Putney." Dr. Nelson Johnstone examined him and discovered the wound was level with the left nipple and about two inches in towards the centre of the chest.
Winston Churchill , the Home Secretary, decided to go to Sidney Street . His biographer, Clive Ponting , commented: "His presence had been unnecessary and uncalled for - the senior Army and police officers present could easily have coped with the situation on their own authority. But Churchill with his thirst for action and drama could not resist the temptation." As soon as he arrived Churchill ordered the troops to be called in. This included 21 Scots Guards marksmen who took up their places on the top floor of a nearby building.
Philip Gibbs , was reporting the Siege of Sidney Street for the The Daily Chronicle and had positioned himself on the roof of The Rising Sun public house: "In the top-floor room of the anarchists' house we observed a gas jet burning, and presently some of us noticed the white ash of burnt paper fluttering out of a chimney pot... They were setting fire to the house, upstairs and downstairs. The window curtains were first to catch alight, then volumes of black smoke, through which little tongues of flame licked up, poured through the empty window frames. They must have used paraffin to help the progress of the fire, for the whole house was burning with amazing rapidity."
Winston Churchill, in the top hat, at the Siege of Sidney Street.
Assistant Divisional Officer of the London Fire Brigade, Cyril Morris , was told to report to Winston Churchill : "As I arrived at the fire. I was met by one of the largest crowds I have ever seen - thickly jammed masses of humanity. It looked as though the whole of East London must he there. I had to force my car through a crowd at least 200 feet deep in a small street, and as I emerged into the cleared space I was met with a most amazing sight. A company of Guards were lying about the street as far as possible under cover, firing intermittently at the house. from which bursts of fire were coming from automatic pistols. I was told to report to Mr Winston Churchill as he was in charge of operations." Morris was shocked when Churchill told him to "Stand by and don't approach the fire until you receive further orders."
Philip Gibbs described how the men inside the house fired on the police: "For a moment I thought I saw one of the murderers standing on the window sill. But it was a blackened curtain which suddenly blew outside the window frame and dangled on the sill. A moment later I had one quick glimpse of a man's arm with a pistol in his hand. He fired and there was a quick flash. At the same moment a volley of shots rang out from the Guardsmen opposite. It is certain that they killed the man who had shown himself, for afterwards they found his body (or a bit of it) with a bullet through the skull. It was not long afterwards that the roof fell in with an upward rush of flame and sparks. The inside of the house from top to bottom was a furnace. The detectives, with revolvers ready, now advanced in Indian file. One of them ran forward and kicked at the front door. It fell in, and a sheet of flame leaped out. No other shot was fired from within."
The end of the Siege of Sidney Street
Cyril Morris was one of those who searched the building afterwards: "We found two charred bodies in the debris, one of them had been shot through the head and the other had apparently died of suffocation. At the inquest a verdict of justifiable homicide was returned. Much discussion took place afterward as to what caused the fire. Did the anarchists deliberately set the building alight, thus creating a diversion to enable them to escape? The view of the London Fire Brigade at the time was that a gas pipe was punctured on one of the upper floors, and that the gas was lighted either at the time of the bullet piercing it or perhaps afterwards by a bullet causing a spark which ignited the escaping gas."
The police identified the two dead men as Fritz Svaars and William Sokolow . It was believed that Peter Piaktow (Peter the Painter) had escaped from the burning building. The bodies were taken to Ilford Cemetery and carried into the church. When the chaplain was told of their identity he expressed his strong disapproval of their bodies being brought into the church and said that it was an outrage to public decency that they should be buried in the same ground as two of the murdered policemen. Later that day they were buried in unconsecrated ground without a religious service.
Winston Churchill and the Siege of Sidney Street
Winston Churchill was heavily criticised for the way he had handled the Siege of Sidney Street crisis. Philip Gibbs , reporting for the The Daily Chronicle argued: "Mr Winston Churchill, who was then Home Secretary, came to take command of active operations, thereby causing an immense amount of ridicule in next day's papers. With a bowler hat pushed firmly down on his bulging brow, and one hand in his breast pocket, like Napoleon on the field of battle, he peered round the corner of the street, and afterwards, as we learned, ordered up some field guns to blow the house to bits."
The police were blamed for not bringing out the men alive. Churchill also came under attack from the foreign press. One German newspaper commented: "As for us, a thousand policeman, troops, firemen, and machine-guns, would never be necessary to capture a criminal in Berlin. Our police would also think it their business to take the criminals alive. The action of the London police is comparable to the shooting of sparrows with cannon." According to Donald Rumbelow , the author of The Siege of Sidney Street (1973), an early newsreel of Churchill directing the operations "was nightly received with unanimous boos and shouts of 'shoot him' from the gallery."
In the House of Commons the leader of the opposition, Arthur Balfour , joined in the widespread criticism of his behaviour: "He (Churchill) was, I understand, in a military phrase, in what is known as the zone of fire. He and a photographer were both risking valuable lives. I understand what the photographer was doing. But what was the right honourable gentleman doing?" Churchill's biographer, Clive Ponting , commented: "His intervention attracted huge publicity and for the first time raised in public doubts about Churchill's character and judgement, which some of his colleagues had already had in private, and which were to increase in the next few years."
Cyril Morris , of the London Fire Brigade also criticised the way Churchill handled the situation and disagreed with his order to "Stand by and don't approach the fire until you receive further orders." Morris explained: "While being duly thankful for this order. I never can understand why the then Home Secretary took executive charge of a situation requiring the most careful handling as between the police and fire brigade. and as we shall see in a moment, he gave me a wrong order. Had I been a more experienced officer, I should have taken orders from nobody - advice from the police, yes, Under the conditions, but orders, definitely no."
Backlash against the Jewish Population
The Siege of Sidney Street created a backlash against the East End's Jewish community. The Morning Post compared the immigrants to "typhoid bacilli" and the area contained "aliens of the worse type - violent, cruel and dirty". Other newspapers said the British establishment was "in a state of denial" and that East End Jews had not "integrated" and a "threat to our security". The Daily Mail argued: "Even the most sentimental will feel that the time has come to stop the abuse of the country's hospitality by the foreign malefactors."
Winston Churchill later wrote in his memoirs: "We were clearly in the presence of a class of crime and a type of criminal which for generations had to counterpart in England. The ruthless ferocity of the criminals, their intelligence, their unerring marksmanship their modern weapons and equipment, all disclosed the characteristic of the Russian Anarchist."
King George V also became involved in the controversy and asked Churchill if "these outrages by foreigners will lead you to consider whether the Aliens Act could not be amended so as to prevent London from being infested with men and women whose presence would not be tolerated in any country". As the author of Winston Churchill (1994) has pointed out: "Within a fortnight of the siege Churchill circulated a draft Bill to the Cabinet to introduce harsh new laws against aliens. He had dropped a provision that he originally wanted giving the police the right to arrest any alien who had no obvious way of earning a living but had retained one that allowed an alien, if he could not find sureties for good behaviour, to be kept in prison until the Home Secretary, not the courts, was satisfied about his position."
Churchill described this power as "a fine piece of machinery". The Bill also contained what Churchill described to his colleagues as "two naughty principles" of making "a deliberate differentiation between the alien, and especially the unassimilated alien, and a British subject." This would give the Home Secretary the power to deport an alien merely on suspicion even though he had committed no criminal offence. The Bill was introduced into the House of Commons by Churchill at the end of April but MPs refused to pass such an illiberal measure and it had to be withdrawn.
Siege of Sidney Street Trial
On 23rd January, 1911, A. H. Bodkin , opened the case for the Crown against Yakov Peters , Yourka Dubof and Nina Vassilleva . He made a major mistake in arguing that it was George Gardstein who had shot Robert Bentley and Charles Tucker: "Gardstein was the man who came in flinging open that back door and shot Bentley at his right front; there were also other shots from the man on the stairs.... Several shots were fired at Bentley by the man Gardstein from the back, he advanced to the front door of the house, of that there is no doubt, for we have the hand, according to the evidence of Strongman, protruding through the door of No. 11, so as to sweep the place, firing at Woodhams, Bryant and Martin."
Bodkin based his analysis on the discover of the Dreyse gun in Gardstein's room: "Now Gardstein - under his pillow at 59 Grove Street was found exhibit No. 2, which was a Dreyse pistol. A pistol with a magazine, which on examination had been recently fired. It is difficult to say - for any expert to say - when it had been recently fired. It was a pistol rifled in four grooves, and Mr Goodwin, a gentleman who has kindly examined this pistol... has fired some shots from that pistol into sawdust. The cartridges which can be fired from that pistol are quite common cartridges which are standardised and are used for various automatic pistols, but the peculiarity of this Dreyse pistol is that it has four grooves. It appears that six bullets - two from Tucker's body, two from Bentley's body and two from Choat's body - were fired from the Dreyse pistol as they all have four groove marks upon them.... It is clear that Gardstein was the man who fired, and under his pillow a Dreyse pistol was found, and it seems quite proper to assume that he it was who used the Dreyse pistol. The only one to hit Bentley was Gardstein, and Bentley's bullets were from a Dreyse pistol."
What the prosecuting counsel had difficulty explaining was the lack of Dreyse ammunition in Gardstein's house. As Donald Rumbelow , the author of The Siege of Sidney Street (1973) has pointed out: "Now it has been wrongly assumed from Mr Bodkin's statement that the pistol was under the pillow for Gardstein to defend himself and to resist arrest. In support of this theory it has been alleged that a cap containing a quantity of ammunition was placed by the bed within easy reach of his hand. Certainly there was a cap with ammunition by the bed but none of it could be fired from the Dreyse... If, in fact, Gardstein had owned the Dreyse, it is reasonable to suppose that some ammunition for this weapon would have been found in his lodgings, which were described as an arsenal as well as a bomb factory. None was found." Rumbelow goes on to argue that the only ammunition "consisted of ... 308 .30 Mauser cartridges, some of D.W.M. (German) manufacture, and the other with plain heads; also 26 Hirtenberger 7.9 mm Mauser rifle cartridges". Rumbelow adds that "it is inconceivable, surely, that a man would have over 300 rounds of ammunition for a Mauser pistol which he didn't possess, and none for the Dreyse he is supposed to have used!"
Rumbelow suggested that Yakov Peters had planted his Dreyse gun in the room when along with Yourka Dubof , Peter Piaktow and Fritz Svaars , he had taken Gardstein to 59 Grove Street. Peters realised that Gardstein was dying and that the police would eventually find his body. If they also found the gun that had done most of the killing, they would assume that Gardstein was the man responsible for the deaths of the three policemen.
Yakov Peters
The case was adjourned when another gang members were arrested in February, 1911. The trial of the Houndsditch murders opened at the Old Bailey on 1st May. Yakov Peters and Yourka Dubof were charged with murder. Peters, Dubof, Karl Hoffman , Max Smoller and John Rosen were charged with attempting to rob Henry Harris's jeweller's shop. Sara Trassjonsky and Nina Vassilleva , were charged with harbouring a felon guilty of murder.
The opening speech of A. H. Bodkin lasted two and a quarter hours. He argued that George Gardstein killed Robert Bentley, Charles Tucker and Walter Choat and Smoller shot Gardstein by mistake. Justice William Grantham was unimpressed with the evidence presented and directed the jury to say that the two men, against whom there was no evidence of shooting, were not guilty of murder. Grantham added that he believed that the policeman were killed by George Gardstein, Fritz Svaars and William Sokolow . "There were three men firing shots and I think they are dead."
The prosecution's principal witness that linked Peters and Dubof to Gardstein was Isaac Levy, who saw the men drag him along Cutler Street. Levy came under a fierce attack from defence counsel. After his testimony, Justice Grantham said that if there was no other evidence of identification he could not allow any jury to find a verdict of guilty on Levy's uncorroborated statement. After Grantham's summing-up made it clear that none of the men should be convicted of breaking and entering, the jury found them all not guilty and they were set free.
Nina Vassilleva was found guilty of conspiracy to commit a robbery but recommended that she should not be deported. Vassilleva was sentenced to two years' imprisonment, but five weeks later the Court of Appeal quashed her conviction on the ground of misdirection of the jury by Justice Grantham (he was himself to die a few months later).
The Daily Mail reported on 13th May 1911. "Five months have passed since 16 December, when three constables of the City Police were murdered by a gang of armed alien burglars and two more policemen were seriously wounded. Not a single one of their assassins has been punished by the law. Gardstein, one of the murderers, was mortally wounded by a chance shot from one of his confederates. Two more of the gang perished in the Sidney Street battle of January. But it is certain that the persons implicated were numerous. It is no pleasant or satisfactory reflection that several of the principals in the crime and many of their associates have escaped and are still at large."
Was the Siege of Sidney Street a Government Conspiracy?
In 2009 Christopher Andrew published The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 . In the writing of the book he was given complete access to MI5 documents. He found evidence that the Peter the Painter gang was being monitored by MI5 in 1910. Vernon Kell, the head of MI5, described them as "a desperate and very dangerous crowd". Kell told the Home Office that the gang was "closely connected with the Houndsditch murders". The chief suspect was Yakov Peters . Why then did Peters get such an easy ride at the trial?
Richard Deacon , the author of A History of the Russian Secret Service (1972), has argued that Joseph Stalin was in London at this time. He claims "James Burley, of Woodhouse, near Sheffield, recalls that in 1910 he was living in Soho, the Latin quarter of London, and that he spent a lot of time at the Continental Cafe in Little Newport Street, which was a centre of the Nihilist movement." Deacon quotes Burley as saying "The cafe was popular because it was only a short walk from the Communist Club in Charlotte Street. Josef Stalin used the Continental Cafe a lot. Josef Georgi he called himself. He was a bombastic little man, not very big. But there was always an air of mystery about him." Burley believes that Stalin was involved in the planning the Houndsditch robbery: "He was looked up to as one of the leaders and I'm sure he had a hand in planning the burglary which was the cause of the police investigations in the first place. Stalin was the leader of the group and it was he who was keeping a close watch on the mystery figure known as Peter the Painter."
It is true that Stalin did organize bank robberies in Russia to help fund Bolshevik political activities. Stalin was also in London to attend the Party Congress in April 1907. According to Robert Service , the author of Stalin: A Biography (2004): "In April 1907... Stalin joined the mass of delegates in the East End, Jewish immigrant families from the Russian Empire lived there in their thousands at the turn of the century (and, like the Irish, were a substantial minority). This was the best spot for delegates to avoid attention from the Special Branch."
However, after the conference, he returned to Russia and became involved in revolutionary activity in Baku . Stalin later wrote: "Two years of revolutionary work among the oil workers of Baku hardened me as a practical fighter and as one of the practical leaders. In contrast with advanced workers of Baku... in the storm of the deepest conflicts between workers and oil industrialists... I first learned what it meant to lead big masses of workers. There in Baku... I received my revolutionary baptism in combat." However, he was caught by the Okhrana and put in prison. In November 1908 Stalin and Gregory Ordzhonikidze were deported to Solvychegodsk , in the northern part of the Vologda province on the Vychegda River . He remained there during the Houndsditch Murders and the Siege of Sidney Street and did not escape until 1912.
Although Joseph Stalin was not in London at the time he, or some other senior figure in the Bolsheviks might have been controlling the Peter the Painter gang. Despite the claims that the men were anarchists, they were in fact Bolsheviks. In fact, after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in March, 1917, Yakov Peters returned to Russia and took part in the successful Russian Revolution . Three months later he was appointed deputy to Felix Dzerzhinsky , head of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage ( Cheka ). In one month in 1919, Peters sentenced 400 anarchists to death. He boasted that in the first year the Cheka shot only 6,000 people but that was because they were too inexperienced.
In A History of the Russian Secret Service (1972), Richard Deacon gives another reason why the Russians were not convicted of crimes they had clearly committed in 1910. Deacon argues that Gerald Bullett investigated the Sidney Street affair in some detail, stated that there was a "certain amount of corroborative evidence that Peter the Painter so far from being the leader of the gang was in fact an agent of the Russian Government, entrusted with the delicate and dangerous task of posing as a comrade of the anti-Tsarist conspirators, and of persuading them to engage in criminal activities such as housebreaking, which would attract to them the attention of the London police and ensure their ultimate deportation to Russia."
The use of agent provocateurs was a common tactic used by the Okhrana , the Russian secret police, during this period. However, why would the British government do as much as it did to cover this up? They would of course do this if their own intelligence service was employing a similar tactic. We now know that MI5 were very well informed about the activities of Russian revolutionaries in London. Is it possible that Yakov Peters was working as an agent provocateur for MI5? Was he promised his freedom in exchange for his silence during the trial?
If this was the case, it helps to explain Winston Churchill's behaviour during the Siege of Sidney Street. The Daily Telegraph reported on the day after these dramatic events: "Yesterday a scene unparalleled in the history of English civilisation was witnessed in the very heart of one of the most congested parts of the East End of London. For about four hours what amounted to a pitched battle was waged between about 1,000 armed police and military and two or three Anarchists who are believed to have been connected with the Houndsditch outrage of three weeks ago."
There is no doubt that this dramatic event did result in newspapers calling for an end to immigration. Winston Churchill did what he could by introducing harsh new laws against aliens but these were rejected by the House of Commons . However, this was not an end to the matter. On the outbreak of the First World War Parliament passed the 1914 Aliens Restriction Act . The primary aim of the 1914 Act was to target "enemy aliens" resident in Britain during the war.
At the end of the war the government passed the 1919 Aliens Restriction Act . This continued these restrictions into peace-time and extended them. It restricted the employment rights of aliens resident in Britain, barring them from certain jobs (in the civil service, for example), and had a particular impact on foreign seamen working on British ships. It also targeted criminals, paupers and ‘undesirables’, and made it illegal for aliens to promote industrial action. As one historian has pointed out, this act "ended mass immigration to England for more than three decades."
The Death of Yakov Peters
Yakov Peters was made Chief of Internal Defence and on 14th June 1919 Pravda printed an order by Peters that the wives and grown-up children of all officers escaping to the anti-Bolshevik ranks should be arrested. The following day he ordered the disconnection of all private telephones in Petrograd and the confiscation of all wine, spirits, money above £500 and jewels. In Petrograd he insisted that all citizens had to carry identity cards issued by Cheka . He also had three thousand hostages transported to Moscow .
Arthur Ransome was a journalist working in Petrograd who got to know Peters during this period. He described him as being "a small man with a square forehead, very dark eyes and a quick expression... he speaks fair English, though he is gradually forgetting it. He knows far less now than a year ago." Ransome enjoyed the company of Peters and described him as a man of "scrupulous honesty". Peters told Ransome that his methods was keeping crime under control: "We have now shot eight robbers, and we posted the fact at every street corner, and there will be no more robbery. I have now got such a terrible name that if I put up a notice that people will be dealt with severely that is enough, and there is no need to shoot anybody."
Lenin defended the work of Peters and Cheka by publicly stating: "What surprises me about the howls over the Cheka's mistakes is the inability to take a large view of the question. We have people who seize on particular mistakes by the Cheka, sob and fuss over them... When I consider the Cheka's activity and compare it with these attacks, I say this is narrow-minded, idle talk which is worth nothing... When we are reproached with cruelty, we wonder how people can forget the most elementary Marxism.... The important thing for us to remember is that the Chekas are directly carrying out the dictatorship of the proletariat, and in this respect their role is invaluable."
Peters went on to loyally serve Joseph Stalin : During the Red Terror it is claimed by Richard Deacon , the author of A History of the Russian Secret Service (1972): "Peters conducted interrogations daily and when he was not engaged in this work he was furiously signing death warrants, often not looking to see what he was signing. During one visit a visitor from a neutral country noticed that Peters signed an order to shoot seventy-two officers without even glancing down at the paper. His amiability had gone and he snapped out his replies to questions." One source heard him say "I am so tired I cannot think. I am worn out signing orders for executions." In his book Deacon goes onto defend Peters: "But to portray Peters solely as a monster is to give a one-sided picture of the man. He was a dispassionate operator, dedicated more to efficiency and speed than to sadism. He was quite unlike some of the animalistic executioners of the Terror: he took no pleasure in his grim work and indeed he often berated his men for prolonging torture and death as a needless waste of time. Those who knew him testified to many small kindnesses which he performed when off duty: he delighted in speaking English on every possible occasion and, in fact, his pro-British and pro-American prejudices caused suspicion among his colleagues."
In 1937 Stalin ordered the arrest of a large number of Bolsheviks who were accused of working with Leon Trotsky in an attempt to overthrow the Soviet government with the objective of restoring capitalism. This included Yakov Peters , Yuri Piatakov , Karl Radek , Grigori Sokolnikov , Nickolai Bukharin , Alexei Rykov , Genrikh Yagoda , Nikolai Krestinsky and Christian Rakovsky . Peters was executed on this trumped up charge on 25th April, 1938. It was over 27 years since he had murdered three brave London policeman, Robert Bentley, Charles Tucker and Walter Choat.
(1) Donald Rumbelow , The Siege of Sidney Street (1973)
Bentley stepped further into the room. As he did so the back door was flung open and a man, mistakenly identified as Gardstein, walked rapidly into the room. He was holding a pistol which he fired as he advanced with the barrel pointing towards the unarmed Bentley. As he opened fire so did the man on the stairs. The shot fired from the stairs went through the rim of Bentley's helmet, across his face and out through the shutter behind him. 'Gardstein' by now had closed to within three or four feet and was firing just across the table. At point-blank range he could not miss. His first shot hit Bentley in the shoulder and the second went through his neck almost severing his spinal cord. Bentley staggered back against the half-open door and collapsed backwards over the doorstep so that he was lying half in and half out of the house. Bryant, who had been standing partly behind him, glimpsed the pistol turning towards him and put out his hands instinctively, as he said later, "to ward off the flashes". He felt his left hand fall to his side and then, stumbling over the dying Bentley, he fell into the street. He had only a hazy recollection of what followed but he remembered getting up and staggering along the pavement. Fortunately he walked away from the entrance to the cul-de-sac, which probably saved his life. He was very dazed and fell down again. He regained consciousness some minutes later and found himself propped up against the wall of one of the houses. He had been shot in the arm and slightly wounded in the chest.
Constable Woodhams saw Bentley fall backwards over the doorstep and ran to help him. He could not see who was doing the shooting. Suddenly his leg buckled beneath him as a Mauser bullet shattered his thigh bone and he fell unconscious to the ground. Constable Strongman and Sergeant Tucker saw him fall but neither could see who was doing the shooting. Only a hand clutching a pistol protruded from the doorway. "The hand was followed by a man aged about 30, height 5 ft 6 or 7, pale thin face, dark curly hair and dark moustache, dress dark jacket suit, no hat, who pointed the revolver in the direction of Sergeant Tucker and myself, firing rapidly. P. S. Tucker and I stepped back a few yards, when the sergeant staggered and turned round.' Strongman caught him by the arm and Tucker staggered the length of the cul-de-sac before collapsing in the roadway. He had been shot twice, once in the hip and once in the heart. He died almost instantly.
Martin, who like Strongman was in plain clothes, had been standing by the open door when the shooting started. As Bentley then Bryant staggered back bleeding from gun wounds, he turned and ran for the partly open door behind him. Bessie Jacobs' first thought when she heard the opening shots was that the high wind had blown the chimney pot off. But then she saw the gun flashes through the tops of the shutters. She pulled her nightclothes tighter round her and as she reached the door it burst open and Martin leaped inside. He slammed the door behind him as she began to scream. He covered her mouth with his hand. `Don't scream, I'm a detective,' he pleaded. `I'll protect your mother and I'll protect you.'
In the darkness, some of the targets were little more than shadows, and bullets splintered and gouged the wooden fronts of the houses as the gang raced for the entrance. Twenty-two shots were fired. Gardstein had almost reached the entrance when Constable Choat caught hold of him by the wrist and fought him for possession of his gun. As Gardstein pulled the trigger repeatedly Choat desperately pushed the pistol away from the centre of his body and the shots were fired into his left leg. Others of the gang rushed to Gardstein's assistance and turned their guns on Choat. He was a big, muscular man, 6 feet q4 inches tall, and in spite of the darkness a target impossible to miss. He was shot five more times. The last two bullets were fired into his back. As he fell backwards he dragged Gardstein with him and a shot, fired at Choat, hit Gardstein in the back. Choat was kicked in the face to make him release his
grip on Gardstein, who was seized by two of the group and dragged away. But already he was a dying man.
(2) Solomon Abrahams, statement (17th December, 1910)
I heard a smash of glass at No. 11. A man then opened the door, I did not see his face, I only saw his arm and heard a report of a firearm and immediately saw the policeman fall into the doorway. A man then ran out of the door with a revolver in his hand and fired about eight shots at the officers and four of them fell. Sergeant Bentley ran towards the man and caught hold of him by the shoulders and threw him to the ground. The man caught hold of the Sergeant's legs and pulled him down. They struggled and the man got on top of P.C. Bentley. Another man, whom I cannot describe, ran out of No 11 and fired at Bentley, the bullet struck the man in the back and he fell backwards with his arms up in the air. I then went inside my house where I remained until the firing ceased. I heard about 15 shots fired in quick succession.
(3) The Daily Telegraph (17th December, 1910)
Some two or three weeks ago this particular house in Exchange Buildings was rented and there went to live there two men and a woman. They were little known by neighbours, and kept very quiet, as if, indeed, to escape observation. They are said to have been foreigners in appearance, and the whole neighbourhood of Houndsditch containing a great number of aliens, and removal being not infrequent, the arrival of this new household created no comment.
The police, however, evidently had some cause to suspect their intentions. The neighbourhood is always well patrolled. Shortly before 11.30 last night there were sounds either at the back of these newcomers' premises or at Mr Harris's shop that attracted the attention of the police.
(4) The Daily Chronicle (18th December, 1910)
The street door opens into a narrow and ill-lighted passage, in which badly washed and ragged clothing was hanging from bits of string. Towards the end of the passage a sharp turn to the left led me on to a narrow and almost perpendicular staircase, without handrail. Here was more washing suspended from the ceiling. At the top of a staircase was a small landing, and immediately in front was the room in which the assassin died.
The room itself is about ten feet by nine, and about seven feet high. A gaudy paper decorates the walls and two or three cheap theatrical prints are pinned up. A narrow iron bedstead painted green, with a peculiarly shaped head and foot faces the door. On the bedstead was a torn and dirty woollen mattress, a quantity of blood-stained clothing, a blood-stained pillow and several towels also saturated with blood.
Under the window stood a string sewing machine, and a rickety table, covered with a piece of mole cloth, occupied the centre of the room. On it stood a cup and plate, a broken glass, a knife and fork, and a couple of bottles and a medicine bottle. Strangely contrasting with the dirt and squalor, a painted wooden sword lay on the table, and another, to which was attached a belt of silver paper, lay on a broken desk supported on a stool. On the mantelpiece and on a cheap whatnot stood tawdry ornaments. In an open cupboard beside the fireplace were a few more pieces of crockery, a tin or two, and a small piece of bread. A mean and torn blind and a strip of curtain protected the window, and a roll of surgeon's lint on the desk. The floor was bare and dirty, and, like the fireplace, littered with burnt matches and cigarette ends - altogether a dismal and wretched place to which the wounded desperado had been carried to die.
(5) Fritz Svaars , letter to George Gardstein (undated)
All around I see awful things which I cannot tell you. I do not blame our friends as they are doing all that is possible, but things are not getting better.
The life of the workman is full of pain and suffering, but if the suffering reaches a certain degree one wonders whether it would not be better to follow the example of Rainis (an author of Lettish poems) who says burn at once so that you may not suffer long, but one feels that one cannot do it although it seems very advisable. The outlook is always the same, awful outlook for which we must sacrifice our strength. There is not and cannot be another outlet. Under such circumstances, our better feelings are at war with those who live upon our labour. The weakest part of our organisation is that we cannot do sufficient for our friends who are falling. For instance, such an incident occurred last week. I had to send 10 roubles to Milan Prison for S. German who is to be transferred to another prison. I also had to secure the necessary for Krustmadi, and this evening I received news from Libau prison that one of our friends of last summer has been taken there without any money. We ought to help but we have only 33 kopecks and the treasury of the Red X is quite empty. It is terrible because the prisoner may think we will not help him!
(6) The Daily Telegraph (27th December, 1910)
Anarchist literature, in sufficient quantities to corroborate the suspicion of the police that they are face to face with a far-reaching conspiracy, rather than an isolated and unpremeditated attack on civil authority, is stated to have been recovered.
It is reported, in addition, that a dagger was found and a belt, which is understood to have had placed within it 150 Mauser dumdum bullets - bullets, that is, with soft heads, which, upon striking a human body, would spread and inflict a wound of a grievous, if not fatal character.
(7) Superintendent Mulvaney, statement (4th January, 1911)
The measurements of the passage and staircase will show how futile any attempt to storm or rush the place would have been, with two men... dominating the position from the head of the stairs and where, to an extent, they were well under cover from fire. The passage at one discharge would have been blocked by fallen men; had any even reached the stairs, it could only have been by climbing over the bodies of their comrades, when they would stand little chance of getting further; had they even done this the two desperadoes could retreat up the staircase to the first and second storey, on each of which, what had occurred below would have been repeated.
(8) Cyril Morris, Fire! On the work of the London and other Fire Brigades (1939)
As I arrived at the fire. I was met by one of the largest crowds I have ever seen - thickly jammed masses of humanity. It looked as though the whole of East London must he there. I had to force my car through a crowd at least 200 feet deep in a small street, and as I emerged into the cleared space I was met with a most amazing sight. A company of Guards were lying about the street as far as possible under cover, firing intermittently at the house. from which bursts of fire were coming from automatic pistols.
I was told to report to Mr Winston Churchill as he was in charge of operations. His order to me was 'Stand by and don't approach the fire until you receive further orders.' While being duly thankful for this order. I never can understand why the then Home Secretary took executive charge of a situation requiring the most careful handling as between the police and fire brigade. and as we shall see in a moment, he gave me a wrong order.
Had I been a more experienced officer, I should have taken orders from nobody - advice from the police, yes, Under the conditions, but orders, definitely no. At a Fire in London the Chief Officer of thc LFB or his representative
is granted by Act of Parliament absolutely full plenary powers. There can be no officer who has such a wide authority under normal peacetime conditions, and this authority is very necessary at times when immediate decisions have to he made involving the protection of' perhaps millions pounds worth of property.
After receiving this order I took stock of the position. The front rooms on the first and second floors were starting to emit dense clouds of smoke, which shortly turned to flames. The firing from the house was gradually ceasing. Shortly afterwards the flames reached the roofs, which blazed up, the fire spreading to the adjoining roofs, this being one of a row of terraced houses. By this time we in the Brigade were to say the least getting somewhat restless. How far would the fire spread before we could start to attack it? The LFB Superintendent kept urging me to do something, but the Home Secretary was a very important dignitary to a junior officer, so I sat tight while the fire continued to spread.
The houses all had a projecting back addition containing two rooms. As the front windows had been broken by shots before the fire started. the draft from the fire had carried it to the front and in all probability the back two rooms were intact. No sooner had we realised what we might he up against - a burst of firing from the back of the house as soon as we approached it - than the order came "You can now approach the fire."
So up we dashed with our lines of hose, through adjoining property to the back of the house followed by Mr. Wensley of the Metropolitan Police and we found the rooms absolutely intact, not even filled with smoke. Fortunately by that time the criminals were no longer in a position to fire on us. As we made our way through the back of the house the order was given to turn on the water.
While our party approached the back, another hose line was taken along the side of the street, up an adjoining house and on to the roof to attack the fire from above. By this time the house was well alight. The fire had travelled right down to the ground floor and the roofs of the houses on each sided had caught. In a few minutes the fire would have spread right along Sidney Street along both sides of the house we were attacking...
We found two charred bodies in the debris, one of them had been shot through the head and the other had apparently died of suffocation. At the inquest a verdict of justifiable homicide was returned. Much discussion took place afterward as to what caused the fire. Did the anarchists deliberately set the building alight, thus creating a diversion to enable them to escape? The view of the London Fire Brigade at the time was that a gas pipe was punctured on one of the upper floors, and that the gas was lighted either at the time of the bullet piercing it or perhaps afterwards by a bullet causing a spark which ignited the escaping gas.
(9) Philip Gibbs , Adventures in Journalism (1923)
For some reason, which I have forgotten, I went very early that morning to the Chronicle office, and was greeted by the news editor with the statement that a hell of a battle was raging in Sidney Street. He advised me to go and look at it.
I took a taxi, and drove to the corner of that street, where I found a dense crowd observing the affair as far as they dared peer round the angle of the walls from adjoining streets. Heedless at the moment of danger, which seemed to ridiculous, I stood boldly opposite Sidney Street and looked down its length of houses. Immediately in front of me four soldiers of one of the Guards' regiments lay on their stomachs, protected from the dirt of the road by newspaper "sandwich" boards, firing their rifles at a house halfway down the street. Another young Guardsman, leaning against a wall, took random shots at intervals while he smoked a Woodbine. As I stood near he winked and said, "What a game."
It was something more than a game. Bullets were flicking off the walls like plugging holes into the dirty yellow brick, and ricocheting fantastically. One of them took a neat chip out of a policeman's helmet, and he turned, and he said, "Well, I'll be blowed!" and laughed in a foolish way...
It was a good vantage point (on the roof of the "The Rising Sun"), as we should have called it later in history. It looked right across to the house in Sidney Street in which Peter the Painter and his friends were defending themselves to the death - a tall, thin house of three storeys, with dirty window blinds. In the house immediately opposite were some more Guardsmen, with pillows and mattresses stuffed into the windows in the nature of sandbags as used in trench warfare. We could not see the soldiers, but we could see the effect of their intermittent fire, which had smashed every pane of glass and kept chipping off bits of brick in the anarchists' abode.
The street had been cleared of all onlookers, but a group of detectives slunk along the walls on the anarchists' side of the street at such an angle that they were safe from the slanting fire of the enemy. They had to keep very close to the wall, because Peter and his pals were dead shots and maintained something like a barrage fire with their automatics. Any detective or policeman who showed himself would have been sniped in a second, and these men were out to kill.
The thing became a bore as I watched it for an hour or more, during which time Mr Winston Churchill, who was then Home Secretary, came to take command of active operations, thereby causing an immense amount of ridicule in next day's papers. With a bowler hat pushed firmly down on his bulging brow, and one hand in his breast pocket, like Napoleon on the field of battle, he peered round the corner of the street, and afterwards, as we learned, ordered up some field guns to blow the house to bits.
That never happened for a reason which we on "The Rising Sun" were quick to see.
In the top-floor room of the anarchists' house we observed a gas jet burning, and presently some of us noticed the white ash of burnt paper fluttering out of a chimney pot.
"They're burning documents," said one of my friends.
They were burning more than that. They were setting fire to the house, upstairs and downstairs. The window curtains were first to catch alight, then volumes of black smoke, through which little tongues of flame licked up, poured through the empty window frames. They must have used paraffin to help the progress of the fire, for the whole house was burning with amazing rapidity.
"Did you ever see such a game in London!" exclaimed the man next to me on the roof of the public house.
For a moment I thought I saw one of the murderers standing on the window sill. But it was a blackened curtain which suddenly blew outside the window frame and dangled on the sill.
A moment later I had one quick glimpse of a man's arm with a pistol in his hand. He fired and there was a quick flash. At the same moment a volley of shots rang out from the Guardsmen opposite. It is certain that they killed the man who had shown himself, for afterwards they found his body (or a bit of it) with a bullet through the skull. It was not long afterwards that the roof fell in with an upward rush of flame and sparks. The inside of the house from top to bottom was a furnace.
The detectives, with revolvers ready, now advanced in Indian file. One of them ran forward and kicked at the front door. It fell in, and a sheet of flame leaped out. No other shot was fired from within. Peter the Painter and his fellow bandits were charred cinders in the bonfire they had made.
(10) The Daily Chronicle (January, 1911)
At both ends of Sidney Street the Scots Guards were in position, taking cover behind the angle of the houses. Around them were groups of policemen in uniform armed with shot-guns, and numbers of plain clothes detectives with heavy revolvers. In the shadow of doorways and archways men crouched down with barrels of rifles and pistols pointed towards the house next to the doctor's surgery, with its shattered window-panes and broken brickwork. Looking down into the backyards of the houses opposite Martins Buildings, I could see soldiers and armed policemen moving about, climbing over fences, and getting up tall ladders, so that they could fire between the chimney pots.
On the roof of a great brewery on the same side of the way as the Rising Sun public-house were scores of the work people, and as far as the eye could see across the sloping roofs, the chimney-pots and parapets, the sky-line was black with heads, while in the streets below, as far as a quarter of a mile away, there were vast and tumultuous crowds, kept back by lines of mounted policemen. The voices of those many thousands came up to me in great murderous gusts, like the roar of wild beasts in a jungle. It seemed as if the whole of London had poured into Whitechapel and Stepney to watch one of the most deadly and thrilling dramas that has ever happened in the great city within living memory.
But my eyes were now fixed upon one building, and no other impression could find a place in my mind. The anarchists' had the horrible fascination of a house of death. Bullets were raining upon it. As I looked I saw how they spat at the walls, how they ripped splinters from the door, how they made neat grooves as they burrowed into the red bricks, or chipped off corners of them. The noise of battle was tremendous and almost continuous. The heavy barking reports of Army rifles were followed by the sharp and lighter cracks of pistol shots. Some of the weapons had a shrill singing noise, and others were like children's pop guns. Most terrible and deadly in sound was the rapid fire of the Scots Guards, shot speeding on shot, as though a Gatling gun were at work. Then there would come a sudden lull, as though a bugle had sounded "Cease fire", followed by a silence, intense and strange, after the ear-splitting din.
It reopened again when a few moments later there came the spitting fire of an automatic pistol from the house next to the surgery. From my vantage point I could see how the assassins changed the position from which they fired. The idea that only two men were concealed within that arsenal seemed disproved by the extreme rapidity with which their shots came from one floor and another. As I watched, gripped by the horror and drama of it, I saw a sharp stabbing flash break through the garret window. The man's weapon must have been over the edge of the window-sill. He emptied his magazine, spitting out the shots at the house opposite, from which picked marksmen of the Scots Guards replied with instant volleys. A minute later by my watch shots began to pour through the second floor window, and before the echo of them had died away there was a fusillade from the ground floor.
So this amazing duel went on, as a distinct clock chimed the quarters and half hours. From 11 o'clock until 12.30 there were not scores or hundreds of shots fired, but thousands. It seemed that the assassins had an almost inexhaustible supply of ammunition.... Blazing timbers were flung into the street, masses of masonry crashed down, fiery splinters, like shooting stars, were hurtled a hundred yards or more. Broken glass fell upon the pavement again and again with a dreadful sound of destruction. And into all this turmoil and fury there poured a terrific artillery of shots. The soldiers were volleying now from every window and every roof on the opposite side of Sidney Street, and their shots had thunderous echoes, for other soldiers and many police were firing into the back of the blazing house from the yard.
(11) A. H. Bodkin , Q. C., statement (23rd January, 1911)
Gardstein was the man who came in flinging open that back door and shot Bentley at his right front; there were also other shots from the man on the stairs.... Several shots were fired at Bentley by the man Gardstein from the back, he advanced to the front door of the house, of that there is no doubt, for we have the hand, according to the evidence of Strongman, protruding through the door of No. 11, so as to sweep the place, firing at Woodhams, Bryant and Martin. That man Gardstein advanced further, for you will remember in the evidence of Strongman he said he came out and fired at him and Sergeant Tucker while they were in the roadway of Exchange Buildings....
Now Gardstein - under his pillow at 59 Grove Street was found exhibit No. 2, which was a Dreyse pistol. A pistol with a magazine, which on examination had been recently fired. It is difficult to say - for any expert to say - when it had been recently fired. It was a pistol rifled in four grooves, and Mr Goodwin, a gentleman who has kindly examined this pistol... has fired some shots from that pistol into sawdust.
The cartridges which can be fired from that pistol are quite common cartridges which are standardised and are used for various automatic pistols, but the peculiarity of this Dreyse pistol is that it has four grooves. It appears that six bullets - two from Tucker's body, two from Bentley's body and two from Choat's body - were fired from the Dreyse pistol as they all have four groove marks upon them.... It is clear that Gardstein was the man who fired, and under his pillow a Dreyse pistol was found, and it seems quite proper to assume that he it was who used the Dreyse pistol. The only one to hit Bentley was Gardstein, and Bentley's bullets were from a Dreyse pistol.
(12) Sergeant Bryant, statement (January, 1911)
Immediately I saw a man coming from the back door of the room between Bentley and the table. On 6 January I went to the City of London Mortuary and there saw a dead body and I recognised the man. I noticed he had a pistol in his hand, and at once commenced to fire towards Bentley's right shoulder. He was just in the room. The shots were fired very rapidly. I distinctly heard 3 or 4. I at once put up my hands and I felt my left hand fall and I fell out on to the footway. Immediately the man commenced to fire Bentley staggered back against the door post of the opening into the room. The appearance of the pistol struck me as being a long one. I think I should know a similar one again if I saw it. Only one barrel, and it seemed to me to be a black one. I next remember getting up and staggered along by the wall for a few yards until I recovered myself. I was going away from Cutler Street. I must have been dazed as I have a very faint recollection of what happened then....
(13) Arthur Strongman, statement (January, 1911)
The door was opened by some person whom I did not see. P.S. Bentley appeared to have a conversation with the person, and the door was then partly closed, shortly afterwards P.S. Bentley pushed the door open and entered, about a minute later I heard several shots and saw P.S. Bentley fall from the doorway across the step. Other shots followed in quick succession and a hand holding a revolver, firing rapidly, protruded from the doorway of No. 11 Exchange Buildings and was pointed at P.C. Woodhams who I saw fall forward into the carriageway. That hand was followed by a man age about 30, height 5' 6" or 7", pale thin face, dark curly hair, and dark moustache, dress dark jacket suit, no hat, who pointed the revolver in the direction of P.S. Tucker and myself, firing rapidly. P.S. Tucker and I stepped back a few yards when the P.S. staggered and turned round. I caught him by the right arm, and we walked towards Cutler Street. I looked over my left shoulder and saw the man fire two more shots in our direction, then he turned and went back in the direction of No. I i Exchange Buildings. The whole of the shooting appeared to be over in ten seconds.
In court he expanded on some details. He was standing with Sergeant Tucker when I heard 3 or 4 shots fired, and we made a step towards the door, when I saw a hand holding a pistol protrude from the street doorway of No. 11, firing rapidly, pointing towards P.C. Woodhams, who was opposite No. 11 Exchange Buildings. I saw P.C. Woodhams fall towards the carriageway; this man came out of the doorway still holding the pistol and pointed it towards Sergeant Tucker and myself, firing rapidly all the time. We stepped back, Sergeant Tucker turned round and staggered. Seeing he was wounded I put my arm round his and led him towards Cutler Street. I looked over my left shoulder and saw the man fire two more shots in our direction, and I could also see the flashes coming from the doorway of No. 11. He turned and went back in the direction of No. 11.... I could only see the barrel as he came under the lamp and it looked a long thin one. The shooting only lasted about 10 seconds and may have been less.
(14) Richard Deacon , A History of the Russian Secret Service (1972)
It is not generally known that Stalin himself was involved in Bolshevik activities in London and that he paid surreptitious visits to that city under the name of Josef Georgi. Indeed, Stalin, as much as anyone, was a leading figure behind the scenes in the affair of the Siege of Sidney Street in 1910.
This incident which resulted in a five-hour rifle battle between Anarchists and Scots Guards provided an excellent example of Russian counter-espionage techniques as used abroad. A police sergeant, investigating a report of "strange noises" coming from a house in Sidney Street, Houndsditch, called there and was shot dead. When other police surrounded the house and demanded that the occupants surrendered they were met by a barrage of fire from automatic pistols. Two more police were shot dead and Winston Churchill, then the Home Secretary, ordered out the Scots Guards to assist the police. One thousand police, supported by the Guards, kept up a fire on the house, which was eventually burnt down.
It was established afterwards that the "Sidney Street Gang", as they became known, were recruited from a small colony of about twenty Letts from Baltic Russia, but the identity of their leader was never officially confirmed. This mysterious character was known as "Peter the Painter" and long afterwards the Soviet Government alleged that he was Serge Makharoff, the Czarist agent provocateur.
But was he? There are varying points of view. Mr. James Burley, of Woodhouse, near Sheffield, recalls that in 1910 he was living in Soho, the Latin quarter of London, and that he spent a lot of time at the Continental Cafe in Little Newport Street, which was a centre of the Nihilist movement. "The cafe was popular," states Mr. Burley, "because it was only a short walk from the Communist Club in Charlotte Street. Josef Stalin used the Continental Cafe a lot. Josef Georgi he called himself. He was a bombastic little man, not very big. But there was always an air of mystery about him."
Mr. Burley claimed that Stalin knew all about the events which led up to the Sidney Street affair several days before it happened. "He was looked up to as one of the leaders and I'm sure he had a hand in planning the burglary which was the cause of the police investigations in the first place. Stalin was the leader of the group and it was he who was keeping a close watch on the mystery figure known as "Peter the Painter."
Stalin returned to Russia shortly afterwards and it may be that he was keeping "Peter the Painter" under surveillance, or that he actually aided and abetted his escape. Gerald Bullett, who investigated the Sidney Street affair in some detail, stated that there was a "certain amount of corroborative evidence that Peter the Painter so far from being the leader of the gang was in fact an agent of the Russian Government, entrusted with the delicate and dangerous task of posing as a comrade of the anti-Tsarist conspirators, and of persuading them to engage in criminal activities such as housebreaking, which would attract to them the attention of the London police and ensure their ultimate deportation to Russia.
"This, I think, is by far the likeliest explanation of the mystery of Peter the Painter.... In all probability it was Peter the Painter, agent provocateur, employed by the police of Tsarist Russia, who by elaborate trickery encompassed the defeat and dispersal of the Houndsditch murderers. It was at his instigation, I suggest, that the jewel robbery was planned."
The reference to the "jewel robbery" is explained by the fact that the immediate cause of the Sidney Street siege was the planning of the burglary of a jeweller's shop in Houndsditch. An ex-officer of the Ochrana had stated that the jeweller in question had been entrusted with the safe custody of treasure belonging to the Romanoffs. That this statement was a distortion of the facts is more than likely. This is the kind of story a Czarist agent would be likely to invent to incite the revolutionaries to burgle the jeweller's premises.
(15) Clive Ponting , Winston Churchill (1994)
The most overtly dramatic moment of Churchill's time at the Home Office came in January 1911 when a gang of burglars (believed to be Latvians), who had shot three policemen and wounded two others during a break-in at a jeweller's shop in Houndsditch the previous month, were tracked down to a house in Stepney. It was the beginning of the notorious Sidney Street siege. At 10.45am on 3 January Churchill, who was still at home in Eccleston Square, was asked to approve the use of troops with rifles to deal with the burglars who were firing on police from the house. He agreed and arrived half an hour later at the Home Office where nothing more was known. Together with Edward Marsh he set off for Stepney, where he arrived just before midday and characteristically took charge of the operation - calling up artillery to demolish the house and personally checking on possible means of escape. When the house caught fire he ordered, probably with police consent, the fire brigade not to attempt to put it out. When the fire burnt itself out, two bodies were found and Churchill left the scene just before 3pm. His presence had been unnecessary and uncalled for - the senior Army and police officers present could easily have coped with the situation on their own authority. But Churchill with his thirst for action and drama could not resist the temptation. His intervention attracted huge publicity and for the first time raised in public doubts about Churchill's character and judgement, which some of his colleagues had already had in private, and which were to increase in the next few years.
(16) Donald Rumbelow , The Siege of Sidney Street (1973)
As Choat's leg buckled beneath him, he was shot twice, with two carefully placed shots in the back, from the same Dreyse that had already killed Bentley and Tucker. He fell backwards dragging Gardstein with him, and as they fell Gardstein was accidentally shot in the back by Max Smoller.
Now the importance of Strongman's evidence becomes obvious. Under the street light he had noticed not only the curly hair of the man firing the Dreyse but that he was wearing a jacket suit. It could not have been Gardstein firing the Dreyse because he was wearing an overcoat when he was shot. It was found with the bullet hole in the back, just under the bloodstained left shoulder, and matching the wound in his body. Clearly it was impossible for Gardstein to have been grappling with a man who was not only bigger but nearly a foot taller than himself, to have fired four shots into his leg with a Mauser pistol which the policeman was trying to take away, and in the same instant that he himself was shot in the back to have got behind his opponent who was dragging him to the ground and killed him with a completely different gun!
Who was firing the Dreyse, then? Who was the man who killed Bentley, Tucker and Choat? It could not have been Max because he shot Gardstein with a Browning. Besides he was clean-shaven, and whoever was firing the Dreyse was similar enough in appearance to Gardstein to be mistaken for him by both Bryant and Strongman - they had described him as "age about 30, height 5' 6" or 7", pale thin face, dark curly hair and dark moustache." This only leaves Jacob Peters and Yourka Dubof. Both were of similar height and build to Gardstein - there was only 11 inches difference between all three - and both had moustaches. But, as can be seen from the photographs taken after their arrest, only Peters had the dark curly hair and moustache to be mistaken for Gardstein. Dubof's light-coloured moustache barely shows.
Jacob Peters was the killer of Bentley, Tucker and Choat. And he was in custody. But the whole of the prosecution's case rested on the mistaken assumption that it was Gardstein who killed Tucker, Bentley and Choat. Though Mr Bodkin realised that there were doubts about the firearms the police had described, he glossed over their statements. He said that one could well understand that these officers - he thought Bryant was one - were wrong in saying that the man who was firing at Bentley had a "long thin barrel pistol". "I hope I may never have to observe the kind of pistol a person is firing at me."
Now even a cursory examination of the basic statements would have shown that the Dreyse was most emphatically not found under the pillow and, by inference, within easy reach of Gardstein's hand to defend himself. The officer who had found the Dreyse when the room was searched was Detective Sergeant Leeson who had subsequently been wounded in the opening shots of the "Siege". Because of his lung wound he had been promoted and pensioned off with the higher pension. In his official report he wrote, "Between the mattress and the palliasse I found one magazine pistol containing seven cartridges, two magazines (one containing seven and one containing six cartridges)."
Inspector Thompson, who searched the room with him, confirmed this: "Between the mattress and the palliasse at the head of the bed was also found a revolver loaded with seven cartridges, also two clips, one containing seven and the other six cartridges." Ernest Goodwin, the prosecution's ballistics expert, was equally specific. "The cartridges in the Dreyse pistol No. 7065, found between the mattress and palliasse of the bed on the first floor at Grove Street, E., those in the two clips found in the same place, and in Gardstein's clothing are 7.65 Belgian cartridges of F.N. manufacture."
Now it has been wrongly assumed from Mr Bodkin's statement that the pistol was under the pillow for Gardstein to defend himself and to resist arrest. In support of this theory it has been alleged that a cap containing a quantity of ammunition was placed by the bed within easy reach of his hand. Certainly there was a cap with ammunition by the bed but none of it could be fired from the Dreyse! According to the ballistics expert the cap held "six .297/230 short cartridges for Morris tubes and small rook rifles, six .30 Mauser pistol cartridges and seventeen 7.9 mm Mauser rifle cartridges of Hirtenberger (Austrian) 1904 manufacture". According to Luba Milstein's evidence the cap was not there when Fritz, Joseph, Peter and Max left. Since she didn't put it there and Gardstein couldn't, it could only have been put there by Sara Trassjonsky when she was gathering up evidence to destroy. The ammunition was put in the cap for convenience as she bustled about the room and was never meant to be fired; it was meant to be thrown away.
If, in fact, Gardstein had owned the Dreyse, it is reasonable to suppose that some ammunition for this weapon would have been found in his lodgings, which were described as an arsenal as well as a bomb factory. None was found. The only ammunition "consisted of ... 308 .30 Mauser cartridges, some of D.W.M. [German] manufacture, and the other with plain heads; also 26 Hirtenberger 7.9 mm Mauser rifle cartridges". It is inconceivable, surely, that a man would have over 300 rounds of ammunition for a Mauser pistol which he didn't possess, and none for the Dreyse he is supposed to have used!
(17) Karl Hoffman's defence council (January, 1911)
if everybody who knew Fritz Svaars is presumed to have been implicated in this burglary, I am afraid his friends would not be safe. Hoffman knew Fritz and was seeing him constantly but this did not prevent you from discharging him. Federoff knew him. The other prisoner, Trassjonsky, has been discharged. She was acquainted with Fritz, and according to two or three witnesses was seen actually taking down the shutters and doing some work there. The fact that Trassjonsky had been seen in Exchange Buildings did not induce you to send her for trial. The evidence, such as it is, of Federoff having been seen in Exchange Buildings, is not that upon which any jury would convict him.
(18) The Daily Mail (13th May, 1911)
Five months have passed since 16 December, when three constables of the City Police were murdered by a gang of armed alien burglars and two more policemen were seriously wounded. Not a single one of their assassins has been punished by the law. Gardstein, one of the murderers, was mortally wounded by a chance shot from one of his confederates. Two more of the gang perished in the Sidney Street battle of January. But it is certain that the persons implicated were numerous. It is no pleasant or satisfactory reflection that several of the principals in the crime and many of their associates have escaped and are still at large.
The police can hardly be congratulated upon their success in dealing with this formidable conspiracy; but, in excuse, it must be remembered that in the vast alien population of East London it is a matter of peculiar difficulty to obtain evidence or run down the offender.
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Who played the title role in the 1962 Hammer film version of The Phantom of the Opera ? | The Phantom of the Opera (1962) - IMDb
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The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 )
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Terror strikes the London Opera House as a new opera is disrupted by the actions of a deformed specter of the show's past who has an obsession with one of the production's chorus girl.
Director:
Anthony Hinds (screenplay) (as John Elder), Gaston Leroux (composition)
Stars:
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Title: The Phantom of the Opera (1962)
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Loosely based on Josephine Tey's "Brat Farrar;" a man long believed dead returns to the family estate to claim his inheritance.
Director: Freddie Francis
When car trouble strands a honeymooning couple in a small Southern European village, an aristocratic family in the area reaches out to help them with sinister consequences.
Director: Don Sharp
In 18th-century England, the Royal Crown sends Royal Navy Captain Collier and his crew to investigate reports of illegal smuggling and bootlegging in a coastal town where locals believe in Marsh Phantoms.
Director: Peter Graham Scott
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.8/10 X
In Spain, Leon is born on Christmas day to a mute servant girl who was raped by a beggar. His mother dies giving birth and he is looked after by Don Alfredo. As a child Leon becomes a ... See full summary »
Director: Terence Fisher
A disfigured violinist haunts the Paris Opera House.
Director: Arthur Lubin
Janet is a young student at a private school; her nights are troubled by horrible dreams in which she sees her mother, who is in fact locked in an insane asylum, haunting her. Expelled ... See full summary »
Director: Freddie Francis
Penniless, Baron Frankenstein, accompanied by his eager assistant Hans, arrives at his family castle near the town of Karlstaad, vowing to continue his experiments in the creation of life. ... See full summary »
Director: Freddie Francis
Vampire hunter Van Helsing returns to Transylvania to destroy handsome bloodsucker Baron Meinster, who has designs on beautiful young schoolteacher Marianne.
Director: Terence Fisher
Count de Chagnie has discovered Christine's singing talent on a market place and sent her to his friend Carriere, the director of the Parisian opera. However just when she arrives ... See full summary »
Stars: Teri Polo, Charles Dance, Burt Lancaster
Dr. Henry Jekyll experiments with scientific means of revealing the hidden, dark side of man and releases a murderer from within himself.
Director: Terence Fisher
A centenarian artist and scientist in 1890 Paris maintains his youth ad health by periodically replacing a gland with that of a living person.
Director: Terence Fisher
Directors: Rupert Julian, Lon Chaney, and 2 more credits »
Stars: Lon Chaney, Mary Philbin, Norman Kerry
Edit
Storyline
The corrupt Lord Ambrose D'Arcy (Michael Gough) steals the life's work of the poor composer Professor L. Petrie. (Herbert Lom). In an attempt to stop the printing of music with D'Arcy's name on it, Petrie breaks into the printing office and accidentally starts a fire, leaving him severely disfigured. Years later, Petrie returns to terrorize a London opera house that is about to perform one of his stolen operas. Written by Jeremy Lunt <[email protected]>
The most unusual tale of terror - and love - ever told! See more »
Genres:
15 August 1962 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Das Phantom der Oper See more »
Filming Locations:
The film takes place in 1890 and December 1900. See more »
Goofs
During the flashback sequence, Ambrose D'Arcy writes his own name on the title page of one of Professor Petrie's manuscripts, which is called Symphony No. 1. The word 'symphony,' however, is clearly and incorrectly spelled 'symphany.' The spelling is corrected on the printed copies of the music seen later. See more »
Quotes
The Phantom : I am going to teach you to sing, Christine. I am going to give you a new voice! A voice so wonderful that theatres all over the world will be filled with your admirers. You will be the greatest star the opera has ever known. Greater than the greatest! And when you sing, Christine, you will be singing only... for me.
(Groningen, The Netherlands) – See all my reviews
This version of "The Phantom of the Opera" is very different from the original and others. But fantastic nevertheless.
The movie is approached differently compared to other versions, not only the story is different but also the characters. Especially The Phantom has become a bit of a different person. Personally I like this approach, it's up to you which approach you personally like the best.
The typical Terence Fisher directing is very notable and he gives the movie a typical atmosphere. This movie is definitely one of Fisher's and the Hammer studio's best, even though the movie is now days a bit outdated of course. A surprising thing was the amount of humor used in this movie. It fitted the movie surprisingly well and worked out just great.
The most fantastic thing is the cast. Herbert Lom plays as The Phantom a more of a tragic villain. Michael Gough as Lord Ambrose d'Arcy plays the real main villain of the movie and he is simply brilliant in his role! He really steals the show in this one. The rest of the cast also pulls of quite well.
Alas there are some flaws and the movie is simply too much outdated to can be considered a masterpiece. But the movie serves its purpose and looks visually great with excellent performances from the cast and a nice finale.
9/10
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Which is the world's largest retailer ? | The Phantom of the Opera (1962)
The Phantom of the Opera (1962) **�
It�s amazing how few generations it can take for adaptation drift to render a story unrecognizable. Hammer Film Productions� The Phantom of the Opera was only the third movie to be made from Gaston Leroux�s novel of the same name� or at any rate, it was only the third movie that can be confirmed as such. (There are a few lost films from the 1910�s that sound intriguingly like possible ancestors of Universal�s classic silent interpretation , but the surviving information about them is too sparse to support any firm conclusions one way or the other.) Yet this third version has already strayed just as far from the source material as the famously unfaithful adaptations directed by Dwight Little and Dario Argento in 1989 and 1998, respectively. On one level, that might be taken as simply another example of the old Hammer formula� after all, neither The Curse of Frankenstein nor Horror of Dracula displayed more than the occasional stray codon of their predecessors� DNA. What�s curious, though, is that there was a very specific reason why those first two Hammer gothics came out looking the way they did, and that reason doesn�t seem to apply here. In both cases, Hammer�s primary objective was to inoculate themselves against copyright lawsuits by differentiating their movies as far as possible from the iconic versions released by the famously litigation-happy Universal in 1931. But by 1962, Hammer had been in partnership with Universal for some years. Indeed, Universal would distribute this Phantom of the Opera in the United States. And beyond that, to the extent that the Hammer Phantom owes anything to earlier iterations of the story, it borrows most recognizably from Universal�s own 1943 remake .
Somebody really has it in for Saint Joan, the new opera by up-and-coming London composer Lord Ambrose D�Arcy (Michael Gough, of Horror Hospital and They Came from Beyond Space ). Everywhere producer Harry Hunter (Edward De Souza, from The Kiss of the Vampire and The Golden Compass) goes around the Aberdeen Theater on opening night, he sees evidence of a mysterious grudge at work. The advertising broadsheets outside the building have been mutilated. The orchestra is suffering from an epidemic of slashed drum heads. Rossi the conductor (Martin Miller, from Latin Quarter and Children of the Damned ) complains of stolen sheet music. And Maria the lead soprano ( The Devil Rides Out �s Liane Aukin) is on the verge of hysterics� something about a one-eyed man in black appearing from nowhere in her dressing room, and then vanishing just as inexplicably. Meanwhile, Lattimer (Thorley Walters, from Twisted Nerve and Vampire Circus ), the Aberdeen�s manager, must explain to His Lordship why he�s reporting a sellout crowd even though one of the mezzanine-level boxes� normally reckoned the best seats in the house� is conspicuously empty. Lattimer says he�s actually given up trying to sell the seats in that box. D�Darcy may believe what he likes, but it�s reputedly haunted, and none of the theater�s regular customers will sit there. All the commotion prevents anybody from noticing the gimpy little hunchback (Ian Wilson, of Old Mother Riley Meets the Vampire and The Day of the Triffids ) skulking around backstage, but I�m thinking he�s really the thing they should all be watching. Odds are he�s the one who waylays one of the stagehands, hangs him from the set rigging, and tosses the body out where the whole audience can see it right in the middle of Maria�s first solo.
Maria wisely decides that she wants nothing more to do with Ambrose D�Arcy or his opera after that. The police may rule the stagehand�s death a suicide, but she isn�t buying that for an instant. Given, however, that The Show Must Go On, Hunter begins auditioning sopranos to take Maria�s place. He quickly finds a very promising young singer named Christine Charles ( The Black Torment �s Heather Sears). Christine is inexperienced at the required level of performance, and will clearly need some work before she�s ready to play the title role in Saint Joan, but anybody with ears can tell that she�s well endowed with native talent. Hunter fails to realize, though, that D�Arcy prefers to recruit his divas on a casting-couch basis. Christine�s real audition is yet to come, when His Lordship has her back to his place after taking her out to dinner. Interesting, then, that someone should speak to Christine from an invisible hideout in the makeup studio, warning her what to expect from D�Arcy. You figure this unseen informant is also the mastermind behind all the opening-night sabotage?
Lord Ambrose does indeed perform as advertised that night. Luckily for Christine, Harry coincidentally goes to dine at the same restaurant, and she is able to use him as her escape route from a �private lesson� at D�Arcy�s flat. After all, it would only make sense to have the producer of the opera on hand for such a session, but D�Arcy�s intentions are such that there�s no point in the exercise unless he and Christine can be alone together. Outmaneuvered, Ambrose sullenly withdraws, leaving Christine to join Harry for dinner instead. Inevitably, the pair start the accompanying conversation by talking about the opera, which is the one thing they already know they have in common. Harry mentions the vandalism and weirdness that have plagued Saint Joan since it began preproduction, and that leads Christine to tell him about the voice in the makeup studio. Suspecting at once that there may be a connection, Hunter suggests an investigatory visit to the theater� a visit which yields rather more than either one of them bargained for. Although they are unable to find the hiding place from which Christine was given her anonymous tip about D�Arcy, they both hear the mysterious voice once again, and while Harry is distracted (the hunchback�s somewhat excessive idea of a diversion is to murder the night-shift rat-catcher!), Christine actually meets its owner (Herbert Lom, from Mysterious Island and Asylum ) in person. Would you believe he�s a black-clad man wearing a featureless mask that obscures everything of his face save a single, baleful eye? It seems that the masked man means to abduct Christine, but her screams bring Harry running to her before the Phantom of the Opera can carry out the kidnapping.
Harry and Christine will have plenty of time to mull over their eventful night at the theater, because D�Arcy gives them both the sack in revenge for his cock-blocking. As it happens, though, they spend most of the next day chasing down what Hunter initially believes to be a totally unrelated mystery. Christine rents a room in the boarding house run by the widow Tucker (Renee Houston, of Repulsion and Legend of the Werewolf), and while the girl gets herself ready for a commiseratory day out on the town with Harry, he chats with the landlady in the parlor. Most of Mrs. Tucker�s lodgers are musicians, and she passes the time by telling the tragic story of Professor Petrie. Petrie had been a music teacher at the academy (wherever that is), and a composer of considerable ability. His work was never published, however, except presumably a few pieces which Mrs. Tucker herself sold after the professor�s death. That�s a bitter irony, too, because as she recollects, Petrie actually died in the act of negotiating a publishing deal. He was killed in the fire that gutted the offices of G. Piggott, Jobbing Printer, several years ago. Intrigued, Harry convinces Christine to put off lunch in favor of calling at Piggott�s, where an interview with master printer Weaver (Keith Pyott, from Village of the Damned and Bluebeard�s Ten Honeymoons) sheds interesting new light on the subject. Mrs. Tucker�s memories are a little off on the details; there was a fire at the printer�s, and somebody was caught in it, but if the poor bastard died, he certainly didn�t do so on the premises. The victim broke in after hours, presumably to ransack the place for something saleable, and must have dropped some tobacco embers in the voluminous litter of paper scraps that virtually covered the floor of the shop. He apparently tried to put out the fire, but the jar he dumped on it contained not water, but nitric acid for use by the engravers. The policeman who saw him flee described injuries more consistent with a face full of acid backsplash than with exposure to heat and flame. Hearing that sends Harry to the nearest police station, where Sergeant Vickers (John Harvey, of X: The Unknown and The Stranglers of Bombay ) adds one final detail: the acid-scarred burglar leapt into the Thames, where the current quickly carried him out of sight. One might ask at this point why Hunter cares what happened to Professor Petrie� Christine certainly does. It all comes down to Saint Joan. Harry couldn�t understand how a philistine like D�Arcy could write an opera at all, let alone one as good as that. Now he has his answer, or so he believes. Lord Ambrose didn�t write Saint Joan, but rather bought it from Mrs. Tucker after its real author, Professor Petrie, was dead.
To those who�ve been paying any attention at all, it should be obvious by now that the operative clause in the sentence before last is �or so he believes.� Petrie, of course, is not dead at all; he�s the masked man prowling around the Aberdeen Theater and making life difficult for everyone attempting to put on his opera. And the reason Petrie has been making such a pest of himself is that D�Arcy wasn�t the person to whom Mrs. Tucker sold some of the professor�s old sheet music. Rather, D�Arcy screwed Petrie on a major publishing deal, giving him only �50 for ten years� worth of compositions, and then underhandedly passing them off as his own work. The fire at Piggott�s was no random accident, either. Petrie broke in expressly to burn the entire print run of the misattributed Symphony #1 in A Major, and to destroy the printing plates by pouring acid all over them. He just wasn�t expecting the fire to build so quickly, or the acid to be so splattery. None of that, however, is as important now as the fact that Petrie has heard Christine sing. With her in the lead role, he wouldn�t mind so much for Saint Joan to go into performance, but first (as we�ve already established) she�s going to need some extra training. That�s okay, though� there�s nothing wrong with Christine�s singing that a little kidnapping and captivity wouldn�t fix�
In general, I would not consider it a positive sign that a Phantom of the Opera movie proceeds primarily from the innovations of the Claude Rains version; I refer you to my review of the �43 Phantom for a detailed discussion of why not. Director Terrence Fisher and writer Anthony Hinds have thus done something most unexpected, devising a retelling of the story that redeems much of what didn�t work in its immediate predecessor. By removing all trace of a romantic attachment between the Phantom and Christine, so that he regards her strictly as the one singer worthy to interpret his work; by pushing the events that left Petrie disfigured and insane far enough into the past to make it plausible for legends to spring up around him; by making the unscrupulous music-thief not just a major character, but the movie�s true villain� in these ways, Hinds has restored the power and credibility that the character lost when he was redefined as a kindly old composer driven mad by a dirty business deal and a face-full of engraver�s acid. By showing us enough of Saint Joan for us to follow and grasp its story; by putting some effort into its staging; by setting it to a score that doesn�t suggest a B-grade 30�s musical comedy with delusions of grandeur� in these ways, Fisher has made a virtue of the previously annoying focus upon what happens on the theater stage, conveying a serious sense of what is at stake here from Petrie�s perspective. The simplest and most effective improvement, though, is the bare fact that we aren�t introduced to Petrie as Petrie. The film begins with him already a fearsome and enigmatic figure, and only gradually are we given to understand how he became what he is. Not only does that give the Phantom back some of the menace that he had in both the book and the 1925 film, but it also gives the official protagonists something worthwhile to do in the hour before Christine�s abduction. Whereas before the various Raouls and Anatoles and Christines were pretty well useless on their own, this version makes the central couple both proactive and effective. They solve the mystery of the Aberdeen Theater (well, okay� so mostly Harry solves it), without the help of any skulking Persian detectives-ex-machina. And while we�re on the subject of The Phantom of the Opera�s mystery aspect, I really like the unusual touch of realism whereby none of the people Hunter interviews while trying to figure out what became of Professor Petrie can agree on the details of the story� and whereby none of their versions turn out to be accurate except in the overall contours, anyway.
Nevertheless, I can�t fully get behind this Phantom of the Opera. It�s a little too diffuse, for one thing, not least because Hunter makes the connection between the supposedly deceased Professor Petrie and the masked malefactor at the theater only after Christine is kidnapped. All that detective work over Petrie�s disappearance seems a bit much to do on a lark, and it isn�t as though Harry doesn�t already have ample reason to believe in the Phantom�s reality the first time he hears the professor�s name. The murderous hunchback is insufficiently developed and insufficiently integrated with the other aspects of the story. The burn makeup Herbert Lom wears when he is unmasked (under circumstances that don�t make any sense, I might add) is both unimaginative and risibly bad� as in, very nearly Evil of Frankenstein bad� with the result that Lom�s is the only movie Phantom I�ve seen who is scarier with his mask on. (To be fair, that�s also partly because the mask itself is as brilliantly unsettling as the face beneath it is half-assed and silly.) The most frustrating thing about Hammer�s The Phantom of the Opera, though, is that Lord D�Arcy receives no meaningful comeuppance. I�m not quite sure what would have been an appropriate fate for him under the terms of the story as presented here, but surely his conduct throughout calls for something a little stronger than to see Petrie�s true face, and then to run away screaming like a Mantan Moreland character. This Phantom of the Opera doesn�t deserve the virtual invisibility that has been its lot for most of my lifetime, but I can see why nobody�s been in any great hurry to rehabilitate its reputation.
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Which Tuscan wine was traditionally packaged in a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a fiasco ? | VisitsItaly.com - Chianti and Chianti Wines from Tuscany
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History
The earliest documentation of a "Chianti wine" dates back to the 13th century when viticulture was known to flourish in the "Chianti Mountains" around Florence . The merchants in the nearby townships of Castellina , Gaiole and Radda formed the Lega del Chianti (League of Chianti) to produce and promote the local wine. In 1398, records note that the earliest incarnation of Chianti was as a white wine.
In 1716 Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany issued an edict legislating that the three villages of the Lega del Chianti as well as the village of Greve and a 2 mile (3 km) hillside north of Greve near Spedaluzza as the only officially recognized producers of Chianti. This delineation existed until the 1930s when the Italian government expanded the zone. Subsequent expansions throughout the 20th century would eventually bring the Chianti zone to cover almost all of Tuscany. The original zone dictated by the edict of Cosimo III de' Medici would eventually be considered the heart of the Chianti Classico region.
The Italian statesman Bettino Ricasoli developed the first "modern" Chianti recipe that was Sangiovese based.By the 18th century, Chianti was widely recognized as a red wine, but the exact composition and grape varieties used to make Chianti at this point is unknown. Ampelographers find clues about which grape varieties were popular at the time in the writings of Italian writer Cosimo Villifranchi who noted that Canaiolo was widely planted variety in the area along with Sangiovese, Mammolo and Marzemino. It was not until the work of the Italian statesman Bettino Ricasoli that the modern "Chianti recipe" as a Sangiovese-based wine would take shape.
Prior to Ricasoli, Canaiolo was emerging as the dominant variety in the Chianti blend with Sangiovese and Malvasia playing supporting roles. In the mid-19th century, Ricasoli developed a recipe for Chianti that was based primarily on Sangiovese. His recipe called for 70% Sangiovese, 15% Canaiolo, 10% Malvasia (later amended to include Trebbiano) and 5% other local red varieties. In 1967, the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) regulation set by the Italian government firmly established the "Ricasoli formula" of a Sangiovese-based blend with 10-30% Malvasia and Trebbiano.
The late 19th century saw a period of economic and political upheaval. First came oidium and then the phylloxera epidemic would take it toll on the vineyards of Chianti just as they had ravaged vineyards across the rest of Europe. The chaos and poverty following the Risorgimento heralded the beginning of the Italian diaspora that would take Italian vineyard workers and winemakers abroad as immigrants to new lands. Those that stayed behind and replanted choose high-yielding varieties like Trebbiano and Sangiovese clones such as the Sangiovese di Romagna from the nearby Romagna region.
Following World War II, the general trend in the world wine market for cheap, easy-drinking wine saw a brief boom for the region. With over-cropping and an emphasis on quantity over quality, the reputation of Chianti among consumers eventually plummeted. By the 1950s, Trebbiano (which is known for its neutral flavors) made up to 30% of many mass-market Chiantis.
By the late 20th century, Chianti was often associated with basic Chianti sold in a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a fiasco. However, during the same period, a group of ambitious producers began working outside the boundaries of DOC regulations to make what they believed would be a higher quality style of Chianti. These wines eventually became known as the "Super Tuscans".
Many of the producers behind the Super Tuscan movement were originally Chianti producers who were rebelling against what they felt were antiquated DOC regulations. Some of these producers wanted to make Chiantis that were 100% varietal Sangiovese. Others wanted the flexibility to experiment with blending French grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot or to not be required to blend in any white grape varieties.
The late 20th century saw a flurry of creativity and innovation in the Chianti zones as producers experimented with new grape varieties and introduced modern winemaking techniques such as the use of new oak barrels. The prices and wine ratings of some Super Tuscans would regularly eclipse those of DOC sanctioned Chiantis. The success of the Super Tuscans encouraged government officials to reconsider the DOC regulations in order to bring some of these wines back into the fold labeled as Chianti.
Wine regions within the Chianti
Chianti wine area within TuscanyThe Chianti region covers a vast area of Tuscany and includes within its boundaries several overlapping Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) and Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) regions. Other well known Sangiovese-based Tuscan wines such as Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano could be bottled and labeled under the most basic designation of "Chianti" if their producers chose to do so.
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Within the collective Chianti region more than 8 million cases of wines classified as DOC level or above are produced each year. Today, most Chianti falls under two major designations of Chianti DOCG, which includes basic level Chianti, as well as that from seven designated sub-zones, and Chianti Classico DOCG.
Together, these two Chianti zones produce the largest volume of DOC/G wines in Italy.
Chianti Classico
In 1716 Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany issued an edict legislating that the three villages of the Lega del Chianti (Castellina in Chianti, Gaiole in Chianti, and Radda in Chianti) as well as the village of Greve and a 2-mile (3-km) stretch of hillside north of Greve near Spedaluzza as the only officially recognized producers of Chianti. This delineation existed until July 1932, when the Italian government expanded the Chianti zone to include the outlying areas of Barberino Val d'Elsa, Chiocchio, Robbiano, San Casciano in Val di Pesa and Strada. The 1932 expansion was canonized into DOC regulations in 1966.
Since the mid 1980s, the Chianti Classico zone has had it own DOCG recognized area separate from the greater Chianti region. As of 2006, there were 17,640 acres (7,142 hectares) of vineyards in the Chianti Classico region.
The Chianti Classico region covers an area of approximate 100 square miles (259 square kilometers) between the city of Florence to the north and Siena to the south. The four communes of Castellina in Chianti in Chianti, Gaiole in Chianti, Greve in Chianti and Radda in Chianti are located entirely within the boundaries of the Classico region with parts of Barberino Val d'Elsa, San Casciano in Val di Pesa and Tavarnelle Val di Pesa in the province of Florence as well as Castelnuovo Berardenga and Poggibonsi in the province of Siena included within the permitted boundaries of Chianti Classico.
The soil and geography of this region can be quite varied, with altitudes ranging from 820 feet (250 meters) to 2000 feet (610 meters), and rolling hills producing differing macroclimates. There are two main soil types in the region: a weathered sandstone known as albarese and a bluish-gray chalky marlstone known as galestro. The soil in the north is richer and more fertile with more galestro, with the soil gradually becoming harder and stonier with more albarese in the south. In the north, the Arno river can have an influence on the climate, keeping the temperatures slightly cooler, an influence that diminishes further south in the warmer Classico territory towards Castelnuovo Berardenga.
Regional differences
Vineyards in Gaiole in Chianti in the Chianti Classico region Chianti Classico wines tend to be medium-bodied with firm tannins and medium-high to high acidity. Floral, cherry and light nutty notes are characteristic aromas with the wines expressing more notes on the mid-palate and finish than at the front of the mouth. As with Bordeaux, the different regions of Chianti Classico have unique characteristics that can be exemplified and perceived in some wines from those areas. According to Master of Wine Mary Ewing-Mulligan, Chianti Classico wines from the Castellina region tend to have a very delicate aroma and flavor, Castelnuovo Berardegna region wines tend to be the most ripe and richest tasting, wines from Gaiole tend to have be characterized by their structure and firm tannins while wines from the Greve area tend to have very concentrated flavors.
Chianti Wine Designations
The Chianti DOCG covers all the Chianti wine and includes a large stretch of land encompassing the western reaches of the province of Pisa near the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Florentine hills in the province of Florence to the north, to the province of Arezzo in the east and the Siena hills to the south. Within this regions are vineyards that overlap the DOCG regions of Brunello di Montalcino, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano and Vernaccia di San Gimignano. Any Sangiovese-based wine made according to the Chianti guideline from these vineyards can be labeled and marked under the basic Chianti DOCG should the producer wish to use the designation.
Within the Chianti DOCG there are eight defined sub-zones, that are permitted to affix their name to the wine label. Wines that are labeled as simply Chianti are made either from a blend from these sub-zones or include grapes from peripheral areas not within the boundaries of a sub-zone. The sub-zones are (clockwise from the north): the Colli Fiorentini which is located south of the city of Florence; Chianti Rufina in the northeastern part of the zone located around the commune of Rufina; Classico in the center of Chianti, across the provinces of Florence and Siena; Colli Aretini in the Arezzo province to the east; Colli Senesi south of Chianti Classico in the Siena hills, this is the largest of the sub-zones and includes the Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano areas; Colline Pisane the westernmost sub-zone in the province of Pisa; Montespertoli located within the Colli Fiorentini around the commune of Montespertoli ; Montalbano in the northwest part of the zone which includes the Carmignano DOCG.
As of 2006, there were 786 acres (318 hectares) under production in Montalbano, 2,236 (905 hectares) in the Colli Fiorentini, 140 (57 hectares) in Montespertoli, 1,840 (745 hectares) in Rufina, 8,780 (3,553 hectares) in the Colli Senesi, 380 (154 hectares) in Colline Pisane, 1,603 (649 hectares) in the Colli Aretini, and an additional 25,511 (10,324 hectares) in the peripherals areas that do not fall within one of the sub-zone classifications. Wines produced from these vineyards are simply labeled as "Chianti".
Sub-zone differences
A bottle of basic DOCG Chianti Riserva that does not specify a sub-zone on the label. This wine may be a blend from several zones. Outside of Chianto Classico, the wines of the Chianti sub-zone of Rufina are among the most widely recognized and exported from the Chianti region. Located in the Arno valley near the town of Pontassieve, the Rufina region includes much area in the Pomino region, an area that has a long history of wine production. The area is noted for the cool climate of its elevated vineyards located up to 2,950 feet (900 meters). The vineyard soils of the region are predominately marl and chalk. The Florentine merchant families of the Antinori and Frescobaldi own the majority of the vineyards in Rufina. Chianti from the Rufina area is characterized by its multi-layered complexity and elegance.
The Colli Fiorentini has seen an influx of activity and new vineyard development in recent years as wealthy Florentine business people move to the country to plant vineyards and open wineries. Many foreign "flying winemakers" have had a hand in this development, bringing global viticulture and winemaking techniques to the Colli Fiorentini. Located in the hills between the Chianti Classico area and Arno valley, the wines of the Colli Fiorentini vary widely depending on producer, but tend to have a simple structure with strong character and fruit notes. The Montespertoli sub-zone was part of the Colli Fiorentini sub-zone until 2002 when it became its own tiny enclave.
The Montalbano region is located in the shadow of the Carmignano DOCG, with much of the best Sangiovese going to that wine. A similar situation exists in the Colli Senesi which includes the well known DOCG regions of Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano. Both regions rarely appear on wine labels that are exported out of Tuscany. The Colli Pisane area produces typical Chiantis with the lightest body and color. The Colli Aretini is a relatively new and emerging area that has seen an influx of investment and new winemaking in recent years.
Chianti blend and legal requirements
Since 1996 the blend for Chianti and Chianti Classico has been 75-100% Sangiovese, up to 10% Canaiolo and up to 20% of any other approved red grape variety such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot or Syrah. Since 2006, the use of white grape varieties such as Malvasia and Trebbiano have been prohibited in Chianti Classico. Chianti Classico must have a minimum alcohol level of at least 12% with a minimum of 7 months aging in oak, while Chianti Classico's labeled riserva must be aged at least 27 months at the winery, with a minimum alcohol level of at least 12.5%.
The harvest yields for Chianti Classico are restricted to no more than 3 tons per acre (7.5 tonnes/hectare). For basic Chianti, the minimum alcohol level is 11.5% with yields restricted to 4 tons per acre (9 tonnes/hectare).
The aging for basic Chianti DOCG is much less stringent with most varieties allowed to be released to the market on March 1st following the vintage year. The sub-zones of Colli Fiorentini, Montespertoli and Rufina must be aged for a further three months and not released until June 1st. All Chianti Classicos must be held back until October 1st in the year following the vintage.
Wines
Sangiovese grapes used to make Chianti wineJancis Robinson notes that Chianti is sometimes called the "Bordeaux of Italy". The flexibility in the blending recipe for Chianti accounts for some of the variability in styles among Chiantis. Lighter bodied styles will generally have a higher proportion of white grape varieties blended in, while Chiantis that have only red grape varieties will be fuller and richer. While only 15% of Cabernet Sauvignon is permitted in the blend, the nature of the grape variety can have a dominant personality in the Chianti blend and be a strong influence in the wine.
Chianti Classico
Chianti Classico wines are characterized in their youth by their predominantly floral and cinnamon spicy bouquet. As the wine ages, aromas of tobacco and leather can emerge. Chiantis tend to have medium-highacidity and medium tannins. The acidity in the wines make them very flexible with food and wine pairings, particularly with Italian cuisines that feature red sauce, as well with as beef, lamb and wild game. Basic level Chianti is often characterized by its juicy fruit notes of cherry, plum and raspberry and can range from simple quaffing wines to those approaching the level of Chianti Classico. Wine expert Tom Stevenson notes that these basic everyday drinking Chiantis are at their peak drinking qualities often between three and five years after vintage with premium examples having the potential to age for four to eight years. Well-made examples of Chianti Classico often have the potential to age and improve in the bottle for six to twenty years.
Chianti Superiore
Chianti Superiore is an Italian DOCG wine produced in the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Siena, in Tuscany. Superiore is a specification for wines produced with a stricter rule of production than other Chianti wines. Chianti Superiore has been authorized since 1996. Chianti Superiore wines can be produced only from grapes cultivated in the Chianti wine areas except from those vineyards that are registered in the Chianti Classico sub-zone. Vineyards registered in Chianti sub-zones other than Classico can produce Chianti Superiore wines but must omit the sub-zone name on the label. Ageing is calculated from January 1 after the picking. Chianti Superiore cannot be sold to the consumer before nine months of ageing, of which three must be in the bottle. Therefore it cannot be bottled before the June after picking or sold to consumers before the next September.
Chianti Superiore wines must be produced with the following grapes:
Sangiovese: min. 75%
Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia del Chianti: max. 10%
Other authorized red grapes: max. 20%
Gallo Nero
The gallo nero seal of the Consorzio Chianti ClassicoThe black rooster (gallo nero in Italian) that appears on the neck labels of many Chianti Classico is the symbol of the Consorzio Chianti Classico, a foundation of producers in the Chianti Classico region. The foundation was founded with the aim of promoting the wines of the region, improving quality and preventing wine fraud. Since the 1980s, the foundation has sponsored extensive research into the viticultural and winemaking practice of the Chianti Classic area, particularly in the area of clonal research. In the last quarter of a century more than 50% of the vineyards in the Chianti Classic region have been replanted with improved Sangioves clones and to modern vineyard schematics as part of the Consorzio Chianti Classico's project "Chianti 2000".
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Which fashion designer famously brought out 'the Little Black Dress' ? | Tuscany Blog-Top Attractions, Things To Do & More! | Flipkey
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Tuscany is a region in central Italy, that has about the same size and population as Louisiana. Tuscany has a western coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea (part of the Mediterranean Sea), which contains the Tuscan Archipelago, of which the largest island is Elba.
Tuscany's largest cities lie on the banks of the Arno river, including the capital Florence, Empoli and Pisa. Other large cities include Livorno, Siena and Lucca.
Tuscany is one of the most fertile regions of Italy. It features an abundance of olive groves, vineyards, pasture for livestock, corn and vegetable fields, and obviously access to the sea and its wide variety of fish.
The basic ingredients of the region include peas, chickpeas, various beans, game, ox, fowl, pig offal, artichokes, chestnut and garlic. Most of those ingredients are found in the cuisines of many mediterranean countries and regions. Olive oil is an essential part of this cuisine. There is even a simple appetizer that is dedicated to two emblematic ingredients of the region, olive oil and Tuscan bread. Fettunta is the Tuscan version of bruschetta and nothing more than bread slices rubbed with garlic, with a drizzle of olive oil and sprinkled with salt.
Tuscan cuisine is also very aromatic and makes wide use of several herbs and spices such as rosemary, basil, parsley, bay leaf, calamint, coriander, clove, nutmeg, cinnamon and pepper.
Like many ancient cuisines, Tuscany’s is deeply rooted in true peasant food, a cuisine that features inexpensive ingredients, and is usually prepared and spiced to make those ingredients more palatable.
Peasant food makes use of inexpensive local ingredients but transcends dishes by its ability to marry them with simple spices and by using techniques that have been perfected over generations.
Vegetarians welcome
Panzanella is an example of such a dish. This summer salad makes use of stale Tuscan bread that would otherwise be wasted. The bread is soaked in water and sometimes vinegar before it is mixed with fresh vegetables like ripe tomatoes, cucumbers and red onions. A simple, yet flavorful salad typical of Tuscan cuisine.
Another famous traditional Tuscan dish makes use of leftover Tuscan bread. This time, in a very simple and rich soup called pappa al pomodoro . This flavorful tomato soup incorporates bread as a thickening agent along with basil, garlic and olive oil. Although originally from Siena, it is now a staple of not only Tuscan cuisine, but also Italian cuisine.
Another soup dating back from the Middle Ages is ribollita. Ribollita, literally reboiled, is typically made with leftover minestrone soup to which bread is added. The soup has also become representative of the cuisine of the region.
Cucina povera or peasant cuisine, also had to be ingenious and make use of inexpensive ingredients like chestnut. Out of necessity, chestnut flour was invented and several recipes were created like castagnaccio, a plain chestnut flour cake, sometimes flavored with orange rinds, rosemary or fennel seeds, or necci, a thinner version closer to a pancake.
A meat lover’s paradise
But Tuscan cuisine is not just for vegetarians. Meat is an essential ingredient of several recipes that are more common inland such as in Florence. Cibreo, for example, is a traditional secondo piatto (second main dish) made with offal, typically chicken liver. Trippa alla fiorentina, is another such dish made with inexpensive meat, here tripe. The more courageous street food aficionados will have to stop in Florence to try lampredotto, a sandwich made with the fourth and final stomach of a cow.
Scottiglia, originally from Pescina in the south of Tuscany, is a meat lover’s dish. This stew traditionally includes a mix of veal, pork, chicken, turkey, rabbit and lamb.
But the ultimate Tuscan dish for carnivores has to be bistecca alla Fiorentina, a thickly cut and large T-bone steak grilled over wood or charcoal fire, seasoned with salt, black pepper, and olive oil that is applied immediately after the meat is removed from the heat.
Sweet tooth
As for desserts, a discussion about Tuscan cuisine would not be complete without mentioning biscotti, also known as cantuccini. Those crisp, delicately almond-flavored treats are originally from Prato, birthplace of famous comedian Roberto Benigni. Talking about almonds, when in Tuscany, you should also try the lesser known ricciarelli, a type of macaron made with almonds, honey and egg whites, originally from Siena and dating from the fourteenth century.
Another delicacy from Siena is panforte di Siena, literally “strong bread” although this is more of a confection than a bread or cake. Panforte is Italy’s version of fruitcake, packed with nuts, dried fruits and candied fruits and held together by cooked sugar and honey syrup, with very little flour.
A number of Italian recipes are associated with Christian holidays. This is the case of befanini , these colorful sugar cookies that are associated with the Epiphany and the story of Befana, a generous and sweet old witch.
Liquored up
Panforte, as well as most Tuscan sweets, is often served with Vin Santo. Vin Santo is a straw wine, also called raisin wine. Straw wines are wines made with grapes that are typically dried on straw mats, hence the name. The name “Vin Santo”, holy wine in Italian, comes from the wine's historic use in religious Mass, where sweet wine was often preferred.
The other Tuscan wine that is famous all over the world is Chianti, from the central region of Tuscany by the same name. Who doesn’t know the squat round bottle enclosed in a straw basket? This bottle, called a fiasco, now only used by a few select winemakers, is still emblematic of this wine. Tuscan cuisine is rich in traditions, with a number of recipes dating from the Middle Ages. It makes use of a lot of aromatic ingredients, which give the cuisine rich and flavorful mediterranean tones. With its diversity, Tuscan cuisine will satisfy vegetarians, carnivores and fish lovers alike.
Buon appetito!
Mike Benayoun is the co-creator of 196 flavors , a unique culinary blog he founded with Vera Abitbol and Joanne La Badjone. It is the only bilingual (French/English) world cuisine food blog with a mission to document every authentic and traditional recipe from the 196 countries that cover our planet, along with the history behind each recipe. Mike is “the daredevil”. Nicknamed as such by his sidekicks, he is constantly in search of unusual recipes and techniques with impossible to find ingredients. Some would say he lost his hair finding so many recipes with unpronounceable names, but he’s been bald for a while already. The daredevil is always pushing the envelope, whether it is with humor or culinary surprises.
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Tuscany is famous throughout the world for some of its most beautiful cities, such as Florence , Siena , Pisa and Lucca . Outside these major centers though, there is a world of historical and artistic treasures to discover. The real beauty of Tuscany lies in the many smaller towns and villages that dot its spectacular countryside, in the castles that crown wooded hilltops, and in the small parish churches and the remote abbeys that appear before the traveler who dares to venture off the beaten path.
To fully appreciate what the region has to offer, one needs to rent a car and explore. Driving in Italy is not as scary as many say, and driving outside the major cities can be the goal of a daytrip in its own right.
We sometimes recommend to the more experienced guests of our vacation rentals the Casina di Rosa for trips south of Siena and Behind the Tower for Pisa. We also suggest that those guests looking for an alternative holiday in Tuscany plan thematic itineraries.
One of the themes we like best is "abbeys and minor churches". It is no secret that the most impressive buildings in the country and the ones that house the most beautiful artifacts are religious buildings, and Tuscany boasts a wealth of them.
Pisa Abbeys and Churches
The Abbey of San Piero a Grado, a beautiful Romanesque church dating back to the 12th century and built on the place where St. Peter issaid to have landed in Italy from Antiochia in 44 AD.
The Charterhouse of Calci, a majestic monastic complex, a former Carthusian monastery and currently the home of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Pisa. A cool daytrip with children.
Badia of San Savino, near Cascina, a perfect example of a medieval Benedictine monastery-fortress dating back to 780 A.D.
The Church of St. Maria della Neve, a beautiful Romanesque country parish, once part of the Castle of Panicale and dating back to the 11th century.
The imposing Cathedral of Sant'Assunta and Santo Genesio in the town of San Miniato, a smaller center that boasts a grand history that left behind some remarkable buildings and monuments.
Siena Abbeys and Churches
The Abbey of San Galgano, near Monticiano. It's an impressive roofless gothic cathedral in the beautiful countryside of the Val di Merse. A path leads from the cathedral to the still existing abbey at the top of a hill. The unique round-shaped church houses the sword in the stone which historians believe to be the origin of the Arthurian legends. The legend of Galgano, first a knight and then a hermit, is said to have been brought to northern Europe by the monks who traveled to spread the Gospel. The perfect time to visit the Abbey is in the summer when operas are staged in the cathedral.
The Abbey of St. Antimo, near Montalcino, for a trip back to the middle ages, when abbeys controlled vast portions of the countryside and monks led their lives in prayer. A unique opportunity to listen to Gregorian chants.
The Abbey of Monteoliveto Maggiore, still a thriving monastery, ideal for a full day visit. The refectory is impressive with the frescoes depicting the life of St. Benedict, and the church is a real jewel of monastic architecture. The drive to the abbey itself is well worth the trip: quintessential Tuscany at its best.
The churches of Monte Amiata for an off-the-beaten-path daytrip to a very different part of Tuscany. We especially recommended these two stops: one at the Pieve of Santa Maria ad Lamula, a beautiful Romanesque parish church immersed in a chestnut grove; one at the Abbey in Abbadia San Salvatore, a lovely town with an impressive church. In between the two destinations, take the time to stop for a picnic in the woods of the highest mountain in Tuscany.
The Synagogue in Pitigliano, for a different take on the history of Tuscany. The town also has an impressive cathedral.
The church of St. Giovanni Battista in Bagno Vignoni, for its unique position overlooking the thermal baths.
The impressive Cathedral of Pienza, an entire town built to honour a Pope.
The beautiful Collegiata di San Quirico and Giuditta in San Quirico d'Orcia.
And of course the nearby Chapel of the Madonna di Vitaleta, near San Quirico d'Orcia, one of the most photographed in Tuscany.
Bottom line: don't confine yourselves to the large cities, explore!
Gloria is a born and bred Tuscan. She and her husband Marcel operate two vacation rentals in Tuscany - Casina di Rosa, in the countryside, and Behind the Tower, in Pisa - and she blogs regularly about life in Tuscany. You can read more of her writing at www.athomeintuscany.org.
A trip to Tuscany doesn't have to leave you with an empty bank account. Between airfare and lodging, the logistics can consume a large portion of your budget, so follow these tips to enjoy your Tuscany vacation on the cheap.
Take the Train
A rental car offers a convenient way to navigate Tuscany, but it also strains the budget. Instead, rely on the train to explore the region along thousands of miles of interconnected tracks. From the coast to the verdant hill country, most tourist-friendly destinations in Tuscany can be accessed by at least one train.
Focus on Festivals
Festivals provide an inexpensive or even free way to entertain yourself during a Tuscan vacation. This Italian region celebrates everything from food and music and horse races to Patron saints, and these celebrations usually take the form of a vibrant festival . Listen to local artists on sound stages, or taste authentic Italian cuisine at numerous food carts and booths. Since festivals occur all year, you're sure to catch a few during your visit.
Stop for Street Performers
Walking the streets of Sienna or Florence becomes entertainment by itself thanks to the many street performers in urban areas. While you might want to toss a few Euros into the tip jars of the most talented artists, this activity doesn't cost any money up front. Kids and adults alike delight in the machinations and wild gesticulations of these performers.
Hike in the Hills
Another cost-effective entertainment option lies in the green hills of Tuscany. Pack a few bottles of water, a couple of sandwiches, and a bag of trail mix, then hit the hills with a backpack on your shoulders and a camera around your neck. From the easy trails surrounding Florence to the well-organized paths of Liguria, hikers of all ages and skill levels can find an outlet for their energy.
Mill Around the Museums
While Tuscany museums might charge admission, several state museums throughout Italy have launched an initiative for free admission on the first Sunday of every month. Additionally, these museums offer free or discounted rates for visitors under the age of 25. To get your fill of local culture, take advantage of similar deals at churches, vineyards, art galleries, and other venues.
Check Out Chianti
Expensive guided tours of the lovely Chiantigiana wine roads might exceed your budget, but a bus route through the same territory makes this excursion a possibility. Frequent bus stops allow you to disembark whenever you wish to explore small towns or take tours of vineyards.
Eat Economically
Saving money on meals keeps money in your pocketbook for entertainment. If your accommodations include a small kitchen, consider visiting nearby supermarkets and farmer's markets for the ingredients to prepare your own meals. Alternatively, stick to street vendors instead of pricey restaurants to keep dining costs at a minimum.
When you visit Tuscany, take the time to plan each day of your vacation with an eye toward maximizing every dollar. By taking advantage of free or low-cost entertainment and dining, you'll enjoy your trip without guilt.
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Tuscany is massive - finding a list of top 10 places to visit is close to impossible. There are hundreds of statues, towns, churches, restaurants, wineries, hillsides, palaces, museums, and squares to enjoy. Every time you turn your head there is somewhere else to explore and be wowed by.
Still though, you need to narrow things down before you go out on your big Tuscan adventure, and we've done our best to handle that for you. You'll see some of the typical, must-visit areas on our list and there's a reason for that. You'll also see a few off-the-beat-path choices that will lead you to discover some of the hidden gems of Tuscany:
Florence: Florene was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and the center of Europe for over 250 years. Give up all hope that you'll see everything you need to in one trip to Florence. There are so many cathedrals, monuments, churches, and statues that you'll need to map out a to-the-minute itinerary to even see a chunk. Florence (Firenze) housed some of the most famous artists and philosophers in recorded history including Galileo, Michelangelo, Dante, Machiavelli, and Da Vinci to name a few. You'll see some fo the more rare and expensive art pieces in the world in Florence. There is so much more than art in the Tuscan capital though, it is a busy metropolis where tourism reigns supreme. Florence is an important city in Italian fashion, consistently named one of the most influential cities on Earth. The Piazza del Duomo and the Accademia Galleria are two of the main attractions, along with Palazzo Vecchio and the Boboli Gardens. Florence will wow you at every turn, there's a reason it is so well visited.
Siena: An intellectual rival of Florence during the Renaissance, Siena runs neck and neck with the more famous city when it comes to tourist attractions and beauty. If you're only in Tuscany for a few days, you'll want to hit this location right after Florence. Siena's heart is its central piazza known as Il Campo, known worldwide for the famous Palio run here, a horse race run around the piazza two times every summer. The city sits over three hills with its heart the huge piazza del Campo, where the Roman forum used to be. Siena is surrounded by beautiful landscapes on all sides - the Chianti wine region and the Arbia valley to name two. Some of the famous artists who lived and worked in Siena are Duccio, Simone Martini, and Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti.
Pisa: On the banks of the Arno River you'll find Pisa, home to the world's most famous leaning tower. Pisa was actually one of the four great maritime republics in the middle ages and retains a good selection of monuments from that era. The Campo dei Miracoli or, in English, the Field of Miracles is home to the buildings that have made Pisa famous. The four most notable Pisan buildings are the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Cathedral (Duomo) of Pisa, the Baptistery, and the burial grounds of the Campo Santo. The Leaning Tower can have a raucous, touristy atmosphere - but but it is a must-see anyway. The nearby University of Pisa fills the city with live as the students create a fun atmosphere at night, and organize lots of entertainment by day. Enjoy pizza and wine at some of the fine establishments in Pisa. Come in July for the Luminara festival where the lights along the Arno are dimmed and 10,000 candles are lit for patron saint's day!
Chianti: The most popular rural area for visitors in Tuscany, the Chianti wine region is comprised of eight surrounding towns each with its own distinct features. The living culture proves attractive to so many tourists, with delicious wine being the main product. Since it is situated higher than Florence and the valleys, it provides a welcome respite from the heat of the main areas. Tour the wineries and get your drink on during a much needed day trip away from the clustered touristy cities in Tuscany.
Lucca: The massively thick 16th century walls surrounding Lucca are the calling card of this distinct town. Visitors can walk or bike around the city via a walkway on the top of the walls. Lucca is one of Tuscany's hidden gems with incredible architecture, antique markets, and plenty of restaurants. You can escape the hearty toursim of Florence or Pisa by being a bit more choosey and heading to Lucca instead. The pace of life here, as in most of Tuscany, is extremely slow. With no cars allowed inside the walls, cycling and walking are the top modes of transportation. The maze of winding roads will lead you to discover some historical buildings, some of which date back to the 8th century! The Guinigi Tower is 44 meters tall and has an oak tree growing from the top, it is a very popular landmark in Lucca. Another famous landmark is the 'Piazza dell´Anfiteatro', a small oval piazza with entrances at the four points of the compass and stands on the site of what was once a Roman ampitheatre.
Elba: You've probably heard of Elba before - it housed Napoleon during his exile in 1814 - but there is so much more happening here than that old story. Elba is the biggest island of the Tuscan Archipelago and the third largest in Italy after Sardinia and Sicily. This island offers more than 130 beaches, so you'll have no problem finding sun, surf, and sand here. The mild climate supports olive groves and vineyards, like many of the other Tuscan regions. Popular summer resorts are Procchio, Marciana Marina, Marciana, and those on the Gulf of Biodola in the north, Marina di Campo on the south coast, and Porto Azzurro, with its great Spanish fort (1602; now a prison), facing the mainland. The Mineral Park and Museum has a really cool exhibit about the mining history of Elba. There are two important ruins on Elba: Villa Romana alle Grotte and Villa Romana di Capo Castello - both date to the first century BC. Enjoy the thermal baths of San Giovanni, or dive under the sea with the world-class snorkeling and scuba.
Val d'Orcia: The valley of the river Orcia was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and is characterized by wide expanses of sown fields that stretch over low hills. These fields have inspired artists for centuries, and are a prime example of what Tuscany looks like in popular media. Stretching between Siena and Grosetto, Val d'Orcia has a smattering of olive groves, small hillside towns, and rows of vineyards. This area seems like it has been untouched for many years, but it is an extremely popular wine region. Time moves slowly here, so relax in the village of Pienza known as the "Ideal City." Stop in to as many museums, castles, and abbeys as you can here.
San Gimignano: Within Siena you'll find San Gimignano, a walled medieval hill town with remarkably kept tower houses that form an incredible skyline for a small village. Come for the Roman and Gothic architecture, stay for the famous white wine made from the rare Vernaccia grape. Tour the fresco-covered Collegiate Church, the Civic Museum and enjoy the views from atop 177-foot Torre Grossa.
Arezzo: For a bit of the whimsical, Arezzo is home to an annual medieval festival called the Joust of the Saracens. During the festival virtually all the town's people dress-up in medieval costume and enthusiastically cheer on the competitors. Outside of the festival there are plenty of churches, museums, and monuments to visit. The Arezzo antiques fair happens on the first weekend of every month with over 100 booths selling trinkets and a very festive atmosphere.
Cortona: Within Arezzo and 50 miles from Florence, you'll find the village of Cortona. Many scenes from the feature film "Under the Tuscan Sun" were shot in and around Cortona due to its picturesque landscape. Want a room with a view? Come to Cortona. The Cortona Museums house world-class art, ranging from Etruscan and Egyptian in the Cortona Etruscan Museum, through early Renaissance in the Cortona Diocesan Museum. A very active city, there are always street performers and theater shows happening. You should not miss a visit to the beautiful Santa Margherita Sanctuary, patron of the city, and to the Girifalco Fortress. Both are on the highest point on the hill and are easy to reach after a short, uphill walk.
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Tuscany, with its rolling hills and unparalleled history is a global top tourist destination annually. With so much action happening in the area, it is no surprise that some of the strongest writers and bloggers are based in Tuscany. We've created a list of our favorite 8, along with a bit about each award-winner.
A Dusty Olive Green : "A DUSTY OLIVE GREEN is a travel and photography blog written by a Danish girl living in Florence. Focus is on the local places and you can find city guides to both Florence, Rome and Copenhagen."
ArtTrav : "Alexandra is a Canadian "ex art historian" who moved to Italy about 15 years ago and has been blogging on ArtTrav for the past 10. Her stated mission is to "make art accessible" by writing about the kind of art you'll see in Italy (especially Renaissance) as well as writing sometimes scathing reviews of temporary exhibitions in Florence and beyond. As a long term expat, she also sometimes writes about life in Italy in general."
At Home in Tuscany : "This blog is written by a born and bred Tuscan who wishes to share her love for this region with as many people as possible. It's about living here, but also about travelling, learning, experiencing, and enjoying life in Tuscany. It's about feeling at home in Tuscany."
Girl in Florence : "Girl in Florence is like meeting an old friend, here you will find insider tips on unique places and interesting events all over Tuscany (and Europe) dashed with a bit of sardonic humor to keep topics fresh. Traveling, drinking and especially eating play a big role in posts which is one of the major reasons I moved to Italy."
Juls' Kitchen : "Juls' Kitchen is an authentic Tuscan blog, plunged in the countryside in between Siena and Florence. Food and traditions are illustrated with vivid photos, recipes are simple and hearty, with a family and cozy mood."
Living in Florence : "Even after many years of living in Florence, Melinda continues to explore, discover, and appreciate her beloved city. She believes that to know Florence is to let go and truly immerse yourself in it. In her blog, she writes about the effect the city has on her. Join her on her while she deepens her appreciation of Florence."
Surviving in Italy : "Surviving In Italy is an award winning blog that uses humor to honestly portray the expat life of a thirty-something married to an Italian man. The author aims to paint a three-dimensional picture of her life abroad, the good, the bad, and the downright weird."
Tiana's Travels : "Tiana Kai, from Miami, shares her Tuscan travel adventures and cultural mishaps in a humorous and honest tone. Besides her writing, her strength also lies in her photography as she always tries to find that angle that is so rarely taken."
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Who wrote the song 'I'll See You Again' ? | Mario Lanza - I'll See You Again - Brief Encounter - YouTube
Mario Lanza - I'll See You Again - Brief Encounter
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Mario Lanza's beautiful voice along with photos from "Brief Encounter" film with Trevor Howard and Celia Johnson, make a lovely combination.
Noël Coward wrote the song "I'll See You Again" which was later arranged by Axel Stordahl. The song is from the 1929 operetta "Bitter Sweet". Noël Coward also wrote and produced the 1945 screenplay "Brief Encounter" which is based on his 1936 one-act play "Still Life".
Lord Louis Mountbatten once said of him, "There are probably greater painters than Noël, greater novelists than Noël, greater librettists, greater composers of music, greater singers, greater dancers, greater comedians, greater tragedians, greater stage producers, greater film directors, greater cabaret artists, greater TV stars. If there are, they are fourteen (sic!) different people. Only one man combined all fourteen (sic!) different labels -- The Master".
"Brief Encounter" was directed by the well-known director Sir David Lean, (1908--1991). He was not only a famous English film director, but also a producer, screenwriter, and editor. "Brief Encounter" starred Trevor Howard and Celia Johnson, with Stanley Holloway. Sir David Lean not only directed "Brief Encounter" (1945), he also directed such famous films as "Great Expectations" (1946), "Oliver Twist" (1948), "Summertime" (1955), "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957), "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), "Doctor Zhivago" (1965), "Ryan's Daughter" (1970) and "A Passage to India" (1984).
The movie "Brief Encounter" is available for purchase from amazon.co.uk.
The photo of Mario Lanza is from the film "The Great Caruso". This film is available for purchase from Turner Classic Movies.
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| Noël Coward |
In which American state was the first atomic bomb detonated ? | Mario Lanza - I'll See You Again - Brief Encounter - YouTube
Mario Lanza - I'll See You Again - Brief Encounter
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Uploaded on Jun 14, 2011
Mario Lanza's beautiful voice along with photos from "Brief Encounter" film with Trevor Howard and Celia Johnson, make a lovely combination.
Noël Coward wrote the song "I'll See You Again" which was later arranged by Axel Stordahl. The song is from the 1929 operetta "Bitter Sweet". Noël Coward also wrote and produced the 1945 screenplay "Brief Encounter" which is based on his 1936 one-act play "Still Life".
Lord Louis Mountbatten once said of him, "There are probably greater painters than Noël, greater novelists than Noël, greater librettists, greater composers of music, greater singers, greater dancers, greater comedians, greater tragedians, greater stage producers, greater film directors, greater cabaret artists, greater TV stars. If there are, they are fourteen (sic!) different people. Only one man combined all fourteen (sic!) different labels -- The Master".
"Brief Encounter" was directed by the well-known director Sir David Lean, (1908--1991). He was not only a famous English film director, but also a producer, screenwriter, and editor. "Brief Encounter" starred Trevor Howard and Celia Johnson, with Stanley Holloway. Sir David Lean not only directed "Brief Encounter" (1945), he also directed such famous films as "Great Expectations" (1946), "Oliver Twist" (1948), "Summertime" (1955), "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957), "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), "Doctor Zhivago" (1965), "Ryan's Daughter" (1970) and "A Passage to India" (1984).
The movie "Brief Encounter" is available for purchase from amazon.co.uk.
The photo of Mario Lanza is from the film "The Great Caruso". This film is available for purchase from Turner Classic Movies.
Category
| i don't know |
Who replaced Mervyn King as Governor of the Bank of England ? | Sir Mervyn King prepares to leave the Bank of England - in pictures | Business | The Guardian
Sir Mervyn King prepares to leave the Bank of England - in pictures
Sir Mervyn King prepares to leave the Bank of England - in pictures
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As the 65-year-old prepares to hand the governorship of the Bank of England to Canadian Mark Carney on 1 July after 10 years, we look back at some highlights from his Threadneedle Street reign
Wednesday 26 June 2013 03.45 EDT
First published on Wednesday 26 June 2013 03.45 EDT
The picture the papers love to reproduce. King found the time to go for a ride on a dog sled during the summit of G7 finance ministers held in Canada back in 2010, declaring the experience 'wonderful' and prompting suggestions he had a whale of a time. The 65-year-old is to become one of the growing number of high-profile business and finance figures to take a so-called 'grey gap year' , announcing on Desert Island Discs that he would take a holiday of at least six months after he steps down and had promised his wife he would take up dancing lessons
Photograph: Fred Chartrand/AP
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Mervyn King has been with the Bank of England for almost quarter of a century, as the economy has staggered through two recessions, one boom and a global financial crisis. He joined as non-executive director back in 1990 and was made deputy governor under Eddie George – or Steady Eddie – in 1998, stepping up to replace his mentor in 2003
Photograph: Matthew Fearn/PA
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Relations between the Bank of England governor and the chancellor of the exchequer will always be fraught, but King’s tenure under first Gordon Brown and then Alistair Darling was particularly tense. After clashes with Brown over breaking up the banks, things deteriorated further when Darling moved into Number 11. Darling called King 'amazingly stubborn and exasperating' in his memoirs and suggested he would have been sacked had the government been able to find a viable alternative in 2008. Despite some criticism of George Osborne’s policies, it is thought he leaves on good terms with the current chancellor
Photograph: Kipper Williams/Guardian
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King has appeared in front of parliamentary committees a staggering 102 times and his impatience with the MPs’ questioning only seems to mount over the years. His responses are characterised by a barely concealed contempt for the parliamentarians and he has certainly never demonstrated the degree of contrition they have been pushing for. The financial crisis was, variously, the fault of the banks, regulators, politicians and an entire global financial system addicted to debt. But, although he acknowledges that the Bank of England must accept 'some' responsibility for the financial crisis, he said it was never in his power to put a stop to it
Photograph: PA Wire/PA
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According to a rather quaint rule, the governor of the Bank of England must write an open letter to the chancellor of the day if inflation moves more than 1% above or below its 2% target. Suffice to say, King has got plenty of practice in his letter-writing skills over the past few years, explaining away a more than two-year period when the annual inflation rate was higher than 3% Photograph: Guardian
Bank of England governor not to be confused with … England’s professional darts player Mervyn King, who won the World Masters in 2004
Photograph: Max Nash/AP
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One of King’s most memorable sporting analogies – of which he is very fond – was his reference to Diego Maradona’s two goals against England in the semi-final of 1986 World Cup. King said the first goal, where Maradona blatantly batted the ball into the net with his hand, was a clear example of breaking the rules to achieve an objective. A central bank could similarly exploit low inflation expectations to boost growth temporarily, but could not get away with it repeatedly, he said. The second goal saw Maradona dribble half the length of the pitch before scoring, proceeding largely in a straight line while defenders anticipated a move to either side. King said a central bank could also achieve its objectives with relatively little policy movement, because its potential moves are anticipated by the marketsPhotograph: Bongarts/Getty Images
Once described by the Guardian’s Simon Hoggart as 'Eeyore on a bad haircut day' , King is not known for his sunny outlook. His annual inflation report has traditionally been a chance for him to share his greatest fears for the economy with the rest of us, predicting doom and gloom for years to come. So it was something of a surprise when he said last month that the outlook for the UK economy had improved and inflation was likely to fall faster than expected , his mood perhaps lightened by the prospect of those dancing lessons
Photograph: Guardian
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King admitted on Desert Island Discs that he had sacrificed a home life and a family to focus on his career. But he always remembered Barbara Melander, who he fell in love with at Cambridge University in the 1970s, before they lost touch when she returned home to Finland. Three decades later his phone rang 'completely out of the blue' and on the end of his line was his former girlfriend, by then a divorced mother of two. “The moral of this story is never change your telephone number,” he joked
Photograph: Luke Macgregor/Reuters
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King is a fixture at the Wimbledon tennis tournament for which he has often been lambasted by the press . Notably in 2011, the governor joined chancellor George Osborne in the in the royal box – where spectators are required to turn off their Blackberries – while European leaders held crisis meetings to stave off the implosion of the euro. A spokesman for the governor said at the time: 'On the days he goes to Wimbledon he always works at the Bank in the mornings and works again at home in the evenings. During the Wimbledon fortnight he has maintained his normal heavy workload.' This year, however, he is free to join the ranks of retirees flocking to the tournament as he steps down just as the crucial second week begins
Photograph: Clive Mason/Getty Images
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It has been 10 long years but King has not noticeably aged. The hair is now uniformly silver and better coiffed, the glasses a little more stylish. Overall, it seems that two recessions and a global economic meltdown have been relatively kind to the 65-year-old
Photograph: John Stillwell/Philip Toscano/PA
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One of King’s last tasks was to pick the picture to go on the new five-pound note. In 2016, off goes social reformer Elizabeth Fry and in comes Sir Winston Churchill. Perhaps inevitably, King was criticised for replacing the only female figure on a banknote with a man but he stood by his choice . 'Our banknotes acknowledge the life and work of great Britons,' he said. 'Sir Winston Churchill was a truly great British leader, orator and writer. Above that, he remains a hero of the entire free world. His energy, courage, eloquence, wit and public service are an inspiration to us all'
Photograph: AP
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King chose his final select committee hearing to reveal that Jane Austen could be the face of the new £10 note . The author is 'quietly waiting in the wings', he told the Treasury select committee, although a final decision will be taken by his successor, Mark Carney. The governor ovoked a storm of protest when he announced that the only woman to appear on an English banknote other than the Queen – the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry – would be replaced by Winston Churchill in 2015. Campaigners have threatened to take the Bank to court for discrimination under the 2010 Equality Act. A group of 46 Labour MPs and peers, including former ministers Harriet Harman, Yvette Cooper and Labour leader of the Lords Baroness Royall, called on the Bank to review its decision to drop Fry.
Photograph: Courtesy Everett Collection / Re
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For 10 long years King has been a regular at these parliamentary grillings as governor of the Bank of England. But, as Thurso might be musing, it's all over now. King marked the occasion by firing a parting shot at the banks , attacking the lenders for running to No 11 and even on occasion to No 10, to put 'tremendous pressure' on the most senior politicians to lean on the Prudential Regulation Authority to water down demands to raise capital strength. For his part King reflected on the important part the Treasury committee played in holding the Bank of England to account. The hearings were 'always important,' he said, 'sometimes enjoyable, sometimes less so'.
Photograph: Guardian
| Mark Carney |
What is the highest mountain in France ? | Bank of England Governor Mervyn King: Image - Bloomberg
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Bank of England Governor Mervyn King
Simon Dawson/Bloomberg
Bank of England Governor Mervyn King, who is due to retire at the end of the month and be replaced by Canadian Mark Carney, has been voting to increase quantitative easing by 25 billion pounds along in the minority with two other MPC members since February.
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On a rail journey from London to Dover, from which London terminus station do you depart ? | National Rail Enquiries - Travelling to, from and via London
Travelling to, from and via London
Travelling to, from and via London
Information to help you to continue your your rail journey through London.
Accessible transport around London
Introduction
London is well served by trains to and from all parts of Britain and most London termini have their own London Underground (Tube) station (with the notable exception of Fenchurch Street where the nearest London Underground station is Tower Hill). All stations are served by buses and taxis.
Crossing London with tickets marked Ԡ'
If your journey involves travelling via, or across London to connect with another National Rail service, your ticket should include the cost of transfer on Tube, Docklands Light Railway or Thameslink services between the relevant main London stations.
For example - a Hastings to York ticket is valid for travel on Underground services between Victoria, Charing Cross, Cannon Street or London Bridge and Kings Cross/St Pancras or on Thameslink services from London Bridge or Blackfriars to St. Pancras International .
To check if the cost of travel across London is included in your ticket, look for the ‘†' symbol which will be shown in the tickets ‘Route' information, e.g. [‘†' ANY PERMITTED].
Tickets displaying this indicator are valid for travel between any two stations shown in the ‘Station List' (below) appropriate to the route of the through journey being made.
You can ‘break your transfer journey' and leave the Underground at any intermediate station, e.g. if you are travelling between Victoria and Euston you can exit at Oxford Circus. However, if you subsequently wish to continue your journey by Underground you will have to purchase another ticket.
List of London Tube / DLR Stations between which single/return tickets valid for travel ‘via London' may be used -subject to route of the through journey being made.
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'London Terminal' stations
Tickets issued for travel to/from London usually show 'London Terminals' as the destination/origin rather than naming a specific station. This is because the ticket is valid to more than one London Terminal station provided it’s on any reasonable line of route. Tickets can only be used on National Rail services. For example, a ticket from Brighton to London Terminals is valid to Victoria, Waterloo (changing at Clapham Junction), London Bridge, Blackfriars and City Thameslink or Charing Cross Waterloo East or Cannon Street (changing at London Bridge). It would not be valid to, for example, London Euston or Paddington as this would not be on the line of route and would involve crossing London using another mode of transport.
Tickets which restrict travel on services of a specific train company or some special fares may be valid only to a named London Terminal station, e.g. London Kings Cross.
The list of London termini stations, defined as 'London Terminals' for ticketing purposes are:
Blackfriars - Serves stations on the Bedford to Brighton cross-London 'Thameslink' route and also commuter services to areas of south east London.
Cannon Street - Serves stations throughout south east London and Kent, and from London Bridge there are direct services to Gatwick Airport, the Sussex coast and north to Bedford*.
Charing Cross - Serves stations throughout south east London and Kent, and from London Bridge there are direct services to Gatwick Airport, the Sussex coast and north to Bedford.
Euston - Serves central and north-west England and western Scotland, including Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Carlisle, Chester, Glasgow, with rail and ferry services to/from both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Also provides regional services to Milton Keynes and Northampton and local services to Watford Junction. Euston is also the London terminus for sleeper services to/from Scotland.
Fenchurch Street - Serves the commuter towns on the north side of the Thames Estuary including Southend. Tower Hill is the nearest Tube station.
Kings Cross - Serves the north east and eastern Scotland including Doncaster, Hull, Leeds, York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Also provides regional services to Cambridge, Hitchin, Kings Lynn, Peterborough and Stevenage and commuter and local services to stations north and north east of London.
Liverpool Street - Serves stations throughout East Anglia, including Chelmsford, Colchester, Ipswich and Norwich, and is the London terminus for Stansted Express services from Stansted Airport. Also provides commuter and local services in east and north east London.
London Bridge - Serves stations throughout south east London and Kent, and from London Bridge there are direct services to Gatwick Airport, the Sussex coast and north to Bedford*.
Marylebone - Serves central southern Midlands including High Wycombe, Banbury, Leamington Spa, Stratford-upon-Avon and Birmingham and provides commuter and local services to the north west of London including Amersham, Aylesbury.
Moorgate - Provides commuter and local services in an area north and north east of London similar to that served by Kings Cross.
Paddington - Serves South Wales and the West Country, including Bath, Bristol, Cardiff, Exeter, Oxford, Plymouth, Swansea, and local services along the Thames Valley to Slough, Maidenhead and Reading. Paddington is also the London terminus for the Heathrow Express to Heathrow Airport and the sleeper service to/from Devon and Cornwall.
St Pancras International - Serves the East Midlands including Derby, Leicester, Nottingham and Sheffield, and is the terminus for high speed domestic services from Stratford Int'l, Ashford Int'l, Canterbury, Dover and Faversham. Services also operate to Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport, Bedford and Brighton. St Pancras International is the London terminus for Eurostar services to Brussels and Paris.
Victoria - Serves south and south east coastal towns including Brighton, Dover, Eastbourne, Hastings and Margate, also Chatham and Canterbury. Victoria is the London terminus for Gatwick Express services to Gatwick Airport and provides local suburban services to south and south east London.
Waterloo - Serves the south coast, including Bournemouth, Portsmouth, Southampton, Weymouth also Salisbury and Winchester, and provides local suburban services to south west London including Hampton Court, Richmond and Wimbledon.
* from Spring 2018
In addition, the following stations, whilst not technically a London terminus are considered to be 'London Terminals' for ticketing purposes:
City Thameslink - Serves stations on the Bedford to Brighton cross-London 'Thameslink' route and also commuter services to areas of south east London, Monday to Saturday only
Old Street - Provides commuter and local services in an area north and north east of London similar to that served by Kings Cross.
Vauxhall - Serves local suburban services to south west London including Hampton Court, Richmond and Wimbledon.
Waterloo East - Serves stations throughout south east London and Kent, and from London Bridge there are direct services to Gatwick Airport, the Sussex coast and north to Bedford*.
Please note:
Tickets issued to or from 'LONDON TERMINALS' are only valid as described above. Customers with London Terminals tickets routes "Plus High Speed" are also permitted to travel in either direction on Thameslink services between London St Pancras International and Farringdon, City Thameslink, London Blackfriars, Elephant & Castle, London Bridge
Shoreditch High Street is not considered to be part of 'London Terminals'.
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Where and when can I use my Travelcard?
Your Travelcard must be valid for all the zones you travel in or through. Within the zonal area -
Peak Day Travelcards are valid for travel at any time of day and until 04:29 the following morning
Off Peak Day Travelcards are valid for travel from 09:30 Monday to Friday, any time at weekends and on public holidays, and until 04:29 the following morning. Railcard holders may purchase certain Off-Peak Day Travelcards at a discount.
7-day or longer period Travelcards are valid at any time until 04:29 the morning following the date of expiry.
Travelcards can be purchased from most stations and may be inclusive of travel from your local station - check before you buy your ticket.
| Charing Cross |
What was the surname of the oil dynasty headed by JR in the TV series Dallas? | Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras - Dover Forum - TripAdvisor
Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras - Dover Forum
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Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
13 May 2013, 20:08
7 of us getting off cruise ship 5:00 am June 21 at Dover. We will taxis to Dover Priory and want to get to our hotels in St Pancras/Kings Cross ASAP cause we only have that day to see some of London. Understand there are high speed trains directly to those terminals. However, confused if there are different companies cause bloggers have mentioned Southeastern and Eastern railways and Trainline. Questions: 1) Is it financially advantageous to book ahead. (Do we save if we book sooner than later) 2) Exactly how do I prebook or which line do get in to buy tickets there. I have heard it costs anywhere from 8 GBP to 16 per person in group, but it's looking more like 38-39 when I go online.
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1. Re: Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
13 May 2013, 20:57
Trains Dover to St Pancras www.southeasternrailway.co.uk
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2. Re: Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
13 May 2013, 21:25
There isn't an Eastern railway; you may be thinking of EastCoast, who operate the services from London King's Cross to the north and east of the city. It's Southeastern who are the train operator for your journey. thetrainline.com is a third party booking website that charges booking fees - not recommended for use by most forum members.
You need not book ahead in any event, just buy on the day. GroupSave fares won't be available for travel on early trains to London; the first train from Dover Priory eligible for GroupSave fare is the 0858 departure, arriving at St Pancras at 1021 (that train does have an easy change at Ashford International). All earlier departures will mean purchase of Anytime fares, about £37 per person.
I understand you will want to make your way to London quickly, but another advantage in waiting is that the trains will not be as crowded as the earlier departures, which will pick up passengers going to work in the city. The 0858 departure will be much more pleasant a journey; the tradeoff may be worth the time spent in Dover.
Where have you booked to stay near King's Cross?
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5. Re: Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
13 May 2013, 21:50
You're welcome.
You shouldn't have any problems buying a GroupSave ticket on the day for the fare of £74.60 for four, but check the Southeastern website as above for more details. It should be a matter of minutes to buy at Dover Priory station.
From St Pancras, walk through the station towards the Euston Road way out. Walk east along Euston Road as if you were going to King's Cross, then keep walking past it; at the triangle junction (you'll see a group of buildings covered in scaffolding) cross to the south side of the road, as if you were going to the Nisa shop near bus stop R. tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround/…kingscross.pdf Cross the road when you can - you'll see a Travelodge near the curve in the road on the far side. The Tune hotel is a few metres past the TL, almost across the road from bus stop N (spider map above), which is a bit nearer Swinton Street than Britannia Street. It shouldn't take more than five minutes to walk from St Pancras to your hotel.
If you want to go to the Tower on your day in London, consider taking the number 17 from stop H and changing to the 15 towards Blackwall at St Paul's. It's a nicer journey than the Circle line from KX, much more to see, and not exceptionally slower (unless traffic is quite heavy).
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6. Re: Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
13 May 2013, 22:12
If I might take advantage of your generosity, can you recommend what to see in London. I've read several "what to see in London in one day" blogs. Consider there are 7 of us and most don't wish to spend lots of time eating. (I realize the food is part of the experience). Also, we probably don't have time to go through a museum, unless there is a must see. We all want to feel that we saw the highlights. Also, the next day, we fly to Dublin from Luton at 2:45 pm. Is it possible to see something in the morning. (If hotel will keep our luggage). I have some ideas on getting to Luton airport, but what would you suggest.
Thanks!
7. Re: Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
13 May 2013, 22:44
What to see really does depend on you and your travelling companions. If you would like to create a bus tour that will take you past a few places where you can stop, have a look around, then continue on, consider a start with the 17 towards London Bridge. Here is the spider map for St Paul's: tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround/…mansion-house.pdf The stop at Ludgate Circus will drop you just west of the cathedral for a 40 second walk up to the west entrance.
If you would like to continue on to the Tower, the 15 towards Blackwall or a 15 Routemaster (an older style of bus with an open platform at the rear and conductor on board) towards the Tower will take you there. From the Tower you may take an RV1 across Tower Bridge towards the Southbank, perhaps for a quick stop at Borough Market: tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround/maps/buses/pdf/towe… The RV1 will also take you to County Hall for the Eye or a walk across Westminster Bridge for some very good views and / or a wander through Parliament Square.
If you choose to take the RV1 to its terminus at Covent Garden, the 11 from the Aldwych (towards Fulham Broadway) will also take you around Trafalgar Square and along Whitehall to Westminster. tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround/maps/buses/pdf/aldw…
You could take a walk through St James's Park to Buckingham Palace or go back towards Trafalgar Square and Charing Cross for, say, a bus along Regent Street for a bit of shopping or the number 9 towards Hammersmth if you wanted a look at the Royal Albert Hall. tfl.gov.uk/gettingaround/maps/buses/pdf/char…
The Piccadilly line from Hyde Park Corner and from Green Park (and the Victoria line from that latter station as well) will take you back to King's Cross for the Tune hotel.
You may find this helpful as well: tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/visitor-guide.pdf with suggestions of what you might like to see along with a Tube map and Underground map.
You will need one day Travelcards to make your way through the city. One day off peak cards for adults for zones 1 and 2 will cost £7; cards for those between ages 11 and 16 will cost £4.20. Use them on all modes of transport in those zones as much as you wish; they're good value compared to cash single fares.
First Capital Connect trains make their way from St Pancras to Luton Airport in about 50 minutes. GroupSave fares should again be available on the day, with four travelling for £60. Ensure you ask for tickets to Luton Airport station, as they will include the bus journey from Luton Parkway to the airport.
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9. Re: Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
14 May 2013, 03:03
Just a few more points: if you want to get a Travelcard for seeing London on your arrival day, then you can simply buy a One Day Travelcard at Dover Priory which will encompass both your train journey and London transport on one ticket. This only pushes the standard off-peak fare for the 08:58 departure up from £37.30 to £41 (£82 for 3/4 with GroupSave) and covers all London zones 1-6. This also saves having to queue up again in London.
If you think you'll have time to see any major attractions then your train ticket will allow 2 for 1s from the following list:http://www.daysoutguide.co.uk/2for1-london You can just pick up a leaflet at Dover Priory station or print off from the website.
The 08:58 departure does require a change at Ashford International so the journey time is 1 hr 23 mins as opposed to the direct trains which take 1 hr 6 mins - still not a bad journey time but you'll have to deal with offloading and loading your luggage again. The first 'offpeak' direct train is at 09:45.
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10. Re: Train from Dover to London Kings Cross/St Pancras
14 May 2013, 05:08
And just to add......generally the incoming Dover train arrives at platforms 5 or 6 at Ashford International. The "high speed" London bound trains also tend to depart from these same platforms.
However, if there is a platform change for the high speed trains, there are lifts ( elevaters) on every pair of platforms, so you won't need to carry your luggage up and down flights of stairs.
Ashford International has a variety of London bound trains, on different routes, so if you only want the high speed route, then you need to make this clear to the booking clerk at Dover Priory when buying your tickets.
At Ashford , there are small cafe's, selling hot/cold drinks and snacks at each pair of platforms.
There are toilets on the trains and at the railway stations.
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In the George Orwell novel Animal Farm, what sort of animal was Napoleon ? | SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Character List
Character List
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
Napoleon - The pig who emerges as the leader of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon uses military force (his nine loyal attack dogs) to intimidate the other animals and consolidate his power. In his supreme craftiness, Napoleon proves more treacherous than his counterpart, Snowball.
Read an in-depth analysis of Napoleon.
Snowball - The pig who challenges Napoleon for control of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Leon Trotsky, Snowball is intelligent, passionate, eloquent, and less subtle and devious than his counterpart, Napoleon. Snowball seems to win the loyalty of the other animals and cement his power.
Read an in-depth analysis of Snowball.
Boxer - The cart-horse whose incredible strength, dedication, and loyalty play a key role in the early prosperity of Animal Farm and the later completion of the windmill. Quick to help but rather slow-witted, Boxer shows much devotion to Animal Farm’s ideals but little ability to think about them independently. He naïvely trusts the pigs to make all his decisions for him. His two mottoes are “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right.”
Read an in-depth analysis of Boxer.
Squealer - The pig who spreads Napoleon’s propaganda among the other animals. Squealer justifies the pigs’ monopolization of resources and spreads false statistics pointing to the farm’s success. Orwell uses Squealer to explore the ways in which those in power often use rhetoric and language to twist the truth and gain and maintain social and political control.
Read an in-depth analysis of Squealer.
Old Major - The prize-winning boar whose vision of a socialist utopia serves as the inspiration for the Rebellion. Three days after describing the vision and teaching the animals the song “Beasts of England,” Major dies, leaving Snowball and Napoleon to struggle for control of his legacy. Orwell based Major on both the German political economist Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Ilych Lenin.
Read an in-depth analysis of Old Major.
Clover - A good-hearted female cart-horse and Boxer’s close friend. Clover often suspects the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blames herself for misremembering the commandments.
Moses - The tame raven who spreads stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, the paradise to which animals supposedly go when they die. Moses plays only a small role in Animal Farm, but Orwell uses him to explore how communism exploits religion as something with which to pacify the oppressed.
Mollie - The vain, flighty mare who pulls Mr. Jones’s carriage. Mollie craves the attention of human beings and loves being groomed and pampered. She has a difficult time with her new life on Animal Farm, as she misses wearing ribbons in her mane and eating sugar cubes. She represents the petit bourgeoisie that fled from Russia a few years after the Russian Revolution.
Benjamin - The long-lived donkey who refuses to feel inspired by the Rebellion. Benjamin firmly believes that life will remain unpleasant no matter who is in charge. Of all of the animals on the farm, he alone comprehends the changes that take place, but he seems either unwilling or unable to oppose the pigs.
Muriel - The white goat who reads the Seven Commandments to Clover whenever Clover suspects the pigs of violating their prohibitions.
Mr. Jones - The often drunk farmer who runs the Manor Farm before the animals stage their Rebellion and establish Animal Farm. Mr. Jones is an unkind master who indulges himself while his animals lack food; he thus represents Tsar Nicholas II, whom the Russian Revolution ousted.
Mr. Frederick - The tough, shrewd operator of Pinchfield, a neighboring farm. Based on Adolf Hitler, the ruler of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, Mr. Frederick proves an untrustworthy neighbor.
Mr. Pilkington - The easygoing gentleman farmer who runs Foxwood, a neighboring farm. Mr. Frederick’s bitter enemy, Mr. Pilkington represents the capitalist governments of England and the United States.
Mr. Whymper - The human solicitor whom Napoleon hires to represent Animal Farm in human society. Mr. Whymper’s entry into the Animal Farm community initiates contact between Animal Farm and human society, alarming the common animals.
Jessie and Bluebell - Two dogs, each of whom gives birth early in the novel. Napoleon takes the puppies in order to “educate” them.
Minimus - The poet pig who writes verse about Napoleon and pens the banal patriotic song “Animal Farm, Animal Farm” to replace the earlier idealistic hymn “Beasts of England,” which Old Major passes on to the others.
| Pig (disambiguation) |
Which horse won the 2013 Aintree Grand National ? | SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Plot Overview
Plot Overview
Context
Character List
Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called “Beasts of England,” in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm. When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs—Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer—formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Late one night, the animals manage to defeat the farmer Mr. Jones in a battle, running him off the land. They rename the property Animal Farm and dedicate themselves to achieving Major’s dream. The cart-horse Boxer devotes himself to the cause with particular zeal, committing his great strength to the prosperity of the farm and adopting as a personal maxim the affirmation “I will work harder.”
At first, Animal Farm prospers. Snowball works at teaching the animals to read, and Napoleon takes a group of young puppies to educate them in the principles of Animalism. When Mr. Jones reappears to take back his farm, the animals defeat him again, in what comes to be known as the Battle of the Cowshed, and take the farmer’s abandoned gun as a token of their victory. As time passes, however, Napoleon and Snowball increasingly quibble over the future of the farm, and they begin to struggle with each other for power and influence among the other animals. Snowball concocts a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill, but Napoleon solidly opposes the plan. At the meeting to vote on whether to take up the project, Snowball gives a passionate speech. Although Napoleon gives only a brief retort, he then makes a strange noise, and nine attack dogs—the puppies that Napoleon had confiscated in order to “educate”—burst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon assumes leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there will be no more meetings. From that point on, he asserts, the pigs alone will make all of the decisions—for the good of every animal.
Napoleon now quickly changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill toppled. The human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge, during which various animals who have allegedly participated in Snowball’s great conspiracy—meaning any animal who opposes Napoleon’s uncontested leadership—meet instant death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership unquestioned (Boxer has taken up a second maxim, “Napoleon is always right”), Napoleon begins expanding his powers, rewriting history to make Snowball a villain. Napoleon also begins to act more and more like a human being—sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. The original Animalist principles strictly forbade such activities, but Squealer, Napoleon’s propagandist, justifies every action to the other animals, convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader and is making things better for everyone—despite the fact that the common animals are cold, hungry, and overworked.
Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of some timber and then attacks the farm and dynamites the windmill, which had been rebuilt at great expense. After the demolition of the windmill, a pitched battle ensues, during which Boxer receives major wounds. The animals rout the farmers, but Boxer’s injuries weaken him. When he later falls while working on the windmill, he senses that his time has nearly come. One day, Boxer is nowhere to be found. According to Squealer, Boxer has died in peace after having been taken to the hospital, praising the Rebellion with his last breath. In actuality, Napoleon has sold his most loyal and long-suffering worker to a glue maker in order to get money for whisky.
Years pass on Animal Farm, and the pigs become more and more like human beings—walking upright, carrying whips, and wearing clothes. Eventually, the seven principles of Animalism, known as the Seven Commandments and inscribed on the side of the barn, become reduced to a single principle reading “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” Napoleon entertains a human farmer named Mr. Pilkington at a dinner and declares his intent to ally himself with the human farmers against the laboring classes of both the human and animal communities. He also changes the name of Animal Farm back to the Manor Farm, claiming that this title is the “correct” one. Looking in at the party of elites through the farmhouse window, the common animals can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the human beings.
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Which composer married the celebrated pianist Clara Wieck in 1840 ? | Clara Schumann Biography (Composer/Pianist)
Best known as: The pianist wife of composer Robert Schumann
Name at birth: Clara Josephine Wieck
Clara Schumann was a noted pianist and composer of the 19th century, a star of German Romanticism famous for her interpretations of compositions by Frédéric Chopin and by those of her husband, Robert Schumann. Clara was a child prodigy and the daughter of piano teacher Friedrich Wieck. She began her professional career early, performing her first major concert at the age of 11 and publishing her first songs at the age of 12. Robert Schumann was nine years older and a student of her father's; by the time Clara returned from a successful concert tour in 1838, the romance that had blossomed with Robert had proceeded, despite her father's disapproval. Clara had to take legal action against her father to be allowed to marry, and she and Schumann were married in 1840. She toured Russia in 1844 without Robert, and she raised their eight children after he had a mental breakdown in 1854 (he was committed to an asylum after a suicide attempt). Although she did little composing later in her career, Clara Schumann championed the career of Johannes Brahms and furthered her huband's legacy after his death in 1856. An influential concert performer, she also taught at the Frankfurt am Main Conservatory after 1878.
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| Robert Schumann |
What's the name of Doctor Who's home planet ? | Clara Wieck Schumann Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline
Musicians
Clara Wieck Schumann Biography
Clara Wieck Schumann was a distinguished German musician and composer of the Romantic era. This biography of Clara Wieck Schumann provides detailed information about her childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.
Quick Facts
Emil, Marie, Elise, Julie, Ludwig, Ferdinand, Eugenie, Felix
Image Credit http://www.library.yale.edu/musiclib/exhibits/schumann/portrait_schumann_clara.html
Clara Wieck Schumann was a distinguished German musician and composer of the Romantic era. She lived during a time when female musicians of her caliber were extremely rare to find and despite being one of the few women in a male-dominated field, she enjoyed a productive career that spanned six decades. An accomplished pianist, she changed the format and repertoire of the piano over the course of her long career and left behind an important body of compositions. Born to a highly ambitious musically inclined father, she was trained for success from a young age. Her father had decided even before her birth that he would make his child a performing artist of the highest rank. As a little girl she received training in piano, violin, singing, theory, harmony, composition, and counterpoint, and started performing at the age of eight under her fatherâs watchful eyes. She fell in love with one of her fatherâs students, Robert Schumann, and married him despite her fatherâs disapproval. She continued her career as a performing artist and composer after marriage and skillfully juggled her responsibilities as a professional, wife, and mother. She played a major role in getting the works of her husband recognized and herself produced a small, but significant body of musical compositions.
Childhood & Early Life
Clara Josephine Wieck was born on 13 September 1819 into a middle-class family in Leipzig, Germany. Her father Friedrich Wieck was a piano teacher and music dealer and her mother Marianne was a concert pianist.
Her father had lofty ambitions for Clara and ensured that she received training in piano, violin, singing, theory, harmony, composition, and counterpoint from the time she was a little girl. She was influenced by both of her musically inclined parents and proved to be a child prodigy.
Her parents separated when Clara was around five years old and she went to live with her father. She received an extraordinary music education along with her regular schooling. She received training in theory and composition from Christian Theodore Weinlig, Cantor of St. Thomas Church, and Heinrich Dorn, director of the Leipzig Opera.
She gave her first solo concert at the Leipzig Gewandhaus in 1830, at the age of 11. Her program included bravura works by Kalkbrenner, Herz, and Czerny, and two of her own compositions. Her performance earned considerable praise from the critics.
Delighted by the attention his young daughter was getting, Friedrich Wieck took her on several performing tours over the next few years. She also began composing by the early 1830s, and by 1835, Clara was famous throughout Europe.
Career
As a child prodigy, Clara Wieck Schumann had become quite a sensation in Europe by the time she reached her mid-teens. She travelled extensively and performed before sold-out audiences and received extravagant praise from the critics. When she was 18, she performed a series of recitals in Vienna from December 1837 to April 1838.
Meanwhile she had fallen in love with one of her fatherâs students and desperately wanted to marry him. However her father forbade her marriage as he felt that it would curb his daughterâs successful career. Nonetheless, the couple got married in 1840.
She continued performing and composing even after her marriageâa rare feat for a woman living in mid-19th century Europe. Motherhood followed soon after as she gave birth to eight children in quick succession between 1841 and 1854. She somehow juggled her domestic duties with her professional career though she did not receive much support from her husband.
She went to England for the first time in 1856 and was invited to play in a London Philharmonic Society concert by conductor William Sterndale Bennett, a good friend of Robert's. She also played Robert's âPiano Concerto in A minorâ with the New Philharmonic Society. She would return to England many more times over the next few years.
In 1857, she, along with her friend, the violinist Joseph Joachim, went on recital tour to Dresden, Leipzig, and Munich. By this time her husband had died and Clara resumed travelling and performing in order to earn money to support her family. She achieved great success as a performing pianist and earned a reputation as one of the elite musicians from Germany.
She travelled along with Joachim and some other musicians to Edinburgh and Glasgow, Scotland, in early 1867. Health problems forced her to slow down during the early 1870s though she continued travelling well up to the late 1880s.
She accepted an appointment as a teacher of the piano at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt in 1878, and held this post until 1892. As a music teacher she contributed greatly to the improvement of modern piano playing technique. She played her last public concert in Frankfurt in 1891.
Major Works
Clara Wieck Schumann was more popular as a concert pianist than as a composer as she herself did not have much confidence in her ability to compose. Nonetheless, she left behind a significant body of compositions that include âQuatre Polonaises pour le pianoforteâ (1831), â4 Pièces caractéristiques for pianoâ (1836), âPiano Trio in G minorâ (1846), and âDrei romanzen für pianoforte und violineâ (1855).
Awards & Achievements
In March 1838, she was named a âKönigliche und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosinâ ("Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso"), Austria's highest musical honor.
Personal Life & Legacy
She became acquainted with Robert Schumann, an aspiring musician, when he started taking musical lessons from her father. Robert was nine years her senior and despite the age difference, the two fell in love. Her father however disapproved of her marriage to Robert and the young couple went to the court where the judge permitted them to get married. They got married in 1840 when Clara was 21 years old. She gave birth to eight children in quick succession between 1841 and 1854.
Her husband suffered from severe mental issues and attempted suicide in 1854. He then had to be committed to an asylum due to his deteriorating mental and physical health. He died of syphilis in 1856.
Clara Wieck Schumann had a long and productive career but her personal life was plagued with numerous tragedies. Even though she gave birth to eight children, four of them predeceased her. In addition to raising her own large family, she was also saddled with the responsibility of raising some of her grandchildren.
She suffered a debilitating stroke in March 1896 and died after a few weeks on 20 May 1896, aged 76.
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In a quote often attributed to Mark Twain, which sport is described as 'a good walk spoiled' ? | Golf is a Good Walk Spoiled | Quote Investigator
Golf is a Good Walk Spoiled
Mark Twain? William Gladstone? The Allens? Harry Leon Wilson?
Dear Quote Investigator: I love to play golf, but sometimes when I am playing poorly I am tempted to simply walk the course and get some exercise. When I mentioned this to a friend he told me that Mark Twain said: “Golf is a good walk spoiled.” This sounds like Twain to me, but did he really say it?
Quote Investigator: No, Mark Twain was probably not responsible for this barb. The earliest attribution to Twain located by QI appeared in “The Saturday Evening Post” of August 1948. 1 But Twain died in 1910, so this is a suspiciously late citation with minimal credibility.
The earliest appearance of the quip that QI has discovered was in a 1903 book about lawn tennis. The players of this sport are the traditional adversaries of golfers in the field of recreation. Individual chapters of this book were written by different authors. The author of the second chapter, H. S. Scrivener, attributed the saying to fellow players named the Allens. Boldface has been added to excerpts: 2
… my good friends the Allens … one of the best of their many excellent dicta is that “to play golf is to spoil an otherwise enjoyable walk.”
Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.
In 1904 the saying was attributed to a popular novelist named Harry Leon Wilson who used a cleverly expanded version of the jape. Wilson employed a rhetorical device called reversibility to augment the humor: 3
Some of his friends have been trying to induce him to play golf, but he refused. He makes the following unique definition of golf: “Golf has too much walking to be a good game, and just enough game to spoil a good walk.”
In 1905 Wilson used the expression directly in his novel titled “The Boss of Little Arcady”: 4
This new game of golf that the summer folks play seems to have too much walking for a good game and just enough game to spoil a good walk.
Wilson’s fame grew a decade later when he wrote the bestseller “Ruggles of Red Gap” which was made into a popular movie.
In 1906 another tennis player disparaged golf with the critical saying, but he adroitly deflected responsibility by placing the words in the mouth of a “well-known jockey”: 5
Although I do not endorse the view of the well-known jockey who said that golf “merely spoilt a good walk,” it appears to me that (excellent game though it be) the attention it receives is just a little in excess of its merits as a game and not merely as an agreeable provider of exercise.
Over the years the adage has been assigned to several prominent individuals. For example, in 1924 the words were ascribed to the famed statesman William Gladstone by the Earl of Birkenhead: 6
The late Mr. Gladstone was once, much against his wishes, compelled to play golf. He is reported to have commented upon the experiment that it was a good walk spoiled. Such would undoubtedly have been the verdict thirty years ago of any ninety-five per cent of the whole male population of the United States of America.
In August 1948 The Saturday Evening Post published an article about the genesis of golf in Scotland. The first paragraph dubiously assigned the joke to the famous humorist from Hannibal, Missouri: 7
If Mark Twain, who once crustily called a game of golf a good walk spoiled, had ever ventured to the venerable gray-stone city of St. Andrews on the bleak east coast of Scotland, the outraged citizens would have given him the Scottish equivalent of the bum’s rush.
In December 1948 the mass-circulation periodical “The Reader’s Digest” printed the maxim and echoed the attribution above: 8 9 10
Mark Twain: Golf is a good walk spoiled. —The Saturday Evening Post
In conclusion, the earliest instance of this general saying was credited to an unknown couple named “the Allens” in 1903, but this couple might not be the originators. It might be appropriate to label the saying anonymous. Also, there is no substantive evidence that Mark Twain ever used this adage.
Update history: On June 2, 2012 the 1948 citation for The Saturday Evening Post was added and the article was partially rewritten. On January 31, 2016 boldface was added to excerpts and the bibliographic notes were switched to numeric tags.
Notes:
1948 August 28, Saturday Evening Post, Volume 221, Issue 9, Golf’s Own Home Town by Allan A. Michie, Start Page 32, Quote Page 32, Saturday Evening Post Society, Indianapolis, Indiana. (Ebsco) ↩
1903, Lawn Tennis at Home and Abroad edited by Arthur Wallis Myers (second chapter by H. S. Scrivener), Page 47, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. (Google Books full view) link ↩
1904 December 3, The Pittsburgh Press, Literary Notes, Page 20, Col. 4, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Google News archive full view) link ↩
1905, The Boss of Little Arcady by Harry Leon Wilson, Page 367, Lothrop Pub. Co., Boston. (Google Books full view) link ↩
1906, The Secrets of Lawn Tennis by F. W. Payn, Page 164, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. (Internet Archive and Google Books full view) link ↩
1924, America Revisited by The Earl of Birkenhead, [Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead], Page 7, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston (Verified on paper) ↩
1948 August 28, Saturday Evening Post, Volume 221, Issue 9, Golf’s Own Home Town by Allan A. Michie, Start Page 32, Quote Page 32, Saturday Evening Post Society, Indianapolis, Indiana. (Ebsco) ↩
1948 December, The Reader’s Digest, Quotable Quotes, Page 122, The Reader’s Digest Association. (Verified on paper) ↩
2006, The Quote Verifier by Ralph Keyes, Page 82, St Martin’s Griffin, New York. ↩
2006, The Yale Book of Quotations by Fred R. Shapiro, Page 782, Yale University Press, New Haven. ↩
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Which piece of classical music was heard at the beginning of the Stanley Kubrick film 2001: A Space Odyssey ? | Abu Dhabi Golf Championship: far from a good walk spoiled | The National
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An Emirati and fans of different nationalities attend the first round of the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship. Now in its 10th year, the event has become a firm fixture on the calendars of golfers the world over. Kamran Jebreili / AP
Abu Dhabi Golf Championship: far from a good walk spoiled
Updated: January 19, 2014 09:09 AM
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Abu Dhabi Golf Championship
It is fair to say that if you see the three letters �i�, �s� and �t� at the end of a noun when describing someone, unless the word is scientist or philanthropist, it is generally in a negative context. Consider arsonist, extremist, apologist, narcissist, trade unionist, even feminist.
So when the British television presenter and serial offender, Jeremy Clarkson, began to refer to �golfists� and their �golf bats�, I instinctively knew what he was talking about.
Golf is a sport I just don't get. Played by men and women often attired in clothes that are considered crimes against fashion, I have always viewed it as a stuffy, old school, elitist and terminally dull activity that one should only take up after retirement.
And yet right here in Abu Dhabi, right now, it would appear I'm in the minority. Because golf is a really big deal in the UAE and, as I write this, the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship is in full � ahem � swing and I have been asked to examine just how a complete stranger to the sport could ever consider spectating at a world-class event such as this.
I have been given some irksome assignments in my time but this threatens to outstrip them all. But there is only one possible approach to it and that, I have been forced to concede, involves a dropping of the attitude. I need an open mind.
Name any sport and there will be diehard devotees to it, quite willing and prepared to travel the world to witness and support their favourite participants.
Football and rugby (two more ball games I don't understand), skiing, athletics and motor sport all have armies of followers who sacrifice their spare time, money and energy in the name of sport. And golf is no different.
I approach Abu Dhabi Golf Club on a mild and sunny morning, park my car and take the shuttle bus to the club entrance. My fellow travellers are, it turns out, all visiting from afar.
Perhaps, I ponder, there is something in it and I'll become a convert. After all, that happened to me with tennis and polo. As spectator sports go, tennis and polo are quite easy to follow and learn the rules of play.
But golf? How do you actually spectate? And is there anything to see, apart from on the greens where there is a hole? I'm on a mission to find out.
I have an HSBC account, so I'm spared the Dh50 entrance fee, and on entering the grounds all I see is an ocean of red and white. There is no ambiguity, no mistake: this is HSBC's event all right, and even the flower beds are so coloured.
Now in its 10th year, this championship has become a firm fixture on the calendars of golfers the world over and there are hundreds of people here.
As some sit in the sunshine, watching the action on huge television screens, others are busy practising their swings on a long fairway, where there are marker boards to keep a check on how far they have hit.
Dozens more are on an enclosed putting green, trying to apply science to their strokes, squatting, squinting, checking their lines. And it is all being carried out in surreal silence.
They are (for the most part) normally dressed, too, and of all age groups. Perhaps I have had it wrong all these years and the chequered trousers tucked into Argyle-patterned socks thing has been banished to the history books.
They're (for the most part) evidently fit, too. All that walking, all those heavy clubs, all that swinging obviously pays off over time.
�Golf is a game whose aim is to hit a very small ball into an ever smaller hole, with weapons singularly ill-designed for the purpose.� Apparently the words of Winston Churchill, who was not known to be a fan, they also sum up my knowledge of the rules of play.
So I wander through the grounds in search of the course to see if I can pick up a few pointers. Soon I reach the 18th Green Championship Pavilion, where three players, Stenson, Donald and Bjorn, have arrived to hit their balls down towards the next hole.
Their fans have arrived, too, having followed them around the course all morning, stopping only whenever and wherever their heroes stop to play their shots.
Before the players take their shots, I ask a couple standing next to me why they're here. It turns out that Mark and Trudy Connors are visiting from California and they are retired, having sold their printing business a few years ago. Now they like to play and watch golf. It is a shared interest, which is probably just as well.
�It's like any sport,� Mike says. �If you're a fan of F1 or tennis then, if you have the means, you're likely to follow it closely and that may involve travelling thousands of miles.
�We try to tie this in with a holiday, too, and it's wonderful to be in Abu Dhabi. Neither of us have been to the Middle East before and we're looking forward to exploring the region.�
We are told to keep quiet when the players take their positions on the green. A hush again descends and 37-year-old Englishman Luke Donald shuffles his feet, refers to a notebook and confers with the �caddy' who carries his equipment around.
After three practice swings, he hits the ball with a hefty thwack and it seems to travel through the air into a different dimension, it is that far. Was it a good shot? The ruffled applause seems to say it was OK and, once the other players have had their turns, they are off again to the next one, followed by perhaps 50 spectators.
Birdies, bogies and pars � I have no clue what these phrases mean, but when I first started watching tennis I thought that deuce was what the players drank between sets. I am sure that, given enough time, I would be able to pick this up, too. I watch as the fans disappear down the fairway and others close in on the green where I am stood behind the ropes. I walk further up the course and talk to two German visitors, Thorsten and Marie Strunz, who are here to support their compatriot, Martin Kaymer. Just 29 years old, Kaymer has won the championship in Abu Dhabi three times.
�This is our second time here,� says Thorsten. �It's great to be able to escape the cold weather in Germany and experience some sunshine and what better way to do that than this?� I confess and tell them why I am here, and they laugh. �I understand it might appear odd to anyone who is unfamiliar with golf,� says Marie, �but it's one of those things � you try it, you like it and before you know it, you're hooked. It's a peaceful sport, nobody gets hurt [unless by a stray ball, I remind her], nobody really gets angry. It's relaxing, it keeps you fit if you walk the course instead of taking the buggy and it keeps you sharp. It's a game where accuracy is essential.�
Gradually I find myself warming to golf and the people here. This is a worrying development but it is obvious that those who follow the sport do so avidly. If you have ever wondered, while watching it on the television, how it could ever be a spectator sport in the truest sense, the answers are here. You can walk the course, watching each shot as it is taken. You can sit in the micro-stadiums at each hole and just wait for each player to turn up, or you can watch it on a screen while enjoying your lunch � it is up to you.
As I walk back through the grounds, I stop and watch the golfers practising their long shots. I ask one of them if this is the golf fan equivalent of driving a lap at Yas Marina during Grand Prix weekend.
�Yes, that's about right,� he says laughingly. �The world's best players are just over there and I'm getting my own moves right. I'm having a ball.�
Whether or not the pun was intentional, the fact remains that the people here are definitely having a good time. Most of them I speak to are foreign visitors and that hammers home to me the point that this is a sport that is good for the economy.
They will stay here, spend money here, explore the cities and the countryside and they will be back next year, possibly with their golfing friends from their countries.
After four hours of golf immersion, have I been converted to the cause? No. But I have had my eyes opened and several of my previous prejudices have vanished, simply by mixing with the people here and seeing this staggeringly beautiful course for myself.
�Golf is a good walk spoiled,� is a quote often attributed to Mark Twain. But on the basis of what I've experienced here today, I'm inclined to disagree.
My wife has threatened that when she turns 60 she will become a golfer, so perhaps there is no escape.
But I have 23 years to get my head around that and, who knows, I might even join her when the time comes.
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Which city would you visit to see the Frick Collection ? | New York City: Frick Collection - TripAdvisor
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The beautiful Fifth Avenue mansion and art collection of industrialist Henry Clay Frick (1849 - 1919) is one of New York City's finest cultural gems. The museum has an intimate feel compared to its colossal neighbor, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, yet boasts numerous masterpieces, among which are priceless works by Vermeer, Giovanni Bellini, Rembrandt, Holbein, Titian, El Greco, Goya, Van Dyck, Fragonard, and Boucher. The collection boasts one of the highest percentages of "art book" paintings of any museum.
Visiting Mr. Frick's home is a unique opportunity to experience in some vein where and how an American multimillionaire of the industrial age lived. It is a most architecturally exciting home designed by Carrère and Hastings, completed in 1914, and later twice expanded to better accommodate the public. While Mr. Frick was able to enjoy his own masterpiece for only five short years, he generously left it to the public to enjoy through the ages. The fountain in the middle of the house adds to the cool, calm atmosphere. $10.00 admission for students makes it a must stop. On Sunday mornings, the policy of "Pay What You Wish" takes place between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. No pictures please.
For more information, visit the Frick Collection Website.
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What is the more formal name for the shinbone ? | School Visits | The Frick Collection
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Details
The Frick Collection invites students in grades 5 and up to study European painting, sculpture, and decorative art in the Gilded Age mansion of Henry Clay Frick. Guided by experienced museum educators, students will explore works of art through close observation and group discussion.
Guided Visits are offered Tuesday through Friday from 10:00–11:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m.–12:30 p.m. Afternoon visits may be scheduled according to availability.
To reserve an unguided visit of the permanent collection, please e-mail [email protected].
Fee Structure
New York City Schools, Grades 5-12
$150* per class. Fee includes up to 30 students and 3 chaperones; additional chaperones must pay regular admission fee; if booking through a travel agency, additional fees may apply.
*Fee is waived for New York City schools classified as Title I.
Non-New York City Schools, Grades 5-12
$250 per class. Fee includes up to 30 students and 3 chaperones; additional chaperones must pay regular admission fee; if booking through a travel agency, additional fees may apply.
Colleges and Graduate Schools
$200 per college or graduate student class. Fee includes up to 30 students and 3 chaperones; additional chaperones must pay regular admission fee; if booking through a travel agency, additional fees may apply.
Fees are non-refundable unless due to weather restriction.
We accept all major credit cards as well as personal checks made out to The Frick Collection. No cash, please.
The Education Department will process each request in the order in which it was received and will e-mail you confirmation and payment information when the visit is scheduled.
Special Exhibition School Visits
Guided School Visits of the special exhibition Turner’s Modern and Ancient Ports: Passages through Time are offered on selected Mondays, when the museum is closed to the public.
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Which Yorkshire model village is named after its founder, Victorian industrialist Titis Salt, and a local river ? | Skelmersdale Rambling Club - 2014
SKELMERSDALE RAMBLING CLUB
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Chris Connor Distance: 11 miles, height 394m
A walk of many contrasts. We set off from Saltaire along the Leeds - Liverpool canal to Bingley. We then start the climb up past the moss lined walls and woodland of Altars Lane to climb to the intriguingly named 'Druid's Altar'. After a moment to take in the view we then proceed higher onto the moor, past heather glen and onto the modest but mystical Harden Moor with its man made rock sculptures. We then start our descent onto the Millennium Way past the Cottingley viaduct and onto Saltaire for well earned refreshments.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 8.2 miles
We will do our climbing at the start of the walk. When I say start I mean Up and downs and smidgin of mud 'til we have lunch Up at 'Five Locks'.. Then a nice steady ramble along the canal back to Saltaire for tea and scones. Enjoy your day. Happy rambles.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance: 6.5 miles
We start off with a delightful meander through the Grade ll listed Roberts Park and then a short gradual climb past the Glen Railway. We then take the flat paths along Shipley Glen and Trench Woods heading towards Clovershaw Beck where we can cut across farmland and down to Eldwick Beck. There is a pub here and, if the weather is bad, it may be possible to take cover (landlord permitting!). If weather is good then we will stop on top of the moors with extensive views all around. Then it's easy walking along grassy paths and tracks where we drop down into a residential area making our way to the canal towpath and the famous Bingley Five Rise Locks. The final stretch is a joy as you meander beneath trees beside the canal to end up back in Saltaire.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 6.25 miles
This walk will in general follow the River Aire to Bingley Lower (3-rise) Locks, and return following the canal. Depending on conditions on the day, we can extend up to the famous 5-rise locks (an extra half mile or so) or cut corners and make the walk shorter. Only one climb of 100 feet through Hirst Wood today. Please bear with me - I have filled a vacancy and have not recce'd this walk.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Saltaire's founder was Sir Titus Salt, a Victorian industrialist and patriarch, who already owned six textile mills in Bradford. He made a considerable fortune from spinning alpaca fleece and, seeing the smoky, Dickensian squalor or life in the city, he decided to build a new settlement for his employees. Sir Titus designed Saltaire as a community where his workers could live in clean, sanitary conditions. Begun in 1851, it was 20 years in the making. As a contrast to many areas of Bradford, even the most modest dwelling in Saltaire had gas, running water and a toilet. In his plan, Sir Titus included schools, a bathhouse, laundry, hospital and a row of almshouses. A workers' dining room could seat 800 and was available for people to bring their own food and have it cooked or they could purchase tea or coffee at half a penny, a bowl of soup for 1d or a plate of meat for 2d.The neat streets of terraced houses were named after the founder (Titus Street), his wife Caroline, and children - not forgetting the reigning monarch (Victoria Street) and her consort (Albert Road).
The centrepiece of his scheme was Salts Mill, a monumental example of industrial architecture which straddles the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The chimney is a copy of the bell tower of a church in Venice. In recent years the mill has enjoyed a new lease of life as a showcase for the artworks of David Hockney, who was born in Bradford. There are no Public Houses within the confines of the village, and the Club and Institute was erected to cater for the moral and physical welfare of the community. Its cost was £25,000. There were reading rooms, a library and a lecture theatre. A school of art was situated on the upper floors along with a room with four billiard tables. The area between Edward Street and Albert Street marks the site of the Public Wash House which was opened on 6th July 1863. There were 24 baths, 12 for men and 12 for women and a turkish bath. Steam came from an 18ft long by 6 ft Cornish boiler and three steam engines drove 6 washing machines. Drying and mangling facilities were also provided.
Shipley Glen is a typical Pennine gill, or ravine, and can be reached by The Shipley Glen Tramway, a rope-hauled passenger-carrying railway dating from 1895, which operates most weekends throughout the year. The open cars are hauled by cable 386 yards up a 1-in-12 incline beneath overhanging trees. There were originally many amusements at the summit and even today quite a number of children's rides and entertainments can be enjoyed.
Roberts Park, on the other side of the canal, is another example of early town planning. A splendid bronze statue of Sir Titus Salt was erected in 1903 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of his birth. It stands on a plinth decorated with an angora goat and an alpaca, symbols of the wool industry on which he built his very considerable success.
The Leeds-Liverpool Canal is Britain's longest inland waterway. Begun in 1770, it was soon superseded by the railway, but is much used today by pleasure craft. Two impressive pieces of engineering in the Bingley area are the stepped Three Rise Locks, and Five Rise Locks where boats passing along the canal rise or fall 60 feet over a distance of 320 feet.
TODMORDEN, WEST YORKSHIRE
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Steve Budd Distance: 10.25 miles Moderate/Hard
A circular walk up to Stoodley Pike. Starting from the car park we walk east along the Rochdale Canal for about 1.5 miles, then turn south and start a steady climb up to Stoodley Pike. The last part of this climb is quite steep (but not a scramble). Once at Stoodley Pike, if you dare, you can climb the spooky stairs to the top for great views. Hard work is now done, and we are rewarded with a good ridge walk ahead. From here we go south along the Pennine Way to Warlands Reservoir and then drop down a few hundred feet to the Rochdale Canal which we follow for about 3 miles back to Todmorden.
Moderate Leader: Jean & Leo Keenan Distance: 7 miles
The walk today takes us out of the town to the south and east on the Calderdale Way, passing the Quaker Burial Ground. Once we reach the upper level we have fine views of Stoodley Pike. The tracks are bridle ways and minor roads which are good underfoot. We make our way to Lumbutts and Mankinholes and then along London Road (bridle way). From here we return back to Todmorden down through Shaw Wood and along the Rochdale Canal.
Leisurely Leader: Hazel Anderton & Ruth Melling Distance: 6.5 miles
We follow the same route as the Easy group to start with going east along the canal, past Kilnhurst and through Lumbutt's Wood. We do a circuit around Mankinholes and the reservoirs, and then go in the opposite direction to the other groups going west on the Pennine Bridleway or on a little lane called Lumbuitt's Road. We go down an area called Knowl Wood and finally back along to town on a different stretch of the canal. There are only a few stiles, it is often good underfoot but care needs to be taken in Lumbutt's Wood as the path is narrow and muddy due to recent rains. There are lots of good views.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5 miles
We start off along the canal, then turn south and climb about 200 feet mostly on field and woodland paths to Kilnhurst and Lumbutts. Then some road walking before field and woodland paths bring us back down to the canal at Lobb Mill (there are minor road alternatives if the ground is very wet). For the last 1.5 miles we follow the canal and then the riverside back to the town.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Todmorden is a market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale in West Yorkshire. Todmorden town centre occupies the confluence of three steep sided valleys which constrict the shape of the town and is surrounded by moorlands with occasional outcrops of gritstone sand blasted into sculptured stones by the winds.
The name Todmorden first appears in 1641. The town had earlier been called Tottemerden, Totmardene, Totmereden, or Totmerden. The generally accepted meaning of the name is Totta's boundary valley, probably a reference to the valley running north-west from the town.
The earliest written record of the area is in the Domesday Book. Settlement in medieval Todmorden was dispersed, most people living in scattered farms or in isolated hilltop agricultural settlements. Packhorse trails were marked by ancient stones of which many still survive. For hundreds of years streams from the surrounding hills provided water for corn and fulling mills. Todmorden grew to prosperity by combining farming with the production of woollen textiles. Some yeoman clothiers were able to build fine houses, a few of which still exist today. Increasingly, though, the area turned to cotton. The proximity of Manchester, as a source of material and trade was undoubtedly a strong factor. Another was the strong Pennine streams and rivers which were able to power the looms. Improvements in textile machinery by Kay, Hargreaves and Arkwright, along with the development of turnpike roads, helped to develop the new cotton industry and to increase the local population.
In 1801 most people still lived in the uplands. Todmorden itself could be considered a mere village. During the years 1800-1845 great changes took place in the communications and transport of the town which were to have a crucial effect on promoting growth. These included the building of better roads, the Rochdale canal, and the main line of the Manchester and Leeds Railway. This railway line incorporated the then longest tunnel in the world, the 2,885 yard Summit tunnel.
In 2008 a group of local residents initiated the 'Incredible Edible Todmorden Project' to raise awareness of food issues and in particular local food. The project has been responsible for the planting of 40 public fruit and vegetable gardens throughout the town, with each plot inviting passers-by to help themselves to the produce. The project has attracted publicity, media attention and visitors, and the idea has since been replicated in at least fifteen towns and villages in the UK.
Todmorden has several attractions, the foremost being a large town hall that dominates the centre of the town. Todmorden is situated alongside the Pennine Way, Pennine Bridleway, Mary Townley Loop and the Calderdale Way, and is popular for outdoor activities such as walking, fell running, mountain biking and bouldering. It's attractions include many canal locks, a park containing a sports centre, an outdoor skateboard park, tennis course, a golf course, an aquarium/reptile house, and a cricket ground. There are also many wooded areas around the town and a variety of cafes and restaurants. Its indoor and outdoor markets sell a wide rane of locally produced food. The town also contains a small toy and model museum, a library and tourist information centre, along with many independent retailers. Annual events include a carnival, agricultural show, beer festival and the traditional Easter Pace Egg plays.
Centre Vale Park in Todmorden is the setting for several pieces of local art, including tree carvings by the sculptor John Adamson. Also in the park are the reconstructed remains of Centre Vale Mansion, next to Todmorden War Memorial in the Garden of Remembrance, and nearby there is a sculpture of a dog. This was produced by local sculptor David Wynn in 2005, and was cast in steel at the local Todmorden foundry, Weir Minerals.
Stoodley Pike monument (120ft/37m was erected in 1815 to commemorate the Peace of Ghent and Napoleon's abdication. It has a long history of collapse! The original monument looked like a mill chimney, but it cam tumbling down in 1854 on the day the Russian Ambassador left London at the start of the Crimean War. The present monument was constructed in 1856 when that peace was declared. It had a partial collapse in November 1918 just before the end of the First World War. A spiral staircase leads eerily into its darkest recesses to emerge on a viewing platform at the top of the plinth.
Colwyn Bay, North Wales
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Andrew Mayer Distance: 13 miles
Starting from the car and coach park at Eirias Park we head out of the park entrance, crossing the main road, and up the public footpath. Climbing sharply with views of Colwyn Bay behind us heading towards Pen-trefelin with views towards Snowdonia. Continuing onwards towards Pen-trefelin, walking across a mixture of farmland and also using some minor roads. We will stop for lunch in the village before heading out towards the coast and estuary at Glan Conway. From here we head back to the start point at Eirias Park. The walk is approx 13 miles with a maximum climb of up to 1000 ft on several parts of the walk. In places it was extremely muddy, so care needs to be taken.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 8 miles
We don't need many words to describe this walk but I will use as many as I can without sending you to sleep. It's my writing that's boring, not the walk. We will be climbing for the first half of the day up to 1000 ft to 'The View'. We walk up Nant y Groes along a picturesque valley, through woodland and pastureland. At the top we will have our butties and enjoy the views. On a good viewing day you can see Snowdon and Anglesey. Then we head back down to civilisation for tea and whatever. There was some mud on the recce day but it was not too bad.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey & Hazel Anderton Distance: 6.5 miles
Today's walk goes in a southerly direction up one side of the Nant-y-Glyn valley, and then back down the other side. The first part goes through a lot of woodland and although we are climbing it is gradual with the gradient varying a great deal. The return is down open fields. There are also a few stiles and it might be a bit muddy in the woods. Even if it is dry we suggest you put gaiters on, if you have them, because at one point the path in the wood is narrow and close to brambles. Let's hope for a clear day. It was damp and misty on the recce but we were told that the views are great on a good day.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5 miles
After a short woodland walk, we walk nearly a mile on a quiet road while we climb 250 feet to the highest point of the walk. Then across fields with views out to sea as we drop down to Old Colwyn and join the North Wales Path through Fairy Glen Nature Reserve to the coast. A brisk mile long walk along the prom bring us back to Eirias Park and a final short climb up to the parking area.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Until the middle of the last century Colwyn Bay was an obscure village snuggling in the shelter of the North Wales hills. Then, in the 1840's, the railway line to Holyhead was built. It skirted the bay, and soon retired people and prosperous families from industrial Lancashire were moving into the area to take advantage of its sandy beaches and mild winters. The town's growth quickened after 1865 and by 1900 it had a population of 8,000.
Now Colwyn Bay is a year round and almost entirely modern resort. It lies behind three miles of sandy beach - part of an 18 mile stretch of coastline which is made up of long beaches punctuated by the occasional headland.
Rhos-on-Sea, once a separate village, is now a breezy suburb at one end of the red-roofed sprawl of buildings, with Old Colwn at the other end. A continuous promenade links the two, running past neat suburban streets which slope up towards sheltering woods on the hillsides. On the foreshore at Rhos-on-Sea is the tiny St Trillo's Chapel, which is built entirely of rough, mortared stone - the roof included - and is only about 9 ft high. It was built in the 16th century over a Holy well, which for centuries supplied water for local baptisms.
The boundary between Old Colwyn and Colwyn Bay is marked by a small river, the Nant-y-Groes, which runs through the Nant-y-Glyn valley. Two miles up the valley at Bryn-y-Maen, is Christ Church, known because of its size as The Cathedral on the Hill. There is a panoramic view of the bay from the church tower.
There is an open air theatre at Eirias Park, and the Pwllycrochan woods behind the town have been laid out with a network of leafy walks.
On a nearby hillside is the unusual Mountain Zoo. It has daily displays of hunting by free-flying falcons, and a penguin pool with underwater windows for observing the birds as they swim and feed.
POOLEY BRIDGE, LAKE DISTRICT
Strenuous Leader: Rowland Nock Distance: 12.5 miles, 20 km
Height gain for the day 400 metres.
We initially head off along the beautiful banks of Ullswater to Waterside House. We then meander along the slightly higher footpaths to the pier near Howtown. From here we ascend Hallin Fell to have lunch and enjoy the spectacular views of Ullswater and surrounding fells.
We descend past the beautifully small remote church to circle around Howtown and then take the gradually rising path north east to the stone circle known as 'the cockpit'. From here we descend tracks and lanes back to Pooley Bridge for our usual tea and tiffin.
Moderate Leader: David & Cynthia Prescott Distance: 7 Miles
Height gain approx.. 740 ft (225m).
This walk has superb views in every direction (north, south, east, west). It takes us up, up, up (but not too steeply) from Pooley Bridge church to the old High Street Roman Road where Roman soldiers once marched, and to a prehistoric stone circle called the Cockpit. This is thought to be of Bronze Age origin (c2000BC), predating the roman road. In more recent times it was most probably used for cockfighting, which was once common in the Lake District, but outlawed in 1849. Here there are wonderful extensive southerly views over Ullswater, and we then turn to head north east towards the outskirts of Askham and spy Lowther castle in the distance. On our recce there was snow on the hills and lots of wild ponies on the moor. We then go to Winder Hall Farm. In order to reduce the road walking we head down towards the river as we near Pooley Bridge. Most of the walk is on fairly good stony paths and tracks, but there is some field walking. There are no stiles in the first half of the walk, but about 6 stiles heading back over the fields, the first being a wall stile with high stone steps.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance: 6 miles
Having taken over leading this walk from the last coach, I have not had time to do a recce, but the paths do look quite straightforward.
The walk links the triangle of paths from Pooley Bridge, the House of Dalemain and the village of Dacre. From Pooley Bridge we follow the river for a short while and gradually walk to Flusco Hill where there will be good views of Ullswater. We then follow the path over to Dalemain House with its celebrated gardens and historic parkland. From here we follow a fairly straight path over to the village of Dacre which has a castle and a pub! From the village we take to the road before reaching a footpath leading to Dunmallard Hill and over Pooley Bridge back to the beginning.
Easy Leader: Allan & Nicole Fraser Distance: 5 miles
We head eastwards from the village, embarking on a longish (but gentle) climb. As a reward, there are spectacular views over Ullswater and the western Lake District hills. Then we turn left on to a level path towards Winder Hall Farm. From there, there is a simple descent back to Pooley Bridge, including some easy stiles. Only one stile is quite high.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Pooley Bridge is situated by the River Eamont at the northern end of Ullswater. It is a busy village catering mainly to the tourist trade. The name Pooley derives from a large pool in the River Eamont just before it flows out of Ullswater. Then, in the 16th century, a bridge was built across the river, hence Pooley Bridge. The pool has now disappeared, but the bridge can still be seen!
Pooley Bridge used to be a small fishing and farming community. The area still has a supply of trout, salmon and a freshwater herring called the schelly. Boats can be found moored here and the Ullswater Steamers also depart from here offering trips along the 7 mile lake to Howtown, and Glenridding at the southern end of the lake.
Within the village there are two main streets with delightful old stone houses. From the bridge there are some excellent views to be seen, with the lake in front and the wooded fells on its shores rising up to the higher mountains.
The church of St Paul can be found in the centre of the village and dates from around 1868. Opposite the church is a row of very old houses, one of which was a blacksmiths. Just over the river is Dunmallard Hill on which is an Iron Age 'fort'.
Pooley Bridge was once a busy market town before nearby Penrith took precedence in the 19th century, with fish being the mainstay of the market's products.
Not far from Pooley Bridge is Maiden Castle, a circular hill fort on the side of a hill, with two ramparts and a very narrow ditch between. This would probably have been home to a family group in the first millennium BC.
Ullswater is second only to Windermere in length but far surpasses it for peace and solitude. Although a navigable highway, there are few motor-driven vessels on the lake, the speed boats and water skiers having been driven away by the 10 mph speed restriction imposed in 1983. There are two launches which sail the lake from Glenridding to Pooley Bridge, both run by the grandly named Ullswater Navigation and Transit Company Ltd. 'Lady of the Lake' was first launched in 1877 and her sister ship 'Raven' in 1889. Originally steam driven, today they are powered by diesel. At the northern end of the lake there is an underground pumping station which draws water off to feed the reservoir at Haweswater.
BUXTON, DERBYSHIRE
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Steve Budd Distance: About 12 miles moderate
We start the walk from the Cat & Fiddle. From there we have a short walk to the summit of Shining Tor, the highest point in Cheshire at 559 m (1834 ft) with great views. We then make our way over Cats Tor and on to Pym Chair- good views over Cheshire. We now drop down to Errwood Hall, an 1830's ruin (good place for lunch, depending on time). From the Hall we make our way to Errwood Reservoir before heading west along a dismantled railway, ending the walk at the coach in Buxton. There is a small amount of road walking involved, but not too bad.
Moderate Leader: Ruth Melling & Hazel Anderton Distance: 8 miles
The walk is more or less the same as the one we did last time but we have shortened it to make sure that this time we get back in time for refreshments. The first two thirds is the same as we make our way past the park to Poole's Cavern then up through the woods to the village of Burbage. Next we walk over farm land and moors to make our way along Wildmoorstone Brook. We return along the dismantled railway and then by a direct route along a quiet lane and through the park. Expect a bit of mud, but the main problem will be the stiles. There are only a few but they are awkward. We had to abandon one and climb over a metal gate instead, as other people had.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey & Cynthia Prescott Distance: 7 - 7.5 miles
This is a very interesting walk if you can get past the challenge of a very steep hill. We start our walk and head in the direction of Cowdale. Once we reach Cowdale we start to head back firstly crossing a train track and taking our time down our steep hill! With that out of the way we head towards Woo Dale, where we can choose to take the low or the high way. It is just a nice steady walk back then. On our recce, on the way back, we broke the journey up with a drink in the pub opposite the golf course which was very nice - if you don't fancy this you can carry right on into town.
Easy Leader: Adelaide Houghton Distance: Approx 6 miles
Dropping off the coach at Burbage, we head for Pooles Cavern - toilets. Then we make our way into Buxton Country Park to walk the perimeter, past Stanley Moor Reservoir and back into Grin Low Woods. Finish by walking through Buxton Pavilion Gardens to the coach park. Several stiles and one or two short climbs.
Please be kitted up ready to leave the coach at Burbage.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Buxton lies at the heart of the Peak District National Park which includes some of the most beautiful and dramatic scenery in Britain.
For centuries Buxton has been a spa town, popular with visitors from around the world. It was the Romans who first 'took the waters', drinking and bathing in the thermal springs which they declared very beneficial. They called the town 'Aquae Arnemetiae'; - The Spa of the Goddess of the Grove. Those very same 28 degree, thermal waters still flow freely from St Ann's Well in the centre of the town, fill the indoor swimming pool in Pavilion Gardens, and are bottled to provide the famous Buxton Spring Water.
This beautiful 18th market town has a wealth of historical and architectural heritage mostly due to its popularity as a Spa town. As well as its architectural heritage, Buxton is home to a host of artists and artistic events. There is a lively tradition of live music in the pubs through the year.
The 1001 acre woodland around Grin Low was planted by the 6th Duke of Devonshire around 1820 to hide the eyesore caused by quarrying and lime burning, and is now a mature woodland, with mixed broad leaf trees and some conifers. The area is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the rich variety of plant life, with many wild animals and birds. The level open glades are the remains of waste ash from 17th and 18th century lime burning kilns, and are carefully managed to prevent the growth of invading plants.
The viewpoint tower of Solomon's Temple was built in 1896. It is on the site of a tumulus (neolithic burial mound). It replaced an earlier structure (probably used as a shelter in times of bad weather) and probably gets its name from Solomon Mycock who rented the land in the early 1800's.
The Cat & Fiddle Inn is the second highest inn in England, 1,690 ft above sea level.
OSWESTRY, SHROPSHIRE
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Dag Griffiths Distance: 13 miles
From the town centre we head south to the River Morda on a footpath skirting the town's cemetery. Following the river along footpaths and lanes in a westerly direction we eventually reach Offa's Dyke Path. Heading north on the path we pass through Candy Wood and, after a continuous but gentle ascent, emerge on the common that was a racecourse until 1848. Weather permitting, lunch will be taken among the ruins of the racecourse grandstand. Next we continue on Offa's Dyke Path before turning eastwards along quiet lanes towards Pentre-pant just beyond which we pick up a footpath that brings us back to the town centre. From this path we get a good view of Old Oswestry fort (Iron Age hlll fort) on our left. If time permits, a slight detour can be taken to the fort before completing our return along Wat's Dyke Path.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 8 miles
We leave 'Oswestry' along Broomhall Lane and head up to Offa's Dyke Path through parkland, then wooded paths up to Racecourse Wood then to the Racecourse Common. Then back to Oswestry for whatever takes your fancy. A lovely walk with good viewing over Shropshire.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance: 7.3 miles
On leaving the coach we make our way through the town over to the Old Fort and head on across open fields to join up with the Wat's Dyke Path. We keep heading north on to the village of Preeshenlie taking the path over the golf course to the village of Rhewl. From here we pass a sewage works (nice!) and skirt around the village of Gobowen. We end up joining up with the Wat's Dyke Path and retrace our steps back to Oswestry. Again, I've not pre-walked the route but you should be used to that by now - have I ever got you lost!!
Easy Leader: Adelaide Houghton Distance: about 6 miles
The walk leaves Oswestry town and goes northwards to Pentre then south west into Brogyntyn Park passing the hall, stables and walled garden (a once grand estate). We then cross the B4580 to Underhill and then more field tracks, turning left onto a minor road past Oerley Hall and a reservoir, and back into the town. Lanes, field tracks and several stiles.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Oswestry is an ancient market town in the north of Shropshire close by the English-Welsh border. Its strategic position as a 'frontier town' has given it a turbulent history. Today the town still retains its vital function as a market and shopping centre serving north west Shopshire and Mid Wales. The narrow passageways link streets whose names conjure up images of the past - English walls, Welsh Walls, The Bailey and the Horsemarket. It is a locally important shopping and agricultural centre and has the intimacy of a rural town serving local people and home to a number of specialist and independent shops.
The origins of the town are uncertain although the towns market dates back to 1190. The name Oswestry is thought to be a corruption of 'Oswald's Tree' and the legend that Oswald the Christian King of Northumbria fought a great battle against the pagan King of Mercia - Penda. Oswald was defeated and killed in the battle. Penda, as a warning to others who might challenge his rule, dismembered Oswald's body and hung his limbs on the branches of a tree - hence Oswald's Tree.
Most of the town centre has been designated a Conservation Area conveying a mixture of architectural styles. There are many old timber framed houses, for example Llywd Mansion on Cross Street, the Heritage Centre, the Blackgate, the Fox Inn, and the shops along Beatrice Street. Georgian architecture is also represented particularly around St Oswald's Church where there are a number of imposing town houses complete with grand entrances and front doors.
There is a large Iron Age fort just to the north of the town. It was started over 2,500 years ago. Nowadays, only the earthworks remain, but it is worth a visit. It can be seen from the A5 going north out of the town. It is maintained by English Heritage.
Offa's Dyke footpath, which goes from Prestatyn to Chepstow more or less along the Welsh border, passes about three miles to the west of Oswestry. It is a well maintained footpath and can be picked up at many points in the area. The paths follow an ancient earthwork which is thought to have been a defensive dyke built by the Saxon King Offa.
Racecourse Common is at the top of a hill and is the site of an old racecourse. It is possible to walk around the old circuit and there are a number of walks in this area including some through the adjacent Candy Woods. The Offa's Dyke Path passes through the common and the woods.
EYAM, PEAK DISTRICT
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Andrew Mayer Distance: approx. 14 miles
On leaving the car park next to Eyam museum, we headed down through the village towards 'Stoney Midddleton' (approx. 1 mile). From there we headed towards Calver along some local roads towards the river. From here we followed the river towards Baslow. (so far fairly flat ground, conditions dry). We headed towards the 'Robin Hood' pub up a steady incline, leading us to Birchen Edge where we stopped for lunch. Making our way through moorland we headed towards 'Big Moor' walking along White Edge. At the top (365 metres) we started our descent towards 'Froggatt Edge' crossing some boggy marshland. Descending through 'Bee Wood', crossing the river and heading back to the village of Eyam.
Moderate Leader: Hazel Anderton & Cynthia Prescott Distance: 7-8 miles
Eyam - Sir William Hill - Eyam Moor - Stoke Ford - Bretton Clough - Eyam Edge - Eyam.
A pleasant walk, past the Llama farm, through fields, past streams on to the hill top with lovely views of Eyam and the surrounding district, and back into the very interesting village of Eyam.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey Distance : approx. 6.5 miles
I have done this recce but, after starting out, we found a really steep hill down The Delf (which I was not happy with). So, on our walk we will go down Eyam Dale which is not recce'd. Please bear with me on this - thank you!
We will join our recce'd walk at Black Harry Gate. From here we make our way to the Sailer Hole Mine. Up to Stoney Middleton and then back into town. It is a pleasant walk with not too many stiles or ups and downs. If we are lucky, the weather will be as kind as on our recce.
Easy Leader: Philomena Walker & Lydia Ashton Distance: 4.5 miles
We set off walking through a housing area and out onto open green fields, following the sign to Foolow. There are some stiles along the way. The scenery is wonderful.
We can decide (weather permitting) to detour to Foolow village and duck pond. Then some road walking to a walled track back to Eyam.
On return to the village we can choose to walk up to Riley Woods and visit Riley Graves before returning to the car park.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Eyam is pronounced 'Eem' and has become known as "The Plague Village". It was in August 1665 that the village first suffered from the Bubonic Plague. The disease came to England via the trade routes from China, spreading quickly in London due to the bites of fleas which had previously lived on the bodies of infected black rats. It is thought that the disease came to Eyam in a parcel of cloth delivered from London to the local tailor, George Viccars, who lodged with Widow Cooper in one of the cottages by the church. After opening the parcel, George Viccars found the cloth damp, so he put it in front of the fire to dry. This was possibly his undoing; after developing a fever, then rashes on his body, he died on 7th September 1665. Others in the same house died within weeks and the disease then spread throughout the village
It was the rector, William Mompesson, together with his non-conformist friend and predecessor, Thomas Stanley, who united the village and persuaded the villagers to stay within the boundaries of the village to stop the disease from spreading throughout Derbyshire. With the help of the Earl of Devonshire, who arranged for food and other needs to be left at the Boundary Stone, now known as Mompesson's Well, the epidemic was kept within Eyam. Coins, as payment, were left soaking in vinegar so that suppliers of goods knew that they would not be infected. In all 259 people died during 1665 and 1666, but without the heroism of the villagers of Eyam, the plague would have spread all over the county.
Eyam Church is dedicated to St Lawrence, having been used for worship since Saxon times. Inside the 850 year old church is a fascinating exhibition telling the story of the plague. In the churchyard is an 8th century Celtic cross decorated with carvings of angels. There is also a sundial from the late 18th century and many interesting headstones, including one to Harry Bagshaw, a famous Derbyshire cricketer.
Eyam Hall is a beautiful manor house, built in 1671, home of the Wright family. The present incumbents inherited the house in 1990 and two years later opened it to the public. Interested visitors will see history through the eyes of one family for over 320 years.
Foolow is a former lead mining village gathered attractively around the village green. It boasts a 14th century stone cross, a bull ring and a mere. At the edge of the green is a well with steps leading down. The Bulls Head Inn is the last surviving pub in the village - at one time there were five!
APPLEBY, CUMBRIA
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Chris Connor Distance: approx. 12 miles
The strenuous walk starts from the beautiful village of Dufton. If you wish to do this walk then alight the coach here. This is one of the Northern Pennines Classic walks. We begin by taking the Pennine Way past Bow Hall and towards Peeping Hill. We continue pass up through some open moorland and a ruined farmhouse (that may remind some of Wuthering Heights) and steadily climbing up 500m to the final goal of High Cup Nick. After admiring the amazing grey/blue dolerite crags in the u-shaped valley (and taking some photos) we start the difficult but short descent to the valley floor. We then continue to follow the valley just above the river taking time to look back at what we have just climbed and follow the myriad of paths with a long but easy walk back to Appleby for well-earned refreshment.
Moderate Leader: Hazel Anderton & Ruth Melling Distance: 8 miles
Our walk takes us north of Appleby as we make our way along tracks, woods, fields and little lanes. On a fine day there are good views of the highest peaks in the Pennines. We walk along fields, go up through Flakebridge Woods then head towards Dufton before turning south. We walk along the bottom edge of the Wood before coming across fields back to Appleby. The countryside is rolling with lots of ups and downs but nothing taxing. A few stiles are a bit wobbly, there's some mud and muck, and pheasants which might make you jump in the woods.
Leisurely Leader: Steve Budd & Joan McGlinchey Distance : 7 miles
This is a walk with plenty of up and downs together with loads of mud. We start our walk and head towards Brampton. We then head off towards Dufton. (We don't actually go into Dufton). As we start our way home we head in the direction of the Castle Hill settlement, then into Flakebridge Woods, down to Hungriggs and then back to the coach.
Easy Leader: Allan & Nicole Fraser Distance: 5.5 miles
After a short walk along the river Eden in Appleby, we strike out towards Colby across the fields. There are good views of the Pennines to the right. We reach the pretty village of Colby, where we will probably have lunch. The walk back to Appleby takes us onto part of the Dales Way.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Today we visit the attractive and historic town of Appleby which was once the county town of Westmorland. It used to be known simply as Appleby but when it became part of Cumbria in 1974, much to the dismay of the residents, it changed its name officially to Appleby-in-Westmorland. The area has been occupied by Celts, Romans, Anglo Saxons and Danes and was once a place of great importance.
At the time of the Normans it was part of Scotland and was then transferred to England in 1092. But it suffered several Scottish attacks later. It also suffered from the plague in 1592 and then defeat in the Civil War when it supported the Royalist cause, and has never recovered its proud status after these events. The Norman castle of Motte-and-Bailey type was reopened to the public this year. Its most famous resident was Lady Anne Clifford who did much to restore the castle in the middle 1600s. Other buildings have been named after her.
Today Appleby is a thriving market town nestling in the Eden Valley. The main street, Boroughgate, is unusually wide and has been described as one of the finest in England. There are many old buildings and much of the town centre is a preservation area. The Moot Hall dated 1596 is today occupied by the tourist information centre.
The town is a good place to explore the surrounding countryside. There is a station here on the Carlisle to Settle railway line - a great ride if you get the chance - and the very busy A66 passes nearby. Although the road is very close, fortunately, it has no effect on the town itself. Also nearby, is the Cumbrian Cycle Way, the Westmorland Way, the Pennine way and the Coast to Coast footpath.
These days Appleby is famous for the Appleby Horse Fair which was set up by charter in 1685 and runs for a week in June ending on the 2nd Wednesday. Today it is world famous, the largest in the world, attracting a huge gypsy and traveller gathering.
Chipping, Lancashire
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Carole Rankin & Jimmy Need Distance: approx. 11 miles
From Chipping we walk NW to Foot Fell and then climb Parlick (1417ft) and along the ridge to the cairn at Fair Snape Fell (1673ft) for hopefully amazing views. This is the main climb finished. We then cross the Saddle Fell and descend down to Saddle End Farm. From here we cross fields to Chipping Lawn and back to Chipping via fields, lanes and hopefully the River Hodder, River Loud and Gibbon Bridge for a cuppa or a pint. Could be muddy or soggy underfoot.
Moderate Leader: Dag Griffiths & Dennis Cookson Distance: 8 miles
The accent is approximately 1500 feet but this mostly comes in the first part of the walk. It is gradual and will be taken at a comfortable pace. The route from Chipping crosses fields to pass Saddle End Farm and climb onto Saddle Fell. A good path to the west takes us over Wolf Fell to the stone shelter at Snape Fell West, one of the greatest viewpoints in England. With the Yorkshire Big Three, the Lake District fells, the Isle of Man, the northern Peak District and much, much more to see in the 360 degree panorama, let's hope the visibility is good. Lunch will be taken here weather permitting. On our return we can either skirt Parlick or go over the top, depending on the weather - the party could be given the option of doing either route, with Dennis and I leading a group each if necessary - very little difference in distance. Sticks might be useful for the steep descent to Fell Foot. The return to Chipping is via quiet country lanes which are reasonably flat.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance : 6.5 miles
Apart from near the end of the walk this is flat, and for a change, not too many stiles to go over. From the village we take field paths arriving at the Dog and Partridge pub around lunchtime. Last time we came here for a walk it was awful weather and the pub opened up a room for us and let us eat our lunch there. If the weather is bad, and they have the space there is a good chance that we could do this again. From the pub we follow one of the many 'Quiet Lanes' in Lancashire which has a gentle incline up past Black Hall, and with some good views around us as we walk back down to the village.
Easy Leader: Hazel Anderton & Ruth Melling Distance: 5 miles
A fairly easy flat walk to the east and south of Chipping mainly over grass fields with good views of Longridge Fell and the hills around. On route we skirt Townley Moss Woods and pass through the grounds of the posh Gibbon Bridge Hotel. The downside is that there are quite a few stiles, but only one is a bit awkward.
NOTES ON THE AREA
The ancient fell-side market town of Chipping has origins that go back beyond recorded history. It was mentioned in the Doomsday book as Chippenden. It is a village in the Ribble valley within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It has won a number of Best Kept Village competitions and has won the village section of the Royal Horticultural Society Britain in Bloom award picking up tourist awards in the process.
Chipping acquired its status as a market centre during the Roman period. Wheat, being one of the primary staples of the Roman Army, was first cultivated in the newly cleared Vale of the Loud. This brought an age of prosperity to the district and a trading centre was soon established - with horses, salt, lime, wheat and other grains being the major commodities exchanged. With the demise of Roman influence, the fields fell into decay and only moss-land and the place-name 'Wheatley' attest to Chipping's former 'Golden Wealth'.
It thrived again in the Industrial Revolution when there were seven mills along Chipping Brook. Kirk Mill became famous for making chairs but sadly went into administration in 2010, an early victim of the recent recession.
There are three pubs in the area, the Sun Inn, the Tillitson's Arms and the very smart Gibbon Bridge Hotel which would not let Hazel and Ruth in during their reccee.
A church was established in Chipping before 1230, but little is known of the early foundation. For the most part the present fabric of St Bartholomew's represents the major restoration of 1873, but a few interesting pieces remain from former ages. The oldest of these is the cross base which stands next to a 16th century chest of Belgian origin. The base lost its position and shaft sometime after 1610. The font is by far the church's finest piece. It dates from 1520, supposedly the gift from Bradley of Bradley Hall whose initials appear on one of the shields. In the churchyard stands a sundial upon stone steps with the date 1708 and the initials of the churchwardens of that time.
Parlick Pike is first mentioned in 1228 as 'Pirloc', a name which could have a Scandinavian derivation. Parlick, in the past, has been a rallying point for local Catholics, especially during the Jacobite Rebellions of the 18th century. Tales are told of lights burning on the summit at the very dead of night, where men would set out their plans against the Hanoverians. Today the Pike is a rallying point for hand-gliding enthusiasts who play on the thermals that rise up from the valley below.
Chipping Craft Centre has the honour of being a building used as a shop for the longest time in the UK. These days it has a newsagent's, a tea shop, craft centre and a part time Post Office. There has been a well-known agricultural and horticultural show here since 1920, and since 1998 Chipping Steam Fair takes place over the Spring Bank holiday.
LLANGOLLEN, NORTH WALES
Strenuous Leader: Steve Budd Distance: approx. 11.5 miles
Today we are going to the end of the world or more precise, Worlds End.
This is a walk I enjoyed and I hope you do too. We leave Llangollen and head north towards Castell Dinas Bran. This is the first of two climbs of the day, you can choose whether to climb to the summit or go around, great views from summit though. From there we pick up Offa's Dyke Path for a few miles to end up at Worlds End (may have lunch here). We then follow a quiet road south past World Ends Farm and onto a path leading to Eglwyseg Glen, our second climb. Continuing south we eventually pick up the Clwydian Way. We follow this back, passing the remains of an Abbey called Valle Crucis (impressive and if time allows we can visit the Abbey), eventually arriving at a main road and turning right to Motor Museum, cross the bridge onto the Llangollen Canal and back to Llangollen.
There is a degree of road walking on quiet roads for about 4 miles all told - no choice because of time restrictions. We will have to do a reasonable pace today if we are to visit the Abbey and also to get back in time for refreshments. Please consider this if choosing this walk.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 6 and a bit miles
We start our walk from the coach park. Then we go out over the river heading up to the castle's ruins for some lovely views. We then head down onto Offa's Dyke and along a panoramic walk. Then through Trevor Hall Wood and down to the canal and a nice flat walk back to Llangollen for cream tea. Very nice. Those 6 miles felt like 9.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey Distance : 6.5 miles
This is a very leisurely walk with no real ups and downs. We start our walk along the canal in the direction of Castell Dinas Bran. Our walk takes us around the bottom of the castell where we join the History Trail. We then head in the direction of World's End. We pass some interesting seats and tables supplied by 'Kunteye' (!) and friends, which we will be tempted to use as the views are stunning. We then make our way back to Llangollen.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5.5 miles
We leave Llangollen on the canal as far as the motor museum, then an easy ascent to Valle Crucis Abbey. We continue around the north end of Velvet Hill on a rough footpath (but there is an alternative minor road) and then drop down to Horseshoe Falls before returning along the canal.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Llangollen has much to offer the visitor. Firstly it is full of history.
The lovely bridge over the Dee was originally a pack-horse bridge, built by John Trevor, Bishop of St Asaph, in 1345; and it has been widened several times since. The rapids below it are a testing ground for canoeists. Llangollen Railway Station was on the Great Western Railway's line from Ruabon to Dolgellau. It received its first train in 1862 and the line westward to Corwen opened in 1865, but a century later British Rail closed this route, a victim of the Beeching cutbacks. Preservationists re-opened the station in 1975 and the Llangollen Railway Society now runs steam and diesel hauled trains to Berwyn.
There are Bronze Age burial grounds in the area which can be seen from the Castle.
The Cistercian Valle Crucis Abbey was founded in 1201 and was home to about 60 monks. It thrived for a long time and survived attacks from Edward 1st and the Black Death but it eventually succumbed to the Dissolution in 1537. If you see ducks on the pond note that this is the only medieval fish pond in Wales.
Dinas Bran Castle was built in the 1260's by Prince Gryffudd (pronounced Griffith) ap Madoc to guard the strategic Dee Valley. But it is now in ruins. There is a steep climb up to the castle but it is worth it for the fantastic views of the countryside, and also of Thomas Telford's great Pontcysllte Aqueduct used to carry the Llangollen Canal over the Dee. It was opened in 1805 and has been in use ever since.
The Llangollen Canal is a branch of the Shropshire Union Canal and was completed in 1805 by Telford. It was originally built to carry slate from the quarries in North Wales to the growing cities in England but with the coming of the railways the canal companies soon faced bankruptcy. The Llangollen Wharf Pleasure Boat Company was founded in 1884 and visitors can still enjoy a very relaxing horse drawn boat ride barge today.
The canal ends one mile westwards at the Horseshoe Falls, a semi-circular weir designed by Telford to hold back the water needed to keep the canal topped up. Unfortunately the water level in the Dee fell so much that many mills along the river went out of business.
Llanysilio Church is worth a visit. It was built originally in 1250 but the present building is a Victorian reconstruction. It contains exhibitions about its history.
The very pleasant scenery includes the attractive Horseshoe Falls mentioned above. Velvet Hill has the soft texture of sheep grazed grass. People think that it is special grass but really sheep make very good mowers.
The limestone escarpment of Trevor Rocks is an impressive sight. It began as a coral reef in tropical water 350 million years ago. The Offa's Dyke Path follows this road on its journey of some 170 miles between Chepstow and Prestatyn, although the nearest stretch of dyke is actually the earlier Wat's Dyke, about 6 miles to the east.
The world famous International Eisteddfod takes place in Llangollen each year during the second week in July.
The Dee is good for water sports with canoeing down the rapids being the best known. There are other white water activities available too. It is also a salmon river and has fresh water pearl mussels.
WADDINGTON, LANCASHIRE
SUNDAY, 30th November 2014
NB. Pendle council has closed public conveniences including those at Waddington, with local businesses such as cafes and pubs being encouraged to make provision instead. The only cafe in Waddington has very limited facilities, and the pubs will not be open when we arrive, so instead, we will be travelling to Waddington along the M65 and will call in at Blackburn services for a quick comfort stop.
TODAY'S WALKS
It seems that we may all have a muddy time today!
Strenuous Leader: Andrew Mayer Distance: approx. 11 miles
Starting from the centre of Waddington village, next to the church, we head west towards Clough Bottom farm. Following the footpaths, crossing very wet and muddy field tracks we head towards Buckstall farm, heading upwards towards the Moorcock Inn (Not in use). (Stop for lunch about half way). From the Moorcock Inn we head towards Cuttock Clough farm and then east towards West Bradford village passing the Three Rivers campsite on the descent down towards the village. From West Bradford we head back towards Waddington village. Tracks very muddy and we cross a few streams.
Moderate Leader: Selwyn Williams Distance: 8 miles
We set off, have lunch & get back, right! What? You want more - OK.
We walk down the muddy path to the River Ribble, cross over, walk upstream eastwards on the muddy bank, cross back over & enter the cursed village of Grindleton, (cursed because it's got two pubs, neither of which you will be entering). At the top of the village, we descend a short gulley to cross a stream by a foot bridge under which a troll lives. We go up the opposite bank, through a field, along a muddy lane to skate through two well manured farmyards. Back down another gulley to a stream, no troll but no bridge either so it's a damp river crossing. One of you is bound to get water in your boots. Then we go along the lane & round the houses to another foot bridge. Now if you're the one with soggy socks, you might just relish the opportunity to beat the crap out of a troll. Anyway, up the muddy bank & over the top, not an enemy in sight & a gentle stroll back to base through lush green meadows. On return, you can take off your boots & wring out your socks unless of course you have already been eaten by a troll! All that now remains is to go to the pub & ponder on the question of 'Who put the troll into strolling'.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance : 6.5 miles
The first part of the walk follows the same path as the Easy keeping to the pavement for the first 10 mins until reaching the path for Coplow Hill (very muddy here). We follow pathways down and over Brungerley Bridge and follow the river to Edisford Bridge. This would be a good place for a tea break as there are plenty of picnic tables with nice views over the river. From here we make our way over farmland passing Bashall Hall and Wood heading for Saddle Bridge. Depending on the weather I may take to the road until Gannies Farm where we make our way again over farmland and back down to Waddington. There are quite a few stiles on this walk and loads of mud if weather has been wet!
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5.5 miles
We will take a footpath to Coplow Hill and Brungerley, then a track past Waddow Hall and a minor road to Shireburn and Low Moor. Here we join the Ribble Way back to Brungerley Bridge then walk through Brungerley Park, home to the Ribble Valley Sculpture Trail, and with good views across the Ribble Valley. That brings us to Horrocksford and Bradford Bridge, and a final field path back to Waddington which is likely to be very muddy.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Today we visit the pretty little village of Waddington, 2 miles (3 km) north-west of Clitheroe, within the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, although prior to the local government re-organisation in 1974 it was just inside Yorkshire. It falls within the Forest of Bowland
It is home to both an Anglican church and a Methodist church, a social club (Waddington Club) with bowling green, a cafe, a post office, a playing field on which both cricket and football are played. Also, within the village there are three popular pubs. The village is a regular winner of the Lancashire Best Kept Village awards. Each year on the May bank holiday weekend, the village's annual Scarecrow Festival takes place, with the Monday at the end of the weekend being the focus for activities of all ages
A Saxon chief named Wada is said to have given his name to the village, and there is mention of him in one of our oldest historical documents, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The parish church of St Helen has a tower which was built at the start of the 16th century from stone quarried on nearby Waddington Fell, while the remainder of the church is largely the result of restoration and rebuilding work undertaken at the beginning of the 20th century. Inside the church there are a medieval font, a medieval glass panel containing a picture of a 16th century figure, and some 17th century pews in the Brownsholme Chapel.
Outside, in the churchyard, is the shaft of an old sundial dated 1686, which stands upon a millstone.
Waddington Old Hall is a medieval building which dates back to before 1464 when Henry VI took refuge there for about a year prior to being captured near Brungerly Bridgby by the Yorkists as he fled across the river. The original walls and windows can still be seen in the Great Hall. There is also the Monk's Room in the oldest part of the building, which probably dates from the 11th century
BARROWFORD, LANCASHIRE
SUNDAY, 4th JANUARY 2015
NB. The public conveniences at Barrowford have also been closed so once again we will travel on the M65 and will call in at Blackburn services for a quick comfort stop. The toilets are still open at Barley apparently so there might be the opportunity to use them there if your walk passes that way.
Many thanks to Selwyn and Sue for organising our successful Christmas meal and walk.
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Dennis Cookson Distance: approx. 9 miles
Starting from the heritage centre this walk follows Pendle Water initially but before long we start to make a gentle gradual climb towards Malkin Tower before making our way on a series of paths and quiet country lanes to reach lower and higher Briercliffe, and eventually the Black Moss reservoirs. Shortly afterwards we arrive at Barley (toilet stop here if needed). Most of the return journey follows the Pendle Way through woodland to Offa Hill, Roughlee and eventually rejoins Pendle Water on our way back to Barrowford for a well-earned cuppa and mince pie. Expect the paths to be very muddy in places with both poles and gaiters recommended.
Moderate Leader: Cynthia and David Prescott Distance: 6.5 miles
This walk has been chosen to suit both moderate and leisurely walkers and to get back before dark. The fields at this time of year are very muddy so we have found a walk that reduces the amount of field walking: so, we start by walking past the Heritage Centre on the flat, through the park and then beside the canal which has a tarmac path with grass verges. We pass the locks and Barrowford Reservoir up to Wanless Bridge and then head towards the village of Beverley where we intend to have lunch in the park as there is some seating there. After lunch we go to the back of Blacko and return on the Witches Trail of the Pendle Way which we found to be a nice path. There are good views but we do not go up really high or too steeply, but enough to make it a good moderate walk.
Leisurely Leader: Distance :
There is no leisurely walk today
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5.0 miles
We leave Barrowford through the park and playing fields then join the canal towpath as far as Barrowford Locks. Here we turn off through Greenfield Road Local Nature Reserve and make our way to Boundary Mill for lunch (and no doubt more costly activities!). We then continue northwards following the line of the former railway as far as Wanless Bridge where we rejoin the canal and follow it most of the way back to Barrowford. Most of the route is on hard surface tracks but for a lot of the way there is a green verge for more comfortable walking.
NOTES ON THE AREA
The characterful charming village of Barrowford pronounced with the emphasis on Ford, is in Pendle District and sits on the confluence of two rivers, Pendle Water and Colne Water, where trout can often be seen leaping through the clear waters. It is surrounded by beautiful countryside that is great for walking or cycling, and so it's perfect for the Pendle Cycling Festival. It is also full of history, including the story of the nearby Pendle witches, and is now an upmarket place full of attractive 17th and 18th century farmhouses and pretty handloom weavers' cottages. The independent boutiques that line the high street are jammed with smart designer fashion, attracting some of the North West's most affluent customers including footballers and their other halves. David Beckham has even been known to drop in for some shopping in Barrowford!
The village is on the Leeds to Liverpool Canal. The canal has 91 locks, seven of which are in Barrowford. The oldest bridge in town, the Packhorse Bridge near Higherford Mill, dates back to the end of the 16th century. Pendle Heritage Centre is home to the two oldest buildings in Barrowford, the Fold and Park Hill, which date back to 1550. The buildings have been extensively altered over the last 200 years as you'll see at the exhibition inside.
Barrowford is now part of Nelson. Although originally dependent on farming, it expanded rapidly as a textile town during the 19th century. A few mills were built at that time but mechanised production moved to nearby Nelson, which had better rail and canal facilities.
Roger Bannister, who ran the first four-minute mile, is a descendant of the Bannister family, a dynasty of local farmers, who lived at Park Hill. At the rear of the house is a walled garden containing organic fruit, vegetables, flowers, and herbs.
On the corner, across the bridge, stands the Toll House. This small building was designed so that the road could be seen in both directions. This ensured that no one on the old Marsden to Long Preston turnpike could slip by unnoticed. On the front of the 1803 house is the renovated board indicating the various toll prices. In 1774 John Wesley, the Methodist leader, had to hide in what is now the White Bear Inn on Gisburn Road, when he was chased by a local mob. Built in 1607, its name is thought to be connected with bear baiting.
In 1964 a disastrous fire devastated the church of St Thomas in Church Street. The remains of the original 1841 building are found in the Remembrance Garden. Bank Hall, otherwise the Lamb Club, stands further east from the church along Church Street. It's a Jacobean house dating from 1696, with mullioned windows on the second floor and a porch on the second floor which is wider than the lower one. At the bottom of the carved finials are faces, which were thought to act as a protection against witchcraft.
At the western end of Summit Pool, east of the town at Barrowford Locks, seven locks take the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in a descent of 65.5 ft to Burnley Pool. The reservoir nearby was built in 1885 to take the overflow from Foulridge Reservoirs.
So there are lots for the visitor to see in Barrowford,
| Saltaire |
Which British seabirds are known as 'clowns of the sea' or 'sea parrots' ? | Skelmersdale Rambling Club - 2014
SKELMERSDALE RAMBLING CLUB
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Chris Connor Distance: 11 miles, height 394m
A walk of many contrasts. We set off from Saltaire along the Leeds - Liverpool canal to Bingley. We then start the climb up past the moss lined walls and woodland of Altars Lane to climb to the intriguingly named 'Druid's Altar'. After a moment to take in the view we then proceed higher onto the moor, past heather glen and onto the modest but mystical Harden Moor with its man made rock sculptures. We then start our descent onto the Millennium Way past the Cottingley viaduct and onto Saltaire for well earned refreshments.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 8.2 miles
We will do our climbing at the start of the walk. When I say start I mean Up and downs and smidgin of mud 'til we have lunch Up at 'Five Locks'.. Then a nice steady ramble along the canal back to Saltaire for tea and scones. Enjoy your day. Happy rambles.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance: 6.5 miles
We start off with a delightful meander through the Grade ll listed Roberts Park and then a short gradual climb past the Glen Railway. We then take the flat paths along Shipley Glen and Trench Woods heading towards Clovershaw Beck where we can cut across farmland and down to Eldwick Beck. There is a pub here and, if the weather is bad, it may be possible to take cover (landlord permitting!). If weather is good then we will stop on top of the moors with extensive views all around. Then it's easy walking along grassy paths and tracks where we drop down into a residential area making our way to the canal towpath and the famous Bingley Five Rise Locks. The final stretch is a joy as you meander beneath trees beside the canal to end up back in Saltaire.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 6.25 miles
This walk will in general follow the River Aire to Bingley Lower (3-rise) Locks, and return following the canal. Depending on conditions on the day, we can extend up to the famous 5-rise locks (an extra half mile or so) or cut corners and make the walk shorter. Only one climb of 100 feet through Hirst Wood today. Please bear with me - I have filled a vacancy and have not recce'd this walk.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Saltaire's founder was Sir Titus Salt, a Victorian industrialist and patriarch, who already owned six textile mills in Bradford. He made a considerable fortune from spinning alpaca fleece and, seeing the smoky, Dickensian squalor or life in the city, he decided to build a new settlement for his employees. Sir Titus designed Saltaire as a community where his workers could live in clean, sanitary conditions. Begun in 1851, it was 20 years in the making. As a contrast to many areas of Bradford, even the most modest dwelling in Saltaire had gas, running water and a toilet. In his plan, Sir Titus included schools, a bathhouse, laundry, hospital and a row of almshouses. A workers' dining room could seat 800 and was available for people to bring their own food and have it cooked or they could purchase tea or coffee at half a penny, a bowl of soup for 1d or a plate of meat for 2d.The neat streets of terraced houses were named after the founder (Titus Street), his wife Caroline, and children - not forgetting the reigning monarch (Victoria Street) and her consort (Albert Road).
The centrepiece of his scheme was Salts Mill, a monumental example of industrial architecture which straddles the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The chimney is a copy of the bell tower of a church in Venice. In recent years the mill has enjoyed a new lease of life as a showcase for the artworks of David Hockney, who was born in Bradford. There are no Public Houses within the confines of the village, and the Club and Institute was erected to cater for the moral and physical welfare of the community. Its cost was £25,000. There were reading rooms, a library and a lecture theatre. A school of art was situated on the upper floors along with a room with four billiard tables. The area between Edward Street and Albert Street marks the site of the Public Wash House which was opened on 6th July 1863. There were 24 baths, 12 for men and 12 for women and a turkish bath. Steam came from an 18ft long by 6 ft Cornish boiler and three steam engines drove 6 washing machines. Drying and mangling facilities were also provided.
Shipley Glen is a typical Pennine gill, or ravine, and can be reached by The Shipley Glen Tramway, a rope-hauled passenger-carrying railway dating from 1895, which operates most weekends throughout the year. The open cars are hauled by cable 386 yards up a 1-in-12 incline beneath overhanging trees. There were originally many amusements at the summit and even today quite a number of children's rides and entertainments can be enjoyed.
Roberts Park, on the other side of the canal, is another example of early town planning. A splendid bronze statue of Sir Titus Salt was erected in 1903 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of his birth. It stands on a plinth decorated with an angora goat and an alpaca, symbols of the wool industry on which he built his very considerable success.
The Leeds-Liverpool Canal is Britain's longest inland waterway. Begun in 1770, it was soon superseded by the railway, but is much used today by pleasure craft. Two impressive pieces of engineering in the Bingley area are the stepped Three Rise Locks, and Five Rise Locks where boats passing along the canal rise or fall 60 feet over a distance of 320 feet.
TODMORDEN, WEST YORKSHIRE
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Steve Budd Distance: 10.25 miles Moderate/Hard
A circular walk up to Stoodley Pike. Starting from the car park we walk east along the Rochdale Canal for about 1.5 miles, then turn south and start a steady climb up to Stoodley Pike. The last part of this climb is quite steep (but not a scramble). Once at Stoodley Pike, if you dare, you can climb the spooky stairs to the top for great views. Hard work is now done, and we are rewarded with a good ridge walk ahead. From here we go south along the Pennine Way to Warlands Reservoir and then drop down a few hundred feet to the Rochdale Canal which we follow for about 3 miles back to Todmorden.
Moderate Leader: Jean & Leo Keenan Distance: 7 miles
The walk today takes us out of the town to the south and east on the Calderdale Way, passing the Quaker Burial Ground. Once we reach the upper level we have fine views of Stoodley Pike. The tracks are bridle ways and minor roads which are good underfoot. We make our way to Lumbutts and Mankinholes and then along London Road (bridle way). From here we return back to Todmorden down through Shaw Wood and along the Rochdale Canal.
Leisurely Leader: Hazel Anderton & Ruth Melling Distance: 6.5 miles
We follow the same route as the Easy group to start with going east along the canal, past Kilnhurst and through Lumbutt's Wood. We do a circuit around Mankinholes and the reservoirs, and then go in the opposite direction to the other groups going west on the Pennine Bridleway or on a little lane called Lumbuitt's Road. We go down an area called Knowl Wood and finally back along to town on a different stretch of the canal. There are only a few stiles, it is often good underfoot but care needs to be taken in Lumbutt's Wood as the path is narrow and muddy due to recent rains. There are lots of good views.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5 miles
We start off along the canal, then turn south and climb about 200 feet mostly on field and woodland paths to Kilnhurst and Lumbutts. Then some road walking before field and woodland paths bring us back down to the canal at Lobb Mill (there are minor road alternatives if the ground is very wet). For the last 1.5 miles we follow the canal and then the riverside back to the town.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Todmorden is a market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale in West Yorkshire. Todmorden town centre occupies the confluence of three steep sided valleys which constrict the shape of the town and is surrounded by moorlands with occasional outcrops of gritstone sand blasted into sculptured stones by the winds.
The name Todmorden first appears in 1641. The town had earlier been called Tottemerden, Totmardene, Totmereden, or Totmerden. The generally accepted meaning of the name is Totta's boundary valley, probably a reference to the valley running north-west from the town.
The earliest written record of the area is in the Domesday Book. Settlement in medieval Todmorden was dispersed, most people living in scattered farms or in isolated hilltop agricultural settlements. Packhorse trails were marked by ancient stones of which many still survive. For hundreds of years streams from the surrounding hills provided water for corn and fulling mills. Todmorden grew to prosperity by combining farming with the production of woollen textiles. Some yeoman clothiers were able to build fine houses, a few of which still exist today. Increasingly, though, the area turned to cotton. The proximity of Manchester, as a source of material and trade was undoubtedly a strong factor. Another was the strong Pennine streams and rivers which were able to power the looms. Improvements in textile machinery by Kay, Hargreaves and Arkwright, along with the development of turnpike roads, helped to develop the new cotton industry and to increase the local population.
In 1801 most people still lived in the uplands. Todmorden itself could be considered a mere village. During the years 1800-1845 great changes took place in the communications and transport of the town which were to have a crucial effect on promoting growth. These included the building of better roads, the Rochdale canal, and the main line of the Manchester and Leeds Railway. This railway line incorporated the then longest tunnel in the world, the 2,885 yard Summit tunnel.
In 2008 a group of local residents initiated the 'Incredible Edible Todmorden Project' to raise awareness of food issues and in particular local food. The project has been responsible for the planting of 40 public fruit and vegetable gardens throughout the town, with each plot inviting passers-by to help themselves to the produce. The project has attracted publicity, media attention and visitors, and the idea has since been replicated in at least fifteen towns and villages in the UK.
Todmorden has several attractions, the foremost being a large town hall that dominates the centre of the town. Todmorden is situated alongside the Pennine Way, Pennine Bridleway, Mary Townley Loop and the Calderdale Way, and is popular for outdoor activities such as walking, fell running, mountain biking and bouldering. It's attractions include many canal locks, a park containing a sports centre, an outdoor skateboard park, tennis course, a golf course, an aquarium/reptile house, and a cricket ground. There are also many wooded areas around the town and a variety of cafes and restaurants. Its indoor and outdoor markets sell a wide rane of locally produced food. The town also contains a small toy and model museum, a library and tourist information centre, along with many independent retailers. Annual events include a carnival, agricultural show, beer festival and the traditional Easter Pace Egg plays.
Centre Vale Park in Todmorden is the setting for several pieces of local art, including tree carvings by the sculptor John Adamson. Also in the park are the reconstructed remains of Centre Vale Mansion, next to Todmorden War Memorial in the Garden of Remembrance, and nearby there is a sculpture of a dog. This was produced by local sculptor David Wynn in 2005, and was cast in steel at the local Todmorden foundry, Weir Minerals.
Stoodley Pike monument (120ft/37m was erected in 1815 to commemorate the Peace of Ghent and Napoleon's abdication. It has a long history of collapse! The original monument looked like a mill chimney, but it cam tumbling down in 1854 on the day the Russian Ambassador left London at the start of the Crimean War. The present monument was constructed in 1856 when that peace was declared. It had a partial collapse in November 1918 just before the end of the First World War. A spiral staircase leads eerily into its darkest recesses to emerge on a viewing platform at the top of the plinth.
Colwyn Bay, North Wales
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Andrew Mayer Distance: 13 miles
Starting from the car and coach park at Eirias Park we head out of the park entrance, crossing the main road, and up the public footpath. Climbing sharply with views of Colwyn Bay behind us heading towards Pen-trefelin with views towards Snowdonia. Continuing onwards towards Pen-trefelin, walking across a mixture of farmland and also using some minor roads. We will stop for lunch in the village before heading out towards the coast and estuary at Glan Conway. From here we head back to the start point at Eirias Park. The walk is approx 13 miles with a maximum climb of up to 1000 ft on several parts of the walk. In places it was extremely muddy, so care needs to be taken.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 8 miles
We don't need many words to describe this walk but I will use as many as I can without sending you to sleep. It's my writing that's boring, not the walk. We will be climbing for the first half of the day up to 1000 ft to 'The View'. We walk up Nant y Groes along a picturesque valley, through woodland and pastureland. At the top we will have our butties and enjoy the views. On a good viewing day you can see Snowdon and Anglesey. Then we head back down to civilisation for tea and whatever. There was some mud on the recce day but it was not too bad.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey & Hazel Anderton Distance: 6.5 miles
Today's walk goes in a southerly direction up one side of the Nant-y-Glyn valley, and then back down the other side. The first part goes through a lot of woodland and although we are climbing it is gradual with the gradient varying a great deal. The return is down open fields. There are also a few stiles and it might be a bit muddy in the woods. Even if it is dry we suggest you put gaiters on, if you have them, because at one point the path in the wood is narrow and close to brambles. Let's hope for a clear day. It was damp and misty on the recce but we were told that the views are great on a good day.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5 miles
After a short woodland walk, we walk nearly a mile on a quiet road while we climb 250 feet to the highest point of the walk. Then across fields with views out to sea as we drop down to Old Colwyn and join the North Wales Path through Fairy Glen Nature Reserve to the coast. A brisk mile long walk along the prom bring us back to Eirias Park and a final short climb up to the parking area.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Until the middle of the last century Colwyn Bay was an obscure village snuggling in the shelter of the North Wales hills. Then, in the 1840's, the railway line to Holyhead was built. It skirted the bay, and soon retired people and prosperous families from industrial Lancashire were moving into the area to take advantage of its sandy beaches and mild winters. The town's growth quickened after 1865 and by 1900 it had a population of 8,000.
Now Colwyn Bay is a year round and almost entirely modern resort. It lies behind three miles of sandy beach - part of an 18 mile stretch of coastline which is made up of long beaches punctuated by the occasional headland.
Rhos-on-Sea, once a separate village, is now a breezy suburb at one end of the red-roofed sprawl of buildings, with Old Colwn at the other end. A continuous promenade links the two, running past neat suburban streets which slope up towards sheltering woods on the hillsides. On the foreshore at Rhos-on-Sea is the tiny St Trillo's Chapel, which is built entirely of rough, mortared stone - the roof included - and is only about 9 ft high. It was built in the 16th century over a Holy well, which for centuries supplied water for local baptisms.
The boundary between Old Colwyn and Colwyn Bay is marked by a small river, the Nant-y-Groes, which runs through the Nant-y-Glyn valley. Two miles up the valley at Bryn-y-Maen, is Christ Church, known because of its size as The Cathedral on the Hill. There is a panoramic view of the bay from the church tower.
There is an open air theatre at Eirias Park, and the Pwllycrochan woods behind the town have been laid out with a network of leafy walks.
On a nearby hillside is the unusual Mountain Zoo. It has daily displays of hunting by free-flying falcons, and a penguin pool with underwater windows for observing the birds as they swim and feed.
POOLEY BRIDGE, LAKE DISTRICT
Strenuous Leader: Rowland Nock Distance: 12.5 miles, 20 km
Height gain for the day 400 metres.
We initially head off along the beautiful banks of Ullswater to Waterside House. We then meander along the slightly higher footpaths to the pier near Howtown. From here we ascend Hallin Fell to have lunch and enjoy the spectacular views of Ullswater and surrounding fells.
We descend past the beautifully small remote church to circle around Howtown and then take the gradually rising path north east to the stone circle known as 'the cockpit'. From here we descend tracks and lanes back to Pooley Bridge for our usual tea and tiffin.
Moderate Leader: David & Cynthia Prescott Distance: 7 Miles
Height gain approx.. 740 ft (225m).
This walk has superb views in every direction (north, south, east, west). It takes us up, up, up (but not too steeply) from Pooley Bridge church to the old High Street Roman Road where Roman soldiers once marched, and to a prehistoric stone circle called the Cockpit. This is thought to be of Bronze Age origin (c2000BC), predating the roman road. In more recent times it was most probably used for cockfighting, which was once common in the Lake District, but outlawed in 1849. Here there are wonderful extensive southerly views over Ullswater, and we then turn to head north east towards the outskirts of Askham and spy Lowther castle in the distance. On our recce there was snow on the hills and lots of wild ponies on the moor. We then go to Winder Hall Farm. In order to reduce the road walking we head down towards the river as we near Pooley Bridge. Most of the walk is on fairly good stony paths and tracks, but there is some field walking. There are no stiles in the first half of the walk, but about 6 stiles heading back over the fields, the first being a wall stile with high stone steps.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance: 6 miles
Having taken over leading this walk from the last coach, I have not had time to do a recce, but the paths do look quite straightforward.
The walk links the triangle of paths from Pooley Bridge, the House of Dalemain and the village of Dacre. From Pooley Bridge we follow the river for a short while and gradually walk to Flusco Hill where there will be good views of Ullswater. We then follow the path over to Dalemain House with its celebrated gardens and historic parkland. From here we follow a fairly straight path over to the village of Dacre which has a castle and a pub! From the village we take to the road before reaching a footpath leading to Dunmallard Hill and over Pooley Bridge back to the beginning.
Easy Leader: Allan & Nicole Fraser Distance: 5 miles
We head eastwards from the village, embarking on a longish (but gentle) climb. As a reward, there are spectacular views over Ullswater and the western Lake District hills. Then we turn left on to a level path towards Winder Hall Farm. From there, there is a simple descent back to Pooley Bridge, including some easy stiles. Only one stile is quite high.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Pooley Bridge is situated by the River Eamont at the northern end of Ullswater. It is a busy village catering mainly to the tourist trade. The name Pooley derives from a large pool in the River Eamont just before it flows out of Ullswater. Then, in the 16th century, a bridge was built across the river, hence Pooley Bridge. The pool has now disappeared, but the bridge can still be seen!
Pooley Bridge used to be a small fishing and farming community. The area still has a supply of trout, salmon and a freshwater herring called the schelly. Boats can be found moored here and the Ullswater Steamers also depart from here offering trips along the 7 mile lake to Howtown, and Glenridding at the southern end of the lake.
Within the village there are two main streets with delightful old stone houses. From the bridge there are some excellent views to be seen, with the lake in front and the wooded fells on its shores rising up to the higher mountains.
The church of St Paul can be found in the centre of the village and dates from around 1868. Opposite the church is a row of very old houses, one of which was a blacksmiths. Just over the river is Dunmallard Hill on which is an Iron Age 'fort'.
Pooley Bridge was once a busy market town before nearby Penrith took precedence in the 19th century, with fish being the mainstay of the market's products.
Not far from Pooley Bridge is Maiden Castle, a circular hill fort on the side of a hill, with two ramparts and a very narrow ditch between. This would probably have been home to a family group in the first millennium BC.
Ullswater is second only to Windermere in length but far surpasses it for peace and solitude. Although a navigable highway, there are few motor-driven vessels on the lake, the speed boats and water skiers having been driven away by the 10 mph speed restriction imposed in 1983. There are two launches which sail the lake from Glenridding to Pooley Bridge, both run by the grandly named Ullswater Navigation and Transit Company Ltd. 'Lady of the Lake' was first launched in 1877 and her sister ship 'Raven' in 1889. Originally steam driven, today they are powered by diesel. At the northern end of the lake there is an underground pumping station which draws water off to feed the reservoir at Haweswater.
BUXTON, DERBYSHIRE
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Steve Budd Distance: About 12 miles moderate
We start the walk from the Cat & Fiddle. From there we have a short walk to the summit of Shining Tor, the highest point in Cheshire at 559 m (1834 ft) with great views. We then make our way over Cats Tor and on to Pym Chair- good views over Cheshire. We now drop down to Errwood Hall, an 1830's ruin (good place for lunch, depending on time). From the Hall we make our way to Errwood Reservoir before heading west along a dismantled railway, ending the walk at the coach in Buxton. There is a small amount of road walking involved, but not too bad.
Moderate Leader: Ruth Melling & Hazel Anderton Distance: 8 miles
The walk is more or less the same as the one we did last time but we have shortened it to make sure that this time we get back in time for refreshments. The first two thirds is the same as we make our way past the park to Poole's Cavern then up through the woods to the village of Burbage. Next we walk over farm land and moors to make our way along Wildmoorstone Brook. We return along the dismantled railway and then by a direct route along a quiet lane and through the park. Expect a bit of mud, but the main problem will be the stiles. There are only a few but they are awkward. We had to abandon one and climb over a metal gate instead, as other people had.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey & Cynthia Prescott Distance: 7 - 7.5 miles
This is a very interesting walk if you can get past the challenge of a very steep hill. We start our walk and head in the direction of Cowdale. Once we reach Cowdale we start to head back firstly crossing a train track and taking our time down our steep hill! With that out of the way we head towards Woo Dale, where we can choose to take the low or the high way. It is just a nice steady walk back then. On our recce, on the way back, we broke the journey up with a drink in the pub opposite the golf course which was very nice - if you don't fancy this you can carry right on into town.
Easy Leader: Adelaide Houghton Distance: Approx 6 miles
Dropping off the coach at Burbage, we head for Pooles Cavern - toilets. Then we make our way into Buxton Country Park to walk the perimeter, past Stanley Moor Reservoir and back into Grin Low Woods. Finish by walking through Buxton Pavilion Gardens to the coach park. Several stiles and one or two short climbs.
Please be kitted up ready to leave the coach at Burbage.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Buxton lies at the heart of the Peak District National Park which includes some of the most beautiful and dramatic scenery in Britain.
For centuries Buxton has been a spa town, popular with visitors from around the world. It was the Romans who first 'took the waters', drinking and bathing in the thermal springs which they declared very beneficial. They called the town 'Aquae Arnemetiae'; - The Spa of the Goddess of the Grove. Those very same 28 degree, thermal waters still flow freely from St Ann's Well in the centre of the town, fill the indoor swimming pool in Pavilion Gardens, and are bottled to provide the famous Buxton Spring Water.
This beautiful 18th market town has a wealth of historical and architectural heritage mostly due to its popularity as a Spa town. As well as its architectural heritage, Buxton is home to a host of artists and artistic events. There is a lively tradition of live music in the pubs through the year.
The 1001 acre woodland around Grin Low was planted by the 6th Duke of Devonshire around 1820 to hide the eyesore caused by quarrying and lime burning, and is now a mature woodland, with mixed broad leaf trees and some conifers. The area is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the rich variety of plant life, with many wild animals and birds. The level open glades are the remains of waste ash from 17th and 18th century lime burning kilns, and are carefully managed to prevent the growth of invading plants.
The viewpoint tower of Solomon's Temple was built in 1896. It is on the site of a tumulus (neolithic burial mound). It replaced an earlier structure (probably used as a shelter in times of bad weather) and probably gets its name from Solomon Mycock who rented the land in the early 1800's.
The Cat & Fiddle Inn is the second highest inn in England, 1,690 ft above sea level.
OSWESTRY, SHROPSHIRE
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Dag Griffiths Distance: 13 miles
From the town centre we head south to the River Morda on a footpath skirting the town's cemetery. Following the river along footpaths and lanes in a westerly direction we eventually reach Offa's Dyke Path. Heading north on the path we pass through Candy Wood and, after a continuous but gentle ascent, emerge on the common that was a racecourse until 1848. Weather permitting, lunch will be taken among the ruins of the racecourse grandstand. Next we continue on Offa's Dyke Path before turning eastwards along quiet lanes towards Pentre-pant just beyond which we pick up a footpath that brings us back to the town centre. From this path we get a good view of Old Oswestry fort (Iron Age hlll fort) on our left. If time permits, a slight detour can be taken to the fort before completing our return along Wat's Dyke Path.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 8 miles
We leave 'Oswestry' along Broomhall Lane and head up to Offa's Dyke Path through parkland, then wooded paths up to Racecourse Wood then to the Racecourse Common. Then back to Oswestry for whatever takes your fancy. A lovely walk with good viewing over Shropshire.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance: 7.3 miles
On leaving the coach we make our way through the town over to the Old Fort and head on across open fields to join up with the Wat's Dyke Path. We keep heading north on to the village of Preeshenlie taking the path over the golf course to the village of Rhewl. From here we pass a sewage works (nice!) and skirt around the village of Gobowen. We end up joining up with the Wat's Dyke Path and retrace our steps back to Oswestry. Again, I've not pre-walked the route but you should be used to that by now - have I ever got you lost!!
Easy Leader: Adelaide Houghton Distance: about 6 miles
The walk leaves Oswestry town and goes northwards to Pentre then south west into Brogyntyn Park passing the hall, stables and walled garden (a once grand estate). We then cross the B4580 to Underhill and then more field tracks, turning left onto a minor road past Oerley Hall and a reservoir, and back into the town. Lanes, field tracks and several stiles.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Oswestry is an ancient market town in the north of Shropshire close by the English-Welsh border. Its strategic position as a 'frontier town' has given it a turbulent history. Today the town still retains its vital function as a market and shopping centre serving north west Shopshire and Mid Wales. The narrow passageways link streets whose names conjure up images of the past - English walls, Welsh Walls, The Bailey and the Horsemarket. It is a locally important shopping and agricultural centre and has the intimacy of a rural town serving local people and home to a number of specialist and independent shops.
The origins of the town are uncertain although the towns market dates back to 1190. The name Oswestry is thought to be a corruption of 'Oswald's Tree' and the legend that Oswald the Christian King of Northumbria fought a great battle against the pagan King of Mercia - Penda. Oswald was defeated and killed in the battle. Penda, as a warning to others who might challenge his rule, dismembered Oswald's body and hung his limbs on the branches of a tree - hence Oswald's Tree.
Most of the town centre has been designated a Conservation Area conveying a mixture of architectural styles. There are many old timber framed houses, for example Llywd Mansion on Cross Street, the Heritage Centre, the Blackgate, the Fox Inn, and the shops along Beatrice Street. Georgian architecture is also represented particularly around St Oswald's Church where there are a number of imposing town houses complete with grand entrances and front doors.
There is a large Iron Age fort just to the north of the town. It was started over 2,500 years ago. Nowadays, only the earthworks remain, but it is worth a visit. It can be seen from the A5 going north out of the town. It is maintained by English Heritage.
Offa's Dyke footpath, which goes from Prestatyn to Chepstow more or less along the Welsh border, passes about three miles to the west of Oswestry. It is a well maintained footpath and can be picked up at many points in the area. The paths follow an ancient earthwork which is thought to have been a defensive dyke built by the Saxon King Offa.
Racecourse Common is at the top of a hill and is the site of an old racecourse. It is possible to walk around the old circuit and there are a number of walks in this area including some through the adjacent Candy Woods. The Offa's Dyke Path passes through the common and the woods.
EYAM, PEAK DISTRICT
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Andrew Mayer Distance: approx. 14 miles
On leaving the car park next to Eyam museum, we headed down through the village towards 'Stoney Midddleton' (approx. 1 mile). From there we headed towards Calver along some local roads towards the river. From here we followed the river towards Baslow. (so far fairly flat ground, conditions dry). We headed towards the 'Robin Hood' pub up a steady incline, leading us to Birchen Edge where we stopped for lunch. Making our way through moorland we headed towards 'Big Moor' walking along White Edge. At the top (365 metres) we started our descent towards 'Froggatt Edge' crossing some boggy marshland. Descending through 'Bee Wood', crossing the river and heading back to the village of Eyam.
Moderate Leader: Hazel Anderton & Cynthia Prescott Distance: 7-8 miles
Eyam - Sir William Hill - Eyam Moor - Stoke Ford - Bretton Clough - Eyam Edge - Eyam.
A pleasant walk, past the Llama farm, through fields, past streams on to the hill top with lovely views of Eyam and the surrounding district, and back into the very interesting village of Eyam.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey Distance : approx. 6.5 miles
I have done this recce but, after starting out, we found a really steep hill down The Delf (which I was not happy with). So, on our walk we will go down Eyam Dale which is not recce'd. Please bear with me on this - thank you!
We will join our recce'd walk at Black Harry Gate. From here we make our way to the Sailer Hole Mine. Up to Stoney Middleton and then back into town. It is a pleasant walk with not too many stiles or ups and downs. If we are lucky, the weather will be as kind as on our recce.
Easy Leader: Philomena Walker & Lydia Ashton Distance: 4.5 miles
We set off walking through a housing area and out onto open green fields, following the sign to Foolow. There are some stiles along the way. The scenery is wonderful.
We can decide (weather permitting) to detour to Foolow village and duck pond. Then some road walking to a walled track back to Eyam.
On return to the village we can choose to walk up to Riley Woods and visit Riley Graves before returning to the car park.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Eyam is pronounced 'Eem' and has become known as "The Plague Village". It was in August 1665 that the village first suffered from the Bubonic Plague. The disease came to England via the trade routes from China, spreading quickly in London due to the bites of fleas which had previously lived on the bodies of infected black rats. It is thought that the disease came to Eyam in a parcel of cloth delivered from London to the local tailor, George Viccars, who lodged with Widow Cooper in one of the cottages by the church. After opening the parcel, George Viccars found the cloth damp, so he put it in front of the fire to dry. This was possibly his undoing; after developing a fever, then rashes on his body, he died on 7th September 1665. Others in the same house died within weeks and the disease then spread throughout the village
It was the rector, William Mompesson, together with his non-conformist friend and predecessor, Thomas Stanley, who united the village and persuaded the villagers to stay within the boundaries of the village to stop the disease from spreading throughout Derbyshire. With the help of the Earl of Devonshire, who arranged for food and other needs to be left at the Boundary Stone, now known as Mompesson's Well, the epidemic was kept within Eyam. Coins, as payment, were left soaking in vinegar so that suppliers of goods knew that they would not be infected. In all 259 people died during 1665 and 1666, but without the heroism of the villagers of Eyam, the plague would have spread all over the county.
Eyam Church is dedicated to St Lawrence, having been used for worship since Saxon times. Inside the 850 year old church is a fascinating exhibition telling the story of the plague. In the churchyard is an 8th century Celtic cross decorated with carvings of angels. There is also a sundial from the late 18th century and many interesting headstones, including one to Harry Bagshaw, a famous Derbyshire cricketer.
Eyam Hall is a beautiful manor house, built in 1671, home of the Wright family. The present incumbents inherited the house in 1990 and two years later opened it to the public. Interested visitors will see history through the eyes of one family for over 320 years.
Foolow is a former lead mining village gathered attractively around the village green. It boasts a 14th century stone cross, a bull ring and a mere. At the edge of the green is a well with steps leading down. The Bulls Head Inn is the last surviving pub in the village - at one time there were five!
APPLEBY, CUMBRIA
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Chris Connor Distance: approx. 12 miles
The strenuous walk starts from the beautiful village of Dufton. If you wish to do this walk then alight the coach here. This is one of the Northern Pennines Classic walks. We begin by taking the Pennine Way past Bow Hall and towards Peeping Hill. We continue pass up through some open moorland and a ruined farmhouse (that may remind some of Wuthering Heights) and steadily climbing up 500m to the final goal of High Cup Nick. After admiring the amazing grey/blue dolerite crags in the u-shaped valley (and taking some photos) we start the difficult but short descent to the valley floor. We then continue to follow the valley just above the river taking time to look back at what we have just climbed and follow the myriad of paths with a long but easy walk back to Appleby for well-earned refreshment.
Moderate Leader: Hazel Anderton & Ruth Melling Distance: 8 miles
Our walk takes us north of Appleby as we make our way along tracks, woods, fields and little lanes. On a fine day there are good views of the highest peaks in the Pennines. We walk along fields, go up through Flakebridge Woods then head towards Dufton before turning south. We walk along the bottom edge of the Wood before coming across fields back to Appleby. The countryside is rolling with lots of ups and downs but nothing taxing. A few stiles are a bit wobbly, there's some mud and muck, and pheasants which might make you jump in the woods.
Leisurely Leader: Steve Budd & Joan McGlinchey Distance : 7 miles
This is a walk with plenty of up and downs together with loads of mud. We start our walk and head towards Brampton. We then head off towards Dufton. (We don't actually go into Dufton). As we start our way home we head in the direction of the Castle Hill settlement, then into Flakebridge Woods, down to Hungriggs and then back to the coach.
Easy Leader: Allan & Nicole Fraser Distance: 5.5 miles
After a short walk along the river Eden in Appleby, we strike out towards Colby across the fields. There are good views of the Pennines to the right. We reach the pretty village of Colby, where we will probably have lunch. The walk back to Appleby takes us onto part of the Dales Way.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Today we visit the attractive and historic town of Appleby which was once the county town of Westmorland. It used to be known simply as Appleby but when it became part of Cumbria in 1974, much to the dismay of the residents, it changed its name officially to Appleby-in-Westmorland. The area has been occupied by Celts, Romans, Anglo Saxons and Danes and was once a place of great importance.
At the time of the Normans it was part of Scotland and was then transferred to England in 1092. But it suffered several Scottish attacks later. It also suffered from the plague in 1592 and then defeat in the Civil War when it supported the Royalist cause, and has never recovered its proud status after these events. The Norman castle of Motte-and-Bailey type was reopened to the public this year. Its most famous resident was Lady Anne Clifford who did much to restore the castle in the middle 1600s. Other buildings have been named after her.
Today Appleby is a thriving market town nestling in the Eden Valley. The main street, Boroughgate, is unusually wide and has been described as one of the finest in England. There are many old buildings and much of the town centre is a preservation area. The Moot Hall dated 1596 is today occupied by the tourist information centre.
The town is a good place to explore the surrounding countryside. There is a station here on the Carlisle to Settle railway line - a great ride if you get the chance - and the very busy A66 passes nearby. Although the road is very close, fortunately, it has no effect on the town itself. Also nearby, is the Cumbrian Cycle Way, the Westmorland Way, the Pennine way and the Coast to Coast footpath.
These days Appleby is famous for the Appleby Horse Fair which was set up by charter in 1685 and runs for a week in June ending on the 2nd Wednesday. Today it is world famous, the largest in the world, attracting a huge gypsy and traveller gathering.
Chipping, Lancashire
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Carole Rankin & Jimmy Need Distance: approx. 11 miles
From Chipping we walk NW to Foot Fell and then climb Parlick (1417ft) and along the ridge to the cairn at Fair Snape Fell (1673ft) for hopefully amazing views. This is the main climb finished. We then cross the Saddle Fell and descend down to Saddle End Farm. From here we cross fields to Chipping Lawn and back to Chipping via fields, lanes and hopefully the River Hodder, River Loud and Gibbon Bridge for a cuppa or a pint. Could be muddy or soggy underfoot.
Moderate Leader: Dag Griffiths & Dennis Cookson Distance: 8 miles
The accent is approximately 1500 feet but this mostly comes in the first part of the walk. It is gradual and will be taken at a comfortable pace. The route from Chipping crosses fields to pass Saddle End Farm and climb onto Saddle Fell. A good path to the west takes us over Wolf Fell to the stone shelter at Snape Fell West, one of the greatest viewpoints in England. With the Yorkshire Big Three, the Lake District fells, the Isle of Man, the northern Peak District and much, much more to see in the 360 degree panorama, let's hope the visibility is good. Lunch will be taken here weather permitting. On our return we can either skirt Parlick or go over the top, depending on the weather - the party could be given the option of doing either route, with Dennis and I leading a group each if necessary - very little difference in distance. Sticks might be useful for the steep descent to Fell Foot. The return to Chipping is via quiet country lanes which are reasonably flat.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance : 6.5 miles
Apart from near the end of the walk this is flat, and for a change, not too many stiles to go over. From the village we take field paths arriving at the Dog and Partridge pub around lunchtime. Last time we came here for a walk it was awful weather and the pub opened up a room for us and let us eat our lunch there. If the weather is bad, and they have the space there is a good chance that we could do this again. From the pub we follow one of the many 'Quiet Lanes' in Lancashire which has a gentle incline up past Black Hall, and with some good views around us as we walk back down to the village.
Easy Leader: Hazel Anderton & Ruth Melling Distance: 5 miles
A fairly easy flat walk to the east and south of Chipping mainly over grass fields with good views of Longridge Fell and the hills around. On route we skirt Townley Moss Woods and pass through the grounds of the posh Gibbon Bridge Hotel. The downside is that there are quite a few stiles, but only one is a bit awkward.
NOTES ON THE AREA
The ancient fell-side market town of Chipping has origins that go back beyond recorded history. It was mentioned in the Doomsday book as Chippenden. It is a village in the Ribble valley within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It has won a number of Best Kept Village competitions and has won the village section of the Royal Horticultural Society Britain in Bloom award picking up tourist awards in the process.
Chipping acquired its status as a market centre during the Roman period. Wheat, being one of the primary staples of the Roman Army, was first cultivated in the newly cleared Vale of the Loud. This brought an age of prosperity to the district and a trading centre was soon established - with horses, salt, lime, wheat and other grains being the major commodities exchanged. With the demise of Roman influence, the fields fell into decay and only moss-land and the place-name 'Wheatley' attest to Chipping's former 'Golden Wealth'.
It thrived again in the Industrial Revolution when there were seven mills along Chipping Brook. Kirk Mill became famous for making chairs but sadly went into administration in 2010, an early victim of the recent recession.
There are three pubs in the area, the Sun Inn, the Tillitson's Arms and the very smart Gibbon Bridge Hotel which would not let Hazel and Ruth in during their reccee.
A church was established in Chipping before 1230, but little is known of the early foundation. For the most part the present fabric of St Bartholomew's represents the major restoration of 1873, but a few interesting pieces remain from former ages. The oldest of these is the cross base which stands next to a 16th century chest of Belgian origin. The base lost its position and shaft sometime after 1610. The font is by far the church's finest piece. It dates from 1520, supposedly the gift from Bradley of Bradley Hall whose initials appear on one of the shields. In the churchyard stands a sundial upon stone steps with the date 1708 and the initials of the churchwardens of that time.
Parlick Pike is first mentioned in 1228 as 'Pirloc', a name which could have a Scandinavian derivation. Parlick, in the past, has been a rallying point for local Catholics, especially during the Jacobite Rebellions of the 18th century. Tales are told of lights burning on the summit at the very dead of night, where men would set out their plans against the Hanoverians. Today the Pike is a rallying point for hand-gliding enthusiasts who play on the thermals that rise up from the valley below.
Chipping Craft Centre has the honour of being a building used as a shop for the longest time in the UK. These days it has a newsagent's, a tea shop, craft centre and a part time Post Office. There has been a well-known agricultural and horticultural show here since 1920, and since 1998 Chipping Steam Fair takes place over the Spring Bank holiday.
LLANGOLLEN, NORTH WALES
Strenuous Leader: Steve Budd Distance: approx. 11.5 miles
Today we are going to the end of the world or more precise, Worlds End.
This is a walk I enjoyed and I hope you do too. We leave Llangollen and head north towards Castell Dinas Bran. This is the first of two climbs of the day, you can choose whether to climb to the summit or go around, great views from summit though. From there we pick up Offa's Dyke Path for a few miles to end up at Worlds End (may have lunch here). We then follow a quiet road south past World Ends Farm and onto a path leading to Eglwyseg Glen, our second climb. Continuing south we eventually pick up the Clwydian Way. We follow this back, passing the remains of an Abbey called Valle Crucis (impressive and if time allows we can visit the Abbey), eventually arriving at a main road and turning right to Motor Museum, cross the bridge onto the Llangollen Canal and back to Llangollen.
There is a degree of road walking on quiet roads for about 4 miles all told - no choice because of time restrictions. We will have to do a reasonable pace today if we are to visit the Abbey and also to get back in time for refreshments. Please consider this if choosing this walk.
Moderate Leader: Peter Denton Distance: 6 and a bit miles
We start our walk from the coach park. Then we go out over the river heading up to the castle's ruins for some lovely views. We then head down onto Offa's Dyke and along a panoramic walk. Then through Trevor Hall Wood and down to the canal and a nice flat walk back to Llangollen for cream tea. Very nice. Those 6 miles felt like 9.
Leisurely Leader: Joan McGlinchey Distance : 6.5 miles
This is a very leisurely walk with no real ups and downs. We start our walk along the canal in the direction of Castell Dinas Bran. Our walk takes us around the bottom of the castell where we join the History Trail. We then head in the direction of World's End. We pass some interesting seats and tables supplied by 'Kunteye' (!) and friends, which we will be tempted to use as the views are stunning. We then make our way back to Llangollen.
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5.5 miles
We leave Llangollen on the canal as far as the motor museum, then an easy ascent to Valle Crucis Abbey. We continue around the north end of Velvet Hill on a rough footpath (but there is an alternative minor road) and then drop down to Horseshoe Falls before returning along the canal.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Llangollen has much to offer the visitor. Firstly it is full of history.
The lovely bridge over the Dee was originally a pack-horse bridge, built by John Trevor, Bishop of St Asaph, in 1345; and it has been widened several times since. The rapids below it are a testing ground for canoeists. Llangollen Railway Station was on the Great Western Railway's line from Ruabon to Dolgellau. It received its first train in 1862 and the line westward to Corwen opened in 1865, but a century later British Rail closed this route, a victim of the Beeching cutbacks. Preservationists re-opened the station in 1975 and the Llangollen Railway Society now runs steam and diesel hauled trains to Berwyn.
There are Bronze Age burial grounds in the area which can be seen from the Castle.
The Cistercian Valle Crucis Abbey was founded in 1201 and was home to about 60 monks. It thrived for a long time and survived attacks from Edward 1st and the Black Death but it eventually succumbed to the Dissolution in 1537. If you see ducks on the pond note that this is the only medieval fish pond in Wales.
Dinas Bran Castle was built in the 1260's by Prince Gryffudd (pronounced Griffith) ap Madoc to guard the strategic Dee Valley. But it is now in ruins. There is a steep climb up to the castle but it is worth it for the fantastic views of the countryside, and also of Thomas Telford's great Pontcysllte Aqueduct used to carry the Llangollen Canal over the Dee. It was opened in 1805 and has been in use ever since.
The Llangollen Canal is a branch of the Shropshire Union Canal and was completed in 1805 by Telford. It was originally built to carry slate from the quarries in North Wales to the growing cities in England but with the coming of the railways the canal companies soon faced bankruptcy. The Llangollen Wharf Pleasure Boat Company was founded in 1884 and visitors can still enjoy a very relaxing horse drawn boat ride barge today.
The canal ends one mile westwards at the Horseshoe Falls, a semi-circular weir designed by Telford to hold back the water needed to keep the canal topped up. Unfortunately the water level in the Dee fell so much that many mills along the river went out of business.
Llanysilio Church is worth a visit. It was built originally in 1250 but the present building is a Victorian reconstruction. It contains exhibitions about its history.
The very pleasant scenery includes the attractive Horseshoe Falls mentioned above. Velvet Hill has the soft texture of sheep grazed grass. People think that it is special grass but really sheep make very good mowers.
The limestone escarpment of Trevor Rocks is an impressive sight. It began as a coral reef in tropical water 350 million years ago. The Offa's Dyke Path follows this road on its journey of some 170 miles between Chepstow and Prestatyn, although the nearest stretch of dyke is actually the earlier Wat's Dyke, about 6 miles to the east.
The world famous International Eisteddfod takes place in Llangollen each year during the second week in July.
The Dee is good for water sports with canoeing down the rapids being the best known. There are other white water activities available too. It is also a salmon river and has fresh water pearl mussels.
WADDINGTON, LANCASHIRE
SUNDAY, 30th November 2014
NB. Pendle council has closed public conveniences including those at Waddington, with local businesses such as cafes and pubs being encouraged to make provision instead. The only cafe in Waddington has very limited facilities, and the pubs will not be open when we arrive, so instead, we will be travelling to Waddington along the M65 and will call in at Blackburn services for a quick comfort stop.
TODAY'S WALKS
It seems that we may all have a muddy time today!
Strenuous Leader: Andrew Mayer Distance: approx. 11 miles
Starting from the centre of Waddington village, next to the church, we head west towards Clough Bottom farm. Following the footpaths, crossing very wet and muddy field tracks we head towards Buckstall farm, heading upwards towards the Moorcock Inn (Not in use). (Stop for lunch about half way). From the Moorcock Inn we head towards Cuttock Clough farm and then east towards West Bradford village passing the Three Rivers campsite on the descent down towards the village. From West Bradford we head back towards Waddington village. Tracks very muddy and we cross a few streams.
Moderate Leader: Selwyn Williams Distance: 8 miles
We set off, have lunch & get back, right! What? You want more - OK.
We walk down the muddy path to the River Ribble, cross over, walk upstream eastwards on the muddy bank, cross back over & enter the cursed village of Grindleton, (cursed because it's got two pubs, neither of which you will be entering). At the top of the village, we descend a short gulley to cross a stream by a foot bridge under which a troll lives. We go up the opposite bank, through a field, along a muddy lane to skate through two well manured farmyards. Back down another gulley to a stream, no troll but no bridge either so it's a damp river crossing. One of you is bound to get water in your boots. Then we go along the lane & round the houses to another foot bridge. Now if you're the one with soggy socks, you might just relish the opportunity to beat the crap out of a troll. Anyway, up the muddy bank & over the top, not an enemy in sight & a gentle stroll back to base through lush green meadows. On return, you can take off your boots & wring out your socks unless of course you have already been eaten by a troll! All that now remains is to go to the pub & ponder on the question of 'Who put the troll into strolling'.
Leisurely Leader: Sue Daniels Distance : 6.5 miles
The first part of the walk follows the same path as the Easy keeping to the pavement for the first 10 mins until reaching the path for Coplow Hill (very muddy here). We follow pathways down and over Brungerley Bridge and follow the river to Edisford Bridge. This would be a good place for a tea break as there are plenty of picnic tables with nice views over the river. From here we make our way over farmland passing Bashall Hall and Wood heading for Saddle Bridge. Depending on the weather I may take to the road until Gannies Farm where we make our way again over farmland and back down to Waddington. There are quite a few stiles on this walk and loads of mud if weather has been wet!
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5.5 miles
We will take a footpath to Coplow Hill and Brungerley, then a track past Waddow Hall and a minor road to Shireburn and Low Moor. Here we join the Ribble Way back to Brungerley Bridge then walk through Brungerley Park, home to the Ribble Valley Sculpture Trail, and with good views across the Ribble Valley. That brings us to Horrocksford and Bradford Bridge, and a final field path back to Waddington which is likely to be very muddy.
NOTES ON THE AREA
Today we visit the pretty little village of Waddington, 2 miles (3 km) north-west of Clitheroe, within the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, although prior to the local government re-organisation in 1974 it was just inside Yorkshire. It falls within the Forest of Bowland
It is home to both an Anglican church and a Methodist church, a social club (Waddington Club) with bowling green, a cafe, a post office, a playing field on which both cricket and football are played. Also, within the village there are three popular pubs. The village is a regular winner of the Lancashire Best Kept Village awards. Each year on the May bank holiday weekend, the village's annual Scarecrow Festival takes place, with the Monday at the end of the weekend being the focus for activities of all ages
A Saxon chief named Wada is said to have given his name to the village, and there is mention of him in one of our oldest historical documents, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The parish church of St Helen has a tower which was built at the start of the 16th century from stone quarried on nearby Waddington Fell, while the remainder of the church is largely the result of restoration and rebuilding work undertaken at the beginning of the 20th century. Inside the church there are a medieval font, a medieval glass panel containing a picture of a 16th century figure, and some 17th century pews in the Brownsholme Chapel.
Outside, in the churchyard, is the shaft of an old sundial dated 1686, which stands upon a millstone.
Waddington Old Hall is a medieval building which dates back to before 1464 when Henry VI took refuge there for about a year prior to being captured near Brungerly Bridgby by the Yorkists as he fled across the river. The original walls and windows can still be seen in the Great Hall. There is also the Monk's Room in the oldest part of the building, which probably dates from the 11th century
BARROWFORD, LANCASHIRE
SUNDAY, 4th JANUARY 2015
NB. The public conveniences at Barrowford have also been closed so once again we will travel on the M65 and will call in at Blackburn services for a quick comfort stop. The toilets are still open at Barley apparently so there might be the opportunity to use them there if your walk passes that way.
Many thanks to Selwyn and Sue for organising our successful Christmas meal and walk.
TODAY'S WALKS
Strenuous Leader: Dennis Cookson Distance: approx. 9 miles
Starting from the heritage centre this walk follows Pendle Water initially but before long we start to make a gentle gradual climb towards Malkin Tower before making our way on a series of paths and quiet country lanes to reach lower and higher Briercliffe, and eventually the Black Moss reservoirs. Shortly afterwards we arrive at Barley (toilet stop here if needed). Most of the return journey follows the Pendle Way through woodland to Offa Hill, Roughlee and eventually rejoins Pendle Water on our way back to Barrowford for a well-earned cuppa and mince pie. Expect the paths to be very muddy in places with both poles and gaiters recommended.
Moderate Leader: Cynthia and David Prescott Distance: 6.5 miles
This walk has been chosen to suit both moderate and leisurely walkers and to get back before dark. The fields at this time of year are very muddy so we have found a walk that reduces the amount of field walking: so, we start by walking past the Heritage Centre on the flat, through the park and then beside the canal which has a tarmac path with grass verges. We pass the locks and Barrowford Reservoir up to Wanless Bridge and then head towards the village of Beverley where we intend to have lunch in the park as there is some seating there. After lunch we go to the back of Blacko and return on the Witches Trail of the Pendle Way which we found to be a nice path. There are good views but we do not go up really high or too steeply, but enough to make it a good moderate walk.
Leisurely Leader: Distance :
There is no leisurely walk today
Easy Leader: Derek Lee Distance: 5.0 miles
We leave Barrowford through the park and playing fields then join the canal towpath as far as Barrowford Locks. Here we turn off through Greenfield Road Local Nature Reserve and make our way to Boundary Mill for lunch (and no doubt more costly activities!). We then continue northwards following the line of the former railway as far as Wanless Bridge where we rejoin the canal and follow it most of the way back to Barrowford. Most of the route is on hard surface tracks but for a lot of the way there is a green verge for more comfortable walking.
NOTES ON THE AREA
The characterful charming village of Barrowford pronounced with the emphasis on Ford, is in Pendle District and sits on the confluence of two rivers, Pendle Water and Colne Water, where trout can often be seen leaping through the clear waters. It is surrounded by beautiful countryside that is great for walking or cycling, and so it's perfect for the Pendle Cycling Festival. It is also full of history, including the story of the nearby Pendle witches, and is now an upmarket place full of attractive 17th and 18th century farmhouses and pretty handloom weavers' cottages. The independent boutiques that line the high street are jammed with smart designer fashion, attracting some of the North West's most affluent customers including footballers and their other halves. David Beckham has even been known to drop in for some shopping in Barrowford!
The village is on the Leeds to Liverpool Canal. The canal has 91 locks, seven of which are in Barrowford. The oldest bridge in town, the Packhorse Bridge near Higherford Mill, dates back to the end of the 16th century. Pendle Heritage Centre is home to the two oldest buildings in Barrowford, the Fold and Park Hill, which date back to 1550. The buildings have been extensively altered over the last 200 years as you'll see at the exhibition inside.
Barrowford is now part of Nelson. Although originally dependent on farming, it expanded rapidly as a textile town during the 19th century. A few mills were built at that time but mechanised production moved to nearby Nelson, which had better rail and canal facilities.
Roger Bannister, who ran the first four-minute mile, is a descendant of the Bannister family, a dynasty of local farmers, who lived at Park Hill. At the rear of the house is a walled garden containing organic fruit, vegetables, flowers, and herbs.
On the corner, across the bridge, stands the Toll House. This small building was designed so that the road could be seen in both directions. This ensured that no one on the old Marsden to Long Preston turnpike could slip by unnoticed. On the front of the 1803 house is the renovated board indicating the various toll prices. In 1774 John Wesley, the Methodist leader, had to hide in what is now the White Bear Inn on Gisburn Road, when he was chased by a local mob. Built in 1607, its name is thought to be connected with bear baiting.
In 1964 a disastrous fire devastated the church of St Thomas in Church Street. The remains of the original 1841 building are found in the Remembrance Garden. Bank Hall, otherwise the Lamb Club, stands further east from the church along Church Street. It's a Jacobean house dating from 1696, with mullioned windows on the second floor and a porch on the second floor which is wider than the lower one. At the bottom of the carved finials are faces, which were thought to act as a protection against witchcraft.
At the western end of Summit Pool, east of the town at Barrowford Locks, seven locks take the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in a descent of 65.5 ft to Burnley Pool. The reservoir nearby was built in 1885 to take the overflow from Foulridge Reservoirs.
So there are lots for the visitor to see in Barrowford,
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What is the name of the Cambridge University dramatic club whose presidents have included Peter Cook, Hugh Laurie and David Mitchell ? | David Mitchell at University... with Richard Ayoade and John Oliver! : MitchellAndWebb
(1 child)
Cool photo. I imagine this is from when they were all in Footlights together, where Mitchell (and later Ayoade) were both President. Robert Webb, Olivia Colman and James Bachmann were all in Footlights as well.
EDIT: From the looks of it, other people who would have been there at the time include brilliant comedian Simon Munnery, Matthew Holness, known for Garth Marenghi's Darkplace (also brilliant), stand-up comedian Tim Key, and... Shadow Education Secretary Tristram Hunt. Hmm.
| Footlights |
The process of Vulcanization , as applied to rubber, involves treating it with which chemical element before subjecting it to intense heat ? | Footlights : definition of Footlights and synonyms of Footlights (English)
8 External links
History
Footlights' inaugural performance took place in June 1883. For some months before the name 'Footlights' was chosen, the group had performed to local audiences in the Cambridge area (once, with a cricket match included, at the 'pauper lunatic asylum'). They wished to go wider than the University Amateur Dramatic Club (ADC), founded in 1885, with its membership drawn largely from Trinity College , and its theatre seating only 100. They were to perform every May Week at the Theatre Royal, the shows soon open to the public. A local paper commended the Club's appeal to the 'general public, the many different classes of which life in Cambridge in made up'. [2]
The club grew in prominence in the 1960s as a hotbed of comedy and satire . Having established a tradition of performing at the annual Edinburgh Fringe Festival , the club entered the mainstream when its members formed half of Beyond the Fringe , the hugely popular stage revue which toured Britain and America in 1960. The 1963 revue then followed in the footsteps of Beyond the Fringe, appearing in Edinburgh and London's West End , before travelling to New Zealand and the United States, where it made appearances on Broadway and The Ed Sullivan Show and received a full-page review in Time Magazine . Over the next decade, Footlights and its members came to dominate British comedy, creating and starring in shows such as I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again , At Last the 1948 Show and That Was The Week That Was , forming comedy groups such as Monty Python and The Goodies , and generally fuelling the Satire boom . [3] [4] [5]
During the 1980s, Footlights has since reinforced its position at the heart of British comedy. The 1981 revue won the inaugural Perrier Award at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and spawned Fry and Laurie , the first in a long line of popular and successful double acts formed at the club. [6] [7] [8] Many of its former members have gone on to win Oscars , BAFTAs and other awards and enjoy success in the entertainment and media industry.
Today, Footlights is recognised as a finishing school for many of Britain's most well-known comic entertainers.
Activities
During term, Footlights produce the regular and very popular Smokers - an informal mixture of sketches and stand-up - at the ADC Theatre . The club also performs plays, pantomimes and sketch shows and least one revue, usually in the spring. Outside of term, Footlights often go on tour, performing their best new material in the West End and abroad.
For information about individual Footlights revues, see Cambridge Footlights Revue .
Famous members
The careers of many prominent figures in the world of entertainment began in Footlights — while prominent figures in other industries also took part in Footlights. They include:
Name
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Who is the only Nobel laureate to have an entry in Wisden Cricketers' Almanac? | James Joyce |
Dublin’s Wordy Men
Dublin is famous for many things and over its thousand-year history it saw the building of the first two-chamber parliament (Houses of Commons & Lords) – now the Bank of Ireland, College green – in the 1730s; the construction of the Rotunda by Benjamin Mosse in 1745, which is now the oldest continuously operating maternity hospital in the world, and the production of Guinness, one of the best-known drinks in the world. However, its contribution to the written word is legendary with its three native-born Nobel Laureates for Literature giving it a unique place in history.
WBY – home on Sandymount Avenue
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) was born in Sandymount and is considered one of the foremost of 20th century literature. He studied in London and spent summer holidays with his maternal grandparents in Sligo, a place that he often wrote about. With Lady Augusta Gregory he established the Abbey Theatre, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 that cited his ‘inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation.’ Voted as Ireland’s favourite poet his poem Easter 1916, written in the months after the event, capture the mood of the nation at that very tense moment. On the other hand one of his earliest works, Lake Isle of Innisfree (from 1888), a twelve-line written in style of the Celtic Revival that was then becoming popular is still the poem that most people are familiar with:
WBY
I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee,
And live alone in the bee loud glade.
GB Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) was born in 33 Synge Street, but went to London where he worked as a theatre critic before starting to write. He is best known as a playwright (he wrote more than 60 plays) with Man and Superman, Saint Joan and Pygmalion being the most famous. In 1938 a film version of Pygmalion was produced in Hollywood and it won an Oscar for Best Screenplay. He is the first person to have won both a Nobel Prize for Literature (1925) and an Oscar. In 1906 he moved to a house in Ayot St Lawrence, north of London, that late became known as Shaw’ Corner. He spent the rest of his life here and loved nothing more than tending the garden with his wife Charlotte. In 1950 he fell while pruning a tree, and he died shortly afterwards from complications associated with the fall. He was ninety-four! His and Charlotte’s ashes were scattered along the paths and throughout the garden they loved.
Samuel Beckett
Samuel Beckett (1913-1989) was born in Foxrock and went to Trinity College. A keen sportsman he is the only Nobel Laureate to have played first class cricket having featured in two matches against Northamptonshire. He was in France when WWII began and fought with the French Resistance and was awarded both the Croix de Guerre and the Medaille de la Resistance. He described his efforts during the war, rather humbly, as ‘boy scout stuff’. He had met James Joyce in Paris in the 1930s and had begun writing before the war began. In 1949, his bleak absurdist play Waiting for Godot was well-received in Paris. When the play was first performed in London in 1955 it was voted ‘the most significant English language play of the 20th century’. His works consider the tragicomic conditions of life, that often combine a bleakness and minimalism which he captured so well. Beckett was at the forefront of ‘modernist’ writing style and a leading light in the ‘Theatre of the Absurd’. He lived and worked in Paris until he died on 22 December 1989 and he is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery. And on 10th December 2009 the new bridge across the Liffey was named in his honour.
Samuel Beckett Bridge
Pigeon House – Refuge from the storm
Pigeon House
By the mid-1750s entry to and from Dublin Bay was a hazardous operation and the city governors decided something drastic needed to be done to improve the situation. So a plan was drawn up to construct a wall into the bay that would stop the silting up of channels and provide a safe place for passengers to board.
Great South Wall
This work to build the Great South Wall took over thirty years and was complete in 1795 with safer passage for travellers and an improvement in trade. During the lengthy construction John Pidgeon was the caretaker of the storehouse for the equipment used during the building, and he began selling refreshments to travellers who often waited for days until the weather improved to travel. As a smart businessman he also offered trips around the long wall which was one of the longest in the world when completed.
Twin Towers
Business improved and Pidgeon (the ‘d’ in his name was dropped a long time ago) built a small hotel to cater for the needs of the growing number of travellers. In 1793, years after John Pidgeon had died, a new building was erected and operated for many years. This building still stands and lies in the shadow of the twin towers of the Poolbeg Station. Not long afterwards with the whiff of revolution in the air and the 1798 Rebellion a recent memory a fort was constructed near the hotel and it became known as the Pigeon House Fort. Today, the canon guns outside the entrance to the ESB power station were originally facing out to sea anticipating a possible French invasion that never came.
The place also made its literary mark on a young James Joyce. In his first great work Dubliners he tells of two boys playing truant (no doubt he was one of them!) as they went to the exotic building and the long wall that stretched seemingly forever into the bay in his short story An Encounter:
We arranged to go along the Wharf Road until we came to the ships, then to cross in the ferryboat and walk out to see the Pigeon House.
The guns stayed silent
Bloomsday – Where It All Begins
June 16th is unique in literature in that it actually has a day named after it. Bloomsday is named after the main character Leopold Bloom in James Joyce’s most famous work Ulysses. And the date was deliberately chosen by the author as it was on this day in 1904 that he and Nora Barnacle, his future lover and wife, went on their first date. By that October she would leave Dublin and accompany him to France, where they struggled until his eventual breakthrough and international recognition.
Martello Tower, Sandycove – where it all begins
Joyce had stayed in the Martello Tower, in Sandycove, with his friend Oliver St Gogarty (who had rented the building) for a short time before leaving hurriedly after a gun was fired late one night. However, he chose to set the opening scene of his book in the building and Gogarty is immortalised in the first line:
Stately, plumb Buck Mulligan came from the stairhead, bearing a bowl of lather on which a mirror and a razor lay crossed.
A view north, to Dublin city, from the roof
The tower was one of many erected along the coast in preparation for an invasion by Napoleon’s forces. However, after Admiral Horatio Nelson (he of Nelson’s Pillar fame) defeated the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar on the 21st October 1805, the threat was extinguished. Many of the towers were subsequently sold off while others were left unattended and remain derelict to this day. The tower at Sandycove was maintained in good condition when Gogarty rented it in the summer of 1904. Today, it houses the James Joyce Tower & Museum which is a ‘must-see’ for all Joycean fans and those interested in literary history. There is a fabulous collection of items, including; an original copy of Ulysses, many of Joyce’s notebooks and a vinyl recording of his voice! Up the narrow stairs the space has been remodelled with table, chairs and various contemporaneous items showing the living space as Gogarty and Joyce would have known it. Outside, there is Joyce’s death mask and a guitar that he was fond of playing. Up the last flight of steps to the roof (from the stairhead..) you have the wonderful panorama of Dublin Bay, the coast northwards to Dublin City, leading you around to the mountains to the south-west. On a clear day it is spectacular and, not surprisingly, very popular with photographers.
Main Room – 1904 style
Celebrating Bloomsday has become big business and events are now held in many cities around the world bringing a new audience to Joyce’s works. However, the original Bloomsday (in 1954 – the 50th anniversary) celebrations were rather prosaic by today’s standards and involved a number of Dublin’s literati and two horse-drawn carriages. The group: John Ryan (owner of The Bailey pub and founder of Envoy art magazine), Flann O’Brien, Anthony Cronin, Patrick Kavanagh, Tom Joyce (a cousin) and AJ Leventhal (Registrar of Trinity College) had planned a ‘pilgrimage’ along the circuitous route set out in the book. However, after a number of stops for ‘refreshments’ the adventure was abandoned due to ‘inebriation and rancour’ and they retired to The Bailey (on Duke Street).
Bloomsday’s first Pilgrims: JR, AC, FO’B, PK, TJ
You may very well see some horse-drawn carriages on the big day but as to whether they will be ferrying such an illustrious group, well, I guess that’ll be another story. Happy Bloomsday!
Footsteps – a short story
It was while walking by the sea that the idea came to me. I have often found that having the water rippling beside me helps in the formation of ideas, or maybe it’s just coincidental. A friend said that it had to do with our make-up of over 97% water, and he might just have something there. Whatever, a stroll along the beach, with the bubbling water a constant companion, has always been a place for reflection, imagination and quiet.
And, of course, relaxation.
Sandymount Strand – on a clear day….
Some time ago, on a beautiful spring morning, I was walking on Sandymount Strand when an idea floated into my mind, just like a wave top coming ashore. It is one of my favourite places in Dublin to go and ‘be alone with my thoughts’, such is the openness and calm to be found there, especially in the early morning. As I walked slowly along the sandy beach towards Ringsend, I gazed over to Howth and the almost mirror-still water that stretched to the horizon. How often had other people looked out at this scene from where I was now standing, I thought, and breathed another lungful of clear, tangy air?
And then it came to me.
People had been coming here for years, since time immemorial, gazing out over the very scene that was mine to behold. For just in front of me was a line of footsteps in the sand, an image that had not changed since the first person left similar marks so very long ago. The French have a saying for this: ‘Plus ca change, plus c’est la meme chose’ which translates as ‘the more it changes, the more they it stays the same.’ That seemed about right as I watched a wave rush in and cover the footsteps in its watery embrace, removing them so completely as to leave no sign of their brief existence.
James Joyce
As the water receded, smoothing the sand into a new canvas awaiting its next mark, I remembered that James Joyce had a fondness for this place and included it in his most famous book, Ulysses. In chapter three, the young hero, Stephen Dedalus, walks along the strand and wonders about imagination, thought and sensation. The feel of the words is meant, in Joyce’s hand, to be fluid, hence the setting by the sea, where all things move from birth to death and, finally, renewal. This transience can lead to something permanent, and it is this cycle of renewal that really got a hold of me as I stepped quietly into the cold waters. I immediately left a mark that was just as quickly erased. The thought that there are things that could not be changed had a strange, comforting feeling. Joyce understood this better than most and allowed Stephen ask the question ‘Am I walking into eternity along Sandymount Strand?’ It was not something that I could answer, but I liked the idea that he, like all of us who walked on the strand, had ‘our moment.’ We all leave a mark, but as to whether it will last into eternity, well, that is for others to say. In the meantime, I keep walking on the strand, not so much in the hope of seeing Stephen Dedalus, but in anticipation of the soothing, dreamy rhythm of the gurgling water.
…on the seashore
Dublin Writers’ Museum – It’s about words!
Dublin Writers’ Museum
For a city that has given the world so much fine literature the Dublin Writers’ Museum tells a story through its collection of letters, books and personal possessions of many great writers. It was setup in 1991 and with an interesting, chronological layout it is easy to follow the development of Irish writing from the late 17th to Samuel Beckett who died in 1989.
The building, at 18 Parnell Square, dates back to 1780 when Lord Farnham was its first occupant. It changed hands a few times until George Jameson (of the Jameson distilling family) bought the house in 1891. Over the years he made major refurbishments, including the creation of the wonderful Gallery of Writers on the first floor.
Dracula – First Edition
In the first room you can find out about the beginnings of Irish poetry and storytelling with the emergence of Swift, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan whose play The Rivals gave the world the word malapropism. There is a unique document with Jonathan Swift’s signature and a first edition of Bram Stoker’s Dracula. And you can find out about Oscar Wilde, Sheridan Le Fanu and the songs of Thomas Moore.
The second room concentrates of the works from the Irish Literary Revival at the end of the 19th century. The opening of the Abbey Theatre in 1904 was a pivotal moment with its productions of plays by playwrights WB Yeats, JM Synge and Sean O’Casey and there are many original programmes from the time. The signed copy of James Joyce’s Ulysses is worth the visit for any Joycean fan. There is plenty of interesting stuff to enjoy on Frank O’Connor and Sean O’Faolain, writers whose short stories elevated the art form. An original Cruiskeen Lawn column (from the Irish Times) by Brian O’Nolan (Myles na gCopaleen) was a delight.
Upstairs in the Gallery there are some fine portraits and glass cabinets with letters, papers and other personal items. The telephone that Samuel Beckett had in his Paris apartment that allowed him chose whether to speak to a caller or not is quirky. There is the piano that Joyce played regularly and the chair that GF Handel sat on when conducting Messiah at the Great Music Hall in Fishamble Street in 1642!
James Joyce’s piano
The museum is a popular visitor attraction and it’s easy to see why. It’s a wordy place.
The National Library – Fountain of Knowledge
National Library
As a nation in love with words and writing, the National Library of Ireland is the vault where all the treasure is kept. Irish writers have made a significant and profound contribution to the world for centuries, and much of their original works are safeguarded in the building on Kildare Street that opened its doors in September 1890. It was designed by the architect Thomas Deane and proved to be very popular from the start.
The library traces its history from the Royal Dublin Society which was founded in 1731 ‘..for improving husbandry, manufactures and other useful arts and sciences’. A Royal Charter, which included an annual allowance, was granted in 1749. In 1836 a Select Committee recommended that the library should not just be accessible to a select few but opened as a National Library. At that time most of the library’s books were of a scientific nature, and future acquisitions included books with a more general nature and, of course, those with an Irish interest. In 1840 one of its earliest purchases was the collection of 17th century Irish pamphlets which was bought from the London bookseller Thomas Thorpe.
The library is open to one and all and is for reference purposes only – you cannot borrow books! The building’s main space, The Reading Room, is spectacular and definitely worth a visit. In recent years with the surge of public interest in tracing Family History, the Genealogy Department has become an important part in the search.
Reading Room
With such a large amount of material available the library holds many exhibitions and lectures. The WB Yeats exhibition is permanent affording the visitor a ‘comprehensive view of the great poet’. The library also holds many important papers belonging to James Joyce (early workings of Ulysses) and those of Roddy Doyle, Seamus Heaney, Colm Toibin and Brian Friel.
The library also holds the National Photographic Archive which is based in Meeting House Square, Temple Bar. Over 20,000 negatives have now been digitised and they are available online.
WB Yeats Exhibition
Oliver St. John Gogarty – A man of many talents
5, Rutland Square
Oliver St John Gogarty was a man of many talents and he was born in 5, Rutland Square (now Parnell Square) on 17th August 1878, the eldest of four children. His father, Henry, was a successful physician and his mother Margaret was from Galway. Henry died when Oliver was eight years old and he was sent to school in Mungret College in Limerick. later, he transferred to Stonyhurst College in Lancashire which he described as ‘a religious jail’. He returned to Ireland in 1896 and studied medicine at the Royal University and Trinity College, and graduated in 1907. Afterwards, he went to Vienna to finish his study and specialised in otolaryngology (Ear, Nose & Throat). His consulting rooms were in Ely Place, and he was a member of staff at the Meath Hospital until he went to America.
He was a keen sportsman and enjoyed cricket, football (he played for Bohemians FC) and a fine swimmer who saved four people from drowning. He wrote poetry and his poem Tailteann Ode won a bronze medal at the 1924 Olympics in Paris. And as a member of the Dublin literary community he was friends with the great and good, including WB Yeats, AE Russell, James Stephens and James Joyce. When Gogarty rented the Martello Tower at Sandycove in 1904 he invited Joyce to stay. Joyce, however, stayed only a few nights but used the place as the opening scene in Ulysses and immortalised Gogarty in his character Buck Mulligan.
Martello Tower, Sandycove
A close friend of Arthur Griffith he was an early member of Sinn Fein and became a Senator. In 1922 when Griffith died in early August he performed the autopsy, and he did the same for Michael Collins who died less than two weeks later.
Oliver St. John Gogarty
In 1917 he and his wife Martha Duane, who was from Galway, bought Renvyle, a large house in Connemara. It was burnt down in 1923 during the Irish Civil War, subsequently rebuilt and operates to this day as Renvyle House. Gogarty had been in the USA since the start of World War II, collapsed and died on a street in New York in 1957. His body was returned to Ireland and he was buried in Moyard, near Renvyle.
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Irish Rail urged to reopen toilets keith bellew
IRISH Rail has defended its decision to close toilets at Donabate railway station and has confirmed the facilities will not be reopened. T he confirmation came in response to calls from Cllr Paul Mulville (Ind) for Irish Rail to “see sense” and reopen the toilets. The facilities at Donabate station were closed four months ago as part of a cost-saving exercise that involves the closure of
numerous other station toilets along Dublin commuter routes, which Irish Rail believes to be under-used. Cllr Mulville said: “Older people, parents with young children and people with illness are particularly in need of toilet facilities.” A spokesperson for Irish Rail said the toilets were closed due to under-usage coupled with instances of anti-social behaviour and vandalism. Full Story on Page 2
Temple Street: Dust off your aprons for Great Irish Bake Molly Sharkey from Swords lent her support to the launch of Temple Street’s Great Irish Bake which is set to take place on April 17th to raise funds for patients at the children’s hospital. The campaign aims to
encourage families, businesses and schools to dust off their aprons to help raise vital funds for the hospital by cooking up a storm. The initiative is supported by Tesco. Picture: Andres Poveda
2 swords gazette 5 March 2015
donabate Closed facilities won’t be reopened – company
End of the line for rail station’s toilets IRISH Rail has defended its decision to close toilets at Donabate Railway Station and has confirmed that the facilities will not be reopened. This statement was made in response to calls from Cllr Paul Mulville (Ind) for Irish Rail to “see sense” and reopen the toilets. The facilities at Donabate station were closed four months ago as part of a cost-saving exercise that involves the clo-
keith bellew [email protected]
sure of toilets at numerous other stations along the Dublin commuter belt which Irish Rail believe to be underused. Cllr Mulville said this was “totally unacceptable
Dublin Gazette Newspapers, Top Floor, Clarendon House, 39 Clarendon Street, Dublin 2 Tel: 01 - 6010240. Email: [email protected] [email protected] web: www.dublingazette.com twitter: @DublinGazette Visit us on Facebook at DublinGazetteNewspapers
as Irish Rail commuters, who already suffered a recent fare increase last winter, will be left to face the inconvenience of the company’s short-sighted decision. “Irish Rail may well say there are toilets on commuter trains, but reports in the media [on Monday, March 2] for example, point out that our commuter trains are again becoming overcrowded. “Delays to the service are also increasing – for example, a 30-minute wait on Monday morning. On top of all this, the toilets in Donabate were only refurbished a short number of years ago. “Furthermore, the peo-
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‘Commuters will be left to face the inconvenience of the shortsighted decision’
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Cllr Paul Mulville
Donabate Station, where the toilets were closed four months ago. Picture: Sinead Walsh
ple of Donabate/Portrane have a particular high usage of the train to get to work – about 1,100 people at the last census. “On a normal day, it is absolutely essential that toilets are available in stations to railway commuters. Older people, par-
ents with young children and people with illness are particularly in need of toilet facilities. With overcrowding and delays occurring more frequently, it is clear that this decision must be reversed and the toilets in Donabate, and other north county
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stations, be immediately reopened,” he said. In response, a spokesperson for Irish Rail said: “The toilets at Donabate Station have been closed now for four months and we have not received a single complaint. As stated [by Cllr Mulville],
there are toilets on board all services operating through Donabate. “The usage of the toilets at the station was low, and there were high instances of vandalism and antisocial behaviour. It also represents a significant costsaving for the company.”
5 March 2015 swords gazette 3
council
schools: colaiste choilm gets an insight into a range of ict topics
Homes sought for rent
Students network at Fujitsu Ireland STUDENTS from Colaiste Choilm were recently invited to Fujitsu Ireland’s HQ in Swords where they took part in a speed networking session with staff. Students also received an introduction to the information and communications technology (ICT) company and the wider IT industry in Ireland, as well as a workshop from Fujitsu staff on interview skills, CVs and cover letters. The programme also introduces participants to the career options available in the ICT industry and serves as an opportunity to learn from experienced professionals across the Fujitsu business, including human
resources, marketing, software development and finance. 2015 marks the first year that Colaiste Choilm has worked with Fujitsu Ireland and brings the total number of students who have interacted with Fujitsu to more than 100, to date. Commenting on the programme, Cathleen Doohan, people and corporate social responsibility director at Fujitsu Ireland, said: “We are very pleased to extend this programme to the students of Colaiste Choilm. “The programme is a great way for us to engage with the local community and offer the benefit of our insights and experience to young people looking
to begin their careers. We have seen the programme grow in popularity over the past four years and look forward to further developing it in the future.” Speaking ahead of the event, Mary O’Keeffe, transition year coordinator of Colaiste Choilm, thanked Fujitsu, saying: “We are delighted to join Fujitsu for this careers workshop. This on-site session will be an invaluable tool for students as they prepare to leave school and decide what career paths to follow. “We are grateful to Fujitsu staff and in particular to Tony O’Malley, director of customer accounts, for giving up their valuable time for the benefit of our students.”
Margaret’s 15,000 thanks: Naul woman’s a winner on RTE game show NAUL woman Margaret Watson had a lotto luck on the National
Lottery’s The Million Euro Challenge game show on RTE recently, where she won €15,000. Her husband, Bernard Watson (far left) was her guest support on the show. Margaret was delighted with her handy win, with a ticket bought in Tesco leading her to luck on the TV show. She was congratulated on her good luck by Declan Harrington, head of finance, The National Lottery and the show’s host, Nicky Byrne. Picture: Mac Innes Photography
OWNERS of vacant homes in Fingal can rent their properties to Fingal County Council for its rental accommodation and long-term leasing schemes. The council is looking for good quality fully furnished one-, two-, threeand four-bedroom homes across the Fingal area, and is happy to consider single or multiple leases. The council’s director of housing, Annmarie Farrelly, said: “Renting your house or apartment is a good way to have a guaranteed secure monthly income from your property, with regular rent reviews.” For further information, contact the housing procurement team at 01 870 8425, or email ras@fingal. ie or [email protected].
4 swords gazette 5 March 2015
arts Special train trip to help encourage young Fingal readers to get into books
300 children to steam ahead on a bookish journey A TOTAL of 300 lucky Fingal schoolchildren will be taken on a steam train journey along the North Dublin Coast on Thursday, March 5, as part of Laureate na nOg’s “Once Upon a Place” programme for young readers. Laureate na nOg (Laureate for children’s literature), and author of the Artemis Fowl series, Eoin Colfer,
will host the journey along with five storytellers who will be reading stories in each of the carriages of the train. The event has come about through a collaboration between Fingal County Council Libraries, Children’s Books Ireland and Irish Rail, working with the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland.
It is just one of a series of once-off events as part of the Once Upon a Place programme, which was created by Colfer with the aim of bringing stories to children in extraordinary and memorable settings, sparking their imaginations and bringing the magic of stories and books to young people. The train journey will start at
Connolly Station, travelling through Malahide, Rush and Skerries to Drogheda, and back again
Diversity The schoolchildren have been selected from primary schools all across Fingal to demonstrate the diversity of the area. As a keepsake, each child who
takes part will receive a souvenir train ticket from the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, who are providing the steam train, with “Once upon a Place on the Fingal Express” on it. They will also get a copy of Warp Book 1, by Colfer. For further information, see www. fingal.ie.
Mark Whelan (who spearheaded the fundraising swimming initiative) with Frank Whelan, representative, Action Trust Ireland; Eoin Brady, swimmer and Philip Byrne, assistant manager, Arena Health and Fitness Club
charity: proportional fundraising initiative raises €3,800
Volunteers ‘swim all the way to Lesotho’
keith bellew
A CHARITY swim in which one metre was swam for every kilometre of distance between Ireland and Lesotho (14 ,18 4 m ) r e c e n t l y resulted in a cheque worth €3,800 being presented to Action Ireland Trust, based in Portmarnock. The charity carries out aid work in the South African nation. L e s o t h o ’s a m b a s sador to Ireland, His Excellency Paramente Phamotese, was present last month for the handover at the Arena Health
and Fitness Club in the Grand Hotel, Malahide. The money was raised through a charity swim at the Arena club pool. This meant getting a couple of volunteers to help cover this distance in a relay. Once word got out about what they were doing, regular swimmers at the pool gladly got involved. This swim was the brainchild of Mark Whelan, who works at the club, and who has been involved with Action Ireland Trust for a number of years and who wanted to do something to raise
funds for their upcoming trip to Lesotho. In recent years, the trust has implemented a swim programme in Lesotho, where drowning is the fourth biggest cause of death. The programme aims to get all young people swimming at an early age in local schools so as to significantly reduce the number of drownings. Whelan approached Arena manager Suzanne Byrne with his idea for the event, and she was delighted to get involved, with the full support of Grand Hotel management.
According to Byrne: “The day itself went ‘swimmingly’! The first swimmer entered the water at 12.30pm, and the final swimmers finished off the challenge by 6pm. “It was soon apparent that we were going to outdo our initial target distance as the enthusiasm of the team to swim more could not be contained. “A huge distance was covered on the day – 1,150 lengths [24,150m]. There was huge support from family, friends and staff shouting encouragement to all the swim-
mers. “A special mention must be given to Eoin Brady, who swam an amazing 4km in just 66 minutes. “Philip Byrne, who is not the world’s most natural swimmer, completed 25 lengths and almost had to be resuscitated towards the end! “ Two m e m b e r s – young sisters Anjali and Palavi Simhambhatla – swam 75 lengths and 125 lengths, respectively. The girls were sponsored at €5 a length, and so between them they raised an amazing €1,000,” she said.
5 March 2015 swords gazette 5
environment Waste facility’s impact on wildlife raised
Concern at proposal for use of Skerries quarry keith bellew
A PROPOSAL to convert a disused quarry into a waste recovery facility is causing concern in Skerries. The proposal for the Milverton site was made by Roadstone, a subsidiary of multinational company CRH, which operates the quarry. The area has been idle for a number of years and the proposed waste recovery facility will consist of 400,000 tonnes of stone and soil to be put into the quarry each year in order to fill the hole left by the previous works. The potential harm
the move could cause the quarry’s wildlife, which includes the highly protected Peregrine falcon species, has prompted concerns. Earlier in the year, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a draft waste licence and submissions on it from a public consultation process, which closed last month, are currently under review. This should be finished on March 11, at which point the EPA will make a decision on whether a full licence will be issued and if the facility can go ahead. The licence stipulates that Roadstone will have
to make sure to preserve an area of unfilled cliffface no smaller than 8m to 10m to take account of wildlife. Green Party representative for Fingal Joe O’Brien questioned whether planning permission would be required for the development. He said a planning application with Fingal County Council would make the process of objecting to it easier for the public, and would allow an opportunity for environmentally friendly stipulations to be added. However, the council says no planning is need-
ed as the company has permission dating from a number of years ago. A council spokesperson said: “The Roadstone quarry at Milverton has a planning consent dating back to 2008-09. “The EPA recently issued a draft waste licence to regulate the restoration of the quarry. The public consultation phase on the draft waste licence ended on February 11. “Only those people who made a valid submission and the applicant can comment on the submissions received at this stage. The closing date for this is March 11.”
O’Brien said he is wary of the company operating such a facility in the area: “I think as a community we need to be vigilant in terms of how Roadstone plans how to operate this proposed facility.” Deputy Alan Farrell (FG) said: “Environmental issues are extremely important and the welfare of native wildlife must be considered when such applications are being made.” He added that unless the relevant experts were satisfied with the proposal, he would not support it. However, he said that the EPA had an excellent
Green Party representative for Fingal Joe O’Brien has raised concerns about converting a disused quarry (above) into a waste recovery facility in Skerries
record when it comes to protecting endangered species, citing their heavy involvement in protecting falcons in Kerry.
CRH/Roadstone had not responded to a request for comment by the time of going to print.
6 SWORDS GAZETTE 5 March 2015
SCHOOLS Balbriggan students highlight up-cycling to help reduce annual waste
Loreto girls’ One Good Idea for the planet KEITH BELLEW
TO RAISE awareness of climate change, transition year students at Loreto Balbriggan have begun a campaign, Smarticles, which incorporates art into environmental awareness and shows people how to turn potential waste into useful and decorative products. The team believes that this idea of up-cycling will help reduce the nearly three million tonnes of waste dumped in Ireland alone annually, and thus
improve people’s energy efficiency. Their project is part of the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland’s One Good Idea competition. This competition sees students team up to run a campaign to raise awareness of climate change and encourage people to make small changes in their lives that will greatly benefit the environment. The Loreto Balbriggan team, entitled Smarticles, comprises transition year students Renuka Chin-
tapalli, Clara Golden, Maria Gavril, and Katia Kalcheva. They have been creating and running lessons for students to teach them about the various topics associated with climate change and energy efficiency. When asked why they chose this unique topic, Chintapalli said: “Climate change and global warming are steadily becoming a huge problem in our world today. “With temperatures and sea levels rising, deserts expanding
“Up-cycling” waste products – such as in these creations – could help to reduce annual amounts of waste
and the air we breathe becoming increasingly polluted, there’s no denying that something has to be done to tackle one of the biggest problems existing today. “We chose this topic because we’re all really interested in art, in some
form or another, and felt that promoting creativity in learning was the perfect way to get teenagers interested. Up-cycling junk is a great way to have fun and save the planet in the process!” The Smarticles team hope their One Good
Idea will be successful in securing them a spot in the final of the competition in May. To get there, they must film a presentation pitch and submit it to the judges by Friday, March 13. If they are selected for the final, they will make
their presentation pitch to the panel of expert adjudicators in a Dragons Den-style situation. For further information on Smarticles, see the team’s website at www.smarticlescampaign.wix.com/smarticles.
DON’SDUBLIN
The Foxrock writer who left us waiting for Godot FOR someone born on Friday 13 – especially as it was also Good Friday (in 1906) – something special could be expected. So it’s no surprise that Samuel Beckett, who was born in Foxrock, Co Dublin, went on to become one of the most important writers of the 20th Century and an inspiration to dramatists such as Vaclav Havel, Tom Stoppard and Harold Pinter. His influence on the Beat Generation and their “experimental writing” was vital for Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and many others. Beckett was educated originally in Dublin before attending Portora Royal School in Enniskillen (where Oscar Wilde had once been a pupil), and then entering Dublin University (Trinity College). He was bright as a student, and an excellent athlete, excelling at cricket. He played two first-class matches against Northamptonshire and, as such,
has the unique distinction of being the only Nobel Laureate (1969) to be mentioned in Wisden Cricketers’ Almanac – cricket’s “bible”. He went to Paris in 1927 to teach English and was soon introduced to James Joyce. Over the next two years, and with Joyce’s failing eyesight, he did much research on what would become Joyce’s last work, Finnegans Wake. He was greatly impressed with the older man, and his first published work was a critical essay in support of Joyce. After a return to Dublin he went back to Paris when World War 2 began. He helped the French Resistance and in 1942 was lucky to escape capture by the Gestapo. His commitment was recognised after the war, when he was awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government (above, you can see Beckett in one of his best-known photos, sitting at a
Parisian cafe). This was Beckett’s most productive period, highlighted by the completion in January, 1949, of his play, Waiting for Godot. This play is considered by many as one of the greatest works of the century and, like all masterpieces, has any number of interpretations. The critic Vivian Mercier commented that “Beckett has achieved a theoretical impossibility – a play in which nothing happens, that yet keeps audiences glued to their seats. “What’s more, since the second act is a subtly different reprise of the first, he has written a play in which nothing happens, twice.” Or, more succinctly: less is less!
Don Cameron www.donsdublin.wordpress.com
5 March 2015 swords gazette 7
crisis ‘More social builds are needed now’
Housing strategy is failing people – Sinn Fein keith bellew
THE Department of the Environment has defended its housing strategy in response to criticism from a Balbriggan councillor, pointing out that the Social Housing Strategy 2020 is not the sole plan the Government has to combat the housing crisis. Cllr Malachy Quinn (SF) has highlighted the lack of affordable housing available in north County Dublin, citing the fact that the population in the area has doubled in the past 10 years, yet the number of properties available has decreased dramatically, and rents have risen by 26% since 2011. Highlighting local difficulties, Cllr Quinn said: “I have two residents living in one estate alone, both claiming rent allowance. One family are a married couple with three children. The husband is in college full-time and his wife is at home with their twins, while a further child is in school. “They have been on the Fingal County Council housing list for 12 years now. To date, not one offer of housing has been made to them. “One of their neighbours – a lone parent, with two children in school – was forced to relocate to Balbriggan,
as she could no longer afford the rent in her last area. This uprooted her children from school during mid-term, leaving their friends, and starting in new schools. “I searched on Daft.ie and got only three results for a three-bedroom home. One of these had ‘No social welfare accepted’ [listed as a rental condition], which is very common with many landlords.” This was as a result of the cut in rent supplement caps in recent years, he said, adding that rent caps were slightly higher in the rest of the Dublin area, and have resulted in a huge demand for rentals in north County Dublin, particularly Balbriggan.
‘Disturbing’ Cllr Quinn said: “When are we going to start tackling the housing crisis? We need to build social housing units. Relocation is upsetting and disturbing to family life. “As part of the Government’s Housing Strategy 2020, it is proposed that Fingal will make 200 units available this year, by various means, with 77 of these being built in Lusk. “Although I welcome this, a more meaningful strategy to tackling the housing crisis would be to use €1bn from the Ire-
FastNews A series of talks on poetry FINGAL Libraries are hosting Cross-stream: Ways of Writing –a series of talks from a diverse group of poets discussing the compositional process behind one of their poems. The talks will be presented by poet and editor, Christodoulos Makris, and will feature poets Maurice Scully, Harry Clifton, Susan Connolly, Pat Boran, Maighread Medbh and Alan Jude Moore. Talks are free of charge and will be held at Donabate, Blanchardstown and Malahide libraries. For further information, see www. fingal.ie.
Have a cuppa for Nurture
The housing shortfall and lack of rental properties has hit communities hard in
A COFFEE morning in aid of Nurture, a Rushbased charity that supports women and their families who are experiencing pre- and postnatal mental health problems, is being held at Malahide Parish Centre on Friday, April 24 at 11am. Along with the traditional tea and coffee there will be baked treats and a raffle, with all proceeds going to Nurture, in what is shaping up to be a busy but fun morning. For further information on Nurture, see www. nurturecharity.org.
north Dublin, with rising rents adding to the problems for many people and families
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‘A more meaningful strategy to tackling the housing crisis would be to use €1bn from the Ireland Strategic Fund and to invest this in the social housing stock, which would also create tens of thousands of jobs’
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Cllr Malachy Quinn (SF)
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land Strategic Fund and to invest this in the social housing stock, which would create 6,600 to 6,800 homes, and would also create tens of thousands of jobs for the many unemployed construction workers.” In response to Cllr Quinn’s comments, a spokesperson from the Department of the Environment said: “The councillor should be aware that the Government produced two policy documents, Construction 2020 and the Social Housing Strategy, with an investment of €3.8bn, which aims to deliver 35,000 units. “[This comes] along with the recent announcement of €150m from the European Investment Bank (EIB) which will be matched by the Govern-
ment.” Environment Minister Alan Kelly said the funding from the EIB was only the start of “a whole range of investment programmes that will come on board in relation to housing in Ireland”. A spokesperson for the council said: “Fingal County Council, in tandem with the Dublin Social Housing Delivery Taskforce, is developing a social housing delivery programme to 2020 “The council delivers social housing through construction, acquisition and leasing and work is well under way to deliver additional dwellings this year. “The targets for delivery in 2015 and beyond will be announced in April, in line with Social Housing Strategy 2020.”
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8 swords gazette 5 March 2015
ask the politician A weekly Q&A with local representatives looks A Youth Council of Ireland survey recently found that 44% of 18- to 24-year-old JobBridge interns believe employers are using the scheme as a source of free labour. The Gazette asks politicians from the four Dublin local authority areas if they think the JobBridge scheme is exploitative and whether there is an alternative to replace it.
Tanaiste and Minister for Social Protection, joan burton
Over 97% of all internships monitored were complying with scheme’s criteria The purpose of the JobBridge scheme is to provide opportunities for all jobseekers to gain critical experience in the workplace, particularly in their chosen field. Independent studies speak to the very real success of the scheme – three in five participants in JobBridge secured employment following their internship. The really positive thing about the JobBridge scheme is that so many people want to be involved. I welcome the NYCI’s report on JobBridge and intend to carefully consider the findings
and conclusions. On balance the report has some very positive things to say about the JobBridge scheme. For instance, over two-thirds of people who participated said JobBridge gave them valuable work experience, and two-thirds of interns report having moved out of unemployment on finishing their internship. It’s important to state that the scheme is voluntary; there is no compulsion on jobseekers to take part. My Department has carried out more than 9,000 monitoring visits, and over 97%
of all internships monitored were found to be complying with the criteria laid down under the scheme. Where it is felt that a specific internships is falling below the standard required, my Department will take remedial action. Many of its critics, however, particularly in the opposition in the Dail, seem to offer very little by way of solutions in terms of how we create jobs, and how we help people get back to work, particularly for those who lack the critical experience needed in gaining employment.
dun laoghaire-rathdown county council: Cllr Karl Gill (PBP)
This is a con job designed to assist the wealthiest people in our society JobBridge, as one of many of the social welfare based internship schemes, has faced much criticism from all angles since its establishment. Participants on the scheme have commented on how they have been forced into it by way of threat of their payments being cut. I myself was told by a social welfare manager that if I failed to be elected I would be made take up a JobBridge internship or face having my payment slashed. People of all ages are being bullied into these schemes. For participants on these schemes there are no provisions for travel expenses, lunch payments or childcare while they work for free, often for private companies. People with masters degrees and even Phds have found themselves with no choice but to take up these schemes. Some young people don’t have a problem with this because they might have parents who can fully support them while they are on the scheme. However this is not a position most people are in. Most of the internship placements are not offering paid positions for when people complete them and most companies effectively have a revolving door policy of free labour interns. A report done for the Department of Social Protection, called the Indecon report, shows 29% of employers using JobBridge admitted they would have offered full time paid employment in the scheme’s absence but since the scheme is in place they are availing of free labour. Also just 19.5% of interns actually got a job with the
company at the end. We need a real public works scheme in place to get people back to work in the areas that they trained in. The Labour Party seem to expect people who have studied for four years in a third/ fourth level degree course and paid over €12,000 in fees to work for free stacking shelves in Tescos. This is not a back-to-work scheme. It’s a con job designed to assist the wealthiest in our society.
5 March 2015 swords gazette 9
at that are concentrating minds Duntopics Laoghaire-Rathdown County: Cllr Neale Richmond (FG) Mayor of South Dublin County Council l: Fintan Warfield (SF)
JobBridge should be replaced As a young political representative, I mix with countless people who are currently serving internships on the JobBridge scheme. Many have had a positive experience but many more believe that JobBridge displaces paid work, depresses wages and facilitates abuse by some employers. This must not be allowed to continue. The JobBridge scheme should be closed and replaced with a new model. Since June 2011, JobBridge has become the central plank of the Government’s jobs strategy. Although some individuals may have had a positive experience, it is a scheme which leaves thousands of jobseekers vulnerable to exploitation. It is a scheme that has already reduced the number of job opportunities available and if not closed
now, thousands of future positions will emerge as unpaid internships instead. Sinn Fein propose to replace the one-size-fits-all JobBridge scheme with a new participant centred model for internships, compiled with the support of key stakeholders including major unions,
the National Youth Council of Ireland, INOU and We’re Not Leaving, along with many individual JobBridge participants. Tailored internships would be developed sector by sector, in full co-operation with trade unions and Education and Training Boards. Employers would be supported to be the best mentors that they can be. Internships under the scheme would be short and agreed on a sector-by-sector basis. Importantly, companies which have been found in breach of employment law in the previous two years would not be allowed to take on an intern. The names of all employers participating in the scheme would be open to the public, acting as an additional incentive to ensure the proper use of the scheme.
Dublin City Council: Cllr Andrew Montague (Lab)
For many that do take it up the results have been very positive I met a young woman recently who left school early and remained unemployed for several years. She was losing hope of ever having a decent future for herself. So when she was offered a JobBridge post in the local SuperValu she grabbed the chance. On her first day in work, the SuperValu mystery shopper came into the store in order to give feedback to the manager. The mystery shopper went to the counter that the JobBridge intern was on and asked her for help. The mystery shopper didn’t know that this young woman was on JobBridge and our intern didn’t know she was dealing with a mystery shopper. The mystery shopper was so impressed
with the service that she received that she reported to the manager that the young woman was one of the best shop assistants that she ever came across. The young intern finished her JobBridge term and with a new sense of confidence decided to go back to college. JobBridge had given her the start that she
needed to build a brighter future and to give her a real sense of confidence in herself. Like many other people who are unemployed, she found it difficult to get a start because she lacked experience. JobBridge gave her the chance to get that experience. It’s a scheme for people who want to take opportunities that come
up. It’s not compulsory. It’s only for those that want to give it a go. So there is no question of exploitation. But for many of those that do take it up, like this young woman, the results have been very positive. Nearly two out of every three people that go on JobBridge end up in a job within six months. That’s a much higher success rate than most other schemes. Many schemes and programmes over the years have been tried to get long-term unemployed people back to work but most have had very poor results. Here’s a scheme that actually works. Let’s not abandon JobBridge. Let’s not abandon our long-term unemployed.
10 swords gazette 5 March 2015
gazetteGALLERIES
Paul Reid, chief executive, Fingal County Council, with Cllr Grainne Maguire (Ind), Mayor of Fingal Mags Murray (FF) and Tom Reilly, property manager, Ardgillan Castle
refreshing event: Three cheers for ardgillan castle tea rooms
T
HERE was great interest in the official opening of Ardgillan Castle’s tea rooms recently, during which a wide range of local politicians, council staff and guests were refreshed by the elegant facility. With their comprehensive design and presentation, the tea rooms sympathetically reflect the grandeur of the castle, with a classic 18th century styling adding to the timeless nature of the castle, which was built in 1738. Mayor of Fingal Mags Murray (FF) welcomed the unveiling and in describing Ardillan Castle’s rich heritage, echoed the feelings of many in saying that the tea rooms were a welcome addition for its future, too.
Grahame Pickett, chairperson, Ardgillan Castle Ltd and Cllr Mags Murray (FF)
Cllr Tony Murphy (Ind) and Cllr JP Browne (FG)
Kevin Halpenny, senior parks superintendent, Fingal County Council, Dr James Reilly, Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, with Cllr JP Browne (FG) and Cllr Jimmy Guerin (Ind)
The star of the evening – Toni Griffin
and Carol Johnston
5 March 2015 swords gazette 11
Staff from My Hair salon - Olwyn White, Laura Pierce and Liz Howard - who also presented a cheque for €1,000 to the Ross Nugent Foundation
Ger and Olivia O’Rourke. Pictures: David O’Shea
Sarah Tarpey, Nicole Roche and Alvite Murphy
Cecilie Zega Kirke, Michelle Cahill and Dee Roche
Liz O’Connor and Denise McMahon
hair, hair: toni griffin’s shave or dye event
Fundraising for cancer is a snip W
E RETURN to The Gazette’s cover girl last week, Toni Griffin, for another look at her Shave or Dye fundraising event at St Sylvester’s GAA club in Malahide recently, in aid of the Ross Nugent Foundation. Joined by lots of friends and supporters, and members of the community, Toni’s head was expertly shaved by staff from Malahide salon My Hair, who soon had her hair shaved off for the good cause. Adding to the upbeat mood at the fundraising event, the staff also donated €1,000 to the cause, helping to show that the people of Malahide are always just a hair’s breadth away from happily helping charities and good causes, if they can.
Nicola O’Reilly and Sam Mockus
Jack O’Brien, Liam Feeney and Sean O’Connor
Debbie and Ronan McCarthy
12 gazette 5 March 2015
gazetteGALLERY
Orla Morrison Toolen and Carol Morris
Actors David Rawle (Martin Moone), Deirdre O’Kane (Debra Moone) and Peter McDonald (Liam Moone) at the world premiere of Moone Boy series 3 at the Royal Hospital Kilmainham in Dublin recently. The new series of Chris O’Dowd’s international Emmy-winning comedy begins on Sky 1 on Monday, March 2. Pictures: Brian McEvoy
World Premiere: season 3 brings the stars to kilmainham
Moone Boy set to give us a laugh a third time Sophie McNally and Laura Booth
Maria Hennessy and Maria Connor
Barbara and Brian Kearns
Olive Kelly, Sarah Jennings and Michelle Davis
Aine Killilea and Ollie Canning
5 March 2015 Gazette 13
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dublinlife Let Dublin Gazette Newspapers take you on a tour of the news and events taking place across the city and county this week
a day in the life: we catch up with funnyman pj gallagher
what’son
His perfect timing is key to a full day Bairbre Ni Bhraonain
EVER-popular comedian PJ Gallagher took The Gazette on a trip through an average day in his life ahead of his upcoming tour date in Vicar Street this April. Waking up at 5am before heading into studio to broadcast his breakfast show on Classic Hits FM, Gallagher makes sure to get a good aul brekkie to set him up for the day. “The first thing I’ll do is have three Weetabix with skimmed milk, stuck into a bowl and a Berocca energy boost to make sure that I have a bit of energy inside me. Then I jump into the shower – I have my little routine timed perfectly. “I stick on some Euronews and see what way the world is going, then let the dog out to the toilet if she wants to go but normally she just tries to jump into the bed when I get up. “She loves the warm bit, and though she shouldn’t be in there I haven’t the heart to take her out because it’s so cold in the house when I get up. “Then I look at the bicycle and try and talk myself into cycling – and every single morning I just jump on
be drawn to an anime and manga festival ANIME Dublin is back once again for 2015 with a unique, one-day anime event packed with special events, exclusive screenings, gaming, and late night activities. Now in its fourth year, the animation convention takes place at O’Callaghan Alexander Hotel on Fenian Street on April 11. Doors will open at 10am, and events will run right through until 10pm. There will be a pub quiz and general pub shenanigans from 8pm until 11.30pm in the hotel pub for over18s.
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‘I look at the bicycle and try and talk myself into cycling to work – and every single morning I just jump on the motorbike and head off’
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the motorbike [a Triumph 800] and head off,” he says. Once in the studio, he checks the papers to see if there’s anything worth talking about on the show. “The show runs from 6am to 10am with Damien [Farrelly]. The whole idea of the show is basically to convince people that it’s okay to get up out of bed and go into the world. “We play 70s and 80s music, so a lot of dancing goes on.” Then it’s home to take out his two dogs, Wendy and Lilo. When it comes to dinner, it seems this comedian is more used to the phone dial than the cooker’s dial. “If I don’t have a gig I’ll have dinner at 6.30pm. I’m a terrible cook! “I don’t cook anything and the
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Comedian PJ Gallagher, who will be playing at Vicar Street this April
days I don’t have a chopped salad, I get a Chinese [takeaway]. I’m either extremely healthy or extremely unhealthy. “I always call up to my mother in the evening to say hello; she only lives up the road in Clontarf, and I’m in Marino. “I spend an hour there and ramble home and either get stuck into Netflix or try and write some jokes for stand-
up. “I go to bed at 9pm on the button every night. As soon as the news starts I run up to bed and hang all my clothes inside the bathroom so they’re all ready to jump into as soon as I get out of the shower in the morning.” Tickets for PJ Gallagher’s show, Concussion, on April 17 at Vicar Street are available from www.ticketmaster.ie, priced €25.
Prizes The convention will feature a games room with plenty of consoles, tournaments, card games, role-playing games and lots of prizes. A purpose-designed allseated room will host exclusive screenings, panels, workshops and more. Pre-registration has just opened and is advised as places are limited to 300 people. For further information see www. facebook.com/AnimeDublin, or email: animedublin@gmail. com.
GAZETTE
14 GAZETTE 5 March 2015
DUBLINLIFE
DIARY
Enda and Joan busting a move ing with footage of Enda Kenny and Joan Burton recently shown on RTE’s Operation Transformation. While out and about on a walk in his home town of Castlebar, Enda performed a Thrilleresque shoulder shuffle that undoubtedly made
Michael Jackson spin in his grave. This isn’t the first time Enda busted an embarrassing move in public, who can forget his dancing to Happy by Pharrell Williams at last year’s Bloom Festival? In the midst of a group of teenagers, Enda looked like the clueless father
embarrassing his children at their birthday party. Meanwhile, Joanie performed what the girl beside her would probably call an “epic fail” as she tried to copy her dance steps but was always about three moves behind.
CIRQUE DU DAIL TAKES OFF AFTER TEDIOUS TANGENT 2015 may prove to be an entertaining year in the Dail if the first two months of the year are anything to go by. The latest Cirque du Dail saw a number of amusing outbursts particularly from Fianna Fail deputies during an exchange between Gerry Adams and Enda Kenny over Bus Eireann’s plans to axe around 100 of its rural routes. After a tedious tangent of details about the various routes in question, Kenny said he would be introducing a €4bn ruralaid package which would include transport. Fianna Fail Deputy Barry Cowen, (brother of the illustrious Brian) said: “The only thing you brought to rural Ireland was the Fine Gael ardfheis.” This was followed by a roar from Michael Healy-Rae that the current Government was “the most anti-rural Government ever”. The Ceann Comhairle told him to be quiet as it was not his turn to speak: “You’re not Deputy Adams,” he said. “No, I’m not” he replied, “I shave.”
D’NORTHSIDE LIGHTS UP WITH FIVE LAMPS FEST THE Five Lamps Festival
From classic DJ posing to a dash of body popping with his shoulders, the Taoiseach threw down some moves in Operation Transformation. The Tanaiste, however, stuck to more traditional country-wedding-style steps in her segment. Pictures: YouTube
got off to a flying start this week with an elaborate opening night ceremony of music and entertainment launched by Love/ Hate actor John Connors at the Custom House. The festival goes on for the next couple of weeks ending on March 14, with a host of entertaining things to do, see and hear. Some highlights of this year’s festival include holistic events, children’s events such as a marionette show and a circus, dance events, plenty of live music and literary readings, drama and visual arts exhibitions. One of the more unusual events is the Bus Eireann Tour of d’Northside on March 7. For two hours, you can take a tour of the north Inner City area where Roddy Doyle’s Barrytown Trilogy was set. An actor will read excerpts from the books and Pia Dunne will sing soul songs
from The Commitments. This is part of the One City One Book week.
For a full list of Five Lamps Festival, go to www.fivelamp sarts.ie.
Why advertise with the Gazette? Let our advertisers tell you why:
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Trabolgan Holiday Village, Cork have used the Dublin Gazette Newspapers for the last few years to advertise various aspects of our holiday village including special offers. We have always had an excellent reader response from the advertisements run and have found the area’s covered by all 8 papers of great value to Trabolgan. The help and guidance we have received from the staff has made it easier for us to communicate our message efficiently and cost effectively ensuring we get the maximum from our budget. We would have no hesitation in recommending the Gazette to any business.
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REMEMBER that moment in 1985 when Mick Jagger and David Bowie covered the great Motown hit Dancing in the Street? With the most cringeworthy dancing ever seen up to that point? Well they can now move over and stop blush-
B E C A U S E L O C A L M AT T E R S
5 March 2015 Gazette 15
Gazette
16 Gazette 5 March 2015
dublinlife
Q&A liam farrell, founder, parkme.ie
Driving a market gap into a great business model THE founder and managing director of Parkme.ie, Liam Farrell, spotted a gap in the market while home for Christmas in 2011. His firm has over 800 spaces around Dublin registered on its website and offers additional income to people who have an unused parking space. He has extensive experience in
business How long have you been in business?
We have been in business for almost two years now.
What makes your business successful?
Our business is successful because it benefits all of our users. Members are either making or saving money where they did not before. Space owners are creating income from their parking space or driveway and drivers are saving money on their parking costs.
What do you offer your clients that differs from your competitors?
teaching, having among other accomplishments set up an English teaching institute in Argentina in 2010 With an educational background in economics, and having obtained his Masters in Boston University in 2005, Farrell is now also the managing director of his firm, and plans to continue expanding Parkme.ie.
Our main competitors are advertising sites like Gumtree. However, these sites can be used to advertise a wide range of products and services. There is no competitor in Ireland whose sole focus is advertising and renting parking spaces. We do not just advertise the space; drivers can book the space online with a debit or credit card. This removes the possibility of numerous phone calls from interested parties or showing the space over and over again. They can just put the space up
Increase in credit union’s car loans STILLORGAN Credit Union has seen a sizeable uplift in car loan applications in 2015. Unlike garage or bank car finance packages, with a credit union loan the borrower owns the car from the outset. There are no administration charges or hidden fees and, with a credit union loan, you can pay off your car loan early without penalty. Jennifer Finegan, marketing and business development officer with Stillorgan Credit Union, said: “We always advise our members to shop around and check out other lenders rates, but to be careful not to be influenced by repayments that sound too good to be true. “Our advice is to look at the total offer or hire purchase price as this is what you must pay before you actually own the car.”
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‘We aim to become a booking platform not just for individual home owners, but also for larger commercial car parks’
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and wait for bookings to come in and then get paid straight into their bank account. How has the recession affected your business?
While we did not exist before the recession, it certainly had both positive and negative effects for this kind of service. Homeowners are now looking for innovative ways to earn money so the recession helped our business model in that sense. On the other hand, drivers would now have less disposable income. This works both ways for us in that drivers want to use our service to get cheaper parking but some drivers can no longer
afford to pay for parking at all. What law or regulation would you change overnight to help your business?
Some of our users are concerned about the income tax payable on money earned on Parkme.ie. We suggest that they consult their financial adviser on this. We would like to see the rent-a-room scheme expanded to include driveways or parking spaces. Homeowners may earn up to €10,000 tax free by renting out their bedrooms to others. We see no reason why this should not include your parking space.
What is your ambition for the business?
I am very happy with how the business is progressing at this stage. We have new companies contacting us every week in need of extra parking spaces for their new offices. We are currently making improvements to the site and we are in the process of adding some multi-storey car parks to the system. We aim to become a booking platform not just for individual home owners, but also for larger commercial car parks. We are also planning on increasing the number of spaces in other cities in Ireland and the UK.
05 March 2015 Gazette 17
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asdfsdaf P27 health P24
OUT&ABOUT Never be out of the loop on what’s happening in Dublin! Let Out&About be your guide to all that is stylish, cultural and essential across the city and beyond this week
travel P19
Pets who is super bright and snuggly? Bella!
Offset is a three-day creative conference held annually in Dublin’s Bord Gais Energy Theatre which attracts visitors from around the world
Three-day festival: illustrator Tomi Ungerer expected to wow audience
Offset ready to impress Ian Begley
Preparations are in full swing for this year’s highly-anticipated festival, Offset, which brings together in one place the most creative design talent in the world. Offset is a three-day conference held annually in Dublin’s Bord Gais Energy Theatre over March 6-8. Every year, the festival attracts visitors from around the world to come and hear speakers from different creative industries and to take part in panel discussions and interviews. They outline their work, ideas and inspirations and give insights into their practices and personal perspectives. Independently founded and run, Offset has grown from 450 to 3,000 delegates.
Bren Byrne, a festival director, is confident this year’s Offset will be a big success. Speaking to The Gazette, he said: “We have a small team of about 200 people who help run the whole operation. The main stage will hold presentations by some of the world’s best creative professionals from graphic design, advertising, art, film, fashion and animation. “We also have a second room which is a more intimate setting and holds about 300 people, where we do interviews, panel discussions and Q&As. “Here, people will gain insights into the creative process and different professional approaches on how to make it in the creative industry. “We’ll have about 3,000 people there each day with about 60% of our audi-
ence working in the creative industry and the rest made up of students and creative enthusiasts.” Asked what attendees will learn from this three-day festival, Byrne said: “People will get hands-on tips on how to improve their own creative work practices along with some inspiration from our speakers. People are going to get insights into how things are made and how to deal with clients in a very informal way.” There is no VIP area and no green room at Offset. The space facilitates speakers and attendees, allowing both to mingle freely and settle in for three days of inspiration. The intimate surroundings of the second room of the Bord Gais Energy
Theatre allows delegates to get a little closer to some of the legendary speakers, who will give interviews, contribute to debates and take part in group discussions on topics that are at the heart of the creative agenda. One highly anticipated speaker who will be attending this year’s Offset is illustrator and graphic designer Tomi Ungerer, who now lives in West Cork. At 84-year’s old, Ungerer will talk about his youth in Nazi occupied France, along with his life in New York working as an illustrator and graphic designer, before moving to Ireland in the 1970s. Tickets for Offset are €50 to €70 and are on sale now. For further information and to see the list of speakers taking part, visit www.iloveoffset.com.
the Gazette Newspaper has teamed up with Dogs Trust to help find homes for unwanted and abandoned dogs. Our Dog of the Week this week is is Bella, a fouryear-old female husky. This is one super bright, super snuggly husky! She arrived into Dogs Trust pregnant and went on to have a beautiful litter of babies. They have all since been rehomed and now it’s Bella’s turn. Bella has already lived in a home and thoroughly enjoys her creature comforts. This active lady is looking for an equally active home with adults or bigger kids who will commit to her for the rest of her life. For more information on gorgeous Bella and her Dogs Trust pals, please call Dogs Trust on 01 879 1000 or pop into the centre. They are based in Finglas, just off exit 5 on the M50. You can also find them on Facebook www.facebook.com/ dogstrustirelandonline or Twitter @DogsTrust_IE.
Gazette
18 Gazette 5 March 2015
OUT&ABOUT
BITESIZEDNEWS
Tuck into delicious Boutique Bake lemon meringues
A Mother’s Day treat with lemon meringues THIS week, Boutique Bake has a delicious lemon meringue cupcake recipe using its very own lemon drizzle cake mix. You can use either one to two lemon mixes, depending on how many cupcakes you would like to make. Here, Boutique Bake used one lemon mix, which makes about 12 cupcakes. Boutique Bake is available nationwide in selected Tesco stores, SuperValu, Dunnes, Avoca, Morton’s and many other grocery stores. For further information, see www.boutiquebake.ie.
Ingredients 1 Boutique Bake Lemon Drizzle Cake Mix 150g butter 3 eggs 1 lemon A few spoonfuls of lemon curd for the cupcakes For the meringue topping: 100g caster sugar 2 egg white Star-shaped nozzle (optional) to make a nice shape with the meringues with an icing bag
Preparation • Heat oven to 180C/160C fan/gas 4 and line a 12-hole muffin tin with cases. In a large mixing bowl, beat The Zingy One with the butter and eggs. • Divide the mixture between cases and bake for approx 18 minutes until a skewer poked in the cupcakes comes out clean. • When you remove them from the oven, combine the drizzle mix provided in the Boutique Bake mix with the juice of one lemon. Prick your warm cupcakes all over and pour your drizzle over them. Allow them to cool before placing lemon curd on top. • Once cupcakes have cooled, spread about a dessert spoon of lemon curd on top of each cupcake. • Meanwhile, place the egg whites into a clean bowl, whisk until stiff peaks form, then whisk in your sugar, a tablespoon at a time. Keep whisking until the mixture looks glossy and has thickened a little, like shaving foam. Spoon the mixture into an icing bag with a star-shaped nozzle, or freezer bag (snip off the end to pipe). • Pipe meringue on top of each cupcake. Use a blow torch to lightly brown and toast the meringue, or place under grill for a few minutes to lightly brown.
James Whelan Butchers in Avoca: “Irish bacon is fantastic and a great number of people consider bacon and cabbage a culinary triumph”
Butcher celebrates an Irish staple – bacon and cabbage James Whelan Butchers in Avoca is once again leading the trend when it comes to innovative and new cuts of meat for the dinner table. There’s no doubt we Irish love our bacon and cabbage. In fact, 64% of people consider bacon and cabbage as the meal most associated with Ireland, so it’s fair to say, it’s an Irish staple. Whelan’s new rack of bacon is set
to elevate bacon to a new level and is perfect for a dinner party or Sunday lunch and with locations in Avoca Food in Monkstown, Rathcoole and Kilmacanogue, it’s easily accessible. Pat Whelan of James Whelan Butchers said, “Irish bacon is fantastic and a great number of people consider bacon and cabbage a culinary triumph. The aroma of
bacon cooking instantly brings me back to my childhood, conjuring up great memories. It is such an intrinsically Irish dish and there are so many accompaniments that it can be enjoyed many different ways.” Leaving bacon on the bone instantly enhances the taste, as the closer to the bone, the sweeter the meat, as well as creating a visual feast.
It has taken Pat Whelan months to perfect the JWB Rack of Bacon, but every second has been worth it. “Leaving meat cook on the bone adds a whole layer of flavour that’s hard to explain on paper. I can’t wait for my customers to taste it,” said Pat. Meat that has been cooked on the bone will naturally have a richer flavour and this is one of the
main features of the JWB Rack of Bacon. It has been dry cured using an artisan traditional method and the resulting flavour that has been achieved is mouth-watering. James Whelan Butchers are at Avoca Food Market Monkstown, Rathcoole and Kilmacanogue, or check out www. Jameswhelanbutchers. com and order online 24/7.
Let Secret Chef help you shine ALDI’S new range of dishes, aptly named The Secret Chef, are now in store and mean that you can do none of the work but take all of the credit. Now available in all 113 stores nationwide, The Secret Chef range currently consists of 28 dishes based around beef, lamb, chicken, turkey, bacon and pork and will be updated regularly throughout the year to suit the seasons. The full range currently offers a wide choice to suit all tastes, and is priced from just €2.99 to €9.99. Dishes include Irish lamb as a mini joint served plain or infused with garlic butter and parsley (€7.99), or as a shoulder rack with either a bell pepper or mint
herb crust (€6.99). Irish beef is served up as burgers with a choice of melted toppings (€2.99), a stirfry with vegetables and sauce (€4.99), a stroganoff (€4.99), or a striploin steak with either a pepper sauce or a pepper coating (€7.49). Chicken breasts are served up with imagination – from Cajun chicken with a smashed bean salsa, garlic chicken with a creamy lemon sauce, and lime and chilli chicken with a sweet chilli sauce (all €3.69). The Secret Chef range is available in store now and the current Aldi leaflet carries wine recommendations to accompany a selection of the dishes.
Aldi’s chicken with pesto style marinade and cherry tomatoes and a mozzarella crust
5 March 2015 Gazette 19
Paddy’s day deals ian begley
If YOU’RE tempted by a last minute St Patrick’s weekend getaway, there is a host of luxury seasonal hotels and country houses to choose from. From March 12 to 20, you can spend two nights at the Cashel House Hotel, Galway from €179pp. On your arrival, enjoy this year’s St Patrick’s Day in a classic country house retreat set in the heart of Connemara. You can also sow some potatoes in the garden, hunt for hidden shamrocks or join in a singsong in the local pub in nearby Roundstone. From €179, you can
stay at Rathsallagh House, Wicklow with a one-night escape from March 17 to18. Experience the simple country life pleasures of country walks on the scenic estate. At the Carrig Country House in Kerry, those eager for a Paddy’s weekend getaway can spend three nights there for €234 per person. During your stay, you can choose from a round of golf or a one-hour body massage. A three-day stay here will give you plenty of time to explore the Ring of Kerry, Dingle Peninsula and Killarney National Park. This offer, which is valid from March 14
to17, also includes a fourcourse dinner on two evenings in the Lakeside Restaurant. Make your friends green with env y by spending a one-night stay at Mount Juliet Country estate, Kilkenny from €140pp. The package, which includes breakfast and dinner in the Lady Helen Restaurant, is valid for one night only on March 16. For €245pp, spend St Patrick’s weekend at Dunbrody House, Wexford. Valid from March 13 to 18, enjoy two nights’ accommodation with dinner on one evening and on St Patrick’s Day the house will have a com-
plimentary shamrock for each of their guests. There will also be live music and plenty of activities for all ages in the 16th century Duncannon Fort, and Ireland’s only beach parade in Duncannon village to enjoy. With hiddenireland.ie, slow down with nature this St Patrick’s Day at Ashley Park House in Nenagh, Tipperary for €135pp. Set in 76 acres of beech woodland and formal gardens, this historic 18th century country house welcomes guests to embrace life at a slower pace in the comfortable and beautifully decorated home, providing tranquillity and peace for those
Gazette
TRAVEL
Cashel House Hotel offers guests a luxurious welcome in delightful Connemara
hoping to escape the hustle and bustle of modern day living. Take advantage of an early check-in as part of your one-night March 16-17 special retreat, which includes breakfast in bed the following morning, a four-course evening meal and a late
check-out. Start your St Patrick’s Day early and in style at The Twelve Hotel in Galway for €140pp. Upstairs, its West restaurant is familiar to food lovers as a chic and clubby nighttime space. Make a night of it with its “#lazysundayafter-
noons wes tpackage”, which includes an early check in on Sunday, a late check out on Monday, €40 food credit for West, overnight accommodation and breakfast the following morning. You can also add a second night on March 16 from €99 per room.
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Gazette
20 Gazette 5 March 2015
laura webb
WHERE would we be without our Mammy or that special lady who has helped mould us into who we are today? This Mother’s Day, show her how much you care with a gift you know she will love, or a quirky present you know you can both have a laugh about when you’re chatting with her over with a cuppa and a nice piece of cake.
Kilkenny Store Calvin Klein
Jade clutch €100
Gifts can be as expensive or as budget-friendly as you like, seeing that most mammies just think: “Isn’t it the thought that counts?” To help you get thinking this Mother’s Day, here are a few ideas from Gazette Style and Beauty ...
ink
44
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FOR many mammies this Mother’s Day, a day out is likely to be on the cards, which could include a nice dinner or lunch somewhere with their adorable kids. However, the day is also just a darn good excuse to get dressed up, and feel like a yummy mummy who’s Fab dressed to impress. uc ci This week, Gazette Nud Co e le as Style brings you t2 ath er xD some ideas for what pee ol is pt ear oe to wear for your day ring sho s€ this March 15. eb 19 yM Whether you are a aria n€ mother of one or seven, 135 or a mum-to-be, you are bound to stand out from the crowd with these Mother’s Day outf its and accessories
22 Gazette 5 March 2015
5 March 2015 GAZETTE 23
ARTS
Solo show Sea Wall won a bravura turn from Andrew Scott. Picture: Kevin Cummins
Detecting a true talent BAIRBRE NI BHRAONAIN
Mixing fact and fiction, the actors at Collins Barracks restore the legacy of lost lives to heartbreaking reality for audiences in this remarkable production
PALS – THE IRISH AT GALLIPOLI: VIVIDLY RECALLING THE SACRIFICE OF IRISH SOLDIERS
Marrying art and history BAIRBRE NI BHRAONAIN
COLLINS Barracks is trying something new for the next few months by marrying art and history to tell the story of Irish men’s participation in the First World War. Pals – The Irish at Gallipoli, is the result of a collaboration between Anu Productions, the National Museum of Ireland and the National Archives of Ireland. It is a site-specific piece of moving and often interactive theatre set in Collins Barracks, where the original pals from the 7th Battalion did most of their training before
going to war. In an empty Clarke Square in Collins Barracks, the swelling sound of It’s A Long Way to Tipperary blared out from megaphones. The effect was eerie, as it rendered a ghostly glimpse into what it was like to be a part of the Irish contingent in the war effort and how their breasts must have swelled with jingoistic pride when the anthem was played to send them off to war. A crowd of people collected in the square as the show was to begin. A tour guide told us that Collins Barracks – then called the Royal Bar-
racks – was the first purpose-built barracks in the world, and that 733 soldiers would parade in Clarke Square on a regular basis. Included among these was the 7th Battalion and, as she spoke, a woman in old-fashioned turn of the century dress approached us, appealing to know where the office was so she could have her separation allowance renewed. The show had begun now in earnest. Across the square, a soldier in a British Army uniform was being reprimanded by a superior officer. From the high window,
another soldier shouted down, teasing the other. The spirit of camaraderie and high-jinks was palpable among the soldiers. “I only joined for the boots,” said one. The whole audience then followed the soldiers who were in the square, up three flights of stone stairs in the barracks to their dorm. It was here that we experienced something truly exceptional. The audience sat on the beds or on lockers as the soldiers of the 7th Battalion moved around us, telling tales of war to each other and re-enacting battle scenes.
Real letters written by the soldiers themselves were read out at times. ANU is an extraordinary theatre company who summoned up the spirit of the past so effectively it was impossible not to be moved by it. It is game-changing theatre, which reaches far beyond the ken of previous drama. I found myself getting very upset at times as the real experience of what those young Irish men suffered was brought to such vivid and appalling life. One of the most touching scenes revealed with simple efficacy the com-
Book delves into a killer Dublin plot BAIRBRE NI BHRAONAIN
DON Cameron’s debut novel Marked Off won the RTE Today Show/New Island Get Your Book Published Competition 2014. Cameron has been doing the rounds on radio and in print giving interviews about his winning book, which is a crime
novel about a serial killer on the loose in the Booterstown area. Marked Off is a good read for anyone who loves a fastpaced whodunnit and, for the first half, I found myself really enjoying the story as told by a fully-committed Cameron. The author displays a certain aptitude for crime drama and
has a modern style of writing which is very much in keeping with other successful authors writing in the same vein today. There is never a moment of boredom and the characters interact very well with each other. In the main, the dialogue is snappy and sometimes quite insightful. As a first novel, Marked Off
shows a good deal of real promise for Cameron as a crime writer and it keeps the reader engaged until the end. As a barometer of what is to come from Cameron, it augurs well for the future of modern Irish crime fiction. The book in on sale now at all good bookstores, priced €13.99.
plicated historical tension of double allegiance to Ireland and T he Crown. One of the officers, as he was dying, looked up at his pal and asked: “Is Ireland proud of us?” Pals – The Irish at Gallipoli is an experience not to be missed by any Irish person or anyone who is interested in Irish history. The performance runs at Collins Barracks daily from Wednesday to Saturday, with shows at 11am, 12pm, 2pm and 4pm, and at 2pm, 3pm and 4pm on Sunday until April 30, with tickets priced €5.
A PR ODUC T IO N of Simon Stephens’s Sea Wall brought the incomparable Andrew Scott to Dublin recently, courtesy of the Dublin Theatre Festival. A Dundrum native, Scott – who is a BAFTA winner, and an Olivier Award winner – is best known in his home country as Sherlock Holmes’s evil arch nemesis Moriarty, and is also due to appear in the next Bond movie Spectre. Scott appeared in front of the audience of the Project Arts Centre, pacing back and forth as he waited for the audience to settle.
Transformed Once the crowd fell silent, Scott began to talk and soon transformed the space with his simple heartfelt story of love and tragic loss. His acting is quite simply masterful, born of ice and fire and forged in his own experience. Not just that, but his is the kind of performance that is not artifice, it is real emotion unfolding before us in real time. At the end, Scott received a standing ovation, which was the least any audience could do to show their gratitude for such a rare talent.
Gazette
24 Gazette 5 March 2015
OUT&ABOUT
HEALTH
HEALTHSHORTS Viviscal hair supplement could give you luscious locks right from the root to the tip DAILY activities can lead to dull, damaged hair. You may have a little bit of hair envy with your friends. Good hair makes you feel better about the way you look; in particular, if there’s an occasion coming up and you want to look your best. Hair growth begins beneath the scalp, where the hair follicle is formed, and in this stage of growth, the nutrients received by the hair follicle play a vital role in its health and appearance. Supported by nine clinical studies, Viviscal Maximum Strength Supplements are scientifically formulated for women to promote healthy hair growth from within, to give your hair the boost it needs to look its very
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Turn to Milltown Dental Clinic for expert oral treatments WHILE there is plenty of dental competition from abroad, you do have to take into consideration travel expenses and currency. When it comes to post-operative care and patient support, it is paramount you choose a dental clinic near you. Milltow n Dental Clinic is based in Dublin, and provides dental implants and final implant restorations. They have an excellent reputation in treating nervous patients, and providing advanced cosmetic dentistry at an affordable cost. Milltow n Dental Clinic uses the highest quality of materials and laboratories,
and use Nobel Biocare and Straumann dental implants. They also offer “click tight” palate-free dentures supported by implants, which are ideal if you have loose, uncomfortable dentures. For a free consultation, call 0146 23963 or 01260 3741, or the emergency number 086 801 2940.
Running footwear is very important to your exercise, so don’t be afraid to take the time and effort to find the pair that’s right for you
exercise: follow our tips to find the right footwear
Step by step advice to get running shoes suzanne sheehy
ARE you a little overwhelmed at the thought of purchasing a pair of running shoes? With the vast range of runners available, it is becoming more complicated. With so many brands, price tags and sports shops – as well as specialist shops – it’s difficult to know who to turn to for the right advice. If you are a beginner, your mileage may not be as high; however, you may have “bi-mechanical” problems so purchasing shoes specific to your needs is of high importance. Specialist shops are not just for the athlete who consistently runs more than 70 miles per week, they can give you the best advice on which shoes
work best with your feet. This will help reduce any risk of injury, such as painful shins and joints, which can commonly occur if you’re wearing the wrong running shoes. Gazette Health went along to The Run Hub, a technical running specialist store in Ashtown, and spoke to Kevin English for a guide to buying new runners. He discussed how important it is to understand the runner’s profile, saying: “Questions we would ask are: ‘Are you new to running?’, ‘What distance do you plan on running?’, ‘What surface will you run on?’, ‘Are you training for a specific event?’ and ‘Have you had any running-related injuries?’ “ Also, knowing the footwear you currently
wear is important, and looking at the wear patterns gives us plenty of information. “Body type is important, as the larger runner might need a wider-fitting shoe and a good specialist store will offer widths in the shoes. Getting your feet measured later in the day is always a good tip, as your feet will be expanded a little more, due to blood flow.” In a good running shop, the specialist will analyse your running gait by videoing your run. On this process, English said: “This is done in the bare feet and on a hardback track where we video the runner and slow down the motion to talk them through their gait cycle. “The gait is broken up into three cycles, where we look at the contact
phase and see if they are a heel striker or mid-foot striker. “The next phase is the mid stance, when the foot is in full contact with the ground – our body loads four times our weight at this point. The final phase is the propulsion phase as the foot leaves the ground and the toe-off position is taken.” Specialist shops will use all the information taken from a gait analysis and form an understanding of the runner’s profile, so that they will be able to choose the right shoe that offers their feet the unique support and fit they need. You can try out up to four models, but remember: don’t shop by price or by fashion. And what about barefoot running, also known
as minimalism? On this, English said: “Scientific research has yet to reach a clear consensus on the benefits of barefoot running. It remains a controversial topic and many might argue it is not suitable for all runners. “Over the past six months, brands have come full circle and shoes have become more cushioned and some very minimal shoes have been discontinued.” Gazette Health has now covered the main things you need to know when buying your first pair of running shoes. Here comes the fun part – choosing a pair to suit you, and start clocking up those miles. Always remember: “Whether it’s a 14-minute mile or a seven- minute mile, it’s still a mile.”
5 March 2015 gazette 25
Ginger Brown Woollen hand-embroidered chair €510
Ginger Brown Bone Inlay Jewellery Boxes (grey and white €120, blue and white €180, pink and white €225)
think PINK! CHECK out The Gazette’s new Interiors page and, this week, our theme is all things hearts and flowers, in honour of our mammies. We didn’t have to look too far for all things pink, as it seems to be a recurring theme in lots of the spring/summer offerings from many of the big homeware
departments. For example, look no further than the fabulous pink flamingo from Matthew Wiliamson’s collection for Debenhams. Uplifting! So, for some inspiration on what to buy your mum, or just some tips for doing up your home, check out these items ...
Marks&Spencer Floral cushion €27
Kilkenny Store Max Benjamin Persian Rose diffuser €26.95
Debenhams Laura Oakes lamp €75 Debenhams Matthew Williamson flamingo €18.50
Kilkenny Store Shannonbridge sugar bowl €10.95
Marks&Spencer Large floral print jug €13
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26 SWORDS GAZETTE 5 March 2015
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28 Gazette 5 March 2015
SPORT Confident toddlers kicking on
FastSport
soccer: little kickers giving kids a healthy start through sport
DCU secure semi-final date with Brunell:
DCU Mercy have been drawn against Singleton SuperValu Brunell in basketball’s women’s Premier League playoff semi-finals. The Dublin side beat Courtyard Liffey Celtics 74-46 on the last day of the regular season to secure second place and home advantage in the second leg. Liffey Celtics are also through to the post-season but they will have to play table toppers Team Montenotte Hotel Glanmire. In the men’s Premier League, Conor Meany scored 40 points as UCD Marian reeled in Travelodge Swords Thunder and kept alive their hopes of a place in the end of season Champions Trophy. It’s the highest score by an Irish player in the National League this season. “I’m delighted that we were able to come back after a poor first-half” said the captain.
stephen findlater [email protected]
BASED on a “fun-first” principle, Little Kickers’ Joe Sullivan believes the initiative can play a strong
developmental role for young kids and potentially help them on the way to a healthier lifestyle The programme is currently enjoyed by around a 1,000 children around
Training balance for toddlers
the city from month to month. Open to children aged 18-months up to five years, Little Kickers combine football skills with important pre-school learning concepts such as colour and number recognition, sharing, following instructions and using imagination. Speaking about the idea, Sullivan says it gives toddlers a great experience not just try out football but to help develop vital skills for all parts of their lives at an early age, “It’s an early learning school for boys and girls,” he said. “It is not just football but is based around football. The focus is on learning and helping kids develop. “It is a unique thing, coming to us at 18 months
All Little Kickers sessions are run by qualified coaches
and staying with us until they are three or four years old. It has to have a lot of variety and is very well run. Parents are not stupid and they want the best.” Sullivan previously played League of Ireland football with Shelbourne and Longford Town before going into management at local level, most recently with Phoenix on the Navan Road. But his passion for promoting Little Kickers has seen him pour his efforts into the initiative to the point where he oversees groups all across the city including Castleknock, Ongar, Lucan, Portmarnock, Kinsealy, Swords, Sallynoggin and Foxrock among others. Groups of up to 16 kids
at the different age groups take part in the different games under the guidance of two Garda-vetted and FAI qualified coaches in an indoor environment . “There is a structure to it; each week it stays on the same format but with different games. “We’re going about seven years, and parents love it as much as the kids because there is a great structure to it. “It’s all about building confidence with the kids. It builds a bit of everything; listening and learning skills. “I have a great passion for it and love to see the kids come on from the first day they come in, holding on to mammy or daddy’s leg, until they finish.
“We’re not saying the kids are going to go on and be footballers; it’s just about having confidence and bringing them on, developing them through sport.” And Sullivan believes that Little Kickers can give youngsters a great start in life on the road to a healthier lifestyle. “It’s all about developing kids and there is not enough of that out there. Too many kids don’t do enough exercise; I hear this all the time from such an early age. “Even at two-yearsold, you see some kids are overweight, stuck in front of their iPad or the television. We are not the answer but we do help them [on the way to a healthy lifestyle].”
Terenure back on track with strong win at Cork Con [email protected]
Terenure are second in the UBL Division 1A
TERENURE recaptured some of their best form with a 20-point first half display at Temple Hill, as James O’Donoghue, Robert Duke and Harry Moore all ran in tries to see off Cork Con 20-8 in the Ulster Bank League Division 1A last Saturday. The result saw James Blaney’s men tighten their grip on second spot. They now hold a sevenpoint lead over third-placed Clontarf with just three rounds remaining. Terenure made full use of
their early wind advantage on Leeside, with out-half Thornton landing a second minute penalty. Then a quick tap set up right winger O’Donoghue for a try in the corner. Impressive f lanker Duke scored for the second week running, charging through from halfway to touch down to the right of the posts, and freescoring winger Moore grabbed his ninth try of the campaign to make it 20-0. An unconverted effort from Munster Academy member Darren Sweetnam reduced the
arrears for Cork Constitution to 15 points, but the visitors always looked in control despite Tomas Quinlan tagging on a 55th minute penalty. Clontarf, themselves, slumped to a disappointing 21-17 defeat to St Mary’s at Templeville Road on Friday night. Seventh-placed Mary’s may still be battling relegation but with the table particularly tight, they are only four points adrift of the fourth playoff position. Peter Smyth’s charges were hammered 44-15 by Clontarf in early January, but they turned
the tables on the title holders. With a big wind behind them, Mary’s burst into a 21-3 interval lead thanks to 11 points from Ray Crotty’s boot and tries from Brian McGovern and Ryan O’Loughlin, who finished off an excellent team score. Clontarf capitalised on Mary’s indiscipline to run in tries through Rob Keogh and Ireland club international captain Matt D’Arcy. However, despite being down to 13 men, the home side hung on to win by a four-point margin.
5 March 2015 Gazette 29
Gazette
Settled St Pat’s eye huge Rovers battle The League of Ireland fixture list has thrown up a massive Dublin derby to start the 2015 season with St Pat’s Liam Buckley and Ger O’Brien hotly anticipating a lively fixture THIS Friday night, Tallaght stadium will host a Dublin Derby between Shamrock Rovers and St Patrick’s Athletic in what is the standout curtainraiser in the season’s SSE Airtricity League. Keith Fahey’s much discussed switch to the Hoops from Richmond Park, as well as Ciaran Kilduff, Jason McGuinness and Conor O’Malley heading in the other direction from Tallaght to Inchicore will fuel the fire even more in what is always a key fixture in the League of Ireland. Speaking to GazetteSport at the launch of the league at the Aviva Stadium last Friday, Pat’s manager Liam Buckley previewed the feisty opening day fixture. “It’ll be a big test,” he said. “I think it’s a great opener for the league and we’ll be looking to do as well as we can.”
nathan kelly [email protected]
After a cup winning season and third place finish last time round, the Super Saints enjoyed a perfect pre-season in terms of results up until the defeat to Dundalk in the President’s Cup last Saturday. Buckley and his backroom staff have been shrewd in their transfer activity in preparation for the 2015 season, signing just four players in the form of ex-Rovers trio Kilduff, O’Malley, and McGuinness along with Lee Desmond from Shelbourne. Does this represent an emphasis on quality rather than quantity for
the squad? “I just didn’t think we needed to bring in too many,” said Buckley. “The bulk of my squad won the league two years ago, finished third the previous season and third last season too. “We’ve been very competitive over the past few years. We’ve been in two cup finals in three years and won it last season. I think who we have brought in will make an impact in the group.” A f ter such a dramatic end to the league last year, with Dundalk snatching the title from Cork City on the final day, the Inchicore boss was asked who he felt could challenge for the title in 2015. “Dundalk are going to be ver y competitive, Stephen [Kenny] has lost only one player [Pat Hoban]. Cork have brought in, Rovers have brought in, and Sligo
Ger O’Brien, St Patrick’s Athletic, and Conor Kenna, Shamrock Rovers, will meet on the opening day of the 2015 SSE Airtricity league season. Picture: David Maher / SPORTSFILE
have brought in so we’ll wait and see how the season goes. I think those four and ourselves all have a serious chance.” The Saints skipper Ger O’Brien was also at the launch and like his manager, spoke with excitement about the return of the league. “I can’t wait,”
the season but don’t get me wrong; we don’t want to lose to Rovers, we want to win it. “It’s important we prepare properly and go up to Tallaght and give a good account of ourselves.” Providing his opinion on the squad for the new
--------------------------------------------------------
It’s Pat’s vs Rovers; if you win, there’s the local bragging rights. Lose and you are on the end of that - Ger O’Brien --------------------------------------------------------
he said. “The off-season is very long. It’s probably too long to be honest so when you get yourself into this situation where there’s just a few days to go the excitement starts to build. The fact that we’ve got a wonderful first couple of fixtures makes it even more special. It’s a very tough start for us but that’s what you want.” On that opening fixture against Rovers, where O’Brien spent three years as a player, the right-back knows how much it means for the Inchicore faithful. “Listen, it’s Rovers vs Pat’s. If you win there’s bragging rights for the fans, if you lose you’re going to be on the end of those bragging rights. It’s obviously not make or break at this stage of
season, the club captain seemed content with the recruitment work done over the winter as well as offering his views on the transfer activity of the entire league. He said: “Yeah I’m happy. I think most teams are a lot more settled this year. There haven’t been that many players floating on the market which I think is a good thing. “You can’t have a 10 or 12 player turnaround in each team every year it just doesn’t bring any consistency. “Having a settled squad allows fans to get to know players and it ensures players have an affiliation with the club which I think is very important.” Pat’s visit to Rovers kicks off at 7.45pm in Tallaght Stadium this Friday, March 6.
ken’sDiary
Double session pushes Egan to limit of pain barrier Olympic silver medallist Ken Egan is to take part in this year’s Laurels Charity Crew Cycle from Galway to Dublin on April 19. In the run-up, Egan has partnered with Gazette Sport to document his training; here is his latest report from the road. I DECIDED to head out early on Saturday morning with a group of six to tackle some hills for extra training before I joined up with the big gang at 10am. I must admit from my time on the bike thus far, I have only really stayed on the flats but to tackle some steep bends, I really appreciate what any serious cyclist takes on. Because I hadn’t a clue how far or how high I was climbing, I just got in to my own head and took one revolution at a time. I really enjoyed my first experience of the hills and felt like the Italian Marco Pantani, one of the best climbers cycling has ever witnessed. We descended back towards the Laurels Pub for about 9.45am ready for phase two. I admit I had thoughts in my head of calling it a day. Word on the street was we had a rough ride ahead! But I battled my demons and put them to the back of my mind and off we took at 10am with my personal target to break the 100km mark by the end of the cycle. Our destination was Sallins and onto Naas and back up through Blessingtion; I was on the bike two hours and 30 minutes and on the verge of getting off and giving up. I just had nothing left to give and my body was running on empty. But I heard we were stopping in Blessington and I saw a sign indicating just 9km so I soldiered on; five minutes later and another sign said 7km. My head was in a bad place but I got through it and made it to our only pit stop. I got some coffee and refilled my water bottle and got sugar into my body and was ready for the home run., We cycled right through Blessington and down towards Saggart, onto Clondalkin. This was by far the toughest and the 8am start didn’t help, but it’s in the bank and I will benefit from it. Total distance of 106km done so for that I am a happy man.
Gazette
30 SWORDS gazette 5 March 2015
SPORT
FastSport
soccer: celtic closing in on third straight promotion
Doyle breaks series of records in Canada PORTMARNOCK swimming club’s Fiona Doyle was on fire this week at the Canadian Intervarsity Swimming Championships as she broke a string of Irish senior records. Following a new Irish short course record and gold medal win in the 100m breaststroke on the opening day of the competition, she duly followed up with a personal best in the 200m breaststroke. A morning preliminary swim of 2:23.64 saw her secure the top seed for the final and a new Irish record breaking her own previous mark of 2:24.17. And there was no stopping Doyle in the final as she blew away the competition to win her first 200m breaststroke event at CIS Champs in five years in another new Irish record, over the long course, of 2:27.63, over two seconds ahead of second place Tianna Rissling and over two seconds faster than her previous record of 2:29.86. The time was also inside the world championships qualifying time.
Fingal pick up YMCA draw in Leinster league FINGAL Hockey Club’s first team picked up a creditable draw with YMCA in Leinster’s division two last Saturday with Adrian Sweeney and Jim Dunne on the mark for the ALSAA men. It saw them bounce back from a midweek 3-1 loss to Clontarf with Declan Brady scoring the goal. The upshot of that second tie against a side on a high in recent weeks is that
they sit in sixth place in the table with four matches remaining since the club took the decision to move down a tier following a large exodus of players. They look to be well clear of any relegation danger, though, with Corinthian’s 12 points worse off and, with the withdrawal of Suttonians, the side will more than likely be in line to at least stay where they are when the Leinster leagues are realigned for the 2015/16 due to the introduction of an expanded Irish Hockey League.
Swords Celtic are looking to close the gap on TEK United in pursuit of another league title
Swords cut through Boro nathan kelly [email protected]
SWORDS Celtic continued their hunt for three league titles on the bounce with an emphatic 3-0 win over Beggsboro in LSL Sunday Senior Division 1A last Friday. The win leaves Robbie Farrell’s side four points off TEK United who sit top of the third their of Leinster football, but Celtic do have a massive five games in hand which will be crucial when medals and ribbons are being handed out at the end of the season. After a tight first half,
a Barry Caulfield strike opened the scoring a minute into the second half, while substitute Philly Nolan doubled his side’s lead with around 15 minutes to play. A simple finish from Andrew Timmons after more good work from Nolan at the death put the cherry on top of the Swords cake. With 11 league games remaining, along with an upcoming league cup quarter-final clash against Lucan United and a place in the last 16 of the Moore Cup secured, Farrell was asked after the game if he felt confident his side can
Rolling on a river Rangers through to last eight of SFAI Cup THE Rivervalley Rangers Under-12s are
through to the quarter-finals of the SFAI Cup thanks to a 2-0 win away at Corinthians Boys last weekend. Jake O’Sullivan scored both the goals in the win, setting up a home quarter-final date with St Kevin’s Boys in the next phase. It was Rivervalley’s fifth successive win in the competition that saw over 250 clubs enter across the whole country.
keep focus and finish the season successfully. “The way we’ve been the last three years at Swords, the goal at the start of season has been to get promotion after promotion until we get to Senior Sunday and, so far, that’s going according to plan. “We’ve got the added bonus of winning the two previous leagues, which I feel will help us this season. “We’re in a great position. We’ve turned things around since a few results didn’t go our way around Christmas but we’ve put it back in our own hands.
“Promotion is the major goal but we definitely have the belief and confidence to push on for the league title. “There is a good core of players that are still there from their first year and they have the hunger and desire to go for the third title in a row.” Many of those remaining league fixtures look tricky encounters, with matches against the teams in third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh place, all vying for promotion. “What’s more, four of those fixtures will be played away from home.” Is that something that
worries Farrell? “No not at all,” he said. “It doesn’t faze us going anywhere to play anyone. Our home form has been decent and our away form has been ok. “All you can do at this stage of the season is have it in your hands and we have that. So it’s firmly up to us now to keep it that way. It’s not a bad position to be in.” Whatever happens between now and May, you get the feeling there will be some massive games involving this Swords Celtic side in their attempt to reach the second tier of the LSL.
5 March 2015 SWORDS gazette 31
Gazette
Lawless nets on her first outing for Dublin Under-16s
Club Noticeboard st finian’s
ST SYlvester’s Danielle Lawless made
an impact on her debut for Dublin in the Leinster ladies Under-16 championship at Pairc ui Murchu as they ran up a 7-12 to 2-8 victory last Saturday against Meath. She is pictured en route to scoring her first goal as part of a good day for Dublin’s young stars as the Under-14s beat the same opposition 6-5 to 3-2.
Picture: Peter Hickey/GAAPics.com
football: injury time scores prove pivotal
OUR new minor girls football team had
sen as the team mascot for the Dublin
their first game on Saturday, in some
team and will lead out the teams at
terrible conditions, against a strong
the next spring series fixture in Croke
Na Fianna team. Congratulations and
Park. Tickets will be available on the
well done to all the girls.
day - adults: €15 – stand and terrace,
Just before the minor girls’ game,
juveniles: €5 – stand. Dublin hurlers
we saw a great performance from
versus Cork at 5pm, Dublin football
the U-13 girls in their Division 2 foot-
versus Tyrone at 7pm.
ball match against Na Fianna. The
Special mention goes out to PJ Mur-
U-13 camogie team matched the foot-
ray who refereed his first inter-coun-
ballers with a great win, in atrocious
ty fixture on Saturday in Tinahely,
conditions, against Castleknock, with
Wicklow.
a score of 7-3 to 2-1. The adult hurling team played and won a challenge game against St Maur’s on Saturday.
Fingallians’ Cian O’Brady attempts to escape a tackle Picture: Kyran O’Brien
Fins left snow blind by Craobh late show Mafc semi-final Fingallians 2-4 Craobh Chiarain 1-9 stephen findlater [email protected]
CONOR Ryan and Sean Nibbs’s injury times scores saw Craobh Chiarain snatch a dramatic late win over Fingallians amid a blizzard at Lawless Park last Sunday. They looked to have blown their chance when Brandon Burnett saw his penalty comfortably saved in the 61st minute but Craobh conjured two more late scores to win a topsy turvy tie. Fins looked dead and
buried at the break in extreme conditions, trailing 1-5 to 0-1, as they struggled to cling on to a ball that resembled a bar of soap. Craobh, meanwhile, were able to earn the frees to tick over the scoreboard using a collection of accurate free-takers. Dylan Keeley set out his stall with an excellent 45 while Burnett and Luke Kelly also cleared the bar. Keith Cooling got the goal in the 27th minute when a sideline from the left was fumbled into his grasp and he made no mistake with a handy
chance. But Fingallians stormed back into contention when TJ Howard slammed home a goal three minutes into the second half from the game’s one f lowing move. Key man Shane Howard picked out Ryan McKittrick who in turn fed the ball forward at pace where Howard was set through on goal, battering the ball over Evin Walsh’s head. Howard scored three points in quick succession though he may have garnered more from his third, shooting over the
bar from the penalty line after Dillon Staunton was pulled back. It looked to matter little as Matthew Petherbridge then came off the bench to slap home a second goal, grabbing the lead for the one and only time for the Swords men with 12 minutes of normal time remaining. Burnett pointed to level late in the game before Keeley was dragged back for the second penalty of the game. Burnett scuffed it down the middle but Ryan saved his blushes as the snow drove down and Nibbs ensured no late nervy moments.
The fixture was a minor girls Leinster championship game between Wicklow and Carlow. Congratulations to the coaches
Next Saturday evening will be a big
from St Finian’s who, after seven
night for Niamh Rafferty from our
weeks, completed the Award 1 coach-
nursery section, as she has been cho-
ing course.
| i don't know |
At which fast food chain did British teenagers first start to go out for a hamburger and a coffee in 1955 ? | Food in Britain in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s
By Ellen Castelow , Contributing Writer | Comments
Ask any American in their 50s or 60s who is the best cook he or she knows, and they will almost certainly reply, “My mom”. Ask any English person of a similar age and they will almost certainly name anyone BUT their mother.
You could be kind and blame this lack of British culinary skill on rationing. Rationing continued even after the end of World War II ; indeed, when the Queen came to the throne in 1952, sugar, butter, cheese, margarine, cooking fat, bacon, meat and tea were all still rationed. Rationing did not actually finish until 1954, with sugar rationing ending in 1953 and meat rationing in 1954.
Rationing and the meagre choice of ingredients and flavourings, whilst concentrating the cook’s mind on creating filling and satisfying meals, would preclude even the best of cooks from creating cordon bleu dishes. Food was seasonal (no tomatoes in winter for example); there were no supermarkets, no frozen food or freezers to store it in and the only takeaway was from the fish and chip shop.
The 1950s were the age of spam fritters (now making a comeback!), salmon sandwiches, tinned fruit with evaporated milk, fish on Fridays and ham salad for high tea every Sunday. The only way to add flavour to this bland plain cooking was with tomato ketchup or brown sauce.
There were no salad dressings as we know them today. Olive oil was only sold in very small bottles from the chemist, to be warmed and placed in the ear to loosen ear wax! Salad in the summer consisted of round lettuce, cucumber and tomatoes, and the only dressing available was Heinz Salad Cream. In the winter, salad was often thinly sliced white cabbage, onions and carrots, again served with Salad Cream. Heinz also did a range of tinned salads: Potato Salad, Vegetable Salad and Coleslaw.
Sample menu for a week's meals from a 1951 cookery book
'Meat and two veg’ was the staple diet for most families in the 1950s and 1960s. The average family rarely if ever ate out. The closest most people came to eating out was in the pub. There you could get potato crisps (three flavours only - potato, plain or salted - until Golden Wonder launched ‘cheese and onion’ in 1962), a pickled egg to go on top, and perhaps a pasty or some cockles, winkles and whelks from the seafood man on a Friday, Saturday or Sunday evening.
Things started to change when the UK’s answer to the burger bars in America arrived in the 1950s to cater for that new group of consumers, the ‘teenagers’. The first Wimpy Bars opened in 1954 selling hamburgers and milkshakes and proved extremely popular.
The late 1950s and 1960s saw a rise in immigration from the former British colonies. And with them came at last…flavour!!
Although the first Chinese restaurant in London was opened in 1908, the real spread of Chinese restaurants began in the late 1950s and 1960s with the influx of migrants from Hong Kong. These proved very popular; indeed in 1958 Billy Butlin introduced chop suey and chips into his holiday camps!
The 1960s also saw a dramatic rise in the number and spread of Indian restaurants in Britain, especially in London and the South East. During rationing it had been very difficult if not near impossible, to obtain the spices required for Indian cooking but with the rise in immigration from the Indian subcontinent and the end of rationing, this was no longer a problem and the restaurants flourished.
So much so that in the late 1960s, the first Indian and Chinese ‘convenience foods’ became available: the famous Vesta curries and Vesta Chow Mein, the first taste for many Britons of ‘foreign food’.
Also about this time a new drink in town appeared - lager. This light cold beer was the perfect partner for the new spicy food.
The late 1960s saw a boom in the British economy and a dramatic rise in the standard of living. The first package holidays to Europe started in the late 60s and made overseas travel affordable to all. This too played its part in tempting the British palate with tasty new foods and ingredients.
By the late 60s and early 70s dinner parties had become very popular, featuring the new fashionable ‘foreign’ dishes like Spaghetti Bolognese, often accompanied by wine. Before the 1960s wine was only drunk by the upper classes, everyone else drank beer, stout, pale ale and port and lemon. Now Blue Nun, Chianti and Mateus Rose were the wines of choice. Many spaghetti novices spent their evenings chasing their food around the plate attempting to catch it in the fork and spoon provided, whilst trying to avoid splattering themselves with thick tomato sauce.
Pre-dinner drinks were often accompanied by cubes of tinned pineapple and cheddar cheese on sticks, stuck into a melon or grapefruit to look like a hedgehog – the height of 60s sophistication!
Also at this time, chains of restaurants such as the Berni Inns began to appear in every British town and city, serving the classic 1970s favourites of Melon or Prawn Cocktail, Mixed Grill or Steak, and Black Forest Gateau or Lemon Meringue Pie for dessert.
Even nightclubs began to offer food. The Tiffanys chain of nightclubs served that great 1970s snack of sausage, chicken or scampi 'in a basket' to late night revellers.
The decades between 1954 and 1974 saw a dramatic turning point in British eating habits. From a nation still dealing with rationing in 1954 and whose staple diet was plain home cooking, by 1975 not only were we eating out on a regular basis, we were becoming addicted to the new spicy foods available and the nation’s love affair with Chicken Tikka Masala had well and truly begun.
| Wimpy |
For which government department did Anthony Trollope work before he became a full-time writer ? | Burger Fool - TV Tropes
Burger Fool
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You can practically see his soul being crushed.
"I have a theory about McDonald's , that is, everything they make is all one thing, and in the back they have this big vat full of this stuff, these little molds combining, like SPLURT 'Hamburger!' SPLURT 'Malt!' SPLURT 'Paper box!' SPLURT 'Here's your change, thank you!'"
— Steve Martin
The fictional fast-food restaurant is a unique establishment. It's the most common first job for a TV teen, and will usually teach them a lesson about money, responsibility, or life, mere moments before they quit or are fired for odd reasons . Usually, they are spurred to employment by a specific financial need, and a failure of "The Bank of Mom and Dad" to pony up.
But the fast-food joint seems to deliberately go out of its way to torture the unfortunate teenagers (and/or unlucky adults) who work there. Which includes the ridiculous outfit they are required to wear on the job — a silly hat, featuring a cartoonish version of what they serve , is almost a given, along with Happiness Is Mandatory , and this is usually enforced by a store manager who fits the Stupid Boss stereotype to a Q. Thus the fast food restaurant has the image of a Fate Worse Than Death . Kids or teens may be threatened with working there forever if they don't finish high school , don't attend college, and/or don't do well in school . (This is, however, a Cyclic Trope ; during economic downturns, even people who "did everything right" can still find themselves working in or applying to these types of positions.)
The standard foil is for the show's underdog to thrive in this environment to the total befuddlement of the "cool" characters who have been successful at everything else except this; ironically, this can have the reverse effect: after all, who would be proud of working at a fast-food joint?
Wikipedia refers to these as " McJobs
". In reality, these jobs can be Truth in Television , but there's an equal chance of them being better or worse than depicted, because it depends on an individual store's quality of management and workers. The ridiculous headgear , fortunately, is universally less common than it is in fiction (a simple baseball cap, visor, or hairnet is more common).
Similar workers can be found at Suck E. Cheese's . For the (not-really) "alternative", see Soul-Sucking Retail Job . The next step up the "ladder" is working at a Kitschy-Themed Restaurant . Hey, Misery Builds Character .
Examples:
This TV ad
for a company selling credit report monitoring tells how a guy is reduced to wearing a pirate outfit, working in a fast-food place every night singing how he is "selling chowder and iced tea" because "some hacker stole my identity." The ad tries to get people to sign up for its service "so you don't end up selling fish to tourists in T-shirts."
In one commercial, a kid is getting his first paycheck from the fast food restaurant manager, who starts to wax philosophic about when he joined the work force. The kid notices that the check is exactly enough to buy the game console advertised and promptly says, "I quit!" (Too bad the kid forgot about paying for other stuff (like tax, electricity, rent, games for the console...minor stuff, you know)).
Anime & Manga
In the Manga version of Azumanga Daioh , Chiyo-chan and Osaka take up summer jobs at the local Magnetron Burger (a parody of McDonald's or the Japanese burger chain, MosBurger). Osaka gets the job without any second thoughts; however, when child-prodigy Chiyo-chan claims to be in high-school, the manager assumes her family needs money, and gives her the job out of pity. Doubly funny because Chiyo's family is actually loaded. The manager even gives Chiyo all the raises, much to Osaka's chagrin, as she doesn't get any.
In the first volume of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga, Yugi and Jounouchi want to go out for lunch at Burger World, but Anzu tries to steer them away from it, saying that it's a terrible place to eat. Why? She works there, and doesn't want Jounouchi to blab about it to the school, because kids at Domino High School (like at some real-life Japanese high schools ) aren't allowed to hold jobs. (Note: In the English dub of the anime, the reason for her not wanting them to talk was changed from "High school students can't hold jobs" to "I'm not old enough to work here.") Still, it was a better job than what they were afraid she was doing to make money, working as a paid escort for rich businessmen , something that, it was rumored, the other female students were doing to make money. (And yes, as far as Japan goes, this is also Truth in Television , unfortunately.)
A surprisingly sympathetic example occurs in Scrapped Princess , where Pacifica and crew stop at an inn and have to sell "Soopy Buns" to earn their tab. Part of the job entails dressing up as a green Barney -like mascot named "Soopy-kun" and peddling the innkeeper's wares to customers. The innkeeper is actually nice to them, and Raquel enjoys doing the work, while Pacifica tries donning the costume and winds up scaring a little boy away when the jaw of the costume falls off. Leo takes the "Soopy-kun" job for a while when Pacifica leaves, but he gets to keep it with him when he returns to the city with Winia in a later episode.
In K-On! , Mugi is so enthralled with the local fast food restaurant that she starts working part-time behind its counter herself later on—even though she is rich and doesn't really need the money .
Busou Renkin has Loteri-ya (a parody of Lotteria, a Japanese fast food chain) which the heroes and villains meet in. The staff seem fairly happy with their situation until the characters show up... in full costume. After Bravo and Papillon start eating there, it is dubbed Freak Burger.
In Lucky Star , Konata tells Kagami and Tsukasa she got a part-time job, but doesn't tell them what it is until they ask the next day. A worker at a fast food restaurant is one of the jobs they imagine, but can't imagine her doing well at. At least, the "dealing with people" aspect.
Burger Fool Konata: Got a problem with my smile?
Muteki Kanban Musume is a Deconstructive Parody of the Fighting Series that shows the life of two Kanban Musumes (poster girls) of a the Onimaru Chinese Restaurant and the Huet Bakery in the small Hanami town Shopping District. Their job is to attract clients to their respective business and make deliveries . They subvert this trope, being two young childish Arrogant Kung Fu Guys whose constant fighting, slacking on the job and generous quantity of Mundane Made Awesome avoid the soul crushing boring related with this trope.
This is the premise of The Devil Is a Part-Timer! , where the titular demon lord, or Maou, finds himself stranded on Earth and has to eke out a living in modern day Japan while searching for a way back to his world (hopefully). His solution? Work in MgRonalds and climb through its ranks! It is, however, a rather decent place to work at, relatively speaking, especially after he becomes assistant-manager .
Comic Books
In the Emperor Joker story, Superboy is turned into "Superburgerboy," a mascot for a cheesy burger chain. It's worse than it sounds.
Spider-Man :
In Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane , Mary Jane has to work at a hippo-themed McDonald's place, which was just one in a string of cruddy jobs.
In Ultimate Spider-Man , Peter works for a while at a place with a frog theme. And had to wear a frog mask at all times . Mary Jane, for her part, puts in time at a Hot Dog On A Stick kiosk in the mall.
In Foolkiller , after Kurt Gerhardt was laid off from the bank, he had to work in a fast food restaurant.
In Invincible , Mark initially worked at a place like this before his superhero duties happily forced him to quit.
The "Fat Boy" restaurant chain in Give Me Liberty , which wages war using giant mascot mecha for farmland to raise cattle.
At one point, Wonder Woman worked at a "Taco Whiz." She took it very seriously.
Feeding people is a just and dignified occupation. I don't know why you are always... dishing it.
She takes almost everything seriously.
The fast food chain "O'Shaughnessy's" has made multiple appearances across various DC Comics . It's been stated to be a major rival to Big Belly Burgers.
In DC Comics ' Looney Tunes title, Lola Bunny works for Machu Pizza, where she specializes in delivering food to some very unusual customers: Aliens and Monsters , Fish People , gods and other mythological figures, etc.
In Prez , the protagonist starts out working a soul-destroying fast food job at the House of Corndogs before a video taken by one of her co-workers goes viral and kicks off a bizarre sequence of events that culminates in her inauguration as the first teen President of the United States.
Comic Strips
In this strip
, Jon and Garfield order from a drive-through of a place like this, and the wise guy clerk makes a crack at Garfield's weight. (Which as you can see, he doesn't like much.)
Earlier strips had Irma's Diner, a greasy spoon that offered unappealing items: the tea tastes like transmission fluid, ordering "what that guy's having" results in that guy's food being taken from him, and Irma doesn't know if she gives free refills on coffee, because no one's ever asked for a second cup before . Despite the disgusting food, Garfield and Jon frequently ate there.
The Luann Comic strip featured the title character's older brother Brad working at Weenie World twice. The first time was as a teen during the 1990's while the 2nd time was during his layoff from his career as a firefighter.
Averted following his second stint when Brad was replaced by best friend T.J. As a member of the Weenie World family, T.J. managed to make her boss's life a living hell by doing everything better than she could including successfully upselling customers.
Fan Works
features one of these, though he's slightly more competent than your average fast-food worker.
Films — Live-Action
Compliance is about as dark as this trope gets. The manager at a burger place gets a call from a cop telling her that a young female worker at the store has stolen something and must be strip-searched. The manager blindly follows orders. Said worker then gets subjected to increasingly perverse sexual humiliations, all at the behest of the man on the phone, who turns out to not be a cop at all. The worst part? This has really happened.
The 1980s teen movie Better Off Dead put John Cusack's character in a humiliating job at a pork-burger restaurant that required him to wear a chef's hat with attached ears and snout, even though he works in the kitchen.
In Fast Times at Ridgemont High , Brad works at two fast food restaurants. At the first one, he is fired after being forced into an argument by an overly demanding customer; at the second one, he quits in the midst of a delivery ... which he was required to make while wearing a pirate uniform.
In Clerks II (and at other points in Kevin Smith's verse ) the fast food chain Mooby's fills this role admirably.
Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem gives Dallas' younger brother a job as a delivery boy for a pizza parlor. The characters go to great lengths to point out how demeaning and humiliating they believe this is.
Coming to America features African prince Akeem and his manservant Semmi getting jobs at "MacDowell's" as part of an attempt to blend in. Akeem actually enjoys the work, but Semmi can't stand it.
Scotland, PA starts off with our heroes, the McBeths, doing soul-crushing work at Duncan's Cafe. When they eventually take over the restaurant, it's shown in one brief scene that Pat McBeth really enjoys lording it over her new underlings.
West Bank Story , the 2007 Academy Award winner for Best Short Film, involves what amounts to Dueling Falafel Fools —the Kosher King and the Hummus Hut—and has the young, beautiful Hummus Hut employee (the owner's sister) fall in love with an Israeli soldier, making for a pretty little musical parable about Israeli-Palestinian Conflict . Yes. Did we mention that it's a parody/reworking of West Side Story ?
In Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , the title characters go to a location formerly a White Castle, to find that it has been turned into a rival chain. They ask the drive-thru attendant (Anthony Andersen) where a White Castle is, and he becomes so impressed by their determination that he flips out and trashes the restaurant .
Inverted in American Beauty . Lester Burnham quits his white collar job as an editor so that he can work a burger counter and have the least possible amount of responsibility. It has the added benefit of pissing off his success-driven wife even more than being unemployed, especially when he catches her cheating on him at the drive-thru.
In the original Bedazzled (1967) , Dudley Moore's character is despondent over his miserable life. 28 years old, no girlfriend, lives in a dreary little basement apartment. And yes, fry cook at Wimpy's.
In Loverboy , the protagonist tried to make money working in a place called Señor Pizza (which sold both pizza and Mexican food), where the worst part of the job was having to wear a fake moustache. (Which would probably have been a health code violation in Real Life .) During most of the movie, however, he ended up using the place as a front to make real money as a male escort, and a few of his friends at the place helped.
The 1997 comedy film, Good Burger , which was based on the recurring sketch Nickelodeon's All That . Featuring loveable idiot Ed who loves his job as much as his brain can allow, and his snarky sidekick, Dexter, The Good Burger is the epitome of Burger Fool. As far as fast food jobs go, the employees weren't treated badly and they all seemed to like each other and Good Burger. Their rival Mondo Burger, on the other hand, treated their employees as slaves and had a hellish boss.
Musical horror comedy, Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead - When a Ku Klux Klan funded military-themed fried chicken chain, The Chicken Bunker, builds a restaurant build over an ancient Indian burial ground, the chickens killed take their revenge by taking "possession" of the customers and turning them into "fowl" zombies. The restaurant is meant to be the ultimate example of Burger Fool (despite being a chicken fast-food restaurant). Includes necrophiliac chicken humping, shit-stained restrooms, skirt wearing senior male employees, masturbation in chicken grinders, delicious vats of chicken beaks and claws, cash register humping (lot of sex in here isn't there?), chicken buckets slathered with human waste and excrement, vomiting, ravenous drumsticks, acid nuggets, and the aforementioned zombie chickens.
General Lee Roy: "The general has provided AMPLE accommodations for your displaced Indian dead. They have gone to a better place."
[cuts to employee dumping skeletal human corpses in a common dumpster]
Ian Lafferty of Sex Drive works at a bizarre, Mexican-themed donut kiosk in the mall. Part of the job included a huge, slightly racist mascot costume. His close friends didn't hold it against him, but the punk kids at the mall would take advantage of his limited vision in the suit to stick a dildo onto the front of his costume as he wandered around.
In Recess: School's Out , TJ's sister works at a burger joint. Their parents are just as proud of her getting promoted to "Assistant Fry Chef" as they are of TJ saving the world.
In UHF , George and Bob are fired from "Big Edna's Burger World" after a distracted George squirts ketchup and mustard onto customers, among other screwups.
Demi Lovato 's character in the Princess Protection Program , Rosie, is given a job at a Frozen Yoghurt place by the Alpha Bitch specifically to humiliate her and is sabotaged by said Alpha Bitch, but she quite rightly points out that the only person who can feel humiliation is yourself, proceeds to give the Alpha Bitch a speech and walk out with her head high.
Married to the Mob has two of these; the fried chicken joint where Angela applies for a job, and the boss turns out to be a total pervert, and the clown-themed burger place where the attempt on Tony's life takes place.
In Big Daddy , Sonny Koufax ( Adam Sandler ) has venomous contempt for the restaurant chain Hooters and the people (especially the women) who work there. His friend, Kevin Gerrity (Jon Stewart), is similarly humiliated when his fiancee is forced to admit in court that her first job was as a Hooters waitress. At the end of the film, Sonny is taken to Hooters for his birthday dinner and jokes to his pals that "I'm gonna sue you assholes for making me come here." The whole thing wraps up with a Brick Joke as we see that Sonny's smug, buttoned-up ex-girlfriend is now forced to waitress there in the chain's iconic tank top and short-shorts after making an unethical career move earlier in the movie.
In Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey , the boys get into the Battle of the Bands when the woman in charge takes pity on them for working at Pretzels 'N Cheese and because she's Rufus in disguise.
Since it focuses on a fictional fast food chain called Hella-Burger, the slasher film Drive Thru features a lot of these, including one played by the director of Super Size Me .
Werewolf Fever, another slasher set at a fast food joint.
Suburban Commando has a place called "Surfin' Burger", and the drive-thru guy is totally a Surfer Dude .
Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead : After the babysitter dies and the kids lose the money their mother gave them, the oldest sister first has to take a minimum wage job in a fast food joint to support the rest of her siblings because it's the only place that will hire teenagers. It's precisely because the job is so bad with so little reward that she decides to pose as an older secretary to work at a big firm instead.
Literature
A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Anxious Clown, With clown-costumed waiters, balloons, and food with names like "Surprising Chicken Salad".
In Audrey, Wait! , the main character's day job is at an ice cream shoppe called Scooper Dooper. The character introduces the uniform (bright pink hat and T-shirt) and slogan (also "Scooper Dooper!") with all the affection people might give a used piece of toilet paper.
The main character of Michael J. Nelson's novel Death Rat ! is at one point forced to work at "Medieval Burger," whose uniform includes a hat adorned with miniature battlements. The protagonist, like everyone else, is unable to figure out exactly how this helps the restaurant sell food. This mirrors his own experience. Its the job he had to pay the bills between stand-up shows before he was hired on to Mystery Science Theater 3000 .
Eric Schlosser expounds on the plight of fast food employees in Fast Food Nation , noting that McDonald's entire plan is to make the job so simple and brainless that they can teach a new employee in 15 minutes, making any given employee totally expendable.
In Good Omens , Famine opens a chain of fast food restaurants named "Burger Lord." Its employees are perky, in a soulless sort of way, except for that one guy... . Of note is the food it sells. It's a reformulation of MEALS, Famine's line of microwave health dinners, called CHOW. Like MEALS, CHOW contains slightly fewer nutrients than the packaging they sell it in, causing the satisfied customer to die of malnutrition very rapidly, but the evil food scientists working for Famine have found a way to load CHOW with all manner of fat and sugar without increasing other nutritional content, meaning that customers essentially starve to death while growing morbidly obese. Famine finds this endlessly amusing.
In Going Bovine , Cameron works at the Buddha Burger.
Played straight and not at all for laughs in The Year of the Flood - not only are the pay and work conditions at Secret Burger abysmal, but the meat is implied to be at least some percentage of human meat , and the boss is a mobster who routinely rapes his female employees.
Steve Chapman's "Burger Creature" is set at a nameless franchise with an overweight, greasy and perverted manager who drinks mostly-vodka screwdrivers every morning and uniforms the same color as the paper bags. One unnamed past employee quit due to "heat exhaustion aggravated by a growing fear of food."
Live-Action TV
In Auction Kings , Jon used to work in telemarketing. He mentions how awful it was several times in season one.
American Horror Story: Coven : One of Queenie's worst experiences was working in a cheap fried chicken place like this before she came to New Orleans. In the Season Finale , her fate when sent to Hell is serving customers there until the end of time. (She gets out eventually, along with most of the cast.)
Lauren takes this job in The Catherine Tate Show and is forced to wear a squirrel mask. She gets ridiculed by her friends for working there, but naturally, she ain't bovvered .
That's So Raven :
Averted with The Chill Grill, Victor Baxter's restaurant. It's a popular teen hangout, and Raven and Chelsea even get jobs there, but the food is delicious and the uniforms are stylish (though that has something to do with Raven, an aspiring fashion designer, having a hand in making them).
Played straight in "Food for Thought", but rather oddly, in that the greasy, sugary fast food isn't in a restaurant, but a school cafeteria. Specifically, a company called Trans-Infinity Farms becomes the local high school's new food supplier, and offers the teens disgustingly huge portions of unhealthy food (including a yard-long hot dog, a stack of pancakes drowning in chocolate syrup, and deep-fried lettuce as a "healthy" option). In an aversion of the usual treatment of this trope, nearly everyone at the school (with the exception of Chelsea) initially loves the new menu—that is, until Raven has a vision of a Big, Fat Future in which every student develops a gigantic ass from eating nothing but junk.
One of the most memorable sketches from The State , "Service with a Smile", took place at the insanely-hostile Burger Hut, where a potential customer is scared off by the cashier's screaming of orders to Carl, the Butt Monkey cook (" CHICKEN SANDWICH, CARL! "). He asks to see the manager, who threatens physical violence against the cashier for his actions, before the owner breaks down the door and trashes the entire staff.
Music
" Satisfaction Guaranteed
" by Alyssa Reid.
Inverted in the video to Reel Big Fish 's "Sell Out," in which the band appear very fond of their jobs in a greasy spoon hamburger joint and laugh off a record executive's offer of a recording contract... until he brings out the obligatory Briefcase Full of Money . They wind up back in the greasy spoon at the end of the video.
The video for Lady Gaga's "Telephone" includes a brief scene at a roadside diner. There's even a bizarre segue where Gaga teaches everyone watching how to make a sandwich.
Pinballs
One of the targets for the rampaging skeleton army in Bone Busters is a fast-food hamburger restaurant, complete with clown-headed drive-thru.
Pro Wrestling
After failing to win the WWE Championship back from Randy Orton and being harassed by Orton's hand-picked goons Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase in the summer of 2009, Triple H decided to get D-Generation X back together. He journeyed to Texas to find Shawn Michaels (who was in the middle of a 10-Minute Retirement from WWE at this point) only to find the "Heartbreak Kid" working as a chef in a corporate cafeteria. Michaels at first claims that he's happy with his new job and doesn't want to return to WWE, even though his boss is a sadistic martinet and the boss's bratty prepubescent daughter takes advantage of her position as Daddy's Little Villain to constantly annoy and even abuse the employees. HBK finally decides to rejoin DX after realizing that he isn't any good at being a chef, burning his white chef's hat and kicking his boss in the face mid-tirade .
Tabletop Games
Old World of Darkness RPG Werewolf: The Apocalypse has the burger chain O'Tolleys as a subsidiary to the big bad corp Pentex. While many of its restaurants are relatively normal, there are also some which slip evil spirits or the other white meat in the burgers, and transform their employees into spiritually possessed freaks. All of them, however, conform to the standards laid out by this page. As the splatbooks says: In most part-time jobs, teenagers learn vital business skills, decision making and other abilities that will help them in life. While working for O'Tolleys, they learn to make burgers. Period.
In the d20 Urban Arcana setting, one of the organizations is a childrens' fast food restaurant called the Prancing Pony (the same name as a tavern located in Shadowdale in the Forgotten Realms setting, for some unexplained reason) which notes that GMs should not have its players join it (as it would offer a McJob and nothing more).
Deconstructed in Unknown Armies , where the co-conspirators of Mak Attax (who to a one work at "The Scotsman") are actually part of an organization dedicated to bringing about a "magical renaissance" by unleashing small doses of magickal energy into people's food, then watching the results (and occasionally helping the victims if the results go bad). They're probably the largest, probably the least competent, and probably the most benign secret conspiracy within the setting. Despite this seeming aversion of the dullness of Burger Fool work, the game is pretty clear that not only do you still have to contend with that soul-crushing banality (which costs them conspirators) but also that the conspiracy stuff itself isn't as much fun as it sounds.
On the other hand, despite the monotony and the skepticism they get from the rest of the Occult Underground, they managed to use "the Scotsman" to pull off one of the most successful magical rituals of recent memory by aligning the "chakra points" of the American consciousness.
Video Games
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas has multiple ridiculous fast food restaurants. Burger Shot and Cluckin' Bell in particular both equip their employees with ridiculous headgear (at least those in Well-Stacked Pizza, another major fastfood chain, have regular caps); this seems to have had a particularly harrowing effect on Cluckin' Bell's employees. OG Loc, a friend of CJ, is assigned to Burger Shot by his parole agreement as a "hygiene technician" (aka janitor), and one early mission involves getting caught in a drive-by at a local Cluckin' Bell drive-thru (a drive-by in which Big Smoke refuses to participate, because he's too busy eating).
Cluckin' Bell Employee: "Cluckety fuck. Place your order."
Cluckin' Bell Employee: "I hope you choke-a-doodle-doo!"
Cluckin' Bell Employee: "If you come back, you're a moron."
In Grand Theft Auto IV , we learn that Cluckin' Bell's chicken-suited mascot has a name: Cluck Norris! Apparently, he's also a martial-arts master...
In No More Heroes , there's a fast food joint just outside of Travis' hotel named "Burger Suplex", which also keeps the flow of naming many landmarks after pro wrestling moves.
Modern Warfare : " RAMIREZ! Secure the Burger Town!"
Space Quest gives us various appearances of Monolith Burger , sporting a big yellow M to boot. In the third game you visit a franchise that has its own small space station. The fourth game has you assembling burgers via mini-game in a different franchise to acquire much-needed credits. You are guaranteed to be fired from the restaurant, being literally thrown out by the manager, once the burgers move too fast to properly assemble.
In one fan remake it's possible to find a Monolith Burger behind a machine in the restaurant. Sitting at the empty booth and eating the burger will cause Roger to die by vomiting his skeleton .
The main character in Chickens of Distinction has a job standing outside the Chunky Chicken Poultry Palace in a chicken suit and making comments like "Thank you for choosing Chunky Chicken. We hope you gave it five clucks out of five." Typing "examine self" gives you the description "You're wearing a damn chicken suit. You look like an idiot."
Billy vs. SNAKEMAN has Burgerninja (not actually staffed by ninja, originally; the player sort of gets in by accident), where the food is disgusting and the customers are horrible. The biggest challenge when you run the till is to keep yourself from killing the customers in a fit of rage. Eventually you end up burning the place down with a giant robot and taking your coworkers to start a pizza shop instead, which works so much better. (The food is better and your manager allows you to stab problem customers.)
Undertale has the MTT-Brand Burger Emporium in Hotlands, owned and operated by showbiz-crazed robot Mettaton. The food served includes "glamburgers", hamburgers made with sequins and glitter , and a steak cut in the shape of Mettaton's face. The cashier is a cynical, neurotic wannabe actor known as Burgerpants who is clearly tired of the forced cheeriness that comes with his position. His job had ground him down so badly he hardly reacts if you threaten him during a No Mercy run, dryly remarking "I can't go to Hell, I'm all out of vacation days."
Web Animation
On Homestar Runner , the fast-food restaurant "Blubb-O's", which may just consist of a non-sequitur-spouting drive-thru speaker box ("Sever your leg, please, it's the greatest day.") in the middle of nowhere. Coach Z wears a whale costume at one point, and mangles the speaker box's creepy catch phrase to make it creepier ("I'll chop off your legs!") The chain is evidently endorsed by a hip-hop artist who promotes their "Thick n' Nasty" burger. (EEEEEEEEUNGH!) Strong Bad also wears a hot-dog-shaped "sad clown" mascot costume (the "Crying Clown-Dog") at one point to advertise Bubs' Concession Stand.
Strong Bad: Okay, then I quit.
Bubs: Fine! But don't even think about swiping that costume!
Strong Bad: Uh, you made me buy this costume.
Bubs: Oh! Pleasure doing business with you, then.
Web Comics
In Sinfest , Lil' Evil's job at McDebbil's.
Thea's job as a wiener snack seller in Girls with Slingshots .
In Kevin & Kell Lindesfarne spent a summer working at herbivore franchise McRoughage back when she still thought she was a porcupine . The worst part of the job was when ruminant customers reclaimed the cud they'd deposited earlier in the day.
Bruno the Bandit has a chain called Archio's which is owned by a chaos god. Bruno once managed to successfully hold up one of their franchises by threatening to have his micro-dragon sidekick Fiona, who worked there briefly reveal what was in the secret sauce.
Furry Experience : Ronnie works at a place called Gulp-N-Go, where they put the cooking grease into the coffee for that extra kick, and have everything on the menu from instant weight-gain to heart attacks. Ronnie's a fitness major, by the way.
Web Original
, Everyone Involved In Pizza's Preparation, Delivery, Purchase Extremely High
.
Not Always Right features a lot of these. The working conditions aren't often looked down on, but they're nothing compared to the customers, who all seem to believe working in a fast food place makes you a plebian there to take your abuse.
Sam & Mickey have Skipper get a job at McBurgers, a fast food restaurant with a manager who doesn't really seem to care about customers' health (French fries come in three portion sizes: Large, Extra Large, and Jumbo. The lattermost comes with 17x as many fries as an Extra Large portion, and a diabetes pamphlet of unspecified usefulness.) or work ethics (at the end, Skipper bribes the manager into letting her stay, even after her parents/"big sister and her ex" Barbie and Ken cause a scene.).
Western Animation
The Trope Namer is from Static Shock , and is a thin parody of "Burger King". The uniform includes a motley hat with bells. Virgil Hawkins is forced to work there by his father, who is " unaware " of the significant commitment Virgil has to his " charity work ".
Dave the Intern from Sonic Boom works at one of these, implied to be the only one on the island. Despite the fact we never see his boss, Dave never seems to get a break (figuratively and literally). Dave's years of working a minimum wage fast food job have turned him into a Big Bad Wannabe , though his complete ineptitude at it makes him a Harmless Villain , aside from maybe intentionally screwing up his customers' orders .
This type of restaurant is parodied in Shrek 2 , where the Prince and Fairy Godmother go through the fly-though of the Fryar's Fat Boys, a place with a menu that includes Renaissance Wraps, Sourdough Soft Tacos, and the Medieval Meal (comes with regular or curly fries and a prize - a battle axe). Not a completely straight example of the Trope, however, as more of the humor focuses on the customers, rather than the employee, although she is dressed like a typical tavern serving maid.
On Kim Possible , the pseudo-Mexican eatery "Bueno Nacho" figures heavily in the series, but the second episode has Kim and Ron move behind the counter. Kim, usually the best at everything, fails, while Ron invents a hybrid foodstuff called the "Naco" (nacho + taco) that becomes a running gag in the series, and earns a promotion to manager. The Naco sets up another episode plot, when the BN Inc. management send Ron a royalty check for $99 million. Which was doubly hilarious in Mexico, considering what Naco means there
...
The episode "Grande Size Me" brings back Bueno Nacho. Ron insists that their junk food is "healthy" and decides to eat only their meals for a month . He ends up becoming not only fat and unhealthy, but turning into a horrible monster due to a villain's latest plot requiring someone with the body chemistry of someone who's eaten nothing but Bueno Nacho food for an extended period of time . Humorously, this was the show creators' way of getting back at Disney, who forced them to do a "healthy eating" episode.
The main characters of Beavis And Butthead work at Burger World, which is a fairly realistic amalgamation of the McDonald's and Burger King fast food franchises. The usual humiliation aspect is absent, as the store is just another place for the boys to take their roughhousing and Toilet Humor such as frying up worms and throwing meat patties around. The job is still horrible, but they're just too stupid to notice. Their Manager is treated as sympathetic in that he only yells at them because they deserve it. Oddly, he doesn't ever fire them , even when their pranks once caused the health inspectors to close the store.
Invader Zim put the title alien in a fast-food restaurant three times. Each of which portray fast food chains as horrible and disgusting to an absurd, terrifying degree:
In "Career Day", he winds up at McMeaties, and thinks that he'll eventually be promoted to ruler of Earth.
In "The Frycook What Came From All That Space", he is kidnapped and sent to the dreaded Foodcourtia, a Planet of Hats that serves the sole function of feeding aliens from elsewhere. He has to escape before the dreaded "Foodening", when a flood of customers makes it impossible to leave for twenty years due to the gravity pull (a time warp thing is involved too or something).
In "Germs", Zim's germophobic antics lead him to McMeaties again, where he discovers that the meat is germ-free. After asking an employee he discovers that the meat was NASA-developed SPAAAAAAACE MEEEEEEAT! But since they couldn't actually afford SPAAAAAAACE MEEEEEEAT , they made them out of NAPKINS .
In "Invasion of the Idiot Dog Brain," GIR goes on a rampage to order food at Crazy Taco.
Suffice to say, it just gets weirder from there. Even the creators have no idea what was going on in that episode.
On Metalocalypse , Nathan has a nightmare that his bandmates are all killed during a show, and he ends up working at a burger joint (Dimmu Burger, named after Dimmu Borgir ) due to his never finishing high school - and he's bad at that job.
SpongeBob SquarePants works at such a restaurant called the Krusty Krab, but he loves the job. (Exactly how the grill and deep fryer he uses can work, seeing as it's underwater, is never explained. ) Squidward, on the other hand, hates it with a passion. (Of course, Mr. Krabs, who runs the place, is not only a Mean Boss , his greed often fuels the plot of an episode.)
An episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force revolved around Frylock and Shake getting a job at "Slurp-a-Lunch", a restaurant which serves smoothies made from pureed meat.
The characters themselves orignated in the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode Baffler Meal, where they were the mascots of a restaurant called Burger Trench which (according to Moltar and Zorak) didn't have very good food. Schedule Slip and Executive Meddling over the supposed Spotlight-Stealing Squad nature of the Aqua Teens in the episode made it air after ATHF debuted, however. Remnants of the original script ended up evolving into Kentucky Nightmare.
The waitresses in the resort restuarant in Stoked ! have to dress in pirate wench costumes.
An episode of Tiny Toon Adventures had Buster and Babs working at Weenie Burger (the series' fast food parody), complete with the overbearing boss and Montana Max deciding to be the customer from Hell.
"Weenie Burgers are so much fun to eat! If you look real hard you might even find the meat!"
Jeremy from Phineas and Ferb works at Slushy Dawg, where their motto is "Slushy Dawg will never get any better", unless he's working at Slushy Burger, whose motto is "Pickles so green and meat so brown, Lunchtime's fun with Slushy the Clown!" Despite all this, they're both pretty nice places and Jeremy seems happy working there.
In a flashback sequence in G.I. Joe: Renegades , we learn that Duke briefly worked the drive-through of a fast food joint between high-school and the Army. Flint rubs it in when he isn't bragging about the tackle he'd landed on Duke at a football game that won his school a state championship. Subverted at the end of the scene when Flint sees Duke leaving for home on crutches; knowing the injury is his fault, he realizes he's being cruel and offers Duke a ride.
Despite the kids being too young to get a job at local place Slausen's on Hey Arnold! , it doesn't mean that the joint is free of squeaky-voiced teens (voiced by Dan Castellaneta , of course).
Burgerphile in Dan Vs. . In Dan Vs Burgerphile, we learn that about 70% of Dan's diet consists of Burgerphile food. Despite the title, Dan's grudge is only limited to the Married to the Job manager who refuses to admit that he got Dan's order wrong. Notably, Dan actually likes Hortense the register girl who likes him back.
The Toy Story short "Small Fry" takes place inside a fast food restaurant called Poultry Palace, which features ''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command'' Fun Meal toys (including an imposter Buzz Lightyear who was the main focus of the short and a mini Zurg toy), as with several discarded Fun Meal toys who secretly form an organization (who "accept" the real Buzz as one of their members) inside the restaurant's storage room.
Taz-Mania : Taz takes a job at the Burger Thing after he quits the show in "But Is It Taz?". It includes a geriatric employee who has taken more that 20 years to make 'Employee of the Month'.
Family Guy has a McDonald's Expy called McBurgertown, though the episode focuses more on the restaurant's inhumane methods of slaughtering animals.
In Steven Universe , we have Beach Citywalk Fries. Lars acts like this type of worker at the Big Donut.
In "Greg The Babysitter", Vidalia gets a job at a t-shirt shop with a uniform that includes a t-shirt with a silly face on it, in order to take care of and support baby Sour Cream.
In the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode Stranger than Fan Fiction, a background pony running a juice bar is seen, sporting a silly hat and an expression that can cut glass. She only cracks a smile when it's evident someone's having a worse day than she is.
Real Life
Fast food restaurants are all over the world. In America in particular, they are a common first job for high school students due to their non-existent job skill requirements.
Comedian Dane Cook has a stand-up routine about the horrors of working the drive-thru at Burger King.
One of Brad Pitt 's first jobs was wearing a chicken outfit outside an El Pollo Loco. This might be referenced in Fight Club : "Sticking feathers up your butt won't make you a chicken."
| i don't know |
In which year did rank outsider Foinavon unexpectedly win the Grand National? | The five 100-1 outsiders who won the Grand National : Features : Grand National
The five 100-1 outsiders who won the Grand National
Free Bet
Mon Mome was the last 100-1 Grand National winner.
Dan Fitch takes a look back at the five 100-1 outsiders, who defied the odds to win the Grand National.
The Grand National course at Aintree has a reputation of being the toughest event in racing. Run over a distance of four miles and 876 yards and punctuated by 30 challenging fences, it's little wonder that sometimes the form book can go out of the window and a rank outsider can win the race.
Since the race was first ran in 1839, there have been a handful of occasions when a real no-hoper shocked the nation by winning at Aintree. Here are the five 100-1 outsiders to have won the Grand National.
1928 - Tipperary Tim
The first 100-1 horse to win the Grand National was Tipperary Tim. As the race was about to start, Tipperary Tim's jockey William Dutton heard a friend call out "Billy boy, you'll only win if all the others fall down."
As fate would have it, 41 of the 42 riders did fall down, leaving Tipperary Tim to win the race ahead of the re-mounted Billy Barton. The two horses were the only finishers, after a melee at the Canal Turn in treacherous weather conditions.
1929 - Gregalach
One year after Tipperary Tim made history, Gregalach became the second successive 100-1 shot to win the Grand National. The horse was given such lengthy odds having fallen at Sandown, just eight days prior to the race at Aintree.
Gregalach's jockey Robert Everett rode a clever race in which he gradually gained ground on the leaders and overtook the legendary Easter Hero on the second to last fence, before winning the race by six lengths.
1947 - Caughoo
As if the fact that the 100-1 outsider Caughoo won the 1947 Grand National isn't exciting enough, legend has it that his victory wasn't exactly legit. With the Aintree course covered in a thick fog, it has long been rumoured that Caughoo hid behind a fence in the early stages of the race, only to emerge towards the end of the race and win by 20 lengths.
Caughoo's jockey Eddie Dempsey was beaten up by another rider after the race, but it seems that this was unwarranted, as photographic evidence emerged years later, clearly showing Caughoo jumping Becher's Brook on two separate occasions.
1967 - Foinavon
The most famous 100-1 winner of them all was Foinavon, who entered into Grand National folklore by winning the race amidst a mass pile-up and ended up having a fence named after him.
Foinavon was lagging behind the other 27 remaining runners, as they approached the 23rd fence. Popham Down veered wildly to the right as it came to the fence, which resulted in a melee. The only horse to jump the fence first time was Foinavon, who was lagging so far behind that his jockey John Buckingham could steer away from trouble. Although 17 re-mounted horses gave chase, no one could catch Foinavon.
2009 - Mon Mome
A total of 42 years passed after Foinavon's victory, before Mon Mome became the next 100-1 winner of the Grand National.
Venitia Williams became only the second woman to train a Grand National winner, while Mon Mome's jockey Liam Treadwell rode the horse to victory on his Grand National debut.
| one thousand nine hundred and sixty seven |
What was the German codename for the proposed invasion of Great Britain in 1940 ? | Tony Dobbin off to a flyer in new training career
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/08/horse-racing-tony-dobbin
The Grand National-winning jockey will not be short of talented horses at Borders yard<p>Tony Dobbin spent less than a year away from the winner's enclosure. Having won on his final ride on 10 April last spring, the former jockey was celebrating again on Monday after his first runner as a trainer became his first winner.</p><p>But Luksar, the grey who helped him to his latest milestone, is the only horse he trains at the moment, officially, as his wife Rose holds the licence at their yard near Berwick and will be the trainer for most of their runners under Rules. Their point-to-pointers will run in Dobbin's name and will show up occasionally in hunter chases like Monday's Buccleuch Cup, the Kelso race won by Luksar.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/08/horse-racing-tony-dobbin">Continue reading...</a>
Horse racing
Horse racing: Jockeys blamed for false starts but no changes are planned
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/06/grand-national-false-starts
• 'We do not see any need for a wholesale review'<br />• Jockeys stood down for four days<p>The British Horseracing Authority said yesterday that there are no plans for major changes to the starting procedures for the Grand National, despite the fact that two false starts were declared before the field was successfully sent on its way.</p><p>"We will look at the events before the Grand National and it's possible that there may be the odd tweak to the way things are done," said Paul Struthers, the BHA's spokesman, "but we do not see any need for a wholesale review of the procedures.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/06/grand-national-false-starts">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Greg Wood: Every runner can win the new National
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/06/mon-morne-grand-national
The long-term effects of Mon Mome's Grand National win can surely only be positive<p>There must have been a few racegoers among the 70,000 at Aintree on Saturday who had been there to see the last 100-1 Grand National winner, too. Foinavon's success is a shared monochrome memory for the rest of us, replayed on every National day since, but it was only 1967. It is hardly ancient history.</p><p>In another sense, though, it is. Mon Mome was the fifth horse to win the National at 100–1, but unlike Foinavon's victory, no freakish circumstances were required. And while the result was received in almost complete silence by the grandstands, its long-term effects will surely prove positive.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/06/mon-morne-grand-national">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Horse racing: the latest news and best bets in our daily racing blog
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/05/horse-racing-live-5-april-2009
The latest news and best bets in our daily racing blog<p>Much as I love a bit of ordinary jump racing, there is an unavoidable feeling of anticlimax to today's action at Hexham, Market Rasen and Southwell. It's not just that we've been spoiled by three days of Aintree, leading up to the most exciting horse race in the world, it's also the fact that the jumps season itself is now pretty much finished — and yet we have no Flat racing to take us forward.</p><p>Not in Britain, anyway. In Ireland, there's a good-ish card at the Curragh, where I like the chances of <strong>Vocalised (2.45) </strong>in the Listed race over seven furlongs. His trainer, Jim Bolger, has made a flying start to the year, with five winners from his first 14 runners, whereas a few of Aidan O'Brien's runners have looked likely to benefit from their first run.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/05/horse-racing-live-5-april-2009">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Grand day for bookies as dark horse Mon Mome wins National at Aintree
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/greg-wood-on-mon-mome-grand-national-win
• First 100-1 winner in 42 years takes 12-length victory<br />• Venetia Williams is second female trainer to win race<p>Forty-two years after Foinavon steered his way around a pile-up, the Grand National produced another 100-1 winner here yesterday, but the difference is that there was no fluke about Mon Mome's gritty 12-length victory.</p><p>The spectacle was as compelling as ever, yet there was no need for mayhem to provide the excitement or the shock, as at least a dozen horses gave their backers a buzz by turning for home with a serious chance.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/greg-wood-on-mon-mome-grand-national-win">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Liam Treadwell gets on the good foot and Tony McCoy misses out again
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/grand-national-liam-treadwell-mon-mome
• Unknown Treadwell enjoys his day in the sun<br />• McCoy's National nightmare continues<p>Just whatis it about this race that makes chumpions out of champions? Tony McCoy, jump racing's premier pilot for the past 13 years – and careering towards his 14th title this season – was upstaged by Liam Treadwell, a National first-timer with no previous wins of any note to his name who received his ride on the rank outsider Mon Mome as a gift from the trainer Venetia Williams. "I asked Venetia to find me a horse for the National," said Treadwell, who had hoped to make his name on the Flat before he switched to jumps after "weight got the better of me".</p><p>A disconsolate McCoy, an undistinguished seventh on his chosen mount, Butler's Cabin – and now without a National win in 14 rides – was left to reflect on the fact that he was shown the way home by a jockey whose mother rang her son on the eve of the race and asked if he was going to get his hair cut just in case he won. "I told her not to be silly," Treadwell said.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/grand-national-liam-treadwell-mon-mome">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Mon Mome becomes first 100-1 Grand National winner since Foinavon
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/mon-mome-grand-national
• Venetia Williams becomes second woman trainer to win race<br />• Comply or Die second, My Will third, State of Play fourth<p>Mon Mome became the first 100-1 shot to win the Grand National in more than 40 years when he powered to a shock 12-length victory at Aintree today. The result means Mon Mome's trainer, Venetia Williams, becomes only the second women to ever train a National winner.</p><p>Mon Mome moved into the race soon after turning for home and began to ease away from his rivals after jumping the final fence to emulate Foinavon, who also won at odds of 100-1, back in 1967.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/mon-mome-grand-national">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Grand National day: as it happened
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/04/grand-national-2009-live
Mon Mome at 100-1 became the biggest-priced National winner since Foinavon in 1967<p><strong>1.15pm Latch on to Lidar</strong></p><p>We promised you last night that we would have news of a horse that the trainer believes could prove one of the best he has ever trained. The animal in question is <strong>Lidar (5.35)</strong>, who runs in the National Hunt Flat race at the end of the Aintree card. Alan King has had some top-class horses through his hands and that is high praise indeed. Odds of 5-2 are generally available.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/04/grand-national-2009-live">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
The 2009 Grand National gets underway at 4.15pm. Photograph: Paul Ellis/AFP/Getty Images
Tony Paley
2009-04-04T09:45:38Z
Grand National: Champion trainer Paul Nicholls is keen to win the one big race which still eludes him
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/paul-nicholls-interview-grand-national
•Champion trainer has only a second to show for his 40 runners<br />•Luckily, his jockey Ruby Walsh has better record in the big one<p>Paul Nicholls has a gesture for the Grand National. He forms a little parcel of air with his hands and moves it to a distant corner of his desk. To him the race sits outside the rest of the National Hunt season, a puzzle that continues to tease, frustrate and elude him but not one that can be allowed to distract him from his main project.</p><p>That project is to win more prize money than any trainer in the history of jumps racing. It is a feat he has achieved for the past two years and he seems sure to do so again when the season concludes at the end of this month. And yet a first success in the National could well see him finish the campaign as the only National Hunt trainer to win £4m in a season.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/paul-nicholls-interview-grand-national">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Grand National tips by Ron Cox
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/grand-national-tips
•Champion jockey may have deserted National winner<br />•Banks and hedges have restored the gelding's zest<p>In pursuit of his first Grand National winner at the 14th attempt, Tony McCoy has opted to ride Butler's Cabin from a choice of four runners carrying the colours of his main employer, JP McManus. No one could blame McCoy for overlooking L'Ami but the champion jockey would not be the first great rider to get it wrong when faced with options in a major race.</p><p>L'Ami, with McCoy aboard, was a well-beaten 10th behind Silver Birch in the 2007 National and last year his name was in lights for the wrong reason, his second-fence fall ending the career of Mick Fitzgerald. Robert Thornton may have mixed feelings as he weighs out to partner the 10-year-old at Aintree .</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/grand-national-tips">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Grand National: why victory today at Aintree will make Tony the real McCoy
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/tony-mccoy-grand-national-aintree
• Jockey desperate to win steeplechasing's top prize <br />• Race will focus on battle between two Irish riders<p>For the nine and a half minutes the world's attention is focused on Aintree racecourse this afternoon, the day's most pressing question will undoubtedly be: can Tony do it? </p><p>The Tony in question is Anthony Peter "AP" McCoy, the fiercely competitive 34-year-old Ulsterman who is one of the world's greatest-ever jockeys, winner of more than 3,000 races, champion jockey 13 times since 1996, and a man who has ridden more winners in a season than any other British jump jockey. But one race has so far eluded him. In 13 attempts he has never won the National.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/04/tony-mccoy-grand-national-aintree">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Voy Por Ustedes lands big cash prize on merit with gritty display at Aintree
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/03/grand-national-aintree-voy-por-ustedes
• Robert Thornton's mount beat Schindlers Hunt by a neck<br />• Win secured him first place in this season's Order of Merit<p>Paul Nicholls may have most of the country's best chasers in his yard but he does not have a monopoly quite yet. Voy Por Ustedes showed great courage to win the Grade One Melling Chase for Alan King here yesterday, beating Schindlers Hunt by a neck, and the points he gained in the process all but secured him first place in this season's Order of Merit, which would bring in a further £200,000.</p><p>Robert Thornton was getting so little response from Voy Por Ustedes going to the home turn that the horse traded at 25-1 during the race on Betfair's website. Several lengths in front of him Nacarat was still jumping boisterously while Schindlers Hunt cruised along behind.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/03/grand-national-aintree-voy-por-ustedes">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Andrew Tyler: A Grand National disgrace
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/03/grand-national-horse-racing
At Aintree, despite the bland TV coverage, bones are broken and horses die. It is an obscene and degrading spectacle<p>Four days before last year's Grand National, Guardian racing correspondent Greg Wood wrote <a href="http://sport.theguardian.com/horseracing/story/0,,2269812,00.html">wrote</a> that the Grand National course is not the threat to horses' welfare that it was even 10 years ago. "The sport is moving on," he asserted. </p><p>Two days later, two horses perished while running on the Grand National course. The event was Topham Chase. <a href="http://scrollsequus.blogspot.com/2008/04/time-to-sell-ire.html">Time To Sell</a> was killed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chair">The Chair</a>, an apparently much safer obstacle. <a href="http://scrollsequus.blogspot.com/2008/04/in-high-grass-ire.html">In The High Grass</a> perished after hitting the top of the eighth fence and turning a complete somersault.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/03/grand-national-horse-racing">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Fri, 03 Apr 2009 09:30:36 GMT
http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/03/joy-of-six-grand-national
Photograph: AP
Dick Francis walks away in despair after Devon Loch fell on flat ground while leading the 1956 Grand National. Photograph: AP
Photograph: AP
Dick Francis walks away in despair after Devon Loch fell on flat ground while leading the 1956 Grand National. Photograph: AP
Greg Wood, Ron Cox, Chris Cook and Tony Paley
2009-04-03T09:30:36Z
Horse racing: the latest Grand National news, today's best bets and your chance to win our weekly tipping competition
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/03/horse-racing-live-3-april-2009
All the latest news and today's best bets in our daily racing blog, plus our tipping competition<p>Cheltenham form held up well at Aintree yesterday, if not always in the most obvious way, and <strong>Karabak (4.20)</strong> looks the best bet this afternoon among those who were in the thick of the action at last month's Festival.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/03/horse-racing-live-3-april-2009">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Exotic Dancer dies and Denman lame on grim day at races
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/03/exotic-dancer-denman-grand-national
• Nine-year-old dies of heart attack shortly after Totesport Bowl<br />• Trainer Jonjo O'Neill close to tears<p>The Grand National meeting endured a dismal opening day here yesterday as Exotic Dancer, one of the most consistent top-flight chasers of recent seasons, died of a heart attack less than an hour after finishing second in the Totesport Bowl. The same event also saw Denman, the 2008 Gold Cup winner, suffer a brutal fall at the second-last fence, although he has not suffered any long-term injuries.</p><p>Mel In Blue, a 200–1 outsider in the Fox Hunters Chase for amateur riders over the Grand National fences, was also killed instantly after suffering a broken neck in a fall at Becher's Brook.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/03/exotic-dancer-denman-grand-national">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Grand National: Jon Henderson talks to three generations of the Scudamore family
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/03/peter-scudamore-tom-scudamore-grand-national
Jon Henderson meets three generations of a racing dynasty with a former winner's grandson going forward with Battlecry<p>You have to go back to pre-Elizabethan times to trace the start of the Scudamore dynasty's involvement with the Grand National. George VI was still on the throne and the Burgess and MacLean spy scandal was about to rock Britain when, in 1951, Michael Scudamore came under starter's orders for the first of his 16 rides in consecutive years, a sequence that is still a record today.</p><p>Robustly healthy at 76, he remembers it well – and ruefully. "I was on a horse called Easter A Calling," he says. "They went too fast to the first, over-jumped and piled into each other. Twelve of us fell or were brought down and all I remember is bouncing along among a lot of hooves."</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/03/peter-scudamore-tom-scudamore-grand-national">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
Denman injured and Exotic Dancer dies of heart attack on opening day of Grand National meeting
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/02/denman-fall-aintree-horse-racing
• Gold Cup runner-up had left track in a horse ambulance<br />• Mel In Blue killed at Becher's Brook in Fox Hunters' Chase<p>Denman, the 2008 Gold Cup winner, was taken from the track in a horse ambulance and this year's Gold Cup third Exotic Dancer died of a heart attack after the totesport Bowl, the feature race on the opening day of the Grand National meeting at Aintree today.</p><p>Denman was alongside Madison Du Berlais, the eventual winner, when he appeared to take off too early before catching the top of the fence and then landing head first. After getting to his feet, Denman jumped the last but was clearly lame when he pulled up near the winning post.</p> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/apr/02/denman-fall-aintree-horse-racing">Continue reading...</a>
Grand National 2009
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If the race goes to plan, how many obstacles do the runners in the Grand National have to jump ? | Course and Fences
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Grand National Course and Fences
The Grand National is the ultimate test of horse and jockey. The race comprises two full circuits of a unique 2� mile (3,600 metres) course, where challengers will face 30 of the most testing fences in the world of jump racing.
It was originally designed as a cross-country steeplechase when it was first officially run in 1839. The runners started at a lane on the edge of the racecourse and raced away from the course out over open countryside towards the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The gates, hedges and ditches that they met along the way were flagged to provide them with the obstacles to be jumped along the way with posts and rails erected at the two points where the runners jumped a brook.
The runners returned towards the racecourse by running along the edge of the canal before re-entering the course at the opposite end. The runners then ran the length of the racecourse before embarking on a second circuit before finishing in front of the stands. The majority of the race therefore took place not on the actual Aintree Racecourse but instead in the adjoining countryside. That countryside was incorporated into the modern course but commentators still often refer to it as "the country", much to the confusion of millions of once-a-year racing viewers.
Nowadays, around 150 tonnes of spruce branches, sourced and transported from forests in the Lake District, are used to dress the Liverpool course's jump fences. Each fence used to be made from a wooden frame and covered with the distinctive green spruce. However, a radical change for the 2013 renewal saw that frame replaced by a softer, more forgiving material known as "plastic birch", for safety reasons.
Each of the 16 fences on the course are jumped twice, with the exception of The Chair and the Water Jump, which are jumped on the first circuit only. You can take a jockey's eye view of the Grand National course via the video below:
Safety Changes
Following safety reviews after both the 2011 and 2012 renewals, a number of changes were made to the course with some reductions in fences or the drop after fences, plus the levelling of landing zones.
Since 2013, the start of the race is now 90 yards closer to the first fence, reducing the race to four miles and three-and-a-half furlongs, from four-and-a-half miles, while measures were introduced to stop horses getting caught up in the starting tape.
In particular, the start now includes the 'no-go' zone, which is defined by a line on the track, being extended from 15 yards to around 30 yards from the starting tape.
The starter's rostrum has been moved to a position between the starting tape and the 'no-go' zone to reduce the potential for horses to go through the starting tape prematurely.
The tapes themselves are also more user-friendly, with increased visibility, while there is now a specific briefing between the starters' team and the jockeys on Grand National day.
The changes to the start are aimed at slowing the speed the first fence is approached at, while moving the start further away from the crowd reduces noise that can distract the horses.
The makeup of all of the fences changed significantly in 2013. The new fences are still covered in spruce, but wooden posts have been replaced by a softer material known as "plastic birch", and on top of that birch there's a minimum of fourteen to sixteen inches of spruce that the horses can knock off. The outward appearance of the fences remains the same.
Other measures included �100,000 being invested in irrigation to produce the safest jumping ground possible and a new bypass and pen around fence four to catch riderless horses.
The Start
There is a hazard to overcome even before the race starts - the build up, parade and re-girthing prior to the off lasts for around 25 minutes, over double the time it takes for any other race.
With 40 starters, riders naturally want a good sight of the first fence and after the long build-up their nerves are stretched to breaking point, which means the stewards' pre-race warning to go steady is often totally ignored.
The Fences
1 & 17: Thorn fence, 4ft 6in high, 2ft 9in wide - The first often claims many victims as horses tend to travel to it far too keenly. As described above, the drop on the landing side was reduced in 2011.
2 & 18: Almost the same height as the first but much wider at 3ft 6in. Prior to 1888 the first two fences were located approximately halfway between the first to second and second to third jumps. The fence became known as The Fan after a mare refused at the obstacle three years in succession, but it lost that name when the fences were relocated.
3 & 19 Westhead: This is the first big test with a 6ft ditch on the approach guarding a 4ft 10in high fence.
4 & 20: Plain fence, 4ft 10in high and 3ft wide. In 2011, the 20th became the first fence in Grand National history to be bypassed on the second circuit, following an equine fatality on the first. In 2012, it was reduced in height by 2 inches to its current height of 4 foot 10 inches (1.47 metres) after it was shown to be the hardest fence on the course to jump along with Becher�s Brook. Its landing area was smoothed out ahead of the 2013 race.
5 & 21: Spruce dressed fence, 5ft high and 3ft 6in wide. Its landing side was also levelled in 2013. It was bypassed on the final lap for the first time in 2012 so that medics could treat a jockey who fell from his mount on the first lap and had broken a leg.
6 & 22 Becher's Brook: Although the fence looks innocuous from the take-off side, the steep drop on the landing side, together with a left-hand turn on landing, combine to make this the most thrilling and famous fence in the horse racing world. The fence actually measures well over 6 ft on the landing side, a drop of between 5 and 10in from take off. Horses are not expecting the ground the disappear under them on landing, riders need to sit back in the saddle and use their body weight to act as ballast to keep the horses stable.
As described above, there have been a number of alterations to this fence in recent season to try to make it a fairer and safer test for horse and rider, and the whole field managed to clear the obstacle on the first circuit last year.
Becher's Brook earned its name when a top jockey, Captain Martin Becher, took shelter in the brook after being unseated. "Water tastes disgusting without the benefits of whisky" he reflected.
7 & 23 Foinavon Fence: Basically an 'ordinary' fence (4ft 6in high and 3ft wide) that was made famous in 1967 when Fionavon was the only horse to scramble over it at the first time of asking, following a mass pile-up. The jump is the smallest on the course, but coming straight after the biggest drop, it can catch horses and riders out.
8 & 24 Canal Turn: Made of hawthorn stakes covered in Norway spruce, it gets its name from the fact that there is a canal in front of the horses when they land. To avoid it, they must turn a full 90 degrees when they touch down.
The race can be won or lost here, with a diagonal leap to the inside of the jump taking the fence at a scary angle, but reducing the turn on landing. With 30 or more horses often still standing when the field reaches this point on the first circuit, not every rider has the option of taking this daring passage. Before the First World War it was not uncommon for loose horses to continue straight ahead after the jump and end up in the Leeds and Liverpool Canal itself. There was once a ditch before the fence but this was filled in after a m�l�e in the 1928 race.
9 & 25 Valentine's Brook: The third of four famous fences to be jumped in succession, it is 5ft high and 3ft 3in wide with a brook on the landing side that�s about 5ft 6in wide. The fence was originally known as the Second Brook but was renamed after a horse named Valentine was reputed to have jumped the fence hind legs first in 1840. A grandstand was erected alongside the fence in the early part of the 20th century but fell into decline after the Second World War and was torn down in the 1970s.
10 & 26: Thorn fence, 5ft high and 3ft wide that leads the runners alongside the canal towards two ditches.
11 & 27 Booth: The main problem with this fence, which is 5ft high and 3ft wide, is the 6ft wide ditch on the take-off side.
12 & 28: Same size as the two previous fences, but with a 5ft 6in ditch on the landing side, which can catch runners out.
The runners then cross the Melling Road near to the Anchor Bridge, a popular vantage point since the earliest days of the race. This also marks the point where the runners are said to be re-entering the "racecourse proper". In the early days of the race it was thought there was an obstacle near this point known as the Table Jump, which may have resembled a bank similar to those still seen at Punchestown in Ireland. In the 1840s the Melling Road was also flanked by hedges and the runners had to jump into the road and then back out of it.
13 & 29: Second-last fence on the final circuit, it is 4ft 7in high and 3ft wide. This is the other obstacle to have had its landing side smoothed out ahead of the 2013 renewal.
14 & 30: Almost the same height as the previous fence and it is rare for any horse to fall at the final fence in the Grand National.
15 The Chair: The final two jumps of the first circuit form the only pair negotiated just once - and they could not be more different. The Chair is both the tallest (5ft 2in) and broadest fence on the course, with a 6ft wide ditch on the take-off side.
In addition, the landing side turf is actually raised six inches above the take-off ground. This has the opposite effect on horses and riders to the drop at Becher's, as having stretched to get over the ditch, horses are surprised to find the ground coming up to meet them. This is spectacular when horses get it right and equally so, for all the wrong reasons, when they don�t.
This fence is the site of the only human fatality in the National's history, Joe Wynne who sustained injuries in a fall in 1862. This brought about the ditch on the take-off side of the fence in an effort to slow the horses on approach. The fence was the location where a distance judge sat in the earliest days of the race. On the second circuit he would record the finishing order from his position and declare any horse that had not passed him before the previous runner passed the finishing post as "distanced", meaning a non-finisher. The practise was done away with in the 1850s but the monument where the chair stood is still there.
The fence was originally known as the Monument Jump but The Chair came into more regular use in the 1930s.
16 Water Jump: This 2ft 9in fence brings the first circuit to an end and the sight of the runners jumping it at speed presents a terrific spectacle in front of the grandstands. The fence was originally a stone wall in the very early Grand Nationals. On the final circuit, after the 30th fence the remaining runners bear right, avoiding The Chair and Water Jump, to head onto a "run-in" to the finishing post.
The Finish
The 474-yard long run in from the final fence to the finish is the longest in the country and has an acute elbow halfway up it that further drains the then almost empty stamina reserves of both horse and jockey.
For numerous riders over the years, this elongated run-in has proved mental and physical agony when the winning post seems to be retreating with every weary stride.
Don't count your money until the post is reached as with the rest of the Grand National course, the run-in can - and usually does - change fortunes. The likes of Devon Loch, Crisp and Sunnyhillbot have all famously had defeat snatched from the jaws of victory in heat breaking fashion.
Course Walking
No visit to Aintree would be complete without taking the opportunity to see some of these famous fences close up. The whole course can actually be walked on the morning of the race (subject to ground conditions and security requirements). Walkers should leave an hour to do a circuit, which must be completed one hour prior to the first race. Maps, guiding racegoers to the start point, are located around the racecourse.
The famous Becher's Brook with its steep drop on landing - a daunting obstacle
© Where To Bet Ltd 2004-16 (contact us: [email protected])
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In the Hans Christian Andersen tale, of what were the Emperor's new clothes made ? | Grand National 2016: Latest odds, tips and full guide to the 40 confirmed runners at Aintree racecourse | The Independent
Grand National 2016: Latest odds, tips and full guide to the 40 confirmed runners at Aintree racecourse
Many Clouds leads the field
Thursday 7 April 2016 09:28 BST
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The Independent Online
Many Clouds leads Shutthefrontdoor on the way to Grand National glory Getty Images
Last year's Grand National winner Many Clouds will head the 40-strong field for Saturday's race with the final line-up confirmed on Thursday morning.
There were no defections at the final declaration stage meaning 2014 winner Pineau De Re will definitely miss the race.
The Romford Pele occupies the No 40 slot.
Below you will find a full guide on all 40 confirmed runners with the latest odds from BetVictor .
Check out our guide to Saturday's famous race...
1. Many Clouds (13/2)
Owner: Trevor Hemmings
Trainer: Oliver Sherwood
Worthy 7/1 favourite who is bidding to become the first horse since the legendary Red Rum in 1973-4 to win the race back-to-back having carried 11st 9lbs to victory 12 months ago. Has looked better than ever this season and was a fluent winner of his final prep race at Kelso; only carrying 1lb more this year and the one to beat.
2. Silviniaco Conti (10/1)
Owner: Potensis Bloodstock Limited & Chris Giles
Trainer: Paul Nicholls
Right back to his best when winning an Ascot Grade 1 back at 2m 5f last time but the suggestion is he is better going right-handed and certainly edged right when winning at the National meeting last season albeit over the tight Mildmay course; has won seven Grade 1 races including two King George VI Chases and if he takes to the obstacles might go close.
3. First Lieutenant (33/1)
Owner: Gigginstown House Stud
Trainer: Mouse Morris
Never in the hunt after early mistakes in the corresponding race last season and stamina and jumping to prove; very nearly top class at his best but always seems to find at least one or two too good; others preferred.
4. Wonderful Charm (50/1)
Owner: R J H Geffin
Trainer: Paul Nicholls
This has long been the plan for champion trainer Paul Nicholls and has run well at this meeting in the past. Has never won beyond 2m 5f and stamina a major concern; readily overlooked.
5. Ballynagour (66/1)
Owner: Allan Stennett
Trainer: David Pipe
Has a touch of class and run well at this meeting 12 months ago; could go well for a long way if taking to the unique fences but my immediate impression is he wouldn’t stay four-and-a-quarter-miles in a horse box
6. O’Faolains Boy (33/1)
Owner: Trembath, Hyde, Outhart & Hill
Trainer: Rebecca Curtis
A more than lively outsider with the stable of Rebecca Curtis in red-hot form at present having been largely out of sorts this season; won the RSA Chase back in 2014 two campaigns ago and ran well for a very long way when mixing it with the big boys in the Gold Cup. Curtis saddled Teaforthree to finish third in the race back in 2013; we have not had a Welsh trained winner of the race since Kirkland in 1905 but goodness knows they have been knocking on the door of late.
7. Gilgamboa (50/1)
Owner: John P McManus
Trainer: Enda Bolger
Taken off his feet by Vautour in the Ryanair at Cheltenham and another who holds another engagement at the meeting (Grade 1 Bowl on Thursday). Yet to win beyond 2m 5f and hard to make a case for with stamina a major concern.
8. On His Own (40/1)
Owner: Andrea & Graham Wylie
Trainer: Willie Mullins
Beaten a short-head in a poor Gold Cup two years ago and, arguably, unlucky not to win at Fairyhouse on his penultimate start; out of contention when fell in the race back in 2013 (well fancied 8/1 shot) and he didn’t look a natural on that occasion.
9. The Druids Nephew (14/1)
Owner: The Stonehenge Druids
Trainer: Neil Mulholland
A leading contender but has his ship sailed having come down five out when still travelling well in the race 12 months ago? he is actually 4lbs worse off with the winner Many Clouds on the revised terms but he ran a terrific prep race at Doncaster on ground too soft last month. Handicapped as if he would have gone very close last year but five out is a long way from home.
10. Triolo D’Alene (25/1)
Owner: Mr & Mrs Sandy Orr
Trainer: Nicky Henderson
Won the Topham over these fences three years ago and has been trained solely for the race this season; that said trainer Nicky Henderson has yet to win the National and has had seven of his 37 runners come down at the first fence! This is another leading candidate, however, and I am willing to forgive his poor effort in the great race back in 2014 when he left his race at Cheltenham; he will be fresh and goes to Aintree with every chance.
11. Rocky Creek (66/1)
Owner: The Johnson & Stewart Families
Trainer: Paul Nicholls
Fifth in the race in 2014 but never competitive last year and has failed to shine since running Gold Cup winner Don Cossack to eight lengths at Down Royal back in October; hard to make a case for at present.
12. Sir Des Champs (33/1)
Owner: Gigginstown House Stud
Trainer: Willie Mullins
Finished runner up to Bobs Worth in the Gold Cup but that was three years ago and was off the track for the best part of two years before making a winning reappearance at Thurles in November; failed to build on that effort in two subsequent starts but the handicapper has given him a chance and I’m not surprised to see him nibbled at in the market from 40s to 33/1.
13. Holywell (12/1)
Owner: Mrs Gay Smith
Trainer: Jonjo O’Neill
Finished fourth in the Gold Cup in 2015 and if he is still in the race having jumped Becher’s Brook (fence 6) the first time, and enjoying himself, he is my idea of the winner although it is a big if. His trainer Jonjo O’Neill never completed the course in eight rides as a jockey but has saddled the winner of the race back in 2010 courtesy of Don’t Push It; significant rain would be a negative but, arguably, the best handicapped horse in the race and a must for any short-list.
14. Shutthefrontdoor (20/1)
Owner: John P McManus
Trainer: Jonjo O’Neill
Sir A P McCoy’s final ride in the Grand National last season when travelling like a dream for much of the race only for the petrol to empty coming to two out; has a similar profile to Hedgehunter who looked a non-stayer when falling at the last before returning 12 months later to win back in 2005; was only an 8-y-old last season and that experience will not have been lost on him but can he find the necessary stamina reserves?
15. Soll (40/1)
Owner: Derrick Mossop
Trainer: David Pipe
A sound jumper who was the day-of-the-race gamble last year when backed into 9/1 but beaten more than 40 lengths by Many Clouds; unless the heavens open hard to make a case for although looks sure to complete the course, albeit in his own time.
16. Buywise (40/1)
Owner: T Hywel Jones
Trainer: Evan Williams
Has always threatened to win a big race so why not the National? Often let down by his jumping but if he takes to the fences he could give Evan Williams, who has saddled six placed horses in the race from eight runners, that elusive first success.
17. Boston Bob (25/1)
Owner: Andrea & Graham Wylie
Trainer: Willie Mullins
Despite four Grade 1 wins to his name he hasn’t quite reached the heights once expected of him; the handicapper has certainly given him a chance, however, and it would be no surprise if he run a big race for Willie Mullins successful back in 2005 with Hedgehunter the last outright favourite to win the race although 2 joint favourites have subsequently won the race Comply Or Die in 2008 and Don’t Push It in 2010.
18. Aachen (100/1)
Owner: Tony Bloom
Trainer: Venetia Williams
Owned by Brighton FC owner Tony Bloom but this 12-year-old is unlikely to be flying as high as his Seagulls side who are chasing automatic promotion to the Premier League. Trainer Venetia Williams won the race with a similar 100/1 shot (Mon Mome) back in 2009 but this representative is likely to find things happening too quickly unless there is significant rain.
19. Morning Assembly (25/1)
Owner: Clipper Logistics Group Limited
Trainer: Pat Fahy
Has returned as good as ever this season following a year off although he did appear to jump out to the right when getting tired at Cheltenham last time; beat Don Cossack as a novice back in 2013 but all wins with plenty of cut and stamina a concern.
20. Double Ross (66/1)
Owner: Options O Syndicate
Trainer: Nigel Twiston-Davies
Represents a yard who have won the National twice (Bindaree and Earth Summit) previously but this 10-year-old has not been at his very best so far this term and stamina is a big concern having never won beyond 2m 5f.
21. Goonyella (16/1)
Owner: Ann & Alan Potts Partnership
Trainer: Jim Dreaper
Showed he wasn’t just a mudlark when finishing runner up in the Scottish National last season and has been brought along slowly this season with Aintree in mind; that said he has not fired in two previous visits and only got as far as the first in the Becher Chase of 2014.
22. Ucello Conti (25/1)
Owner: Simon Munir & Isaac Souede
Trainer: Gordon Elliott
The Gordon Elliot yard are looking for the Gold Cup/National double after Don Cossack’s Cheltenham success and the stable have already saddled the winner of the race back in 2007 with Silver Birch. The handicapper suggested he was one of the most difficult horses to assess having had only three runs since coming over from his native France; a lively contender.
23. Unioniste (25/1)
Owner: John Hales
Trainer: Paul Nicholls
Represents the same owner-trainer combination who were successful with Neptune Collonges in 2012 but only got as far as the fifth in the corresponding race 12 months ago when sent off a 16/1 shot. No match for Many Cloud in his final prep race at Kelso but is 12lbs better off for the 10 lengths he was beaten; big player if you can forgive last year’s fall.
24. Le Reve (40/1)
Owner: P H Betts
Trainer: Lucy Wadham
All six career wins going right-handed and likes plenty of cut in the ground so conditions likely to be far from ideal and hard to make a case for given he is 0-8 going left-handed.
25. Gallant Oscar (25/1)
Owner: John P McManus
Trainer: Tony Martin
This race has long been the target having been balloted out of the race last season when a leading fancy; all wins with plenty of cut but I think he will handle decent ground and he looked to be coming to hand when running well in the Leinster National last month.
26. Onenightinvienna (33/1)
Owner: Mrs Judith Luff
Trainer: Philip Hobbs
You have to go back to 1958 for the last time a novice (Mr What) won the race and Bogskar was the last 7-year-old to win back in 1940! the stats say the race will come at least a year too soon but this sound jumper bypassed Cheltenham for a crack at the National and he runs in the colours of the 1986 winner West Tip.
27. The Last Samuri (8/1)
Owner: Paul & Clare Rooney
Trainer: Kim Bailey
A facile winner at Doncaster last time but to my eyes that wasn’t much of a race (just six runners) although the handicapper would give the 8-y-o another 12lbs if he could frame the weights again. Trainer Kim Bailey won the race back in 1990 with Mr Frisk and he has a leading contender on his hands again no less than 26 years on.
28. Kruzhlinin (20/1)
Owner: Paul & Clare Rooney
Trainer: Philip Hobbs
Well beaten in the race two years ago but that was as a 7-y-o and was an impressive winner on his penultimate start at Kempton although he is another who might be best served by going right-handed; has a bit to find with Holywell on recent Cheltenham running and rain would be a plus.
29. Rule The World (40/1)
Owner: Gigginstown House Stud
Trainer: Mouse Morris
No match for the ill-fated No More Heroes in a Grade 1 Novice Chase at Leopardstown over Xmas and yet to win in 13 runs over the larger obstacles albeit often in decent company. All hurdle wins on soft ground but handles quicker conditions and trainer won the Irish Grand National over Easter.
30. Just A Par (33/1)
Owner: C G Roach & Paul K Barber
Trainer: Paul Nicholls
Has had only three starts this term having been trained for this race all season; didn’t look a natural over these fences when pulled up in the Becher Chase of 2014 but better ground will suit and realistic each way claims.
31. Katenko (66/1)
Owner: A Brooks
Trainer: Venetia Williams
Difficult to make a case for having looked a shadow of his former self in two starts since returning from long-term injury; soft ground would suit and trainer did win the race with a 100/1 shot back in 2009.
32. Vics Canvas (66/1)
Owner: Bodeen Bandits Partnership
Trainer: Dermot McLoughlin
No teenager has won the race since 1923 (Sergeant Murphy) and this 13-y-old will have to buck any number of trends to win the big one.
33. Black Thunder (50/1)
Owner: Donlon, MacDonald, Fulton & Webb
Trainer: Paul Nicholls
All wins over obstacles with plenty of give in the ground and has had a light but disappointing campaign so far this season; has bits of form which suggest he is well handicapped off his low-weight but is he quite the force of old even at the relatively young age of nine?
34. Ballycasey (66/1)
Owner: Mrs S Ricci
Trainer: Willie Mullins
Another possible runner from the yard of Willie Mullins but only got as far as the eighth 12 months ago when brought down and stamina has to be taken on trust, given he is another who has yet to win at 3miles let alone nearly four-and-a-half.
35. Hadrian’s Approach
Owner: Mr & Mrs R Kelvin-Hughes
Trainer: Nicky Henderson
Has a touch of class but how he will take to these obstacles is anyone’s guess as he has never been the most fluent of jumpers; ran well on his return from a long absence at Kempton back in February and good ground would suit.
36. Vieux Lion Rouge (50/1)
Owner: Prof Caroline Tisdall & John Gent
Trainer: David Pipe
Trainer David Pipe saddled Comply Or Die to win the race back in 2008 and this decent novice finished sixth in the 4m National Hunt Chase at the Festival last month.
37. Pendra (66/1)
Owner: John P McManus
Trainer: Charlie Longsdon
Always seems to attract significant market support and not guaranteed to appreciate a thorough test of stamina although he has won over 3 miles at Ascot; has been off the track since December but goes well fresh and no forlorn hope.
38. Saint Are (14/1)
Owner: D W Fox
Trainer: Tom George
Finished runner up in the race last season and is 2lbs better off with Many Clouds for the length and three quarters he was beaten. He didn’t jump quite as well as Many Clouds last year but 20/1 looks a very fair price to go one better than 12 months ago given he ran as well as ever when winning a valuable veteran’s chase at Doncaster when last seen back in February.
39. Home Farm (80/1)
Owner: C Jones
Trainer: Henry De Bromhead
Another Irish raider who has yet to win beyond 2m 6f but he did finish third in the Irish equivalent (3m 5f) back in 2013 as a novice; hard to make a case for on what he has achieved over hurdles this season but could be a different proposition back over the larger obstacles.
40. The Romford Pele (40/1)
Owner: Trembath & Outhart
Trainer: Rebecca Curtis
Named after former Arsenal midfielder Ray Parlour and another whose recent runs have been over the smaller obstacles including when a close eighth of 26 in the Coral Cup at the Festival last month. If he gets into the race it would be no surprise to see him attract decent support as he will think he’s let loose off 10st 4lbs.
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What is the more familiar name for vitamin B2 ? | RIBOFLAVIN: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings - WebMD
View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement
References:
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Where in Germany is the Glyptothek museum ? | 5 Signs of Vitamin B2 Deficiency / Nutrition / Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins and Minerals
In general, vitamin B2 is very easy to supplement in the body. Outside of taking actual vitamin B2 supplements, there are also a ton of everyday foods that include vitamin B2. For instance, by eating vitamin B2-enriched cereals, red meats or leafy vegetables, you can get enough vitamin B2 to supply your body. However, vitamin B2 is a water-soluble vitamin. That means that it cannot be stored in your body and must be constantly replenished because your body flushes it out on a daily basis. Because of that, there is a chance that you might suffer from vitamin B2 deficiency if you do not eat the right types of foods or take vitamin B2 supplements.
Here are some of the signs that you may be suffering from vitamin B2 deficiency:
1. You Have Trouble Digesting Food
One of the biggest roles that vitamin B2 plays in your body comes in the digestive system. Vitamin B2 helps to break down the calories that come in the many proteins, fats and carbohydrates that you put into your body. By breaking down these calories, vitamin B2 produces energy for your body and allows you to sustain yourself throughout the course of a day. Without vitamin B2, you may have trouble digesting food and getting the energy that comes along with it.
2. You Experience Dizziness Frequently
If you are experiencing dizzy spells frequently, it could be because your body is not getting enough vitamin B2. Vitamin B2 helps your body to produce new red blood cells. As a result, these red blood cells help carry oxygen throughout your body. But, if you do not have enough red blood cells to do the job, your body will not get enough oxygen and you may get dizzy as a result of it.
3. You Have Issues with Hair Loss, Skin or Vision
Healthy doses of vitamin B2 help your body to maintain healthy hair, skin and vision. However, if you do not get enough vitamin B2, you may experience hair loss, skin rashes and trouble with your eyes. If any of these ailments are affecting you, try incorporating more vitamin B2 into your diet.
4. You Have Slow Mental Responses
Problems thinking and responding to the outside world can stem from a more serious problem. But, it can also be the result of vitamin B2 deficiency. Vitamin B2 helps neurotransmitters in your brain carry messages. If you have a vitamin B2 deficiency, these messages will travel much more slowly and will cause you to have slow mental responses.
5. You Suffer from Insomnia
A vitamin B2 deficiency can result in mood swings, as well as insomnia and night terrors. You need vitamin B2 to help you balance your mood and to calm you so that you can rest well at night.
Taking More Vitamin B2
These are just some of the signs that point to vitamin B2 deficiency. If you feel that you are suffering from any of these ailments as a result of vitamin B2 deficiency, talk to your doctor about ways to get more vitamin B2 or try incorporating more vitamin B2-enriched foods into your diet to reduce these ailments.
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Prime Minister David Cameron is an alumnus of which Oxford college ? | Oxford Alumni - Oxford University - The Untold Story
Oxford University - The Untold Story
References
David Cameron - Brasenose College
David Cameron (born 1966) is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Leader of the Conservative Party.
In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives won 307 seats in a hung parliament and Cameron was appointed Prime Minister on 11 May 2010, at the head of a coalition between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. He therefore leads the first coalition government of the United Kingdom since the Second World War.
Cameron studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Oxford, gaining a first class honours degree.
Margaret Thatcher - Somerville College
Margaret Thatcher (born 1925) was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, the first woman to head a major UK political party, and became the UK's first female Prime Minister in 1979.
Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation, particularly of the financial sector, flexible labour markets, the sale or closure of state-owned companies, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Her hard line against trade unions and tough rhetoric in opposition to the Soviet Union earned her the nickname of the "Iron Lady". She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990 and holds a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, which entitles her to sit in the House of Lords.
She studied Chemistry at Oxford, graduating with a second class honours degree. While at university, she focused on politics rather than her studies and became President of the Oxford University Conservative Association.
Information derived from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher
Thatcher 1995 , p. 150
Manmohan Singh - Nuffield College
Manmohan Singh (born 1932) is the 13th and current Prime Minister of India. He is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term.
In 1962, Singh completed his studies from the University of Oxford. The title of his doctoral thesis was "India’s export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications. This thesis later grew into the book "India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth"
The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005.
Singh previously carried out economic reforms in India in 1991, during his tenure as the Finance Minister. These reforms resulted in the end of the Licence Raj system, helping to open the Indian economy to greater international trade and investment
Rowan Atkinson - The Queen's College
Rowan Atkinson (born 1955) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter. He is most famous for his work on the satirical sketch comedy show Not The Nine O'Clock News, and the sitcoms Blackadder and Mr. Bean. He has been listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest actors in British comedy.
In 1975, he studied for the degree of MSc in Electrical Engineering at The Queen's College, the same college his father matriculated at in 1935,and which made Atkinson an Honorary Fellow in 2006.While at Oxford, he also acted and performed early sketches for the Oxford University Dramatic Society (OUDS), the Oxford Revue and the Experimental Theatre Club (ETC), meeting writer Richard Curtis and composer Howard Goodall, with whom he would continue to collaborate during his career.
Benazir Bhutto (Lady Margaret College, St Catherine’s College alumnus)
Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007) was a Pakistan-born politician who chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), a centre-left and the largest political party in Pakistan. Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state, having twice been Prime Minister of Pakistan, and was Pakistan's first and to date only female prime minister.
Bhutto was sworn in as Prime Minister for the first time in 1988 at the age of 35, but was removed from office 20 months later on grounds of alleged corruption. In 1993 she was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges. She went into self-imposed exile in Dubai in 1998. Bhutto was assassinated a few months after her return to Pakistan in 2007. The following year, she was named one of seven winners of the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
She studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, during which time she completed additional courses in International Law and Diplomacy.After LMH she attended St Catherine's College, Oxfordand in December 1976 she was elected president of the Oxford Union, becoming the first Asian woman to head the prestigious debating society.
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| Brasenose College, Oxford |
Which restaurant chain employed waitresses known as 'Nippies' ? | Cameron visits Brasenose | Cherwell.org
Cameron visits Brasenose
September 20, 2013
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David Cameron returned to his alma mater, Brasenose College, on Friday evening, where he officially opened the college’s ‘Project Q’ renovations.
The Prime Minister, who studied at Brasenose from 1985-88, graduating with First Class honours in PPE, gave a short speech in the college’s Old Quad.
Cameron defending the increase in tuition fees. He said: “I know how unpopular tutition fees can be but it really matters that we can fund the growth of our universities at a time when governments all over the world are battling to level up taxes and spending.”
He then posed for photographs with students and attended a drinks reception, though he left Brasenose before the official dinner, to which alumni, fellows and current students were invited.
Cameron’s undergraduate tennis partner, Tory Co-Chairman Andrew Feldman, likewise a Brasenose alumnus, attended the reception. Vernon Bogdanor, the constitutional scholar who tutored Cameron in his undergraduate days, also attended.
The Prime Minister is introduced by Brasenose Principal Alan Bowman
“David was one of the nicest and ablest students I ever taught,” Bogdanor told the Guardian in an interview four years ago. “But I’m not responsible for his views.” Bogdanor is known to be skeptical towards the Conservative Party policy of scrapping the Human Rights Act. In government the policy has been neutered by the Liberal Democrats, who support the Act.
In his speech Mr Cameron told students that “Don’t think for a minute that when you leave [Oxford] your tutorials stop. Let me tell you that is not the case.
“Vernon Bogdanor often gives me a tutorial. Recently he wrote me a brilliant letter explaining, as he told me twenty years ago, that democracy is government by explanation. He was referring of course to the Syria vote and he thought that I needed to do more work as a teacher, as a politician, and he’s absolutely right.”
With a nod to the 7.7% unemployment rate, Mr Cameron said that he still “bumped into” his old economics tutor, Peter Sinclair, now Professor of Economics at Birmingham University.
Related Rutland and JCRs pass defiant motion
“He still tells me why the labour market isn’t clearing properly and what I need to do about it, and that is hugely valuable.”
Mr Cameron said that he hadn’t kept in touch with his old philosophy tutor, John Foster, but recalled that “He was always trying to convince me that you couldn’t prove the existence of anything apart from the thoughts in your head. There are moments in this job when that would be a lovely reality to have.”
Cameron talking to Oxford University Chancellor, and former Conservative Minister, Chris Patten
Brasenose students were kept in the dark about the Prime Ministers expected visit. An email to Brasenose undergraduates about the opening of ‘Project Q’ renovations referred only to a “senior Cabinet Minister”.
The renovations began shortly after the 500th anniversary of the college’s founding in 2009 and were completed at the end of Hilary term last year.
Cameron talks to the Emir of Qatar
As Leader of the Opposition Cameron last visited Brasenose in November 2009, six months before becoming Prime Minister.
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Which metal , with the atomic number 30, is used to coat iron or steel in the galvanizing process ? | Zinc - Production, Application, Price Factors - Metal Alloy
Price Factors
Zinc Pennies
Zinc
The elemental metal named zinc is listed on the Periodic Table as “Zn”, has atomic number 30 and melts at 420 degrees Celsius (788 degrees Fahrenheit). Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the crust of the Earth. Its color is grey metallic and can be polished to a silver shine. In nature, zinc is not found as a pure deposit, but as a chemical compound. The most commonly exploited zinc ore is a sulfide named sphalerite, with a zinc concentration of around 61% percent. The largest deposits of zinc are found in North America, Australia and Asia.
Currently identified zinc resources total about 1.9 billion tonnes, which are estimated to be depleted between 2027 and 2055 at the current rate of consumption.
History
Statuettes and other ornaments made of a zinc alloy and some ancient writings, such as Greek, Roman and Indian recordings, mention the use of zinc as early as the 5th century BC. Brass, an alloy made of copper and zinc, was already used in the 14th century BC in Palestine, containing 23% zinc in some specific cases.
The isolation of pure zinc was achieved, probably independently by several people, at the end of the 17th century to as late as the mid 18th century. The German chemist Andreas Marggraf normally gets credit for the discovery of pure zinc in 1746, even though others before him have claimed discovery. Marggraf is therefore credited more with carefully describing the process and its basic theory, than the actual discovery.
The making of zinc involves a number of steps which are described below.
Mining
Around 70% of the world’s zinc comes from mining, the remaining 30% originates from recycling zinc. Around 95% of the zinc is mined from sulfidic ore deposits and these mines are spread throughout the world. China is the largest producer of zinc, with around 29% of the global zinc output in 2010.
Zinc metal is mined by using conventional blasting, drilling and hauling techniques. Froth flotation is used to separate zinc from other minerals after grinding the ore. The final concentration of zinc is about 50% using this method, the remainder being sulfur and iron.
Froth Flotation
By a process known as froth flotation, zinc can be produced. Froth flotation is also used in the reduction of copper and lead ores. The process starts with grinding the zinc ore to fine material and subsequently mixing it with water, pine oil and flotation chemicals. The flotation chemicals attach themselves to any zinc particles present when the mixture is agitated with injected air. Bubbles rise up with zinc particles adhered to it, which are scooped up by scrapers, thus collecting zinc-laden froth.
To remove water and oils, the froth is filtered. The remainder is roasted at 1371 degrees Celsius (2500 degrees Fahrenheit) into solid blocks called sinter. All the material has been completely converted to zinc oxide.
There are two methods for refining zinc, which are listed below.
Pyrometallurgy
In order to refine the zinc to a higher grade ore it is processed in a blast furnace fueled by electricity , coke or natural gas . As the furnace reaches temperatures of up to 1204 degrees Celsius (2200 degrees Fahrenheit) the zinc ore is melted. This process also generates carbon dioxide, which will reattach to the zinc as it cools to, once again, form zinc oxide. To prevent, or at least reduce, this reattachment, molten lead is sprayed on the zinc while it is still hot. The lead, because of its higher melting temperature of 550 degrees Celsius (1022 degrees Fahrenheit), dissolves the zinc. This mostly lead and zinc mixture is then carried to another chamber, where it will be cooled to 440 degrees Celsius (824 degrees Fahrenheit). Around this temperature, the zinc, because it is lighter, separates from the lead and is drained from the top. Subsequently it is cast into ingots. The lead is returned to the blast furnace to use again.
To reach an even higher grade zinc ore, the zinc is kept molten and undisturbed for hours. Iron and other contaminants will settle slowly to the bottom, thus allowing the almost pure zinc to be drained from the top.
With pyrometallurgical processes a maximum purity of 98% can be achieved. While this is high enough to use the zinc for galvanization, it cannot be used to die-cast alloys, which requires 99,995% purity.
Hydrometallurgy
The hydrometallurgical process, also known as electrolysis, is used a lot more than the pyrometallurgical process. It consists of four steps: leaching, purifying, electrolysis and casting.
In the first step, the zinc oxide is leached in a strong sulfuric. The result is a liquid called a leach product, which contains the zinc. It also produces a solid called a leach residue, which contains left-over metals (usually lead and silver) and is sold as a by-product.
The basic chemical process is described below:
ZnO + SO3 –> ZnSO4
The second step is called purification, because it removes certain elements from the zinc sulfate solution which can interfere with the electrolysis process. copper, cobalt, cadmium and nickel are removed and sold as by-products for further refining. The zinc sulfate solution must be very pure for electro-winning to be efficient.
Electrolysis is the third step, producing an almost 100% pure zinc deposit. The zinc is extracted from the zinc sulfate solution by electrowinning. An electric current is passed through the solution, which causes the zinc to deposit on aluminium sheets. Every day or two, the process is halted and the zinc-coated sheets are removed. Subsequently, the zinc is stripped from the sheets. About 3,900 KWh of electric power is expended producing one metric ton of zinc in this way.
The final step is to melt the high grade zinc and cast it into very high grade (99,995% purity) ingots, or directly alloy and cast it into ingots.
Transportation
Zinc is usually transported in very large quantities on commercial shipping freighters, with the part between port and destination done by train or truck.
Zinc is used in a number of applications
Galvanizing against Corrosion
Zinc is commonly used to coat iron or steel to protect these metals against corrosion. As it is more reactive than iron or steel, zinc will attract almost all oxidation until corrosion completely erodes the coated sheet. What is left is a surface protection layer of oxide and carbonate. This protection even functions after minor scratches and dents and can survive for many years.
Galvanization is used on metal roofing, bridges, guard rails, lightposts, heat exchangers and most visible to the consumer: car bodies.
Coating zinc on another metal is accomplished by electrolytic plating of the metal – much like chrome plating a metal – or dipping it into molten zinc.
Intricate Machine Parts
An alloy made of very high grade zinc and aluminium is used to create die-cast parts which require little machining before they are used in an assembly. By injecting the alloy under pressure into the cavity of a two-part steel die, it fills the entire void within the mold. After the metal cools and the die halves are taken apart, the resulting zinc-alloy part is very close to the desired shape.
Die-casting is used, among others, to create parts for aircraft, medical instruments and car parts like emblems and doorhandles.
Electrodes
An unique application of zinc uses its ability to transfer its corrosion resistance properties by electrical contact. In this manner, zinc is used as a sacrificial electrode. An example application for this kind of electrode is when it is attached to aluminium marine engines. Especially in salt water, the oxidation process of the metals on the ship forms a weak electrical current, which may lead to corrosion of the hull and engine parts. By having a zinc sacrificial electrode present, it sacrifices itself by corrosion, negating the electrical current and thus protecting the aluminium hull and/or engine.
Similarly, zinc is used as a component to produce batteries. In a dry cell battery, the zinc is housed in a metal can and creates a chemical reaction that results in a voltage potential between two contacts. An electrical device can be connected to the battery and powered by the electricity produced, until the available chemical reactants are spent.
Alloys
One widely used alloy which contains a large amount of zinc is brass. Brass is an alloy of copper mixed with 3% to 45% zinc, depending on the type of brass. Brass is superior to copper in areas like ductability, strength and corrosion resistance. This makes it useful in water valves, musical instruments and communication equipment.
Other used alloys that contain substantial amounts of zinc include aluminium solder, commercial bronze and nickel silver. It is also the primary metal used in producing one cent coins in the United States. The zinc coin is coated with a layer of copper to give the false impression of a copper coin.
Trading
The trading of Zinc futures takes place mainly on the London Metal Exchange (LME). This exchange regulates and monitors (electronic) trading of various metal types.
Price Factors
Zinc futures prices are influenced by a number of factors. Global supply of zinc is a major price determining factor. In the case of over-production, prices will rapidly fall. Mining activities will consequently drop which will eventually cause a deficit in supply. This will again raise prices to a standard level and this cycle will repeat itself.
Substitutes can also greatly influence the demand for zinc. Metals such as aluminum and magnesium are alternatives as die-cast materials and as such can influence price movements of zinc. In the event of rising prices of aluminum and magnesium the demand for zinc will increase.
Production and refining methods for zinc are also influencing prices as these processes are becoming ever increasingly cost-effective. This will increase the supply of available zinc and thus lower the price of this metal.
Limited remaining deposits can cause difficulties on the supply of zinc in the future. In comparison to various precious metals and base metals, zinc has a lower return yield which is why very limited budget is spent on the exploration of new zinc deposits. This may cause a deficit in the long term, which will eventually raise prices.
A Zinc Futures Contract on the London Metal Exchange (LME) has the following specifications:
Product Symbol
| Zinc |
What sort of new town, the first in the UK being Letchworth, was proposed in a book of 1898 by Ebenezer Howard ? | Metal Profile: Iron
Metal Profile: Iron
By Terence Bell
Updated May 10, 2015
Iron's use by humans dates back about 5000 years. It is the second most abundant metal element in the earth's crust and is primarily used to produce steel , one of the most important structural materials in the world.
Properties:
Melting Point: 2800°F (1538°C)
Boiling Point: 5182°F (2862°C)
Moh's Hardness: 4
Characteristics:
Pure iron is a silver-colored metal that conducts heat and electricity well.
Iron is too reactive to exist alone so it only occurs naturally in the earth's crust as iron ores , such as hematite, magnetite and siderite.
One of iron's identifying characteristics is that it is strongly magnetic . Exposed to a strong magnetic field, any piece of iron can be magnetized. Scientists believe that the earth's core is made-up of about 90% iron. The magnetic force produced by this iron is what creates the magnetic North and South poles.
History:
Iron was likely originally discovered and extracted as a result of wood burning on top of iron containing ores. The carbon within the wood would have reacted with the oxygen in the ore, leaving a soft, malleable iron metal. Iron smelting and the use of iron to make tools and weapons began in Mesopotamia (present day Iraq) between 2700 and 3000 BC. Over the following 2000 years, iron smelting knowledge spread eastward into Europe and Africa during a period known as the Iron Age.
From the 17th century on, until an efficient method to produce steel was discovered in the mid-19th century, iron increasingly used as a structural material to make ships, bridges and buildings. The Eiffel Tower, constructed in 1889, was made using over 7 million kilograms of wrought iron.
Rust:
Iron's most troublesome characteristic is its tendency to form rust.
Rust (or ferric oxide) is a brown, crumbly compound that is produced when iron is exposed to oxygen. The oxygen gas that is contained in water speeds up the process of corrosion . The rate of rust - how quickly iron turns into ferric oxide - is determined by the oxygen content of the water and the surface area of the iron. Salt water contains more oxygen than fresh water, which is why salt water rusts iron faster than fresh water.
Rust can be prevented by coating iron with other metals that are chemically more attractive to oxygen, such as zinc (the process of coating iron with zinc is referred to as ' galvanizing '). However, the most effective method of protecting against rust is the use of steel.
Steel:
Steel is an alloy of iron and various other metals, which are used to enhance the properties (strength, resistance to corrosion, tolerance of heat etc.) of iron. Changing the type and amount of the elements alloyed with iron can produce different types of steel.
The most common steels are:
Carbon steels, which contain between 0.5-1.5% carbon. These are the most common steels and are used for auto bodies, ship hulls, knives, machinery and all types of structural supports.
Low alloy steels, which contain between 1-5% other metals (often nickel or tungsten ). Nickel steel is able to withstand high levels of tension and is, thus, often used in the construction of bridges and for making bicycle chains. Tungsten steels keep their shape and strength in high temperature environments and are used in impact, rotary applications, such as drill bits.
High alloy steels, which contain 12-18% of other metals are only used in specialty applications due to their high cost. One example of a high alloy steel is stainless steel, which often contains chromium and nickel, but can be alloyed with various other metals as well. Stainless steel is very strong and highly resistant to corrosion.
Production:
Most iron is produced from ores found near the earth's surface. Modern extraction techniques use blast furnaces, which are characterized by their tall stacks (chimney-like structures). The iron is poured into the stacks along with coke (carbon rich coal) and limestone (calcium carbonate). Nowadays, the iron ore normally goes through a process of sintering before entering the stack. This process forms pieces of ore that are between 10-25mm, which are then mixed with coke and limestone.
The sintered ore, coke and limestone are then poured into the stack where is burns at temperatures of 1800°C. Coke burns as a source of heat and, along with oxygen that is shot into the furnace, helps to form the reducing gas carbon monoxide. The limestone mixes with impurities in the iron to form slag. Slag is lighter than molten iron ore, so it rises to the surface and can easily be removed. The hot iron is then poured into molds to produce pig iron or directly prepared for steel production.
Pig iron still contains between 3.5-4.5% carbon, along with other impurities, and is brittle and difficult to work with. Various processes are used in order to lower the phosphorus and sulphur impurities in pig iron in order to produce cast iron. Wrought iron, which contains less than 0.25% carbon, is tough, malleable and easily welded, but is much more laborious and costly to produce than low carbon steel.
In 2010, global iron ore production was around 2.4 billion tonnes. China, the largest producer, accounted for about 37.5% of all production, while other major producing countries include Australia, Brazil, India and Russia.
Applications:
Iron was once the primary structural material, but it has long been replaced by steel in most applications. Nevertheless, cast iron is still used in pipes and to make automotive parts, such as cylinder heads, cylinder blocks and gearbox cases. Wrought iron is still used to produce home décor items, such as wine racks, candleholders and curtain rods.
References:
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Thomas Hardy trained for which profession before he took up writing ? | Thomas Hardy - Thomas Hardy Biography - Poem Hunter
Thomas Hardy - Thomas Hardy Biography - Poem Hunter
Biography
Biography of Thomas Hardy
Thomas Hardy was born June 2, 1840, in the village of Upper Bockhampton, located in Southwestern England. His father was a stone mason and a violinist. His mother enjoyed reading and relating all the folk songs and legends of the region. Between his parents, Hardy gained all the interests that would appear in his novels and his own life: his love for architecture and music, his interest in the lifestyles of the country folk, and his passion for all sorts of literature.
At the age of eight, Hardy began to attend Julia Martin's school in Bockhampton. However, most of his education came from the books he found in Dorchester, the nearby town. He learned French, German, and Latin by teaching himself through these books. At sixteen, Hardy's father apprenticed his son to a local architect, John Hicks. Under Hicks' tutelage, Hardy learned much about architectural drawing and restoring old houses and churches. Hardy loved the apprenticeship because it allowed him to learn the histories of the houses and the families that lived there. Despite his work, Hardy did not forget his academics: in the evenings, Hardy would study with the Greek scholar Horace Moule.
In 1862, Hardy was sent to London to work with the architect Arthur Blomfield. During his five years in London, Hardy immersed himself in the cultural scene by visiting the museums and theaters and studying classic literature. He even began to write his own poetry. Although he did not stay in London, choosing to return to Dorchester as a church restorer, he took his newfound talent for writing to Dorchester as well.
From 1867, Hardy wrote poetry and novels, though the first part of his career was devoted to the novel. At first he published anonymously, but when people became interested in his works, he began to use his own name. Like Dickens, Hardy's novels were published in serial forms in magazines that were popular in both England and America. His first popular novel was Under the Greenwood Tree, published in 1872. The next great novel, Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was so popular that with the profits, Hardy was able to give up architecture and marry Emma Gifford. Other popular novels followed in quick succession: The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). In addition to these larger works, Hardy published three collections of short stories and five smaller novels, all moderately successful. However, despite the praise Hardy's fiction received, many critics also found his works to be too shocking, especially Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The outcry against Jude was so great that Hardy decided to stop writing novels and return to his first great love, poetry.
Over the years, Hardy had divided his time between his home, Max Gate, in Dorchester and his lodgings in London. In his later years, he remained in Dorchester to focus completely on his poetry. In 1898, he saw his dream of becoming a poet realized with the publication of Wessex Poems. He then turned his attentions to an epic drama in verse, The Dynasts; it was finally completed in 1908. Before his death, he had written over 800 poems, many of them published while he was in his eighties.
By the last two decades of Hardy's life, he had achieved fame as great as Dickens' fame. In 1910, he was awarded the Order of Merit. New readers had also discovered his novels by the publication of the Wessex Editions, the definitive versions of all Hardy's early works. As a result, Max Gate became a literary shrine.
Hardy also found happiness in his personal life. His first wife, Emma, died in 1912. Although their marriage had not been happy, Hardy grieved at her sudden death. In 1914, he married Florence Dugale, and she was extremely devoted to him. After his death, Florence published Hardy's autobiography in two parts under her own name.
After a long and highly successful life, Thomas Hardy died on January 11, 1928, at the age of 87. His ashes were buried in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey.
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia Thomas Hardy; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License . You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA.
Thomas Hardy Poems
| Architect (disambiguation) |
Which London satirical venue was co-founded by Peter Cook and Nicholas Luard ? | Emma Gifford Hardy
▼ Primary Sources ▼
Emma Gifford Hardy
Emma Gifford, the daughter of solicitor, John Attersoll Gifford and Emma Farman Gifford, was born in Plymouth , on 24th November 1840. Emma was the youngest of five children. She later recalled that her home was "a most intellectual one and not only so but one of exquisite home-training and refinement - alas the difference the loss of these amenities and generalities has made to me."
In 1860 Emma's wealthy grandmother, Helen Gifford, died. The family then moved to the grandmother's property in Bodmin , Cornwall . On 7th March 1870, she met Thomas Hardy , who had been sent to St. Juliot near Boscastle , by his employer, in order "to take a plan and particulars of a church I am about to rebuild there". She later recalled that Hardy had a beard and was wearing "a rather shabby great coat". Hardy fell in love with Emma and he returned to the village every few months. During this period Emma was described as having "a rosy, Rubenesque complexion, striking blue eyes and auburn hair with ringlets reaching down as far as her shoulders".
Robert Gittings , the author of The Young Thomas Hardy (2001) has argued: "Emma Lavinia Gifford certainly appears... as the spoilt child of a spoilt father. There is no doubt at all that wilfulness and lack of restraint gave her a dash and charm that captivated Hardy from the moment they met. He did not consider, any more than most men would have done, that a childish impulsiveness and inconsequential manner, charming at thirty, might grate on him when carried into middle age."
Hardy's novel, Under the Greenwood Tree was published by Tinsley Brothers in June 1872. After good reviews in the Pall Mall Gazette and The Athenaeum , it was agreed to serialise the novel over a period of twelve months in the Tinsley's Magazine. This gave Hardy a guaranteed income over the next year and he decided he could take the risk of becoming a full-time writer. Emma Gifford, despite the objections of her father, agreed to marry Hardy.
Leslie Stephen , the editor of The Cornhill Magazine , had been impressed by Hardy's Under the Greenwood Tree and asked him to provide a story suitable for serialisation in the magazine. Hardy accepted the offer and began work on a story that had been told to him by his former girlfriend, Tryphena Sparks . It tells of a woman who has inherited a farm, which contrary to the tradition of the times she insists on managing herself.
Far From the Madding Crowd is the story of a young woman-farmer, Bathsheba Everdene, and her three suitors: Gabriel Oak, a young man who owns a small sheep farm. Sergeant Frank Troy, a well-educated, young soldier who has a reputation as a womaniser. William Boldwood, a local farmer who develops a strong passion for Bathsheba. Leslie Stephen was shocked by the sexual content of the novel and asked for Hardy to make some changes, admitting that this was the result of "an excessive prudery of which I am ashamed."
The novel was serialised between January and December 1874. After receiving £400 by its publishers, Thomas Hardy could now afford to marry Emma. The wedding took place on 17th September 1874. Emma's uncle, Dr Edwin Hamilton Gifford, canon of Worcester Cathedral officiated. The only other people present being Emma's brother, Walter E. Gifford and Sarah Williams, the daughter of Hardy's landlady, who signed the register as a witness. Hardy's parents, may have also objected to the marriage because they were not invited to the ceremony.
After spending a few days in Brighton they travelled to Paris , where Hardy insisted on visiting the city mortuary where he looked at several dead bodies. Emma wrote in her diary that she found the experience "repulsive". According to the author of Thomas Hardy: Behind the Mask (2011): "The visit to the Paris mortuary had led to speculation that Hardy may have had a tendency to necrophilia (a morbid, and in particular an erotic, attraction to corpses)".
In 1883 the Hardys moved to a rented house in Dorchester . Hardy commissioned his father and brother to build a new house just outside the town, on a plot of open downland on the road to Wareham . Called Max Gate , the red-brick building was completed in June 1885. Hardy planted over 2,000 trees around it to give him greater privacy. However, he wrote in his diary at the end of the year that he was "sadder than many previous New Year's Eves have done." He also said that the building of his new home was not "a wise expenditure of energy".
Hardy's novel The Woodlanders , was published in 1886. He wrote in the novel's preface that the book is principally concerned with the "question of matrimonial divergence, the immortal puzzle of how a couple are to find a basis for their sexual relationship". He then adds that a problem may arise when a person "feels some second person to be better suited to his or her tastes than the one whom he has contracted to live". It has been argued that the book deals with Hardy's relationship with his wife.
Andrew Norman , the author of Thomas Hardy: Behind the Mask (2011) has pointed out: "In The Woodlanders, many of Hardy's favourite themes resurface. They include the problems encountered when two persons of different social status fall in love, and when two men compete with one another for the hand of one woman, together with the problems men and women may have of understanding one another. Hardy also stresses that qualities such as loyalty, devotion and steadfastness in a male suitor, ought always to triumph over wealth, property and title."
Tess of the D'Urbervilles was published in November 1891. Several libraries refused to stock the book but the controversy about the content helped it to become a best-seller. It was also translated into several different languages. Hardy was upset with the reviews that the book received that he said to a friend that "if this sort of thing continues" there would be "no more novel writing for me."
Despite these comments, Thomas Hardy now began work on what was to be his most controversial book, Jude the Obscure . Following the death of his parents, Jude Fawley, is brought up by a great aunt, who, along with his schoolmaster, Phillotson, encouraged him to get a university education at Christminster ( Oxford ). However, before he can do this he is tricked into marrying Arabella Donn, the daughter of a pig breeder.
Arabella eventually deserts Jude and goes to live in Australia . Jude moves to Christminster where he obtains employment as a stonemason, while continuing to study part-time. Unfortunately, his application to study at the university is rejected.
While in Christminster he becomes friendly with his cousin, Sue Bridehead. He introduces her to Phillotson, whom she subsequently marries. However, the marriage is not a success and as she is so unhappy, Phillotson agrees to give Sue a divorce. For this act of compassion, Phillotson is dismissed from his post as schoolmaster.
Sue goes to live with Jude and they consider getting married. Jude is dissatisfied with Sue because she is "such a phantasmal, bodiless creature, one who - if you'll allow me to say it - has so little animal passion in you, that you can act upon reason in the matter when we poor unfortunate wretches of grosser substance can't." Jude tells Sue: "People go on marrying because they can't resist natural forces, although many of them may know perfectly well that they are possibly buying a month's pleasure with a life's discomfort."
Jude and Sue eventually agree to get married, but when they arrive at the registrar's office, Sue changes her mind and says to Jude: "Let us go home, without killing our dream". However, they do live together and Sue gives birth to two children. Jude is informed by Arabella that after leaving him she gave birth to his son. She asks him to look after the son, Juey. Jude and Sue agree to this suggestion.
Jude is employed by the local church to inscribe stone tablets. When it is discovered that Jude and Sue are unmarried, he is sacked from his job. Soon afterwards, Juey, hangs Jude's two children by Sue and then hangs himself. Sue regards this as a judgement from God and returns to Phillotson.
In the preface of Jude the Obscure Hardy point out that the novel is about the "tragedy of unfulfilled aims". He then goes onto argue that it was an attempt to confront the issue of "the fret and fever, derision and disaster, that may press in the wake of the strongest passion known to humanity; to tell, without a mincing of words, of a deadly war waged between flesh and spirit." Hardy admitted that the novel was an attack on the marriage laws. He wrote that "a marriage should be dissolvable as soon as it becomes a cruelty to either of the parties - being then essentially and morally no marriage."
Michael Millgate , the author of Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisted (2006) has argued: "Its haunted characters, trapped within an intricately disastrous plot, move restlessly from one unfriendly town to another, loving without fulfillment, striving without achievement. By representing Jude Fawley as encountering persistent persecution in his attempts to gain admission to a Christminster (that is, Oxford) college and share with Sue Bridehead a life outside wedlock, Hardy was deliberately attacking the existing educational system and marriage laws."
Reviewers were shocked by the sexual content of the book and it was described as "Jude the Obscene" and "Hardy the Degenerate". William How , the Bishop of Wakefield announced that he was so appalled by Jude the Obscure that he had thrown the novel into the fire. Hardy responded that there was a long religious tradition of "theology and burning" and suggested "they will continue to be allies to the end". Although the novel sold over 20,000 copies in three months, Hardy was upset by the reviews the book received. He commented that he had reached "the end of prose" and now concentrated on writing poetry.
Hardy admitted to a close friend that the characters, Jude and Sue, were based on himself and his wife Emma. As Andrew Norman has pointed out: "Emma felt the same way as Hardy's fictitious character Sue Bridehead, who confessed that the idea of falling in love held a greater attraction for her than the experience of love itself; that Emma, like Sue, derived a perverse pleasure from seeing her admirers break their hearts over her; that Emma felt the same physical revulsion for Hardy that Sue had felt for Phillotson."
Hardy's biographers have speculated that the marriage was never consummated. Emma Hardy complained that her husband never understood her needs. "I can scarcely think that love proper, and enduring, is in the nature of men. There is ever a desire to give but little in return for our devotion and affection." In a letter she wrote in November, 1894, Emma complained that Hardy "understands only the women he invents - the others not at all."
Emma was particularly upset with his platonic relationship with Florence Henniker. Nor did she like his closeness to his sister, Mary. In a letter written to Mary in February 1896 she claimed: "Your brother has been outrageously unkind to me - which is entirely your fault: ever since I have been his wife you have done all you can to make division between us; also, you have set your family against me, though neither you nor they can truly say that I have ever been anything but just, considerate, and kind towards you all, notwithstanding frequent low insults... You have ever been my causeless enemy - causeless, except that I stand in the way of your evil ambition to be on the same level with your brother by trampling, upon me... doubtless you are elated that you have spoiled my life as you love power of - any kind, but you have spoiled your brother's and your own punishment must inevitably follow - for God's promises are true for ever."
Another source of conflict was Emma devout religious views. Hardy on the other hand gradually lost his religious faith. He wrote to a friend that he had been searching for God for fifty years "and I think that if he had existed I should have discovered him". Emma donated money to various Christian charitable institutions, including the Salvation Army and the Evangelical Alliance . She also paid for religious pamphlets to be printed, which she left in local shops or at the homes of people she visited. She wrote that her objective was to "help to make the clear atmosphere of pure Protestantism in the land to revive us again - in the truth - as I believe it to be".
Emma Hardy especially disliked the anti-religious views expressed in Jude the Obscure . Hardy's biographer, Michael Millgate , has pointed out: "Emma Hardy took personal offence not only at Jude's attack on marriage but also at what she saw as its dark pessimism and irreligiousness... As a professional novelist writing to deadlines, peremptory as to his priorities and impatient of interruptions, he was not easy to live with, and he had failed - had perhaps not sufficiently tried - to resolve the antagonism between his wife and the family he now regularly visited. Emma Hardy, temperamentally restless and impulsive, lacking satisfying occupations and sympathetic friends, grew ever more deeply resentful - and publicly critical - of her husband's self-sufficiency and fame."
Emma Hardy was a supporter of women's suffrage and in 1907 she joined George Bernard Shaw and his wife, Charlotte Payne-Townshend Shaw , in a march led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett and the National Union of Suffrage Societies in London .
Several visitors to Max Gate commented on the strange behaviour of Emma Hardy. Florence Emily Dugdale wrote to her friend Edward Clodd in November 1910: "Mrs Hardy seems to be queerer than ever. She has just asked me whether I have noticed how extremely like Crippen, Thomas Hardy is in personal appearance. She added darkly, that she would not be surprised to find herself in the cellar one morning. All this in deadly seriousness."
The writer, Arthur C. Benson met her for the first time in September, 1912. He wrote in his diary: "Mrs Hardy is a small, pretty, rather mincing elderly lady with hair curiously puffed and padded and rather fantastically dressed. It was hard to talk to Mrs Hardy who rambled along in a very inconsequentional way, with a bird-like sort of wit, looking sideways and treating my remarks as amiable interruptions... It gave me a sense of something intolerable the thought of his having to live day and night with the absurd, inconsequent, huffy, rambling old lady. They don't get on together at all. The marriage was thought a misalliance for her, when he was poor and undistinguished, and she continues to resent it... He (Hardy) is not agreeable to her either, but his patience must be incredibly tried. She is so queer, and yet has to be treated as rational, while she is full, I imagine, of suspicions and jealousies and affronts which must be half insane."
Evelyn Evans, a member of the Dorchester Debating Literary and Dramatic Society, was a regular visitor to Hardy's home. She later recalled: "She (Emma Hardy) was considered very odd by the townspeople of Dorchester... Her delusions of grandeur grew more marked. Never forgetting that she was an archdeacon's niece who had married beneath her.. She persuaded embarrassed editors to publish her worthless poems, and intimated that she was the guiding spirit of all Hardy's work."
In one letter Emma Hardy described Hardy as "utterly worthless". Thomas Hardy's assistant, Florence Emily Dugdale , remarked that he "spent long evenings alone in his study, insult and abuse his only enlivenment. It sounds cruel to write like that, and in atrocious taste, but truth is truth, after all."
Christine Wood Homer was another regular visitor to Max Gate . She claims that Emma Hardy "had the fixed idea that she was the superior of her husband in birth, education, talents, and manners. She could not, and never did, recognise his greatness". As she got older he behaviour became stranger: "Whereas at first she had only been childish, with advancing age she became very queer and talked curiously." Emma's cousin, Kate Gifford, wrote to Hardy saying "it must have been very sad for you that her mind became so unbalanced latterly".
On Thomas Hardy's 72nd birthday, he was visited by the poets Henry Newbolt and W. B. Yeats . Newbolt later recalled: "Hardy, an exquisitely remote figures, with the air of a nervous stranger, asked me a hundred questions about my impressions of the architecture of Rome and Venice, from which cities I had just returned. Through this conversation I could hear and see Mrs. Hardy giving Yeats much curious information about two very fine cats... In this situation Yeats looked like an Eastern Magician overpowered by a Northern Witch - and I too felt myself spellbound by the famous pair of Blue Eyes, which surpassed all that I have ever seen."
On 22nd November, 1912, Emma Hardy felt unwell. She was visited by her doctor who pronounced that the illness was not of a serious nature. However, on the morning of 27th November, the maid found her dead in bed. Soon after the funeral, Hardy discovered two "book-length" manuscripts, The Pleasures of Heaven and the Pains of Hell and What I Think of My Husband. After reading them Hardy burnt them in the fire.
| i don't know |
"Which British king was described by Henry James as ""Edward the Caresser"" ?" | 'Edward The Caresser' by Stanley Weintraub
'Edward The Caresser' by Stanley Weintraub
Edward VII: dissipated prince, disappointing king
Sunday, June 17, 2001
By Len Barcousky, Post-Gazette Staff Writer
Charles, the present Prince of Wales, was in the news recently in a parental dispute that would have seemed all too familiar to his great-great-grandfather, Edward VII.
In a British newspaper article appearing just before his 80th birthday, Prince Philip was described by close friends as believing his eldest son was too weak to be an effective king. A rival newspaper then reported that Charles was so angered by the media reports of the strained relationship with his father that Charles had dropped plans to write a birthday tribute.
The heir to the British throne might take some comfort from Stanley Weintraub�s biography of Edward VII. Weintraub�s book is a reminder that friction between heirs to the British throne and critical parents is more the rule than the exception.
Weintraub is a Penn State University professor emeritus who has written biographies of many eminent Victorians, including Edward�s parents, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
His latest work describes Edward�s pampered but frustrating 59-year existence as the longest-serving Prince of Wales in British history.
Heir to the throne at birth, Albert Edward didn�t become king until 1901. He had a reputation as a mental lightweight, a gambler, and glutton for both food and female flesh. But he also had a skill for making nontraditional friendships and an interest in contact with people outside his mother�s tiny circle.
Weintraub shows Edward -- he disliked the name Albert -- at his best on long journeys. The future king made the first-ever official visits to Canada, the United States and India. On all his journeys, he met and charmed local politicians and their wives.
As he passed through places like Pittsburgh, he would, on occasion, make efforts to meet ordinary people.
Edward was at his worst when he was bored -- as he was for much of his life. A slow learner in a family not known for its intellect, Edward was too often given little to do by his disapproving mother. Unfortunately, the less Queen Victoria gave him to do, the more chance he found for trouble.
Although he was raised in palaces and surrounded by wealth, the future King Edward VII had a childhood that seems downright Dickensian in the depth of its emotional misery. In page after page of Weintraub�s biography, his parents, tutors, court diarists and journalists use depressingly similar words to describe the young Prince of Wales: unhappy, ill-at-ease, anxious, puny, listless, idle and weak.
The most common adjective is �disappointing.� Then as Edward matured, other words attached themselves: self-indulgent, willful and reckless.
But with all his multiple flaws, the public, contemporary newspapers and Weintraub all seem to find something engaging about Edward.
The book�s title -- �Edward the Caresser� -- comes from the letter written by Henry James to a friend shortly after Edward became king. While newspapers and magazines were discreet, it was common knowledge that long-married Edward had a procession of mistresses.
�Professional beauty� Lillie Langtry and actress Sarah Bernhardt were two of his better-known loves.
Despite what seems to have been periodic bad judgment in pledging his affections in writing, Edward tried to keep up appearances. Langtry, for example, learned her time as a royal favorite had passed in an incident that might have come from a novel by Henry James.
Weintraub writes that Langtry made a fatal social error at a charity bazaar, taking a sip from a teacup before handing it to her prince. �[T]he gesture was too presumptuous before [Edward�s wife and daughters] and [His Royal Highness] reacted accordingly. He set the cup down untasted. �I should like a clean one, please,� he said.�
Raised in a house of humorless literalists, Edward, despite his slowness in his studies, shows signs of wit.
When Queen Victoria was in her last illness, a courtier asked how Edward thought his formidable mother would react to heaven. �H.R.H. thought about it and confided, perhaps to lighten the atmosphere, �I don�t know. She will have to walk behind the angels -- and she won�t like that!� �
Weintraub devotes only a few pages to Edward�s nine-year reign. Gregarious and less rigid than his mother, he made a much better king than his dissipated life as crown prince suggested.
In this, too, Edward�s much criticized great-great-grandson might take some comfort. But it could be a while before we find out if Charles will be another Edward. The Prince of Wales is 52, and his mother, Queen Elizabeth, is a healthy 75 -- and her mother has turned 100.
| Edward VII |
In Greek mythology, which Titan supported the sky on his shoulders ? | 'Edward The Caresser' by Stanley Weintraub
'Edward The Caresser' by Stanley Weintraub
Edward VII: dissipated prince, disappointing king
Sunday, June 17, 2001
By Len Barcousky, Post-Gazette Staff Writer
Charles, the present Prince of Wales, was in the news recently in a parental dispute that would have seemed all too familiar to his great-great-grandfather, Edward VII.
In a British newspaper article appearing just before his 80th birthday, Prince Philip was described by close friends as believing his eldest son was too weak to be an effective king. A rival newspaper then reported that Charles was so angered by the media reports of the strained relationship with his father that Charles had dropped plans to write a birthday tribute.
The heir to the British throne might take some comfort from Stanley Weintraub�s biography of Edward VII. Weintraub�s book is a reminder that friction between heirs to the British throne and critical parents is more the rule than the exception.
Weintraub is a Penn State University professor emeritus who has written biographies of many eminent Victorians, including Edward�s parents, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
His latest work describes Edward�s pampered but frustrating 59-year existence as the longest-serving Prince of Wales in British history.
Heir to the throne at birth, Albert Edward didn�t become king until 1901. He had a reputation as a mental lightweight, a gambler, and glutton for both food and female flesh. But he also had a skill for making nontraditional friendships and an interest in contact with people outside his mother�s tiny circle.
Weintraub shows Edward -- he disliked the name Albert -- at his best on long journeys. The future king made the first-ever official visits to Canada, the United States and India. On all his journeys, he met and charmed local politicians and their wives.
As he passed through places like Pittsburgh, he would, on occasion, make efforts to meet ordinary people.
Edward was at his worst when he was bored -- as he was for much of his life. A slow learner in a family not known for its intellect, Edward was too often given little to do by his disapproving mother. Unfortunately, the less Queen Victoria gave him to do, the more chance he found for trouble.
Although he was raised in palaces and surrounded by wealth, the future King Edward VII had a childhood that seems downright Dickensian in the depth of its emotional misery. In page after page of Weintraub�s biography, his parents, tutors, court diarists and journalists use depressingly similar words to describe the young Prince of Wales: unhappy, ill-at-ease, anxious, puny, listless, idle and weak.
The most common adjective is �disappointing.� Then as Edward matured, other words attached themselves: self-indulgent, willful and reckless.
But with all his multiple flaws, the public, contemporary newspapers and Weintraub all seem to find something engaging about Edward.
The book�s title -- �Edward the Caresser� -- comes from the letter written by Henry James to a friend shortly after Edward became king. While newspapers and magazines were discreet, it was common knowledge that long-married Edward had a procession of mistresses.
�Professional beauty� Lillie Langtry and actress Sarah Bernhardt were two of his better-known loves.
Despite what seems to have been periodic bad judgment in pledging his affections in writing, Edward tried to keep up appearances. Langtry, for example, learned her time as a royal favorite had passed in an incident that might have come from a novel by Henry James.
Weintraub writes that Langtry made a fatal social error at a charity bazaar, taking a sip from a teacup before handing it to her prince. �[T]he gesture was too presumptuous before [Edward�s wife and daughters] and [His Royal Highness] reacted accordingly. He set the cup down untasted. �I should like a clean one, please,� he said.�
Raised in a house of humorless literalists, Edward, despite his slowness in his studies, shows signs of wit.
When Queen Victoria was in her last illness, a courtier asked how Edward thought his formidable mother would react to heaven. �H.R.H. thought about it and confided, perhaps to lighten the atmosphere, �I don�t know. She will have to walk behind the angels -- and she won�t like that!� �
Weintraub devotes only a few pages to Edward�s nine-year reign. Gregarious and less rigid than his mother, he made a much better king than his dissipated life as crown prince suggested.
In this, too, Edward�s much criticized great-great-grandson might take some comfort. But it could be a while before we find out if Charles will be another Edward. The Prince of Wales is 52, and his mother, Queen Elizabeth, is a healthy 75 -- and her mother has turned 100.
| i don't know |
By what name is the explosion that occurred in Siberia on 30th June 1908, possibly caused by a comet or asteroid, generally known ? | 1908 SIBERIA EXPLOSION: Reconstructing an Asteroid Impact from Eywitness Accounts | Planetary Science Institute
1908 SIBERIA EXPLOSION: Reconstructing an Asteroid Impact from Eywitness Accounts
A Project in Astronomical Art, Science, and History (In Progress) by William K. Hartmann
Text and pictures © William K. Hartmann
In Brief:
At 7:17 AM on the morning of June 30, 1908, a mysterious explosion occurred in the skies over Siberia. It was caused by the impact and breakup of a large meteorite, at an altitude roughly six kilometers in the atmosphere. Realistic pictures of the event are unavailable. However, Russian scientists collected eyewitness accounts of the event. I believe that we now know enough about large impacts to "decode" the subjective descriptions of the witnesses and create realistic views of this historic asteroid impact as seen from different distances.
What do we know about the explosion?
You can get a sense of the magnitude of this event by comparing observations made at different distances. Seismic vibrations were recorded by sensitive instruments as much as 1000 km (600 mi) away. At 500 km (300 mi), observers reported "deafening bangs" and a fiery cloud on the horizon. About 170 km (110 mi) from the explosion, the object was seen in the cloudless, daytime sky as a brilliant, sunlike fireball; thunderous noises were heard. At distances around 60 km, people were thrown to the ground or even knocked unconscious; windows were broken and crockery knocked off shelves. Probably the closest observers were some reindeer herders asleep in their tents in several camps about 30 km (20 mi) from the site. They were blown into the air and knocked unconscious; one man was blown into a tree and later died. "Everything around was shrouded in smoke and fog from the burning fallen trees."
My Paintings of the Event
A few years ago, I decided to use eyewitness reports such as the following ones, collected by Russian scientists decades ago, to reconstruct the appearance of the event from various locations, and at various moments. Here are descriptions of my work so far.
400 KM Southeast of Ground Zero
View from Kirensk, two seconds before the explosion.
Painting © William K. Hartmann
Witnesses in the town of Kirensk and nearby towns at the same distance recollected the fireball flashing across the sky in the following terms:
"A ball of fire...coming down obliquely. A few minutes later [we heard] separate deafening crash like peals of thunder...followed by eight loud bangs like gunshots."
"A ball of fire appeared in the sky... As it approached the ground, it took on a flattened shape..."
"A flying star with a fiery tail; its tail disappeared into the air."
After this object passed across the sky, it approached the horizon where it was consistently described from this distance of 400 km, as appearing like a "pillar of fire," then replaced by "a cloud of smoke rising from the ground," or "a cloud of ash...on the horizon," or "a huge cloud of black smoke. "From a closer distance of around 200 km, several witnesses gave a better description of the object itself. It was called diffuse bright ball two or three times larger than the sun but not as bright; the trail was a "fiery-white band." Inconsistent colors were mentioned: white, red, flame-like, bluish-white. Perhaps it had a flame-like iridescence. I used these descriptions in this painting, but I compensated for the twice-greater distance. I used a visit to Washington state as an opportunity to find a landscape that generally matched the photos from Siberia, and then I painted this piney-woodland scene from life, adding the fireball from the above descriptions.
60 KM South of Ground Zero
View from Vanavara trading post, at the moment of the explosion.
Painting © William K. Hartmann
The Russians collected a number of accounts from eyewitnesses at the trading station, which was probably the closest permanent habitation. These included:
"I was sitting on the porch of the house at the trading station, looking north. Suddenly in the north...the sky was split in two, and high above the forest the whole northern part of the sky appeared covered with fire. I felt a great heat, as if my shirt had caught fire... At that moment there was a bang in the sky, and a mighty crash... I was thrown twenty feet from the porch and lost consciousness for a moment.... The crash was followed by a noise like stones falling from the sky, or guns firing. The earth trembled.... At the moment when the sky opened, a hot wind, as if from a cannon, blew past the huts from the north. It damaged the onion plants. Later, we found that many panes in the windows had been blown out and the iron hasp in the barn door had been broken."
A second witness said:
"I saw the sky in the north open to the ground and fire poured out. The fire was brighter than the sun. We were terrified, but the sky closed again and immediately afterward, bangs like gunshots were heard. We thought stones were falling... I ran with my head down and covered, because I was afraid stones may fall on it."
In this painting I tried to show the moment when "the sky opened and with fire." I used the more distant reports, of the fire ball spreading and flattening at the end of its trajectory, to give the shape of fiery trail and the explosive fireball. I painted the basic landscape from life in a Siberian-looking landscape outside of Flagstaff Arizona, basing the structures on old photos from the expeditions to the Siberian impact area.
15 KM from Ground Zero
A few minutes after the explosion
Painting © William K. Hartmann
Because the object exploded up in the atmosphere, instead of hitting the ground, it left no crater. The effect on the ground was limited to devastation of a large forest area. At ground zero, tree branches were stripped, leaving trunks standing up. But at distances from roughly 3 out to 10 miles, the trees were blown over, lying with tops pointed away from the blast. No one was known to have been this close to the blast. The closest humans were probably herders camped in tents roughly 30 km from ground zero. They related:
"Early in the morning when everyone was asleep in the tent, it was blown up in the air along with its occupants. Some lost consciousness. When they regained consciousness, they heard a great deal of noise and saw the forest burning around them, much of it devastated."
"The ground shook and incredibly prolonged roaring was heard. Everything round about was shrouded in smoke and fog from burning, falling trees. Eventually the noise died away and the wind dropped, but the forest went on burning. Many reindeer rushed away and were lost."
One older man at about this distance was reportedly blown about forty feet into a tree, causing a compound fracture of his arm, and he soon died. Hundreds of the herders' reindeer, in the general area around ground zero, were killed. Many campsites and storage huts scattered in the area were destroyed. During a workshop of the International Association for the Astronomical Arts, I painted this view at Mt. St. Helens, Washington, where the devastated area bears an uncanny resemblance to the photos of the explosion site. At both the Siberian site and Mt. St. Helens are vistas where one sees nothing but felled trees, mile after mile, across distant hillsides. The transient heat flash from the fireball was felt by the witnesses at Vanavara, and apparently within about 30 km it was strong enough to ignite small temporary fires in the forest and singe tree bark. I based the view of the cloud in the sky on the distant reports of a ashy-colored cloud of smoke forming at the site of the blast; it was probably augmented some minutes later by smoke from the burning forest. Streamers of smoke from fragmented material would soon dissipate in air currents.
170 km Southwest of Ground Zero
Smoke on the horizon
Painting © William K. Hartmann
Some minutes after the explosion, distant observers reported a column of smoke on the horizon. The general terms indicated this was a vertical column. One observer said "Where the body disappeared behind the horizon, a pillar of dark smoke rose up." It seems unclear from the reports whether whis was (a) an mushroom-like cloud from the explosion fireball rising above the landscape and pulling up smoke from the ignted forest, (b) smoke from the forest fire, or (c), from some directions, a reference to the contrail, which would be vertical when seen under the flight path. I have wondered whether the dark color could result from the smoke of the explosion containing black, sooty carbonaceous particles, in the same way that the explosion clouds on Jupiter from the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 were very dark. This view represents the scene from a vilage along the Angara River, about 170 km SW of the blast. The original was painted from among cabins in a state park in Oregon.
What was the explosion?
Because the meteorite did not strike the ground or make a crater, early researchers thought the object might be a weak, icy fragment of a comet, which vaporized explosively in the air, and left no residue on the ground. However, modern planetary scientists have much better tools for understanding meteorite explosion in the atmosphere. As a meteorite slams into the atmosphere at speeds around 12 to 20 km/sec or more, it experiences a strong mechanical shock, like a diver bellyflopping into water. This can break apart stones of a certain size range, which explode instead of hitting the ground. Some of them drop brick-sized fragments on the ground, but others, such as the one that hit Siberia, may produce primarily a fireball and cloud of fine dust and tiny fragments. In 1993 researchers Chris Chyba, Paul Thomas, and Kevin Zahnle studied the Siberian explosion and concluded it was of this type -- a stone meteorite that exploded in the atmosphere. This conclusion was supported when Russian researchers found tiny stoney particles embedded in the trees at the collision site, matching the composition of common stone meteorites. The original asteroid fragment may have been roughly 50-60 meters (50-60 yards) in diameter.
If asteroids hit Earth, why don't we see more such explosions?
Many asteroidal fragments circle the Sun; the Siberian object was merely the largest to hit the Earth in the last century or so. Had it hit a populated area, devastation would have been enormous. If there are many asteroid fragments, why don't we see more hits? We do! The problem is that they have not been understood until recently. Current studies reveal that such explosions may happen every couple of centuries; however, six out of seven happen over the ocean, and few happen over populated land. A key to the phenomenon is: the larger the impact the rarer it is. An Air Force satellite in the 1990s detected a smaller explosion over the Pacific. In 1972, a 1000-ton object skimmed tangentially through Earth's atmosphere over the Grand Tetons in Wyoming, and then skipped back out into space, like a stone skipping off water. It was photographed by tourists and detected by Air Force satellites. Had it continued on into the atmosphere, it could have caused a Hiroshima-scale explosion over Canada, somewhat smaller than the Siberian blast. Even larger objects have hit Earth, but they are more rare. For example, an iron asteroid fragment perhaps 100 m across hit Arizona about 20,000 years ago, leaving the kilometer-wide "Arizona Meteor Crater," which is open to visitors; and a 10-km asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago, ending the reign of dinosaurs. Brick-sized interplanetary stones fall from the sky in various locations every year. Several houses and a car have been hit in recent decades. Tiny dust grains are even more common; they can be seen every night if you watch long enough; they are the bright streaks of light sometimes called "shooting stars." Interplanetary space contains many small bodies of different sizes. All of them move in elliptical orbits around the sun as prescribed by Kepler. Occasionally their orbits intersect those of planets, leading to a collision. Large enough bodies leave sizable craters on planets or satellites. This explains why impact craters are present on surfaces of planets and moons throughout the solar system. If we continue to study asteroids and build more telescopes for detecting and tracking them, we will have better information about the frequency of such asteroid impact-explosions, and more chance to have warning about impending impacts.
Question
Tunguska-sized explosions occur on Earth about once per century, and larger explosions the size of the largest H-bombs, occur about once per millennium. Many of these explode in the atmosphere and cause devastation over tens of kilometers, but don't leave long-lasting craters. Recall that 1/6 of Earth is covered by land and assume that roughly half the land surface is populated in the last 12,000 years, since humans moved into the Americas. Using these facts comment on whether meteorite explosions of this scale might plausibly have produced legends of wrathful or capricious celestial gods who could rain fire onto the Earth, as for example in the legend of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah by celestial fire. Take into account that oral traditions, such as the associations of certain star patterns with constellations such as the Great Bear (Ursa Major), can apparently be passed down for thousands of years.
Answer:
Let's make use of what scientists call an "order of magnitude" estimate, or "back of the envelope calculation." If we imagine spectacular catastrophic explosions larger than Tunguska happening every 300 years, and having effects visible over 100 km or more from ground zero, then there would be one over land about every 1800 years, and perhaps one over a populated area every 3600 years or so. Thus it seems plausible that in 12,000 years of oral tradition and about 4000 years of written records in some cultures, there may have been one ore more explosions considerably larger than the Tunguska event. By the same logic, if Tunguska-scale events happen once per century, there could have been several just in the last several scattered around the populated land areas of the world in the last 3600 years.
Thus, it seems at least plausible that large explosions of meteoritic objects were among the celestial events (together with smaller meteorite impacts, auroras, hurricanes, storms, and floods) that gave rise to belief in capricious god-like forces acting from the skies.
Problem
Recent scientific studies by meteorite researcher Christopher Chyba have estimated that the Tunguska event may have been caused by the explosion of a stony meteroid about 30 meters in diameter traveling at about 15 km/s. Compare the energy released by such an object with that of an atomic bomb sucs as those dropped on Japan in World War II.
Answer:
Here again we can make a simple "order of magnitude" calculation.
First, we have to know the energy liberated by an A-bomb. The Hiroshima bomb expended the energy of roughly ten thousand tons of TNT, or 18 "kilotons" in military parlance. One kiloton (1 KT) is about 4.2 x 1012 joules (the joule is the unit of energy in the Standard International, or "SI," set of scientific units). The Hiroshima bomb thus represented roughly 8 x 1013 joules of energy.
Now all we have to do is calculate the energy of the meteoroid. In freshman physics courses, you learn that the kinetic energy of a moving object is 1/2mV2.
The trick in using any equation like this is to be sure to use the correct units. In SI, the units are meters, kilograms, and seconds, so that mass m must be in kilograms and velocity V must be in meters/second.
Thus, right away we can say that V in the equation will be V = 15 km/s or 1.5 x 104 m/s.
To get the mass, we have to figure out the mass of a 30-meter wide rock. Rock has a density of about 3000 kg per cubic meter, so we need to calculate the volume of the rock and multiply times this density. Thus we have,
m = (4/3) PI R3 (3000 kg/m3) = (4/3) PI (15 m)3 (3000) = 4.2 x 107 kg.
Thus the total energy is,
E=1/2 (4.2 x 107 kg) (1.5 x 104 m/s)2 = 4.8 x 1015 joules.
To be safe, let's imagine that half the kinetic energy is lost to noise, slowing, and fragmentation of the meteoroid before it explodes. That still leaves about 2 x 1015 joules for the Tunguska explosion, compared to about 3 x 1013 joules for the Hiroshima A-bomb.
Thus, our estimate is that the Tunguska had an explosive energy roughly on order of 60 A-bombs, or 500 KT of TNT. It was closer in effect to a very large H-bomb.
For further information:
Chyba, C., P. Thomas, and K. Zahnle 1993. "The 1908 Tunguska Explosion: Atmospheric Disruption of a Stony Asteroid". Nature 361, p. 40-44. (Calculation of size of the bolide.)
Gallant, Roy A. 1994 "Journey to Tunguska". Sky and Telescope, June, 38-43. (Description of a modern journey to the site, with photographs.)
Krinov, E. L. 1966 Giant Meteorites (London: Pergamon Press). (Description of the site and interviews with witnesses).
| Tunguska |
Of which artistic movement was Aubrey Beardsley a leading member ? | Tunguska: Comets, Contagion and the Vernadskiy Mission to NEA 2005NB56
"However it is not definite; for instance, it does not terminate at the exact location of the TP event unless one takes into consideration the possible effects of nongravitational forces. Interestingly, NEA 2005NB56 is slated for additional rendezvous with Earth, the first of them on July 11, 2045, at a distance of 0.04249 AU (Drobyshevski et al., 2009). 5 "
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: On June 30th, 1908, there was a massive explosion over Tunguska, in Central Siberia. A number of scientists have proposed that this Tunguska Phenomenon was caused due to the tangential passage of an astral body that grazed the Earths' atmosphere, underwent a partial explosion and later entered a heliocentric orbit. It has also been argued that astral bodies might deposit microbes and viruses on Earth (contributing to evolution and diseases) and may become contaminated with Earthly microbes. The identity of the Tunguska Space Body (TSB) is unknown though several likely candidates have been identified including NEA 2005NB56, a known Near Earth Asteroid (NEA). NEA 2005NB56 made a close approach to Earth when it was discovered in 2005 and will again cross Earth orbit in 2045. This gives us a unique opportunity to send a Stardustlike mission, the proposed Vernadskiy Mission, to analyze materials from NEA 2005NB56. We might be able to find some tell-tale components of Earth's atmosphere and even Earth's microorganisms incorporated in NEA 2005NB56 thereby proving beyond doubt the transfer of life from Earth to outer space. Comment: 11 pages, no figures
Article · Jun 2010
Tunguska-1908 and similar events in light of the New Explosive Cosmogony of minor bodies
"This is a good warning and a timely suggestion that Man be more wary and conscious, all the more so that he has at his disposal presently all the means needed for timely forecasting and prevention of such dangers. The above suggests immediately two implications (Drobyshevski et al 2009) which thus far, as far as we are aware, have not been raised in connection with the TP, because its problem was considered from a totally different standpoint: (1) When will this unexploded part of the cometary nucleus return to the Earth? (2) Is there among near-Earth minor bodies an object that approached the Earth on June 30, 1908, and, if there is, what was its trajectory evolution before and after this date? "
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: The well-known Tunguska-1908 phenomenon (TP) problems (the fast transfer of the kinetic energy of the meteoroid W~10-50 Mt TNT to air, with its heating to T>10^4 K at an altitude of 5-10 km, the final turn of the smoothly sloping, ~0-20^o to horizon, trajectory of the body through ~10^o to the West, the pattern and area of the tree-fall and trees' scorching by heat radiation, etc.) allow a simple solution within the New Explosive Cosmogony (NEC) of minor bodies, as opposed to other approaches. The NEC considers the short-period (SP) comet nuclei, to which the Tunguska body belonged, to be fragments produced in explosions of massive icy envelopes of Ganymede-type bodies saturated by products of bulk electrolysis of ices to the form of a 2H2+O2 solid solution. The nearly tangent entry into the Earth's atmosphere with V~20 km/s of such a nucleus, ~200-500 m in size and ~(5-50)x10^12 g in mass, also saturated by 2H2+O2, initiated detonation of its part of ~10^12 g at an altitude of 5-10 km. This resulted in deflection of this fraction trajectory by 5^o-10^o, and fast expansion with ~2 km/s of its detonation products brought about their fast slowing down by the air, heating of the latter to T>10^4 K and a phenomenon of high-altitude explosion. On crossing the Earth's atmosphere, the main part of the unexploded nucleus escaped into space, and this body moving presently in an SP orbit should eventually be identified in time. Its impact with W~250-3000 Mt TNT on the Earth's surface (which could occur in 1908) would have produced a crater up to ~3.5-8 km in size, with an ejection of dust that would have brought about a climatic catastrophe. The processes involved in the TP are resembling those accompanying falling P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 onto Jupiter and, possibly, the impact-caused Younger Dryas cooling ~13 ka ago.
Article · Apr 2009
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The Minoan civilization was based on which island ? | History of Minoan Crete
History of Minoan Crete
Geography and Economy of Crete
The island of Crete is located in the center of the eastern Mediterranean at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe. It measures about 200 Km from east to west, and between 12 to 58 Km from north to south at its narrowest and widest distances, making it one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean sea.
Crete's largest modern town is Heraklion (35° 20' latitude, 25° 08' longitude) and its landscape oscillates between tall, rugged mountains, gentle slopes, and plateaus, which are framed by the Aegean coast line to the North, and the Lybian Sea to the south.
The temperate climate of Crete with its short, mild winters and its dry, warm summers, along with the fertility of the Cretan plains produces sufficient food supplies to support an affluent local population, and for exports. The inhabitants of ancient Crete --whom we call Minoans-- produced a decentralized culture based on the abundance of the land's natural resources, and on intense commercial activity. While the island appears today completely deforested, in ancient times timber was one of the natural resources that was commercially exploited and exported to nearby Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, the Aegean Islands and the Greek mainland.
Besides timber Crete exported food, cypress wood, wine, currants, olive oil, wool, cloth, herbs, and purple dye. Its imports consisted of precious stones, copper (most likely from Cyprus), ivory, silver, gold, and other raw material. They also imported tin that was used in the production of bronze alloys. Interestingly, the nearest known tin mines appear as far as Spain, Britain, central Europe, and Iran. Besides raw materials, the Minoans also adopted from the surrounding cultures artistic ideas and techniques as evident in Egypt's influence on the Minoan wall frescoes, and on goldsmithing production knowledge imported by Syria.
The Minoans had developed significant naval power and for many centuries lived in contact with all the major civilizations of the time without being significantly threatened by external forces. Their commercial contact with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia undeniably influenced their own culture, and the Minoan civilization in turn appeared as the forerunner of the Greek civilization. The Minoans are credited as the first European civilization.
Habitation and Chronology of Crete
Archaeological evidence testifies to the island's habitation since the 7th millennium BC After the 5th millennium BC we find the first evidence of hand-made ceramic pottery which marks the beginning of the civilization Evans, the famed archaeologist who excavated Knossos, named "Minoan" after the legendary king Minos.
Evans divided the Minoan civilization into three eras on the basis of the stylistic changes of the pottery. His comparative chronology included an Early (3000-2100 BC), a Middle (2100-1500 BC), and a Late Minoan period (1500-1100 BC). Since this chronology posed several problems in studying the culture, professor N. Platon has developed a chronology based on the palaces' destruction and reconstruction. He divided Minoan Crete into Prepalatial (2600-1900 BC), Protopalatial (1900-1700 BC), Neopalatial (1700-1400 BC), and Postpalatial (1400-1150 BC).
We do not have much information about the very early Minoans before 2600 BC. We have seen the development of several minor settlements near the coast, and the beginning of burials in tholos tombs, as well as in caves around the island.
Prepalatial Minoan Crete (2600-1900 BC)
Neolithic life in ancient Crete consisted of major settlements at Myrtos and Mochlos. During this period the Minoans had contact with Egypt, Asia Minor, and Syria with whom they traded for copper, tin, ivory, and gold.
The archaeological evidence reveals a decentralized culture with no powerful landlords and no centralized authority. The palaces of this period are focused around communities, and circular tholos tombs were the major architectural structures of the time. The manner by which the dead were buried in these tombs indicate a society without hierarchical structure. The tholos tombs were used for centuries by entire villages, or clans and older corpses and offerings were placed aside to make room for a new burial. Older bones were removed from the tomb and placed in bone chambers outside the tholos structure. Most of the tholos tombs were circular while in Palekastro and Mochlos they were of a rectangular in shape with a flat roof.
Protopalatial Minoan Crete (1900-1700 BC)
The protopalatial era began with social upheaval, external dangers, and migrations from mainland Greece and Asia Minor. During this time the Minoans began establishing colonies at Thera, Rodos, Melos, and Kithira.
Around 2000 BC a new political system was established with authority concentrated around a central figure - a king. The first large palaces were founded and acted as centers for their respective communities, while at the same time they developed a bureaucratic administration which permeated Minoan society. Distinctions between the classes forged a social hierarchy and divided the people into nobles, peasants, and perhaps slaves.
After its tumultuous beginning, this was a peaceful and prosperous period for the Minoans who continued to trade with Egypt and the Middle East, while they constructed a paved road network to connect the major cultural centers. This period also marks the development of some settlements outside the palaces, and the end of the extensive use of tholos tombs.
The palaces of the period were destroyed in 1700 BC by forces unknown to us . Speculation blames the destruction either on a powerful earthquake, or on outside invaders.
Despite the abrupt destruction of the palaces however, Minoan civilization continued to flourish.
Neopalatial Minoan Crete (1700-1400 BC)
The destroyed palaces were quickly rebuilt on the ruins to form even more spectacular structures. This is the time when Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, and Zakros were built, along side many smaller palaces which stretched along the Cretan landscape.
Small towns developed near the palaces and the dead were buried in pithoi and larnakes, along rock-cut chambers and above-ground tholos tombs.
For the first time smaller residencies that we call villas appeared in the rural landscape, and were modeled after the large palaces with storage facilities, worship, and workshops. They appear to be lesser centers of power away from the palaces, and homes for affluent landlords.
During this period we see evidence of administrative and economic unity throughout the island, and Minoan Crete reach its zenith. Women played a powerful role in society, and the gold artifacts, seals, and spears speak of a very affluent upper class. The paved road network was vastly expanded to connect most major Minoan palaces and towns, and we have evidence of extensive trade activity.
In the beginning of this era, Minoan culture dominates the Aegean islands and expands into the Peloponnese. We see its strong influence in the Argolis area during the Mycenaean time of grave circles, and in the southern Peloponnese, especially around Pylos.
The Minoan culture's fusion with the Helladic (mainland Greek) traditions of the time eventually morphed into the Mycenaean civilization, which in turn challenged the Minoan supremacy in the Aegean.
For the first time, late in the Neopalatial period, the powerful fleet of the Minoans encountered competition from an emerging power from mainland Greece: the Mycenaeans whose influence began permeating Minoan Crete itself. Life on the island became more militaristic as evident by the large number of weapons which we find for the first time in royal tombs.
The affluence of the culture during this period is evident in the frescoes found in the Cretan palaces and in Thera, Melos, Kea, and Rodos.
The end of this flourishing culture came with the destruction of most of the palaces and villas of the country side in the middle of the 15 century, and with the destruction of Knossos in 1375. During this late period there is evidence in tablets inscribed in Linear B language that the Mycenaeans controlled the entire island, while many Minoan sites were abandoned for a long time.
We cannot be certain of the causes for this sudden interruption of the Minoan civilization. However scholars have pointed to invasion of outside forces, or to the colossal eruption of the Thera volcano as likely causes.
Postpalatial Period (1400-1150 BC)
With the destruction of Knossos the power in the Aegean shifts to Mycenae. While both Knossos and Phaistos remain active centers of influence, they do not act as the central authority of the island any longer. During the postpalatial period the western part of Crete flourishes. Several important settlements developed around Kasteli and Chania, while Minoan religion begins to exhibit influences from the Greek mainland.
An examination of the changes in Minoan society during this period reveals that most likely Mycenae controlled Crete. During this period, Helladic god names such as Zeus begin to appear in tablets, new shapes develop in pottery, and vaulted tholos tombs appear for the first time. The tablets of Linear B which were unearthed during excavations provide the more concrete evidence of this theory.
Sub-Minoan Crete (1150-1100 BC)
Around 1150 BC the Dorians destroyed the Mycenaean civilization in the Peloponnese and by 1100 BC they reached Crete.
This period marks the assimilation of all remaining Minoan elements of Crete into the new Hellenic culture. This new culture eventually transformed into the Classical Greek civilization which had its center in Athens.
Doric Crete
Under Doric dominance, Crete social structure shifted from monarchy to aristocracy, and Archaic culture and art permeates the island. The old Minoan traditions remain influential, and the Spartan legislator Lykourgos studied the Cretan legal system before he created the laws that governed the Lakedemonian state.
Knossos, Arkades, Dreros, Cortyn, Lato, and Lyktos become the most important centers of the island which continues to trade with Cyprus, Syria, and the Aegean.
The art of Doric Crete exhibits orientalizing trends even during the "Geometric" period, possibly due to the islands proximity and close commercial ties with the East.
The islands isolation prevented it from being an important player in the events which forged history during the classical and hellenistic eras, and eventually its culture declined and became a Roman province in 67 BC.
Some Thoughts on the Demise of Minoan Civilization
One of the favorite themes for discussion among scholars is the possible causes for the destruction of the Minoan Civilization. Evidence of a violent end through fire and demolition is clear, but the clues to what caused such destruction have been elusive.
Professor Marinatos was the first to suggest in 1939 that the eruption of Thera, along with the associated effects, was the cause for the catastrophe. The theory argues that the earthquakes destroyed the palaces, tsunamis obliterated the fleet and peers of the Minoans, and the volcanic ash of Thera covered the whole island destroying crops and suffocating animals.
Many geologists have argued that the Thera eruption was of a colossal scale, and the effects described by Marinatos were possible. Others have disagreed. Recent data places the bulk of the ash deposits of the volcano to the East caried by the easterly jet streems of the area, with little effect upon the island of Crete (D.M. Pyle, "New estimates for the volume of the Minoan Eruption". Thera and the Aegean World III, see bibliography )
The biggest blow to this theory came in 1987 from studies conducted at the Greenland ice cap. Scientists dated frozen ash from the Thera eruption and concluded that it occurred in 1645 BC, some 150 years before the final destruction of the Minoan palaces.
Even so, the tsunamis and earthquakes associated with the Thera eruption could have still caused much physical damage to the Minoan fleet and infrastructure, and it would have affected the climate, the economy, and the politics of the region. However, it is doubtful that it could have caused in itself the end of the Minoan civilization. After all, the Minoan society had exhibited acute reflexes in its past history when it rebounded from other physical disasters to elevate its culture to even higher levels. So why did it not recover after the destructions of 1450 BC?
Another factor that might have contributed to the end of Minoan civilization is the invasion and occupation of Crete by the Mycenaeans. Their documented invasion took place around 1400, and in combination with the effects of the Thera eruption present a likely scenario for the final destruction of the Minoan civilization. In this theory, the Minoan fleet and ports were destroyed by the 50 foot waves and were never rebuilt. Possible climatic changes affected crops for many years, which in turn could have led to economic downfall and social upheaval. In this background, the foreign invaders from Mycenae provided the conclusion to a splendid culture which flourished for 1600 years.
One question still remains however. How did the inhabitants of Mycenae escape the effects of the volcanic eruption, when the Minoan civilization was brought to its knees by them? Considering the topography of the Aegean, and accepting the enormity of the volcanic eruption of Thera, it is hard to understand how the Mycenaeans who were just as vulnerable were able to overcome the destruction, while at the same time they were able to preserve (or rebuilt) their fleet and to mount an ambitious expedition to conquer the vast island of Crete.
The questions regarding the destruction of the Minoan civilization linger precariously as the historical records do not provide a definitive answer, and it is these persistent questions which have shrouded prehistoric Crete with an aura of seductive enchantment.
| Crete |
What nationality is the armaments firm Bofors ? | "Atlantis" Eruption Twice as Big as Previously Believed, Study Suggests
"Atlantis" Eruption Twice as Big as Previously Believed, Study Suggests
Richard A. Lovett
for National Geographic News
August 23, 2006
A volcanic eruption that may have inspired the myth of Atlantis was up to twice as large as previously believed, according to an international team of scientists.
The eruption occurred 3,600 years ago on the Santorini archipelago, whose largest island is Thera. Santorini is located in the Aegean Sea about 125 miles (200 kilometers) southeast of modern-day Greece ( map of Greece ).
Photo: Volcano Eruption Wipes Out Ecuador Villages (August 17, 2006)
The massive explosion may have destroyed the Minoan civilization based on nearby Crete.
Writing in this week's issue of the journal Eos, a team of Greek and U.S. researchers estimate that the volcano released 14 cubic miles (60 cubic kilometers) of magmasix times more than the infamous 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Krakatoa).
Only one eruption in human history is believed to have been larger: an 1815 explosion of Tambora, in Indonesia, which released 24 cubic miles (100 cubic kilometers) of magma.
(Related story: "'Lost Kingdom' Discovered on Volcanic Island in Indonesia [February 27, 2006].)
The researchers, partially funded by the National Geographic Society, obtained the new data by conducting the first seismic survey of the seabed near Santorini. (National Geographic News is part of the National Geographic Society.)
Previously, scientists had been forced to guess the size of the eruption based on ash deposits found in Turkey, Crete, Egypt, and the Black Sea.
A Hundred Feet Thick
Using techniques similar to those employed by oil companies to search for offshore deposits, the research team found a ring of volcanic deposits extending all the way around the Santorini archipelago.
The deposits averaged 100 feet (30 meters) thick and extended about 19 miles (30 kilometers) in all directions, says Haraldur Sigurdsson, a volcanologist at the University of Rhode Island in Kingston, who led the research.
During the eruption, the material that formed the deposits would have plunged into the sea as pyroclastic flowshot, fast-moving mixtures of gas, ash, and molten rock. As these hit the water, they would have kicked up massive tsunamis.
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Who was the only U.S. President to serve two non-consecutive terms ? | Grover Cleveland - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com
Grover Cleveland
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Introduction
Grover Cleveland (1837-1908), who served as the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, was known as a political reformer. He is the only president to date who served two nonconsecutive terms, and also the only Democratic president to win election during the period of Republican domination of the White House that stretched from Abraham Lincoln’s (1809-65) election in 1860 to the end of William Howard Taft’s (1857-1930) term in 1913. Cleveland worked as a lawyer and then served as mayor of Buffalo, New York, and governor of New York state before assuming the presidency in 1885. His record in the Oval Office was mixed. Not regarded as an original thinker, Cleveland considered himself a watchdog over Congress rather than an initiator. In his second term, he angered many of his original supporters and seemed overwhelmed by the Panic of 1893 and the depression that followed. He declined to run for a third term.
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Early Career
Stephen Grover Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey , on March 18, 1837. He was the fifth of nine children of Richard Falley Cleveland (1804-53), a Presbyterian minister, and Anne Neal Cleveland (1806-82). In 1841, the family moved to upstate New York , where Cleveland’s father served several congregations before his death in 1853.
Did You Know?
Grover Cleveland vetoed twice as many congressional bills as all 21 of the presidents who preceded him combined--414 vetoes in his first term.
Cleveland left school following his father’s death and started working in order to help support his family. Unable to afford a college education, he worked as a teacher in a school for the blind in New York City and then as a clerk in a law firm in Buffalo, New York. After clerking for several years, Cleveland passed the state bar examination in 1859. He started his own law firm in 1862. Cleveland did not fight in the American Civil War (1861-65); when the Conscription Act was passed in 1863, he paid a Polish immigrant to serve in his place.
Sheriff, Mayor and Governor
Cleveland’s first political office was sheriff of Erie County, New York, a position he assumed in 1871. During his two-year term, he carried out the death sentence (by hanging) of three convicted murderers. In 1873, he returned to his law practice. He was persuaded to run for mayor of Buffalo in 1881 as a reformer of a corrupt city government. He won the election and took office in 1882. His reputation as an opponent of machine politics grew so rapidly that he was asked to run as the Democratic candidate for governor of New York.
Cleveland became governor in January 1883. He was so opposed to unnecessary government spending that he vetoed eight bills sent up by the legislature in his first two months in office. But while Cleveland was popular with the voters, he made enemies within his own party, particularly the powerful Tammany Hall political machine in New York City. However, he won the respect of New York state assemblyman and future U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) and other reform-minded Republicans. Cleveland was soon regarded as presidential material.
First Term in the White House: 1885-89
Cleveland won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1884 in spite of the opposition of Tammany Hall. The 1884 presidential campaign was ugly: Cleveland’s Republican opponent, U.S. Senator James G. Blaine (1830-93) of Maine , was implicated in several financial scandals, while Cleveland was involved in a paternity case in which admitted that he had paid child support in 1874 to a woman who claimed he was the father of her child. In spite of the scandal, Cleveland won the election with the support of the Mugwumps, Republicans who considered Blaine corrupt.
Once in office, Cleveland continued the policy of his predecessor, Chester Arthur (1830-86), in basing political appointments on merit rather than party affiliation. He tried to reduce government spending, using the veto more often than any other president up to that point. Cleveland was a noninterventionist in foreign policy and fought to have protective tariffs lowered.
In 1886, Cleveland married Frances Folsom (1864-1947), a student at Wells College in New York who was 27 years his junior. Although Cleveland was not the first president to marry while in office, he is the only one who had the ceremony in the White House . At age 21, Frances became the youngest first lady in U.S. history. The Clevelands would go on to have five children.
The tariff issue came back to haunt Cleveland in the presidential election of 1888. Former U.S. Senator Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901) of Indiana won the election, in large part because of heavy turnout by voters in the industrial states of the Northeast who saw their jobs threatened by lower tariffs. Cleveland even lost his home state of New York in that election. He returned to New York City and took a position in a law firm for the next four years.
Second Term in the White House: 1893-97
Unlike the campaign of 1884, the presidential campaign of 1892 was quiet and restrained. President Harrison, whose wife, Caroline Harrison (1832-92), was dying of tuberculosis, did not campaign personally, and Cleveland followed suit. Cleveland won the election, in part because voters had changed their minds about high tariffs and also because Tammany Hall decided to throw its support behind him.
Cleveland’s second term, however, opened with the worst financial crisis in the country’s history. The Panic of 1893 began with a railroad bankruptcy in February 1893, followed rapidly by bank failures, a nationwide credit crisis, a stock market crash and the failures of three more railroads. Unemployment rose to 19 percent, and a series of strikes crippled the coal and transportation industries in 1894. The American economy did not recover until 1896-97, when the Klondike gold rush in the Yukon touched off a decade of rapid growth.
Cleveland was inconsistent in his social views. On the one hand, he opposed discrimination against Chinese immigrants in the West. On the other hand, he did not support equality for African Americans or voting rights for women, and he thought Native Americans should assimilate into mainstream society as quickly as possible rather than preserve their own cultures. He also became unpopular with organized labor when he used federal troops to crush the Pullman railroad strike in 1894.
Cleveland was an honest and hard-working president but he is criticized for being unimaginative and having no overarching vision for American society. Opposed to using legislation to bring about social change, he is best known for strengthening the executive branch of the federal government in relation to Congress.
Final Years
By the fall of 1896, Cleveland had become unpopular with some factions in his own party. Other Democrats, however, wanted him to run for a third term, as there was no term limit for presidents at that time. Cleveland declined, and former U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) of Nebraska won the nomination. Bryan, who later became famous as an opponent of British naturalist Charles Darwin’s (1809-82) theory of evolution, lost the 1896 election to Governor William McKinley (1843-1901) of Ohio .
After leaving the White House in 1897, Cleveland retired to his home in Princeton, New Jersey, and served as a trustee of Princeton University from 1901 until his death. He refused overtures from his party to run again for the presidency in 1904. His health began to fail rapidly at the end of 1907 and he died of a heart attack at the age of 71 on June 24, 1908. According to two of Cleveland’s biographers, his last words were, “I have tried so hard to do right.”
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What was the name of 'The Little Mermaid' in the Disney film of the same name? | The 22nd & 24th US President - Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
George W. Bush
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Grover Cleveland, the only President to ever serve nonconsecutive terms, was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1885-89) (1893-97). He was known to be honest, independent, and opposed to corruption and the spoils system. His motto "A public office is a public trust," demonstrated his stubborn courage and integrity. Born in Caldwell, New Jersey on March 18 l837, he is noted for many things. His friends called him "Uncle Jumbo" because of his size and jolly demeanor. He was the first sheriff of Buffalo, New York to hang a man.
Grover Cleveland's minister father died when Grover was just sixteen. While Grover was growing up, the Cleveland family moved around quite a bit. At age fourteen, young Grover had gone to work to help support the family. He worked for two years as an assistant at the New York Institute for the Blind. Ultimately, he left home to go west and seek his dreams, but only got as far as Buffalo, where he ended up staying and working on an uncle's farm. Within a year, Grover became a clerk at a law firm and began to study law. He was soon admitted to the bar. For his work in the Governors race he was named assistant District Attorney in Erie County. He ran in his first election for District Attorney and lost. Then he ran for sheriff and won. He gained a reputation for being honest and exposing corruption. Cleveland went on to become the mayor of Buffalo and Governor of New York, where he came into the national spotlight.
As Governor, Cleveland continued his fight for reform. He lost the support of New York's Democratic Party when he argued with Party Chairman, John Kelly. He lost public support when he vetoed a bill that would have lowered the fare on the elevated railroads in New York City.
In spite of these problems with the party and the people, Cleveland ran for President. His reputation for integrity made him the ideal candidate to run against the Republicans, who, at that point, had become identified with corruption and scandal. Cleveland defeated James Blaine to become the first Democrat elected to the presidency since the Civil War. As President, he continued his fight for reform. Upholding the merit system, he not only denied government jobs to thousands of party members, but he convinced Congress to repeal the Tenure of Office Act so that he could remove officials appointed by the previous administration without having to wait until their terms expired.
Cleveland vetoed a bill that would have allowed American Civil War veterans to collect pensions for disabilities that occurred after the war, and he stood against protective tariffs on imported goods. During his first term, he married Frances Folsom, becoming the only President to wed while in the White House. Although he received the majority of popular votes, he lost the 1888 election to Benjamin Harrison.
In 1892 Grover Cleveland was re-nominated, and this time he beat Harrison. This made him the only US President to serve nonconsecutive terms. He took office again just as the nation was entering a depression. His second administration was beset by political and industrial unrest. He invoked the Monroe Doctrine and threatened, if necessary, to use force to arbitrate a dispute with Britain over a South American boundary. He recognized the new government American settlers had established in Hawaii, and he prevented expeditions from leaving the US to assist the rebels in Cuba.
In the Pullman Strike of 1894, Cleveland sent troops in to break the strike on the grounds that movement of the US mail was being halted. He repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in order to maintain the gold standard of the dollar. When Cleveland left office, the US economy was still in a depression and the United States Treasury was nearly bankrupt. In spite of his stubborn courage and simple honesty, Grover Cleveland was not able to solve the problems facing the nation at that time. He was true to his ideals and, when he thought he was right, said "no," even to powerful groups such as farmers, manufacturers and veterans.
Upon leaving office in 1897, Grover Cleveland settled in Princeton, New Jersey, lecturing, writing, and transacting business until he died there on June 24, 1908. On his deathbed he summed up his life well by saying "I have tried so hard to do right."
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Which of the 'chasers' on the ITV quiz show The Chase is nicknamed 'The Governess' ? | Chaser Anne Hegarty has the perfect comeback for fans who ask: 'Why are all the Chasers fat?'
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Comments
FANS of The Chase can be a cruel bunch, particularly when contestants opt for minus offers or fluff supposedly easy questions.
But it’s not just those brave enough to go on the show who get a rough deal.
ITV
The Chasers are often criticised by viewers – and sometimes it gets very personal
The Chasers are often criticised by viewers – and sometimes it gets very personal.
Anne Hegarty, aka The Governess, may be an ice maiden on screen, but she has admitted she does read some of the unpleasant messages targeted at her and her colleagues on social media.
But she also revealed she has the perfect comeback for when fans have a go at their appearance – in particular, their weight.
The 57-year-old told The Express : “I’m more defensive on behalf of the other Chasers than I am on my own behalf.
ITV
5
Viewers can be very cruel – and personal
“You need to grow a thick skin. If someone asks, ‘Why are all the Chasers fat?’ you can say, ‘Body-shaming’s really hurtful and offensive!’
“Or you can say, ‘Because every time we get an answer right, we get a biscuit’.”
“Which is more likely to get you a new follower and a reputation for being a good sport?”
One of the Chasers who has come in for some hurtful criticism of late is newcomer Jenny Ryan, nicknamed The Vixen, who arrived in September last year.
Last month we reported how Jenny responded to nasty online trolls , tweeting: “I really don’t give a monkey’s if you don’t like me.”
Jenny, 34, also admitted to finding the social media backlash “hurtful”, but she can rest assured fellow quiz master Anne has her back.
Related Stories
Hollyoaks beauty Jennifer Metcalfe branded 'thick' after embarrassing appearance on The Chase
JEREMY KYLE
'Don't come near me with that thong': Host chased around with hairy underwear as 'naughty nurse' returns
Anne explained: “Some people subscribe to the ‘Smurfette’ principle that there can only be one female character.
“Some people simply don’t like change; some people claim she lacks charisma, which is hilarious for anyone who knows her.
ITV
5
One of the Chasers who has come in for some hurtful criticism of late is newcomer Jenny Ryan
“She plays the ukulele with a group called Nanukes of the North, and she’s writing a book!
“The Vixen’s perhaps a more subtle character than the Governess, and some people were expecting something a little more cartoony.”
Thankfully for fans of The Governess, she has no plans to depart the show any time soon – partly down to her affection for host Bradley Walsh.
ITV
5
Thankfully for fans of The Governess, she has no plans to depart the show any time soon
Anne confessed: “I tell him that my great fear is that he’s going to have a heart attack from overwork, and he just says, ‘Oh, but I love it.’
“I hate the thought of having to, but I can’t think of any circumstances in which I’d choose to leave. This is the best job I’ve ever had!”
The Chase airs weekdays at 5pm on ITV.
| anne hegarty |
Name the venue for the first Winter Olympic Games, held in 1924 ? | Chaser Anne Hegarty has the perfect comeback for fans who ask: 'Why are all the Chasers fat?'
Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)
Comments
FANS of The Chase can be a cruel bunch, particularly when contestants opt for minus offers or fluff supposedly easy questions.
But it’s not just those brave enough to go on the show who get a rough deal.
ITV
The Chasers are often criticised by viewers – and sometimes it gets very personal
The Chasers are often criticised by viewers – and sometimes it gets very personal.
Anne Hegarty, aka The Governess, may be an ice maiden on screen, but she has admitted she does read some of the unpleasant messages targeted at her and her colleagues on social media.
But she also revealed she has the perfect comeback for when fans have a go at their appearance – in particular, their weight.
The 57-year-old told The Express : “I’m more defensive on behalf of the other Chasers than I am on my own behalf.
ITV
5
Viewers can be very cruel – and personal
“You need to grow a thick skin. If someone asks, ‘Why are all the Chasers fat?’ you can say, ‘Body-shaming’s really hurtful and offensive!’
“Or you can say, ‘Because every time we get an answer right, we get a biscuit’.”
“Which is more likely to get you a new follower and a reputation for being a good sport?”
One of the Chasers who has come in for some hurtful criticism of late is newcomer Jenny Ryan, nicknamed The Vixen, who arrived in September last year.
Last month we reported how Jenny responded to nasty online trolls , tweeting: “I really don’t give a monkey’s if you don’t like me.”
Jenny, 34, also admitted to finding the social media backlash “hurtful”, but she can rest assured fellow quiz master Anne has her back.
Related Stories
Hollyoaks beauty Jennifer Metcalfe branded 'thick' after embarrassing appearance on The Chase
JEREMY KYLE
'Don't come near me with that thong': Host chased around with hairy underwear as 'naughty nurse' returns
Anne explained: “Some people subscribe to the ‘Smurfette’ principle that there can only be one female character.
“Some people simply don’t like change; some people claim she lacks charisma, which is hilarious for anyone who knows her.
ITV
5
One of the Chasers who has come in for some hurtful criticism of late is newcomer Jenny Ryan
“She plays the ukulele with a group called Nanukes of the North, and she’s writing a book!
“The Vixen’s perhaps a more subtle character than the Governess, and some people were expecting something a little more cartoony.”
Thankfully for fans of The Governess, she has no plans to depart the show any time soon – partly down to her affection for host Bradley Walsh.
ITV
5
Thankfully for fans of The Governess, she has no plans to depart the show any time soon
Anne confessed: “I tell him that my great fear is that he’s going to have a heart attack from overwork, and he just says, ‘Oh, but I love it.’
“I hate the thought of having to, but I can’t think of any circumstances in which I’d choose to leave. This is the best job I’ve ever had!”
The Chase airs weekdays at 5pm on ITV.
| i don't know |
The city of Nineveh was a capital of which ancient Empire ? | Destruction Of Nineveh | Assyrian Empire | Bible Prophecy
The Destruction Of Nineveh
by David Padfield
The city of Nineveh, the ancient capital of the Assyrian Empire, was destroyed in 612 B.C. The fall of that great city was not a matter of chance, but rather a fulfillment of Bible prophecy.
Nineveh was established by Nimrod, "the mighty hunter" (Gen. 10:8-10). It served as the capitol of the Assyrian Empire for many years. For years skeptics questioned the existence of the city since it could not be found. However, British archeologist A. H. Layard excavated the site in 1845-1854. He unearthed the great palace of King Sargon along with a library of over 22,000 cuneiform documents. King Sargon was mentioned by Isaiah the prophet (Isa. 20:1).
"In Sennacherib's day the wall around Nineveh was 40 to 50 feet high. It extended for 4 kilometers along the Tigris River and for 13 kilometers around the inner city. The city wall had 15 main gates, 5 of which have been excavated. Each of the gates was guarded by stone bull statues. Both inside and outside the walls, Sennacherib created parks, a botanical garden, and a zoo. He built a water-system containing the oldest aqueduct in history at Jerwan, across the Gomel River." (Nelson's Bible Dictionary, p. 760).
The prophet Jonah had gone to Nineveh and preached, saying, "Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown!" (Jonah 3:4). The record tells us "the people of Nineveh believed God, proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest to the least of them" (Jonah 3:5). In response to one of the greatest stories of repentance in history, "God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and God relented from the disaster that He had said He would bring upon them, and He did not do it" (Jonah 3:10).
The Assyrian Empire began a quest for world domination under Tiglath-pileser III in 745 B.C. He invaded northern Israel and deported some of the inhabitants to the region around Nineveh. Sargon II completed the siege of Samaria that had been started by Shalmaneser V in 722 B.C. Later, Sennacherib shut up King Hezekiah in Jerusalem "as a bird in a cage." Ashurbanipal led a campaign into Egypt and caused the downfall of Thebes (called No-amon in Nahum 3:8).
The Assyrian Empire was known for its cruelty. "Judged from the vaunting inscriptions of her kings, no power more useless, more savage, more terrible, ever cast its gigantic shadow on the page of history as it passed on the way to ruin. The kings of Assyria tormented the miserable world. They exult to record how 'space failed for corpses'; how unsparing a destroyer is their goddess Ishtar; how they flung away the bodies of soldiers like so much clay; how they made pyramids of human heads; how they burned cities; how they filled populous lands with death and devastation; how they reddened broad deserts with carnage of warriors; how they scattered whole countries with the corpses of their defenders as with chaff; how they impaled 'heaps of men' on stakes, and strewed the mountains and choked rivers with dead bones; how they cut off the hands of kings and nailed them on the walls, and left their bodies to rot with bears and dogs on the entrance gates of cities; how they employed nations of captives in making brick in fetters; how they cut down warriors like weeds, or smote them like wild beasts in the forests, and covered pillars with the flayed skins of rival monarchs." (Farrar, The Minor Prophets, pp. 147,148).
The prophet Nahum predicted the destruction of Nineveh in the book that bears his name. The following items were to be a part of the destruction of that great city:
An "overflowing flood" would "make an utter end of its place" (Nah. 1:8)
Nineveh would be destroyed while her inhabitants were "drunken like drunkards" (Nah. 1:10)
Nineveh would be unprotected because "fire shall devour the bars of your gates" (Nah. 3:13)
Nineveh would never recover, for their "injury has no healing" (Nah. 3:19)
The downfall of Nineveh would come with remarkable ease, like figs falling when the tree is shaken (Nah. 3:12)
In 612 B.C. Nabopolassar united the Babylonian army with an army of Medes and Scythians and led a campaign which captured the Assyrian citadels in the North. The Babylonian army laid siege to Nineveh, but the walls of the city were too strong for battering rams, so they decided to try and starve the people out. A famous oracle had been given that "Nineveh should never be taken until the river became its enemy." After a three month siege, "rain fell in such abundance that the waters of the Tigris inundated part of the city and overturned one of its walls for a distance of twenty stades. Then the King, convinced that the oracle was accomplished and despairing of any means of escape, to avoid falling alive into the enemy's hands constructed in his palace an immense funeral pyre, placed on it his gold and silver and his royal robes, and then, shutting himself up with his wives and eunuchs in a chamber formed in the midst of the pile, disappeared in the flames. Nineveh opened its gates to the besiegers, but this tardy submission did not save the proud city. It was pillaged and burned, and then razed to the ground so completely as to evidence the implacable hatred enkindled in the minds of subject nations by the fierce and cruel Assyrian government." (Lenormant and E. Chevallier, The Rise and Fall of Assyria).
"Nineveh was laid waste as ruthlessly and completely as her kings had once ravaged Susa and Babylon; the city was put to the torch, the population was slaughtered or enslaved, and the palace so recently built by Ashurbanipal was sacked and destroyed. At one blow Assyria disappeared from history. Nothing remained of her except certain tactics and weapons of war ...The Near East remembered her for a while as a merciless unifier of a dozen lesser states; and the Jews recalled Nineveh vengefully as 'the bloody city, full of lies and robbery.' In a little while all but the mightiest of the Great Kings were forgotten, and all their royal palaces were in ruins under the drifting sands. Two hundred years after its capture, Xenophon's Ten Thousand marched over the mounds that had been Nineveh, and never suspected that these were the site of the ancient metropolis that had ruled half the world. Not a stone remained visible of all the temples with which Assyria's pious warriors had sought to beautify their greatest capital. Even Ashur, the everlasting god, was dead." (Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage, pp. 283, 284).
What can we learn from Nineveh? Matthew Henry summed it up when he wrote: "About a hundred years before, at Jonah's preaching, the Ninevites repented, and were spared, yet, soon after, they became worse than ever. Nineveh knows not that God who contends with her, but is told what a God he is. It is good for all to mix faith with what is here said concerning Him, which speaks great terror to the wicked, and comfort to believers. Let each take his portion from it: let sinners read it and tremble; and let saints read it and triumph. The anger of the Lord is contrasted with his goodness to his people. Perhaps they are obscure and little regarded in the world, but the Lord knows them. The Scripture character of Jehovah agrees not with the views of proud reasoners."
| Assyrian |
In which year was the Butler Education Act passed ? | Nineveh - LookLex Encyclopaedia
Nineveh
Ancient: ninua
Nineveh
City of the ancient Assyrian Empire , and its capital from 705 to 612 BCE. Nineveh was situated on the east bank of the Tigris near modern Mosul . The Khawsar River ran through Nineveh to join the Tigris.
During its relatively short period of being capital, Nineveh was turned into a beautiful city of wide boulevards, large squares, parks, and gardens. At its largest, Nineveh was 700 hectares large, walled with 15 gates. The walls measured 12 km in circumference. Each gate was named after an Assyrian god . Aqueducts and canals lead water from sources in the hills 50 km away.
Most of Nineveh's period of existence is mainly prehistoric: a 30 metre long shaft dug in 1931-32 from the top to virgin soil proved that only 20% of the debris belonged to the period of recorded history.
History
6000 BCE: First settlements of Nineveh.
2nd and 3rd millennia: Nineveh is a religious centre devoted to among other gods Ishtar.
9th century: Large architectural projects start in Nineveh with the initiative of rulers of the Assyrian Empire.
705: King Sennacherib establishes Nineveh as the new capital of the Assyrian Empire, at the expense of Dur-Sharrukin . Large scale construction work is started, together with the building of the largest palace of its time, which was 42,000 km� large with at least 80 rooms.
Around 650: Under king Ashurbanipal , a new palace is constructed, together with a large library.
612: The city is captured and destroyed by the Babylonians , Schytians and Medes . This also marks the end of the Assyrian Empire.
627 CE December: Important battle between the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and the Persian army, in which the latter is struck with a devastating defeat.
13th century: Nineveh becomes an important city under Atabeg rulers.
16the century: The last settlements of Nineveh are abandoned.
1820: Nineveh is mapped by the British archaeologist Claudius J. Rich.
1845-51: The palace of Sennacherib is discovered.
Confused? Try to find a good place to start learning about Mesopotamia in
| i don't know |
Which UK city has the motto Virtute et Industria ? | Bristol: Virtute et Industrial
Virtute et Industrial
Help Wanted
Bristol's motto is Virtute et Industria - virtue or valour and industry. There are several emblems that are associated with Bristol, the Unicorn and the ship protected by a castle, both of which feature on our Coat of Arms and which can be seen all over the city. If you've ever heard the Bristol accent you'll realize why this page is called "Virtute et Industrial" not the more proper "Virtute et Industria" - but more on that in a bit.
This picture was taken around 20 years ago - in the early 1980's.
It is of the Bristol Coat of Arms painted on the side of a train at Bristol Industrial Museum
This image comes from a set of Raphael Tuck postcards published in the beginning of the twentieth century
"Heraldic" Series 159. This series along with Tuck's "United Kingdom" series was published in 1902 / 1903.
The Accent
The Bristol accent is very distinctive, even just a few miles out of the city the local accents are a lot different to ours. When I was at school, some of our teachers would spend forever trying to get rid of our accents. We were told that Bristolians were lazy speakers. Harsh sounding letters or syllables were usually dropped or substituted for softer ones. Hence the pronunciation of "lissen" for "listen" and the dropping of "th" in favour of "f" as in "fink" for "think". Words that ended in vowels or a "w" invariably had an "l" added to them hence "arial" for "area", "windal" for "window" and even the "Industria" in our own motto becomes "Industrial". This is probably why the original pronunciation of Bristol, Brigstow, ended up the way it is, the lazy speaking Bristolians found it easier to miss off the harsh "w" off and replaced it with the softer "l", and dropping the "g" altogether. Hence Bristol is usually pronounced "Bristle".
Not only is the pronunciation different but we use words not found elsewhere. Words such as "bist", this is usually used as a question, as in "were's bist?" - "where are you?", "how's bist" - "how are you?"
"Weem" means "we are"
"tain't" means "it is not"
"gert" means "very", hence "gert big" or "gert small"
An ex-pat, Andy Evans sent me the following from Florida :-
Eva Turner
The Prima Donna
of the Carma Rosa
I saw the beeb [BBC] take this out on a card and asked people to read it aloud, they got... of course
Evil Turnel
of the Carmal Rose-al
...and Adge Curler's (later re-recorded by Fred Wedlock)...
"Oh Ah, theze bin an gotten whur thee casn't back'n assn't....still leaves friends thinking we speak a foreign language!
Thanks to Rick Cryer for putting me straight on who recorded the song first! Rick also asked the question about the word "ut" at the end of some exclamations. He writes...
Adge rhymed "shuttup ut" to rhyme with "warden's foot". My family would also say, to noisy kids, "shut thee rattle up ut!". Can you suggest an origin/derivation for "ut"? I can accept "thee casn't" and "thee bist" as deriving from "thou can'st not" and "thou beist not" but "ut" has got I stumped!
This had me running for Derek Robinson's "Bristol With Pride - The Krek Waiter's Peak" (Abson Books, 1987) and it's not in there! There's nothing remotely like it in the book. The only thing I could find that comes anywhere close to it is on a website that deals with the accent from Portsmouth . Dr. Bill Thompson wrote...
dount evree mush talk pompey
dare u t' tell me wymrin mates talk posh
an u get yer face dun in
Which looks very much like Bristolian to me. Dr. Thompson goes on to say that the reason for this is that the dockyards of Portsmouth were extensively expanded towards the turn of the nineteenth century and where else would they import dockyard workers from but Bristol and London? The "ut" here is in a completely different context to what Adge wrote but the only explanation I can come up with is that "ut" is a derivation of "you".
Hopefully, someone knows better than I the true meaning of "ut".
Andy Dowden emailed in April 2014, to say that he thought that "ut" is probably derived from wusn't (won’t you).
While in May 2014, Peter Shelton emailed to say that he believes it to be a very truncated form of the expression "wilt thou." If you knock out the second word, elide the l, Bristol fashion, and the w, you end up with something like "ultt," where the l is implied not sounded. And the u in "ut" would sound as in foot. This seems right for the context of the original quote. Eg. "Give us one o' thy fags, ult?"
Peter goes on to say that the ""ust" (u sounds like oo in wood) derived from "would'st." It would work in the example I gave, or more like: "Yer mate, ust get I some fags then?" He also likes 'sknow as in "thee's know."
Daps
Nigel Bath from St. Paul, Minnesota emailed me and asked if I knew the origin of the word dap. Daps are a local term for a kind of rubber soled, canvas topped shoe, what you might know as boating shoes, pumps or plimsolls. Here in Bristol, it is both a noun, ie the shoes or a verb. "To get the dap" at school was to be be hit by a teacher with one, "to dap round the shops" was to go to the shops and "to get your daps on" was to be in a hurry or to be told to hurry up.
The Dictionary of Slang site just gives the word a Welsh origin, but the site on English Dialects (site now gone but a version is available on the Internet Archive ), which funnily enough chooses the word for gym-shoes or trainers to trace dialects around England, gives the word a Welsh or SW English origin.
Legend has it that an imaginative shoe salesman in Victorian times named them plimsolls because of the sharp dividing line between the sole and the uppers. That meant dry feet if you walked in the sea no higher than the rubber sole, and wet ones if the water rose over the canvas.
Samuel Plimsoll was the man who invented the Plimsoll load line for ships. A brief article on him appears on the Hotwells pages on this site.
BJ on the ex-pats forum of the Bristol Evening Post (site now gone) replied to my appeal for help ...
My dictionary is quite clear on the subject; it calls the word "dap" a specifically Welsh or SW English word for a plimsoll and refers back to the verb "to dap" which means to tap or bounce. It has a fly-fishing derivation and also refers to a bird dipping its beak into the water.
From the same forum Afrimike replied ...
DAPS is called daps because when you rush around in them they goes..Dap..Dap..Dap on the floor..easy innit !!!
Thanks for that Afrimike.
From the uk.local.bristol newsgroup, Jezza replied ...
Dunlop Athletic Plimsolls (DAP) - the signs in cobblers windows used to have the initial capitals in a large size, hence the contractions.
That's all I know about daps, if know know a different origin of the word then please email me. My email address can be found on my About Ray page.
I was visiting Patty in America one time and we went to a shop, or should that be store? We only went in to buy a light bulb and soon as I opened my mouth one of the assistants asked if I was from Bristol. It turns out his family had emigrated there from Yate, a town about 7 miles outside Bristol.
In the 1960's Adge Cutler made a song about Bristol, in the 1980's Fred Wedlock re-recorded it. I was hoping to make both versions available on these pages as mp3 files, but as the song is around five minutes in length, and even using low quality recordings I just don't have room on the server for them, so you'll just have to be content with the lyrics.
Virtute et Indusrial
Oh, we be Bristol kiddies
We comes from Bristol City
Where all the blokes is handsome
And all the birds is pretty
Weem proud of our 'ome town
It never gets we down
and we got a little motto
What we sing up Bedminster Down
Virtute et Industrial
Three cheers for Novers Hill
If the City don't win Saturday
P'raps the Rovers will
Shout it to thee neighbour
Virtute et Industrial
An' see thee down the Labour
Praise the City Fathers
'Cos they know what they'n doin'
Don't listen to they moaners
Who says weem going' to ruin
They talks of Portbury
But I aint kiddin' thee
Who wants docks
On the lavatories be free?
Virtute et Industrial
Long live all the brewers
Build more pubs and bettin' shops
Don't waste the cash on sewers
Virtute et Industrial
An' never mind the stink
Oh we be livin' well
Bad times is in the distance
We lives it up like hell
On National Assistance
It tain't that we do shirk
To do a bit of work
But if you coulst live without it
Well, who'd be such a berk
Virtute et Industrial
We be such sober people
Bristol's like a gert big church
With a thousand foot glass steeple
Virtute et Industrial
No drunks is ever seen (hic)
Virtute et Industrial
Well, thees know what I mean
Let progress be our watch word
Hooray for all the planners
They keeps the traffic flowing
And never minds the tanners
From Lulsgate thees could tear
To Paris, now by air
But the buses down Old Market
Is enough to make thee swear
Virtute et Industrial
They'n gonna print the Evening Post
In Welsh to make things queerer
Virtute et Industrial
With one way streets and flyovers
We knows which way ween facing
Has you seen our brand new bridge
Down at Cumberland Basin?
The cars go by like thunder
Up and round and under
Just where they goes
And t'aint no bleedin' wonder
Virtute et Industrial
Our town will last for ever
If we can't build the Concorde
We'll buy 'n on the never
Virtute et Industrial
Who got ten million quid
Virtute et Industrial
well, ther thee bist then kid
The best of British luck
To the Mayor and Corporation
They just come back from France
A credit to the Nation
Now, mind you keep it dark
But they reckon the old Town Clerk
Bought back they Follies Bergeres
In exchange for Ashton Park
Virtute et Industrial
Up the Downs on Sundays
We spent the rent on Saturdays
Down Nelson Street on Mondays
Virtute et Industrial
Virtute et Industrial
Till weem all out Arno's Vale
Well, that's the song and now for the explanations, I know I have to do this as I've sent the song to my American friends and had to explain it to them.
Blokes = men
Bedminster Down - a district in South Bristol
Novers Hill - a district in South Bristol near Knowle
City - Bristol City, one of our two professional football teams
Rovers - Bristol Rovers, the other one
The Labour - the old Labour Exchange in Nelson Street near the old St Johns Gate , noW replaced by "Job Shops".
Portbury - By the 1960's it was obvious the city docks was dying - mostly because it wasn't deep enough for large ships. A huge deep water port was built at Portbury.
Kiddin' = kidding = joking
"Don't waste the cash on sewers" - a reference to the fact that some parts of Bristol were always very badly affected by floods. When I was a boy, and living in Knowle, I can remember my mum taking me to a spot that overlooked Bedminster, it was during a very bad flood and most of "Bemmy" was under 8ft of water. For years after most of the houses bore "tide marks" of this particular flood. Years later, I lived in Bedminster and was chatting to one one of my neighbours about the floods. She said she was living there at the time and when the water had receded had to go across the "Tip" and rescue her belongings that had been washed out of the house. The "Tip" is the nick name of Marksbury Road playing fields - so called because at one time it was a rubbish tip. When we were remodelling the back garden there was evidence of this in the amount of rubbish, including an old lorry engine, that we found. Another interesting thing she said during that conversation was that during the war, the house that I bought had been hit by a bomb and had to be, more or less, completely rebuilt. During the 1970's the Council decided to do something about the floods once and for all and so the Malago flood relief scheme was put into effect. This involved drilling two 20ft diameter pipes under the city to carry flood water away.
National Assistance - the dole - unemployment benefit
coulst = could
tanners = sixpence in the days of the old English money
Lulsgate - the site of our regional airport
Old Market - another district of Bristol, the reference to the public bus (omnibus) service being rubbish is as true now as it was then
Cardiff - the capital of Wales, which is on the opposite side of the River Severn
Evening Post - our local evening newspaper
Nostra Yakki Da - I'm not sure if I've spelled this properly, but it means "Good Health" in Welsh (I think)
"Oh Ah" or "Oh Ar" - for some reason the rest of the UK seem to think that Bristolians go around in peasant smocks sucking on a piece of straw and that these are the only words we know. I was in a pub in Nottingham one time and from my accent the barman guessed I was from Bristol, as soon as I said I was the next thing he said was "Oh Ar"
Cumberland Basin - the site of the entrance to the floating harbour. A huge new road complex was built here in the 1960's. The road bridge here is a swing bridge that allows shipping entrance to the floating harbour.
"Bugger" and "Bleedin" - mild expletives
Concorde - British Aerospace and Rolls Royce both have huge factories here (or did have) and Concorde was built here. The song makes a reference to the huge amounts of money the British Government spent getting the worlds first, and only, supersonic passenger aircraft off the ground (sorry about the pun)
"The Never or "Never Never" - buying on hire purchase. You don't own the goods until the last payment is made
Quid - slang for the old English pound (money not weight)
Ashton Park - Ashton is a district of Bristol
The Downs - a huge open area near Clifton
Nelson Street - another reference to the old Labour Exchange. Unemployed people used to have to sign on the "dole" every week
Arno's Vale - another area of Bristol near Brislington. It has a huge cemetery, which the song is making a reference to.
The Fred Wedlock version missed out the two verses beginning "Praise the City Fathers" and "Long live all the brewers"
In December 2002, I received an email from Eric Brain asking if I knew anything about Len "Uke" Thomas. All that could be found about him was that he was very popular through the 60's to the 80's and sang songs like "Wassfink Of 'Ee, Den", "Thee Bissn't Gonna Get'n Out Of I" and "Thee's Better Keep Thee Eye On 'Ee". Looking up my old copies of the "Bristol Times" This newspaper has two articles about him, in issues 176 (11th Dec 2001) and 178 (8th Jan 2002). The lyrics and picture of him come from these articles.
Len "Uke" Thomas
Wassfink Of 'Ee, Den (The Bristol Song)
Now Bristol is a famous town
The gateway to the West
Although beer is weaker here
We still say beer is best
We're famous for our beauty spots
But what makes us unique
Is not our awful manners
But the funny way we speak
Chorus
Wot's fink of 'ee then, wot's fink of 'ee
Wot's fink of 'ee then the price of 'ee
If thee casn't speak as well as thee coust
Then take a screw at 'ee
Wot's fink of 'ee then, wot's fink of 'ee
The people down St. Philips way
Will welcome you, no doubt
But if the wind is blowing strong
It's better to keep out
The smell from Cole's boneyard
And the Feeder as you go
It seems that it's the only way
The ruddy wind will blow
Chorus
Now there's a place in Bristol
And it's known as Durdham Down
Where you can spend a holiday
For less than half a crown
You can see the famous beauty spots
But the noises from the zoo
Will make you think the monkey's
Trying to do the kangaroo
Chorus
Our city fathers built a palace
Up on College Green
It's the finest grandest palace
You've ever seen
With unicorns and coats of arms
All shiny and so bright
But then the public got the bill
They yelled with all their might
Chorus
We've got a place called Brandon Hill
Where courting couples go
And you may see them courting
In sunshine, rain and snow
You may here a maidens voice say
Oh! Please stoppit Joe
His reply will come to you
In accent sweet and low
Chorus
In February 2005, I received an email from Philip Budd who was a neighbour of Len Thomas. Philip wrote...
Len Thomas lived in Brooklyn Road, Bedminster Down, with his wife, two sons, Brian and Mickey, and his daughter. Brian, who was a particular friend of mine, died at the age of 21, I believe, but Mickey went on, as an amateur for a while but I suspect later as a professional trainer, into martial arts. Len was full of fun and did a lot of practicing, easily heard, and appreciated, in the road outside.
Philip is also the brother-in-law of Bryan Bignell who is responsible for the St. George pages on this site.
You may be interested in these other sites about west country artists ...
Scrumpy and Western - everything about local bands
The following links will take you to sites about Adge Cutler and Fred Wedlock
Adge Cutler and the Wurzels
| Bristol |
In which year was the Open University founded ? | virtute - Wiktionary
virtute
"Virtute et armis" is Mississippi 's state motto.
"Virtute et industria" is the city motto of Bristol .
Meissner, Carl; Auden, Henry William (1894)
Latin Phrase-Book
[1] , London: Macmillan and Co.
(ambiguous) to be virtuous: virtute praeditum, ornatum esse (opp. vitiis obrutum esse)
(ambiguous) to live as scrupulously moral a life as ever: nihil ex pristina virtute remittere
(ambiguous) to consider virtue the highest good: summum bonum in virtute ponere
(ambiguous) to deviate from the path of virtue: a virtute discedere or deficere
(ambiguous) to deteriorate: a maiorum virtute desciscere, degenerare, deflectere
(ambiguous) moral precepts: praecepta de moribus or de virtute
(ambiguous) to give moral advice, rules of conduct: de virtute praecipere alicui
(ambiguous) good luck to you: macte virtute (esto or te esse iubeo)
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2008.
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What type of fish is Nemo in the film Finding Nemo ? | What Kind of Creature Is It?<BR><i>Finding Nemo</i> - Cast of Characters
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Finding Nemo characters
Keywords: Finding Nemo lesson plan, lesson plan for Finding Nemo, Finding Nemo creatures, Finding Nemo cast of characters, Finding Nemo, Pixar, fish in Finding nemo, teaching with Finding Nemo, ClassBrain, Movies in the Classroom, science with movies, teaching with movies, teaching with film in the classroom, teaching with film, Hammerhead Shark, Pufferfish, Great White Shark, Yellow Tang, Mako Shark, Sea Turtle, Black and White Humbug, 4-Stripe Damselfish, Regal Blue Tang, Moorish Idol Fish, Royal Gramma Basslet, Royal Gamma, Cleaner Shrimp, Clownfish, Starfish, Flapjack Octopus, Sea Horse, Sea Turtle, Yellow Longnose Butterflyfish, fish
Finding Nemo - Cast of Creatures
Anchor Hammerhead Shark
| Amphiprioninae |
Which member of the Pre - Raphaelite group of artists painted the canvas known as The Scapegoat ? | Finding Nemo lied to your kids, and they will do it again in the sequel: Finding Dory! | The Fisheries Blog
Finding Nemo lied to your kids, and they will do it again in the sequel: Finding Dory!
· by The Fisheries Blog · in clownfish , Disney , Finding Dory , Finding Nemo , Fish , Fish Blog , Fish gender , Fisheries Blog , Patrick Cooney , protandrous , protandry , protogynous , protogyny , sequential hermaphrodite , switch sex , The Fisheries Blog . ·
By Patrick Cooney
The Disney film, Finding Nemo, lied to your kids! Disney would simply argue that they altered reality to create a more entertaining storyline, but read below for the true story, and you tell me which you think is a more entertaining.
Disney forced them to hide the truth!
How Finding Nemo started:
Father and mother clownfish are tending to their clutch of eggs at their sea anemone when the mother is eaten by a barracuda. Nemo is the only surviving egg and he grows up in his father’s anemone before getting lost on a crazy adventure!
Video of the opening scenes:
How Finding Nemo should have started if it were biologically accurate:
Father and mother clownfish are tending to their clutch of eggs at their sea anemone when the mother is eaten by a barracuda. Nemo hatches as an undifferentiated hermaphrodite (as all clownfish are born) while his father transforms into a female now that his female mate is dead. Since Nemo is the only other clownfish around, he becomes a male and mates with his father (who is now a female). Should his father die, Nemo would change into a female and mate with another male. Although a much different storyline, it still sounds like a crazy adventure!
Video of the truth:
As you can see, the first minute of Finding Nemo, outside of the talking fish part, is the only biologically accurate part of the movie. Considering that they demonstrate reproduction and the killing of the mother in the first minute of the movie, how did they decide that a natural sex change is outside the bubble of viewable material?
Fish reproduction is complicated, and it is especially complicated in cases like the clownfish where species are sequential hermaphrodites. These fish are born as hermaphrodites that develop as one gender before changing to the other gender at some point in their life.
Unlike clownfish that start life as males and transform into females, there are other species, like the California Sheephead, that start as females and transform into males. These opposing forms of sequential hermaphrodites are called protandrous hermaphrodites for male to female changing species, and protogynous hermaphrodites for those that change from female to male.
The truth!
A sequential hermaphrodite life history strategy can be extremely detrimental if harvest of fish is allowed prior to male or female reproductive sizes. Should all males be harvested before turning into females at a certain size (or vice versa), a rapid decline would occur in the population. Understanding the triggers and sizes at which fish shift from one sex to the other greatly enhances the ability of fisheries managers to set proper length limits for long term fish population health.
More lies and deception?
In the end, the storyline for Finding Nemo was obviously entertaining for children, but as a fisheries scientist, I must admit, I find the biologically accurate storyline a bit more entertaining. With the announcement of a sequel called ‘Finding Dory’ coming in 2015, Disney still has a chance to redeem themselves, but I am not keeping my small ‘lucky’ fin crossed. Which storyline do you think Disney should show in the sequel?
Be sure to check out The Fisheries Blog on Facebook and Twitter (@FisheriesBlog). If you want to receive our weekly blog through email, leave your email address in the open space at the top right of the page (scroll up!). Also, check out an article we wrote a year and a half ago about how birth control in the water is causing fish to display both male and female gonads at the same time.
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What is the highest peak in Northern Ireland ? | Slieve Donard - highest peak in Northern Ireland - Mourne Mountains, Northern Ireland Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor
“Slieve Donard - highest peak in Northern Ireland”
Reviewed 27 June 2011
We walked Slieve Donard, as part of completing the 5 peaks (Ben Nevis, Scafell, Snowden, Carrantouhill and finally Slieve Donard).
We hired a guide (Loretto Coyle - [email protected]) which I would highly recommend as it makes life so much easier when you have a group. Loretto had some great suggestions for walks and interesting background stuff about the history of the area.
We approached from Bloody Bridge and then walked back down into Newcastle (via a pub!). This is a slow incline for about half of the way and then a steep slog for the final part. It took us 2 hours to get up and about 2.5 hours to get back down (stopping for lunch).
You can do straight up and down from Newcastle - using the National Trust path. But it is less interesting.
There are paths for most of it but there are also some very boggy bits and streams to be crossed so wear water proof boots, particularly if it has been raining recently as you will be walking through running water in parts. You are also picking your way through and over rocks so another good reason for sturdy footwear.
Unfortunately, the cloud cover meant that we didn't get the full benefit of the view from the top but, when the cloud did lift, the views were fabulous.
Well worth the effort.
Just a few practical bits: We got sandwiches for our lunch from Joe's Quality Meats & Delicatessen (6 Main St. 028 4372 2221). They make great sandwiches with anything you fancy and you can order in advance and collect. They put them in plastic containers which means they don't get squished in your rucksack and all for under £2 a head. We stayed at The Slieve Donard Hotel - marvellous pool and sauna for after your walk and top breakfasts. We flew into Belfast and got Donard Taxis to transfer us.
Visited June 2011
| Slieve Donard |
What's the name of the seven branched candelabrum a traditional symbol of Judaism ? | Climbing Slieve Donard - Northern Ireland's Highest Point - YouTube
Climbing Slieve Donard - Northern Ireland's Highest Point
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Published on Jun 24, 2012
On a day with less than perfect weather I climb Slieve Donard which is the tallest mountain in Norther Ireland. I leave from the Irish Sea in the town of Newcastle before heading up into the Mourne Mountains. I follow the famous Mourne Wall all the way to the top, and give a some information along the way.
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In physics, whose constant is the quantity of electric charge carried by one mole of electrons ? | Quantitative electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate- Learn Chemistry
Home > Resources > Quantitative electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate
Quantitative electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate
Description
This demonstration is designed to find the value of the Faraday constant. The amount of electric charge carried by one mole of electrons. This will be done with the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate and weighed copper electrodes.
This demonstration is designed to find the value of the Faraday constant. The amount of electric charge carried by one mole of electrons. This will be done with the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate and weighed copper electrodes.
Subjects
:
Credits
:
This is an experiment from the Practical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Quantitative electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate
Demonstration
This demonstration is designed to find the value of the Faraday constant – the amount of electric charge carried by one mole of electrons - from the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution, using weighed copper electrodes.
Lesson organisation
This is a relatively straightforward demonstration to set up and carry out, but there is not much to see while it is taking place. This provides an ideal opportunity to ask students to prepare a suitable results sheet and to explain how the masses of the electrodes, the current passed and the time elapsed can be used to calculate a value for the Faraday constant. The experiment will take around 40 minutes.
Students can be told that the calculations are relevant for industrial applications of electrolysis, for example in the extraction of elements such as sodium and chlorine, and in the electroplating industry.
Apparatus
Access to a fume cupboard
Beaker (250 cm3)
Beaker (100 or 150 cm3)
DC power pack
Connecting leads, including two fitted with crocodile clips, 3
Ammeter, preferably digital and a demonstration model
Rheostat
Balance (weighing to +/-0.01 g)
Hot-air blower, such as a hair drier
Emery paper
Copper foil electrodes, 2 (Note 1)
Copper(II) sulfate solution, about 1.0 M (HARMFUL), 200 cm3
Propanone (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, IRRITANT), about 200 cm3
Refer to Health & Safety and Technical notes section below for additional information.
Copper(II) sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq), (HARMFUL, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT) - see CLEAPSS Hazcard and CLEAPSS Recipe Book.
Propanone , CH3COCH3(l), (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, IRRITANT) - see CLEAPSS Hazcard.
1 These should be 2 - 3 cm wide and long enough to reach from the bottom of a 250 cm3 beaker to the rim, where they can be folded over and gripped by the crocodile clips on the leads.
Procedure
a Clean the copper electrodes with emery paper, rinse under the tap and dry thoroughly using paper towels and a hot-air blower.
b Mark the electrodes as + or – at one end, and weigh them separately. Record the masses.
c Set up the circuit as shown in the diagram, clamping the electrodes to the rim of the beaker using the crocodile clips. Make sure the electrodes do not touch.
d Fill the beaker with copper(II) sulfate solution to just below the crocodile clips.
e Start the stop clock and switch on the current, setting the rheostat so that a current of 0.50 A passes through the solution.
f The current alters slightly throughout the electrolysis, so it is important to make continual adjustments to the rheostat to keep the current constant.
g After about 30 min switch off the current and stop the clock.
h Remove the electrodes from the electrolyte, wash them carefully under running water, then rinse them in a beaker of propanone in a fume cupboard. Finally dry them by allowing the propanone to evaporate in a well-ventilated laboratory, and away from any naked flames.
i
The results should be entered in a table, for example:
Mass of cathode (-) before /g
available with this resource to work through the process of calculating the Faraday constant. Students could also be asked to use the official value of 96500 Coulombs per mole to calculate the percentage error.
Answers to student questions
1-4 The answers are based on your experimental observations within the experiment above.
5
The calculated value for the Faraday constant should be correct to within about 10%. The major error comes from the value for the current, which is hard to keep constant to two significant figures.
6
The reaction at the cathode is: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
7
The concentration of Cu2+ ions in solution remains constant. In a given time as many of these ions are produced at the anode as are being removed at the cathode.
8
The coating of solid copper on the cathode tends to be ‘spongy’ and some can be lost when electrode is washed or dried. Some may also have fallen off the cathode during electrolysis. Thus the mass gain of the cathode is an unreliable measure of the quantity of copper actually deposited there.
Health & Safety checked, 2016
Credits
| Faraday constant |
The mascot for the Brazil 2014 World Cup is what type of endangered animal ? | Faraday's Constant - International Baccalaureate Chemistry - Marked by Teachers.com
Extracts from this document...
Introduction
Determining Faraday's Constant by Electrolysis of Copper (II) Sulphate Aim: To find the value of the Faraday constant - the electric charge carried by one mole of electrons - from the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution, using weighed copper electrodes. Faraday's Law: The amount of substance consumed or produced at one of the electrodes in an electrolytic cell is directly proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through the cell. By definition, one coulomb (C) of charge is transferred when a one-ampere (amp) current flows for one second (s): Introduction: 1) Excess aqueous 1.0M copper (II) sulphate solution will be electrolysed with copper electrodes. 2) Oxidation will occur at the anode, and reduction cathode: Faraday's Constant can be determined through electrolysis by using the increase in mass of the cathode and the charge in the circuit to calculate the total number of electrons that contributed towards the reduction of the copper ions. One mole of these electrons carries one Faraday of charge. The following formula can be used to work out Faraday's constant: F = Faraday's Constant I = current (amps) t = time (seconds) M = molar mass of copper (63.55) ...read more.
Middle
Time Change in Mass of Cathode seconds grams �1.00 s �0.002g 0 0.000 300 0.050 600 0.087 900 0.117 1200 0.158 1500 0.190 1800 0.230 2100 0.270 2400 0.290 2700 0.326 Uncertainties: Instrument Error of Instrument Error Calculation Error (%) Electronic Balance �0.001 grams (0.002/0.191) x 100 1.05 Voltmeter �0.01 Volts (0.05/0.6) x 100 8.33 Stop clock (human error) �2.0 seconds (2.0/300) x 100 0.67 Ammeter �0.01 Amps (0.01/0.35) x 100 2.86 Total Uncertainties affecting Results = 4.58% (the voltmeter error does not affect result, as it is not a component in the equation being used) Gradient: The gradient can be calculated from the graph. I am using the points at 0 and 1500 seconds because they are the easiest to identify the time for. Gradient = (change in mass of cathode) / time = 0.190 - 0 / 1500 - 0 = 0.190 / 1500 = 1.27 x 10-4 Faraday's Constant: I am using, again, the results obtained for 1500 seconds. Faraday's constant = (I . t . M) / (n . w) = (0.35 . 1500 . 63.55) / (2 . 0.190) = 87,799.34 C mol-1 � 4.58% Conclusion: From my data and calculations, I determined Faraday's Constant to be 87,799.34 C mol-1 � 4.58%. ...read more.
Conclusion
* Clean the electrodes with ethanol and tissue paper to get rid of grease prints. Inaccuracy when measuring the mass of the cathode after electrolysis The process of washing the cathode with distilled water to dispose of the copper sulphate solution that remained may also have involved the disposal of copper that was not fully attached to the cathode (caused by impurities). This would decrease the value for the increase in mass of the cathode greatly. * More care should be taken when handling the electrodes. * Tweezers could be used instead of fingers to minimise contact. * When washing the cathode, the distilled water could be squirted above the newly-formed layer of copper, and allowed to drip down into a beaker. This would be a gentler approach that would minimise loss of mass. When drying the cathode with tissue paper after washing, it was not fully dry, falsely increasing its mass when it was measured. * A hair-dryer could be used to dry the cathode. This would ensure that it is fully dry and it would also reduce the mass of copper lost due to rough handling. Problem/Error Source Prevention Method Impure CuSO4 used Filter solution before initiating investigation Irregular masses recorded Experiment should be repeated several times & an average taken 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_constant - 9.24pm, 06/03/09 ?? ?? ?? ?? IB Chemistry Standard Brionna Wilson 12/11/2009 ...read more.
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What is the Australian equivalent of the mythical beast known in the U.S. as Bigfoot and in the Himalayas as the yeti ? | New Evidence of the Yeti
New Evidence of the Yeti
American television channel host Josh Gates displays what is believed to be "Yeti" footprints to the media in Kathmandu Nov. 30, 2007. The U.S.-based television channel investigating the existence of the legendary Yeti in Nepal has found footprints similar to those said to be that of the abominable snowman, the company said on Friday. A team of nine producers from Destination Truth, armed with infrared cameras, spent a week in the icy Khumbu region where Mount Everest is located and found the footprints on the bank of Manju river at a height of 2,850 meters (9,350 feet). (Xinhua/Reuters Photo)
© Royal Geographical Society
Taken between 1st August and 30th October 1951
By Eric Shipton
Over the years, there have been many rumours about yetis on the slopes of Everest. Does such a beast roam the mountain?During the Mount Everest Reconnaissance Expedition of 1951, several yeti footprints like this one were found. In the picture a clear imprint can be seen. An ice axe has been laid by the print to give some idea of scale.
Yeti Scalp?
Tthe BuddhistTemple- Home of the yeti scalp?
Yeti Casts for Sale
Above Photo: Left to Right
Rex Gilroy left foot -Yeti Cast - Fossi Cast Australia
Rex Gilroy holding cast of fossilised print
Kathkandu
A group of explorers say they have found fresh evidence of the mythical Yeti in the Nepalese Himalayas, stirring new excitement among those who believe the reputed snowman creature really exists. The explorers, belonging to the travel series Destination Truth said yesterday that they had found footprints of a Yeti while on a search for the elusive creature for their television documentary.
"Were doing night investigation near a riverbed about three night ago when one of our guides first saw the prints and alerted us," show host Josh Gates said."We cast the footprints and we all felt a little unable to explain what we really saw," Gates said showing off his Yeti footprint cast which showed a foot nearly two times as large as a human. The creature could have been up to 2.4m tall.
The prints were discovered a three day trek from Lukia, 250km north-west of Nepal's capital Kathmandu
Yeti Hunt
"A U.S.-based television channel investigating the existence of the legendary Yeti in Nepal has found footprints similar to those said to be that of the abominable snowman, the company said on Friday...One of the three footprints discovered on Wednesday is about one foot long, or is of similar size and appearance as shown in sketches of the mystical ape-like creature believed to live in snowy caves, the TV company said.
"It is very very similar," Josh Gates, host of the weekly travel adventure television series, told Reuters in Kathmandu after returning from the mountain."I don't believe it to be (that of) a bear. It is something of a mystery for us," said Gates, 30, an archaeologist by training....But no one has actually seen the creature nor has it been scientifically established that the Yeti exists."
Prints stoke Yeti talk
KATHMANDU -- A U.S.-based television channel investigating the existence of the legendary Yeti in Nepal has found footprints similar to those said to be that of the abominable snowman, the company said on Friday. A team of nine producers from Destination Truth, armed with infrared cameras, spent a week in the icy Khumbu region where Mount Everest is located and found the footprints on the bank of Manju river at a height of 2,850 meters (9,350 feet).
Yeti footprints!
KATHMANDU: An American TV host who travelled to the Himalayas to film a show on the mysterious yeti said on Sunday he took castings from three footprints that could prove the legendary giant ape exists and is living on Mount Everest. Josh Gates, the host of Sci Fi’s “Destination Truth” show, said he and his crew found three footprints Nov 28 when they were investigating reported yeti sightings by Sherpas and farmers living in the remote Khumbu region.
One print was clearly from a right foot with five toes, and was about 33 centimetres long, but the other two were only partial prints, Gates said. The footprints were found on rock and sand, he said. The TV crew planned to have the castings analysed in the United States, he said, without providing details.
Footprints seen around Mt.Everest stoke Yeti Mystery
KATHMANDU (Reuters) - A U.S.-based television channel investigating the existence of the legendary Yeti in Nepal has found footprints similar to those said to be that of the abominable snowman, the company said on Friday.
A team of nine producers from Destination Truth, armed with infrared cameras, spent a week in the icy Khumbu region where Mount Everest is located and found the footprints on the bank of Manju river at a height of 2,850 meters (9,350 feet). One of the three footprints discovered on Wednesday is about one foot long, or is of similar size and appearance as shown in sketches of the mystical ape-like creature believed to live in snowy caves, the TV company said.
"It is very very similar," Josh Gates, host of the weekly travel adventure television series, told Reuters in Kathmandu after returning from the mountain."I don't believe it to be (that of) a bear. It is something of a mystery for us," said Gates, 30, an archaeologist by training.Tales by sherpa porters and guides about the wild and hairy creatures lurking in the Himalayas have seized the imagination of foreign mountain climbers going to Mount Everest since the 1920s.
Several teams have searched for it and some have even claimed to have discovered footprints.But no one has actually seen the creature nor has it been scientifically established that the Yeti exists.Gates said the footprints on lumps of sandy soil, which would be sent to experts in the United States for analysis, were "relatively fresh left some 24 hours before we found them.""This print is so pristine, so good that I am very intrigued by this," Gates, flanked by his team members, said adding the findings would prompt more investigation into the Yeti.
Destination Truth chronicles some of the world's notorious crypto-zoological creatures and unexplained phenomena.Some local sherpas believe that the Himalayas are abodes of strange creatures and consider the Yeti as a protector while others say it is a destroyer."There is a kind of mysterious creature that lives in the Himalayas," said Ang Tshering Sherpa, chief of Nepal Mountaineering Association in Kathmandu, who hails from the Khumbhu region were Mount Everest is located.
Yeti footprints found in eastern Nepal
www.chinaview.cn 2007-12-01 13:37:06
KATHMANDU, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- A team of explorers has arrived in Nepal's capital with an exciting story of finding footprints of yeti near the base camp of Mt. Qomolangma, at Khumbu in eastern Nepal, The Himalayan Times reported on Saturday. "We are happy to say that we have found footprints of yeti. And the snowman is no more a legend for us now," Joshua Gates, the team leader of the expedition of the American television channel Destination Truth, told the media Friday.
Showing the model of the footprint, collected at the site, some200 km east of Kathmandu, he said that some scientific research would continue in the U.S. regarding its authenticity and other phases of exploration for further studies. The team, consisting of 9 Americans and 14 Nepalis, left Kathmandu on Nov. 24 and arrived here on Friday after the expedition. He said that the team found the footprints when it was returning from Khumbu by the confluence of Ghettekhola and Dudhkoshi rivers, near Monju village at a height of 2,850 meters.
It was Tul Bahadur Rai, assistant guide of the team, who first spotted the footprint by the riverbank. "It was the night of November 28. I cried in excitement when I saw the footprints. I called all the members and they took photographs and also made a model of the footprint, after they were convinced that it indeed was a footprint," he told the daily.He also said that one of the prints was around 12 inches long and others were smaller because the ground was not even and the prints were not clear.
This is not the first time, footprints of yeti, a species of hairy, humpbacked and dark giant biped ape, were found in Nepal's Himalayan valleys. In 1925 a Greek photographer, NA Tombazi, claimed that he had spotted an ape-like creature walking in the valley near Mt. Qomolangma.
Another noted explorer who claimed to have seen yeti was the father of Tenzing Norgay Sherpa, the first person to climb Mt. Qomolangma. Similarly, British mountaineers Eric Shipton and Michael Ward found the yeti footprints in 1951 near the border area.
Even Sir Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa guide, Tenzing Norgay, found giant footprints on the way up the top of Mt. Qomolangma, in 1953.
TV crew find 'yeti' footprints
An American TV presenter says he's found footprints that could belong to the mysterious Yeti creature. Josh Gates and his team spotted three footprints in the Everest region of Nepal during a night search. Rumours about the yeti, also known as the abominable snowman, have been around for years, but no one's ever found real proof of its existence. Each footprint was 33cm in length - longer than a ruler - with five toes that measured a total of 25cm across.
The TV crew work on a programme which investigates reports of fantastic creatures and are "very excited" about the find, although they are not saying they definitely believe they are yeti prints.The team took models of the three prints which will be examined by scientists in America. Reports of the mysterious yeti go back hundreds of years, and the creature is sometimes said to have special powers!
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According to Greek Mythology, what was the last thing that remained in Pandora's Box ? | Names for Bigfoot Relatives Around the World | Exemplore
Names for Bigfoot Relatives Around the World
Updated on June 10, 2016
Joined: 4 years agoFollowers: 267Articles: 75
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Snow Walker: Best Bigfoot Video Evidence Ever or Hoax?
10 months ago
Bigfoot is known by many different names around the world, and said to thrive in almost every climate and environment.
Bigfoot, Sasquatch, Yeti . . .
Bigfoot is a guy you'd probably recognize on sight, but around the world he's known by many different names. What you call him probably depends on where you spot him. In the United States he’s also known as Sasquatch, and on the other side of the world he’s called the Yeti or Abominable Snowman.
Bigfoot-like critters have some bizarre names around the world, but the fascinating part is that similar creatures are sighted in so many places. Most cryptids are localized in one specific area, but Bigfoot seems to be on every continent, except maybe Antarctica.
Everywhere there are humans there are stories of Bigfoot. It kind of makes it seem like Bigfoot has been with us all along, lurking is the darkened woods just out of our sight.
From the dawn of man until modern times, perhaps Bigfoot has always been around, and our ancestors have always known.
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Different Names for Bigfoot
Bigfoot has so many different names because the legend of large, hairy, bipedal creatures is so prevalent in so many different cultures around the world. What explains this?
Tales of Bigfoot could be the residue of ancestral stories, dating back to a time when stranger creatures shared the earth with us. A giant ape called Gigantopithecus roamed Asia thousands of years ago and has since gone extinct.
Is it possible ancient humans had contact with this beast, and perhaps their fears have been passed down over generations?
Or, could Bigfoot be a real creature of the world today? Could Gigantopithecus have survived extinction, followed early humans throughout their migration out of Asia, across the Bering Land Bridge and into the Americas?
Whatever the explanation, Bigfoot seems to be everywhere. Here's a look at some of the names Bigfoot goes by in different places.
Sasquatch
We all know this one. Maybe viewed by some as more representative of the Pacific Northwest, really it’s pretty much interchangeable with “Bigfoot”. These days the Sasquatch is spotted all over North America, from the thick forests of New England, to the mountains of the Pacific Northwest and everywhere in between.
The current Bigfoot craze took off in the 1950s, but Native Americans knew about the Sasquatch long before Europeans arrived. Some tribes saw it as a forest spirit, and others as just another being that shared the land with them. The point is, we know from their stories that the Sasquatch isn't just some monster invented by modern culture in order to get TV ratings. There is a real creature here, with a real history behind it.
Yeti
Stalking the regions around the Himalayas, and sometimes called the Abominable Snowman, the Yeti is probably the next best-known cousin of Bigfoot. Sightings of this creature have it pegged as a dead-ringer for the North American Sasquatch. Are these two beasts related?
Maybe. The Bigfoot-Giganto Theory may explain how both the Sasquatch and the Yeti came into existence in Asia, long ago. It's possible they may trace their lineage back to a massive ape called Gigantopithecus Blacki. It was a 10-foot tall monster, and some researchers believe it may have evolved into what we call today Bigfoot, or the Yeti.
It's an interesting idea, but however it happened there seems to be the same creature running around the Himalayas as there is in North America.
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Bigfoot in Russia?
Yowie
From the outback of Australia, by many accounts this guy is yet another version of Bigfoot. In some stories the Yowie is an apelike hominid. In others it is more like a primitive human living in the outback. Aboriginal legend doesn't clear things up much, but like Native Americans in North America they do have a history of the creature dating back hundreds, even thousands of years.
One problem with the Yowie is that Australia has been isolated for thousands of years. This mean whatever factor may have driven the Yeti or Sasquatch to evolve and migrate across Europe and North America can't be responsible for the Yowie. So where did this beast come from? It's an interesting questions, with some equally intriguing answers.
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Almas
The Almas are known in Mongolia as hairy, bipedal humanoids. Unlike the neighboring Yeti, they are believed to be more human than ape, but they are just as elusive. This is not unlike many tales of wildmen in Asia and Eastern Europe.
Theories abound as to the origin of the Almas, but some researchers believe they may be a living population of an earlier human ancestor that may have somehow survived extinction.
The story of the Almas opens up an interesting discussion in the Bigfoot debate, as some researchers believe Sasquatch is actually a species of primitive human, not an ape. So, rather than an ancient Asian ape surviving extinction and populating the world, could it be that an unclassified species of human exists out there undetected?
Skunk Ape
The Bigfoot of Florida and the Southern United States. He’s just as big and scary, but ups the bar with the added benefit of a horrific stench. It’s claimed he gets his illustrious odor by hanging out in methane-packed bogs, but really its anyone's guess.
With dense and dangerous swamps, parts of Florida and other southern swamps are ideal habitat for a large creature that doesn't want to be spotted. Bigfoot seems to have made his home here, and who can blame him?
There has been some interesting evidence for the Skunk Ape over the years. Perhaps most notably, a decade or so a go a woman claimed a large animal had been stealing apples from her porch. She set up a camera and snapped a few pictures, and the result was the Myakka Skunk Ape photo to the right.
Related:
The Grassman
The Ohio Grassman is a believed to be a Bigfoot existing in a specific niche, and surviving in the rich farmland of Ohio. Ohio may not seem like ideal Bigfoot habitat if you are fixated on the idea that the only place Sasquatch can exist in America is the Pacific Northwest or Florida, but in fact the beast has been spotted in every state in the continental US.
Ohio and Western Pennsylvania in particular are excellent Bigfoot habitat, with plenty of farms, water sources, game and easy access to the Appalachian Mountain range. Sightings and stories of the Grassman go back hundreds of years and continue to this day.
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Wendigo
Hailing from the woods of Canada, the Windigo (or Wendigo) is a big, hairy man-like creature from Native American legend. But legends don’t always think of it as an animal; Windigo can be a creature that transforms from a human, and has very bad intentions.
Some interesting hypotheses concerning Bigfoot have been borne from the Wendigo legends. On one hand, perhaps the wild stories of the supernatural Wendigo stem from sightings of a real creature like Bigfoot, and maybe Native Americans have expanded on the abilities of the creature, making it into some kind of spirit being.
On the other hand, perhaps the legend of the Wendigo is proof that Bigfoot really only exists in the spirit realm, and not in the real world at all.
Orang Pendek
From Sumatra, and only a few feet tall, so not really similar to Bigfoot in stature. But Orang Pendek is definitely an example of a bizarre Bigfoot-like critter from an unexpected place. And there may be more similarities than we'd think.
For one thing, if Orang Pendek is real it raises the question of Bigfoot's origins. Could it be a kind of pygmy version of Bigfoot, or perhaps a related species that went down some different evolutionary path?
Even more intriguing is the idea that Orang Pendek could actually be some kind of human ancestor, perhaps a relic population of the tiny "Hobbit" humans found on the island of Flores. Whatever it is, Sumatran native are seeing something strange in the jungles, and it appears to be a bipedal ape.
Is the Mapinguari related to Bigfoot, or really a Giant Ground Sloth?
Mapingauri
The Mapinguari is one of the most debated of Bigfoot’s cousins from around the world. Hailing from the jungles of South American, many accounts of the Mapinguari describe it as something similar to a Sasquatch. It would make sense, as any Bigfoot population in North American certainly could matriculate down to South America.
However, other versions of the Mapinguari tale paint it as a far stranger creature with massive claws, backward facing feet, a repugnant stench and a mouth on its stomach. Some researchers who have dared to attempt to wade through the folklore say this is an odd but plausible description of a giant ground sloth.
The giant ground sloth is believed to have gone extinct long ago, but is it possible there is still a population deep in the jungle? More interesting still, does these different eyewitness accounts represent two separate creatures?
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Yeren
This creature lives in the forests of China, and is described as something very close to Bigfoot in size and appearance. What’s interesting is that the Yeren hails from the general area of the world where Gigantopithecus, the ancient giant ape, is believed to have gone extinct. Equally interesting is that this beast shares a lot in common with the Mongolian Almas.
Also called the Chinese Wildman, reports of this creature go back for generations. Again, like the Sasquatch in North America and the Yowie in Australia, stories often contain a touch of mysticism, making it tough to discern if the Yeren is a flesh-and-blood creature or some kind of spiritual being dreamed up by local cultures.
How to Find Bigfoot
Now that you know a bunch of places around the world where Bigfoot-like cryptids have been spotted it should be easy for you to go out there and catch one. So get to it!
If this sounds unreasonable, let’s get back to the original question: What does it mean when so many people, from so many countries and so many cultures, seem to spot the same kind of mysterious creature in so many different places around the world?
And yet, despite all of these sightings, there is no scientifically accepted evidence for the existence of these beings?
When it comes to Bigfoot all we can do is weigh the evidence, stories and facts and make our best decision about what we think is true. The fact that so many cultures around the world have names for Bigfoot seems to be a clue that there is more here than myth and legend.
Bigfoot Poll
Do you believe Bigfoot exists?
Yes! Bigfoot can be found almost everywhere!
Yes. Only in North America.
Yes, but only in Asia.
Bigfoot is not real!
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From which language does the word 'sauna' come ? | Sauna | Definition of Sauna by Merriam-Webster
noun sau·na \ˈsau̇-nə, ˈsȯ-nə\
Medical Definition of sauna
1: a Finnish steam bath in which the steam is provided by water thrown on hot stones; also : a bathhouse or room used for such a bath
2: a dry heat bath; also : a room or cabinet used for such a bath
Learn More about sauna
| The Finnish |
What is a more familiar name for deuterium oxide ? | Sauna - definition of sauna by The Free Dictionary
Sauna - definition of sauna by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sauna
(sô′nə, sou′-)
n.
1. A small room or structure that provides dry heat or steam for bathing or refreshing the body.
2. A bath or period of time spent in a sauna.
[Finnish.]
(ˈsɔːnə)
n
1. an invigorating bath originating in Finland in which the bather is subjected to hot steam, usually followed by a cold plunge or by being lightly beaten with birch twigs
2. the place in which such a bath is taken
[C20: from Finnish]
(ˈsɔ nə, ˈsaʊ-)
n., pl. -nas, n.
1. a bath that uses dry heat to induce perspiration, and in which steam is produced by pouring water on heated stones.
2. a room equipped for such a bath.
v.i.
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"Who said after her divorce from Tom Cruise: ""At last I can wear high heels again"" ?" | What Nicole Kidman Has Said About Tom Cruise Marriage - Us Weekly
What Nicole Kidman Has Said About Tom Cruise Marriage
July 13, 2012 @ 9:00 AM
Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise Credit: Kevin Mazur/WireImage
If those walls could talk!
As revealed in the new Us Weekly, out now, Katie Holmes turned to an unexpected ally as she planned to divorce Tom Cruise: Nicole Kidman, Cruise's second ex-wife.
PHOTOS: Nicole and Tom's Hollywood romance
"They've spoken over the last few weeks," a confidante told Us of Holmes, 33, and Kidman, 45. "Nicole has been supportive, saying she's been through it too and to hang in there."
After nearly 11 years together -- and kids Isabella, 19, and Connor, 17 -- Cruise, 50, and Kidman divorced in 2001.
To better understand what kind of insight Kidman may have offered Holmes, Us recaps Kidman's own memories about her 11-year union with Cruise.
PHOTOS: Tom and Katie's high-profile marriage
The Days of Thunder costars married in December 1990, and the Australian actress gushed to the BBC, "I was lucky at 22 that I met somebody who fascinated me, amazed me, who could keep me interested." She explained, "I walked in [to the Days of Thunder audition] and [Tom] was the one that stood up and shook my hand. And I just remember...electricity going through me."
But Cruise's super-sized fame was difficult for Kidman to accept at times.
"I became famous very young," she told Marie Claire in March 2011. "I became very famous because I was the wife of somebody."
PHOTOS: Nicole Kidman's face, how it's changed
"I felt I became a star only by association. I didn't think (my early movies) were very good, which is why I would always cower in the background," the actress confessed. "I thought, I don't deserve to be here. We would go to the Oscars and I would think, I'm here to support him. I felt it was my job to put on a beautiful dress and to be seen and not heard."
Kidman had hoped, however, that their high-wattage life would settled down. She explained, "I knew he was a really big star, but after a while, to get to a real place in a relationship, that has to wear off."
PHOTOS: Suri Cruise's life
"He was huge; still is," the Moulin Rouge! actress told Ladies' Home Journal in June 2006. "To me, he was just Tom, but to everybody else, he is huge. But he was lovely to me. And I loved him. I still love him."
The couple adopted daughter Isabella, now 19, in 1992 and son Connor, now 17, in 1995.
"From the minute Tom and I were married, I wanted to have babies," Kidman told to Vanity Fair in 2007, revealed an earlier miscarriage. "And we lost a baby early on, so that was really very traumatic."
PHOTOS: Nicole and Keith's sweetest moments
The couple divorced in August 2001, and the actress told Elle magazine in 2008, "I don't want to take away from 11 years with that man that were really important. Really, for our kids -- they were amidst a lot of love. It wasn't bad. And now we're amidst a more evolved love."
Kidman married country singer Keith Urban in June 2006 and they have two daughters together: Sunday Rose, 3, and Faith Margaret, 17 months.
Despite being happily married now, Kidman admits her divorce from Cruise was very difficult to get through.
| Nicole Kidman |
Which country was the birthplace of Henry V111’s fourth wife Anne Of Cleeves ? | Nicole Kidman - Biography - IMDb
Nicole Kidman
Biography
Showing all 314 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (4) | Trivia (187) | Personal Quotes (91) | Salary (25)
Overview (4)
5' 11" (1.8 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Elegant blonde Nicole Kidman, known as one of Hollywood's top Australian imports, was actually born in Honolulu, Hawaii, while her Australian parents were there on educational visas.
Kidman is the daughter of Janelle Ann (Glenny), a nursing instructor, and Antony David Kidman, a biochemist and clinical psychologist. She is of English, Irish, and Scottish descent. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Washington, D.C., where Nicole's father pursued his research on breast cancer, and then, three years later, made the pilgrimage back to her parents' native Sydney in Australia, where Nicole was raised. Young Nicole's first love was ballet, but she eventually took up mime and drama as well (her first stage role was a bleating sheep in an elementary school Christmas pageant). In her adolescent years, acting edged out the other arts and became a kind of refuge -- as her classmates sought out fun in the sun, the fair-skinned Kidman retreated to dark rehearsal halls to practice her craft. She worked regularly at the Philip Street Theater, where she once received a personal letter of praise and encouragement from audience member Jane Campion (then a film student). Kidman eventually dropped out of high school to pursue acting full-time. She broke into movies at age 16, landing a role in the Australian holiday favorite Bush Christmas (1983). That appearance touched off a flurry of film and television offers, including a lead in BMX Bandits (1983) and a turn as a schoolgirl-turned-protester in the miniseries Vietnam (1987) (for which she won her first Australian Film Institute Award). With the help of an American agent, she eventually made her US debut opposite Sam Neill in the at-sea thriller Dead Calm (1989).
Kidman's next casting coup scored her more than exposure. While starring as Tom Cruise 's doctor/love interest in the racetrack romance Days of Thunder (1990), she won over the Hollywood hunk hook, line and sinker. After a whirlwind courtship (and decent box office returns), the couple wed on December 24, 1990. Determined not to let her new marital status overshadow her fledgling career, the actress pressed on. She appeared as a catty high school senior in the Australian film Flirting (1991), then as Dustin Hoffman 's moll in the gangster flick Billy Bathgate (1991). She reunited with Cruise for Far and Away (1992), the story of young Irish lovers who flee to America in the late 1800s, and starred opposite Michael Keaton in the tear-tugger My Life (1993). Despite her steady employment, critics and moviegoers still had not quite warmed to Kidman as a leading lady. She tried to spice up her image by seducing Val Kilmer in Batman Forever (1995), but achieved her real breakthrough with Gus Van Sant 's To Die For (1995). As a fame-crazed housewife determined to eliminate any obstacle in her path, Kidman proved that she had an impressive range and deadly comic timing. She took home a Golden Globe and several critics' awards for the performance. In 1996, Kidman stepped into a corset to work with her countrywoman and onetime admirer, Jane Campion , on the adaptation of Henry James 's The Portrait of a Lady (1996). A few months later, she tore across the screen as a nuclear weapons expert in The Peacemaker (1997), adding "action star" to her professional repertoire.
She and Cruise then disappeared into a notoriously long, secretive shoot for Stanley Kubrick 's sexual thriller Eyes Wide Shut (1999). The couple's on-screen shenanigans prompted an increase in public speculation about their sex life (rumors had long been circulating that their marriage was a cover-up for Cruise's homosexuality); tired of denying tabloid attacks, they successfully sued The Star for a story alleging that they needed a sex therapist to coach them through love scenes. Family life has always been a priority for Kidman. Born to social activists (mother was a feminist; father, a labor advocate), Nicole and her little sister, Antonia Kidman , discussed current events around the dinner table and participated in their parents' campaigns by passing out pamphlets on street corners. When her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer, 17-year-old Nicole stopped working and took a massage course so that she could provide physical therapy (her mother eventually beat the cancer). She and Cruise adopted two children: Isabella Jane (born 1993) and Connor Antony (born 1995). Despite their rock-solid image, the couple announced in early 2001 that they were separating due to career conflicts. Her marriage to Cruise ended mid-summer of 2001.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: IMDb Editors
Spouse (2)
Blonde hair and blue eyes
Statuesque, model-like figure
Her independent films often feature the theme of grief and sorrow, such as Birth (2004) and Rabbit Hole (2010)
Often portrays upper-class women in epics, such as Ada Monroe in Cold Mountain (2003), Marisa Coulter in The Golden Compass (2007), Lady Sarah Ashley in Australia (2008) and Gertrude Bell in Queen of the Desert (2015).
Trivia (187)
2000: She and her husband Tom Cruise donated to Hillary Clinton 's campaign for a seat in the U.S. Senate representing New York state.
Suffered a broken rib while rehearsing a dance routine for the movie Moulin Rouge! (2001). Production was halted while she recovered.
Chosen by People Magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World in 1996, 1999 and 2002. In 2004, she was one of People Magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People for Most Wanted Skin". She ranked as #69 in FHM's "100 Sexiest Women in the World 2005" special supplement and in August 2008 she was voted the fifth Sexiest Female Movie Star in the Australian Empire Magazine.
Wore a corset while filming The Portrait of a Lady (1996) to take her waist down to 19".
Spent two weeks in bed after filming of The Portrait of a Lady (1996) - diagnosed as suffering from "emotional stress".
10/99: Crusader against child abuse. "Children should be allowed to grow up without fear of cruelty.".
Listed in "People Weekly"s "Most Intriguing People" list of 1995. In 2001, she was awarded "Celebrity of the Year" by E!, "Entertainer of the Year" by Entertainment Weekly and named one of People Magazine's "25 Most Intriguing People of 2001". Also, Premiere Magazine ranked her as #48 on a list of the "Greatest Movie Stars of All Time" in their 2005 feature "Stars in Our Constellation". Finally, she ranked #31 in Premiere's annual Power 100 List. Had ranked #83 in 2002.
Played a young girl named Grace on a sketch on Saturday Night Live (1975) with Mike Myers , the next time she played a character named Grace was her movie The Others (2001). She played a character named Grace for the third time in Dogville (2003) and for the fourth time as the protagonist in Grace of Monaco (2014).
She was supposed to be the star of Panic Room (2002), but she hurt herself in a stunt for Moulin Rouge! (2001). So, she played the voice of Jodie Foster 's divorced husband's wife.
Older sister of Australian television personality Antonia Kidman .
Although naturally left-handed, she taught herself to write right-handed for her role in The Hours (2002), where she played the right-handed author Virginia Woolf .
Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on January 13, 2003.
Found out about her first Academy Award nomination, for Moulin Rouge! (2001), while shooting Dogville (2003) in Sweden. She was in the middle of shooting a scene when someone held up a sign with the announcement.
First Australian actress to win the Best Actress Academy Award.
Prior to the release of Australia (2008), she was elected alongside fellow Aussie Hugh Jackman as one of the favorite upcoming romantic couples on screen.
Originally cast as Mrs. Smith in Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005). She was the one who suggested Brad Pitt as the co-lead.
Has appeared in My Life (1993) with Michael Keaton , Batman Forever (1995) with Val Kilmer , The Peacemaker (1997) with George Clooney and The Portrait of a Lady (1996) with Christian Bale . All four actors have played Batman in a movie.
She was awarded the Special Award at the London Evening Standard Theatre Awards for her special and significant contributions to London Theatre for her performance in "The Blue Room". She was also nominated for a Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1999 (1998 season) for Best Actress for her performance in "The Blue Room".
A very tall woman at nearly 5' 11", she actually stood about 4 inches taller than ex-husband Tom Cruise , and rarely wore heels when seen publicly with him so that they could appear similar in height. Since their divorce, she is rarely seen on the red carpet without high heels, and she often meets 6' 4" actors in the eye. She was already 5' 9" when she was age 13.
Scored an IQ of 132+
While she usually commands $10 million+ for a movie, she was willing to receive only $500,000 for her role in "Eucalyptus" (2006), that eventually was scrapped. Produced by "Fox Searchlight", its financing guideline showed that each actor signed on to the project could receive no more than $500,000, in order to keep costs low. This movie was set to be produced in Australia, another reason she decided to accept it. She was slated to star alongside Russell Crowe in the movie, but the project was ultimately dropped.
Has never used a body double for her nude scenes.
Replaced Rene Russo as Dr. Chase Meridian in Batman Forever (1995) when Val Kilmer replaced Michael Keaton .
Likes the poetry of Anne Carson and the writing of Philip Larkin .
Writes short stories in her free time and hopes to publish them one day. She revealed in June 2014 that she's also working on her first screenplay for a feature film.
Is in the 50th-anniversary edition of the Guinness Book Of Records as the highest-paid actress in a commercial. She netted $3.71 million for her part in a four-minute Baz Luhrmann -directed Chanel No. 5 movie ad. The ad, costing $11 million a minute, is a short film titled "No 5: The Film". Guinness book editors noted the actress earned $928,800 per minute. Costumes designed by Karl Lagerfeld and score by Debussy.
Was considered for the role of Catwoman in Batman Returns (1992), for the Meg Ryan role in Sleepless in Seattle (1993) and for Jenny Curran in Forrest Gump (1994), which went to Robin Wright . She also auditioned for a part in The English Patient (1996) but was turned down.
Had played a witch twice: once in Practical Magic (1998) and again in Bewitched (2005). Witches also featured in her film The Golden Compass (2007).
Is a pianist, and did her own piano-playing in Cold Mountain (2003).
Is highly conscious of avoiding excessive sun exposure, and is rarely seen during her downtime without a hat, sunglasses and wearing sunscreen. In fact, best friend Naomi Watts has said that "Nicole won't cross the street without a hat."
In addition to having worked with all four of the most recent Batmans, she has also worked with both of the most recent actors to play Alfred Pennyworth. In Batman Forever (1995), she appears with Michael Gough . In Bewitched (2005), her father is played by Michael Caine .
Has one niece: Lucia (b. 1999) and two nephews: Hamish (b. 2001), James (b. 2003).
August 2004: Australian business magazine Business Review Weekly listed Kidman as the richest Australian woman under age 40, estimated at a worth of $155 million (Australian).
Is childhood friends with Peter Overton , a reporter for the Australian 60 Minutes (1979) program. Both lived in the same suburb of Sydney when they were children.
She has English, Irish and Scottish ancestry.
She and ex-husband Tom Cruise made three movies together: Days of Thunder (1990), Eyes Wide Shut (1999) and Far and Away (1992). They met on the set of Days of Thunder (1990).
Attended the same high school attended by Catherine Martin (two time Oscar winner for costume design and direction on Moulin Rouge! (2001) and wife of Baz Luhrmann ) and legendary Australian actress Ruth Cracknell .
Godmother of Harry (b. 19 September 2001), the son of Simon Baker and Rebecca Rigg . Riggs and Kidman are close friends.
Named goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Development Fund for Women.
Was listed as a potential nominee on both the 2006 and 2008 Razzie Award nominating ballots. She was suggested in the Worst Actress category on the 2006 ballot for her performance in Bewitched (2005). And she was suggested again two years later on the 2007 ballot in the Worst Actress category again for her performance in The Invasion (2007). She failed to receive either nominations.
2006: Her performance as Suzanne Stone Maretto in To Die For (1995) is ranked #40 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time.
2006: Accompanied her boyfriend Keith Urban to the Grammy Awards. It was their first public appearance together.
Is allergic to strawberries and scared of butterflies.
Wore a wedding gown at her wedding to Keith Urban by the label Balenciaga.
Married Keith Urban in the St. Patrick's church in Manly, a suburb of Sydney. The wedding ceremony lasted 35 minutes. 230 guests attended her wedding to Keith Urban . Among them were her best friend Naomi Watts , Russell Crowe , Baz Luhrmann , Hugh Jackman and Nicole's two children Isabella and Conor. Jim Carrey was invited and greatly wanted to come, in fact he booked plane tickets to Australia, but last minute scheduling conflicts stopped him from going.
She asked her wedding guests not to buy any presents for her and Keith Urban but to donate the money instead to some humanitarian organization.
She and Keith Urban honeymooned in Tahiti -- more precisely the St. Regis in Bora Bora. Eva Longoria and her boyfriend Tony Parker were also coincidentally staying there at the time.
Baz Luhrmann read a love Psalm by New Zealand writer Joy Cowley (a nod to Urban's birth place) at her wedding to Keith Urban .
Three star performers sang at her wedding reception to Keith Urban . Hugh Jackman sang "Tenterfield Saddler", a favorite of Urban's. Keith Urban sang his hit song "Making Memories of Us" to her. Neil Finn sang "Fall At Your Feet".
Dropped out of the role of Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004) due to scheduling conflicts.
Author Philip Pullman requested her specifically to play the role of Marisa Coulter in The Golden Compass (2007), the movie adaptation of his book "His Dark Materials: Northern Lights" from 1995. Kidman was originally unsure if she would take the part when some producers from New Line Cinema offered it to her. However, with a beautiful letter, Pullman fully convinced her to take the role. Pullman knew she was right for the part after he saw her performance in To Die For (1995) and with a producer from New Line Cinema he had discussed the possibilities of her playing the part, from the day the rights to the book were sold, to 10 years later when she signed on for the film. As a part of her preparation, Kidman re-read the whole His Dark Materials trilogy, and wrote small notes, whenever she found something personal about the character, before filming began. The film ended up being the biggest film of her career, with a budget of $180 million and a box office income of $372 million worldwide, the biggest live-action success that she has experienced.
Studied ballet and drama in Australia.
Keith Urban 's brother, Shane Urban, was best man at their wedding. His friend, Marlon Holden , was the groomsman.
Keith Urban gave Nicole a first edition of Emily Brontë 's novel, "Wuthering Heights", purchased from Sotherby's for $200,000 as a wedding present.
Wrote the introduction to the book "Truth: Personas, Needs, and Flaws in the Art of Building Actors and Creating Characters" by her friend and acting consultant Susan Batson .
2004: Topped The Hollywood Reporter's list of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood. In 2007, Forbes Magazine estimated her earnings for the year to be $28 million.
9/01: Attended the Royal Premiere of Moulin Rouge! (2001) alongside Kylie Minogue , 'Prince Charles' and Ewan McGregor .
Is a fan of actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan , and her film Bride & Prejudice (2004). Nicole got to meet Aishwarya for the first time at the 2005 Time Magazine's 100 most influential people in the world dinner held in New York City.
Was originally cast as Ulla in The Producers (2005) and was considered for roles in Nymphomaniac: Vol. I (2013) and Bel Ami (2012). All three roles eventually went to Uma Thurman . Furthermore, Joel Schumacher also wanted Kidman to play Poison Ivy in Batman Forever (1995), but the use of the character was delayed to a later entry in the Batman series, in which Thurman played the part.
The bridesmaids at her wedding were her adopted daughter Isabella Jane Cruise, her sister Antonia Kidman and her niece Lucia.
In honor of her June 2006 wedding to singer Keith Urban , Australian TV presenters Simon Reeve and Nelson Aspen teamed up to sing Nicole a live rendition of the theme song "Bewitched" on the morning news program Sunrise (2003).
On April 13, 2007, she was awarded the Companion of the Order of Australia, which is Australia's top civil honor, at a ceremony in Canberra. She was honored for her contribution to cinema as well as her charity work with women, children and cancer research.
Wore a red wig for her role in Moulin Rouge! (2001).
2006: Presented her The Peacemaker (1997) co-star George Clooney his Best Supporting Actor Oscar.
Had several projects lined up during the mid-aughts that never went to fruition; Baz Luhrmann''s doomed Alexander the Great-project with 'Leonardo Dicaprio', "American Darlings" with Jennifer Lopez , Kar-Wai Wong 's "The Lady from Shanghai", Ridley Scott 's "Emma's War", Paul Verhoeven 's "Other Powers", the Steven Spielberg produced "The Rivals" co-starring Marion Cotillard . She also circled roles in I Heart Huckabees (2004) and The Brothers Grimm (2005), but dropped out of both.
2004: Presented her The Interpreter (2005) co-star Sean Penn his Best Actor Oscar.
December 2007: According to Forbes, her movies averaged $8 of gross income for every dollar the actress got paid.
Earns $4 million per year endorsing Chanel No. 5 perfume. Her three year contract was up for renewal in 2007 and was extended to 2009, where it was concluded. She was replaced by Audrey Tautou .
Turned down the lead role of Roxie Hart in Chicago (2002) because she had just completed Moulin Rouge! (2001) and did not want to do two musicals in a row. Her friend, Renée Zellweger , won the role of Roxie and an Oscar nomination for her efforts.
She and husband Keith Urban , purchased a farm near Leipers Fork, Tennessee, which they are now renovating. (November 2007).
Moved in together with Jack Black and Jennifer Jason Leigh during filming Margot at the Wedding (2007), because they wanted to perfect their roles as a dysfunctional family.
To prepare for her role in The Human Stain (2003) she visited women's shelters and talked to former victims of abuse for inspiration.
Her and Tom Cruise 's high profile divorce was finalized the same week that her horror movie The Others (2001) was released.
When she went to Sweden to shoot Dogville (2003), it was the first time in 15 years that she had flown on a public plane.
For her role in Birthday Girl (2001) she went to the Russian Embassy in Australia for help in speaking Russian. She didn't work with any other coach on the set except the woman from the embassy.
Got the role as Diane Arbus in Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus (2006) after Samantha Morton backed out.
While filming The Invasion (2007) she was involved in an accident while riding with others in a picture car mounted on trailer being towed by a camera truck rig. While filming a stunt in downtown Los Angeles, the truck took a turn too wide, slid on wet pavement, and collided with a light standard. Several stunt artists on the picture car were injured in the accident. Ms. Kidman was brought to the hospital as a precaution, but was able to return to the set the next day.
Did her own singing for Moulin Rouge! (2001), Happy Feet (2006) and Nine (2009).
While reaching a divorce from Tom Cruise , Nicole lived with her friend Naomi Watts .
It was widely claimed that her friend Naomi Watts turned down the female lead in The Interpreter (2005) because she knew Nicole wanted the role. However, the part was actually written exclusively for Kidman, who was a longtime friend of Sydney Pollack , the director of the film. They previously starred in Eyes Wide Shut (1999) and he produced her films Birthday Girl (2001) and Cold Mountain (2003).
Has worked with some of the most celebrated and acclaimed directors in the movie business: Stanley Kubrick , Lars von Trier , Werner Herzog , Chan-wook Park , Noah Baumbach , Anthony Minghella , Stephen Daldry , David Fincher , Baz Luhrmann , Jane Campion , Gus Van Sant , Ron Howard , The Wachowski siblings and George Miller . In addition to this, she has expressed an eagerness to work with Michael Haneke and has always dreamed of working with her friend Steven Spielberg .
One of her favorite collaborators is costume designer Ann Roth , with whom she worked on five projects including The Hours (2002) and Rabbit Hole (2010).
Some of her favorite movies are Gone with the Wind (1939), Breaking the Waves (1996), The Wizard of Oz (1939), Grease (1978), Rear Window (1954) and The Way We Were (1973).
Good friends with Renée Zellweger , Jim Carrey , Russell Crowe and Meryl Streep . She also became good friends with Daniel Craig after working with him on The Invasion (2007) and The Golden Compass (2007). In 2014 she revealed that whenever he goes to Australia, he always stays at her house.
She loved wearing the prosthetic nose, that she originally used in The Hours (2002) and wore it in private too, mainly as she was undergoing a divorce from Tom Cruise at the time and was attracting a lot of paparazzi interest. Much to her delight, by wearing her fake nose out and about, she found she could easily evade the paparazzi as they didn't recognize her.
She decided not to imitate Virginia Woolf 's actual tone and voice in her portrayal in The Hours (2002), because she feared people thought it would be comic.
She is distantly related to Isabel Kidman, the second wife of Jack Lee .
Replaced Catherine Zeta-Jones in the role of Claudia in Nine (2009) after she quit due to scheduling conflicts. Kidman began rehearsals two months after giving birth to her daughter Sunday.
Became pregnant twice by Tom Cruise during their marriage. In 1991, she suffered an ectopic pregnancy, resulting in their decision to adopt, and then in 2000, prior to their separation, she suffered a miscarriage.
Auditioned for the role of Molly Jensen in Ghost (1990). Director Jerry Zucker said in the DVD commentary that he was very impressed with Kidman, but ultimately cast Demi Moore because she was a bigger name. The film's writer, Bruce Joel Rubin , was equally impressed and later cast Kidman as the lead in My Life (1993).
Turned down Jodie Foster 's role in The Brave One (2007).
Is very close friends with fellow Aussie Hugh Jackman , her Australia (2008) co-star.
Was two months pregnant with her daughter Sunday when she completed filming on Australia (2008).
With her performance as Virginia Wolf in The Hours (2002) lasting around 25 minutes, she has one of the shortest Best Actress Oscar wins in history.
Returned to work two months after the birth of her daughter Faith in order to begin filming Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012).
Owns a massive 3-bedroom, 2-bath river-view apartment in renowned glass tower designed by Richard Meier on Greenwich Village's Perry Street by Hudson River in Manhattan.
Was in a band when she was a teenager, she was the singer.
Said that if she had not been an actress, she would have been a doctor.
She studied at St. Martin's Youth Theatre, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Theatre for Young People, Sydney, Australia and Philip Street Theatre, Sydney, Australia; majored in voice, production and theater history.
When she was a child, used to go fishing with her grandfather.
Decided to do Eyes Wide Shut (1999) before reading the script.
Tom Cruise used to call her "The Wild Australian".
When Stanley Kubrick died, she went to St. Patrick church in New York and lit a candle in his memory.
When she married Tom Cruise , part of their promise was that they would never be separated for more than two weeks. The same promise was applied between her and her second husband Keith Urban . However, they later reduced it to one week and finally they settled on three days of separation to be the limit.
Was nicknamed "Stalky" while attending school.
Raised in Longueville, Sydney and attended a Catholic school.
Shares the services of publicist Pat Kingsley with her friend, Sandra Bullock .
Has two adopted children with her first husband Tom Cruise - a daughter Isabella Jane Kidman-Cruise (aka Isabella Cruise, born on December 22, 1992) and a son Connor Anthony Kidman-Cruise (aka Connor Cruise , born on January 17, 1995).
When she separated from husband Tom Cruise in February 2001, she was 3 months pregnant with what would have been their first biological child, but had a miscarriage.
Gave birth to her third child at age 41, a daughter Sunday Rose Kidman-Urban on July 7, 2008. Child's father is her second husband, Keith Urban .
Became the mother for the fourth time at age 43, when her daughter Faith Margaret Kidman-Urban was born on December 28, 2010 via surrogate. Child's father is her second husband, Keith Urban .
Attended Princess Diana 's funeral with her then-husband, Tom Cruise .
The longest she has gone without an Oscar nomination is 8 years, between The Hours (2002) and Rabbit Hole (2010).
She serves as an Ambassador of the Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, and have hosted events for the children, including special screenings of Happy Feet (2006), The Golden Compass (2007) and Paddington (2014).
Originally turned down her part in Stoker (2013), because she wished to spend time with her kids. However, director Chan-wook Park was eager to have her play the part of Evelyn that he choose to place setting in Nashville. The movie was filmed five minutes from her home and she began filming a week after wrapping The Paperboy (2012).
On set of Cold Mountain (2003) she gave co-star Natalie Portman the advice to "Always choose a film by its director. You're never certain how the movie will turn out, but you are always guaranteed an interesting experience". In 2010, Portman said that she always had that in mind, during her career.
Zac Efron said that shooting the improvised dance scene with her in The Paperboy (2012), was "the day he became a man".
She saved Hugh Jackman from a poisonous scorpion on the set of Australia (2008). While she was about to join Hugh in the bag, she noticed the poisonous scorpion crawling up his leg. She calmly told him not to move and squatted down, scooped the arachnid into her hat and walked over to the woods and released it. Everyone applauded but was asked why she hadn't just stomped on it. She said, 'I would never kill an animal. Every creature here has its purpose. This one just didn't belong in Hugh's bag!'".
Has starred in two movies that have been nominated for Best Picture Academy Awards: Moulin Rouge! (2001) and The Hours (2002).
In both Dead Calm (1989) and Rabbit Hole (2010) Nicole played the mother of a boy named Danny. Danny was killed in car accidents in both films.
Developed shortsightedness in 1998 and had laser treatment to rectify the problem. Usually wears contact lenses but wears glasses on occasions.
Godmother of Simon Baker and Rebecca Riggs ' children Henry and Claude and of Rupert Murdoch 's daughters Grace and Chloe.
11 films in her career have been nominated for at least one Academy Award. The most common category among her representative films is 'Best Costume Design', for which five of her films have been nominated.
In October 2012, she was honored with a Gala event at the 50th-annual New York Film Festival.
She attended the opening ceremony of the London Summer Olympics, with husband Keith Urban , due to her status of spokeswoman for Omega Watches, the official time keeper for the Olympic Games.
In September 2013, she attended the announcement of Qingdao Oriental Movie Metropolis in Qingdao, China. She was honored as "Best Global Film Actress" at the same event. Jackie Chan presented her the honor.
Spent several weeks in Kununurra, Western Australia, filming Australia (2008) with temperatures soaring to 109 °F.
Attended the world premiere of her friend Naomi Watts 's first major studio film, The Ring (2002), next to Watts and Heath Ledger at the Mann Bruin Theatre, Westwood, CA.
Served member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.
Has starred in two films that were selected as the opening film at the Cannes Film Festival: Moulin Rouge! (2001) and Grace of Monaco (2014).
The Valentino dress she wore at the red carpet event of Nebraska (2013) at Cannes Film Festival, was the dress that Anne Hathaway originally was meant to wear at the The 85th Annual Academy Awards. Hathaway discarded the dress at the last minute, because it was too similar to Amanda Seyfried 's dress.
Was a longtime friend (25 years) of L'Wren Scott .
Her Hawaiian name is Hokulani, which means "heavenly star". She was named after a baby elephant, that lived at the local zoo of her childhood home, as her mother loves elephants.
Sofía Vergara was originally cast as Charlotte Bless in The Paperboy (2012), the role that Kidman eventually assumed. Vergara herself has said Kidman was a better fit for the part.
Often teaches herself various skills for different roles. Among them, she knows how to twirl and throw knives, due to her role in Paddington (2014), for which she also took a taxidermy class as part of her preparation.
Frank Ocean sampled one of her monologues from Eyes Wide Shut (1999) into his song "Love Crimes", released on his debut album "Nostalgia, Ultra" from 2011.
Both of her blockbusters from 2007, The Invasion (2007) and The Golden Compass (2007), went through massive creative changes during post-production, due to demand from the studios. The interference left both the directors publicly unsatisfied with the final results of their respective films. A director's cut edition has never been released of either films.
Was the 123rd actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for The Hours (2002) at The 75th Annual Academy Awards (2003) on March 23, 2003.
Producer Harvey Weinstein suggested her and Judi Dench to play Barbara and Violet in August: Osage County (2013), during the initial casting process of the film. However, the screenwriter of the film, Tracy Letts , voted against the idea, saying that the two roles should be played by American actors.
Sharks are one of her passions and to shark-dive is one of her favorite activities. She considers sharks to be "beautiful".
Was attached to produce and star as Einar Wegener in The Danish Girl (2015) for several years and she considered it to be a passion project for her. She revealed in 2010, that at one point, following difficulties with finding a director, she considered making it her directorial debut. However, in 2014, the project moved forward again, but without Kidman's involvement.
Has a skydiving license.
Meryl Streep considers her to be one of the best actresses of her generation. Emily Blunt , Freida Pinto , Dakota Johnson and Sophia Bush all considers her among their favorite actresses.
When she was 14, she got her first job at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney, where she worked as an usherette at Sesame Street Live.
She and former husband Tom Cruise were offered guest roles in The Simpsons (1989) in the episode "When You Dish Upon A Star". They turned it down and were replaced by then-couple Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger .
She was originally reluctant to star in The Others (2001), since it explored such dark places. She tried to persuade the director Alejandro Amenábar and the Weinstein brothers, the producers of the film, to find another actress for the part and even suggested Julianne Moore to the Weinsteins. However, in 2010, Kidman revealed that the film is one of her favorites among her own filmography.
The on-location dressing room she used for Cold Mountain (2003) was an old converted bus once owned by executed Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu.
Owns alpacas at her ranch in Nashville.
Was a part of the notoriously secret and long shoot of Eyes Wide Shut (1999). For one minute of footage of the film, director Stanley Kubrick demanded her to do shoot six days of naked sex scenes with a male model. Not only did he ask the pair to pose in over 50 erotic positions, he also banned her then-husband and co-star Tom Cruise from the set and forbade her to assuage her husband's tension by telling him what happened during the shoot. The decision to direct each actor separately an forbid them to share notes was done to exaggerate the distrust between their fictional husband and wife.
Was close friends with Lauren Bacall . She considered Bacall to be her "American Mother".
Noted comedienne Joan Rivers considered her to be one of the most intelligent and funniest actress in Hollywood. She also considered her to be among "the last real movie stars".
Her father, Dr. Antony "Tony" Kidman, died of a heart attack in Singapore at the age of 75. Dr. Kidman had been declared as deceased by Tan Tock Seng Hospital at 9:54 AM SGT. He is survived by, among others, his wife (Janelle, with whom he celebrated a Golden Anniversary in January), children, in-law children, and 10 grandchildren. [September 2014]
In December 2007, she was paid "substantial" damages by the British news paper Daily Telegraph, after they wrongly accused her of having breached provisions in her promotional contract for Chanel No. 5 perfume. In the article "Chanel Left Fuming", they reported that she carried a bottle of a rival fragrance at the premiere of The Golden Compass (2007). Kidman's lawyer, John Kelly, said his client suffered significant embarrassment and distress over the fabricated Telegraph story, The newspaper later determined that its source for the story had made it up. David Price, the Telegraph's solicitor-advocate, apologized on behalf of the paper and agreed to pay Kidman's legal costs as well as substantial undisclosed damages, which she donated to Unifem, the United Nations Development Fund for Women.
In 2013, both she and husband Keith Urban were nominated for a Golden Globe. She received her tenth nomination, while he received his first.
She was well-respected by the late and famed film-critic Roger Ebert . He considered her to have a dichotomous career; "She seems to be two people: the glamorous star of "Moulin Rouge" and "Nine," and the risky, daring actress in "Birth," "The Hours" and "Eyes Wide Shut." He also believed that in time, she will gain more respect; "Celebrity has clouded her image; if she were less glamorous, she would be more praised. Age will only be an asset to her.".
In 2014 she was honored at the Shanghai Film Festival with an "Outstanding Contribution to Film Industry Award". Hugh Grant presented the award to her at the event.
She cites Austrailian and South African accents as being the two most difficult dialects in English.
Her Oscar is placed over the fireplace in her mother's home.
Infamously, she made her debut on Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2003) by giving host Jimmy Kimmel a brief lap-dance.
Became a viral hit in January, 2015 following an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (2014), in which they discuss an embarrassing encounter between the two. The clip is said to have gained 55 million views online during its first week, including 18 million views on YouTube.
Her performance in Sam Mendes 's West End play "The Blue Room" (1999) inspired both Baz Luhrmann to cast her in Moulin Rouge! (2001) and Stephen Daldry to cast her in The Hours (2002). She received an Oscar nomination for both films.
As of 2015, three of her films - Australia (2008), Happy Feet (2006) and Moulin Rouge! (2001) are all in the top five of highest grossing Australian film productions at the box office of her native Australia. She is the only performer to achieve this feat.
Has portrayed the villain in two adaptations of British children literature that features a talking bear as one of the main characters: The Golden Compass (2007) and Paddington (2014). The two characters also shares the initials of M.C. - Marisa Coulter and Millicent Clyde.
To date (2015) she's been taller than both of her husbands and older than one.
Is one of 20 actresses who did not receive an Oscar nomination for their Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical Golden Globe-winning performance; hers being for To Die For (1995). The others, in chronological order, are: June Allyson for Too Young to Kiss (1951), Ethel Merman for Call Me Madam (1953), Jean Simmons for Guys and Dolls (1955), Taina Elg and Kay Kendall for Les Girls (1957), Marilyn Monroe for Some Like It Hot (1959), Rosalind Russell for A Majority of One (1961) and Gypsy (1962), Patty Duke for Me, Natalie (1969), Twiggy for The Boy Friend (1971), Raquel Welch for The Three Musketeers (1973), Barbra Streisand for A Star Is Born (1976), Bernadette Peters for Pennies from Heaven (1981), Kathleen Turner for Romancing the Stone (1984) and Prizzi's Honor (1985), Miranda Richardson for Enchanted April (1991), Jamie Lee Curtis for True Lies (1994), Madonna for Evita (1996), Renée Zellweger for Nurse Betty (2000), Sally Hawkins for Happy-Go-Lucky (2008), and Amy Adams for Big Eyes (2014).
Holds the all time record of being the actress to have appeared on most covers for the fashion magazine Vogue (US edition): 8 times.
Was considered for the role of Michelle in Elle (2016).
In 2009, she was among four Oscar-winning Australian actors to be immortalized onto postage stamps in their home country. Each of the actors has two stamps, showing them both in and out of character.
The filming process of Moulin Rouge! (2001) was halted for two weeks in November 1999 after she fractured two ribs and injured her knee while rehearsing a dance routine for the film. Many of the scenes of the film, where she is seen only from the chest up, including "A real actress!", were shot while she was in a wheelchair.
Eldest daughter Sunday Rose was born two weeks early at 9:00 am Central daylight time on July 7th 2008 weighing 2.934186 Kilos or 6 lbs 7.5 oz at birth.
Bewitched (2005) was the first movie among her own filmography, that was seen by her two youngest daughters, Sunday and Faith. However, due to their young age, the two girls believed their mother was able to perform magic tricks, and were left confused and disappointing when they realized the truth.
Spent four and a half years developing Rabbit Hole (2010). It marked her first movie as both leading actress and producer on a film.
Her fans refers to themselves as "Kidmaniacs".
In 2015, she starred as Rosalind Franklin, the English chemist and X-ray crystallographer, in the play "Photograph 51", as a tribute to her father, the late Antony Kidman, who worked as a biochemist and clinical psychologist. She donated her entire salary to The Actors' Benevolent Fund, and in her father's name to King's College, in honor of her father and Rosalind Franklin.
Has worked with producer Harvey Weinstein on seven projects.
Has co-starred opposite several up-and-coming actors in their feature film debut, such as Thandie Newton , Miles Teller , Dakota Blue Richards , Maddison Brown , Brandon Walters and Sunny Pawar .
Despite her singing skills, she has ruled out the possibility of ever making an official duet with husband Keith Urban . However, they did once perform together in the public, at G'Day Gala, where they reworked "Down Under" by Men at Work as a tribute to Simon Baker .
Learned to ride camels for her role in Queen of the Desert (2015) and on set she had her own male dromedary, named Barbie.
Spoofed by Jennifer Saunders and Patsy Kensit on French and Saunders (1987).
Was personally handpicked by Julia Roberts to be her co-star of Secret in Their Eyes (2015). Roberts sent her an email going; "Will you do this with me?".
Won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for her performance as Rosalind Franklin in "Photograph 51". Jeremy Irons presented her the award.
Cate Blanchett considers her a trailblazer for Australian actors having a chance making a career in the US.
She was nominated for the 2016 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award as 'Best Actress in a Play' (season 2015) for her performance in "Photograph 51".
She has worked with 4 directors who have won a Best Director Oscar: Robert Benton , Ron Howard , Anthony Minghella , and Sydney Pollack .
Was personally handpicked by Sue Brierley to portray her in Lion (2016). Kidman bonded with her young co-star Sunny Pawar by playing cricket with him - scenes which eventually made it into the final film.
Celebrated her 20th birthday on the set of Dead Calm (1989).
Personal Quotes (91)
[August 2000, on her marriage to Tom Cruise ] Every day there is a compromise. Living with somebody requires a lot of understanding. But I love being married. I really love it. Sometimes I try to downplay it a bit because people are like, "God you guys!" I just feel so fortunate that I have found someone who will put up with me and stay with me.
[on husband Tom Cruise ] I wouldn't want to be married to me, but luckily he does.
[8/01, commenting on her break-up with Tom Cruise ] Now I can wear heels.
It's so bizarre, I'm not scared of snakes or spiders. But I'm scared of butterflies. There is something eerie about them. Something weird!
[on winning the Academy Award for The Hours (2002)] And I am standing in front of my mother, and my whole life I have wanted to make my mother proud. And now I'm going to make my daughter proud.
When I heard about the Suzanne role in To Die For (1995), I thought, "I'll never get it - it'll be offered to someone else." So I called Gus [ Gus Van Sant ] at home, and he took my call, thank God. I told him I'd seen Drugstore Cowboy (1989), and I really wanted to work with him. I said I was destined to work with him.
I think it's important that we don't all have to hold our heads high all the time saying everything's fine.
These different people that I play become the loves of my life.
The split [from Tom Cruise ] left me very fragile but I'd love to marry again.
I would love to have boobs and a butt like Jennifer Lopez but I'm not having surgery so there it is.
[on receiving her star on the Walk of Fame] I've never been so excited to have people walk all over me for the rest of my life.
You want to take some responsibility in your choices so that it sets the groundwork for that next generation of actresses - so for me working with Lars von Trier , I would hope that says to another generation: "go and seek out those directors, it's ok"
[on Dogville (2003)] One day it would be a fairy tale, the next it was a nightmare. Lars [ Lars von Trier ] was gentle with me - he was gentle and soft, then he would beat me up emotionally when he felt he needed that. I did not always register what was happening until afterwards but you shouldn't have too much awareness as an actor, I don't think.
I have a boy's body. I would prefer to have more curves because I think that's more beautiful. I would much rather have J. Lo's [ Jennifer Lopez ] body than mine.
[on filming The Interpreter (2005) at UN headquarters in New York] As a backdrop for a thriller, it's fantastic, but also since I'm Australian and I've always worked internationally and this is an international place in New York, I really like the kind of communication it represents. I know I sound very much like my character now, but I do believe in this place.
[on Cold Mountain (2003), The Human Stain (2003) and Dogville (2003) being released within months of each other] It's weird because they're all coming out at once. But I made them over 2-1/2 years.
You look at somebody's work as an actor and you can see their emotional life being fed into it and you can kind of feel them through it. That's far more interesting than anything I could say about where I'm at or who I'm with. It's good to have a little distance. If you discuss your love too much, it just damages it.
[on the troubled The Stepford Wives (2004)] It's a comedy. We hope.
Even from a very early age I knew I didn't want to miss out on anything life had to offer just because it might be considered dangerous.
Cinema is a director's medium, so you're saying, "What do you want?" Being an actor is about adapting - physically and emotionally. If that means you have to look great for it and they can make you look great, then thank you. And if you have to have everything washed away, then I'm willing to do that too.
[on Birth (2004)] This is a film about love. What is a great love? Is there a love of our life? Do you ever recover from the loss of somebody that was so important to you?
Stanley Kubrick taught me to believe in myself artistically. I spent my 20s raising my children, and wanting to, and being married. That was my driving force. And then he said to me, "No, you have to respect your talent, and give it some space, and give it some time. Which was a lovely thing to be given. And my children were a little older then.
It was by chance that The Hours (2002) came along. Was I in a place where I could say, "I'm going to go to England and make this?" Yes. Could I do that earlier, when I was married? No, I couldn't travel like that. We had a thing where we couldn't be separated for more than two weeks. So that made a lot of work just not possible. Which was fine by me.
I have moments where I've said, "Don't tread on that crack in the pavement, don't have a black cat walk in front of you." Deep down am I superstitious? No. Do I believe in trying to be as kind as possible and as compassionate as possible because ultimately you're alone with yourself and your own conscience, and you want that to be as clear as possible? That's not superstition. You have to just try and stay pure and know what you value.
Usually, a young actress can't deliver because she doesn't have the emotional baggage, really, to play those things. That's something that's very beautiful about becoming a woman, and becoming a woman in your 30s. If you've lived your life, and lived it where you've said, "I want to be a participator and not a voyeur", then you have an enormous amount to pull on.
I'm still just finding my way through. I don't actually see a path in front of me. I can see not ever doing it again, and I can also see other things pulling me away from this. It's strange, because I know it's in my blood in terms of having to somehow act or express myself creatively, but I'm willing to do it different ways if need be. And I think that's partly because when I went through my divorce I dealt with the idea of never ever working again, and never being here and never able to be an actress, and went through an enormous amount of soul searching, and at that time, I was very ready to give it all up, and dealt with that emotionally. I was going, "Well, I'll never be able to do this again." And that was OK. And, strangely, as life is so strange, that was when everything exploded.
I never feel like I'm in control. There's a certain type of actor that relinquishes control when they act, and then there's another type who ends up being a producer and director and they're more someone that likes to take control. I fall in the first category, where I like to relinquish control, and fit into somebody else's world. And that's just lately, but you never feel like you are making choices. You feel like they're finding you in a strange way. That's why when people say, "What role do you want to play next?", I say, "I don't know". I never know. It's about responding to things rather than planning.
I think someone said my career defies all logic [laughs]. Because I choose the sort of strange little films, and somehow they're the things that make my career.
So if you talk about a box-office career, then I'm a disaster. But somehow, you know, I still manage to find my way to work.
I think actors are getting so much more power these days, but I'm not. I stay very much away from the decisions, the way in which things are orchestrated, what's been changed. I just try to stay completely in the role as the actor and as the character.
I'm at a time of my life now where, for me to want to go back and work, it'd have to be something that I really feel passionately about.
Regrets are ridiculous, so I don't regret, no.
[talking about her character from Batman Forever (1995)] Chase is attracted to the darker side of life. Batman is very appealing to her.
To be an actor you have to have a certain amount of madness in you. That's why, when people meet you and you seem very together, they are quite surprised--they don't see you behind closed doors.
[speaking of her father Antony Kidman] He's a great father, I can call him at three in the morning and he's there for me.
By the time I was a teenager, I had developed skills as a writer, and my father encouraged me to think about a career in journalism. I began keeping a diary, which I maintain to this day. I used to fill whole notebooks with my writings.
My parents thought it was nice to develop my imagination, but they never seriously thought that anything would ever come of it. They said that I couldn't be an actress because I would be taller than all my leading men, so I thought I would be a writer instead.
It was very natural for me to want to disappear into dark theater, I am really very shy. That is something that people never seem to fully grasp because, when you are an actor, you are meant to be an exhibitionist.
Do you know I'm always scared that one day I'll look back and say "God they were the best years of my life and now what?" There are moments when you feel as if you have been blessed for a while, moments when you think this is perfect, moments when you start to believe that even for an hour, even for a year, it might all happen. So I'm determined to keep making it get better and better.
It's a very brave thing to fall in love. You have to be willing to trust somebody else with your whole being, and that's very difficult, really difficult and very brave.
[about her first role at the age of five] I was one of those terrible kids who said everyone's lines.
Since I have fair skin, I have to stay out of the sun. I can't stand the sun. I dyed my hair red for a while during the 1990s but I'm actually a natural blonde.
I'm very close to my sister, Antonia [ Antonia Kidman ]. Every day we swim together. I love my sister.
When I was a child, I was a natural towhead. Now my hair is naturally a darker shade of blonde.
I'd like to be wise. You have to go through a lot to get there, but I'm willing to go through a lot.
What's the point of doing something good if nobody's watching?
Even from a very early age, I knew I didn't want to miss out on anything life had to offer just because it might be considered dangerous.
I believe that as much as you take, you have to give back. It's important not to focus on yourself too much.
I love acting but I don't like all of the other stuff associated with it. The interest in celebrities, the press, the Internet, when your identity becomes mixed up in the way people are perceiving you.
I have a little bit of a belly, a tiny bit of pooch. It's the one thing I don't want to lose. I just like having some softness. If I lose that, then Tom [husband Tom Cruise ] might leave me.
I never knew I'd be in a musical, let alone win an award for one.
There's no drugs, no Tom [ Tom Cruise ] in a dress, no psychiatrists.
Having gone through all of this, I feel in some ways calmer now. It's strange, but sad. I think I'll always be sad.
I love acting, but it's much more fun taking the kids to the zoo.
[on her split with Tom Cruise ] My life collapsed. People ran from me because suddenly it was, "Oh my God! It's over for her now!"
I love working with people who are inspired and obsessive.
As a child my hair was naturally red, but since I was 13 my hair turned light blonde naturally. It's really strange but it happened. Ever since Chase through the night, the directors made me dye my hair red, as they all thought it suited me at the time. Even for Dead Calm (1989), Phillip Noyce made me dye my hair red. Now the directors and studios just let me keep my natural blonde hair.
For an actor, facial expressions and emotions are really important. That's why I'll never have Botox. I've always been against that and seeing Botox on TV with all the swelling and pain put me off it anyway. The directors always allow actors with Botox but I just say. "No way, not for me". Drinking lots of water, eating fruit and doing yoga is what keeps me looking young naturally. I swear by it. I also use creams with natural ingredients to make wrinkles less visible. Everybody should try these things rather than going the plastic route, which I just hate.
You don't have to be naked to be sexy.
I'm a person that carries everything that happened to me in my past, with me into the future. I refuse to let it make me bitter. I still completely believe in love and I remain open to anything that will happen to me.
If I packaged toothpaste and told you you were gonna get half the toothpaste in the tube, you probably wouldn't buy it.
It would be far easier to go, "Oh, I wish I loved women," but I don't. I love the way a man thinks. I love the way a man smells. I love the way men look. And I'm hooked on the male physique - hooked on it.
You're either going to walk through life and experience it fully or you're going to be a voyeur. And I'm not a voyeur.
On living in Nashville: It's the warmest, loveliest community I've ever set foot in. For me, it's the perfect place to live. To me, it's the best part of America...It's the easiest place to live. Keith's lived there for 20 years. The country music community is very tight. I like the polite nature of it. No traffic. I'm a big Southern girl now. It's just suits me.
[on Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012)] I knew nothing about Martha, but I've always been drawn to unique women who are willing to take on the world. The exciting thing about this film is that you see her discovering her nature. At the beginning, she's a lot of talk. She knows that she's either got to get her hands dirty and become what she pretends to be or she's a fraud. In the end, Gellhorn out-Hemingways Hemingway.
[on music] I'm so eclectic and I use it in my work all the time. What I used a lot with Lee on The Paperboy (2012) was Al Green . Lee has never listened to anything past 1970!
[on The Golden Compass (2007)] I'm not a huge fan of fantasy. I've always been drawn to more - in terms of filmmaking - I've been drawn to more psychological dramas but I think what drew me to this was it had the intricacies of the characters allow strong performances and that's what I found compelling about it.
I know the feeling of polarizing films, that make people angry and uncomfortable and I'm very comfortable with that.
[on Birth (2004)] It created a lot of controversy because of a bathtub scene [with me] and a 10-year-old boy. But I never saw the film that way. It's fascinating when choose roles how you perceive them and how they're perceived on the outside.
I'll never forget sort of "DJ-ing" after [the Cannes screening of] Moulin Rouge! (2001). I think there is a photo of me with headphones on, it was with Fatboy Slim and the place was going crazy. I hold that dear to my heart.
I remember having really mixed reactions to different films I brought to [Cannes Film Festival]. One of them was the Von Trier film, one of them was To Die For (1995). It was actually an extraordinary reaction for To Die For (1995). We were not in competition, and I remember being terribly scared that people were gonna hate it, but people loved it. That was very, very instrumentally beginning my career in terms of serious film-making. The critics got behind me on that film and that kind of took me from being Tom Cruise 's wife into being something different, which artistically was such a joy for me.
My ability to escape myself probably comes from the riskier the role. It took me a while to learn that and to understand that. I've tried to comfort and play the girl-next-door and the less complicated supporting roles. And for whatever reason I can not latch on, I don't quite know how to do it. So the more complicated, the better for me. I don't know what that says about me.
[on not being Oscar-nominated for To Die For (1995)] I got a telegram from Sean Penn for that, and it said "You were robbed". That was all he sent me. And it was as good as an Academy Award nomination.
[on The Golden Compass (2007)]: I love that it's a little girl who's the protagonist, the hero of the piece, and also that it is about friendship, loyalty and honesty.
[on Australia (2008)]: It was the best experience I've ever had working on a film.
[on Charlize Theron ] I love that we're both so tall.
[on filming Nine (2009)] My favorite memories are Sophia Loren holding my four week-old baby, because that is something that goes down for me in the great memories, and also becomes part of Sunday Rose's infant picture book. I mean, you can't do better than that.
[on acting] It's the desire to study the human condition, the desire for collaboration, to learn and absorb, and to lead a well-examined life.
I work well with people who are extreme.
[on Lars von Trier ] He does things cinematically that nobody else does. And whether you love him or hate him, the filmmaking is incredibly strong.
[on Stanley Kubrick and working with him on Eyes Wide Shut (1999)] Stanley wanted six months of rehearsal. He didn't want to start, and then he didn't want to finish. Stanley taught Tom [Cruise] and I, 'Never say no.' When someone proposes an idea, you never shut it down. And that's a good lesson that goes far beyond work. That's a life lesson.
[on considering saying no to projects that take her away from her kids and husband for too long] I've worked hard to get to this place personally. I don't take any of it for granted. I cherish it. I'm more than willing to make those sacrifices because, when I'm 70 and 80, I want my family around me. I know other things can come into play about that, but it's certainly not going to be because I didn't show up.
I think love is the core emotion. Without that, and I've certainly existed without that, it's a very empty life. When I won the Oscar [for "The Hours"], I went home and I didn't have that in my life. That was the most intensely lonely moment in my life. [During] my professional highs, I've often had personal lows. It's always aggravated me that it's gone that way.
There was that whole time from when we took Moulin Rouge! (2001) to the Cannes Film Festival and then all the way through to winning the Oscar for The Hours (2002), that was a very strange time in my life because it was the collision of professional success and personal failure and that's just a very strange thing. When I won the Oscar it was kind of a mix of popping open a bottle of champagne but at the same time feeling incredibly lonely. It's been professional highs and personal lows and they collide. I'm hoping one day that won't happen. Now is a good time personally but it's not a professional high. The highs are pretty extreme and they don't happen that often, do they? I much prefer the personal high anyway. I'd never give that up.
I've turned things down, definitely. I was pregnant and I was going to do The Reader (2008) and I had to call and say, 'I've spent my whole life wanting to be pregnant and I'm finally pregnant and I won't be able to do it.' And they were like, 'You could work pregnant.' No. That's not what I wanted to do. "I didn't want to be working while I was pregnant. Some women could, maybe if they'd already had a lot of children, but for me it was such a huge place to be and I wanted to carry my baby and keep her healthy and peaceful. I was like, 'I'm going to do everything I can to just bring this baby into the world.
[on the beginning of her career] I had huge expectations. You start out with big dreams and I mean, big dreams artistically. You want to work with the greatest living directors, make a great movie. I wanted to make a great love story, I wanted to make a great epic and then you realize that the truth of it is that it's so hard to make a great film. It's hard to get a great role. Those big expectations change to realism pretty quickly. But what's never changed is my desire to work with great directors and to find projects that push me out of my comfort zone and keep me alive. I still don't think I've done my best work
[on her preparation for Paddington (2014)] I'm about to go down to the museum and do a taxidermy class on Saturday night. And I love animals! I also have to throw knives, so I'll be doing that in the backyard. I've got a guy coming over to teach me how to throw a knife. I want to be able to just do it with a bit of a flourish. I believe this is my path, so I'll go down in fire if I have to.
I think when you go into the orbit of a director, they bring certain things out in you. The greatest thing you can offer is abandonment, in terms of a performance, and also deep loyalty. Because when there is enormous loyalty to them, then it's a very safe place. It's like, O.K., so she'll stand by me no matter what, no matter if the film even succeeds or fails. We're in it together, and this is ours, together, forever. Which is why I probably stay very, very close to a lot of the directors that I've worked with, whether the outcome is successful or not. Because I get deeply sort of connected and close to them. Jane, Alejandro, Stephen, Lars - all of them. That's important to me, and the longevity of it.
[on choosing Aaron Eckhart ]: I've known Aaron for a long time and he has a side of him which is very raw and emotional, which he doesn't show on screen very often.
[on her villainous character in The Golden Compass (2007)]: The beauty of this story is that it's a trilogy and I think that if we get to make the second and the third film - which I would love - you get to see all of the layers peel away from this woman. So that was what I was trying to do in this film, to give her the layers. There's a mystery there and you're not quite sure and you feel the texture of her.
Snuggling is the secret to happiness.
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